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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Goals 2 Hat-tricks 3 Statistics 4 Notes 5 References List of international goals scored by Pelé العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা فارسی Português Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Pelé was a Brazilian professional footballer who represented the Brazil national football team as a forward from 1957 to 1971. Throughout his career, Pelé scored 77 goals in 92 [ a ] international appearances. [ b ] [ 1 ] He remained Brazil's top goalscorer for over 60 years, before being surpassed by Neymar in 2023. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] Pelé made his debut for Brazil in a 2–1 defeat against Argentina on 7 July 1957. [ 6 ] In that same match, he scored his first international goal aged 16 years and eight months, and remains Brazil's youngest ever goalscorer. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pelé scored seven international hat-tricks , which is still the most of any Brazilian player. [ 1 ] [ 8 ] Pelé scored 12 goals in 14 FIFA World Cup appearances spanning four separate World Cups. [ 1 ] As of the most recent edition , he is the only footballer to have won three World Cups [ c ] and is one of only five players, the others being Uwe Seeler , Miroslav Klose , Cristiano Ronaldo , and Lionel Messi , to have scored in four separate ones. [ 9 ] At the 1958 FIFA World Cup , Pelé was at the time the youngest player to participate in a World Cup [ d ] and became the youngest scorer in a World Cup game. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] He also became the youngest footballer to score a hat-trick in a World Cup, doing so against France in the semifinal. [ 9 ] [ 12 ] In addition, Pelé achieved the distinction of being the youngest footballer to play in a World Cup final, where he scored two goals to help Brazil beat Sweden 5–2, [ 9 ] [ 13 ] and the youngest player to win a World Cup. [ 11 ] He finished the tournament with six goals, behind a record-breaking Just Fontaine , and was named best young player of the tournament. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Following the tournament, he was nicknamed O Rei (The King), and emerged as a worldwide black sporting star. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] In the South American Football Championship , Pelé scored six goals in eight appearances, all during the 1959 edition . [ 18 ] Although Brazil were runners-up, he was the top scorer and was named best player of the tournament. [ 19 ] Pelé scored one goal in the 1962 FIFA World Cup and one in the 1966 edition . [ 1 ] He played in six World Cup qualifying matches for the 1970 edition , scoring six goals, and netted four more at the tournament itself. [ 1 ] Pelé scored his final international goal on 11 July 1971 against Austria , and made his final appearance for Brazil against Yugoslavia on 18 July 1971. [ 1 ] Pelé is widely regarded as one of the greatest football players of all time and was among the most successful and popular sports figures of the 20th century. In 1999, he was named Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee [ 20 ] and included in the Time list of the 100 most important people of the 20th century , [ 21 ] while, in 2000, he was voted the World Player of the Century by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics [ 22 ] and was a joint winner of the FIFA Player of the Century award. [ 23 ] Goals Indicates Brazil won the match Indicates the match ended in a draw Indicates Brazil lost the match No. Cap Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition Ref. 1 1 7 July 1957 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Argentina 1–1 1–2 1957 Roca Cup [ 24 ] 2 2 10 July 1957 Pacaembu Stadium , São Paulo, Brazil Argentina 1–0 2–0 ( a.e.t. ) 1957 Roca Cup [ 25 ] 3 3 4 May 1958 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Paraguay 4–1 5–1 1958 Taça Oswaldo Cruz [ 26 ] 4 5 18 May 1958 Pacaembu Stadium , São Paulo, Brazil Bulgaria 2–1 3–1 Friendly [ 27 ] 5 3–1 6 7 19 June 1958 Ullevi , Gothenburg, Sweden Wales 1–0 1–0 1958 FIFA World Cup [ 28 ] 7 8 24 June 1958 Råsunda Stadium , Solna, Sweden France 3–1 5–2 1958 FIFA World Cup [ 12 ] 8 4–1 9 5–1 10 9 29 June 1958 Råsunda Stadium , Solna, Sweden Sweden 3–1 5–2 1958 FIFA World Cup final [ 29 ] 11 5–2 12 10 10 March 1959 Estadio Monumental , Buenos Aires, Argentina Peru 2–0 2–2 1959 South American Football Championship [ 18 ] 13 11 15 March 1959 Estadio Monumental , Buenos Aires, Argentina Chile 1–0 3–0 1959 South American Football Championship [ 18 ] 14 2–0 15 12 21 March 1959 Estadio Monumental , Buenos Aires, Argentina Bolivia 1–1 4–2 1959 South American Football Championship [ 18 ] 16 14 29 March 1959 Estadio Monumental , Buenos Aires, Argentina Paraguay 1–1 4–1 1959 South American Football Championship [ 18 ] 17 3–1 18 4–1 19 15 4 April 1959 Estadio Monumental , Buenos Aires, Argentina Argentina 1–1 1–1 1959 South American Football Championship [ 18 ] 20 17 17 September 1959 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Chile 1–0 7–0 1959 Copa Bernardo O'Higgins [ 30 ] 21 3–0 22 4–0 23 20 1 May 1960 Alexandria Stadium , Alexandria, Egypt United Arab Republic 1–0 3–1 Friendly [ 31 ] 24 2–0 25 3–0 26 24 12 July 1960 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Argentina 2–1 5–1 1960 Taça do Atlântico [ 32 ] 27 25 21 April 1962 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Paraguay 2–0 6–0 1962 Taça Oswaldo Cruz [ 33 ] 28 26 24 April 1962 Estádio do Morumbi , São Paulo, Brazil Paraguay 2–0 4–0 1962 Taça Oswaldo Cruz [ 34 ] 29 3–0 30 28 9 May 1962 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Portugal 1–0 1–0 Friendly [ 35 ] 31 29 12 May 1962 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Wales 3–1 3–1 Friendly [ 36 ] 32 30 16 May 1962 Estádio do Morumbi , São Paulo, Brazil Wales 2–1 3–1 Friendly [ 37 ] 33 3–1 34 31 30 May 1962 Estadio Sausalito , Viña del Mar, Chile Mexico 2–0 2–0 1962 FIFA World Cup [ 38 ] 35 34 16 April 1963 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Argentina 1–0 5–2 ( a.e.t. ) 1963 Roca Cup [ 39 ] 36 3–1 37 4–1 38 36 28 April 1963 Stade de Colombes , Paris, France France 1–0 3–2 Friendly [ 40 ] 39 2–1 40 3–2 41 38 5 May 1963 Volksparkstadion , Hamburg, West Germany West Germany 2–1 2–1 Friendly [ 41 ] 42 40 30 May 1964 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil England 3–1 5–1 Taça das Nações [ 42 ] 43 42 30 May 1964 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Portugal 1–0 4–1 Taça das Nações [ 43 ] 44 43 2 June 1965 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Belgium 1–0 5–0 Friendly [ 44 ] 45 2–0 46 3–0 47 44 6 June 1965 Volksparkstadion , Hamburg, West Germany West Germany 2–0 2–0 Friendly [ 45 ] 48 46 17 June 1965 Ahmed Zabana Stadium , Oran, Algeria Algeria 1–0 3–0 Friendly [ 46 ] 49 48 30 June 1965 Råsunda Stadium , Solna, Sweden Sweden 1–1 2–1 Friendly [ 47 ] 50 49 4 July 1965 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow, Soviet Union Soviet Union 1–0 3–0 Friendly [ 48 ] 51 3–0 52 50 21 November 1965 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Soviet Union 2–0 2–2 Friendly [ 49 ] 53 52 4 June 1966 Estádio do Morumbi , São Paulo, Brazil Peru 1–0 4–0 Friendly [ 50 ] 54 54 12 June 1966 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Czechoslovakia 1–0 2–1 Friendly [ 51 ] 55 2–0 56 55 15 June 1966 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Czechoslovakia 1–0 2–2 Friendly [ 52 ] 57 58 12 July 1966 Goodison Park , Liverpool, England Bulgaria 1–0 2–0 1966 FIFA World Cup [ 53 ] 58 60 25 July 1968 Estadio de Puerto Sajonia , Asunción, Paraguay Paraguay 1–0 4–0 1968 Taça Oswaldo Cruz [ 54 ] 59 2–0 60 63 3 November 1968 Mineirão , Belo Horizonte, Brazil Mexico 2–0 2–1 Friendly [ 55 ] 61 66 17 December 1968 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Yugoslavia 2–2 3–3 Friendly [ 56 ] 62 68 9 April 1969 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Peru 1–2 3–2 Friendly [ 57 ] 63 71 10 August 1969 Estadio Olímpico de la UCV , Caracas, Venezuela Venezuela 2–0 5–0 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification [ 58 ] 64 5–0 65 73 21 August 1969 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Colombia 4–1 6–2 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification [ 59 ] 66 74 24 August 1969 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Venezuela 5–0 6–0 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification [ 60 ] 67 6–0 68 75 31 August 1969 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Paraguay 1–0 1–0 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification [ 61 ] 69 77 8 March 1970 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Argentina 2–1 2–1 Friendly [ 62 ] 70 78 22 March 1970 Estádio do Morumbi , São Paulo, Brazil Chile 4–0 5–0 Friendly [ 63 ] 71 5–0 72 83 3 June 1970 Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara, Mexico Czechoslovakia 2–1 4–1 1970 FIFA World Cup [ 64 ] 73 85 10 June 1970 Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara, Mexico Romania 1–0 3–2 1970 FIFA World Cup [ 65 ] 74 3–1 75 88 21 June 1970 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City, Mexico Italy 1–0 4–1 1970 FIFA World Cup final [ 66 ] 76 90 4 October 1970 Estadio Nacional , Santiago, Chile Chile 1–0 5–1 Friendly [ 67 ] 77 91 11 July 1971 Estádio do Morumbi , São Paulo, Brazil Austria 1–0 1–1 Friendly [ 68 ] Hat-tricks No. Opponent Goals Score Venue Competition Date Ref. 1 France 3 – (3–1, 4–1, 5–1) 5–2 Råsunda Stadium , Solna, Sweden 1958 FIFA World Cup 24 June 1958 [ 12 ] 2 Paraguay 3 – (1–1, 3–1, 4–1) 4–1 Estadio Monumental , Buenos Aires, Argentina 1959 South American Football Championship 29 March 1959 [ 18 ] 3 Chile 3 – (1–0, 3–0, 4–0) 7–0 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1959 Copa Bernardo O'Higgins 17 September 1959 [ 30 ] 4 United Arab Republic 3 – (1–0, 2–0, 3–0) 3–1 Alexandria Stadium , Alexandria, Egypt Friendly 1 May 1960 [ 31 ] 5 Argentina 3 – (1–0, 3–1, 4–1) 5–2 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1963 Roca Cup 16 April 1963 [ 39 ] 6 France 3 – (1–0, 2–1, 3–2) 3–2 Stade de Colombes , Paris, France Friendly 28 April 1963 [ 40 ] 7 Belgium 3 – (1–0, 2–0, 3–0) 5–0 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Friendly 2 June 1965 [ 44 ] Statistics Appearances and goals by year [ 1 ] Year Competitive Friendly Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 1957 2 [ e ] 2 — 2 2 1958 5 [ f ] 7 2 2 7 9 1959 8 [ g ] 11 1 0 9 11 1960 2 [ h ] 1 4 3 6 4 1961 — — 0 0 1962 4 [ i ] 4 4 4 8 8 1963 2 [ e ] 3 5 4 7 7 1964 3 [ j ] 2 — 3 2 1965 — 8 9 8 9 1966 2 [ k ] 1 7 4 9 5 1967 — — 0 0 1968 2 [ l ] 2 5 2 7 [ a ] 4 1969 6 [ m ] 6 3 1 9 7 1970 6 [ n ] 4 9 4 15 8 1971 — 2 1 2 1 Total 42 43 50 34 92 77 Goals by competition [ 1 ] Competition Apps Goals Friendlies 50 34 FIFA World Cup 14 12 South American Football Championship 6 8 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 6 Taça Oswaldo Cruz 5 6 Roca Cup 4 5 Taça das Nações 3 2 Copa Bernardo O'Higgins 2 3 Taça do Atlântico 2 1 Total 92 77 Year Competitive Friendly Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 1957 2 [ e ] 2 — 2 2 1958 5 [ f ] 7 2 2 7 9 1959 8 [ g ] 11 1 0 9 11 1960 2 [ h ] 1 4 3 6 4 1961 — — 0 0 1962 4 [ i ] 4 4 4 8 8 1963 2 [ e ] 3 5 4 7 7 1964 3 [ j ] 2 — 3 2 1965 — 8 9 8 9 1966 2 [ k ] 1 7 4 9 5 1967 — — 0 0 1968 2 [ l ] 2 5 2 7 [ a ] 4 1969 6 [ m ] 6 3 1 9 7 1970 6 [ n ] 4 9 4 15 8 1971 — 2 1 2 1 Total 42 43 50 34 92 77 Competition Apps Goals Friendlies 50 34 FIFA World Cup 14 12 South American Football Championship 6 8 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 6 Taça Oswaldo Cruz 5 6 Roca Cup 4 5 Taça das Nações 3 2 Copa Bernardo O'Higgins 2 3 Taça do Atlântico 2 1 Total 92 77 Goals by opponent [ 1 ] Opponent Goals Paraguay 10 Argentina 8 Chile 8 France 6 Czechoslovakia 4 Venezuela 4 Wales 4 Belgium 3 Soviet Union 3 Sweden 3 United Arab Republic 3 Mexico 2 Peru 2 Portugal 2 Romania 2 West Germany 2 Algeria 1 Austria 1 Bolivia 1 Bulgaria 1 Colombia 1 England 1 Italy 1 Yugoslavia 1 Total 77 Opponent Goals Paraguay 10 Argentina 8 Chile 8 France 6 Czechoslovakia 4 Venezuela 4 Wales 4 Belgium 3 Soviet Union 3 Sweden 3 United Arab Republic 3 Mexico 2 Peru 2 Portugal 2 Romania 2 West Germany 2 Algeria 1 Austria 1 Bolivia 1 Bulgaria 1 Colombia 1 England 1 Italy 1 Yugoslavia 1 Total 77 Notes ^ a b This includes a match for Brazil against the rest of the world , which FIFA does not recognise, played for the 10th anniversary of their first World Cup title . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ The Brazilian Football Confederation claim Pelé scored 95 goals in 113 international appearances. They recognise the 22 matches played by the Brazilian national football team during the 1960s and 70s against club sides, in which Pelé scored 18 goals, while FIFA does not. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1958 , 1962 and 1970 editions ^ He was surpassed by Northern Ireland 's Norman Whiteside at the 1982 FIFA World Cup . [ 10 ] ^ a b Appearances in the Roca Cup ^ Four appearances and six goals in the 1958 FIFA World Cup , one appearance and one goal in the Taça Oswaldo Cruz ^ Six appearances and eight goals in the 1959 South American Football Championship , two appearances and three goals in the Copa Bernardo O'Higgins ^ Appearances in the Taça do Atlântico ^ Two appearances and one goal in the 1962 FIFA World Cup , two appearances and three goals in the Taça Oswaldo Cruz ^ Appearances in the Taça das Nações ^ Appearances in the 1966 FIFA World Cup ^ Appearances in the Taça Oswaldo Cruz ^ Appearances in the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification ^ Appearances in the 1970 FIFA World Cup References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Mamrud, Roberto (23 May 2004). 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Brazil national football team v t e General topics Confederação Brasileira de Futebol History Managers Kits Confederação Brasileira de Futebol History Managers Kits Statistics / Results All-time record Results 1914–49 1950–69 1970–89 1990–2009 2010–present Unofficial matches Olympic team results 1952–1988 1991–present All-time record Results 1914–49 1950–69 1970–89 1990–2009 2010–present Unofficial matches 1914–49 1950–69 1970–89 1990–2009 2010–present Unofficial matches Olympic team results 1952–1988 1991–present 1952–1988 1991–present Players Category International footballers World Cup & Copa América squads Hat-tricks Links with Santos FC Category International footballers World Cup & Copa América squads Hat-tricks Links with Santos FC Goals Pelé Neymar Pelé Neymar World Cup Record 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Record 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Copa América Record 1916 1917 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1925 1937 1942 1945 1946 1949 1953 1956 1957 1959 (ARG) 1959 (ECU) 1963 1975 1979 1983 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2004 2007 2011 2015 2016 2019 2021 2024 Record 1916 1917 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1925 1937 1942 1945 1946 1949 1953 1956 1957 1959 (ARG) 1959 (ECU) 1963 1975 1979 1983 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2004 2007 2011 2015 2016 2019 2021 2024 Confederations Cup 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 Panamerican Championship 1952 1956 1960 1952 1956 1960 CONCACAF Gold Cup Record 1996 1998 2003 Record 1996 1998 2003 Summer Olympics 1952 1960 1964 1968 1968 1968 1976 1984 1988 1996 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 1952 1960 1964 1968 1968 1968 1976 1984 1988 1996 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Pan American Games 1959 1963 1975 1979 1983 1987 1995 2003 2007 2015 2023 1959 1963 1975 1979 1983 1987 1995 2003 2007 2015 2023 Other tournaments Copa Roca Superclásico de las Américas Copa Confraternidad Copa 50imo Aniversario de Clarín Copa Río Branco Copa Bernardo O'Higgins Copa Teixeira Copa Rodrigues Alves Taça Oswaldo Cruz Taça do Atlântico Taça Jorge Chávez/Santos Dumont Taça das Nações Taça Independência South American Access Championship Pre-Olympic Tournament Copa Roca Superclásico de las Américas Copa Confraternidad Copa 50imo Aniversario de Clarín Copa Río Branco Copa Bernardo O'Higgins Copa Teixeira Copa Rodrigues Alves Taça Oswaldo Cruz Taça do Atlântico Taça Jorge Chávez/Santos Dumont Taça das Nações Taça Independência South American Access Championship Pre-Olympic Tournament Related teams U23 U20 U17 U15 Access (1962–1964) Women Women U20 Women U17 Futsal Beach U23 U20 U17 U15 Access (1962–1964) Women Women U20 Women U17 Futsal Beach Rivalries Argentina Italy Uruguay Argentina Italy Uruguay Media All or Nothing: Brazil National Team (2020) All or Nothing: Brazil National Team (2020) Category Category v t e International association football statistics v t e 100+ international caps (men) 50+ international goals (men) International topscorers by country (men) 100+ international caps (women) 100+ international goals (women) International topscorers by country (women) 100+ international caps (men) 50+ international goals (men) International topscorers by country (men) 100+ international caps (women) 100+ international goals (women) International topscorers by country (women) International goals AFC Men Abdullah Ashfaq Ali Cahill Chhetri Daei Dahari Idris Kadir Kamamoto Lê Maatouk Mabkhout Al-Mutawa Saeed Younghusband Women Kerr CAF Men Adebayor Aubameyang Chitalu Drogba Eto'o Faras Gyan Hassan Jemâa Mané McCarthy Slimani Women Banda CONCACAF Men Borgetti David De Rosario Dempsey Donovan Hernández Larin Women Morgan Sinclair Wambach CONMEBOL Men Batistuta Di Stéfano Falcao Guerrero Maradona Messi Neymar Pelé Sánchez Suárez Women Cristiane Marta OFC Men Cahill Wood Women Hearn UEFA Men Arnautović Bale Berbatov Charlton Dalglish Depay Di Stéfano Džeko Eusébio Giroud Haaland Healy Henry Ibrahimović Kane Keane Klose Kocsis Koller Law Lewandowski Lukaku Mbappé Mitrović Mkhitaryan Muriqi Müller Nielsen Pauleta Polster Pukki Puskás Raúl Riva Ronaldo Rooney Rush Schlosser Shevchenko Šuker Torres Van Persie Villa Yarmolenko Zahavi Women Le Sommer Melis Miedema Smith White Wullaert AFC Men Abdullah Ashfaq Ali Cahill Chhetri Daei Dahari Idris Kadir Kamamoto Lê Maatouk Mabkhout Al-Mutawa Saeed Younghusband Women Kerr Men Abdullah Ashfaq Ali Cahill Chhetri Daei Dahari Idris Kadir Kamamoto Lê Maatouk Mabkhout Al-Mutawa Saeed Younghusband Abdullah Ashfaq Ali Cahill Chhetri Daei Dahari Idris Kadir Kamamoto Lê Maatouk Mabkhout Al-Mutawa Saeed Younghusband Women Kerr Kerr CAF Men Adebayor Aubameyang Chitalu Drogba Eto'o Faras Gyan Hassan Jemâa Mané McCarthy Slimani Women Banda Men Adebayor Aubameyang Chitalu Drogba Eto'o Faras Gyan Hassan Jemâa Mané McCarthy Slimani Adebayor Aubameyang Chitalu Drogba Eto'o Faras Gyan Hassan Jemâa Mané McCarthy Slimani Women Banda Banda CONCACAF Men Borgetti David De Rosario Dempsey Donovan Hernández Larin Women Morgan Sinclair Wambach Men Borgetti David De Rosario Dempsey Donovan Hernández Larin Borgetti David De Rosario Dempsey Donovan Hernández Larin Women Morgan Sinclair Wambach Morgan Sinclair Wambach CONMEBOL Men Batistuta Di Stéfano Falcao Guerrero Maradona Messi Neymar Pelé Sánchez Suárez Women Cristiane Marta Men Batistuta Di Stéfano Falcao Guerrero Maradona Messi Neymar Pelé Sánchez Suárez Batistuta Di Stéfano Falcao Guerrero Maradona Messi Neymar Pelé Sánchez Suárez Women Cristiane Marta Cristiane Marta OFC Men Cahill Wood Women Hearn Men Cahill Wood Cahill Wood Women Hearn Hearn UEFA Men Arnautović Bale Berbatov Charlton Dalglish Depay Di Stéfano Džeko Eusébio Giroud Haaland Healy Henry Ibrahimović Kane Keane Klose Kocsis Koller Law Lewandowski Lukaku Mbappé Mitrović Mkhitaryan Muriqi Müller Nielsen Pauleta Polster Pukki Puskás Raúl Riva Ronaldo Rooney Rush Schlosser Shevchenko Šuker Torres Van Persie Villa Yarmolenko Zahavi Women Le Sommer Melis Miedema Smith White Wullaert Men Arnautović Bale Berbatov Charlton Dalglish Depay Di Stéfano Džeko Eusébio Giroud Haaland Healy Henry Ibrahimović Kane Keane Klose Kocsis Koller Law Lewandowski Lukaku Mbappé Mitrović Mkhitaryan Muriqi Müller Nielsen Pauleta Polster Pukki Puskás Raúl Riva Ronaldo Rooney Rush Schlosser Shevchenko Šuker Torres Van Persie Villa Yarmolenko Zahavi Arnautović Bale Berbatov Charlton Dalglish Depay Di Stéfano Džeko Eusébio Giroud Haaland Healy Henry Ibrahimović Kane Keane Klose Kocsis Koller Law Lewandowski Lukaku Mbappé Mitrović Mkhitaryan Muriqi Müller Nielsen Pauleta Polster Pukki Puskás Raúl Riva Ronaldo Rooney Rush Schlosser Shevchenko Šuker Torres Van Persie Villa Yarmolenko Zahavi Women Le Sommer Melis Miedema Smith White Wullaert Le Sommer Melis Miedema Smith White Wullaert Hat-tricks by competition Men FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Men's Olympics AFC Asian Cup AFF Championship Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América UEFA European Championship Women FIFA Women's World Cup Women's Africa Cup of Nations Men FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Men's Olympics AFC Asian Cup AFF Championship Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América UEFA European Championship FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Men's Olympics AFC Asian Cup AFF Championship Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América UEFA European Championship Women FIFA Women's World Cup Women's Africa Cup of Nations FIFA Women's World Cup Women's Africa Cup of Nations Hat-tricks by country AFC Australia India men women Indonesia Japan Pakistan Philippines CAF Tunisia CONCACAF Canada United States men women CONMEBOL Brazil Uruguay UEFA Belgium Croatia Denmark England France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Spain Wales AFC Australia India men women Indonesia Japan Pakistan Philippines Australia India men women men women Indonesia Japan Pakistan Philippines CAF Tunisia Tunisia CONCACAF Canada United States men women Canada United States men women men women CONMEBOL Brazil Uruguay Brazil Uruguay UEFA Belgium Croatia Denmark England France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Spain Wales Belgium Croatia Denmark England France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Spain Wales v t e Pelé v t e Football career International goals Os Santásticos Runaround move Comparisons to Maradona FIFA Player of the Century International goals Os Santásticos Runaround move Comparisons to Maradona FIFA Player of the Century Eponym Black Pearl White Pelé Estádio Rei Pelé Pele FC Black Pearl White Pelé Estádio Rei Pelé Pele FC Media Films Escape to Victory (1981) Pelé Eterno (2004) Pelé: Birth of a Legend (2016) Pelé (2021) Video games Pelé's Soccer (1981) Pelé! (1993) Music Pelé (1977) Comics and Animation Pelezinho (comic book) (1977-1986) Pelezinho (animated series) (1996) Films Escape to Victory (1981) Pelé Eterno (2004) Pelé: Birth of a Legend (2016) Pelé (2021) Escape to Victory (1981) Pelé Eterno (2004) Pelé: Birth of a Legend (2016) Pelé (2021) Video games Pelé's Soccer (1981) Pelé! (1993) Pelé's Soccer (1981) Pelé! (1993) Music Pelé (1977) Pelé (1977) Comics and Animation Pelezinho (comic book) (1977-1986) Pelezinho (animated series) (1996) Pelezinho (comic book) (1977-1986) Pelezinho (animated series) (1996) Related people Dondinho (father) Dona Celeste (mother) Zoca (brother) Davi (brother-in-law) Edinho (son) Joshua (son) Octávio Felinto Neto (grandson) Dondinho (father) Dona Celeste (mother) Zoca (brother) Davi (brother-in-law) Edinho (son) Joshua (son) Octávio Felinto Neto (grandson) Related topics The beautiful game FIFA 100 Pelé law The beautiful game FIFA 100 Pelé law Category Category Lists of association football international goals by player Brazil national football team records and statistics Pelé CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists Use dmy dates from May 2024 Association football player non-biographical articles This page was last edited on 30 November 2025, at 03:59 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early history 2 Classical antiquity 3 End of ancient history in Europe 4 Horizontal timeline 5 Maps 6 See also 7 References 8 Citations and notes Timeline of ancient history العربية Español 한국어 Português Română Русский ไทย 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Timeline of ancient history" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This timeline of ancient history lists historical events of the documented ancient past from the beginning of recorded history until the Early Middle Ages . Prior to this time period, prehistory civilizations were pre-literate and did not have written language. Brief ancient chronology ( Common Era years in astronomical year numbering ) Millennia: 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – 1st millennium Centuries: 34th BC – 33rd BC – 32nd BC – 31st BC – 30th BC – 29th BC – 28th BC – 27th BC – 26th BC – 25th BC – 24th BC – 23rd BC – 22nd BC – 21st BC – 20th BC – 19th BC – 18th BC – 17th BC – 16th BC – 15th BC – 14th BC – 13th BC – 12th BC – 11th BC – 10th BC – 9th BC – 8th BC – 7th BC – 6th BC – 5th BC – 4th BC – 3rd BC – 2nd BC – 1st BC – 1st AD – 2nd AD – 3rd AD – 4th AD — 5th AD Early history Late 4th millennium BC: Sumerian cuneiform writing system [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and Egyptian hieroglyphs are first used. [ 3 ] 3200 BC: Cycladic culture in Greece . 3200 BC: Caral–Supe civilization begins in Peru . 3200 BC: Rise of Proto-Elamite Civilization in Iran . 3180 BC: Skara Brae is built in Scotland . [ 4 ] 3100 BC: First Dynasty of Egypt . [ 5 ] c. 3000 BC: Stonehenge construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts. [ 6 ] c. 3000 BC: Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is established in Romania and Ukraine . 3000 BC: Jiroft culture begins in Iran . 3000 BC: First known use of papyrus by Egyptians . [ 7 ] 3000 – 2500 BC: Earliest evidence of autochthonous iron production in West Africa . [ 8 ] 3000 – 2300 BC: The Pastoral Neolithic culture builds East Africa 's earliest and largest monumental cemetery at Lothagam North Pillar Site . [ 9 ] 3000 BC: Domestication of the horse in the Yamnaya culture . 2800 BC: Kot Diji phase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins. 2800 BC: Longshan culture begins in China . 2700 BC: Minoan civilization ancient palace city Knossos reaches 80,000 inhabitants. 2700 BC: Rise of Elam in Iran. 2700 BC: The Old Kingdom begins in Egypt. 2600 BC: Oldest known surviving literature: Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh , including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] 2600 BC: Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley civilization (in present-day Pakistan and India ) begins. 2600 BC: Emergence of Mayan culture in the Yucatán Peninsula . [ 14 ] 2560 BC: King Khufu completes the Great Pyramid of Giza . The Land of Punt in the Horn of Africa first appears in Egyptian records around this time. 2500 – 1500 BC: Kerma culture begins in Nubia . Late 24th century BC: Akkadian Empire is founded, dating depends upon whether the Middle chronology or the Short chronology is used. [ 15 ] 2291 BC: Pharaoh Teti is thought to be the earliest known victim of assassination. [ 16 ] 2250 BC: Oldest known depiction of the Staff God , the oldest image of a god to be found in the Americas. 2200 – 2100 BC: 4.2-kiloyear event : a severe aridification phase, likely connected to a Bond event , which was registered throughout most of North Africa , Middle East and continental North America . Related droughts very likely caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt and the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia . 2200 BC: Completion of Stonehenge . 2115 BC: Traditional date for the legendary foundation of Armenia by Hayk . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] 2055 BC: The Middle Kingdom begins in Egypt. [ 19 ] 2000 BC: The last mammoth population, on Wrangel Island in Siberia, goes extinct. 1900 BC: Erlitou culture begins in China. c. 1850 BC: Alphabetic writing emerges. [ 20 ] 1800 BC: The Old Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh constitutes the earliest complete version of that narrative. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] 1780 BC: Oldest Record of Code of Hammurabi . c. 1750 BC: Mycenaean civilization begins in mainland Greece. [ 23 ] 1700 – 1400 BC: The Proto-Sinaitic script is the oldest alphabet created in Egypt. 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture ; The beginning of Poverty Point culture in North America . 1600 BC: Minoan eruption destroys Akrotiri and causes damage to some Minoan sites in eastern Crete . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] 1600 BC: The beginning of Shang dynasty in China; [ 27 ] evidence of a fully developed writing system, see Oracle bone script . c. 1550 BC: The New Kingdom begins in Egypt. [ 28 ] 1500 – 400 BC: Olmec civilization flourishes in Pre-Columbian Mexico , during Mesoamerica's Formative period. [ 29 ] 1500 BC: Composition of the Rigveda is completed. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] c. 1500 BC: Nok culture begins in West Africa. [ 33 ] c. 1400 BC: Oldest known song with notation. c. 1209 BC: The Merneptah Stele is the first non- biblical reference to the Israelites . 1200 – 1150 BC: Late Bronze Age collapse occurs in Southwestern Asia and in the Eastern Mediterranean region. [ 34 ] This period is also the setting of the Iliad and the Odyssey epic poems (which were composed about four centuries later). 1200 BC: The Hallstatt culture begins. [ 35 ] c. 1180 BC: Disintegration of Hittite Empire . [ 36 ] 1100 BC: Use of Iron spreads. c. 1050 BC: The Phoenician alphabet is created. [ 37 ] c. 1046 BC: The Zhou force, led by King Wu of Zhou , overthrows the last king of Shang dynasty ; Zhou dynasty established in China. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] 1000 BC: The second stream of Bantu expansion reaches the great lakes region of Africa , creating a major population centre. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] 890 BC: Approximate date for the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey . 814 BC: Foundation of Carthage by the Phoenicians in Tunisia . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] 808 BC: Formation of the Kingdom of Macedonia by King Karanos [ 44 ] 800 BC: Rise of Greek city-states. 788 BC: Iron Age begins in Sungai Batu (Old Kedah). c. 785 BC: Rise of the Kingdom of Kush . [ 45 ] Classical antiquity Classical antiquity is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea. It primarily refers to the timeframe of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome . [ 46 ] In the context of this list its use encompasses various other civilizations including, but not limited to, those of the Ancient Near East . 776 BC: First recorded Ancient Olympic Games . [ 47 ] 771 BC: Spring and Autumn period begins in China; Zhou dynasty 's power is diminishing; the era of the Hundred Schools of Thought . 753 BC: Founding of Rome (traditional date). 745 BC: Tiglath-Pileser III becomes the new king of Assyria . With time he conquers neighboring countries and turns Assyria into an empire. c. 732 BC: Assyrian captivity begins, creating the Ten Lost Tribes . 728 BC: Rise of the Median Empire . 700 BC: The construction of Marib Dam in Arabia Felix , in modern Saudi Arabia and Yemen. 653 BC: Rise of Achaemenid dynasty . 650 – 550 BC: The Urewe culture dominates the African Great Lakes region . It was one of Africa's oldest iron smelting centres. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] 621 BC: Draco replaces oral law with written law in Classical Athens , considered one of the earliest developments of the Athenian democracy . 612 BC: An alliance between the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians succeeds in destroying Nineveh and causing subsequent fall of the Assyrian empire. 600 BC: Sixteen Mahajanapadas (" Great Realms " or " Great Kingdoms ") emerge in India. 600 BC: Evidence of writing system appears in Oaxaca used by the Zapotec civilization . c. 600 BC: Rise of the Sao civilisation near Lake Chad. c. 600 BC: Early Cholas mentioned in Sangam literature. [ 50 ] 594 BC: Solon appointed Archon of Classical Athens and begins issuing citizenship and judicial reforms, giving Athenian citizens the right to participate in government. 563 BC: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), founder of Buddhism is born as a prince of the Shakya clan, which ruled parts of Magadha , one of the Mahajanapadas. 551 BC: Confucius , founder of Confucianism , is born. 550 BC: Foundation of the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great . 549 BC: Mahavira , founder of Jainism , is born. 546 BC: Cyrus the Great overthrows Croesus , King of Lydia. 544 BC: Rise of Magadha as the dominant power under Bimbisara . 539 BC: The fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and liberation of the Jews by Cyrus the Great . 530 BC: Death of Cyrus the Great . [ 51 ] 525 BC: Cambyses II of Persia conquers Ancient Egypt . c. 512 BC: Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia, subjugates eastern Thrace , Macedonia submits voluntarily, and annexes the Libyan Kingdom , Persian Empire at largest extent. 509 BC: Expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, founding of Roman Republic (traditional date). 508 BC: Athenian democracy instituted at the Republic of Athens . 500 BC: Pāṇini standardizes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī . Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit . 499 BC: King Aristagoras of Miletus incites all of Hellenic Asia Minor to rebel against the Persian Empire, beginning the Greco-Persian Wars . 490 BC: Greek city-states defeat Persian invasion at Battle of Marathon . 483 BC: Death of Gautama Buddha . 480 BC: Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes I ; Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis . 479 BC: Death of Confucius. 475 BC: Warring States period begins in China as the Zhou king became a mere figurehead; China is annexed by regional warlords. 470~469 BC: Birth of Socrates . 465 BC: Murder of Xerxes I . 460 BC: Birth of Democritus . 458 BC: Oresteia by Aeschylus , the only surviving trilogy of ancient Greek plays , is performed. 449 BC: The Greco-Persian Wars end. 447 BC: Building of the Parthenon at Athens started. 432 BC: Construction of the Parthenon is completed. 431 BC: Beginning of the Peloponnesian War between the Greek city-states. 429 BC: Sophocles 's play Oedipus Rex is first performed. 427 BC: Birth of Plato . 424 BC: Nanda dynasty comes to power in Magadha. 404 BC: End of the Peloponnesian War . 400 BC: Zapotec culture flourishes around city of Monte Albán . 400 BC: Pandya dynasty is founded in South India . c. 400 BC: Rise of the Garamantes as an irrigation-based desert state in the Fezzan region of Libya. 399 BC: Trial of Socrates . 384 BC: Birth of Aristotle . 370 BC: Death of Democritus . 331 BC: Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela , completing his conquest of Persia. 326 BC: Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes River . 323 BC: Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon . 322 BC: Death of Aristotle. 321 BC: Chandragupta Maurya overthrows the Nanda dynasty of Magadha . 321 BC: Establishment of the Seleucid Empire by Seleucus I Nicator . The empire existed until 63 BC. 305 BC: Chandragupta Maurya seizes the satrapies of Paropamisadae (Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Qanadahar) and Gedrosia (Baluchistan) from Seleucus I Nicator , the Macedonian satrap of Babylonia , in return for 500 elephants. c. 300 BC: Completion of Euclid 's Elements. c. 300 BC: Pingala uses zero and binary numeral system . 300 BC: Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், Canka ilakkiyam) period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Tamilakam) 300 BC: Construction of the Great Pyramid of Cholula , the world's largest pyramid by volume (the Great Pyramid of Giza built 2560 BC Egypt stands 146.5 meters, making it 91.5 meters taller), begins in Cholula, Puebla , Mexico. 273 BC: Ashoka becomes the emperor of the Maurya Empire . 261 BC: Kalinga War . 257 BC: An Dương Vương takes over Việt Nam (then Kingdom of Âu Lạc). 255 BC: Ashoka sends a Buddhist missionary led by his son Mahinda to Sri Lanka (then Lanka). 250 BC: Rise of Parthia (Ashkâniân), the second native dynasty of ancient Persia. 232 BC: Death of Emperor Ashoka ; Decline of the Mauryan Empire. 230 BC: Emergence of Satavahana in South India . 221 BC: Qin Shi Huang unifies China, end of Warring States period ; marking the beginning of Imperial rule in China which lasts until 1912. Construction of the Great Wall of China by the Qin dynasty begins. 216 BC: Battle of Cannae – Rome defeated in major battle in the second Punic War. 207 BC: Nanyue Kingdom extends from Guangzhou to North Việt Nam . 206 BC: Han dynasty established in China, after the death of Qin Shi Huang ; China in this period officially becomes a Confucian state and opens trading connections with the West, i.e. the Silk Road . 202 BC: Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama . 200 BC: El Mirador , largest early Maya city, flourishes. 200 BC: Paper is invented in the Han dynasty . c. 200 BC: Chera dynasty in South India. 185 BC: Shunga Empire founded. 167 – 160 BC: Maccabean Revolt . 149 – 146 BC: Third Punic War between Rome and Carthage. War ends with the complete destruction of Carthage, allowing Rome to conquer modern day Tunisia and Libya . 146 BC: Roman conquest of Greece, see Greece in the Roman era . c. 145 BC: Eucratides I dies; Greco-Bactrian Kingdom collapses. Remnants move southwards to form the Indo-Greek Kingdom . 121 BC: Roman armies enter Gaul for the first time. 111 BC: First Chinese domination of Vietnam in the form of the Nanyue Kingdom. c. 100 BC: Chola dynasty rises in prominence. 100 BC – 100 AD: Bantu-speaking communities in the African Great Lakes regions develop iron forging techniques that enable them to produce carbon steel . [ 52 ] 100 BC – 300 AD: The earliest Bantu settlements in the Swahili coast appear on the archaeological record in Kwale County in Kenya, Misasa in Tanzania and Ras Hafun in Somalia . [ 53 ] c. 82 BC: Burebista becomes the king of Dacia . 71 BC: Death of Spartacus . End of the Third Servile War , a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic . c. 63 BC: The Siege of Jerusalem leads to the conquest of Judea by the Romans. c. 60 – 44 BC: Burebista conquers territories from south Germany to Thrace , reaching the coast of the Aegean Sea . 49 BC: Roman Civil War between Julius Caesar and Pompey . 44 BC: Julius Caesar murdered by Marcus Junius Brutus and others. 44 BC: Burebista is assassinated in the same year like Julius Caesar and his empire breaks into 4 and later 5 kingdoms in modern-day Romania . 31 - 30 BC: Battle of Actium . The Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt . 30 BC: Cleopatra ends her reign as the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt . 27 BC: End of the Roman Republic and formation of the Roman Empire : Augustus is given titles of Princeps and Augustus by Roman Senate – beginning of Pax Romana . Formation of influential Praetorian Guard to provide security to Emperor. 27 – 22 BC: Amanirenas , the kandake (Queen) of the Kingdom of Kush , leads Kushite armies against the Romans. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] 18 BC: Three Kingdoms period begins in Korea . Herod's Temple is reconstructed. 6 BC: Earliest theorized date for birth of Jesus of Nazareth . Roman succession: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar groomed for the throne. 4 BC: Widely accepted date (Ussher) for birth of Jesus . c. 1 – 50 AD: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a Graeco-Roman manuscript is written. It describes an established Indian Ocean Trade route . [ 57 ] 9 AD: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest , the Imperial Roman army 's bloodiest defeat. 14 AD: Death of Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar (Octavian), ascension of his adopted son Tiberius to the throne. 30 – 33 AD: Crucifixion of Jesus , exact date unknown. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] 37 AD: Death of Emperor Tiberius , ascension of his nephew Caligula to the throne. 40 AD: Rome conquers Mauretania . 41 AD: Emperor Caligula is assassinated by the Roman senate. His uncle Claudius succeeds him. 43 AD: The Roman Empire enters Great Britain for the first time. 54 AD: Emperor Claudius dies and is succeeded by his grand nephew Nero . 68 AD: Emperor Nero commits suicide, prompting the Year of the Four Emperors in Rome. 70 AD: Destruction of Jerusalem by the armies of Titus . 79 AD: Destruction of Pompeii by the volcano Vesuvius . 98 AD: After a two-year rule, Emperor Nerva dies of natural causes, his adopted son Trajan succeeds him. 100 – 940: Kingdom of Aksum forms in the Horn of Africa. 106 – 117: Roman Empire at largest extent under Trajan after having conquered modern-day Romania , Iraq and Armenia . 117: Trajan dies of natural causes. His adopted son Hadrian succeeds him. Hadrian pulls out of Iraq and Armenia. 122: Construction of Hadrian's Wall begins. 126: Hadrian completes the Roman Pantheon . 138: Hadrian dies of natural causes. His adopted son Antoninus Pius succeeds him. 161: Death of Antoninus Pius . His rule was the only one in which Rome did not fight in a war. 161: Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor of the Roman Empire. 180: Reign of Marcus Aurelius officially ends. End of the Pax Romana. 180 – 181: Commodus becomes Roman Emperor. 192: Kingdom of Champa in Tay Nguyen. 200s: The Buddhist Srivijaya Empire established in Maritime Southeast Asia . 220: Three Kingdoms period begins in China after the fall of Han dynasty . 226: Fall of the Parthian Empire and Rise of the Sasanian Empire . 244 - 260: Defeat of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Emperor Valerian (253–260), by Shapur I of Persia (Valerian was captured by the Persians). 266: Emperor Wu of Jin established the First Jin dynasty providing a temporary unity of China after the devastating Three Kingdoms period. 284: Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome and splits the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Roman Empires. 285: Diocletian begins a large-scale persecution of Christians . 292: The capital of the Roman empire is officially moved from Rome to Mediolanum (modern day Milan ). 300 – 1000: Growth of Azanian and Zanj settlements in the Swahili coast . Local industry and international trade flourish. [ 53 ] 301: Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices . 301: Armenia first to adopt Christianity as state religion . 313: Edict of Milan declared that the Roman Empire would tolerate all forms of religious worship. 316: Emperor Min of Jin executed, with northern China then controlled by various kingdoms founded by non-Han people . The Jin dynasty continues to rule the south. 325: Constantine the Great organizes the First Council of Nicaea . 330: Constantinople is officially named and becomes the capital of the eastern Roman Empire. 335: Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta Empire . 337: Emperor Constantine the Great dies, leaving his sons Constantius II , Constans , and Emperor Constantine II as the emperors of the Roman empire. 350: Constantius II is left sole emperor with the death of his two brothers. 354: Birth of Augustine of Hippo . [ 62 ] 361: Constantius II dies, his cousin Emperor Julian succeeds him. 378: Battle of Adrianople , Roman army is defeated by the Germanic tribes . 380: Roman Emperor Theodosius I declares the Arian faith of Christianity heretical. 395: Theodosius I outlaws all religions other than Catholic Christianity. 406: Romans are expelled from Britain. 407 – 409: Visigoths and other Germanic tribes cross into Roman- Gaul for the first time. 410: Visigoths sack Rome in 410 for the first time since 390 BC. 415: Germanic tribes enter Spain. 420: The general Liu Yu usurps the Jin in southern China, beginning the Liu Song dynasty . 429: Vandals enter North Africa from Spain for the first time. 439: Vandals have conquered the land stretching from Morocco to Tunisia by this time. 439: The Northern Wei dynasty unites northern China, beginning the Northern and Southern dynasties period. 455: Vandals sack Rome, capture Sicily and Sardinia. c. 455: Skandagupta repels a Huna people attack on India . 476: Romulus Augustulus , last Western Roman Emperor is forced to abdicate by Odoacer , a chieftain of the Germanic Heruli ; Odoacer returns the imperial regalia to Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno in Constantinople in return for the title of dux of Italy ; most frequently cited date for the end of ancient history. End of ancient history in Europe The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity . Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. ACE 284) to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the Byzantine Empire under Heraclius . The Early Middle Ages are a period in the history of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from CE 500 to 1000. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century. Western scholars usually date the end of ancient history with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in CE 476, the death of the emperor Justinian I in CE 565, or the coming of Islam in CE 632 as the end of classical antiquity . Horizontal timeline Maps Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BC. Eastern Hemisphere in 323 BC. Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC. Eastern Hemisphere in 100 BC. World in CE 1. World in CE 100. Eastern Hemisphere in CE 200. World in CE 300. Eastern Hemisphere in CE 486. See also Timeline of Roman history Timeline of post-classical history Timelines of modern history Chronology of the ancient Near East References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Mark, Joshua J. 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Citations and notes Ancient history Ancient timelines Timelines of history Archaeology timelines Pages using the EasyTimeline extension CS1 maint: publisher location Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Articles needing additional references from September 2022 All articles needing additional references CS1: abbreviated year range This page was last edited on 12 December 2025, at 05:03 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–8 of 8 results for author: Toumieh, C Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10462 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CV ChartComplete: A Taxonomy-based Inclusive Chart Dataset Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Charbel Toumieh , Mariette Awad Abstract : With advancements in deep learning (DL) and computer vision techniques, the field of chart understanding is evolving rapidly. In particular, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proving to be efficient and accurate in understanding charts. To accurately measure the performance of MLLMs, the research community has developed multiple datasets to serve as benchmarks. By examining these datase… ▽ More With advancements in deep learning (DL) and computer vision techniques, the field of chart understanding is evolving rapidly. In particular, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proving to be efficient and accurate in understanding charts. To accurately measure the performance of MLLMs, the research community has developed multiple datasets to serve as benchmarks. By examining these datasets, we found that they are all limited to a small set of chart types. To bridge this gap, we propose the ChartComplete dataset. The dataset is based on a chart taxonomy borrowed from the visualization community, and it covers thirty different chart types. The dataset is a collection of classified chart images and does not include a learning signal. We present the ChartComplete dataset as is to the community to build upon it. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, 1 algorithm. Dataset and source code available at ACM Class: I.2.10; I.4.8 arXiv:2601.10462 [ pdf , ps , other ] ChartComplete: A Taxonomy-based Inclusive Chart Dataset Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Charbel Toumieh , Mariette Awad Abstract : With advancements in deep learning (DL) and computer vision techniques, the field of chart understanding is evolving rapidly. In particular, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proving to be efficient and accurate in understanding charts. To accurately measure the performance of MLLMs, the research community has developed multiple datasets to serve as benchmarks. By examining these datase… ▽ More With advancements in deep learning (DL) and computer vision techniques, the field of chart understanding is evolving rapidly. In particular, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proving to be efficient and accurate in understanding charts. To accurately measure the performance of MLLMs, the research community has developed multiple datasets to serve as benchmarks. By examining these datasets, we found that they are all limited to a small set of chart types. To bridge this gap, we propose the ChartComplete dataset. The dataset is based on a chart taxonomy borrowed from the visualization community, and it covers thirty different chart types. The dataset is a collection of classified chart images and does not include a learning signal. We present the ChartComplete dataset as is to the community to build upon it. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, 1 algorithm. Dataset and source code available at ACM Class: I.2.10; I.4.8 arXiv:2403.08598 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO doi 10.1038/s44182-024-00015-y Adaptive morphing of wing and tail for stable, resilient, and energy-efficient flight of avian-informed drones Authors: Simon L. Jeger , Valentin Wüest , Charbel Toumieh , Dario Floreano Abstract : Avian-informed drones feature morphing wing and tail surfaces, enhancing agility and adaptability in flight. Despite their large potential, realising their full capabilities remains challenging due to the lack of generalized control strategies accommodating their large degrees of freedom and cross-coupling effects between their control surfaces. Here we propose a new body-rate controller for avian… ▽ More Avian-informed drones feature morphing wing and tail surfaces, enhancing agility and adaptability in flight. Despite their large potential, realising their full capabilities remains challenging due to the lack of generalized control strategies accommodating their large degrees of freedom and cross-coupling effects between their control surfaces. Here we propose a new body-rate controller for avian-informed drones that uses all available actuators to control the motion of the drone. The method exhibits robustness against physical perturbations, turbulent airflow, and even loss of certain actuators mid-flight. Furthermore, wing and tail morphing is leveraged to enhance energy efficiency at 8m/s, 10m/s and 12m/s using in-flight Bayesian optimization. The resulting morphing configurations yield significant gains across all three speeds of up to 11.5% compared to non-morphing configurations and display a strong resemblance to avian flight at different speeds. This research lays the groundwork for the development of autonomous avian-informed drones that operate under diverse wind conditions, emphasizing the role of morphing in improving energy efficiency. △ Less Submitted 13 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: 22 pages, 9 figures Journal ref: npj Robotics, 2(1), 8 (2024) arXiv:2403.08598 [ pdf , other ] Adaptive morphing of wing and tail for stable, resilient, and energy-efficient flight of avian-informed drones Authors: Simon L. Jeger , Valentin Wüest , Charbel Toumieh , Dario Floreano Abstract : Avian-informed drones feature morphing wing and tail surfaces, enhancing agility and adaptability in flight. Despite their large potential, realising their full capabilities remains challenging due to the lack of generalized control strategies accommodating their large degrees of freedom and cross-coupling effects between their control surfaces. Here we propose a new body-rate controller for avian… ▽ More Avian-informed drones feature morphing wing and tail surfaces, enhancing agility and adaptability in flight. Despite their large potential, realising their full capabilities remains challenging due to the lack of generalized control strategies accommodating their large degrees of freedom and cross-coupling effects between their control surfaces. Here we propose a new body-rate controller for avian-informed drones that uses all available actuators to control the motion of the drone. The method exhibits robustness against physical perturbations, turbulent airflow, and even loss of certain actuators mid-flight. Furthermore, wing and tail morphing is leveraged to enhance energy efficiency at 8m/s, 10m/s and 12m/s using in-flight Bayesian optimization. The resulting morphing configurations yield significant gains across all three speeds of up to 11.5% compared to non-morphing configurations and display a strong resemblance to avian flight at different speeds. This research lays the groundwork for the development of autonomous avian-informed drones that operate under diverse wind conditions, emphasizing the role of morphing in improving energy efficiency. △ Less Submitted 13 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: 22 pages, 9 figures Journal ref: npj Robotics, 2(1), 8 (2024) arXiv:2402.19033 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO High-Speed Motion Planning for Aerial Swarms in Unknown and Cluttered Environments Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Dario Floreano Abstract : Coordinated flight of multiple drones allows to achieve tasks faster such as search and rescue and infrastructure inspection. Thus, pushing the state-of-the-art of aerial swarms in navigation speed and robustness is of tremendous benefit. In particular, being able to account for unexplored/unknown environments when planning trajectories allows for safer flight. In this work, we propose the first h… ▽ More Coordinated flight of multiple drones allows to achieve tasks faster such as search and rescue and infrastructure inspection. Thus, pushing the state-of-the-art of aerial swarms in navigation speed and robustness is of tremendous benefit. In particular, being able to account for unexplored/unknown environments when planning trajectories allows for safer flight. In this work, we propose the first high-speed, decentralized, and synchronous motion planning framework (HDSM) for an aerial swarm that explicitly takes into account the unknown/undiscovered parts of the environment. The proposed approach generates an optimized trajectory for each planning agent that avoids obstacles and other planning agents while moving and exploring the environment. The only global information that each agent has is the target location. The generated trajectory is high-speed, safe from unexplored spaces, and brings the agent closer to its goal. The proposed method outperforms four recent state-of-the-art methods in success rate (100% success in reaching the target location), flight speed (97% faster), and flight time (50% lower). Finally, the method is validated on a set of Crazyflie nano-drones as a proof of concept. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2024; v1 submitted 29 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. arXiv:2402.19033 [ pdf , other ] High-Speed Motion Planning for Aerial Swarms in Unknown and Cluttered Environments Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Dario Floreano Abstract : Coordinated flight of multiple drones allows to achieve tasks faster such as search and rescue and infrastructure inspection. Thus, pushing the state-of-the-art of aerial swarms in navigation speed and robustness is of tremendous benefit. In particular, being able to account for unexplored/unknown environments when planning trajectories allows for safer flight. In this work, we propose the first h… ▽ More Coordinated flight of multiple drones allows to achieve tasks faster such as search and rescue and infrastructure inspection. Thus, pushing the state-of-the-art of aerial swarms in navigation speed and robustness is of tremendous benefit. In particular, being able to account for unexplored/unknown environments when planning trajectories allows for safer flight. In this work, we propose the first high-speed, decentralized, and synchronous motion planning framework (HDSM) for an aerial swarm that explicitly takes into account the unknown/undiscovered parts of the environment. The proposed approach generates an optimized trajectory for each planning agent that avoids obstacles and other planning agents while moving and exploring the environment. The only global information that each agent has is the target location. The generated trajectory is high-speed, safe from unexplored spaces, and brings the agent closer to its goal. The proposed method outperforms four recent state-of-the-art methods in success rate (100% success in reaching the target location), flight speed (97% faster), and flight time (50% lower). Finally, the method is validated on a set of Crazyflie nano-drones as a proof of concept. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2024; v1 submitted 29 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. arXiv:2304.09462 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO cs.MA Decentralized Multi-Agent Planning for Multirotors: a Fully Online and Communication Latency Robust Approach Authors: Charbel Toumieh Abstract : There are many industrial, commercial and social applications for multi-agent planning for multirotors such as autonomous agriculture, infrastructure inspection and search and rescue. Thus, improving on the state-of-the-art of multi-agent planning to make it a viable real-world solution is of great benefit. In this work, we propose a new method for multi-agent planning in a static environment that… ▽ More There are many industrial, commercial and social applications for multi-agent planning for multirotors such as autonomous agriculture, infrastructure inspection and search and rescue. Thus, improving on the state-of-the-art of multi-agent planning to make it a viable real-world solution is of great benefit. In this work, we propose a new method for multi-agent planning in a static environment that improves our previous work by making it fully online as well as robust to communication latency. The proposed framework generates a global path and a Safe Corridor to avoid static obstacles in an online fashion (generated offline in our previous work). It then generates a time-aware Safe Corridor which takes into account the future positions of other agents to avoid intra-agent collisions. The time-aware Safe Corridor is given with a local reference trajectory to an MIQP (Mixed-Integer Quadratic Problem)/MPC (Model Predictive Control) solver that outputs a safe and optimal trajectory. The planning frequency is adapted to account for communication delays. The proposed method is fully online, real-time, decentralized, and synchronous. It is compared to 3 recent state-of-the-art methods in simulations. It outperforms all methods in robustness and safety as well as flight time. It also outperforms the only other state-of-the-art latency robust method in computation time. △ Less Submitted 22 April, 2023; v1 submitted 19 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023. arXiv:2304.09462 [ pdf , other ] Decentralized Multi-Agent Planning for Multirotors: a Fully Online and Communication Latency Robust Approach Authors: Charbel Toumieh Abstract : There are many industrial, commercial and social applications for multi-agent planning for multirotors such as autonomous agriculture, infrastructure inspection and search and rescue. Thus, improving on the state-of-the-art of multi-agent planning to make it a viable real-world solution is of great benefit. In this work, we propose a new method for multi-agent planning in a static environment that… ▽ More There are many industrial, commercial and social applications for multi-agent planning for multirotors such as autonomous agriculture, infrastructure inspection and search and rescue. Thus, improving on the state-of-the-art of multi-agent planning to make it a viable real-world solution is of great benefit. In this work, we propose a new method for multi-agent planning in a static environment that improves our previous work by making it fully online as well as robust to communication latency. The proposed framework generates a global path and a Safe Corridor to avoid static obstacles in an online fashion (generated offline in our previous work). It then generates a time-aware Safe Corridor which takes into account the future positions of other agents to avoid intra-agent collisions. The time-aware Safe Corridor is given with a local reference trajectory to an MIQP (Mixed-Integer Quadratic Problem)/MPC (Model Predictive Control) solver that outputs a safe and optimal trajectory. The planning frequency is adapted to account for communication delays. The proposed method is fully online, real-time, decentralized, and synchronous. It is compared to 3 recent state-of-the-art methods in simulations. It outperforms all methods in robustness and safety as well as flight time. It also outperforms the only other state-of-the-art latency robust method in computation time. △ Less Submitted 22 April, 2023; v1 submitted 19 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023. arXiv:2208.06950 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO Multirotor Planning in Dynamic Environments using Temporal Safe Corridors Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Alain Lambert Abstract : In this paper, we propose a new method for multirotor planning in dynamic environments. The environment is represented as a temporal occupancy grid which gives the current as well as the future/predicted state of all the obstacles. The method builds on previous works in Safe Corridor generation and multirotor planning to avoid moving and static obstacles. It first generates a global path to the go… ▽ More In this paper, we propose a new method for multirotor planning in dynamic environments. The environment is represented as a temporal occupancy grid which gives the current as well as the future/predicted state of all the obstacles. The method builds on previous works in Safe Corridor generation and multirotor planning to avoid moving and static obstacles. It first generates a global path to the goal that doesn't take into account the dynamic aspect of the environment. We then use temporal Safe Corridors to generate safe spaces that the robot can be in at discrete instants in the future. Finally we use the temporal Safe Corridors in an optimization formulation that accounts for the multirotor dynamics as well as all the obstacles to generate the trajectory that will be executed by the multirotor's controller. We show the performance of our method in simulations. △ Less Submitted 15 August, 2022; v1 submitted 14 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2208.06950 [ pdf , other ] Multirotor Planning in Dynamic Environments using Temporal Safe Corridors Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Alain Lambert Abstract : In this paper, we propose a new method for multirotor planning in dynamic environments. The environment is represented as a temporal occupancy grid which gives the current as well as the future/predicted state of all the obstacles. The method builds on previous works in Safe Corridor generation and multirotor planning to avoid moving and static obstacles. It first generates a global path to the go… ▽ More In this paper, we propose a new method for multirotor planning in dynamic environments. The environment is represented as a temporal occupancy grid which gives the current as well as the future/predicted state of all the obstacles. The method builds on previous works in Safe Corridor generation and multirotor planning to avoid moving and static obstacles. It first generates a global path to the goal that doesn't take into account the dynamic aspect of the environment. We then use temporal Safe Corridors to generate safe spaces that the robot can be in at discrete instants in the future. Finally we use the temporal Safe Corridors in an optimization formulation that accounts for the multirotor dynamics as well as all the obstacles to generate the trajectory that will be executed by the multirotor's controller. We show the performance of our method in simulations. △ Less Submitted 15 August, 2022; v1 submitted 14 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2208.06949 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO MACE: Multi-Agent Autonomous Collaborative Exploration of Unknown Environments Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Alain Lambert Abstract : In this paper, we propose a new framework for multi-agent collaborative exploration of unknown environments. The proposed method combines state-of-the-art algorithms in mapping, safe corridor generation and multi-agent planning. It first takes a volume that we want to explore, then proceeds to give the multiple agents different goals in order to explore a voxel grid of that volume. The exploration… ▽ More In this paper, we propose a new framework for multi-agent collaborative exploration of unknown environments. The proposed method combines state-of-the-art algorithms in mapping, safe corridor generation and multi-agent planning. It first takes a volume that we want to explore, then proceeds to give the multiple agents different goals in order to explore a voxel grid of that volume. The exploration ends when all voxels are discovered as free or occupied, or there is no path found for the remaining undiscovered voxels. The state-of-the-art planning algorithm uses time-aware Safe Corridors to guarantee intra-agent collision safety as well safety from static obstacles. The presented approach is tested in a state of the art simulator for up to 4 agents. △ Less Submitted 15 August, 2022; v1 submitted 14 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2208.06949 [ pdf , other ] MACE: Multi-Agent Autonomous Collaborative Exploration of Unknown Environments Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Alain Lambert Abstract : In this paper, we propose a new framework for multi-agent collaborative exploration of unknown environments. The proposed method combines state-of-the-art algorithms in mapping, safe corridor generation and multi-agent planning. It first takes a volume that we want to explore, then proceeds to give the multiple agents different goals in order to explore a voxel grid of that volume. The exploration… ▽ More In this paper, we propose a new framework for multi-agent collaborative exploration of unknown environments. The proposed method combines state-of-the-art algorithms in mapping, safe corridor generation and multi-agent planning. It first takes a volume that we want to explore, then proceeds to give the multiple agents different goals in order to explore a voxel grid of that volume. The exploration ends when all voxels are discovered as free or occupied, or there is no path found for the remaining undiscovered voxels. The state-of-the-art planning algorithm uses time-aware Safe Corridors to guarantee intra-agent collision safety as well safety from static obstacles. The presented approach is tested in a state of the art simulator for up to 4 agents. △ Less Submitted 15 August, 2022; v1 submitted 14 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2208.06111 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO Shape-aware Safe Corridors Generation using Voxel Grids Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Alain Lambert Abstract : Safe Corridors (a series of overlapping convex shapes) have been used recently in multiple state-of-the-art motion planning methods. They allow to represent the free space in the environment in an efficient way for collision avoidance. In this paper, we propose a new framework for generating Safe Corridors. We assume that we have a voxel grid representation of the environment. The proposed framewo… ▽ More Safe Corridors (a series of overlapping convex shapes) have been used recently in multiple state-of-the-art motion planning methods. They allow to represent the free space in the environment in an efficient way for collision avoidance. In this paper, we propose a new framework for generating Safe Corridors. We assume that we have a voxel grid representation of the environment. The proposed framework improves on a previous state-of-the-art voxel grid based Safe Corridor generation method. It also creates a connectivity graph between polyhedra of a given Safe Corridor that allows to know which polyhedra intersect with each other. The connectivity graph can be used in planning methods to reduce computation time. The method is compared to other state-of-the-art methods in simulations in terms of computation time, volume covered, safety, number of polyhedron per Safe Corridor and number of constraints per polyhedron. △ Less Submitted 15 August, 2022; v1 submitted 12 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2208.06111 [ pdf , other ] Shape-aware Safe Corridors Generation using Voxel Grids Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Alain Lambert Abstract : Safe Corridors (a series of overlapping convex shapes) have been used recently in multiple state-of-the-art motion planning methods. They allow to represent the free space in the environment in an efficient way for collision avoidance. In this paper, we propose a new framework for generating Safe Corridors. We assume that we have a voxel grid representation of the environment. The proposed framewo… ▽ More Safe Corridors (a series of overlapping convex shapes) have been used recently in multiple state-of-the-art motion planning methods. They allow to represent the free space in the environment in an efficient way for collision avoidance. In this paper, we propose a new framework for generating Safe Corridors. We assume that we have a voxel grid representation of the environment. The proposed framework improves on a previous state-of-the-art voxel grid based Safe Corridor generation method. It also creates a connectivity graph between polyhedra of a given Safe Corridor that allows to know which polyhedra intersect with each other. The connectivity graph can be used in planning methods to reduce computation time. The method is compared to other state-of-the-art methods in simulations in terms of computation time, volume covered, safety, number of polyhedron per Safe Corridor and number of constraints per polyhedron. △ Less Submitted 15 August, 2022; v1 submitted 12 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2112.13169 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO GPU Accelerated Voxel Grid Generation for Fast MAV Exploration Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Alain Lambert Abstract : Voxel grids are a minimal and efficient environment representation that is used for robot motion planning in numerous tasks. Many state-of-the-art planning algorithms use voxel grids composed of free, occupied and unknown voxels. In this paper we propose a new GPU accelerated algorithm for partitioning the space into a voxel grid with occupied, free and unknown voxels. The proposed approach is low… ▽ More Voxel grids are a minimal and efficient environment representation that is used for robot motion planning in numerous tasks. Many state-of-the-art planning algorithms use voxel grids composed of free, occupied and unknown voxels. In this paper we propose a new GPU accelerated algorithm for partitioning the space into a voxel grid with occupied, free and unknown voxels. The proposed approach is low latency and suitable for high speed navigation. △ Less Submitted 15 August, 2022; v1 submitted 24 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. arXiv:2112.13169 [ pdf , other ] GPU Accelerated Voxel Grid Generation for Fast MAV Exploration Authors: Charbel Toumieh , Alain Lambert Abstract : Voxel grids are a minimal and efficient environment representation that is used for robot motion planning in numerous tasks. Many state-of-the-art planning algorithms use voxel grids composed of free, occupied and unknown voxels. In this paper we propose a new GPU accelerated algorithm for partitioning the space into a voxel grid with occupied, free and unknown voxels. The proposed approach is low… ▽ More Voxel grids are a minimal and efficient environment representation that is used for robot motion planning in numerous tasks. Many state-of-the-art planning algorithms use voxel grids composed of free, occupied and unknown voxels. In this paper we propose a new GPU accelerated algorithm for partitioning the space into a voxel grid with occupied, free and unknown voxels. The proposed approach is low latency and suitable for high speed navigation. △ Less Submitted 15 August, 2022; v1 submitted 24 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . 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"US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah 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Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Winners and nominees Toggle Winners and nominees subsection 1.1 Awards 1.2 Governors Awards 1.2.1 Special Award 1.2.2 Honorary Awards 1.3 Films with multiple nominations and awards 1.1 Awards 1.2 Governors Awards 1.2.1 Special Award 1.2.2 Honorary Awards 1.2.1 Special Award 1.2.2 Honorary Awards 1.3 Films with multiple nominations and awards 2 Presenters and performers Toggle Presenters and performers subsection 2.1 Presenters 2.2 Performers 2.1 Presenters 2.2 Performers 3 Ceremony information Toggle Ceremony information subsection 3.1 Box office performance of Best Picture nominated films 3.2 Critical reviews 3.3 Ratings and reception 3.1 Box office performance of Best Picture nominated films 3.2 Critical reviews 3.3 Ratings and reception 4 "In Memoriam" 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 90th Academy Awards Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item 90th Academy Awards Official poster Date March 4, 2018 Site Dolby Theatre Hollywood , Los Angeles , California, U.S. Hosted by Jimmy Kimmel [ 1 ] Preshow hosts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sara Haines Dave Karger Wendi McLendon-Covey Michael Strahan Krista Smith [ 2 ] Sara Haines Dave Karger Wendi McLendon-Covey Michael Strahan Krista Smith [ 2 ] Produced by Michael De Luca Jennifer Todd [ 3 ] Directed by Glenn Weiss [ 4 ] Highlights Best Picture The Shape of Water Most awards The Shape of Water (4) Most nominations The Shape of Water (13) TV in the United States Network ABC Duration 3 hours, 53 minutes [ 5 ] Ratings 26.5 million [ 6 ] 14.9% ( Nielsen ratings ) [ 7 ] .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} ← 89th Academy Awards 91st → ← 89th Academy Awards 91st → The 90th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2017 , and took place at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles , California. The ceremony was held on March 4, 2018, rather than its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2018 Winter Olympics . [ 8 ] During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Michael De Luca and Jennifer Todd and directed by Glenn Weiss . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Comedian Jimmy Kimmel hosted for the second consecutive year. [ 11 ] In related events, the Academy held its 9th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 11, 2017. [ 12 ] On February 10, 2018, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California , the Academy Scientific and Technical Awards were presented by host Patrick Stewart . [ 13 ] The Shape of Water won four awards, including Best Picture . [ 14 ] Other winners included Dunkirk with three awards, Blade Runner 2049 , Coco , Darkest Hour , and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri with two awards, and Call Me by Your Name , Dear Basketball , A Fantastic Woman , Get Out , Heaven Is a Traffic Jam on the 405 , I, Tonya , Icarus , Phantom Thread , and The Silent Child with one. [ 15 ] The telecast garnered 26.5 million viewers in the United States. Winners and nominees The nominees for the 90th Academy Awards were announced on January 23, 2018, at 5:22 a.m. PST (13:22 UTC ), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by actors Tiffany Haddish and Andy Serkis . [ 16 ] The Shape of Water led all nominees with thirteen nominations; Dunkirk came in second with eight. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 4, 2018. [ 19 ] Greta Gerwig became the fifth woman to be nominated for Best Director. [ 20 ] At age 22, Best Actor nominee Timothée Chalamet was the third-youngest person nominated in that category and the youngest since 19-year-old Mickey Rooney for his role in Babes in Arms in 1939 . [ 21 ] At age 88, Best Supporting Actor nominee Christopher Plummer became the oldest ever performer nominated for a competitive Oscar. [ 22 ] By virtue of her nominations for Best Supporting Actress and Best Original Song for Mudbound , Mary J. Blige was the first person to be nominated for both acting and songwriting in the same year. [ 23 ] At age 89, Best Adapted Screenplay winner James Ivory became the oldest winner of a competitive Oscar. [ 24 ] Jordan Peele was the first African American winner for Best Original Screenplay. [ 25 ] Rachel Morrison became the first woman nominated for Best Cinematography . [ 26 ] Awards Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface , and indicated with a double dagger (‡). [ 27 ] Best Picture The Shape of Water – Guillermo del Toro and J. Miles Dale ‡ Call Me by Your Name – Peter Spears , Luca Guadagnino , Émilie Georges and Marco Morabito Darkest Hour – Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce , Anthony McCarten and Douglas Urbanski Dunkirk – Emma Thomas and Christopher Nolan Get Out – Sean McKittrick , Jason Blum , Edward H. Hamm Jr. and Jordan Peele Lady Bird – Scott Rudin , Eli Bush and Evelyn O'Neill Phantom Thread – JoAnne Sellar , Paul Thomas Anderson , Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi The Post – Amy Pascal , Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Graham Broadbent , Pete Czernin and Martin McDonagh The Shape of Water – Guillermo del Toro and J. Miles Dale ‡ Call Me by Your Name – Peter Spears , Luca Guadagnino , Émilie Georges and Marco Morabito Darkest Hour – Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce , Anthony McCarten and Douglas Urbanski Dunkirk – Emma Thomas and Christopher Nolan Get Out – Sean McKittrick , Jason Blum , Edward H. Hamm Jr. and Jordan Peele Lady Bird – Scott Rudin , Eli Bush and Evelyn O'Neill Phantom Thread – JoAnne Sellar , Paul Thomas Anderson , Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi The Post – Amy Pascal , Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Graham Broadbent , Pete Czernin and Martin McDonagh Call Me by Your Name – Peter Spears , Luca Guadagnino , Émilie Georges and Marco Morabito Darkest Hour – Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce , Anthony McCarten and Douglas Urbanski Dunkirk – Emma Thomas and Christopher Nolan Get Out – Sean McKittrick , Jason Blum , Edward H. Hamm Jr. and Jordan Peele Lady Bird – Scott Rudin , Eli Bush and Evelyn O'Neill Phantom Thread – JoAnne Sellar , Paul Thomas Anderson , Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi The Post – Amy Pascal , Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Graham Broadbent , Pete Czernin and Martin McDonagh Best Directing Guillermo del Toro – The Shape of Water ‡ Christopher Nolan – Dunkirk Jordan Peele – Get Out Greta Gerwig – Lady Bird Paul Thomas Anderson – Phantom Thread Guillermo del Toro – The Shape of Water ‡ Christopher Nolan – Dunkirk Jordan Peele – Get Out Greta Gerwig – Lady Bird Paul Thomas Anderson – Phantom Thread Christopher Nolan – Dunkirk Jordan Peele – Get Out Greta Gerwig – Lady Bird Paul Thomas Anderson – Phantom Thread Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman – Darkest Hour as Winston Churchill ‡ Timothée Chalamet – Call Me by Your Name as Elio Perlman Daniel Day-Lewis – Phantom Thread as Reynolds Woodcock Daniel Kaluuya – Get Out as Chris Washington Denzel Washington – Roman J. Israel, Esq. as Roman J. Israel Gary Oldman – Darkest Hour as Winston Churchill ‡ Timothée Chalamet – Call Me by Your Name as Elio Perlman Daniel Day-Lewis – Phantom Thread as Reynolds Woodcock Daniel Kaluuya – Get Out as Chris Washington Denzel Washington – Roman J. Israel, Esq. as Roman J. Israel Timothée Chalamet – Call Me by Your Name as Elio Perlman Daniel Day-Lewis – Phantom Thread as Reynolds Woodcock Daniel Kaluuya – Get Out as Chris Washington Denzel Washington – Roman J. Israel, Esq. as Roman J. Israel Best Actress in a Leading Role Frances McDormand – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Mildred Hayes ‡ Sally Hawkins – The Shape of Water as Elisa Esposito Margot Robbie – I, Tonya as Tonya Harding Saoirse Ronan – Lady Bird as Christine "Lady Bird" McPherson Meryl Streep – The Post as Katharine Graham Frances McDormand – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Mildred Hayes ‡ Sally Hawkins – The Shape of Water as Elisa Esposito Margot Robbie – I, Tonya as Tonya Harding Saoirse Ronan – Lady Bird as Christine "Lady Bird" McPherson Meryl Streep – The Post as Katharine Graham Sally Hawkins – The Shape of Water as Elisa Esposito Margot Robbie – I, Tonya as Tonya Harding Saoirse Ronan – Lady Bird as Christine "Lady Bird" McPherson Meryl Streep – The Post as Katharine Graham Best Actor in a Supporting Role Sam Rockwell – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Officer Jason Dixon ‡ Willem Dafoe – The Florida Project as Bobby Hicks Woody Harrelson – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Chief William "Bill" Willoughby Richard Jenkins – The Shape of Water as Giles Christopher Plummer – All the Money in the World as J. Paul Getty Sam Rockwell – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Officer Jason Dixon ‡ Willem Dafoe – The Florida Project as Bobby Hicks Woody Harrelson – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Chief William "Bill" Willoughby Richard Jenkins – The Shape of Water as Giles Christopher Plummer – All the Money in the World as J. Paul Getty Willem Dafoe – The Florida Project as Bobby Hicks Woody Harrelson – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Chief William "Bill" Willoughby Richard Jenkins – The Shape of Water as Giles Christopher Plummer – All the Money in the World as J. Paul Getty Best Actress in a Supporting Role Allison Janney – I, Tonya as LaVona Golden ‡ Mary J. Blige – Mudbound as Florence Jackson Lesley Manville – Phantom Thread as Cyril Woodcock Laurie Metcalf – Lady Bird as Marion McPherson Octavia Spencer – The Shape of Water as Zelda Delilah Fuller Allison Janney – I, Tonya as LaVona Golden ‡ Mary J. Blige – Mudbound as Florence Jackson Lesley Manville – Phantom Thread as Cyril Woodcock Laurie Metcalf – Lady Bird as Marion McPherson Octavia Spencer – The Shape of Water as Zelda Delilah Fuller Mary J. Blige – Mudbound as Florence Jackson Lesley Manville – Phantom Thread as Cyril Woodcock Laurie Metcalf – Lady Bird as Marion McPherson Octavia Spencer – The Shape of Water as Zelda Delilah Fuller Best Writing (Original Screenplay) Get Out – Jordan Peele ‡ The Big Sick – Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani Lady Bird – Greta Gerwig The Shape of Water – Guillermo del Toro and Vanessa Taylor ; Story by Guillermo del Toro Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Martin McDonagh Get Out – Jordan Peele ‡ The Big Sick – Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani Lady Bird – Greta Gerwig The Shape of Water – Guillermo del Toro and Vanessa Taylor ; Story by Guillermo del Toro Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Martin McDonagh The Big Sick – Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani Lady Bird – Greta Gerwig The Shape of Water – Guillermo del Toro and Vanessa Taylor ; Story by Guillermo del Toro Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Martin McDonagh Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay) Call Me by Your Name – James Ivory ; based on the novel by André Aciman ‡ The Disaster Artist – Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber ; based on the book The Disaster Artist: My Life Inside The Room, the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made by Greg Sestero and Tom Bissell Logan – Scott Frank , James Mangold and Michael Green ; Story by James Mangold; based on characters created by Len Wein and John Romita Sr. Molly's Game – Aaron Sorkin ; based on the book by Molly Bloom Mudbound – Virgil Williams and Dee Rees ; based on the novel by Hillary Jordan Call Me by Your Name – James Ivory ; based on the novel by André Aciman ‡ The Disaster Artist – Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber ; based on the book The Disaster Artist: My Life Inside The Room, the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made by Greg Sestero and Tom Bissell Logan – Scott Frank , James Mangold and Michael Green ; Story by James Mangold; based on characters created by Len Wein and John Romita Sr. Molly's Game – Aaron Sorkin ; based on the book by Molly Bloom Mudbound – Virgil Williams and Dee Rees ; based on the novel by Hillary Jordan The Disaster Artist – Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber ; based on the book The Disaster Artist: My Life Inside The Room, the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made by Greg Sestero and Tom Bissell Logan – Scott Frank , James Mangold and Michael Green ; Story by James Mangold; based on characters created by Len Wein and John Romita Sr. Molly's Game – Aaron Sorkin ; based on the book by Molly Bloom Mudbound – Virgil Williams and Dee Rees ; based on the novel by Hillary Jordan Best Animated Feature Film Coco – Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson ‡ The Boss Baby – Tom McGrath and Ramsey Ann Naito The Breadwinner – Nora Twomey and Anthony Leo Ferdinand – Carlos Saldanha and Lori Forte Loving Vincent – Dorota Kobiela , Hugh Welchman and Ivan Mactaggart Coco – Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson ‡ The Boss Baby – Tom McGrath and Ramsey Ann Naito The Breadwinner – Nora Twomey and Anthony Leo Ferdinand – Carlos Saldanha and Lori Forte Loving Vincent – Dorota Kobiela , Hugh Welchman and Ivan Mactaggart The Boss Baby – Tom McGrath and Ramsey Ann Naito The Breadwinner – Nora Twomey and Anthony Leo Ferdinand – Carlos Saldanha and Lori Forte Loving Vincent – Dorota Kobiela , Hugh Welchman and Ivan Mactaggart Best Foreign Language Film A Fantastic Woman ( Chile ) in Spanish – Directed by Sebastián Lelio ‡ The Insult ( Lebanon ) in Arabic – Directed by Ziad Doueiri Loveless ( Russia ) in Russian – Directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev On Body and Soul ( Hungary ) in Hungarian – Directed by Ildikó Enyedi The Square ( Sweden ) in Swedish – Directed by Ruben Östlund A Fantastic Woman ( Chile ) in Spanish – Directed by Sebastián Lelio ‡ The Insult ( Lebanon ) in Arabic – Directed by Ziad Doueiri Loveless ( Russia ) in Russian – Directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev On Body and Soul ( Hungary ) in Hungarian – Directed by Ildikó Enyedi The Square ( Sweden ) in Swedish – Directed by Ruben Östlund The Insult ( Lebanon ) in Arabic – Directed by Ziad Doueiri Loveless ( Russia ) in Russian – Directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev On Body and Soul ( Hungary ) in Hungarian – Directed by Ildikó Enyedi The Square ( Sweden ) in Swedish – Directed by Ruben Östlund Best Documentary (Feature) Icarus – Bryan Fogel and Dan Cogan ‡ Abacus: Small Enough to Jail – Steve James , Mark Mitten and Julie Goldman Faces Places – Agnès Varda , JR and Rosalie Varda Last Men in Aleppo – Feras Fayyad , Kareem Abeed and Søren Steen Jespersen Strong Island – Yance Ford and Joslyn Barnes Icarus – Bryan Fogel and Dan Cogan ‡ Abacus: Small Enough to Jail – Steve James , Mark Mitten and Julie Goldman Faces Places – Agnès Varda , JR and Rosalie Varda Last Men in Aleppo – Feras Fayyad , Kareem Abeed and Søren Steen Jespersen Strong Island – Yance Ford and Joslyn Barnes Abacus: Small Enough to Jail – Steve James , Mark Mitten and Julie Goldman Faces Places – Agnès Varda , JR and Rosalie Varda Last Men in Aleppo – Feras Fayyad , Kareem Abeed and Søren Steen Jespersen Strong Island – Yance Ford and Joslyn Barnes Best Documentary (Short Subject) Heaven Is a Traffic Jam on the 405 – Frank Stiefel ‡ Edith+Eddie – Laura Checkoway and Thomas Lee Wright Heroin(e) – Elaine McMillion Sheldon and Kerrin Sheldon Knife Skills – Thomas Lennon Traffic Stop – Kate Davis and David Heilbroner Heaven Is a Traffic Jam on the 405 – Frank Stiefel ‡ Edith+Eddie – Laura Checkoway and Thomas Lee Wright Heroin(e) – Elaine McMillion Sheldon and Kerrin Sheldon Knife Skills – Thomas Lennon Traffic Stop – Kate Davis and David Heilbroner Edith+Eddie – Laura Checkoway and Thomas Lee Wright Heroin(e) – Elaine McMillion Sheldon and Kerrin Sheldon Knife Skills – Thomas Lennon Traffic Stop – Kate Davis and David Heilbroner Best Short Film (Live Action) The Silent Child – Chris Overton and Rachel Shenton ‡ DeKalb Elementary – Reed Van Dyk The Eleven O'Clock – Derin Seale and Josh Lawson My Nephew Emmett – Kevin Wilson Jr. Watu Wote/All of Us – Katja Benrath and Tobias Rosen The Silent Child – Chris Overton and Rachel Shenton ‡ DeKalb Elementary – Reed Van Dyk The Eleven O'Clock – Derin Seale and Josh Lawson My Nephew Emmett – Kevin Wilson Jr. Watu Wote/All of Us – Katja Benrath and Tobias Rosen DeKalb Elementary – Reed Van Dyk The Eleven O'Clock – Derin Seale and Josh Lawson My Nephew Emmett – Kevin Wilson Jr. Watu Wote/All of Us – Katja Benrath and Tobias Rosen Best Short Film (Animated) Dear Basketball – Glen Keane and Kobe Bryant ‡ Garden Party – Victor Caire and Gabriel Grapperon Lou – Dave Mullins and Dana Murray Negative Space – Max Porter and Ru Kuwahata Revolting Rhymes – Jakob Schuh and Jan Lachauer Dear Basketball – Glen Keane and Kobe Bryant ‡ Garden Party – Victor Caire and Gabriel Grapperon Lou – Dave Mullins and Dana Murray Negative Space – Max Porter and Ru Kuwahata Revolting Rhymes – Jakob Schuh and Jan Lachauer Garden Party – Victor Caire and Gabriel Grapperon Lou – Dave Mullins and Dana Murray Negative Space – Max Porter and Ru Kuwahata Revolting Rhymes – Jakob Schuh and Jan Lachauer Best Music (Original Score) The Shape of Water – Alexandre Desplat ‡ Dunkirk – Hans Zimmer Phantom Thread – Jonny Greenwood Star Wars: The Last Jedi – John Williams Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Carter Burwell The Shape of Water – Alexandre Desplat ‡ Dunkirk – Hans Zimmer Phantom Thread – Jonny Greenwood Star Wars: The Last Jedi – John Williams Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Carter Burwell Dunkirk – Hans Zimmer Phantom Thread – Jonny Greenwood Star Wars: The Last Jedi – John Williams Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Carter Burwell Best Music (Original Song) " Remember Me " from Coco – Music and Lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez ‡ " Mighty River " from Mudbound – Music and Lyrics by Mary J. Blige , Raphael Saadiq and Taura Stinson " Mystery of Love " from Call Me by Your Name – Music and Lyrics by Sufjan Stevens " Stand Up for Something " from Marshall – Music by Diane Warren ; Lyrics by Common and Diane Warren " This Is Me " from The Greatest Showman – Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul " Remember Me " from Coco – Music and Lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez ‡ " Mighty River " from Mudbound – Music and Lyrics by Mary J. Blige , Raphael Saadiq and Taura Stinson " Mystery of Love " from Call Me by Your Name – Music and Lyrics by Sufjan Stevens " Stand Up for Something " from Marshall – Music by Diane Warren ; Lyrics by Common and Diane Warren " This Is Me " from The Greatest Showman – Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul " Mighty River " from Mudbound – Music and Lyrics by Mary J. Blige , Raphael Saadiq and Taura Stinson " Mystery of Love " from Call Me by Your Name – Music and Lyrics by Sufjan Stevens " Stand Up for Something " from Marshall – Music by Diane Warren ; Lyrics by Common and Diane Warren " This Is Me " from The Greatest Showman – Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Best Sound Editing Dunkirk – Richard King and Alex Gibson ‡ Baby Driver – Julian Slater Blade Runner 2049 – Mark Mangini and Theo Green The Shape of Water – Nathan Robitaille and Nelson Ferreira Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ren Klyce and Matthew Wood Dunkirk – Richard King and Alex Gibson ‡ Baby Driver – Julian Slater Blade Runner 2049 – Mark Mangini and Theo Green The Shape of Water – Nathan Robitaille and Nelson Ferreira Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ren Klyce and Matthew Wood Baby Driver – Julian Slater Blade Runner 2049 – Mark Mangini and Theo Green The Shape of Water – Nathan Robitaille and Nelson Ferreira Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ren Klyce and Matthew Wood Best Sound Mixing Dunkirk – Gregg Landaker , Gary A. Rizzo and Mark Weingarten ‡ Baby Driver – Julian Slater , Tim Cavagin and Mary H. Ellis Blade Runner 2049 – Ron Bartlett , Doug Hemphill and Mac Ruth The Shape of Water – Christian Cooke , Brad Zoern and Glen Gauthier Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ren Klyce , Michael Semanick , David Parker and Stuart Wilson Dunkirk – Gregg Landaker , Gary A. Rizzo and Mark Weingarten ‡ Baby Driver – Julian Slater , Tim Cavagin and Mary H. Ellis Blade Runner 2049 – Ron Bartlett , Doug Hemphill and Mac Ruth The Shape of Water – Christian Cooke , Brad Zoern and Glen Gauthier Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ren Klyce , Michael Semanick , David Parker and Stuart Wilson Baby Driver – Julian Slater , Tim Cavagin and Mary H. Ellis Blade Runner 2049 – Ron Bartlett , Doug Hemphill and Mac Ruth The Shape of Water – Christian Cooke , Brad Zoern and Glen Gauthier Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ren Klyce , Michael Semanick , David Parker and Stuart Wilson Best Production Design The Shape of Water – Production Design: Paul Denham Austerberry ; Set Decoration: Shane Vieau and Jeff Melvin ‡ Beauty and the Beast – Production Design: Sarah Greenwood ; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer Blade Runner 2049 – Production Design: Dennis Gassner ; Set Decoration: Alessandra Querzola Darkest Hour – Production Design: Sarah Greenwood ; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer Dunkirk – Production Design: Nathan Crowley ; Set Decoration: Gary Fettis The Shape of Water – Production Design: Paul Denham Austerberry ; Set Decoration: Shane Vieau and Jeff Melvin ‡ Beauty and the Beast – Production Design: Sarah Greenwood ; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer Blade Runner 2049 – Production Design: Dennis Gassner ; Set Decoration: Alessandra Querzola Darkest Hour – Production Design: Sarah Greenwood ; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer Dunkirk – Production Design: Nathan Crowley ; Set Decoration: Gary Fettis Beauty and the Beast – Production Design: Sarah Greenwood ; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer Blade Runner 2049 – Production Design: Dennis Gassner ; Set Decoration: Alessandra Querzola Darkest Hour – Production Design: Sarah Greenwood ; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer Dunkirk – Production Design: Nathan Crowley ; Set Decoration: Gary Fettis Best Cinematography Blade Runner 2049 – Roger Deakins ‡ Darkest Hour – Bruno Delbonnel Dunkirk – Hoyte van Hoytema Mudbound – Rachel Morrison The Shape of Water – Dan Laustsen Blade Runner 2049 – Roger Deakins ‡ Darkest Hour – Bruno Delbonnel Dunkirk – Hoyte van Hoytema Mudbound – Rachel Morrison The Shape of Water – Dan Laustsen Darkest Hour – Bruno Delbonnel Dunkirk – Hoyte van Hoytema Mudbound – Rachel Morrison The Shape of Water – Dan Laustsen Best Makeup and Hairstyling Darkest Hour – Kazuhiro Tsuji , David Malinowski and Lucy Sibbick ‡ Victoria & Abdul – Daniel Phillips and Lou Sheppard Wonder – Arjen Tuiten Darkest Hour – Kazuhiro Tsuji , David Malinowski and Lucy Sibbick ‡ Victoria & Abdul – Daniel Phillips and Lou Sheppard Wonder – Arjen Tuiten Victoria & Abdul – Daniel Phillips and Lou Sheppard Wonder – Arjen Tuiten Best Costume Design Phantom Thread – Mark Bridges ‡ Beauty and the Beast – Jacqueline Durran Darkest Hour – Jacqueline Durran The Shape of Water – Luis Sequeira Victoria & Abdul – Consolata Boyle Phantom Thread – Mark Bridges ‡ Beauty and the Beast – Jacqueline Durran Darkest Hour – Jacqueline Durran The Shape of Water – Luis Sequeira Victoria & Abdul – Consolata Boyle Beauty and the Beast – Jacqueline Durran Darkest Hour – Jacqueline Durran The Shape of Water – Luis Sequeira Victoria & Abdul – Consolata Boyle Best Film Editing Dunkirk – Lee Smith ‡ Baby Driver – Paul Machliss and Jonathan Amos I, Tonya – Tatiana S. Riegel The Shape of Water – Sidney Wolinsky Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Jon Gregory Dunkirk – Lee Smith ‡ Baby Driver – Paul Machliss and Jonathan Amos I, Tonya – Tatiana S. Riegel The Shape of Water – Sidney Wolinsky Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Jon Gregory Baby Driver – Paul Machliss and Jonathan Amos I, Tonya – Tatiana S. Riegel The Shape of Water – Sidney Wolinsky Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Jon Gregory Best Visual Effects Blade Runner 2049 – John Nelson , Gerd Nefzer , Paul Lambert and Richard R. Hoover ‡ Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 – Christopher Townsend , Guy Williams , Jonathan Fawkner and Dan Sudick Kong: Skull Island – Stephen Rosenbaum , Jeff White , Scott Benza and Mike Meinardus Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ben Morris , Mike Mulholland , Neal Scanlan and Chris Corbould War for the Planet of the Apes – Joe Letteri , Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon and Joel Whist Blade Runner 2049 – John Nelson , Gerd Nefzer , Paul Lambert and Richard R. Hoover ‡ Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 – Christopher Townsend , Guy Williams , Jonathan Fawkner and Dan Sudick Kong: Skull Island – Stephen Rosenbaum , Jeff White , Scott Benza and Mike Meinardus Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ben Morris , Mike Mulholland , Neal Scanlan and Chris Corbould War for the Planet of the Apes – Joe Letteri , Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon and Joel Whist Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 – Christopher Townsend , Guy Williams , Jonathan Fawkner and Dan Sudick Kong: Skull Island – Stephen Rosenbaum , Jeff White , Scott Benza and Mike Meinardus Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ben Morris , Mike Mulholland , Neal Scanlan and Chris Corbould War for the Planet of the Apes – Joe Letteri , Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon and Joel Whist Governors Awards The Academy held its 9th annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 11, 2017, during which the following awards were presented: [ 28 ] Special Award To Alejandro G. Iñárritu 's Carne y Arena virtual reality installation, in recognition of a visionary and powerful experience in storytelling [ 29 ] Honorary Awards To Charles Burnett , a resolutely independent and influential film pioneer who has chronicled the lives of black Americans with eloquence and insight [ 29 ] To Owen Roizman , whose expansive visual style and technical innovation have advanced the art of cinematography [ 29 ] To Donald Sutherland for a lifetime of indelible characters, rendered with unwavering truthfulness [ 29 ] To Agnès Varda , whose compassion and curiosity inform a uniquely personal cinema [ 29 ] Films with multiple nominations and awards Films that received multiple nominations Nominations Film 13 The Shape of Water 8 Dunkirk 7 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri 6 Darkest Hour Phantom Thread 5 Blade Runner 2049 Lady Bird 4 Call Me by Your Name Get Out Mudbound Star Wars: The Last Jedi 3 Baby Driver I, Tonya 2 Beauty and the Beast Coco The Post Victoria & Abdul Nominations Film 13 The Shape of Water 8 Dunkirk 7 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri 6 Darkest Hour Phantom Thread 5 Blade Runner 2049 Lady Bird 4 Call Me by Your Name Get Out Mudbound Star Wars: The Last Jedi 3 Baby Driver I, Tonya 2 Beauty and the Beast Coco The Post Victoria & Abdul Films that received multiple awards Awards Film 4 The Shape of Water 3 Dunkirk 2 Blade Runner 2049 Coco Darkest Hour Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri Awards Film 4 The Shape of Water 3 Dunkirk 2 Blade Runner 2049 Coco Darkest Hour Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri Presenters and performers The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Presenters Name(s) Role Randy Thomas [ 32 ] Served as announcer for the 90th annual Academy Awards Viola Davis Presented the award for Best Supporting Actor Gal Gadot Armie Hammer Presented the award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling Eva Marie Saint Presented the award for Best Costume Design Laura Dern Greta Gerwig Presented the award for Best Documentary Feature Taraji P. Henson Introduced the performance of Best Original Song nominee " Mighty River " Ansel Elgort Eiza González Presented the awards for Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing Kumail Nanjiani Lupita Nyong'o Presented the award for Best Production Design Eugenio Derbez Introduced the performance of Best Original Song nominee " Remember Me " Rita Moreno Presented the award for Best Foreign Language Film Mahershala Ali Presented the award for Best Supporting Actress BB-8 Mark Hamill Oscar Isaac Kelly Marie Tran Presented the awards for Best Animated Short Film and Best Animated Feature Film Daniela Vega Introduced the performance of Best Original Song nominee " Mystery of Love " Tom Holland Gina Rodriguez Presented the award for Best Visual Effects Matthew McConaughey Presented the award for Best Film Editing Tiffany Haddish Maya Rudolph Presented the awards for Best Documentary Short Subject and Best Live Action Short Film Dave Chappelle Introduced the performance of Best Original Song nominee " Stand Up for Something " Ashley Judd Salma Hayek Pinault Annabella Sciorra Presenters of a special presentation highlighting the Time's Up movement and diversity in film Chadwick Boseman Margot Robbie Presented the award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nicole Kidman Presented the award for Best Original Screenplay Wes Studi Presenter of a special presentation highlighting depictions of the U.S. military in film Sandra Bullock Presented the award for Best Cinematography Zendaya Introduced the performance of Best Original Song nominee " This Is Me " Christopher Walken Presented the award for Best Original Score Emily Blunt Lin-Manuel Miranda Presented the award for Best Original Song Jennifer Garner Presented the " In Memoriam " tribute Emma Stone Presented the award for Best Director Jane Fonda Helen Mirren Presented the award for Best Actor Jodie Foster Jennifer Lawrence Presented the award for Best Actress Warren Beatty Faye Dunaway Presented the award for Best Picture Performers Name(s) Role Performed Harold Wheeler Musical arranger Conductor Orchestral Mary J. Blige Performer " Mighty River " from Mudbound Gael García Bernal Miguel Natalia Lafourcade Performers " Remember Me " from Coco Sufjan Stevens St. Vincent Moses Sumney Chris Thile [ 33 ] Performers " Mystery of Love " from Call Me by Your Name Andra Day Common Performers " Stand Up for Something " from Marshall Keala Settle Performer " This Is Me " from The Greatest Showman Eddie Vedder Performer " Room at the Top " during the annual "In Memoriam" tribute Ceremony information Despite the mixed reception received by the preceding year's ceremony , the Academy rehired Michael De Luca and Jennifer Todd as producers for the second consecutive year. [ 34 ] In May 2017, it was announced that Jimmy Kimmel would return as host for a second consecutive year. [ 35 ] “Mike and Jennifer produced a beautiful show that was visually stunning. And Jimmy proved, from his opening monologue all the way through a finale we could never have imagined, that he is one our finest hosts in Oscar history,” said AMPAS president Cheryl Boone Isaacs in a press release announcing the return of the show's producers and hosts. [ 36 ] Kimmel expressed that he was thrilled to be selected to emcee the gala again, commenting, "Hosting the Oscars was a highlight of my career and I am grateful to Cheryl [Boone Isaacs], Dawn [Hudson], and the Academy for asking me to return to work with two of my favorite people, Mike De Luca and Jennifer Todd. If you think we screwed up the ending this year, wait until you see what we have planned for the 90th anniversary show!" [ 37 ] Kimmel became the first person to host consecutive ceremonies since Billy Crystal hosted the 69th and 70th ceremonies held in 1997 and 1998 respectively. [ 38 ] In an allusion to the previous year's Best Picture announcement error , the official poster for the event featured the tagline "What could possibly go wrong?" [ 39 ] Several others participated in the production of the ceremony and related events. Harold Wheeler served as musical director for the ceremony. [ 40 ] Production designer Derek McLane designed a new stage for the ceremony which prominently featured a curtain made of forty-five million Swarovski crystals. [ 41 ] During the nominations announcement, several vignettes featuring Priyanka Chopra , Rosario Dawson , Gal Gadot , Salma Hayek , Michelle Rodriguez , Zoe Saldaña , Molly Shannon , Rebel Wilson and Michelle Yeoh were shown before several categories highlighting the importance of below-the-line crafts in the film production. [ 42 ] Four days prior to the ceremony, the Academy in conjunction with the Los Angeles Philharmonic hosted a special concert at the Walt Disney Concert Hall highlighting the Best Original Score nominees and the involvement of music in the film making process. [ 43 ] During the performance of Best Original Song nominee " Stand Up for Something ", ten individuals such as activist Dolores Huerta , Me Too movement founder Tarana Burke , chef and humanitarian José Andrés , and author Janet Mock appeared onstage to represent people who epitomized the message of the song. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] In view of the previous year's Best Picture announcement error, actors Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway returned to present the award again. [ 46 ] Traditionally, the previous year's Best Actor winner usually presented the Best Actress award. However, Best Actor winner Casey Affleck reportedly decided not to attend the ceremony due to his sexual harassment accusations . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Jodie Foster and Jennifer Lawrence presented the award together in his place. The Best Actor award was presented by actresses Jane Fonda and Helen Mirren . [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Box office performance of Best Picture nominated films Film Pre-nomination (before Jan. 23) Post-nomination (Jan. 23 – Mar. 4) Post-awards (after Mar. 5) Total Dunkirk $188 million – – $188 million Get Out $175.7 million $353,795 – $176 million The Post $45.8 million $34.8 million $1.4 million $81.9 million The Shape of Water $30.4 million $27.2 million $6.3 million $63.9 million Darkest Hour $41.1 million $14.5 million $918,003 $56.5 million Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri $32.3 million $19.9 million $2.3 million $54.5 million Lady Bird $39.2 million $9.2 million $636,405 $49 million Phantom Thread $6.4 million $13.9 million $911,496 $21.2 million Call Me by Your Name $9.4 million $7.5 million $1.2 million $18.1 million Total $568.2 million $127.3 million $13.6 million $708.5 million Average $63.1 million $14.1 million $1.5 million $78.8 million At the time of the nominations announcement on January 23, 2018, the combined gross of the nine Best Picture nominees at the North American box offices was $568.2 million, with an average of $63.1 million per film. [ 51 ] When the nominations were announced, Dunkirk was the highest-grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $188 million in domestic box office receipts. Get Out was the second-highest-grossing film with $175.6 million, followed by The Post ($45.7 million), Darkest Hour ($41 million), Lady Bird ($39.1 million), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri ($32.2 million), The Shape of Water ($30.4 million), Call Me by Your Name ($9.1 million), and Phantom Thread ($6.3 million). [ 52 ] Critical reviews The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets received the broadcast positively. Hank Stuever of The Washington Post remarked, "In his second year, Kimmel has shown that the telecast needn't be anything but sharp and sure, with a funny host whose bits are manageable, shareable and – best of all – forgotten. We're not making showbiz history here; we're just trying to get through another Oscar night." [ 53 ] CNN 's Brian Lowry quipped, "The Oscars are a big, unwieldy beast, which invariably try to serve too many masters. Yet if the intent was ultimately to maintain a celebratory tone without ignoring either the outside world or the elephant in the room throughout this year's awards, host Jimmy Kimmel and the show itself largely succeeded." [ 54 ] Television critic Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "How did Kimmel do overall? With the exception of the theater stunt and two unnecessary toss-off Matt Damon jokes — Kimmel really can't resist — I thought he was good, probably even better than last year." [ 55 ] Others were more critical of the show. Television critic Maureen Ryan of Variety said, "All things considered, the show had a more or less low-key vibe. Normally it takes about two hours for the numbing effect to set in, but despite host Jimmy Kimmel's best efforts, Sunday's telecast started to feel a bit languid and low-energy far earlier." She also added, "The ceremony probably felt so ambiguous and conflicted in part because everyone in that room — and many at home — know how much more work needs to be done before true inclusion is the norm and all the offenders are driven from the industry." [ 56 ] Time television columnist Daniel D'Addario commented, "Kimmel, a talk show host who has been inspiring and catalyzing in the past year while discussing issues personally connected to him, seemed flat and uninspired in his monologue when dealing with topics that demanded laceration." [ 57 ] David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "Even the hope that the noise of clapping might keep the audience at home and in the theater awake, there was little of that for anything except the entrance of actors of advance age." [ 58 ] Ratings and reception The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 26.5 million people over its length, which was a 19% decrease from the previous year's ceremony. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] The show also earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 14.9% of households watching the ceremony. [ 61 ] In addition, it garnered a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 6.8 rating among viewers in that demographic. [ 62 ] At the time, it earned the lowest viewership for an Academy Award telecast since figures were compiled beginning with the 46th ceremony in 1974. [ 63 ] In July 2018, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations for the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards . [ 64 ] Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Glenn Weiss 's direction of the telecast . [ 65 ] "In Memoriam" The annual "In Memoriam" segment was introduced by Jennifer Garner . Singer Eddie Vedder performed the Tom Petty song " Room at the Top " during the tribute. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] John G. Avildsen – Director Toni Ann Walker – Hairstylist June Foray – Actress, animator Walter Lassally – Cinematographer Chuck Berry – Singer-songwriter Robert Osborne – Columnist, television host, writer Jill Messick – Producer Harry Dean Stanton – Actor Terence Marsh – Production designer Rita Riggs – Costume designer Mary Goldberg – Casting director Anthony Harvey – Director, film editor Thérèse DePrez – Production designer Debra Chasnoff – Documentarian Jóhann Jóhannsson – Composer Jonathan Demme – Director Michael Ballhaus – Cinematographer Les Lazarowitz – Sound mixer Idrissa Ouédraogo – Director, writer Joe Hyams – Public Relations John Heard – Actor Martin Landau – Actor Glenne Headly – Actress Eric Zumbrunnen – Film editor Roger Moore – Actor Sam Shepard – Actor, writer Allison Shearmur – Executive, producer John Mollo – Costume designer Jeanne Moreau – Actress, director Loren Janes – Stuntman George A. Romero – Director, producer Rance Howard – Actor Sridevi – Actress Haruo Nakajima – Actor Martin Ransohoff – Producer Hiep Thi Le – Actress Ron Berkeley – Makeup artist Joseph Bologna – Actor, writer Fred J. Koenekamp – Cinematographer Murray Lerner – Documentarian Don Rickles – Actor, comedian Seijun Suzuki – Director Bernie Casey – Actor Shashi Kapoor – Actor, producer Tom Sanders – Production designer Danielle Darrieux – Actress Jerry Greenberg – Film editor Brad Grey – Executive producer, manager Míriam Colón – Actress Luis Bacalov – Composer Jerry Lewis – Actor, comedian, director, writer See also 75th Golden Globe Awards 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards 71st British Academy Film Awards 38th Brit Awards 60th Annual Grammy Awards 42nd Laurence Olivier Awards 72nd Tony Awards List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees – Youngest nominees for Best Actor in a Leading Role List of submissions to the 90th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Vivinetto, Gina (May 16, 2017). 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External links Official websites Academy Awards official website The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences official website News resources Oscars 2018 Archived February 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at The Guardian Analysis Academy Awards, USA: 2018 Archived December 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine IMDb 2017 Academy Awards winners and History Archived March 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at the Filmsite.org Other resources The Oscars (2018) at IMDb .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Academy Awards v t e Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) Records most wins per ceremony Oscar season Oscar Selfie Oscar speech Oscar bait Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) Records most wins per ceremony most wins per ceremony Oscar season Oscar Selfie Oscar speech Oscar bait Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Casting Animated Feature Documentary Feature Film International Feature Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Film Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Visual Effects Proposed awards Popular Film Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Casting Animated Feature Documentary Feature Film International Feature Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Film Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Visual Effects Proposed awards Popular Film Popular Film Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–7 of 7 results for author: Schnitzer, Y Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10651 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LO Multi-Property Synthesis Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boo… ▽ More We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boolean goal variables and exploits monotonicity to represent exponentially many goal combinations compactly. Our approach substantially outperforms enumeration-based baselines, with speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10651 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-Property Synthesis Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boo… ▽ More We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boolean goal variables and exploits monotonicity to represent exponentially many goal combinations compactly. Our approach substantially outperforms enumeration-based baselines, with speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2508.00707 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Efficient Solution and Learning of Robust Factored MDPs Authors: Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker Abstract : Robust Markov decision processes (r-MDPs) extend MDPs by explicitly modelling epistemic uncertainty about transition dynamics. Learning r-MDPs from interactions with an unknown environment enables the synthesis of robust policies with provable (PAC) guarantees on performance, but this can require a large number of sample interactions. We propose novel methods for solving and learning r-MDPs based… ▽ More Robust Markov decision processes (r-MDPs) extend MDPs by explicitly modelling epistemic uncertainty about transition dynamics. Learning r-MDPs from interactions with an unknown environment enables the synthesis of robust policies with provable (PAC) guarantees on performance, but this can require a large number of sample interactions. We propose novel methods for solving and learning r-MDPs based on factored state-space representations that leverage the independence between model uncertainty across system components. Although policy synthesis for factored r-MDPs leads to hard, non-convex optimisation problems, we show how to reformulate these into tractable linear programs. Building on these, we also propose methods to learn factored model representations directly. Our experimental results show that exploiting factored structure can yield dimensional gains in sample efficiency, producing more effective robust policies with tighter performance guarantees than state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2025; v1 submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.00707 [ pdf , ps , other ] Efficient Solution and Learning of Robust Factored MDPs Authors: Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker Abstract : Robust Markov decision processes (r-MDPs) extend MDPs by explicitly modelling epistemic uncertainty about transition dynamics. Learning r-MDPs from interactions with an unknown environment enables the synthesis of robust policies with provable (PAC) guarantees on performance, but this can require a large number of sample interactions. We propose novel methods for solving and learning r-MDPs based… ▽ More Robust Markov decision processes (r-MDPs) extend MDPs by explicitly modelling epistemic uncertainty about transition dynamics. Learning r-MDPs from interactions with an unknown environment enables the synthesis of robust policies with provable (PAC) guarantees on performance, but this can require a large number of sample interactions. We propose novel methods for solving and learning r-MDPs based on factored state-space representations that leverage the independence between model uncertainty across system components. Although policy synthesis for factored r-MDPs leads to hard, non-convex optimisation problems, we show how to reformulate these into tractable linear programs. Building on these, we also propose methods to learn factored model representations directly. Our experimental results show that exploiting factored structure can yield dimensional gains in sample efficiency, producing more effective robust policies with tighter performance guarantees than state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2025; v1 submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2504.12246 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO Branching Bisimulation Learning Authors: Alessandro Abate , Mirco Giacobbe , Christian Micheletti , Yannik Schnitzer Abstract : We introduce a bisimulation learning algorithm for non-deterministic transition systems. We generalise bisimulation learning to systems with bounded branching and extend its applicability to model checking branching-time temporal logic, while previously it was limited to deterministic systems and model checking linear-time properties. Our method computes a finite stutter-insensitive bisimulation q… ▽ More We introduce a bisimulation learning algorithm for non-deterministic transition systems. We generalise bisimulation learning to systems with bounded branching and extend its applicability to model checking branching-time temporal logic, while previously it was limited to deterministic systems and model checking linear-time properties. Our method computes a finite stutter-insensitive bisimulation quotient of the system under analysis, represented as a decision tree. We adapt the proof rule for well-founded bisimulations to an iterative procedure that trains candidate decision trees from sample transitions of the system, and checks their validity over the entire transition relation using SMT solving. This results in a new technology for model checking CTL* without the next-time operator. Our technique is sound, entirely automated, and yields abstractions that are succinct and effective for formal verification and system diagnostics. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on diverse benchmarks comprising concurrent software, communication protocols and robotic scenarios. Our method performs comparably to mature tools in the special case of LTL model checking, and outperforms the state of the art in CTL and CTL* model checking for systems with very large and countably infinite state space. △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2025; v1 submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.12246 [ pdf , other ] Branching Bisimulation Learning Authors: Alessandro Abate , Mirco Giacobbe , Christian Micheletti , Yannik Schnitzer Abstract : We introduce a bisimulation learning algorithm for non-deterministic transition systems. We generalise bisimulation learning to systems with bounded branching and extend its applicability to model checking branching-time temporal logic, while previously it was limited to deterministic systems and model checking linear-time properties. Our method computes a finite stutter-insensitive bisimulation q… ▽ More We introduce a bisimulation learning algorithm for non-deterministic transition systems. We generalise bisimulation learning to systems with bounded branching and extend its applicability to model checking branching-time temporal logic, while previously it was limited to deterministic systems and model checking linear-time properties. Our method computes a finite stutter-insensitive bisimulation quotient of the system under analysis, represented as a decision tree. We adapt the proof rule for well-founded bisimulations to an iterative procedure that trains candidate decision trees from sample transitions of the system, and checks their validity over the entire transition relation using SMT solving. This results in a new technology for model checking CTL* without the next-time operator. Our technique is sound, entirely automated, and yields abstractions that are succinct and effective for formal verification and system diagnostics. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on diverse benchmarks comprising concurrent software, communication protocols and robotic scenarios. Our method performs comparably to mature tools in the special case of LTL model checking, and outperforms the state of the art in CTL and CTL* model checking for systems with very large and countably infinite state space. △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2025; v1 submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2503.23912 [ pdf , other ] eess.SY cs.LG math.OC Certified Approximate Reachability (CARe): Formal Error Bounds on Deep Learning of Reachable Sets Authors: Prashant Solanki , Nikolaus Vertovec , Yannik Schnitzer , Jasper Van Beers , Coen de Visser , Alessandro Abate Abstract : Recent approaches to leveraging deep learning for computing reachable sets of continuous-time dynamical systems have gained popularity over traditional level-set methods, as they overcome the curse of dimensionality. However, as with level-set methods, considerable care needs to be taken in limiting approximation errors, particularly since no guarantees are provided during training on the accuracy… ▽ More Recent approaches to leveraging deep learning for computing reachable sets of continuous-time dynamical systems have gained popularity over traditional level-set methods, as they overcome the curse of dimensionality. However, as with level-set methods, considerable care needs to be taken in limiting approximation errors, particularly since no guarantees are provided during training on the accuracy of the learned reachable set. To address this limitation, we introduce an epsilon-approximate Hamilton-Jacobi Partial Differential Equation (HJ-PDE), which establishes a relationship between training loss and accuracy of the true reachable set. To formally certify this approximation, we leverage Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers to bound the residual error of the HJ-based loss function across the domain of interest. Leveraging Counter Example Guided Inductive Synthesis (CEGIS), we close the loop around learning and verification, by fine-tuning the neural network on counterexamples found by the SMT solver, thus improving the accuracy of the learned reachable set. To the best of our knowledge, Certified Approximate Reachability (CARe) is the first approach to provide soundness guarantees on learned reachable sets of continuous dynamical systems. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.23912 [ pdf , other ] Certified Approximate Reachability (CARe): Formal Error Bounds on Deep Learning of Reachable Sets Authors: Prashant Solanki , Nikolaus Vertovec , Yannik Schnitzer , Jasper Van Beers , Coen de Visser , Alessandro Abate Abstract : Recent approaches to leveraging deep learning for computing reachable sets of continuous-time dynamical systems have gained popularity over traditional level-set methods, as they overcome the curse of dimensionality. However, as with level-set methods, considerable care needs to be taken in limiting approximation errors, particularly since no guarantees are provided during training on the accuracy… ▽ More Recent approaches to leveraging deep learning for computing reachable sets of continuous-time dynamical systems have gained popularity over traditional level-set methods, as they overcome the curse of dimensionality. However, as with level-set methods, considerable care needs to be taken in limiting approximation errors, particularly since no guarantees are provided during training on the accuracy of the learned reachable set. To address this limitation, we introduce an epsilon-approximate Hamilton-Jacobi Partial Differential Equation (HJ-PDE), which establishes a relationship between training loss and accuracy of the true reachable set. To formally certify this approximation, we leverage Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers to bound the residual error of the HJ-based loss function across the domain of interest. Leveraging Counter Example Guided Inductive Synthesis (CEGIS), we close the loop around learning and verification, by fine-tuning the neural network on counterexamples found by the SMT solver, thus improving the accuracy of the learned reachable set. To the best of our knowledge, Certified Approximate Reachability (CARe) is the first approach to provide soundness guarantees on learned reachable sets of continuous dynamical systems. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2408.03093 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI eess.SY Certifiably Robust Policies for Uncertain Parametric Environments Authors: Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker Abstract : We present a data-driven approach for producing policies that are provably robust across unknown stochastic environments. Existing approaches can learn models of a single environment as an interval Markov decision processes (IMDP) and produce a robust policy with a probably approximately correct (PAC) guarantee on its performance. However these are unable to reason about the impact of environmenta… ▽ More We present a data-driven approach for producing policies that are provably robust across unknown stochastic environments. Existing approaches can learn models of a single environment as an interval Markov decision processes (IMDP) and produce a robust policy with a probably approximately correct (PAC) guarantee on its performance. However these are unable to reason about the impact of environmental parameters underlying the uncertainty. We propose a framework based on parametric Markov decision processes (MDPs) with unknown distributions over parameters. We learn and analyse IMDPs for a set of unknown sample environments induced by parameters. The key challenge is then to produce meaningful performance guarantees that combine the two layers of uncertainty: (1) multiple environments induced by parameters with an unknown distribution; (2) unknown induced environments which are approximated by IMDPs. We present a novel approach based on scenario optimisation that yields a single PAC guarantee quantifying the risk level for which a specified performance level can be assured in unseen environments, plus a means to trade-off risk and performance. We implement and evaluate our framework using multiple robust policy generation methods on a range of benchmarks. We show that our approach produces tight bounds on a policy's performance with high confidence. △ Less Submitted 23 March, 2025; v1 submitted 6 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. arXiv:2408.03093 [ pdf , other ] Certifiably Robust Policies for Uncertain Parametric Environments Authors: Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker Abstract : We present a data-driven approach for producing policies that are provably robust across unknown stochastic environments. Existing approaches can learn models of a single environment as an interval Markov decision processes (IMDP) and produce a robust policy with a probably approximately correct (PAC) guarantee on its performance. However these are unable to reason about the impact of environmenta… ▽ More We present a data-driven approach for producing policies that are provably robust across unknown stochastic environments. Existing approaches can learn models of a single environment as an interval Markov decision processes (IMDP) and produce a robust policy with a probably approximately correct (PAC) guarantee on its performance. However these are unable to reason about the impact of environmental parameters underlying the uncertainty. We propose a framework based on parametric Markov decision processes (MDPs) with unknown distributions over parameters. We learn and analyse IMDPs for a set of unknown sample environments induced by parameters. The key challenge is then to produce meaningful performance guarantees that combine the two layers of uncertainty: (1) multiple environments induced by parameters with an unknown distribution; (2) unknown induced environments which are approximated by IMDPs. We present a novel approach based on scenario optimisation that yields a single PAC guarantee quantifying the risk level for which a specified performance level can be assured in unseen environments, plus a means to trade-off risk and performance. We implement and evaluate our framework using multiple robust policy generation methods on a range of benchmarks. We show that our approach produces tight bounds on a policy's performance with high confidence. △ Less Submitted 23 March, 2025; v1 submitted 6 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. arXiv:2405.15723 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.LG Bisimulation Learning Authors: Alessandro Abate , Mirco Giacobbe , Yannik Schnitzer Abstract : We introduce a data-driven approach to computing finite bisimulations for state transition systems with very large, possibly infinite state space. Our novel technique computes stutter-insensitive bisimulations of deterministic systems, which we characterize as the problem of learning a state classifier together with a ranking function for each class. Our procedure learns a candidate state classifi… ▽ More We introduce a data-driven approach to computing finite bisimulations for state transition systems with very large, possibly infinite state space. Our novel technique computes stutter-insensitive bisimulations of deterministic systems, which we characterize as the problem of learning a state classifier together with a ranking function for each class. Our procedure learns a candidate state classifier and candidate ranking functions from a finite dataset of sample states; then, it checks whether these generalise to the entire state space using satisfiability modulo theory solving. Upon the affirmative answer, the procedure concludes that the classifier constitutes a valid stutter-insensitive bisimulation of the system. Upon a negative answer, the solver produces a counterexample state for which the classifier violates the claim, adds it to the dataset, and repeats learning and checking in a counterexample-guided inductive synthesis loop until a valid bisimulation is found. We demonstrate on a range of benchmarks from reactive verification and software model checking that our method yields faster verification results than alternative state-of-the-art tools in practice. Our method produces succinct abstractions that enable an effective verification of linear temporal logic without next operator, and are interpretable for system diagnostics. △ Less Submitted 24 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.15723 [ pdf , other ] Bisimulation Learning Authors: Alessandro Abate , Mirco Giacobbe , Yannik Schnitzer Abstract : We introduce a data-driven approach to computing finite bisimulations for state transition systems with very large, possibly infinite state space. Our novel technique computes stutter-insensitive bisimulations of deterministic systems, which we characterize as the problem of learning a state classifier together with a ranking function for each class. Our procedure learns a candidate state classifi… ▽ More We introduce a data-driven approach to computing finite bisimulations for state transition systems with very large, possibly infinite state space. Our novel technique computes stutter-insensitive bisimulations of deterministic systems, which we characterize as the problem of learning a state classifier together with a ranking function for each class. Our procedure learns a candidate state classifier and candidate ranking functions from a finite dataset of sample states; then, it checks whether these generalise to the entire state space using satisfiability modulo theory solving. Upon the affirmative answer, the procedure concludes that the classifier constitutes a valid stutter-insensitive bisimulation of the system. Upon a negative answer, the solver produces a counterexample state for which the classifier violates the claim, adds it to the dataset, and repeats learning and checking in a counterexample-guided inductive synthesis loop until a valid bisimulation is found. We demonstrate on a range of benchmarks from reactive verification and software model checking that our method yields faster verification results than alternative state-of-the-art tools in practice. Our method produces succinct abstractions that enable an effective verification of linear temporal logic without next operator, and are interpretable for system diagnostics. △ Less Submitted 24 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2111.05255 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.FL doi 10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_20 RTLola on Board: Testing Real Driving Emissions on your Phone Authors: Sebastian Biewer , Bernd Finkbeiner , Holger Hermanns , Maximilian A. Köhl , Yannik Schnitzer , Maximilian Schwenger Abstract : This paper is about shipping runtime verification to the masses. It presents the crucial technology enabling everyday car owners to monitor the behaviour of their cars in-the-wild. Concretely, we present an Android app that deploys RTLola runtime monitors for the purpose of diagnosing automotive exhaust emissions. For this, it harvests the availability of cheap bluetooth adapters to the On-Board-D… ▽ More This paper is about shipping runtime verification to the masses. It presents the crucial technology enabling everyday car owners to monitor the behaviour of their cars in-the-wild. Concretely, we present an Android app that deploys RTLola runtime monitors for the purpose of diagnosing automotive exhaust emissions. For this, it harvests the availability of cheap bluetooth adapters to the On-Board-Diagnostics (OBD) ports, which are ubiquitous in cars nowadays. We detail its use in the context of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests and report on sample runs that helped identify violations of the regulatory framework currently valid in the European Union. △ Less Submitted 9 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. arXiv:2111.05255 [ pdf , other ] RTLola on Board: Testing Real Driving Emissions on your Phone Authors: Sebastian Biewer , Bernd Finkbeiner , Holger Hermanns , Maximilian A. Köhl , Yannik Schnitzer , Maximilian Schwenger Abstract : This paper is about shipping runtime verification to the masses. It presents the crucial technology enabling everyday car owners to monitor the behaviour of their cars in-the-wild. Concretely, we present an Android app that deploys RTLola runtime monitors for the purpose of diagnosing automotive exhaust emissions. For this, it harvests the availability of cheap bluetooth adapters to the On-Board-D… ▽ More This paper is about shipping runtime verification to the masses. It presents the crucial technology enabling everyday car owners to monitor the behaviour of their cars in-the-wild. Concretely, we present an Android app that deploys RTLola runtime monitors for the purpose of diagnosing automotive exhaust emissions. For this, it harvests the availability of cheap bluetooth adapters to the On-Board-Diagnostics (OBD) ports, which are ubiquitous in cars nowadays. We detail its use in the context of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests and report on sample runs that helped identify violations of the regulatory framework currently valid in the European Union. △ Less Submitted 9 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Module : Message box/configuration Адыгабзэ Afrikaans አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Аԥсшәа العربية অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Fulfulde Gaeilge 贛語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Ikirundi Kurdî Ladin ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mfantse Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pangasinan Pangcah پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ پښتو Plattdüütsch Ποντιακά Português Română Русиньскый Русский Sakizaya संस्कृतम् Scots Setswana Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး Tayal తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Batak Toba Betawi Kadazandusun Jaku Iban Kumoring Руски ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi Module Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikibooks Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This Lua module is used in system messages , and on approximately 11,300,000 pages, or roughly 17% of all pages . Changes to it can cause immediate changes to the Wikipedia user interface. To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the module's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own module sandbox . The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Please discuss changes on the talk page before implementing them. This module is rated as ready for general use . It has reached a mature state, is considered relatively stable and bug-free, and may be used wherever appropriate. It can be mentioned on help pages and other Wikipedia resources as an option for new users. To minimise server load and avoid disruptive output, improvements should be developed through sandbox testing rather than repeated trial-and-error editing. This module is currently protected from editing. See the protection policy and protection log for more details. Please discuss any changes on the talk page ; you may submit an edit request to ask an administrator to make an edit if it is uncontroversial or supported by consensus . You may also request that this page be unprotected. This module can only be edited by administrators because it is transcluded onto one or more cascade-protected pages. Configuration for Module:Message box . Modules for general use Wikipedia fully protected modules This page was last edited on 19 October 2025, at 18:19 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Editing User:ClueBot III/Detailed Indices/Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 44 User page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes User contributions User logs View user groups Upload file Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Sign your posts on talk pages: ~~~~ Cite your sources: <ref></ref> {{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span> Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ¼ ½ ¾ Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}} Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́ IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}} Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–1 of 1 results for author: Abedini, K Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10581 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.IR From Single to Multi-Agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA Authors: Kimia Abedini , Farzad Shami , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API… ▽ More Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API calls, though it is constrained by rigid API dependencies and limited adaptability. We replicate GeneGPT and propose GenomAgent, a multi-agent framework that efficiently coordinates specialized agents for complex genomics queries. Evaluated on nine tasks from the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent outperforms GeneGPT by 12% on average, and its flexible architecture extends beyond genomics to various scientific domains needing expert knowledge extraction. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted paper by the 48th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR'26) arXiv:2601.10581 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Single to Multi-Agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA Authors: Kimia Abedini , Farzad Shami , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API… ▽ More Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API calls, though it is constrained by rigid API dependencies and limited adaptability. We replicate GeneGPT and propose GenomAgent, a multi-agent framework that efficiently coordinates specialized agents for complex genomics queries. Evaluated on nine tasks from the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent outperforms GeneGPT by 12% on average, and its flexible architecture extends beyond genomics to various scientific domains needing expert knowledge extraction. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted paper by the 48th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR'26) About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Abedini,+K
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Etusivu Tietoja Wikipediasta Kaikki sivut Satunnainen artikkeli Ohje Kahvihuone Ajankohtaista Tuoreet odottavat muutokset Tuoreet muutokset Toimintosivut Lahjoitukset Luo tunnus Kirjaudu sisään Lahjoitukset Luo tunnus Kirjaudu sisään Sisällysluettelo Johdanto 1 Nimen alkuperä 2 Untamon ja Kalervon sukujen taistelu Vaihda alaosio Untamon ja Kalervon sukujen taistelu 2.1 Veljessodan myytti 2.1 Veljessodan myytti 3 Lähteet Vaihda alaosio Lähteet 3.1 Viitteet 3.1 Viitteet Untamo 中文 Artikkeli Keskustelu Lue Muokkaa Muokkaa wikitekstiä Näytä historia Lue Muokkaa Muokkaa wikitekstiä Näytä historia Tänne viittaavat sivut Linkitettyjen sivujen muutokset Ikilinkki Sivun tiedot Viitetiedot Lyhennä URL-osoite Lataa QR-koodi Lataa PDF-tiedostona Tulostettava versio Wikidata-kohde Tähän artikkeliin tai sen osaan on merkitty lähteitä , mutta niihin ei viitata. Älä poista mallinetta ennen kuin viitteet on lisätty. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa lisäämällä artikkelille asianmukaisia viitteitä . Lähteettömät tiedot voidaan kyseenalaistaa tai poistaa . Untamo on suomalaisen kansanperinteen ja kansanrunouden ja siten Kalevalankin henkilö. Hän esiintyy Kalevalan 31.–36. runoissa Kalervon eli Kalevan suvun vihollisena. Nimeä tavataan myös yleensä oudon muukalaisen tahi vihollisen merkityksessä. Esimerkiksi Lemminkäinen virkkoo kieltäessään tulleensa: "suuhun Untamon susien, kitahan kirokavetten". [ 1 ] Nimi esiintyy lähinnä kahdessa roolissa, toisissa tarinoissa suvun vihollisena, toisessa taas uudisraivaajana. lähde? Untamo esiintyy Kalevalassa ensin mainitussa merkityksessä. [ 2 ] Nimen alkuperä Inkeristä kerätyn Kalevanpojan runon mukaan Untamo on kasvanut Suomessa . Nimi onkin usein yhdistetty Laitilassa sijaitsevaan kylännimeen Untamala , jonka kirkkotarhassa sijaitsee kuulu Kalevanpojan viikatteentikku . [ 1 ] Untamon eli Unton nimen arvellaan pohjautuvan germaaniseen miehen nimeen, joka saattoi muinoin olla niinkin lähellä suomalaista muotoa kuin Undo . Untamo- tai Unto-nimisten ihmisten perusteella on nimetty paikkoja lähinnä läntisessä Suomessa. Esimerkiksi Ylistaron Untamala on saanut nimensä Untamala-nimisestä kantatalosta , jonka on perustanut joku Untamo-niminen henkilö. Kansanperinne kertoo tämän Untamon tulleen juuri Laitilan Untamalasta. Untamon ja Kalervon sukujen taistelu Untamo ja Kalervo ovat saman äidin lapsia. Kalervoa kutsutaan joissain runoissa Kalevaksi , ja Kalevat ja Kalevan pojat olivat tarujen muinaisia jättiläisiä. Veljekset ajautuvat erilleen. Untamon kerrotaan kasvaneen Suomessa [ 1 ] ja Kalervon Karjalassa . Untamo on, ainakin Kalevalan mukaan, ilkeä ja ahne mies. Hän aloittaa Kalervon kanssa kiistan esimerkiksi kalavesistä, ja kiistan seurauksena syttyy sota, joka tuhoaa Kalervon suvun. Kalervon poika, josta tunnetaan nimitys Kullervo , jää kuitenkin äiteineen eloon ja Kullervo otetaan Untamon suvun orjaksi [ 2 ] . Kullervo ei suoriudu työtehtävistään, joten hänet myydään Seppo Ilmariselle [ 3 ] . Sepän vaimo laittaa pojan paimeneen, mutta leipoo tälle eväsleivän sisään kiven. Leikatessaan leipää Kullervo katkaisee puukkonsa ja suuttuu [ 2 ] . Hän kiroaa pedot lehmikarjaan ja lähtee pakoon. Kalevalaan valitun runoaiheen mukaan Kullervo surmaa Untamon suvun [ 2 ] . Kansanperinne liittää henkilöitä, joilla on Untamon tai Kalevan nimeä muistuttava nimi, eräisiin todellisiin paikkoihin lähinnä läntisessä Suomessa. Karkkulaisen kansantarinan mukaan Untamoinen tarkoittaa uudisasukasta. Karkussa on myös ollut paikka nimeltään Untamon maa. Laitilan Untamalassa kerrottiin kahden jättiläisen taistelusta, joista toinen, Un, tappoi toisen nimeltään Tan, aivan kuten Untamon suku tappaa Kalervon suvun. Länsi-Suomessa, muun muassa Kalannissa ja Laitilan Untamalassa on myös kerrottu Kalevan pojista, entisaikojen vihollisista ja jättiläisistä, jotka joutuivat pakenemaan yhä syrjäisimmille seuduille uudisasutuksen tieltä. Kansanperinteen tutkimuksen kentän ulkopuolelta tuleva Timo Heikkilä liittää taruaiheeseen myös jotkin kertomukset hiisistä . Esimerkiksi Sääksmäen Rapolan linnavuorella kerrotaan asuneen Hiisi-jättiläisen, joka taisteli kristittyjä ja kristinuskon levittäjää Birger Jaarlia vastaan, ja joutui lopulta pakenemaan. Toisessa kertomuksessa Rapolan linnavuorella asui kuningas Rapo , joka poikineen joutui Birger Jaarlin surmaamaksi. Veljessodan myytti Kalervon ja Kullervon sukujen taistelu on pohjimmiltaan laajalti tunnetun, muun muassa germaanisessa perinteessä esiintyvän veljessodan myytin paikallinen muunnos. Veljessodan myyteissä veljekset perustavat erilliset sukuhaaransa – usein eri paikkoihin – ja näistä muodostuu uusia kansoja, maita tai heimoja, jotka alkavat sotia keskenään. Pitkäaikainen vihollinenkin on koettu usein jollain tavalla sukulaiseksi, koska keskinäisistä välienselvittelyistä on tullut niin kiinteä osa ryhmien mytologiaa. lähde? Silti myytti voi olla myös osittain historiallinen, sillä nämä myytit juontuvat usein todellisista ryhmien välisistä tai sisäisistä vastakkainasetteluista. Lähteet Heikkilä, Timo: Aurinkolaiva: Lemminkäisen myytti ja Ritvalan kultti . Helsinki: Basam Books, 2004. ISBN 952-9842-99-6 Viitteet ↑ a b c Kuusi, Matti & Ahtonen, Pentti: Kalevala-lipas , s. 136. (2. painos; Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 413) Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1985. ↑ a b c d Characters of the Kalevala www03.edu.fi . Viitattu 13.8.2024. ↑ Kolmaskymmenesensimmäinen runo · Avoin Kalevala kalevala.finlit.fi . 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Väinämöinen Yliluonnolliset Ahto Antero Vipunen Hiisi Iku-Turso Ilmatar Kaleva Mielikki Nyyrikki Tapio Tuonelan emäntä Tuonen poika Tuonen tytti Ukko Vedenväki Vellamo Vetehinen Ahto Antero Vipunen Hiisi Iku-Turso Ilmatar Kaleva Mielikki Nyyrikki Tapio Tuonelan emäntä Tuonen poika Tuonen tytti Ukko Vedenväki Vellamo Vetehinen Eläimet Hiiden hirvi Iso härkä Kokko Suomuhauki Tuonen joutsen Hiiden hirvi Iso härkä Kokko Suomuhauki Tuonen joutsen Tapahtumia ja käsitteitä Impilinna Iso tammi Kilpalaulanta Kultaneito Sammon ryöstö Sampo Tulikipuna Väinämöisen haava Väinämöisen kiellot Väinämöisen tie Väinämöisen tuomio Yhdeksän sairautta Impilinna Iso tammi Kilpalaulanta Kultaneito Sammon ryöstö Sampo Tulikipuna Väinämöisen haava Väinämöisen kiellot Väinämöisen tie Väinämöisen tuomio Yhdeksän sairautta Maantiede Ahtola Kalevalan maa (Väinölä) Pohjola Saari Sarajas Tuonela Tuonelan virta Vuojola Ahtola Kalevalan maa (Väinölä) Pohjola Saari Sarajas Tuonela Tuonelan virta Vuojola Kulttuuri Elokuvat Kalevala – Uusi aika Rauta-aika Sampo Näytelmät Kullervo Kypron prinsessa Kirjallisuus Kalevala suomeksi Kalevipoeg Kanteletar Koirien Kalevala Kullervon tarina Sammon salaisuus Suomen kansan vanhat runot Suur-Kalevala Väinämöisen paluu Kuvataide Aino-taru Aino, merelle katsova Ilmarinen kyntää kyisen pellon Ilmarinen kyntää kyisen pellon (veistos) Ilmatar ja sotka Joukahaisen kosto Kullervon kirous Kullervon sotaanlähtö Lemminkäisen äiti Purren valitus Runonlaulajan patsas Sammon puolustus Sammon taonta Väinämöisen laulu Väinämöisen lähtö Väinämöisen soitto Runous Kalevalamitta Kantele Luotteet Runonlaulaja Runonlaulajan kädet Vienan runokylät Elokuvat Kalevala – Uusi aika Rauta-aika Sampo Kalevala – Uusi aika Rauta-aika Sampo Näytelmät Kullervo Kypron prinsessa Kullervo Kypron prinsessa Kirjallisuus Kalevala suomeksi Kalevipoeg Kanteletar Koirien Kalevala Kullervon tarina Sammon salaisuus Suomen kansan vanhat runot Suur-Kalevala Väinämöisen paluu Kalevala suomeksi Kalevipoeg Kanteletar Koirien Kalevala Kullervon tarina Sammon salaisuus Suomen kansan vanhat runot Suur-Kalevala Väinämöisen paluu Kuvataide Aino-taru Aino, merelle katsova Ilmarinen kyntää kyisen pellon Ilmarinen kyntää kyisen pellon (veistos) Ilmatar ja sotka Joukahaisen kosto Kullervon kirous Kullervon sotaanlähtö Lemminkäisen äiti Purren valitus Runonlaulajan patsas Sammon puolustus Sammon taonta Väinämöisen laulu Väinämöisen lähtö Väinämöisen soitto Aino-taru Aino, merelle katsova Ilmarinen kyntää kyisen pellon Ilmarinen kyntää kyisen pellon (veistos) Ilmatar ja sotka Joukahaisen kosto Kullervon kirous Kullervon sotaanlähtö Lemminkäisen äiti Purren valitus Runonlaulajan patsas Sammon puolustus Sammon taonta Väinämöisen laulu Väinämöisen lähtö Väinämöisen soitto Runous Kalevalamitta Kantele Luotteet Runonlaulaja Runonlaulajan kädet Vienan runokylät Kalevalamitta Kantele Luotteet Runonlaulaja Runonlaulajan kädet Vienan runokylät Yhdistyksiä ja yhteisöjä Helkanuorten liitto Juminkeko-säätiö Kalevalaisen Runokielen Seura Kalevalaisten naisten liitto Kalevala Koru Kalevalaseura Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura Helkanuorten liitto Juminkeko-säätiö Kalevalaisen Runokielen Seura Kalevalaisten naisten liitto Kalevala Koru Kalevalaseura Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura Muuta Elias Lönnrotin muistomerkki Kalevalakylä Kalevala-muistomerkki Kalevalan päivä Kalevalatalo Lönnrotin petäjä Elias Lönnrotin muistomerkki Kalevalakylä Kalevala-muistomerkki Kalevalan päivä Kalevalatalo Lönnrotin petäjä Kalevala kuvataiteissa Kalevala musiikissa Kalevala kuvataiteissa Kalevala musiikissa n k m Suomalainen muinaisusko n k m Kosmologia ja myyttiset paikat Aarnihauta Ahtola Hauen suoli Iso tammi Juminkeko Kalevalan maa Kinahmi Kipumäki Lintukoto Lovi Maailmanpylväs Metsänpeitto Pohjannaula Pohjola Päivölä Saari Sarajas Sukuvainajala Synty Syy Taivaankansi Tapiola Tuonela Tuonelan virta Vainajala Aarnihauta Ahtola Hauen suoli Iso tammi Juminkeko Kalevalan maa Kinahmi Kipumäki Lintukoto Lovi Maailmanpylväs Metsänpeitto Pohjannaula Pohjola Päivölä Saari Sarajas Sukuvainajala Synty Syy Taivaankansi Tapiola Tuonela Tuonelan virta Vainajala Jumalat ja haltijat Ahti Akka Emuu Hiisi Hippa Hittavainen Ilmarinen Ilmatar Jumi Kapeet Kekri Kratti Kuippana Kuu Kuumet Köndös Lempo Liekkiö Maaemo Mielikki Nyyrikki Näkki Panu Para Pellonpekko Perkele Päivätär Raako Rahko Rauni Rongoteus Sampsa Pellervoinen Sukkamieli Tapio Tapiotar Tonttu Turisas Tuuletar Ukko Vedenemä Vellamo Vesihiisi Virankannos Väinämöinen Väki ( Vihat ) Äkräs Ahti Akka Emuu Hiisi Hippa Hittavainen Ilmarinen Ilmatar Jumi Kapeet Kekri Kratti Kuippana Kuu Kuumet Köndös Lempo Liekkiö Maaemo Mielikki Nyyrikki Näkki Panu Para Pellonpekko Perkele Päivätär Raako Rahko Rauni Rongoteus Sampsa Pellervoinen Sukkamieli Tapio Tapiotar Tonttu Turisas Tuuletar Ukko Vedenemä Vellamo Vesihiisi Virankannos Väinämöinen Väki ( Vihat ) Äkräs Sieluolennot ja -tilat Etiäinen Henki Ihtiriekko Itse Kohtaus Liekkiö Lovi Luonto Löyly Marras Pelästys Sielulintu Syntyinen Vaihdokas Varjosielu Äpärä Etiäinen Henki Ihtiriekko Itse Kohtaus Liekkiö Lovi Luonto Löyly Marras Pelästys Sielulintu Syntyinen Vaihdokas Varjosielu Äpärä Taikuus Hakaristi Hannunvaakuna Harakointi Intomies Juhannustaiat Kade Kannuksenpyörä Lain kumous Lapinnoita Loitsut ( kilpalaulanta ) Lumous Luotteet Pilaus Puoltaja Runoi Tietäjä Tursaansydän Uhrin pano Varaukset Verenseisautus ( Väinämöisen polvenhaava ) Väki Hakaristi Hannunvaakuna Harakointi Intomies Juhannustaiat Kade Kannuksenpyörä Lain kumous Lapinnoita Loitsut ( kilpalaulanta ) Lumous Luotteet Pilaus Puoltaja Runoi Tietäjä Tursaansydän Uhrin pano Varaukset Verenseisautus ( Väinämöisen polvenhaava ) Väki Esineet ja paikat Kalliomaalaukset Kallohonka Karsikko Kuppikivi Napakivi Onnenhattu Polttokenttäkalmisto Polttovenehautaus Punamultahauta Pyhä kivi Pyhä lehto Röykkiöhauta ( Hiidenkiuas , Lapinraunio ) Sampo Tulikipuna Tuohiraamattu Uhripuu ( Tapionpöytä ) Uhriröykkiö Ukon kirves Ukonvaaja Umpiputki Vainovalkea Vesisäihky Virvatuli Voimavyö Väinämöisen tie Kalliomaalaukset Kallohonka Karsikko Kuppikivi Napakivi Onnenhattu Polttokenttäkalmisto Polttovenehautaus Punamultahauta Pyhä kivi Pyhä lehto Röykkiöhauta ( Hiidenkiuas , Lapinraunio ) Sampo Tulikipuna Tuohiraamattu Uhripuu ( Tapionpöytä ) Uhriröykkiö Ukon kirves Ukonvaaja Umpiputki Vainovalkea Vesisäihky Virvatuli Voimavyö Väinämöisen tie Juhlat Helavalkeat Helkajuhla Joulu Juhannus Karhunpäivä Kekri Martinpäivä Nuutinpäivä Peijaiset Pokkouhri Ukkosen päivä Ukon keikkeet Ukon kunnia Vakkajuhlat Helavalkeat Helkajuhla Joulu Juhannus Karhunpäivä Kekri Martinpäivä Nuutinpäivä Peijaiset Pokkouhri Ukkosen päivä Ukon keikkeet Ukon kunnia Vakkajuhlat Runous Kalevalainen runous Kalevala Kalevalamitta Kalevipoeg Kanteletar Suomalainen kansanrunous Suomen kansan vanhat runot Virolainen kansanrunous Kalevalainen runous Kalevala Kalevalamitta Kalevipoeg Kanteletar Suomalainen kansanrunous Suomen kansan vanhat runot Virolainen kansanrunous Hahmot Henkilöt Antero Vipunen Hollo ja Martta Joukahainen Kalervo Kalevanpojat Keito Kihovauhkonen Kullervo Pohjolan emäntä Pohjolan isäntä Rujo, rampa ja perisokea Tiera Tuonelan emäntä Tuonen tytti Untamo Vorna Eläimet Apueläin Elättikäärme Hiiden hirvi Iso härkä Iso sika Kokko Lievo Suomuhauki Tulikettu Tuonen joutsen Yliluonnolliset olennot Ajattara Hattara Herättäjä Hongas Huu Itkettäjä Jatulit Kakkiainen Kiira Kipu-tyttö Kouko Kuuterneito Loviatar Luonnotar Mara Menninkäinen Metsänneito Painajainen Peikko Piru Puhuri Tellervo Unikakkias Vetehinen Vuorenpeikko Yhdeksän sairautta Henkilöt Antero Vipunen Hollo ja Martta Joukahainen Kalervo Kalevanpojat Keito Kihovauhkonen Kullervo Pohjolan emäntä Pohjolan isäntä Rujo, rampa ja perisokea Tiera Tuonelan emäntä Tuonen tytti Untamo Vorna Antero Vipunen Hollo ja Martta Joukahainen Kalervo Kalevanpojat Keito Kihovauhkonen Kullervo Pohjolan emäntä Pohjolan isäntä Rujo, rampa ja perisokea Tiera Tuonelan emäntä Tuonen tytti Untamo Vorna Eläimet Apueläin Elättikäärme Hiiden hirvi Iso härkä Iso sika Kokko Lievo Suomuhauki Tulikettu Tuonen joutsen Apueläin Elättikäärme Hiiden hirvi Iso härkä Iso sika Kokko Lievo Suomuhauki Tulikettu Tuonen joutsen Yliluonnolliset olennot Ajattara Hattara Herättäjä Hongas Huu Itkettäjä Jatulit Kakkiainen Kiira Kipu-tyttö Kouko Kuuterneito Loviatar Luonnotar Mara Menninkäinen Metsänneito Painajainen Peikko Piru Puhuri Tellervo Unikakkias Vetehinen Vuorenpeikko Yhdeksän sairautta Ajattara Hattara Herättäjä Hongas Huu Itkettäjä Jatulit Kakkiainen Kiira Kipu-tyttö Kouko Kuuterneito Loviatar Luonnotar Mara Menninkäinen Metsänneito Painajainen Peikko Piru Puhuri Tellervo Unikakkias Vetehinen Vuorenpeikko Yhdeksän sairautta Uuspakanuus Karhun kansa Lehto – Suomen Luonnonuskontojen yhdistys Pakanaverkko Suomenusko Taivaannaula Luettelo Suomen uuspakanallisista yhteisöistä Karhun kansa Lehto – Suomen Luonnonuskontojen yhdistys Pakanaverkko Suomenusko Taivaannaula Luettelo Suomen uuspakanallisista yhteisöistä Kalevalan henkilöt Suomalaiset taruhenkilöt Lähdeviitteet puuttuvat Puutteelliset lähdemerkinnät Sivua on viimeksi muutettu 13. marraskuuta 2024 kello 11.11. Teksti on saatavilla Creative Commons Nimeä-JaaSamoin 4.0 -lisenssillä; lisäehtoja voi sisältyä. Katso käyttöehdot . Wikipedia® on Wikimedia Foundationin rekisteröimä tavaramerkki. Ongelma artikkelissa? Tietosuojakäytäntö Tietoja Wikipediasta Vastuuvapaus Käytössäännöstö Kehittäjät Tilastot Evästekäytäntö Mobiilinäkymä
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https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untamo
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Reçua La Tavèrna Pâge per hasârd Portâl comunôtèro Dèrriérs changements Éde Pâge de contacto Balyér Fâre un comptio Sè branchiér Balyér Fâre un comptio Sè branchiér Vouiquipèdia : Reçua principâla Reçua Discussion Liére Vêre lo tèxto sôrsa Vêre l’historico Liére Vêre lo tèxto sôrsa Vêre l’historico Pâges liyêes Changements liyês Chargiér un fichiér Lim pèrmanent Enformacions sus la pâge Avêr n’URL racorciêe Dèchargiér lo code QR Utiliser l'ancien analyseur Fâre un lévro Dèchargiér coment PDF Vèrsion emprimâbla Wikimedia Commons Fondation Wikimédia MediaWiki Méta-Wiki Sensibilisation Wikimédia Wikisource multilingue Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Èlèment Wikidata Benvegnua sus la Vouiquipèdia arpetana ! L’encicllopèdia libra et gratuita que châcun pôt mèlyorar. 5 818 articllos en lengoua arpetana , més de 62 milyons en 326 lengoues . Vèrsion enfatâbla . Localisacion du cârro lengouistico de l’arpetan L’ arpetan est na lengoua romana . Son cârro lengouistico d’ora (l’ Arpetania ) s’èpate dessus três Ètats : la France , la Suisse et pués l’ Étalie . Presentacion Vouiquipèdia est un projèt d’encicllopèdia colèctiva en legne, univèrsâla, multilengoua et que fonccione sus lo principo du vouiqui . Cél projèt vise a semondre un contegnu librament rempleyâblo, netro et pués controlâblo, que châcun pôt changiér et mèlyorar. Vouiquipèdia est dèfenia per des principos fondators . Son contegnu est desot (fr) licence Creative Commons BY-SA . Pôt étre copiyê et rempleyê desot la méma licence , desot resèrva de nen rèspèctar les condicions. Vouiquipèdia aprovisione tôs sos contegnus gratuitament, sen recllâma, et pués sen recorir a l’èxplouètacion de les balyês a sè de sos utilisators. Los rèdactors des articllos de Vouiquipèdia sont bènèvolos. Coordonont lors èfôrts u méten d’una comunôtât colaborativa, sen dirigent. Enqu’houé, Vouiquipèdia en arpetan compte : 5 818 articllos 25 contributors encartâs actifs Coment contribuar ? Châcun pôt d’abôrd publeyér de contegnu en legne, a condicion de rèspèctar les règlles èssencièles betâyes en place per la Fondacion Wikimedia et per la comunôtât ; per ègzemplo, la controlabilitât du contegnu , l’ admissibilitât des articllos et pués gouardar na bôna façon . Un mouél de pâges d’éde sont a voutra disposicion, notament por fâre un articllo , changiér un articllo ou ben rapondre n’émâge . Éte pas sus lo balant de posar na quèstion por étre édiê dedens voutros premiérs pâs, notament dedens yon des projèts tèmaticos ou ben dedens difèrents èspâços de discussion . Les pâges de discussion sèrvont a centralisar les rèfllèccions et les remârques que pèrmètont de mèlyorar los articllos. Ressôrses por emmodar Ôtros projèts : Vouiccionèro arpetan et translatewiki.net . Enformacions sus la grafia • Gramère • Vocabulèro • Bibliografia Lo Cabarèt du Velâjo : lo barjacâjo du projèt Articllos : rechèrche • consurta Articllos de qualitât • Bons articllos • Catègories • Lista alfabètica • Lista de les listes • Portâls tèmaticos • Pâges novèles • Sèlèccions • Semonces Reçua ux novéls vegnus et comunôtât Ambassada ( Embassy ) • Participacion • Principos fondators • Quèstions • Chârta lengouistica • Vouiquipèdiens • Statuts ux utilisators • Lévro d’or Arpetania Arpetania • Lengoua arpetana • Histouère de l’Arpetania • Cultura arpetana • Litèratura arpetana • Biografies arpetanes Sciences de la Tèrra Cosmologia • Ècologia • G·eografia • Payis du mondo • G·eologia • Mètèorologia • Mondo maritimo Ârts Arch·itèctura • Benda-dèssinâ • Cinèmâ • Dance • Fotografia • Histouère de l’ârt • Litèratura • Musica • Pintura • Spèctâcllo Sciences de l’homo et sociâles Arquèologia • Drêt • Èconomia • Enformacion • Filosofia • Histouère • Lengoues • Psicologia • Sociologia Sociètât Èducacion • Entreprêses • Enveronance • Femèles • Humanitèro • Minoritâts • Politica • Religion Sciences ègzactes et naturèles Astronomia • Biologia • Botanica • Ch·imie • Fesica • Matèmatiques • Mèdecina • Zoologia Via de tôs los jorns et pâssa-temps Bôna-chiéra • Colèccions • Cortelyâjo • Juès • Juè vidèô • Môda • Sèxualitât • Sport • Tèlèvision • Tourismo Tècnologies Astronôtica • Èlèctronica • Endustria • Ènèrg·ia • Enformatica • Robotica • Transports Lumiére dessus… Na cabrèta . La cabrèta [ka.ˈbrɛ.ta] ou [ka.ˈbʀɛ.ta] (ou ben la musèta [my.ˈzɛ.ta] ) est ‘n enstrument a sofllèt de musica tradicionâla ârvèrgnata de la famelye de les cancôrnes a enche droblo et composâ d’un cabas de chiévra que lo nom cabrèta tire son origina. La cabrèta a boche est na vielye fôrma de la cabrèta que sè méne pas més orendrêt. La cabrèta a sofllèt est aparua u XIX émo siècllo dedens la comunôtât ârvèrgnata de Paris , s’est pués vito èpatâye en Ârvèrgne , notament dens lo Chantâl , et pués dens los ôtros hiôts payis a l’entôrn. Enstrument principâl de les borrèyes et dances folclloriques, la cabrèta est asse-ben menâye dens los orquèstros et dens de bendes de musiques d’ora per los cabretêros. En France , la transmission de cél savêr est assurâye per de consèrvatouèrs et d’associacions. La pratica de la cabrèta est étâye enscrita sus l’ Enventèro du patrimouèno culturâl imatèrièl en France, dês 2017 . Liére la suita Changiér Émâge du jorn Viua de dedens de la Fenice dês la scèna, a Vènisa . (veré dèfenicion 3 724 × 2 960) Changiér • Vêre les émâges Novèles L’ Union eropèèna et los payis candidats presents et passâs. 17 de dècembro : rèferendons sus na novèla Constitucion u Tchad et u Chili et èlèccions lègislatives devanciêes en Sèrbia . 14 de dècembro : lo Consèly eropèen balye lo fuè vèrd a l’uvèrtura de les nègociacions d’adhèsion a l’ Union eropèèna avouéc l’Ucrèna et la Mordavia et pués acôrde lo statut de candidat a la Jorgia (mapa) . 11 de dècembro : Donald Tusk est èliesu prèsident du Consèly ux ministros de Pologne , doux mês aprés les èlèccions parlamentères . 24 de fevriér : la Russia lance n’ ofensiva militèra contre l’ Ucrèna . 21 de fevriér : la Cort constitucionâla lègalise l’avortament en Colombia . Més de novèles : dessus Vouiquinovèles Calendriér du 10 de janviér • Cronologia 2026 Changiér Sâde-vos que… ? Los poplos baltos u XII émo siècllo . Los premiérs Prussiens érant baltos (mapa) . Margarèta d’Yueng est la premiére ècriven de tèxtos en lengoua liyonêse . Los habitents de Sent-Treviér en Domba s’apèlont los Utinjouès en patouès dombisto . Julo Cèsâr est l’ôtor d’un trètâ de gramère sus l’ analogia . Vers-chiéz-los-Rês est lo nom en patouès vôdouès de Villars-Burquin . Lo quatro-èpiéces pôt asse-ben vegnir d’una solèta èpiéce que d’un mouél. L’ ELS est n’associacion franco - savoyârda que vôt promovêr et difusar la lengoua savoyârda , na variètât de l’ arpetan prègiêe en Savouè . Archives • Changiér Vouiquipèdia en ôtres lengoues Més de 3 000 000 articllos : English (angllès) • Sinugboanon Binisaya (cèbouan) Més de 1 000 000 articllos : العربية (arabo) • Deutsch (alemand) • Español (èspagnol) • Français (francês) • Italiano (étalien) • مصرى / Maṣrī (arabo ègipcien) • Nederlands (nêrlandês) • 日本語 (japonês) • Polski (polonès) • Português (português) • Русский (russo) • Svenska (suèdouès) • Tiếng Việt (viètnamien) • Українська (ucrènien) • Winaray (varay) • 中文 (chinouès) Més de 300 000 articllos : Bahasa Indonesia (endonèsien) • Bahasa Melayu (malês) • Bân-lâm-gú / Hō-ló-oē (min-nan) • Català (catalan) • Čestina (tchèco) • Esperanto (èsperanto) • Euskara (bâsco) • فارسی (pèrsan) • 한국어 (corèen) • עברית (hèbrèo) • Magyar (hongrouès) • Нохчийн (tchètchèno) • Norsk bokmål (norvègien bokmål) • Română (roumen) • Српски / Srpski (sèrbo) • Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски (sèrbo-croato) • Suomi (finouès) • Tatarça / Татарча (tatâro) • Türkçe (turco) Changiér Vouiquipèdies de les lengoues prègiêes en France, Suisse et Étalie العربية الدّارجة (arabo dialèctâl) 3 • Alemannisch (alzacien / tuche) 3 • Arbërisht (arberècho) 2 • Արևմտահայերեն (armènien cuchientenc) 3 • Arpetan 2 , 3 • Boarisch (bavarouès) • Brezhoneg (breton) 3 • Català (catalan) 2 , 3 • Corsu (corso) 1 , 3 • Deutsch (alemand) 1 , 2 • ג׳אודיו־איספאנײל / Djudeo-espanyol (judèo-èspagnol) 3 • Ελληνικά (grèco) 2 , 3 • Emigliàn e rumagnòl (èmilien-romagnôl) • Euskara (bâsco) 3 • Français (francês) 1 , 2 , 3 • Furlan (friôlan) 2 • Hrvatski (croato) 2 • Italiano (étalien) 1 • Lëtzebuergesch (lussemborgês) 3 • Ligure (liguro) • Lumbard / Lumbaart (lombârd) • Napulitano (napoletan) • Normaund (normand) 3 • Occitan (occitan) 2 , 3 • Picard (pecârd) 3 • Piemontèis (piemontês) 2 • Reo Tahiti (tahicien) 1 , 3 • Romani / रोमानी (rromani) 3 • Rumantsch (roumancho) 1 • Sardu (sârdo) 2 • Sicilianu (secilien) • Slovenščina (slovèno) 2 • Taqbaylit (cabilo) 3 • Tarandíne (tarentin) • Vèneto (vènèt) 2 • Walon (valon) 3 • West-Vlaemsch (flamenc cuchientenc) 3 • יידיש (yidiche) 3 1 Lengoua oficièla ou ben coficièla dedens yon des 3 Ètats. — 2 Lengoua protègiêe en Étalie. — 3 Lengoua de France. Changiér Vouiquipèdia est hèbèrgiêe per la Wikimedia Foundation , coment cetos projèts, coordonâs sus lo seto Mèta-Wiki : Commons Mèdiatèca Vouiquiditons Citacions Wikidata Bâsa de balyês Vouiquisôrsa Bibliotèca univèrsâla Vouiccionèro Diccionèro univèrsâl Vouiquinovèles Novèles libres Vouiquilévros Ensemblo de tèxtos pèdagogicos Vouiquivèrsitât Comunôtât pèdagogica uvèrta Vouiquispècies Enventèro du vivent Contacto Benvegnua sus la Vouiquipèdia arpetana ! L’encicllopèdia libra et gratuita que châcun pôt mèlyorar. 5 818 articllos en lengoua arpetana , més de 62 milyons en 326 lengoues . Localisacion du cârro lengouistico de l’arpetan L’ arpetan est na lengoua romana . Son cârro lengouistico d’ora (l’ Arpetania ) s’èpate dessus três Ètats : la France , la Suisse et pués l’ Étalie . Presentacion Vouiquipèdia est un projèt d’encicllopèdia colèctiva en legne, univèrsâla, multilengoua et que fonccione sus lo principo du vouiqui . Cél projèt vise a semondre un contegnu librament rempleyâblo, netro et pués controlâblo, que châcun pôt changiér et mèlyorar. Vouiquipèdia est dèfenia per des principos fondators . Son contegnu est desot (fr) licence Creative Commons BY-SA . Pôt étre copiyê et rempleyê desot la méma licence , desot resèrva de nen rèspèctar les condicions. Vouiquipèdia aprovisione tôs sos contegnus gratuitament, sen recllâma, et pués sen recorir a l’èxplouètacion de les balyês a sè de sos utilisators. Los rèdactors des articllos de Vouiquipèdia sont bènèvolos. Coordonont lors èfôrts u méten d’una comunôtât colaborativa, sen dirigent. Enqu’houé, Vouiquipèdia en arpetan compte : 5 818 articllos 25 contributors encartâs actifs Vouiquipèdia est dèfenia per des principos fondators . Son contegnu est desot (fr) licence Creative Commons BY-SA . Pôt étre copiyê et rempleyê desot la méma licence , desot resèrva de nen rèspèctar les condicions. Vouiquipèdia aprovisione tôs sos contegnus gratuitament, sen recllâma, et pués sen recorir a l’èxplouètacion de les balyês a sè de sos utilisators. Enqu’houé, Vouiquipèdia en arpetan compte : 5 818 articllos 25 contributors encartâs actifs Coment contribuar ? Châcun pôt d’abôrd publeyér de contegnu en legne, a condicion de rèspèctar les règlles èssencièles betâyes en place per la Fondacion Wikimedia et per la comunôtât ; per ègzemplo, la controlabilitât du contegnu , l’ admissibilitât des articllos et pués gouardar na bôna façon . Un mouél de pâges d’éde sont a voutra disposicion, notament por fâre un articllo , changiér un articllo ou ben rapondre n’émâge . Éte pas sus lo balant de posar na quèstion por étre édiê dedens voutros premiérs pâs, notament dedens yon des projèts tèmaticos ou ben dedens difèrents èspâços de discussion . Les pâges de discussion sèrvont a centralisar les rèfllèccions et les remârques que pèrmètont de mèlyorar los articllos. Ressôrses por emmodar Ôtros projèts : Vouiccionèro arpetan et translatewiki.net . Un mouél de pâges d’éde sont a voutra disposicion, notament por fâre un articllo , changiér un articllo ou ben rapondre n’émâge . Éte pas sus lo balant de posar na quèstion por étre édiê dedens voutros premiérs pâs, notament dedens yon des projèts tèmaticos ou ben dedens difèrents èspâços de discussion . Ressôrses por emmodar Ressôrses por emmodar Ôtros projèts : Vouiccionèro arpetan et translatewiki.net . Ôtros projèts : Vouiccionèro arpetan et translatewiki.net . Enformacions sus la grafia • Gramère • Vocabulèro • Bibliografia Enformacions sus la grafia • Gramère • Vocabulèro • Bibliografia Lo Cabarèt du Velâjo : lo barjacâjo du projèt Lo Cabarèt du Velâjo : lo barjacâjo du projèt Articllos : rechèrche • consurta Articllos de qualitât • Bons articllos • Catègories • Lista alfabètica • Lista de les listes • Portâls tèmaticos • Pâges novèles • Sèlèccions • Semonces Articllos : rechèrche • consurta Articllos de qualitât • Bons articllos • Catègories • Lista alfabètica • Lista de les listes • Portâls tèmaticos • Pâges novèles • Sèlèccions • Semonces Articllos de qualitât • Bons articllos • Catègories • Lista alfabètica • Lista de les listes • Portâls tèmaticos • Pâges novèles • Sèlèccions • Semonces Reçua ux novéls vegnus et comunôtât Ambassada ( Embassy ) • Participacion • Principos fondators • Quèstions • Chârta lengouistica • Vouiquipèdiens • Statuts ux utilisators • Lévro d’or Reçua ux novéls vegnus et comunôtât Ambassada ( Embassy ) • Participacion • Principos fondators • Quèstions • Chârta lengouistica • Vouiquipèdiens • Statuts ux utilisators • Lévro d’or Ambassada ( Embassy ) • Participacion • Principos fondators • Quèstions • Chârta lengouistica • Vouiquipèdiens • Statuts ux utilisators • Lévro d’or Arpetania Arpetania • Lengoua arpetana • Histouère de l’Arpetania • Cultura arpetana • Litèratura arpetana • Biografies arpetanes Arpetania • Lengoua arpetana • Histouère de l’Arpetania • Cultura arpetana • Litèratura arpetana • Biografies arpetanes Sciences de la Tèrra Cosmologia • Ècologia • G·eografia • Payis du mondo • G·eologia • Mètèorologia • Mondo maritimo Cosmologia • Ècologia • G·eografia • Payis du mondo • G·eologia • Mètèorologia • Mondo maritimo Ârts Arch·itèctura • Benda-dèssinâ • Cinèmâ • Dance • Fotografia • Histouère de l’ârt • Litèratura • Musica • Pintura • Spèctâcllo Arch·itèctura • Benda-dèssinâ • Cinèmâ • Dance • Fotografia • Histouère de l’ârt • Litèratura • Musica • Pintura • Spèctâcllo Sciences de l’homo et sociâles Arquèologia • Drêt • Èconomia • Enformacion • Filosofia • Histouère • Lengoues • Psicologia • Sociologia Arquèologia • Drêt • Èconomia • Enformacion • Filosofia • Histouère • Lengoues • Psicologia • Sociologia Sociètât Èducacion • Entreprêses • Enveronance • Femèles • Humanitèro • Minoritâts • Politica • Religion Èducacion • Entreprêses • Enveronance • Femèles • Humanitèro • Minoritâts • Politica • Religion Sciences ègzactes et naturèles Astronomia • Biologia • Botanica • Ch·imie • Fesica • Matèmatiques • Mèdecina • Zoologia Astronomia • Biologia • Botanica • Ch·imie • Fesica • Matèmatiques • Mèdecina • Zoologia Via de tôs los jorns et pâssa-temps Bôna-chiéra • Colèccions • Cortelyâjo • Juès • Juè vidèô • Môda • Sèxualitât • Sport • Tèlèvision • Tourismo Bôna-chiéra • Colèccions • Cortelyâjo • Juès • Juè vidèô • Môda • Sèxualitât • Sport • Tèlèvision • Tourismo Tècnologies Astronôtica • Èlèctronica • Endustria • Ènèrg·ia • Enformatica • Robotica • Transports Astronôtica • Èlèctronica • Endustria • Ènèrg·ia • Enformatica • Robotica • Transports Lumiére dessus… Na cabrèta . La cabrèta [ka.ˈbrɛ.ta] ou [ka.ˈbʀɛ.ta] (ou ben la musèta [my.ˈzɛ.ta] ) est ‘n enstrument a sofllèt de musica tradicionâla ârvèrgnata de la famelye de les cancôrnes a enche droblo et composâ d’un cabas de chiévra que lo nom cabrèta tire son origina. La cabrèta a boche est na vielye fôrma de la cabrèta que sè méne pas més orendrêt. La cabrèta a sofllèt est aparua u XIX émo siècllo dedens la comunôtât ârvèrgnata de Paris , s’est pués vito èpatâye en Ârvèrgne , notament dens lo Chantâl , et pués dens los ôtros hiôts payis a l’entôrn. Enstrument principâl de les borrèyes et dances folclloriques, la cabrèta est asse-ben menâye dens los orquèstros et dens de bendes de musiques d’ora per los cabretêros. En France , la transmission de cél savêr est assurâye per de consèrvatouèrs et d’associacions. La pratica de la cabrèta est étâye enscrita sus l’ Enventèro du patrimouèno culturâl imatèrièl en France, dês 2017 . Liére la suita Changiér La cabrèta [ka.ˈbrɛ.ta] ou [ka.ˈbʀɛ.ta] (ou ben la musèta [my.ˈzɛ.ta] ) est ‘n enstrument a sofllèt de musica tradicionâla ârvèrgnata de la famelye de les cancôrnes a enche droblo et composâ d’un cabas de chiévra que lo nom cabrèta tire son origina. La cabrèta a boche est na vielye fôrma de la cabrèta que sè méne pas més orendrêt. La cabrèta a sofllèt est aparua u XIX émo siècllo dedens la comunôtât ârvèrgnata de Paris , s’est pués vito èpatâye en Ârvèrgne , notament dens lo Chantâl , et pués dens los ôtros hiôts payis a l’entôrn. Enstrument principâl de les borrèyes et dances folclloriques, la cabrèta est asse-ben menâye dens los orquèstros et dens de bendes de musiques d’ora per los cabretêros. En France , la transmission de cél savêr est assurâye per de consèrvatouèrs et d’associacions. La pratica de la cabrèta est étâye enscrita sus l’ Enventèro du patrimouèno culturâl imatèrièl en France, dês 2017 . Émâge du jorn Viua de dedens de la Fenice dês la scèna, a Vènisa . (veré dèfenicion 3 724 × 2 960) Changiér • Vêre les émâges Novèles L’ Union eropèèna et los payis candidats presents et passâs. 17 de dècembro : rèferendons sus na novèla Constitucion u Tchad et u Chili et èlèccions lègislatives devanciêes en Sèrbia . 14 de dècembro : lo Consèly eropèen balye lo fuè vèrd a l’uvèrtura de les nègociacions d’adhèsion a l’ Union eropèèna avouéc l’Ucrèna et la Mordavia et pués acôrde lo statut de candidat a la Jorgia (mapa) . 11 de dècembro : Donald Tusk est èliesu prèsident du Consèly ux ministros de Pologne , doux mês aprés les èlèccions parlamentères . 24 de fevriér : la Russia lance n’ ofensiva militèra contre l’ Ucrèna . 21 de fevriér : la Cort constitucionâla lègalise l’avortament en Colombia . Més de novèles : dessus Vouiquinovèles Calendriér du 10 de janviér • Cronologia 2026 Changiér 17 de dècembro : rèferendons sus na novèla Constitucion u Tchad et u Chili et èlèccions lègislatives devanciêes en Sèrbia . 14 de dècembro : lo Consèly eropèen balye lo fuè vèrd a l’uvèrtura de les nègociacions d’adhèsion a l’ Union eropèèna avouéc l’Ucrèna et la Mordavia et pués acôrde lo statut de candidat a la Jorgia (mapa) . 11 de dècembro : Donald Tusk est èliesu prèsident du Consèly ux ministros de Pologne , doux mês aprés les èlèccions parlamentères . 24 de fevriér : la Russia lance n’ ofensiva militèra contre l’ Ucrèna . 21 de fevriér : la Cort constitucionâla lègalise l’avortament en Colombia . Sâde-vos que… ? Los poplos baltos u XII émo siècllo . Los premiérs Prussiens érant baltos (mapa) . Margarèta d’Yueng est la premiére ècriven de tèxtos en lengoua liyonêse . Los habitents de Sent-Treviér en Domba s’apèlont los Utinjouès en patouès dombisto . Julo Cèsâr est l’ôtor d’un trètâ de gramère sus l’ analogia . Vers-chiéz-los-Rês est lo nom en patouès vôdouès de Villars-Burquin . Lo quatro-èpiéces pôt asse-ben vegnir d’una solèta èpiéce que d’un mouél. L’ ELS est n’associacion franco - savoyârda que vôt promovêr et difusar la lengoua savoyârda , na variètât de l’ arpetan prègiêe en Savouè . Archives • Changiér Los poplos baltos u XII émo siècllo . Los premiérs Prussiens érant baltos (mapa) . Margarèta d’Yueng est la premiére ècriven de tèxtos en lengoua liyonêse . Los habitents de Sent-Treviér en Domba s’apèlont los Utinjouès en patouès dombisto . Julo Cèsâr est l’ôtor d’un trètâ de gramère sus l’ analogia . Vers-chiéz-los-Rês est lo nom en patouès vôdouès de Villars-Burquin . Lo quatro-èpiéces pôt asse-ben vegnir d’una solèta èpiéce que d’un mouél. L’ ELS est n’associacion franco - savoyârda que vôt promovêr et difusar la lengoua savoyârda , na variètât de l’ arpetan prègiêe en Savouè . Vouiquipèdia en ôtres lengoues Més de 3 000 000 articllos : English (angllès) • Sinugboanon Binisaya (cèbouan) Més de 1 000 000 articllos : العربية (arabo) • Deutsch (alemand) • Español (èspagnol) • Français (francês) • Italiano (étalien) • مصرى / Maṣrī (arabo ègipcien) • Nederlands (nêrlandês) • 日本語 (japonês) • Polski (polonès) • Português (português) • Русский (russo) • Svenska (suèdouès) • Tiếng Việt (viètnamien) • Українська (ucrènien) • Winaray (varay) • 中文 (chinouès) Més de 300 000 articllos : Bahasa Indonesia (endonèsien) • Bahasa Melayu (malês) • Bân-lâm-gú / Hō-ló-oē (min-nan) • Català (catalan) • Čestina (tchèco) • Esperanto (èsperanto) • Euskara (bâsco) • فارسی (pèrsan) • 한국어 (corèen) • עברית (hèbrèo) • Magyar (hongrouès) • Нохчийн (tchètchèno) • Norsk bokmål (norvègien bokmål) • Română (roumen) • Српски / Srpski (sèrbo) • Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски (sèrbo-croato) • Suomi (finouès) • Tatarça / Татарча (tatâro) • Türkçe (turco) Changiér Més de 3 000 000 articllos : English (angllès) • Sinugboanon Binisaya (cèbouan) English (angllès) • Sinugboanon Binisaya (cèbouan) Més de 1 000 000 articllos : العربية (arabo) • Deutsch (alemand) • Español (èspagnol) • Français (francês) • Italiano (étalien) • مصرى / Maṣrī (arabo ègipcien) • Nederlands (nêrlandês) • 日本語 (japonês) • Polski (polonès) • Português (português) • Русский (russo) • Svenska (suèdouès) • Tiếng Việt (viètnamien) • Українська (ucrènien) • Winaray (varay) • 中文 (chinouès) العربية (arabo) • Deutsch (alemand) • Español (èspagnol) • Français (francês) • Italiano (étalien) • مصرى / Maṣrī (arabo ègipcien) • Nederlands (nêrlandês) • 日本語 (japonês) • Polski (polonès) • Português (português) • Русский (russo) • Svenska (suèdouès) • Tiếng Việt (viètnamien) • Українська (ucrènien) • Winaray (varay) • 中文 (chinouès) Més de 300 000 articllos : Bahasa Indonesia (endonèsien) • Bahasa Melayu (malês) • Bân-lâm-gú / Hō-ló-oē (min-nan) • Català (catalan) • Čestina (tchèco) • Esperanto (èsperanto) • Euskara (bâsco) • فارسی (pèrsan) • 한국어 (corèen) • עברית (hèbrèo) • Magyar (hongrouès) • Нохчийн (tchètchèno) • Norsk bokmål (norvègien bokmål) • Română (roumen) • Српски / Srpski (sèrbo) • Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски (sèrbo-croato) • Suomi (finouès) • Tatarça / Татарча (tatâro) • Türkçe (turco) Bahasa Indonesia (endonèsien) • Bahasa Melayu (malês) • Bân-lâm-gú / Hō-ló-oē (min-nan) • Català (catalan) • Čestina (tchèco) • Esperanto (èsperanto) • Euskara (bâsco) • فارسی (pèrsan) • 한국어 (corèen) • עברית (hèbrèo) • Magyar (hongrouès) • Нохчийн (tchètchèno) • Norsk bokmål (norvègien bokmål) • Română (roumen) • Српски / Srpski (sèrbo) • Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски (sèrbo-croato) • Suomi (finouès) • Tatarça / Татарча (tatâro) • Türkçe (turco) Vouiquipèdies de les lengoues prègiêes en France, Suisse et Étalie العربية الدّارجة (arabo dialèctâl) 3 • Alemannisch (alzacien / tuche) 3 • Arbërisht (arberècho) 2 • Արևմտահայերեն (armènien cuchientenc) 3 • Arpetan 2 , 3 • Boarisch (bavarouès) • Brezhoneg (breton) 3 • Català (catalan) 2 , 3 • Corsu (corso) 1 , 3 • Deutsch (alemand) 1 , 2 • ג׳אודיו־איספאנײל / Djudeo-espanyol (judèo-èspagnol) 3 • Ελληνικά (grèco) 2 , 3 • Emigliàn e rumagnòl (èmilien-romagnôl) • Euskara (bâsco) 3 • Français (francês) 1 , 2 , 3 • Furlan (friôlan) 2 • Hrvatski (croato) 2 • Italiano (étalien) 1 • Lëtzebuergesch (lussemborgês) 3 • Ligure (liguro) • Lumbard / Lumbaart (lombârd) • Napulitano (napoletan) • Normaund (normand) 3 • Occitan (occitan) 2 , 3 • Picard (pecârd) 3 • Piemontèis (piemontês) 2 • Reo Tahiti (tahicien) 1 , 3 • Romani / रोमानी (rromani) 3 • Rumantsch (roumancho) 1 • Sardu (sârdo) 2 • Sicilianu (secilien) • Slovenščina (slovèno) 2 • Taqbaylit (cabilo) 3 • Tarandíne (tarentin) • Vèneto (vènèt) 2 • Walon (valon) 3 • West-Vlaemsch (flamenc cuchientenc) 3 • יידיש (yidiche) 3 1 Lengoua oficièla ou ben coficièla dedens yon des 3 Ètats. — 2 Lengoua protègiêe en Étalie. — 3 Lengoua de France. Changiér العربية الدّارجة (arabo dialèctâl) 3 • Alemannisch (alzacien / tuche) 3 • Arbërisht (arberècho) 2 • Արևմտահայերեն (armènien cuchientenc) 3 • Arpetan 2 , 3 • Boarisch (bavarouès) • Brezhoneg (breton) 3 • Català (catalan) 2 , 3 • Corsu (corso) 1 , 3 • Deutsch (alemand) 1 , 2 • ג׳אודיו־איספאנײל / Djudeo-espanyol (judèo-èspagnol) 3 • Ελληνικά (grèco) 2 , 3 • Emigliàn e rumagnòl (èmilien-romagnôl) • Euskara (bâsco) 3 • Français (francês) 1 , 2 , 3 • Furlan (friôlan) 2 • Hrvatski (croato) 2 • Italiano (étalien) 1 • Lëtzebuergesch (lussemborgês) 3 • Ligure (liguro) • Lumbard / Lumbaart (lombârd) • Napulitano (napoletan) • Normaund (normand) 3 • Occitan (occitan) 2 , 3 • Picard (pecârd) 3 • Piemontèis (piemontês) 2 • Reo Tahiti (tahicien) 1 , 3 • Romani / रोमानी (rromani) 3 • Rumantsch (roumancho) 1 • Sardu (sârdo) 2 • Sicilianu (secilien) • Slovenščina (slovèno) 2 • Taqbaylit (cabilo) 3 • Tarandíne (tarentin) • Vèneto (vènèt) 2 • Walon (valon) 3 • West-Vlaemsch (flamenc cuchientenc) 3 • יידיש (yidiche) 3 1 Lengoua oficièla ou ben coficièla dedens yon des 3 Ètats. — 2 Lengoua protègiêe en Étalie. — 3 Lengoua de France. العربية الدّارجة (arabo dialèctâl) 3 • Alemannisch (alzacien / tuche) 3 • Arbërisht (arberècho) 2 • Արևմտահայերեն (armènien cuchientenc) 3 • Arpetan 2 , 3 • Boarisch (bavarouès) • Brezhoneg (breton) 3 • Català (catalan) 2 , 3 • Corsu (corso) 1 , 3 • Deutsch (alemand) 1 , 2 • ג׳אודיו־איספאנײל / Djudeo-espanyol (judèo-èspagnol) 3 • Ελληνικά (grèco) 2 , 3 • Emigliàn e rumagnòl (èmilien-romagnôl) • Euskara (bâsco) 3 • Français (francês) 1 , 2 , 3 • Furlan (friôlan) 2 • Hrvatski (croato) 2 • Italiano (étalien) 1 • Lëtzebuergesch (lussemborgês) 3 • Ligure (liguro) • Lumbard / Lumbaart (lombârd) • Napulitano (napoletan) • Normaund (normand) 3 • Occitan (occitan) 2 , 3 • Picard (pecârd) 3 • Piemontèis (piemontês) 2 • Reo Tahiti (tahicien) 1 , 3 • Romani / रोमानी (rromani) 3 • Rumantsch (roumancho) 1 • Sardu (sârdo) 2 • Sicilianu (secilien) • Slovenščina (slovèno) 2 • Taqbaylit (cabilo) 3 • Tarandíne (tarentin) • Vèneto (vènèt) 2 • Walon (valon) 3 • West-Vlaemsch (flamenc cuchientenc) 3 • יידיש (yidiche) 3 1 Lengoua oficièla ou ben coficièla dedens yon des 3 Ètats. — 2 Lengoua protègiêe en Étalie. — 3 Lengoua de France. 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Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Lo dèrriér changement de cela pâge est étâ fêt lo 18 dècembro 2023 a 20:49. 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پہلا صفہ رلواں صفحہ نواں آرٹیکل لِکھو سارے صفحے سریع لسٹ اج کل دیاں خبراں مدد بیٹھک نویاں تبدیلیاں فائل اپلوڈ رابطہ کرو دان کرو کھاتہ بݨاؤ لاگ ان کرو دان کرو کھاتہ بݨاؤ لاگ ان کرو بوآ:اج کل دے واقعے Ænglisc العربية مصرى অসমীয়া Авар अवधी تۆرکجه Башҡортса Bikol Central Беларуская भोजपुरी Banjar Català Нохчийн Cebuano ᏣᎳᎩ کوردی Čeština Чӑвашла Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް Eʋegbe Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી Gaelg 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska 日本語 ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Tyap Қазақша 한국어 کٲشُر Kurdî Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Lietuvių मैथिली Minangkabau മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Occitan Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Kapampangan Polski Piemontèis پښتو Português Română Русский Русиньскый Sicilianu Scots سنڌي සිංහල Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Sunda Svenska தமிழ் ತುಳು Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá Zeêuws 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu صفحہ گل بات پڑھو سودھو تریخ دیکھو پڑھو سودھو تریخ دیکھو ایتھے کیہہ جڑدا رلدیاں ملدیاں تبدیلیاں فائل چڑھاؤ پکا جوڑ صفحے بارے جاݨکاری اج دے رُجحان ہفتے دے رُجحان مہینے دے رُجحان ایس صفحے دا حوالہ دیو Get shortened URL Download QR code کتاب بناؤ PDF وجوں ڈاؤن لوڈ کرو چھاپݨ والا صفحہ وِکیڈیٹا تے مد ساری دنیا چ اج کل دے واقعے کھیڈا دے واقعے ساری دنیا چ اج کل دے واقعے کھیڈا دے واقعے خبراں چ موضوعات مارک کارنی (تصویر وِچ) لبرل پارٹی دی قیادت دا چُناؤ جِتّن توں بعد کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم منتخب ہوئے۔ پاکستان وچ، بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی نے جعفر ایکسپریس ٹرین نوں اپنے قبضے وچ لے لیا جیہدے نتیجے وچ گھٹوں گھٹ 71 افراد ہلاک ہو گئے۔ جسٹن ٹروڈو نے کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم دے عہدے توں استعفیٰ دینے دا اعلان کيتا۔ نزاری اسماعیلی دے 49 ویں امام، آغا خان چہارم ، 88 سال دی عمر چ انتقال کر گئے اتے اُنھاں دے پُتُر، آغا خان پنجم نے جانشینی سنبھالی۔ احمد الشرع سوریہ دی عبوری حکومت دے صدر مقرر ہوئے۔ جاری : حماس اسرائیل جنگ میانمار خانہ جنگی یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ سوڈان تنازع حالیہ موتاں : ساجد حیدر منموہن سنگھ ندیم الواجدی مارک کارنی (تصویر وِچ) لبرل پارٹی دی قیادت دا چُناؤ جِتّن توں بعد کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم منتخب ہوئے۔ پاکستان وچ، بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی نے جعفر ایکسپریس ٹرین نوں اپنے قبضے وچ لے لیا جیہدے نتیجے وچ گھٹوں گھٹ 71 افراد ہلاک ہو گئے۔ جسٹن ٹروڈو نے کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم دے عہدے توں استعفیٰ دینے دا اعلان کيتا۔ نزاری اسماعیلی دے 49 ویں امام، آغا خان چہارم ، 88 سال دی عمر چ انتقال کر گئے اتے اُنھاں دے پُتُر، آغا خان پنجم نے جانشینی سنبھالی۔ احمد الشرع سوریہ دی عبوری حکومت دے صدر مقرر ہوئے۔ حماس اسرائیل جنگ میانمار خانہ جنگی یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ سوڈان تنازع ساجد حیدر منموہن سنگھ ندیم الواجدی سانچہ:بوآ:اج کل دے واقعے/Inclusion وقت : ۰۰:۱۳ یو ٹی سی | دن : ۱۶ جنوری | تطہیر لوا غلطی:bad argument #2 to 'formatDate': invalid timestamp '01-۰۱-۲۰۲۶ -1 month'. حالیہ واقعات کاروبار 1MDB اسکینڈل آفتاں غزہ دا انسانی بحران ہیٹی دا بحران آئس لینڈ آتش فشاں پھٹنا ریاستہائے متحدہ اوپیئڈ وبا معاشیات پاکستانی معاشی بحران عالمی توانائی بحران افراط زر وچ وادھا خوراک دا بحران لبنانی لیکویڈیٹی بحران مالڈووان توانائی دا بحران پاک چین اقتصادی راہداری سری لنکا دا معاشی بحران ترک کرنسی تے قرضےآں دا بحران برطانیہ دی زندگی دا بحران سیاست گیانا-وینزویلا سرحدی تنازعہ نائجیرین بحران پیرو دا سیاسی بحران جنوبی بحیرہ چین دے علاقائی تنازعات ٹیکساس بارڈر تے امیگریشن دے نفاذ دیاں کوششاں۔ ریاستہائے متحدہ دے صدارتی مواخذے دیاں کوششاں۔ احتجاج تے ہڑتالاں اسرائیل-حماس جنگی احتجاج برطانیہ دے صنعتی تنازعات تے ہڑتالاں ترمیم انتخابات تے ریفرنڈم حالیہ اپریل 17: کروشیا ، پارلیمنٹ 17: سولومن جزیرے ، نیشنل پارلیمنٹ 19: بھارت ، لوک سبھا (پہلا مرحلہ) 21: ایکواڈور ، آئینی ریفرنڈم 21: مالدیپ ، عوامی مجلس 24: شمالی مقدونیہ ، صدر (پہلا دور) 26: بھارت ، لوک سبھا (دوسرا مرحلہ) 17: کروشیا ، پارلیمنٹ 17: سولومن جزیرے ، نیشنل پارلیمنٹ 19: بھارت ، لوک سبھا (پہلا مرحلہ) 21: ایکواڈور ، آئینی ریفرنڈم 21: مالدیپ ، عوامی مجلس 24: شمالی مقدونیہ ، صدر (پہلا دور) 26: بھارت ، لوک سبھا (دوسرا مرحلہ) آنے والا اپریل 29: کانگو ، سینیٹ (بالواسطہ) 29: ٹوگو ، قومی اسمبلی 29: کانگو ، سینیٹ (بالواسطہ) 29: ٹوگو ، قومی اسمبلی مئی 5: پانامہ ، صدر، قومی اسمبلی 6: چاڈ ، صدر 7: بھارت ، لوک سبھا (تیسرا مرحلہ) 8: شمالی مقدونیہ ، صدر (دوسرا دور)، اسمبلی 10: ایران ، مجلس (دوسرا دور) 5: پانامہ ، صدر، قومی اسمبلی 6: چاڈ ، صدر 7: بھارت ، لوک سبھا (تیسرا مرحلہ) 8: شمالی مقدونیہ ، صدر (دوسرا دور)، اسمبلی 10: ایران ، مجلس (دوسرا دور) مقدمات حالیہ سماعت ریاستہائے متحدہ: جوآن اورلینڈو ہرنینڈز جاری ہانگ کانگ: جمی لائی۔ اسرائیل: بینجمن نیتن یاہو کوسوو: اسپیشلسٹ چیمبرز سوڈان: عمر البشیر آئی سی سی: علی کشیب آنے والے ریاستہائے متحدہ: ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ (NY) کھیل ایسوسی ایشن فٹ بال 2023–24 UEFA چیمپئنز لیگ 2023–24 UEFA یوروپا لیگ 2023–24 UEFA یوروپا کانفرنس لیگ 2023–24 UEFA سواݨیاں دی چیمپئنز لیگ 2023–24 پریمیر لیگ 2023–24 لا لیگا 2023–24 سیری اے 2023–24 بنڈس لیگا 2023–24 لیگ 1 2023–24 ویمنز سپر لیگ 2023–24 UEFA چیمپئنز لیگ 2023–24 UEFA یوروپا لیگ 2023–24 UEFA یوروپا کانفرنس لیگ 2023–24 UEFA سواݨیاں دی چیمپئنز لیگ 2023–24 پریمیر لیگ 2023–24 لا لیگا 2023–24 سیری اے 2023–24 بنڈس لیگا 2023–24 لیگ 1 2023–24 ویمنز سپر لیگ امریکی فٹ بال 2023–24 NFL پلے آف 2023–24 NFL پلے آف باسکٹ بال 2023–24 NBA سیزن 2023–24 یورو لیگ 2023–24 NCAA ڈویژن I مرداں دا سیزن 2023–24 NCAA ڈویژن I سواݨیاں دا سیزن 2023–24 NBA سیزن 2023–24 یورو لیگ 2023–24 NCAA ڈویژن I مرداں دا سیزن 2023–24 NCAA ڈویژن I سواݨیاں دا سیزن بین الاقوامی کرکٹ آئی سی سی عالمی ٹیسٹ چیمپئن شپ 2023-25ء پاکستان سپر لیگ 2024ء آئی سی سی عالمی ٹیسٹ چیمپئن شپ 2023-25ء پاکستان سپر لیگ 2024ء پاکستان سپر لیگ 2024ء گالف 2024 پی جی اے ٹور 2024 پی جی اے ٹور چیمپئنز 2024 یورپی ٹور 2024 LPGA ٹور 2024 پی جی اے ٹور 2024 پی جی اے ٹور چیمپئنز 2024 یورپی ٹور 2024 LPGA ٹور آئس ہاکی 2023–24 NHL سیزن 2024 PWHL سیزن 2023–24 NHL سیزن 2024 PWHL سیزن موٹرسپورٹ 2024 NASCAR کپ سیریز 2024 NASCAR کپ سیریز رگبی یونین 2023–24 یورپی رگبی چیمپئنز کپ 2023–24 یونائیٹڈ رگبی چیمپئن شپ 2024 چھ ملکاں دی چیمپئن شپ 2023–24 یورپی رگبی چیمپئنز کپ 2023–24 یونائیٹڈ رگبی چیمپئن شپ 2024 چھ ملکاں دی چیمپئن شپ ٹینس 2024 اے ٹی پی ٹور 2024 ڈبلیو ٹی اے ٹور 2024 ڈیوس کپ 2024 اے ٹی پی ٹور 2024 ڈبلیو ٹی اے ٹور 2024 ڈیوس کپ دوسرے کھیلاں دے موسم 2023–24 کرلنگ سیزن سنوکر سیزن 2023–24 2023–24 کرلنگ سیزن سنوکر سیزن 2023–24 حالیہ وفیات جنوری/ سانچہ:LASTMONTHNAME اپریل 25: مارلا ایڈمز 25: Ferenc András 25: لورینٹ کینٹ 24: باب کول 24: ٹیری ہل 24: ڈونلڈ پاینے جونیئر 24: مائیک پنڈر 23: فرینک فیلڈ 23: ہیلن وینڈلر 21: ٹیری اے اینڈرسن 20: اینڈریو ڈیوس 20: رومن جبرائیل 20: لورڈیس پورٹیلو 19: ڈینیئل ڈینیٹ 18: منڈیسا 18: ڈکی بیٹس 16: کارل ایرسکائن 16: باب گراہم 15: وائٹی ہرزوگ 15: Josip Manolić 15: ڈیرک انڈرووڈ 14: کین ہولٹزمین 14: بیورلی لاہی 13: ایمان رنگ گولڈ 12: رابرٹو کیولی 12: ایلینور کوپولا 12: رابرٹ میک نیل 11: فرٹز پیٹرسن 11: اکیبونو تارو 11: پارک بو رام 10: مسٹر سی 10: ٹرینا رابنز 10: او جے سمپسن 8: پیٹر ہگس 8: رالف پکٹ 7: ولید دقہ 7: جیری گروٹ 7: جو کنیئر 5: C. J. Snare 4: لین ریڈ بینکس 4: تھامس گمبلٹن 4: پیٹ زچری۔ 3: البرٹ ہیتھ 3: Gaetano Pesce 2: کرسٹوفر ڈورنگ 2: جان بارتھ 2: جوآن ویسنٹ پیریز 2: میریسی کونڈے 2: جان سنکلیئر 2: لیری لوچینو 1: لو کونٹر 1: این انیس ڈگ 1: Vontae Davis 1: جو فلہرٹی 1: سمیع مائیکل 1: ایڈ پسکور 1: محمد رضا زاہدی مارچ 31: باربرا رش 30: چانس پرڈومو 30: مارک سپیرو 30: لیس ٹوئنٹی مین 29: جیری کونوے 29: لوئس گوسیٹ جونیئر جاری تنازعات عالمی دولت اسلامیہ دے خلاف جنگ افریقہ انگولا کیبنڈا جنگ کیبنڈا جنگ کیمرون اینگلوفون بحران مرکزی افریقی جمہوریت نائجر طاس وچ تنازع جمہوری جمہوریہ کانگو ADF شورش ایل آر اے دی شورش کیوو تنازعہ Ituri تنازعہ اینگلوفون بحران مرکزی افریقی جمہوریت نائجر طاس وچ تنازع جمہوری جمہوریہ کانگو ADF شورش ایل آر اے دی شورش کیوو تنازعہ Ituri تنازعہ ایتھوپیا اورومو تنازعہ اورومو تنازعہ موزمبیق کابو دیلگادو وچ شورش کابو دیلگادو وچ شورش نائیجیریا جنوب مشرقی نائیجیریا وچ شورش بوکو حرام دی شورش ساحل برکینا فاسو شورش مالی جنگ جنوب مشرقی نائیجیریا وچ شورش بوکو حرام دی شورش ساحل برکینا فاسو شورش مالی جنگ سینیگال Casamance تنازعہ صومالی خانہ جنگی۔ امریکی مداخلت Casamance تنازعہ صومالی خانہ جنگی۔ امریکی مداخلت سوڈان جنوبی کورڈوفن تنازعہ دارفور وچ جنگ سوڈان تنازع 2023ء جنوبی کورڈوفن تنازعہ دارفور وچ جنگ سوڈان تنازع 2023ء مغربی صحارا Guerguerat بحران Guerguerat بحران امریکا کولمبیا کولمبیا تنازع کولمبیا تنازع میکسیکو میکسیکن منشیات دی جنگ میکسیکن منشیات دی جنگ پیراگوئے پیراگوئے وچ شورش پیراگوئے وچ شورش پیرو پیرو وچ اندرونی تنازعہ پیرو وچ اندرونی تنازعہ ایشیا افغانستان دولت اسلامیہ– طالبان تنازع ریپبلکن شورش دولت اسلامیہ– طالبان تنازع ریپبلکن شورش بھارت جموں و کشمیر وچ شورش شمال مشرقی ہندوستان وچ شورش نکسلائٹ – ماؤ نواز شورش منی پور وچ نسلی فسادات 2023ء جموں و کشمیر وچ شورش شمال مشرقی ہندوستان وچ شورش نکسلائٹ – ماؤ نواز شورش منی پور وچ نسلی فسادات 2023ء انڈونیشیا پاپوا تنازعہ پاپوا تنازعہ میانمار میانمار دی خانہ جنگی میانمار فوجی تاخت، 2021ء روہنگیا تنازعہ کاچین تنازعہ کیرن تنازعہ میانمار دی خانہ جنگی میانمار فوجی تاخت، 2021ء روہنگیا تنازعہ کاچین تنازعہ کیرن تنازعہ پاکستان خیبرپختونخوا وچ شورش بلوچستان تنازع خیبرپختونخوا وچ شورش بلوچستان تنازع فلپائن کمیونسٹ بغاوت فلپائن دی منشیات دی جنگ مورو تنازعہ کمیونسٹ بغاوت فلپائن دی منشیات دی جنگ مورو تنازعہ تھائی لینڈ جنوبی تھائی لینڈ دی شورش جنوبی تھائی لینڈ دی شورش یورپ روس-یوکرین جنگ یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ 2022ء یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ 2022ء مشرق وسطی مصر سینائی شورش سینائی شورش ایران ایران-کرد تنازعہ ایران بلوچ تنازعہ ایران-کرد تنازعہ ایران بلوچ تنازعہ عراقی تنازع (2003 – تاحال) اسلامک اسٹیٹ دی بغاوت اسلامک اسٹیٹ دی بغاوت اسرائیل-فلسطینی تنازع غزہ اسرائیل تنازعہ آپریشن طوفان الاقصیٰ غزہ اسرائیل تنازعہ آپریشن طوفان الاقصیٰ آپریشن طوفان الاقصیٰ ناگورنو قرہ باغ تنازع آرمینیا-آذربائیجان سرحدی بحران آرمینیا-آذربائیجان سرحدی بحران شامی خانہ جنگی شام دی خانہ جنگی وچ غیر ملکی مداخلت شام دی خانہ جنگی دے دوران ایران اسرائیل تنازع ترکی دی مداخلت امریکی قیادت وچ مداخلت شام دی خانہ جنگی وچ غیر ملکی مداخلت شام دی خانہ جنگی دے دوران ایران اسرائیل تنازع ترکی دی مداخلت امریکی قیادت وچ مداخلت ترکی دی مداخلت امریکی قیادت وچ مداخلت ترکی کرد-ترک تنازعہ کرد-ترک تنازعہ یمنی خانہ جنگی (2015–تاحال) سعودی عرب دی قیادت وچ مداخلت حوثی-سعودی عرب تنازعہ سعودی عرب دی قیادت وچ مداخلت حوثی-سعودی عرب تنازعہ حوثی-سعودی عرب تنازعہ سانچہ:بوآ:اج کل دے واقعے/واقعے بلحاظ ماہ سانچہ:Contents pages (footer box) * مضمونs with short description Pages with script errors ایس صفحے وچ آخری سودھ ۱۱ فروری ۲۰۲۳ نوں ۱۹:۳۰ وجے ہوئی۔ لکھت کریئیٹیو کامنز انتساب/ اکوجہے-شراکت لائسنس دے ہیٹھ دستیاب اے، ہور شرطاں وی لاگو ہوسکدیاں نیں۔ ویروے لئی ورتن شرطاں دیکھو۔ پردہ داری وکیپیڈیا بارے دعوے داری Code of Conduct ترقی دین والے انکڑے کوکی تفصیلاں موبائیل سائٹ
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Accolades 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of accolades received by Avatar Bosanski Español Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Norsk bokmål Русский 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item James Cameron received multiple awards and nominations for his direction in the film. .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Awards and nominations Award Wins Nominations 3D Creative Arts Awards 6 6 Academy Awards 3 9 American Society of Cinematographers 0 1 Art Directors Guild Awards 1 1 Artios Awards 0 1 Austin Film Critics Association 1 1 Black Reel Awards 0 1 British Academy Film Awards 2 8 César Award 0 1 Cinema Audio Society Awards 0 1 Cinema of Brazil 1 1 Chicago Film Critics Association 0 2 Costume Designers Guild 0 1 Critics' Choice Movie Awards 6 9 Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award 1 1 Directors Guild of America Awards 0 1 Eddie Awards 0 1 Empire Awards 3 5 Environmental Media Awards 1 1 Florida Film Critics Circle Award 1 1 Golden Eagle Award 1 1 Golden Globe Awards 2 4 Golden Reel Awards 2 3 Grammy Awards 0 2 Hollywood Post Alliance Awards 1 1 Houston Film Critics Society 0 4 Hugo Awards 0 1 International Film Music Critics Association Awards 0 4 Irish Film and Television Awards 0 1 Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists 1 1 Japan Academy Prize 1 1 London Film Critics' Circle 0 2 MTV Movie Awards 0 5 NAACP Image Awards 0 1 National Movie Awards 0 1 National Society of Film Critics 0 1 New York Film Critics 2 2 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 0 2 Hugo Awards 0 1 Online Film Critics Society 0 2 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 0 2 People's Choice Awards 2 2 Producers Guild of America Awards 0 1 Proggy award 1 1 San Diego Film Critics Society 0 2 Santa Barbara International Film Festival 1 1 Saturn Awards 11 11 Scream Awards 3 9 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association 2 2 Teen Choice Awards 3 6 Visual Effects Society 7 12 World Soundtrack Awards 0 2 Writers Guild of America Awards 0 1 Awards and nominations Award Wins Nominations 3D Creative Arts Awards 6 6 Academy Awards 3 9 American Society of Cinematographers 0 1 Art Directors Guild Awards 1 1 Artios Awards 0 1 Austin Film Critics Association 1 1 Black Reel Awards 0 1 British Academy Film Awards 2 8 César Award 0 1 Cinema Audio Society Awards 0 1 Cinema of Brazil 1 1 Chicago Film Critics Association 0 2 Costume Designers Guild 0 1 Critics' Choice Movie Awards 6 9 Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award 1 1 Directors Guild of America Awards 0 1 Eddie Awards 0 1 Empire Awards 3 5 Environmental Media Awards 1 1 Florida Film Critics Circle Award 1 1 Golden Eagle Award 1 1 Golden Globe Awards 2 4 Golden Reel Awards 2 3 Grammy Awards 0 2 Hollywood Post Alliance Awards 1 1 Houston Film Critics Society 0 4 Hugo Awards 0 1 International Film Music Critics Association Awards 0 4 Irish Film and Television Awards 0 1 Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists 1 1 Japan Academy Prize 1 1 London Film Critics' Circle 0 2 MTV Movie Awards 0 5 NAACP Image Awards 0 1 National Movie Awards 0 1 National Society of Film Critics 0 1 New York Film Critics 2 2 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 0 2 Hugo Awards 0 1 Online Film Critics Society 0 2 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 0 2 People's Choice Awards 2 2 Producers Guild of America Awards 0 1 Proggy award 1 1 San Diego Film Critics Society 0 2 Santa Barbara International Film Festival 1 1 Saturn Awards 11 11 Scream Awards 3 9 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association 2 2 Teen Choice Awards 3 6 Visual Effects Society 7 12 World Soundtrack Awards 0 2 Writers Guild of America Awards 0 1 Totals [ a ] Wins 66 Nominations 145 .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Note .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} ^ Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They acknowledge several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination. ^ Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They acknowledge several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination. Avatar is a 2009 epic science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Produced by Lightstorm Entertainment , Dune Entertainment , and Ingenious Film Partners , and distributed by 20th Century Fox , [ 3 ] the film stars Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Michelle Rodriguez , and Sigourney Weaver . [ 1 ] Avatar premiered in London on December 10, [ 4 ] and was released in the United States on December 18. [ 5 ] Made on a production budget of $237 million, [ 6 ] Avatar grossed $2.923 billion, [ 7 ] breaking numerous box office records , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] including becoming the highest-grossing film of all time and the first film to gross $2 billion. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 81% based on 335 reviews. [ 13 ] Avatar won the 82nd Academy Awards for Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography , and Best Visual Effects , and was nominated for a total of nine, including Best Picture and Best Director . [ 14 ] The film garnered four nominations at the 67th Golden Globe Awards ceremony, and received two awards for Best Film – Drama and Best Director . Avatar was nominated for eight British Academy Film Awards , winning Best Production Design and Best Special Visual Effects . The film's achievement in visual effects were praised by the Visual Effects Society , who honored it with six accolades during their annual awards ceremony. Avatar was also nominated for the Directors Guild of America Awards , the Producers Guild of America Awards , and the Writers Guild of America Awards . The film was nominated for ten Saturn Awards and it went on to win all ten at the 36th Saturn Awards ceremony. Zoe Saldana 's win for the Saturn Award for Best Actress marked a rare occurrence for an all- CG character. [ 15 ] Avatar received recognition from numerous North American critics' associations. The film garnered nine nominations for the Critics' Choice Awards of the Broadcast Film Critics Association where it won Best Action Film and several technical categories. [ 16 ] The Austin Film Critics Association and the Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association placed the film on their lists of the year's top ten films. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Phoenix Film Critics Society honored the film with Best Cinematography, Best Film Editing, Best Production Design and Best Visual Effect awards and also included it on its top ten films of the year list. [ 19 ] It won two of the St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association awards for Best Visual Effects and Most Original, Innovative or Creative Film, [ 20 ] and the New York Film Critics Online honored the film with its Best Picture award. [ 21 ] In December 2009, the American Film Institute recognized the film and Cameron's advances in CGI effects with their yearly "AFI Moments of Significance" award claiming it "will have profound effects on the future of the art form". [ 22 ] In January 2010, it was announced that the Southern Sky Column , a 3,544-foot (1,080 m) quartz - sandstone mountain in the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in Zhangjiajie , Hunan , China, had been renamed " Avatar Hallelujah Mountain " (阿凡达-哈利路亚山) by the city government in honor of the film. [ 23 ] Accolades Award / Film festival Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) Result Ref. 3D Creative Arts Awards February 23, 2010 Live Action 3D Feature Avatar Won [ 24 ] Best 3D Character Neytiri Won Best 3D Scene Jake Sully's first flight Won Best 3D Stereography / Live Action Avatar Won Outstanding Achievement in 3D Visual Effects Avatar Won Outstanding Achievement for Marketing 3D Content / Live Action Avatar Won Academy Awards March 7, 2010 Best Picture James Cameron and Jon Landau Nominated [ 14 ] Best Director James Cameron Nominated Best Art Direction Art Direction: Rick Carter and Robert Stromberg Set Decoration: Kim Sinclair Won Best Cinematography Mauro Fiore Won Best Film Editing Stephen Rivkin , John Refoua , and James Cameron Nominated Best Original Score James Horner Nominated Best Sound Editing Christopher Boyes and Gwendolyn Yates Whittle Nominated Best Sound Mixing Christopher Boyes , Gary Summers , Andy Nelson , and Tony Johnson Nominated Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Stephen Rosenbaum , Richard Baneham , and Andrew R. Jones Won American Society of Cinematographers February 27, 2010 Outstanding Achievement in Theatrical Releases Mauro Fiore Nominated [ 25 ] Art Directors Guild Awards February 13, 2010 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Rick Carter and Robert Stromberg Won [ 26 ] Artios Awards November 1, 2010 Big Budget Feature – Drama Margery Simkin and Mali Finn Nominated [ 27 ] Austin Film Critics Association December 15, 2009 Top 10 Films James Cameron and Jon Landau Won [ 28 ] British Academy Film Awards February 21, 2010 Best Film James Cameron and Jon Landau Nominated [ 29 ] Best Director James Cameron Nominated Best Music James Horner Nominated Best Cinematography Mauro Fiore Nominated Best Editing Stephen Rivkin, John Refoua, and James Cameron Nominated Best Production Design Rick Carter, Robert Stromberg, and Kim Sinclair Won Best Sound Christopher Boyes, Gary Summers, Andy Nelson, Tony Johnson, and Addison Teague Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Joe Letteri, Stephen Rosenbaum, Richard Baneham, and Andrew Jones Won Black Reel Awards February 12, 2010 Best Supporting Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated [ 30 ] Brazilian Film Academy June 8, 2010 Best Foreign Film Avatar Won [ 31 ] [ 32 ] César Awards February 27, 2010 Best Foreign Film James Cameron and Jon Landau Nominated [ 33 ] Chicago Film Critics Association December 21, 2009 Best Cinematography Mauro Fiore Nominated [ 34 ] Best Original Score James Horner Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards February 27, 2010 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing Tony Johnson, Chris Boyes, Gary Summers, and Andy Nelson Nominated [ 35 ] Costume Designers Guild Awards February 25, 2010 Excellence in Fantasy Film Mayes Rubeo and Deborah Lynn Scott Nominated [ 36 ] Critics' Choice Movie Awards January 15, 2010 Best Action Movie James Cameron and Jon Landau Won [ 16 ] Best Art Direction Rick Carter and Robert Stromberg Won Best Cinematography Mauro Fiore Won Best Directing James Cameron Nominated Best Editing James Cameron, John Refoua, and Stephen Rivkin Won Best Picture James Cameron and Jon Landau Nominated Best Makeup Avatar Nominated Best Sound Christopher Boyes, Gary Summers, Andy Nelson, Tony Johnson, and Addison Teague Won Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri, Stephen Rosenbaum, Richard Baneham, and Andy Jones Won Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association December 16, 2009 Top 10 Films James Cameron and Jon Landau Won [ 37 ] Directors Guild of America Awards January 30, 2010 Outstanding Directing – Feature Film James Cameron Nominated [ 38 ] Eddie Awards February 14, 2010 Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic James Cameron, John Refua, and Stephen Rivkin Nominated [ 39 ] Empire Awards March 28, 2010 Best Film James Cameron and Jon Landau Won [ 40 ] Best Sci-Fi / Fantasy James Cameron and Jon Landau Nominated Best Actor Sam Worthington Nominated Best Actress Zoe Saldana Won Best Director James Cameron Won Environmental Media Awards October 17, 2010 Feature Film Avatar Won [ 41 ] Florida Film Critics Circle December 21, 2009 Best Cinematography Mauro Fiore Won [ 42 ] Golden Eagle Award January 21, 2011 Best Foreign Language Film Avatar Won [ 43 ] Golden Globe Awards January 17, 2010 Best Director James Cameron Won [ 44 ] Best Film – Drama Avatar Won Best Original Score James Horner Nominated Best Original Song James Horner, Simon Franglen, and Kuk Harrell for " I See You (Theme from Avatar) " Nominated Golden Reel Awards February 20, 2010 Best Sound Editing – Best Sound Editing: Music in a Feature Film Jim Henrikson, Dick Bernstein, and Michael Bauer Won [ 45 ] Best Sound Editing – Best Sound Editing: Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film Gwendolyn Yates Whittle, Kim Foscato, Cheryl Nardi, Marshall Winn, Petra Bach, Richard Hymns, Stuart McCowan, and Steve Slanec Nominated Best Sound Editing – Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film Addison Teague, Chris Boyes, Luke Dunn Glelmuda, Jim Likowski, Ken Fischer, Shannon Mills, Tim Nielsen, Chris Scarabosio , Dennie Thorpe, and Jana Vance Won Grammy Awards February 13, 2011 Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media James Horner Nominated [ 46 ] Best Song Written for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media "I See You" by Leona Lewis Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Awards November 11, 2010 Outstanding Visual Effects – Feature Film Erik Winquist , Robin Hollander, Erich Eder and Giuseppe Tagliavini - Weta Digital Won [ 47 ] Houston Film Critics Society December 19, 2009 Best Picture James Cameron and Jon Landau Nominated [ 48 ] Best Director of a Motion Picture James Cameron Nominated Best Cinematography Mauro Fiore and Vince Pace Nominated Best Original Score James Horner Nominated Hugo Awards September 2, 2010 Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form James Cameron Nominated [ 49 ] International Film Music Critics Association Awards February 26, 2010 Film Score of the Year James Horner Nominated [ 50 ] Film Composer of the Year James Horner Nominated Best Original Score for a Fantasy/Science Fiction Film James Horner Nominated Film Music Composition of the Year, for "War" James Horner Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards February 20, 2010 Best International Film James Cameron and Jon Landau Nominated [ 51 ] Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists June 19, 2010 Best 3D Film Director James Cameron Won [ 52 ] Japan Academy Prize February 18, 2011 Outstanding Foreign Language Film James Cameron and Jon Landau Won [ 53 ] [ 54 ] London Film Critics' Circle February 18, 2010 Director of the Year James Cameron Nominated [ 55 ] Film of the Year James Cameron and Jon Landau Nominated MTV Movie Awards June 6, 2010 Best Movie Avatar Nominated [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Best Female Performance Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Villain Stephen Lang Nominated Best Fight Sam Worthington vs. Stephen Lang Nominated Best Kiss Zoe Saldana and Sam Worthington Nominated NAACP Image Awards February 26, 2010 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Zoe Saldana Nominated [ 58 ] National Movie Awards May 26, 2010 Fantasy Film Avatar Nominated [ 59 ] [ 60 ] National Society of Film Critics January 3, 2010 Best Production Design Rick Carter and Robert Stromberg Nominated [ 61 ] New York Online Film Critics December 13, 2009 Best Film James Cameron and Jon Landau Won [ 62 ] Top 11 Films James Cameron and Jon Landau Won Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards March 27, 2010 Cutest Couple Neytiri and Jake (Zoe Saldana & Sam Worthington) Nominated [ 63 ] Favorite Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated Online Film Critics Society January 5, 2010 Best Cinematography Mauro Fiore Nominated [ 64 ] Best Director James Cameron Nominated People's Choice Awards January 6, 2010 Favorite 3D Live Action Movie Avatar Won [ 24 ] Favorite 3D Animated Movie Avatar Won Producers Guild of America Awards January 24, 2010 Theatrical Motion Picture – Producer of the Year James Cameron and Jon Landau Nominated [ 65 ] PETA 's Proggy award January 20, 2010 Outstanding Feature Film James Cameron Won [ 66 ] San Diego Film Critics Society December 15, 2009 Best Director James Cameron Nominated [ 67 ] Best Production Design Rick Carter and Robert Stromberg Nominated Santa Barbara International Film Festival February 6, 2010 Lucky Brand Modern Master Award James Cameron Won [ 68 ] Saturn Awards June 24, 2010 Visionary Award for Avatar James Cameron Won [ 15 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Best Science Fiction Film James Cameron and Jon Landau Won Best Actor Sam Worthington Won Best Actress Zoe Saldana Won Best Supporting Actor Stephen Lang Won Best Supporting Actress Sigourney Weaver Won Best Director James Cameron Won Best Writing James Cameron Won Best Music James Horner Won Best Production Design Rick Carter and Robert Stromberg Won Best Special Effects Joe Letteri, Stephen Rosenbaum, Richard Baneham, and Andrew Jones Won Scream Awards October 16, 2010 Best Director James Cameron Won [ 71 ] Best F/X Avatar Won The Ultimate Scream Avatar Nominated Best Science Fiction Movie Avatar Nominated Best Science Fiction Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Villain Stephen Lang Nominated Best Supporting Actress Sigourney Weaver Nominated Fight Scene of the Year "Final Battle: Na'vi vs Military" Nominated 3-D Top Three Award Avatar Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards December 21, 2009 Best Visual/Special Effects Joe Letteri, Stephen Rosenbaum, Richard Baneham and Andy Jones Won [ 72 ] Most Original/Innovative or Creative Film James Cameron and Jon Landau Won Teen Choice Awards August 8, 2010 Sci-Fi Movie Avatar Won [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Choice Sci-Fi Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Won Choice Sci-Fi Movie Actor Sam Worthington Won Choice Movie Villain Stephen Lang Nominated Choice Movie Fight Sam Worthington vs. Stephen Lang Nominated Choice Movie Hissy Fit Giovanni Ribisi Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 28, 2010 Lifetime Achievement, for Making of James Cameron Won [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture Richard Baneham, Joyce Cox, Joe Letteri, and Eileen Moran Won Best Single Visual Effect of the Year, for Quarich's Escape Jill Brooks, John Knoll, Frank Losasso Petterson, and Tory Mercer Nominated Best Single Visual Effect of the Year, for Neytiri Drinking Thelvin Cabezas, Joyce Cox, Joe Letteri, and Eileen Moran Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture, for Neytiri Andrew Jones, Joe Letteri, Zoe Saldana, and Jeff Unay Won Outstanding Matte Paintings in a Feature Motion Picture, for Pandora Jean-Luc Azzis, Peter Baustaedter, Brenton Cottman, and Yvonne Muinde Won Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Feature Motion Picture, for Samson, Home Tree, Floating Mountains, & Ampsuit Simon Cheung, Paul Jenness, John Stevenson-Galvin, and Rainer Zoettl Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Feature Motion Picture, for Floating Mountains Dan Lemmon, Keith F. Miller, Jessica Cowley, and Cameron Smith Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Feature Motion Picture, for Jungle / Biolume Shadi Almassizadeh, Dan Cox, Ula Rademeyer, and Eric Saindon Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Feature Motion Picture, for Willow Glade Thelvin Cabezas, Miae Kang, Daniel Macarin, and Guy Williams Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Erich Eder, Robin Hollander, Giuseppe Tagliavini, and Erik Winquist Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture, for End Battle Jay Cooper, Beth D'Amato, Eddie Pasquarello, and Todd Vaziri Nominated World Soundtrack Awards October 23, 2010 Best Original Song "I See You" by Leona Lewis Nominated [ 77 ] Best Original Soundtrack James Horner Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards February 20, 2010 Best Original Screenplay James Cameron Nominated [ 78 ] See also List of accolades received by Avatar: The Way of Water References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McCarthy, Todd (December 10, 2009). 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External links Awards for Avatar at IMDb .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Avatar v t e Films Avatar (2009) accolades box office records The Way of Water (2022) accolades Fire and Ash (2025) Avatar (2009) accolades box office records accolades box office records The Way of Water (2022) accolades accolades Fire and Ash (2025) Characters Jake Sully Miles Quaritch Neytiri Jake Sully Miles Quaritch Neytiri Concepts Fictional universe Naʼvi language Naʼvi grammar Resources Development Administration (RDA) unobtainium Themes Fictional universe Naʼvi language Naʼvi grammar Resources Development Administration (RDA) unobtainium Naʼvi language Naʼvi grammar Resources Development Administration (RDA) unobtainium Themes Soundtracks Avatar " I See You " The Way of Water " Nothing Is Lost (You Give Me Strength) " Fire and Ash " Dream as One " Avatar " I See You " " I See You " The Way of Water " Nothing Is Lost (You Give Me Strength) " " Nothing Is Lost (You Give Me Strength) " Fire and Ash " Dream as One " " Dream as One " Video games The Game (2009) Frontiers of Pandora (2023) Related Disney Magic Kingdoms Fortnite The Game (2009) Frontiers of Pandora (2023) Related Disney Magic Kingdoms Fortnite Disney Magic Kingdoms Fortnite Other media The Art of Avatar Lego Avatar Toruk – The First Flight Pandora – The World of Avatar Avatar Flight of Passage Na'vi River Journey The Art of Avatar Lego Avatar Toruk – The First Flight Pandora – The World of Avatar Avatar Flight of Passage Na'vi River Journey Avatar Flight of Passage Na'vi River Journey Related " Dances with Smurfs " This Ain't Avatar Aliens vs. Avatars Arctesthes avatar Edgar Rice Burroughs's Barsoom " Dances with Smurfs " This Ain't Avatar Aliens vs. Avatars Arctesthes avatar Edgar Rice Burroughs's Barsoom Category Category Avatar (2009 film) Lists of accolades by film IMDb ID (Cite Mojo) not in Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists Use American English from December 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2015 IMDb title ID not in Wikidata This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 23:53 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Senate 2 House of Representatives 3 See also 4 References List of Muslim members of the United States Congress العربية বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This is a list of Muslim members of the United States Congress . As of 2025 [update] , five Muslims have been elected to Congress, the first being Keith Ellison in 2006. [ 1 ] As of the 119th Congress , four Muslims currently serve in Congress, all in the House of Representatives , and all being members of the Democratic Party . [ 2 ] Senate No Muslim has ever served in the United States Senate . In 2022, Mehmet Oz became the Republican nominee for Senate in Pennsylvania , making him the first Muslim to be nominated by a major party for the U.S. Senate. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Oz lost the general election to Pennsylvania lieutenant governor John Fetterman . House of Representatives In addition to the representatives below, former representative Hansen Clarke (D) of Michigan was raised in a Muslim family but converted to Catholicism. Current representatives Abraham Hamadeh (R) of Arizona , who identifies as religiously unaffiliated, and Yassamin Ansari (D) of Arizona, who identifies as an agnostic, were raised in Muslim families. [ 5 ] Representative Party District Term Notes Start End Length of service Keith Ellison Democratic MN-05 January 3, 2007 January 3, 2019 12 years, 0 days First Muslim in Congress. Converted to Islam in 1982. Retired to run successfully for Minnesota Attorney General . [ 1 ] André Carson Democratic IN-07 March 11, 2008 Incumbent 17 years, 311 days Raised Baptist , converted to Islam as a teenager. [ 6 ] Ilhan Omar Democratic MN-05 January 3, 2019 Incumbent 7 years, 13 days First of two Muslim women in Congress. First Muslim to succeed another Muslim. Born to a Muslim family in Somalia and immigrated as a refugee to the United States in 1995. [ 7 ] Rashida Tlaib Democratic MI-13 January 3, 2019 Incumbent 7 years, 13 days First of two Muslim women in Congress. Born to a Muslim family of Palestinian immigrants. [ 8 ] Lateefah Simon Democratic CA-12 January 3, 2025 Incumbent 1 year, 13 days [ 9 ] See also List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress List of Hindu members of the United States Congress List of Jewish members of the United States Congress List of Mormon members of the United States Congress List of Quaker members of the United States Congress List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lohn, Martiga (September 14, 2006). "Islamic Convert Wins House Nomination" . Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ Cite error: The named reference Pew 119th was invoked but never defined (see the help page ). ^ Hammond, Joseph (December 2, 2021). "Celebrity surgeon Dr. Oz seeks to be first Muslim elected to the US Senate" . Religion News . ^ Gabriel, Trip (June 3, 2022). "David McCormick Concedes to Dr. Oz in Pennsylvania GOP Senate Primary" . The New York Times . ^ James, Frank (August 4, 2010). "Rep. Kilpatrick Vanquisher, Hansen Clarke, Has Some Story" . NPR . Retrieved January 3, 2025 . ^ Garsd, Jasmine (January 13, 2013). "Rep. André Carson To Become First Muslim On House Committee On Intelligence" . NPR . ^ Golden, Erin (November 7, 2018). "Ilhan Omar makes history, becoming first Somali-American elected to U.S. House" . Star Tribune . Minneapolis, Minn. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. ^ Herndon, Astead W. (August 8, 2018). "Rashida Tlaib, With Primary Win, Is Poised to Become First Muslim Woman in Congress" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9, 2018 . ^ mushfiqahmad (November 7, 2024). "Muslims now have a fourth Congressperson elected" . Muslim Network TV . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Taxonomy 2 Distribution 3 Plant communities 4 Cover requirements 5 Lifecycle 6 Food habits 7 Predators 8 References 9 External links Ord's kangaroo rat العربية Asturianu Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara Français 한국어 Kotava مصرى Nederlands پنجابی Polski Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Ord's kangaroo rat Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) [ 1 ] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Heteromyidae Genus: Dipodomys Species: D. ordii Binomial name Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse , 1853 Ord's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ) is a kangaroo rat native to western North America , specifically the Great Plains and the Great Basin , with its range extending from extreme southern Canada to central Mexico . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Ord's kangaroo rat has a fifth toe on its hip feet, which distinguishes it from Dipodomys elator . It is bicolored with gold-brown dorsal hair and a white stomach. It has a long tail with a bushy tip, and is dark dorsally and ventrally with a white lateral stripe. Its hind feet are modified for jumping, and exceed 35 mm in length, and its total length exceeds 240 mm. Its tail is usually less than 160 mm, distinguishing it from D. elator (which exceeds 160 mm). Though a common species in the United States , the population in Canada is considered endangered. [ 4 ] Taxonomy The currently accepted scientific name for Ord's kangaroo rat is Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse. It belongs to the family Heteromyidae, kangaroo rats and mice. Hall [ 5 ] listed 35 subspecies, but Kennedy and Schnell reported many of these subspecies are probably not legitimate since they were based on the assumption of little sexual dimorphism in the species. It has now been established that sexual dimorphism within the taxon is considerable. [ 6 ] Distribution Ord's kangaroo rat ranges from southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan to southern Hidalgo , Mexico , and from central Oregon and eastern California east to central Kansas and Oklahoma . [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats occur mainly in semiarid, open habitats. In Nevada, they were trapped in desert scrub and gravelly soil, flat pebble desert, and washes. [ 8 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for open shrublands and grasslands on sandy soils. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho, big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass ( Agropyron cristatum ) range, most Ord's kangaroo rat captures occurred on disturbed sites or areas of sparse cover: Russian thistle ( Salsola kali ), cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ), and green rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ), followed by disturbed areas seeded to crested wheatgrass, then undisturbed big sagebrush. [ 9 ] In western South Dakota, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with black-tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) towns. [ 10 ] In Wyoming, Ord's kangaroo rats are abundant in sand dune communities where vegetation is greater than 10 inches (25 cm) tall and bare soil exceeds 40%. [ 7 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats were primarily captured in open areas with firm soil. Firm or lightly compacted soils are needed for burrow construction; highly compacted soils are too hard for them to dig. [ 11 ] In areas of desert pavement or tough clay soils in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats are confined to pockets of windblown sand and alluvial soils along arroyos. [ 12 ] Strong intraspecific competition and little interspecific competition occurs among Dipodomys species. [ 13 ] In New Mexico, where Ord's kangaroo rats are sympatric with Merriam's kangaroo rats ( D. merriamii ), Ord's kangaroo rats were mostly captured in grassy microhabitats, and Merriam's kangaroo rats were captured more often around creosotebush. [ 13 ] Herbicide defoliation of shrubs (for rangeland improvement) reduced live canopy cover of creosotebush and resulted in an increase in bush muhly ( Muhlenbergia porteri ). After treatment, Ord's kangaroo rats replaced Merriam's kangaroo rats as the dominant rodent. This was suggested to be due to the change in habitat structure to open grass. [ 14 ] Removal experiments to establish single species populations of kangaroo rats were unsuccessful, since many kangaroo rats are transient and quickly occupy vacated habitats. [ 13 ] Only one adult occupies a given burrow system, except for a brief period during breeding activity. Little territoriality occurs above ground except near burrow entrances, which are defended. [ 8 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rat annual home ranges in mesquite averaged 3.35 acres (1.36 hectares). [ 7 ] In Nevada sagebrush/grassland, Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges were estimated as 1.53 acres (0.62 hectares) by the circular method and 1.06 acres (0.43 hectares) by the principal component method. Home range movements increased through spring and again in late fall and early winter. No significant difference was found between male and female Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges; however, female home ranges decreased during reproductive periods. [ 15 ] Recapture data for Ord's kangaroo rats in Arizona indicated they do not travel far from the home range; most Ord's kangaroo rats were recaptured within 165 ft (50 m) of the original capture site. Data on the lifetime movements of individuals indicated most were recaptured within 330 feet (100 m) of the original capture site. [ 16 ] In sagebrush in the Great Basin, Ord's kangaroo rats reach an average density of 113 rats per 10 ha. [ 17 ] In intermountain salt-desert shrublands, the population density averaged 28 individuals per 10 ha in shadscale communities and 135 individuals per 10 ha in black greasewood ( Sarcobatus vermiculatus ) communities. [ 18 ] Plant communities Ord's kangaroo rats occur in communities on sandy soils, including semiarid grasslands, mixed-grass prairie, shrub- and scrublands, and pinyon ( Pinus spp.)-juniper ( Juniperus spp.) woodlands. [ 7 ] In Canada, They are confined to open, sandy areas with sparse covers of sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.), snowberry ( Symphoricarpos spp.), rose ( Rosa spp.), creeping juniper ( J. horizontalis ) and buffaloberry ( Shepherdia spp.); the distribution of Ord's kangaroo rats appears to be closely associated with that of lanceleaved breadroot ( Psoralea lanceolata ). [ 19 ] In Oregon, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in big sagebrush ( A. tridentata ), western juniper ( J. occidentalis ), and greasewood ( Sarcobatus spp.) communities. In Idaho, they are most abundant in juniper woodlands with rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus spp.) and winterfat ( Krascheninnikovia lanata ) in the understory, [ 7 ] but also occur on shadscale ( Atriplex confertifolia ) range. [ 20 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and saltbush ( Atriplex spp.) communities. [ 7 ] In Nevada, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with big sagebrush communities. [ 21 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats comprised 19% of small mammal captures in pinyon-juniper forest, scattered pinyon-juniper, and pinyon-juniper in canyon habitats. [ 11 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rats are found in yucca ( Yucca spp.), oak ( Quercus spp.), mesquite ( Prosopis spp.), saltbush, and creosotebush ( Larrea tridentata ) communities. [ 7 ] [ 22 ] They are particularly abundant in mesquite sand dunes. [ 23 ] In Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in honey mesquite ( P. glandulosa ), sand sagebrush ( Artemisia filifolia ), yucca, sand shinnery oak ( Q. havardii ), and broom snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sarothrae ) communities. [ 7 ] In southwestern Kansas, Ord's kangaroo rats are characteristic residents of sand sagebrush prairie. [ 24 ] Cover requirements Even in shrub-dominated communities, heteromyids including Ord's kangaroo rat tend to concentrate their activity in open areas between shrubs. [ 25 ] Ord's kangaroo rats dig shallow burrows in loose sand in the sides of natural sand dunes, riverbanks, or road cuts. The one central burrow is surrounded by trails to feeding areas. [ 19 ] The burrows have 3-in-diameter (7.6-cm-dia) openings. Small mounds are usually formed outside the entrance to the burrow. [ 26 ] The burrow opening is usually plugged with soil during the day to maintain temperature and humidity within tolerable levels. [ 7 ] [ 27 ] They scoop out small, shallow depressions to be used as dusting spots. [ 26 ] Lifecycle Ord's kangaroo rats are nocturnal, and spend their days in deep burrows. [ 26 ] Males are usually more abundant and active than females. Activity increases under cloud cover, particularly in winter. [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats are active year-round in Texas, but further north, they are seldom seen above ground in cold weather. [ 26 ] Ord's kangaroo rat breeding season varies with subspecies and area. Usually, one or two peak breeding seasons occur per year, and in many areas, some breeding activity occurs year-round. [ 7 ] [ 28 ] The size of ovaries is significantly positively correlated with temperature. [ 7 ] The average length of the breeding period is 6.8 months. In Texas, males are fertile all year, with peak reproductive activity occurring between August and March. Higher reproductive rates are associated with increased precipitation and food supply and decreased population density. In a favorable growing season, most females breed at least twice a year, but when population density increased, females did not breed until November though growing conditions and food supplies were favorable. [ 29 ] In Arizona, the lowest proportion of males in breeding condition (about 60% of the male population) occurred in January and September–October. The lowest number of females in breeding condition occurred in November, but at least a few females were breeding at that time. [ 30 ] In Oklahoma, the two peaks in breeding activity are August–September and December through March. [ 31 ] In many areas, the onset of breeding activity follows a period of rainfall the previous month. [ 7 ] Gestation lasts 28 to 32 days; one to six embryos are usually found. In captivity, the maximum litter size was six young. [ 7 ] The maximum number of litters produced per year by a captive female was five, the maximum number of litters per lifetime was 9, and the maximum number of young per female's lifetime was 38. The longest-lived Ord's kangaroo rat in captivity is a wild caught female who lived until 9 yr 1 months. Brown and Zeng calculated an annual death rate of 0.35 for all age classes. [ 16 ] Food habits Ord's kangaroo rats are primarily granivorous and herbivorous . They consume a variety of foods, but most commonly eat the seeds of grasses and forbs, green vegetation, and dry vegetation. They occasionally consume animal material, mostly arthropods . In Colorado, seeds comprised 74% of their diets, forbs 13%, grasses and sedges 5%, arthropods 4%, and fungi and mosses 2%. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass range, Ord's kangaroo rats consumed (in order of proportion) pollen, arthropods, plant parts (Asteraceae) and crested wheatgrass seeds. [ 9 ] A study of Ord's kangaroo rat foods in Texas found the primary foods consumed included seeds of sand paspalum ( Paspalum stramineum ), honey mesquite, sand bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus ), common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ), and rose-ring gaillardia ( Gaillardia pulchella ). [ 32 ] In Texas, seeds of creosotebush, gramas ( Bouteloua spp.) and dropseeds ( Sporobolus spp.) formed the major portion of Ord's kangaroo rat diets. [ 12 ] Seeds of mesquite, Russian-thistle, sunflowers ( Helianthus spp.), and sandbur ( Cenchrus spp.) are also major dietary items. [ 26 ] Harvested seeds are transported in cheek pouches to burrows and consumed or cached there. Ord's kangaroo rats also cache seed in scattered shallow holes; this activity sometimes results in seedling emergence. They are easily able to retrieve shallowly buried seeds. A single Ord's kangaroo rat may make tens to hundreds of caches, each with tens to hundreds of seeds. [ 33 ] Kangaroo rats are physiologically adapted to arid environments. Most water is obtained from seeds and succulent plants. They drink water when it is available, but apparently do not require free water. [ 19 ] [ 34 ] Predators In the Great Basin sagebrush, intermountain sagebrush steppe, and intermountain salt desert shrublands, potential predators of Ord's kangaroo rats include coyotes ( Canis latrans ), kit fox ( Vulpes velox ), bobcats ( Lynx rufus ), badgers ( Taxidea taxus ), long-eared owls ( Asio otus ), short-eared owls ( Asio flammeus ), great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ), burrowing owls ( Athene cunicularia ), hawks (Buteonidae and Falconidae), rattlesnakes ( Crotalus spp.), and gopher snakes ( Pituophis melanoleucus ). [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 35 ] In Idaho, the remains of Ord's kangaroo rats were found in up to 25% of prairie falcon ( Falco mexicanus ) nests. The three-year average frequency of Ord's kangaroo rat remains in prairie falcon nests was 4%. [ 36 ] References This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Dipodomys ordii . 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"Microhabitat associations of small mammals in southeastern Colorado, with special emphasis on Peromyscus (Rodentia)". Southwestern Naturalist . 32 (3): 291– 303. Bibcode : 1987SWNat..32..291R . doi : 10.2307/3671446 . JSTOR 3671446 . ^ a b Schmidly, David J. 1977. The mammals of Trans-Pecos Texas: including Big Bend National Park and Guadalupe Mountains National Park. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University ^ a b c Schroder, Gene D.; Rosenzweig, Michael L. (1975). "Perturbation analysis of competition and overlap in habitat utilization between Dipodomys ordii and Dipodomys merriami" . Oecologia . 19 (1): 9– 28. Bibcode : 1975Oecol..19....9S . doi : 10.1007/BF00377586 . JSTOR 4215091 . PMID 28308827 . S2CID 6735185 . ^ Whitford, Walter G.; Dick-Peddie, Scott; Walters, David; Ludwig, John A. (1978). "Effects of shrub defoliation on grass cover and rodent species in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem". Journal of Arid Environments . 1 (3): 237– 242. 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Desert rodents in disturbed shrub communities and their effects on plant recruitment. In: Roundy, Bruce A.; McArthur, E. Durant; Haley, Jennifer S.; Mann, David K., compilers. Proceedings: wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium; 1993 October 19–21; Las Vegas, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-315. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 209–215 ^ Mares, Michael A. (1983). "Desert rodent adaptation and community structure. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs". 7 : 30– 43. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ^ West, N. E. 1983. Western Intermountain sagebrush steppe. In: Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Amsterdam; Oxford; New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. 352–374. (Goodall, David W., ed. in chief; Ecosystems of the world; vol. 5) ^ Ogden, Verland T.; Hornocker, Maurice G. (1977). "Nesting density and success of prairie falcons in southwestern Idaho". Journal of Wildlife Management . 41 (1): 1– 11. doi : 10.2307/3800084 . JSTOR 3800084 . External links View the kangaroo rat genome in Ensembl . View the dipOrd1 genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant species of family Heteromyidae (subfamily Dipodomyinae ) v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Dipodomys (Kangaroo rats) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Microdipodops (Kangaroo mice) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Category Taxon identifiers Dipodomys ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Authority control databases National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX IUCN Red List least concern species Dipodomys Fauna of the Great Basin Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) Fauna of the Western United States Rodents of the United States Rodents of Mexico Mammals described in 1853 Taxa named by Samuel Washington Woodhouse CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with 'species' microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 01:35 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/A–Z index Адыгэбзэ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Arpetan Asturianu Авар বাংলা Башҡортса Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gagauz 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiatun Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Македонски Māori Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Саха тыла Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Удмурт Українська Yorùbá Zazaki Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Club career Toggle Club career subsection 1.1 Early career 1.2 Leeds United 1.3 Coventry City and later career 1.1 Early career 1.2 Leeds United 1.3 Coventry City and later career 2 International career 3 Managerial career 4 Personal life and death 5 Honours Toggle Honours subsection 5.1 Player 5.2 Manager 5.1 Player 5.2 Manager 6 References 7 Works cited 8 Further reading 9 External links Terry Yorath العربية Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Yorath in 1988 Personal information Full name Terence Charles Yorath Date of birth ( 1950-03-27 ) 27 March 1950 Place of birth Cardiff , Wales Date of death 7 January 2026 (2026-01-07) (aged 75) Place of death Leeds , England Height 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) [ 1 ] Position Midfielder Youth career Leeds United Senior career* Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1967–1976 Leeds United 141 (10) 1976–1979 Coventry City 99 (3) 1979–1981 Tottenham Hotspur 46 (1) 1981–1982 Vancouver Whitecaps 29 (2) 1982–1985 Bradford City 27 (0) 1986 Swansea City 1 (0) Total 343 (16) International career 1969–1981 Wales 59 (2) Managerial career 1986–1989 Swansea City 1988–1993 Wales 1989–1990 Bradford City 1990–1991 Swansea City 1994–1995 Cardiff City 1995–1997 Lebanon 2001–2002 Sheffield Wednesday 2008–2009 Margate * Club domestic league appearances and goals Terence Charles Yorath (27 March 1950 – 7 January 2026) was a Welsh professional football player and manager at both club and international level. Yorath represented Leeds United , Coventry City , Tottenham Hotspur , Vancouver Whitecaps , Bradford City , Swansea City and the Welsh national team . He later became a football manager for Bradford City , Swansea City , Cardiff City and Sheffield Wednesday , as well as assistant at Huddersfield Town . Yorath also managed the Wales and Lebanon national teams. [ 2 ] Club career Early career Yorath was an apprentice at Leeds United , signing professional forms in 1967 at the age of 17; he made his debut against Burnley at Turf Moor on 11 May 1968. [ 3 ] Alongside other Leeds midfield players of the time, such as Mick Bates and Terry Hibbitt , he found it difficult to establish himself ahead of Don Revie 's preferred pairing of Billy Bremner and Johnny Giles . [ 4 ] Leeds United In the 1972–73 season, injuries and suspensions allowed Yorath to establish himself as a first team regular; his first season ended with two cup final runners-up medals. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] he was a substitute in the 1973 FA Cup Final , which Leeds lost 1–0 to Sunderland , and also appeared in the 1973 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final , which Leeds lost in controversial circumstances to AC Milan . [ 6 ] [ 5 ] Yorath finally won some silverware the following 1973–74 season, where he was a key member of the Leeds championship winning side. [ 4 ] Yorath became the first Welshman to play in a European Cup final when Leeds reached the final of the UEFA European Cup , [ 7 ] but again he ended up with a runners up medal as Leeds lost 2–0 to Bayern Munich in controversial circumstances. [ 4 ] Don Revie had left Leeds to manage England, and his eventual replacement Jimmy Armfield decided to dispense with Yorath's services in 1976, selling him to Coventry City for £125,000. [ 5 ] During his time with Leeds, Yorath made 199 appearances and scored eleven goals. [ 3 ] Coventry City and later career Yorath remained at Coventry for three years, playing 99 games and scoring three goals. [ 8 ] He moved to Tottenham Hotspur in August 1979 for the sum of £300,000. [ 9 ] Yorath's debut occurred on 18 August 1979 which was a Football League game against Middlesbrough in which Tottenham lost 3–1. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In February 1981 he transferred to Vancouver Whitecaps in the North American Soccer League . [ 12 ] He served as the captain of the Whitecaps for two seasons, [ 13 ] before returning to the UK in 1982. International career Yorath picked up the first of 59 Welsh caps in 1970 against Italy , [ 6 ] [ 5 ] and he maintained a regular presence in the international side until 1981. Yorath also captained his country on 42 occasions. [ 7 ] Managerial career In 1982, Yorath joined Bradford City as player/coach and made 34 appearances as a player; he was injured during the Bradford City stadium fire disaster in 1985 when he was forced to jump out of a window after evacuating supporters from a bar. [ 14 ] He subsequently took up the manager's position at Swansea City in 1986 (making a single and final league appearance), and led the club to promotion from the Division Four to the Division Three at the end of the 1987–88 season. [ 15 ] In 1988, he was appointed part-time manager of Wales , [ 16 ] [ 4 ] eventually taking up the post on a full-time basis while still managing Swansea. [ 15 ] However, he later left Swansea to return to Bradford, this time as assistant manager to Paul Jewell , [ 14 ] whilst still taking on Wales duties. [ 7 ] He was dismissed by Bradford after just one year in charge, and returned to manage Swansea again. [ 15 ] In 1991, after a run of nine consecutive defeats, he left Swansea for a second time to concentrate on managing Wales. [ 5 ] [ 4 ] Under Yorath, Wales attained what was then their highest ever FIFA World Ranking of 27th in August 1993 and came close to qualifying for the 1994 World Cup tournament. [ 4 ] Following the failure to qualify, Yorath's contract as manager was not renewed, angering many Welsh fans. [ 7 ] Yorath joined Cardiff City as general manager in 1994, after speculation that he would become manager of Middlesbrough in May that year, [ 17 ] and assumed control of team affairs in November of that year when manager Eddie May left the club. However, his time in the hotseat with the Bluebirds was brief, and he was sacked in March 1995. [ 18 ] In April of the same year, [ 19 ] Yorath took over as coach of the Lebanon national team , and helped them rise 60 places in the FIFA rankings before leaving in 1997. [ 20 ] [ 7 ] Between 1997 and 2000, he worked as a coach at Huddersfield Town and Bradford City, before joining Sheffield Wednesday . He resigned from this position in 2002. [ 4 ] [ 7 ] In June 2008, Yorath returned to football when he was appointed the director of football at Isthmian League Premier Division side Margate , [ 21 ] where his brother Dai and nephew Dean had both played. [ 22 ] On 21 November 2008, he was appointed manager of the club after Barry Ashby was sacked; he resigned as Margate manager on 24 September 2009. [ 23 ] Personal life and death Yorath was the father of the television presenter Gabby Logan . [ 6 ] His eldest son, Daniel, died aged 15 from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after playing football with Yorath in their back garden in 1992. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] His autobiography, published in 2004, is titled Hard Man, Hard Knocks . [ 26 ] Yorath died on 7 January 2026, aged 75, [ 27 ] [ 28 ] following a short illness. [ 6 ] His daughter, Gabby, had been presenting Match of the Day live during the evening but was replaced mid broadcast by Mark Chapman , who noted Logan had to attend a "family emergency". [ 6 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Honours Player Leeds United FA Cup runner-up: 1972–73 [ 31 ] European Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1972–73 [ 5 ] Football League First Division : 1973–74 [ 32 ] European Cup runner-up: 1974–75 [ 5 ] Manager Swansea City Football League Fourth Division play-offs : 1988 [ 33 ] Lebanon Arab Games third place: 1997 [ 34 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Rollin, Jack, ed. (1981). Rothmans Football Yearbook : 1981–82 . London: Queen Anne Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-362-02046-9 . OCLC 868301130 . ^ "Members News: CCFC's Welsh '70s Sky Blue Skipper Is 73 Today. 'Happy Birthday', Terry" . 2023. ^ a b c "Terry Yorath turns 70" . Leeds United FC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f g "A warrior touched by tragedy - Terry Yorath obituary" . BBC Sport. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f g "Terry Yorath: A Wales great on and off the football field" . Nation Cymru. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e "Leeds and Wales legend Yorath dies aged 75" . BBC Sport. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f Taylor, Louise (8 January 2026). "Terry Yorath, former Wales and Leeds midfielder, dies aged 75" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ McCartney, Aidan (10 March 2015). "Coventry City players who have also turned out for Bradford City" . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Terry Yorath: Former Leeds and Wales midfielder dies at the age of 75" . Sky Sports. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Goodwin 1992 , pp. 391–392. ^ Soar 1995 , p. 275. ^ "Terry Yorath obituary" . Tottenham Hotspur FC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "All-time Captains" . Whitecaps FC . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ a b "Terry Yorath 1950-2026" . Bradford City AFC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c "TERRY YORATH 1950-2026" . Swansea City FC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Phillips, Robert (9 April 1988). "Wales Go For Yorath" . South Wales Echo . p. 44. ^ Shaw, Phil (3 May 1994). "Football: Lawrence leaves Middlesbrough" . The Independent . London. ^ Abbandonato, Paul (23 February 2017). "Cardiff City managers ranked" . Wales Online . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ FIFA.com. "Terry Yorath leads the Lebanon revival" . Fifa.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2020 . Retrieved 10 July 2020 . ^ Mason, Lewis (8 January 2026). "Former Leeds, Tottenham, Coventry and Wales midfielder Terry Yorath has died at the age of 75 with tributes pouring in" . TNT Sports . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Yorath lands Margate supremo role" . BBC Sport. 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . ^ "Dai Yorath" . Margate Football Club . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Margate FC pays tribute to Yorath" . Isle of Thanet News. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Gabby Logan's heart screening call for brother Daniel" . BBC . 2 February 2022 . Retrieved 4 December 2024 . ^ Honeyball, Lee (6 March 2005). "Triumph and despair: Terry Yorath" . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 29 January 2019 . ^ "LUFCTALK | Leeds United Fans Forum" . Lufctalk.com . Retrieved 21 March 2021 . ^ McLoughlin, Lisa (8 January 2026). "Gabby Logan's father Terry Yorath dies as she is forced to leave Match Of The Day mid-show" . Evening Standard . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ Sutcliffe, Richard (9 January 2026). "Terry Yorath, a life marked by tragedy, heroism, and the 'twinkle in his eye' " . The Athletic . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "Terry Yorath, footballer and Wales manager who was a stalwart of Leeds United's great 1970s side" . The Daily Telegraph . 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Gabby Logan's dad and Welsh football legend, Terry Yorath, dies aged 75" . North Wales Chronicle . 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78 . London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354090186 . ^ "Leeds United: Season 1973–1974: Division One" . Leeds-fans.org.uk . Retrieved 6 December 2020 . ^ "Swansea City's play-off classics" . Swansea City AFC . Retrieved 27 August 2025 . ^ "Arab Games 1997" . rsssf.com . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . Works cited Soar, Phil (1995). Tottenham Hotspur: The Official Illustrated History 1882–1995 . Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-58706-1 . Goodwin, Bob (1992). The Spurs Alphabet . ACL & Polar Publishing (UK) Ltd. ISBN 0-9514862-8-4 . Further reading Brown, Jim (2000). Coventry: An Illustrated History . Desert Island Books Ltd. ISBN 1-874287-36-8 . Yorath, Terry (2004). Hard Man, Hard Knocks . Celluloid. ISBN 0954596110 . External links Terry Yorath at Soccerbase Terry Yorath management career statistics at Soccerbase Profile on NASL Jerseys Terry Yorath at IMDb Managerial positions .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Swansea City A.F.C. – managers Whittaker ( 1912 –14) Bartlett ( 1914 –15) Bradshaw ( 1919 –26) Thomson ( 1927 –31) Harris ( 1934 –39) Green ( 1939 –47) McCandless ( 1948 –55) Burgess ( 1955 –58) Morris ( 1958 –65) Davies ( 1965 –66) Sykes c ( 1966 –67) Lucas ( 1967 –69) Robbins c ( 1969 ) Bentley ( 1969 –72) Gregg ( 1972 –75) Griffiths ( 1975 –78) Toshack p ( 1978 –83) Livermore c ( 1983 ) Toshack ( 1983 –84) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Appleton ( 1984 ) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Bond ( 1984 –85) Hutchison p ( 1985 –86) Yorath p ( 1986 –89) Evans ( 1989 –90) Yorath ( 1990 –91) Burrows ( 1991 –95) Smith c ( 1995 ) Rimmer c ( 1995 –96) Cullis ( 1996 ) Rimmer c ( 1996 ) Mølby p ( 1996 –97) Adams p ( 1997 ) Cork ( 1997 –98) Hollins ( 1998 –01) Addison ( 2001 –02) Freestone & Cusack p ( 2002 ) Cusack ( 2002 ) Flynn ( 2002 –04) Curtis c ( 2004 ) Jackett ( 2004 –07) Nugent c ( 2007 ) Martínez ( 2007 –09) Sousa ( 2009 –10) Rodgers ( 2010 –12) Laudrup ( 2012 –14) Monk ( 2014 –15) Curtis c ( 2015 –16) Guidolin ( 2016 ) Bradley ( 2016 ) Curtis c ( 2016 –17) Clement ( 2017 ) Britton cp ( 2017 ) Carvalhal ( 2017 –18) Potter ( 2018 –19) Cooper ( 2019 –21) Martin ( 2021 –23) Duff ( 2023 ) Sheehan c ( 2023 –24) Williams ( 2024 –25) Sheehan ( 2025 ) O'Dea c ( 2025 ) Matos ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager ; (p) = player-manager; (cp) = caretaker player-manager v t e Wales national football team – managers Barnes ( 1954 –56) Murphy ( 1956 –64) Morris c ( 1964 ) Bowen ( 1964 –74) Smith ( 1974 –79) England ( 1979 –87) Williams c ( 1988 ) Yorath ( 1988 –93) Toshack ( 1994 ) Smith ( 1994 –95) Gould ( 1995 –99) Hughes & Southall c ( 1999 ) Hughes ( 1999 –2004) Toshack ( 2004 –10) Flynn c ( 2010 ) Speed ( 2010 –11) Coleman ( 2012 –17) Giggs ( 2018 –20) Page ( 2020 –24) Bellamy ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager v t e Bradford City A.F.C. – managers Campbell ( 1903 –05) O'Rourke ( 1905 –21) Menzies ( 1921 –26) Veitch ( 1926 –28) Foster c ( 1928 ) O'Rourke ( 1928 –30) Peart ( 1930 –35) Ray ( 1935 –37) Westgarth ( 1938 –43) Sharp ( 1943 –46) Barker ( 1946 –47) Milburn ( 1947 –48) Steele ( 1948 –52) A. Harris i ( 1952 ) Powell ( 1952 –55) P. Jackson ( 1955 –61) Brocklebank ( 1961 –64) B. Harris ( 1965 –66) Watson ( 1966 –67) Hair ( 1967 –68) McAnearney & Hallett c ( 1968 ) Wheeler ( 1968 –71) Wilson c ( 1971 ) Edwards ( 1971 –75) Kennedy ( 1975 –78) Napier ( 1978 ) Mulhall ( 1978 –81) McFarland ( 1981 –82) Cherry ( 1982 –87) Dolan ( 1987 –89) Yorath ( 1989 –90) Docherty ( 1990 –91) Stapleton ( 1991 –94) Lawrence ( 1994 –95) Kamara ( 1995 –98) Jewell ( 1998 –2000) Hutchings ( 2000 ) McCall c ( 2000 ) Jefferies ( 2000 –01) Smith c ( 2001 ) Law ( 2002 –03) Atherton , Jacobs , Wetherall & Windass c ( 2003 ) Robson ( 2003 –04) Todd ( 2004 –07) Wetherall ( 2007 ) McCall ( 2007 –10) Jacobs c ( 2010 ) Taylor ( 2010 –11) P. A. Jackson ( 2011 ) Cooper c ( 2011 ) Parkinson ( 2011 –16) McCall ( 2016 –18) Abbott c ( 2018 ) Grayson ( 2018 ) Collins ( 2018 ) Hopkin ( 2018 –19) Drury c ( 2019 ) Bowyer ( 2019 –20) McCall ( 2020 ) Trueman & Sellars c ( 2020 –21) Trueman & Sellars ( 2021 ) Adams ( 2021 –22) Trueman c ( 2022 ) Hughes ( 2022 –23) McDonald c ( 2023 ) Trueman c ( 2023 ) Alexander ( 2023 –) (i) = interim manager; (c) = caretaker manager v t e Cardiff City F.C. – managers McDougall ( 1910 –11) Stewart ( 1911 –33) Wilson ( 1933 –34) Watts-Jones ( 1934 –37) Jennings ( 1937 –39) Spiers ( 1939 –46) McCandless ( 1946 –47) Spiers ( 1947 –54) Morris ( 1954 –58) Jones ( 1958 –62) Swindin ( 1962 –64) Scoular ( 1964 –73) Clayton c ( 1973 ) O'Farrell ( 1973 –74) Andrews ( 1974 –78) Morgan ( 1978 –81) Williams ( 1981 –82) Ashurst ( 1982 –84) Goodfellow & Mullen c ( 1984 ) Goodfellow ( 1984 ) Durban ( 1984 –86) Mullen c ( 1986 ) Burrows ( 1986 –89) Ashurst ( 1989 –91) May ( 1991 –94) Yorath ( 1994 –95) May ( 1995 ) Hibbitt ( 1995 –96) Neal ( 1996 ) Hibbitt c ( 1996 ) Osman ( 1996 –98) Hibbitt c ( 1998 ) Burrows ( 1998 –2000) Ayre ( 2000 ) Gould ( 2000 ) Cork ( 2000 –02) Lawrence ( 2002 –05) Jones ( 2005 –11) Mackay ( 2011 –13) Kerslake c ( 2013 –14) Solskjær ( 2014 ) Gabbidon & Young c ( 2014 ) Slade ( 2014 –16) Trollope ( 2016 ) Warnock ( 2016 –19) Harris ( 2019 –2021) McCarthy ( 2021 ) Morison ( 2021 –22) Hudson ( 2022 –23) Lamouchi ( 2023 ) Bulut ( 2023 –24) Riza ( 2024 –25) Ramsey c ( 2025 ) Barry-Murphy ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager v t e Lebanon national football team – managers Unknown ( 1940 ) Traboulsi ( 1942 –1947) Arab ( 1947 ) Dittrich ( 1953 –1955) Broćić ( 1956 ) Unknown ( 1957 ) Wright ( 1959 ) Nalbandian ( 1961 ) Adem ( 1962 ) Nalbandian ( 1963 ) Adem ( 1964 ) Nalbandian ( 1965 –1966) Albert ( 1967 ) Nalbandian ( 1967 ) Adem ( 1970 ) Abou Mrad ( 1971 ) Al Sharqi ( 1974 ) Unknown ( 1975 ) Abou Mrad ( 1978 –1979) Simeonovski ( 1985 ) El Adou ( 1987 ) Hashem ( 1988 –1989) Al Sharqi ( 1992 –1993) Marques ( 1994 –1995) Yorath ( 1995 –1997) Ferner ( 1998 ) Saad ( 1998 –1999) Braam ( 1999 –2000) Skoblar ( 2000 ) Bücker ( 2001 ) Tardy ( 2002 –2003) Kwid ( 2003 ) Hammoud ( 2003 ) Hamad ( 2004 ) Hammoud ( 2004 ) Kwid ( 2004 –2005) Al Sharqi ( 2006 –2008) Rustom ( 2009 –2011) Bücker ( 2011 –2013) Giannini ( 2013 –2014) Radulović ( 2015 –2019) Ciobotariu ( 2019 ) Taha ( 2020 –2021) Hašek ( 2021 –2022) Ilić ( 2022 –2023) Jurčević ( 2023 ) Radulović ( 2023 –) v t e Sheffield Wednesday F.C. – managers Dickinson ( 1891 –1920) R. Brown ( 1920 –33) Walker ( 1933 –37) McMullan ( 1937 –42) Taylor ( 1942 –58) Catterick ( 1958 –61) Buckingham ( 1961 –64) A. Brown ( 1964 –68) Marshall ( 1968 –69) Williams ( 1969 –71) Dooley ( 1971 –73) Burtenshaw ( 1974 –75) McAnearney c ( 1975 ) Ashurst ( 1975 –77) Charlton ( 1977 –83) Setters c ( 1983 ) Wilkinson ( 1983 –88) Eustace ( 1988 –89) Atkinson ( 1989 –91) Francis ( 1991 –95) Pleat ( 1995 –97) Shreeves c ( 1997 ) Atkinson ( 1997 –98) Wilson ( 1998 –2000) Shreeves c ( 2000 ) Jewell ( 2000 –01) Shreeves ( 2001 ) Yorath ( 2001 –02) Green c ( 2002 ) Turner ( 2002 –04) Smith c ( 2004 ) Sturrock ( 2004 –06) McAuley c ( 2006 ) Laws ( 2006 –09) McAuley c ( 2009 –10) Irvine ( 2010 –11) Megson ( 2011 –12) Jones ( 2012 –13) Gray ( 2013 –15) Carvalhal ( 2015 –17) Bullen c ( 2017 –18) Luhukay ( 2018 ) Bullen c ( 2018 –19) Agnew & Clemence c ( 2019 ) Bruce ( 2019 ) Bullen c ( 2019 ) Monk ( 2019 –20) Pulis ( 2020 ) Thompson c ( 2020 –2021) Moore ( 2021 –23) Muñoz ( 2023 ) Thompson c ( 2023 ) Röhl ( 2023 –25) Pedersen ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager v t e Margate F.C. – managers Graves ( 1929 –19??) Ramsay ( 1934 –36) Lambert ( 1936 –19??) Fogg ( 1939 –40) Walker ( 1946 –48) Weir ( 1948 ) Committee ( 1948 –49) Basford ( 1949 –50) Hall ( 1950 –70) Baker ( 1970 –71) Committee ( 1971 ) Riggs ( 1971 –77) Donnelly ( 1977 ) Hunt ( 1977 –78) Smith ( 1979 –79) Morris ( 1979 –82) Donnelly ( 1982 –83) Fagan ( 1983 ) Wickens ( 1983 –87) Fusco ( 1987 –88) Winfield ( 1988 ) Aldous ( 1988 –89) Ford ( 1989 –90) Powell ( 1990 ) McRaye ( 1990 –91) Taylor ( 1991 ) Weatherly c ( 1991 ) Smelt ( 1991 –92) Weatherly & Smelt ( 1992 ) Weatherly ( 1992 –93) Weatherly & Woolford ( 1993 –94) Roffey ( 1994 –95) Weatherly & Elsey c ( 1995 ) Elsey ( 1995 –96) Weatherly c ( 1996 ) Kinnear ( 1996 –2006) Trott ( 2006 –08) McKimm c ( 2008 ) Ashby ( 2008 ) Yorath ( 2008 –09) Southall c ( 2009 ) Butler ( 2009 –10) Keister & Wilson c ( 2010 ) O'Connell ( 2010 –11) Cloke, Pinnock & Wilson c ( 2011 ) Raine c ( 2011 ) Kinnear ( 2011 –13) Holloway & Osborn ( 2013 ) Osborn ( 2013 ) T. Brown ( 2013 –15) Bull ( 2015 –17) Watt ( 2017 –18) S. Brown and Sandmann ( 2018 –19) Saunders ( 2019 –22) Drury ( 2022 ) Prestedge & Greenhalgh c ( 2022 –23) Prestedge ( 2023 ) Stimson ( 2023 –24) Greenhalgh ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Swansea City A.F.C. – managers v t e Whittaker ( 1912 –14) Bartlett ( 1914 –15) Bradshaw ( 1919 –26) Thomson ( 1927 –31) Harris ( 1934 –39) Green ( 1939 –47) McCandless ( 1948 –55) Burgess ( 1955 –58) Morris ( 1958 –65) Davies ( 1965 –66) Sykes c ( 1966 –67) Lucas ( 1967 –69) Robbins c ( 1969 ) Bentley ( 1969 –72) Gregg ( 1972 –75) Griffiths ( 1975 –78) Toshack p ( 1978 –83) Livermore c ( 1983 ) Toshack ( 1983 –84) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Appleton ( 1984 ) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Bond ( 1984 –85) Hutchison p ( 1985 –86) Yorath p ( 1986 –89) Evans ( 1989 –90) Yorath ( 1990 –91) Burrows ( 1991 –95) Smith c ( 1995 ) Rimmer c ( 1995 –96) Cullis ( 1996 ) Rimmer c ( 1996 ) Mølby p ( 1996 –97) Adams p ( 1997 ) Cork ( 1997 –98) Hollins ( 1998 –01) Addison ( 2001 –02) Freestone & Cusack p ( 2002 ) Cusack ( 2002 ) Flynn ( 2002 –04) Curtis c ( 2004 ) Jackett ( 2004 –07) Nugent c ( 2007 ) Martínez ( 2007 –09) Sousa ( 2009 –10) Rodgers ( 2010 –12) Laudrup ( 2012 –14) Monk ( 2014 –15) Curtis c ( 2015 –16) Guidolin ( 2016 ) Bradley ( 2016 ) Curtis c ( 2016 –17) Clement ( 2017 ) Britton cp ( 2017 ) Carvalhal ( 2017 –18) Potter ( 2018 –19) Cooper ( 2019 –21) Martin ( 2021 –23) Duff ( 2023 ) Sheehan c ( 2023 –24) Williams ( 2024 –25) Sheehan ( 2025 ) O'Dea c ( 2025 ) Matos ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager ; (p) = player-manager; (cp) = caretaker player-manager Whittaker ( 1912 –14) Bartlett ( 1914 –15) Bradshaw ( 1919 –26) Thomson ( 1927 –31) Harris ( 1934 –39) Green ( 1939 –47) McCandless ( 1948 –55) Burgess ( 1955 –58) Morris ( 1958 –65) Davies ( 1965 –66) Sykes c ( 1966 –67) Lucas ( 1967 –69) Robbins c ( 1969 ) Bentley ( 1969 –72) Gregg ( 1972 –75) Griffiths ( 1975 –78) Toshack p ( 1978 –83) Livermore c ( 1983 ) Toshack ( 1983 –84) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Appleton ( 1984 ) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Bond ( 1984 –85) Hutchison p ( 1985 –86) Yorath p ( 1986 –89) Evans ( 1989 –90) Yorath ( 1990 –91) Burrows ( 1991 –95) Smith c ( 1995 ) Rimmer c ( 1995 –96) Cullis ( 1996 ) Rimmer c ( 1996 ) Mølby p ( 1996 –97) Adams p ( 1997 ) Cork ( 1997 –98) Hollins ( 1998 –01) Addison ( 2001 –02) Freestone & Cusack p ( 2002 ) Cusack ( 2002 ) Flynn ( 2002 –04) Curtis c ( 2004 ) Jackett ( 2004 –07) Nugent c ( 2007 ) Martínez ( 2007 –09) Sousa ( 2009 –10) Rodgers ( 2010 –12) Laudrup ( 2012 –14) Monk ( 2014 –15) Curtis c ( 2015 –16) Guidolin ( 2016 ) Bradley ( 2016 ) Curtis c ( 2016 –17) Clement ( 2017 ) Britton cp ( 2017 ) Carvalhal ( 2017 –18) Potter ( 2018 –19) Cooper ( 2019 –21) Martin ( 2021 –23) Duff ( 2023 ) Sheehan c ( 2023 –24) Williams ( 2024 –25) Sheehan ( 2025 ) O'Dea c ( 2025 ) Matos ( 2025 –) v t e Wales national football team – managers v t e Barnes ( 1954 –56) Murphy ( 1956 –64) Morris c ( 1964 ) Bowen ( 1964 –74) Smith ( 1974 –79) England ( 1979 –87) Williams c ( 1988 ) Yorath ( 1988 –93) Toshack ( 1994 ) Smith ( 1994 –95) Gould ( 1995 –99) Hughes & Southall c ( 1999 ) Hughes ( 1999 –2004) Toshack ( 2004 –10) Flynn c ( 2010 ) Speed ( 2010 –11) Coleman ( 2012 –17) Giggs ( 2018 –20) Page ( 2020 –24) Bellamy ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager Barnes ( 1954 –56) Murphy ( 1956 –64) Morris c ( 1964 ) Bowen ( 1964 –74) Smith ( 1974 –79) England ( 1979 –87) Williams c ( 1988 ) Yorath ( 1988 –93) Toshack ( 1994 ) Smith ( 1994 –95) Gould ( 1995 –99) Hughes & Southall c ( 1999 ) Hughes ( 1999 –2004) Toshack ( 2004 –10) Flynn c ( 2010 ) Speed ( 2010 –11) Coleman ( 2012 –17) Giggs ( 2018 –20) Page ( 2020 –24) Bellamy ( 2024 –) v t e Bradford City A.F.C. – managers v t e Campbell ( 1903 –05) O'Rourke ( 1905 –21) Menzies ( 1921 –26) Veitch ( 1926 –28) Foster c ( 1928 ) O'Rourke ( 1928 –30) Peart ( 1930 –35) Ray ( 1935 –37) Westgarth ( 1938 –43) Sharp ( 1943 –46) Barker ( 1946 –47) Milburn ( 1947 –48) Steele ( 1948 –52) A. Harris i ( 1952 ) Powell ( 1952 –55) P. Jackson ( 1955 –61) Brocklebank ( 1961 –64) B. Harris ( 1965 –66) Watson ( 1966 –67) Hair ( 1967 –68) McAnearney & Hallett c ( 1968 ) Wheeler ( 1968 –71) Wilson c ( 1971 ) Edwards ( 1971 –75) Kennedy ( 1975 –78) Napier ( 1978 ) Mulhall ( 1978 –81) McFarland ( 1981 –82) Cherry ( 1982 –87) Dolan ( 1987 –89) Yorath ( 1989 –90) Docherty ( 1990 –91) Stapleton ( 1991 –94) Lawrence ( 1994 –95) Kamara ( 1995 –98) Jewell ( 1998 –2000) Hutchings ( 2000 ) McCall c ( 2000 ) Jefferies ( 2000 –01) Smith c ( 2001 ) Law ( 2002 –03) Atherton , Jacobs , Wetherall & Windass c ( 2003 ) Robson ( 2003 –04) Todd ( 2004 –07) Wetherall ( 2007 ) McCall ( 2007 –10) Jacobs c ( 2010 ) Taylor ( 2010 –11) P. A. Jackson ( 2011 ) Cooper c ( 2011 ) Parkinson ( 2011 –16) McCall ( 2016 –18) Abbott c ( 2018 ) Grayson ( 2018 ) Collins ( 2018 ) Hopkin ( 2018 –19) Drury c ( 2019 ) Bowyer ( 2019 –20) McCall ( 2020 ) Trueman & Sellars c ( 2020 –21) Trueman & Sellars ( 2021 ) Adams ( 2021 –22) Trueman c ( 2022 ) Hughes ( 2022 –23) McDonald c ( 2023 ) Trueman c ( 2023 ) Alexander ( 2023 –) (i) = interim manager; (c) = caretaker manager Campbell ( 1903 –05) O'Rourke ( 1905 –21) Menzies ( 1921 –26) Veitch ( 1926 –28) Foster c ( 1928 ) O'Rourke ( 1928 –30) Peart ( 1930 –35) Ray ( 1935 –37) Westgarth ( 1938 –43) Sharp ( 1943 –46) Barker ( 1946 –47) Milburn ( 1947 –48) Steele ( 1948 –52) A. Harris i ( 1952 ) Powell ( 1952 –55) P. Jackson ( 1955 –61) Brocklebank ( 1961 –64) B. Harris ( 1965 –66) Watson ( 1966 –67) Hair ( 1967 –68) McAnearney & Hallett c ( 1968 ) Wheeler ( 1968 –71) Wilson c ( 1971 ) Edwards ( 1971 –75) Kennedy ( 1975 –78) Napier ( 1978 ) Mulhall ( 1978 –81) McFarland ( 1981 –82) Cherry ( 1982 –87) Dolan ( 1987 –89) Yorath ( 1989 –90) Docherty ( 1990 –91) Stapleton ( 1991 –94) Lawrence ( 1994 –95) Kamara ( 1995 –98) Jewell ( 1998 –2000) Hutchings ( 2000 ) McCall c ( 2000 ) Jefferies ( 2000 –01) Smith c ( 2001 ) Law ( 2002 –03) Atherton , Jacobs , Wetherall & Windass c ( 2003 ) Robson ( 2003 –04) Todd ( 2004 –07) Wetherall ( 2007 ) McCall ( 2007 –10) Jacobs c ( 2010 ) Taylor ( 2010 –11) P. A. Jackson ( 2011 ) Cooper c ( 2011 ) Parkinson ( 2011 –16) McCall ( 2016 –18) Abbott c ( 2018 ) Grayson ( 2018 ) Collins ( 2018 ) Hopkin ( 2018 –19) Drury c ( 2019 ) Bowyer ( 2019 –20) McCall ( 2020 ) Trueman & Sellars c ( 2020 –21) Trueman & Sellars ( 2021 ) Adams ( 2021 –22) Trueman c ( 2022 ) Hughes ( 2022 –23) McDonald c ( 2023 ) Trueman c ( 2023 ) Alexander ( 2023 –) v t e Cardiff City F.C. – managers v t e McDougall ( 1910 –11) Stewart ( 1911 –33) Wilson ( 1933 –34) Watts-Jones ( 1934 –37) Jennings ( 1937 –39) Spiers ( 1939 –46) McCandless ( 1946 –47) Spiers ( 1947 –54) Morris ( 1954 –58) Jones ( 1958 –62) Swindin ( 1962 –64) Scoular ( 1964 –73) Clayton c ( 1973 ) O'Farrell ( 1973 –74) Andrews ( 1974 –78) Morgan ( 1978 –81) Williams ( 1981 –82) Ashurst ( 1982 –84) Goodfellow & Mullen c ( 1984 ) Goodfellow ( 1984 ) Durban ( 1984 –86) Mullen c ( 1986 ) Burrows ( 1986 –89) Ashurst ( 1989 –91) May ( 1991 –94) Yorath ( 1994 –95) May ( 1995 ) Hibbitt ( 1995 –96) Neal ( 1996 ) Hibbitt c ( 1996 ) Osman ( 1996 –98) Hibbitt c ( 1998 ) Burrows ( 1998 –2000) Ayre ( 2000 ) Gould ( 2000 ) Cork ( 2000 –02) Lawrence ( 2002 –05) Jones ( 2005 –11) Mackay ( 2011 –13) Kerslake c ( 2013 –14) Solskjær ( 2014 ) Gabbidon & Young c ( 2014 ) Slade ( 2014 –16) Trollope ( 2016 ) Warnock ( 2016 –19) Harris ( 2019 –2021) McCarthy ( 2021 ) Morison ( 2021 –22) Hudson ( 2022 –23) Lamouchi ( 2023 ) Bulut ( 2023 –24) Riza ( 2024 –25) Ramsey c ( 2025 ) Barry-Murphy ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager McDougall ( 1910 –11) Stewart ( 1911 –33) Wilson ( 1933 –34) Watts-Jones ( 1934 –37) Jennings ( 1937 –39) Spiers ( 1939 –46) McCandless ( 1946 –47) Spiers ( 1947 –54) Morris ( 1954 –58) Jones ( 1958 –62) Swindin ( 1962 –64) Scoular ( 1964 –73) Clayton c ( 1973 ) O'Farrell ( 1973 –74) Andrews ( 1974 –78) Morgan ( 1978 –81) Williams ( 1981 –82) Ashurst ( 1982 –84) Goodfellow & Mullen c ( 1984 ) Goodfellow ( 1984 ) Durban ( 1984 –86) Mullen c ( 1986 ) Burrows ( 1986 –89) Ashurst ( 1989 –91) May ( 1991 –94) Yorath ( 1994 –95) May ( 1995 ) Hibbitt ( 1995 –96) Neal ( 1996 ) Hibbitt c ( 1996 ) Osman ( 1996 –98) Hibbitt c ( 1998 ) Burrows ( 1998 –2000) Ayre ( 2000 ) Gould ( 2000 ) Cork ( 2000 –02) Lawrence ( 2002 –05) Jones ( 2005 –11) Mackay ( 2011 –13) Kerslake c ( 2013 –14) Solskjær ( 2014 ) Gabbidon & Young c ( 2014 ) Slade ( 2014 –16) Trollope ( 2016 ) Warnock ( 2016 –19) Harris ( 2019 –2021) McCarthy ( 2021 ) Morison ( 2021 –22) Hudson ( 2022 –23) Lamouchi ( 2023 ) Bulut ( 2023 –24) Riza ( 2024 –25) Ramsey c ( 2025 ) Barry-Murphy ( 2025 –) v t e Lebanon national football team – managers v t e Unknown ( 1940 ) Traboulsi ( 1942 –1947) Arab ( 1947 ) Dittrich ( 1953 –1955) Broćić ( 1956 ) Unknown ( 1957 ) Wright ( 1959 ) Nalbandian ( 1961 ) Adem ( 1962 ) Nalbandian ( 1963 ) Adem ( 1964 ) Nalbandian ( 1965 –1966) Albert ( 1967 ) Nalbandian ( 1967 ) Adem ( 1970 ) Abou Mrad ( 1971 ) Al Sharqi ( 1974 ) Unknown ( 1975 ) Abou Mrad ( 1978 –1979) Simeonovski ( 1985 ) El Adou ( 1987 ) Hashem ( 1988 –1989) Al Sharqi ( 1992 –1993) Marques ( 1994 –1995) Yorath ( 1995 –1997) Ferner ( 1998 ) Saad ( 1998 –1999) Braam ( 1999 –2000) Skoblar ( 2000 ) Bücker ( 2001 ) Tardy ( 2002 –2003) Kwid ( 2003 ) Hammoud ( 2003 ) Hamad ( 2004 ) Hammoud ( 2004 ) Kwid ( 2004 –2005) Al Sharqi ( 2006 –2008) Rustom ( 2009 –2011) Bücker ( 2011 –2013) Giannini ( 2013 –2014) Radulović ( 2015 –2019) Ciobotariu ( 2019 ) Taha ( 2020 –2021) Hašek ( 2021 –2022) Ilić ( 2022 –2023) Jurčević ( 2023 ) Radulović ( 2023 –) Unknown ( 1940 ) Traboulsi ( 1942 –1947) Arab ( 1947 ) Dittrich ( 1953 –1955) Broćić ( 1956 ) Unknown ( 1957 ) Wright ( 1959 ) Nalbandian ( 1961 ) Adem ( 1962 ) Nalbandian ( 1963 ) Adem ( 1964 ) Nalbandian ( 1965 –1966) Albert ( 1967 ) Nalbandian ( 1967 ) Adem ( 1970 ) Abou Mrad ( 1971 ) Al Sharqi ( 1974 ) Unknown ( 1975 ) Abou Mrad ( 1978 –1979) Simeonovski ( 1985 ) El Adou ( 1987 ) Hashem ( 1988 –1989) Al Sharqi ( 1992 –1993) Marques ( 1994 –1995) Yorath ( 1995 –1997) Ferner ( 1998 ) Saad ( 1998 –1999) Braam ( 1999 –2000) Skoblar ( 2000 ) Bücker ( 2001 ) Tardy ( 2002 –2003) Kwid ( 2003 ) Hammoud ( 2003 ) Hamad ( 2004 ) Hammoud ( 2004 ) Kwid ( 2004 –2005) Al Sharqi ( 2006 –2008) Rustom ( 2009 –2011) Bücker ( 2011 –2013) Giannini ( 2013 –2014) Radulović ( 2015 –2019) Ciobotariu ( 2019 ) Taha ( 2020 –2021) Hašek ( 2021 –2022) Ilić ( 2022 –2023) Jurčević ( 2023 ) Radulović ( 2023 –) v t e Sheffield Wednesday F.C. – managers v t e Dickinson ( 1891 –1920) R. Brown ( 1920 –33) Walker ( 1933 –37) McMullan ( 1937 –42) Taylor ( 1942 –58) Catterick ( 1958 –61) Buckingham ( 1961 –64) A. Brown ( 1964 –68) Marshall ( 1968 –69) Williams ( 1969 –71) Dooley ( 1971 –73) Burtenshaw ( 1974 –75) McAnearney c ( 1975 ) Ashurst ( 1975 –77) Charlton ( 1977 –83) Setters c ( 1983 ) Wilkinson ( 1983 –88) Eustace ( 1988 –89) Atkinson ( 1989 –91) Francis ( 1991 –95) Pleat ( 1995 –97) Shreeves c ( 1997 ) Atkinson ( 1997 –98) Wilson ( 1998 –2000) Shreeves c ( 2000 ) Jewell ( 2000 –01) Shreeves ( 2001 ) Yorath ( 2001 –02) Green c ( 2002 ) Turner ( 2002 –04) Smith c ( 2004 ) Sturrock ( 2004 –06) McAuley c ( 2006 ) Laws ( 2006 –09) McAuley c ( 2009 –10) Irvine ( 2010 –11) Megson ( 2011 –12) Jones ( 2012 –13) Gray ( 2013 –15) Carvalhal ( 2015 –17) Bullen c ( 2017 –18) Luhukay ( 2018 ) Bullen c ( 2018 –19) Agnew & Clemence c ( 2019 ) Bruce ( 2019 ) Bullen c ( 2019 ) Monk ( 2019 –20) Pulis ( 2020 ) Thompson c ( 2020 –2021) Moore ( 2021 –23) Muñoz ( 2023 ) Thompson c ( 2023 ) Röhl ( 2023 –25) Pedersen ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager Dickinson ( 1891 –1920) R. 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Ramsay ( 1934 –36) Lambert ( 1936 –19??) Fogg ( 1939 –40) Walker ( 1946 –48) Weir ( 1948 ) Committee ( 1948 –49) Basford ( 1949 –50) Hall ( 1950 –70) Baker ( 1970 –71) Committee ( 1971 ) Riggs ( 1971 –77) Donnelly ( 1977 ) Hunt ( 1977 –78) Smith ( 1979 –79) Morris ( 1979 –82) Donnelly ( 1982 –83) Fagan ( 1983 ) Wickens ( 1983 –87) Fusco ( 1987 –88) Winfield ( 1988 ) Aldous ( 1988 –89) Ford ( 1989 –90) Powell ( 1990 ) McRaye ( 1990 –91) Taylor ( 1991 ) Weatherly c ( 1991 ) Smelt ( 1991 –92) Weatherly & Smelt ( 1992 ) Weatherly ( 1992 –93) Weatherly & Woolford ( 1993 –94) Roffey ( 1994 –95) Weatherly & Elsey c ( 1995 ) Elsey ( 1995 –96) Weatherly c ( 1996 ) Kinnear ( 1996 –2006) Trott ( 2006 –08) McKimm c ( 2008 ) Ashby ( 2008 ) Yorath ( 2008 –09) Southall c ( 2009 ) Butler ( 2009 –10) Keister & Wilson c ( 2010 ) O'Connell ( 2010 –11) Cloke, Pinnock & Wilson c ( 2011 ) Raine c ( 2011 ) Kinnear ( 2011 –13) Holloway & Osborn ( 2013 ) Osborn ( 2013 ) T. 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Fogg ( 1939 –40) Walker ( 1946 –48) Weir ( 1948 ) Committee ( 1948 –49) Basford ( 1949 –50) Hall ( 1950 –70) Baker ( 1970 –71) Committee ( 1971 ) Riggs ( 1971 –77) Donnelly ( 1977 ) Hunt ( 1977 –78) Smith ( 1979 –79) Morris ( 1979 –82) Donnelly ( 1982 –83) Fagan ( 1983 ) Wickens ( 1983 –87) Fusco ( 1987 –88) Winfield ( 1988 ) Aldous ( 1988 –89) Ford ( 1989 –90) Powell ( 1990 ) McRaye ( 1990 –91) Taylor ( 1991 ) Weatherly c ( 1991 ) Smelt ( 1991 –92) Weatherly & Smelt ( 1992 ) Weatherly ( 1992 –93) Weatherly & Woolford ( 1993 –94) Roffey ( 1994 –95) Weatherly & Elsey c ( 1995 ) Elsey ( 1995 –96) Weatherly c ( 1996 ) Kinnear ( 1996 –2006) Trott ( 2006 –08) McKimm c ( 2008 ) Ashby ( 2008 ) Yorath ( 2008 –09) Southall c ( 2009 ) Butler ( 2009 –10) Keister & Wilson c ( 2010 ) O'Connell ( 2010 –11) Cloke, Pinnock & Wilson c ( 2011 ) Raine c ( 2011 ) Kinnear ( 2011 –13) Holloway & Osborn ( 2013 ) Osborn ( 2013 ) T. Brown ( 2013 –15) Bull ( 2015 –17) Watt ( 2017 –18) S. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Construction 2 End of World War II 3 Post-war events 4 See also 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Führerbunker العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Führerbunker Führer's bunker July 1947 photo of the rear entrance to the Führerbunker in the garden of the Reich Chancellery . The corpses of Hitler and Eva Braun were burned in a shell hole in front of the emergency exit at left; the conical structure in the centre served for ventilation, and as a bomb shelter for the guards. [ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Location within Central Berlin General information Location Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815 Construction started 1943 Completed 1944 Destroyed started 1947, completed 1980s Cost 1.35 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €5 million in 2021) Design and construction Architects Albert Speer , Karl Piepenburg Architecture firm Hochtief AG The Führerbunker ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐˌbʊŋkɐ] ⓘ ) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin , Germany . It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters ( Führerhauptquartiere ) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II . Hitler took up residence in the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide . After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviet Red Army . The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist, but are sealed off from the public. Construction The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker ("forward bunker"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Führerbunker , located 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door. [ 4 ] The Vorbunker was located 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77. [ 5 ] The Führerbunker was located about 8.5 m (28 ft) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, 120 m (390 ft) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6. [ 6 ] Besides being deeper under ground, the Führerbunker had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick. [ 7 ] About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately 4 m (13 ft 1 in) of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Führerbunker development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940. [ 8 ] The construction cost for the Führerbunker totaled 1,349,899.29 Reichsmarks . [ 9 ] Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings. [ 10 ] After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side. [ 11 ] On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard. [ 11 ] On the left side was Eva Braun 's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), and an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great , one of Hitler's heroes. [ 14 ] A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom. [ 13 ] Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The bunker complex was self-contained. [ 15 ] However, as the Führerbunker was below the water table , conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater . A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply. [ 16 ] Communications systems included a telex , a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier. [ 17 ] End of World War II Hitler moved into the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945. His senior staff, including Martin Bormann and Joseph Goebbels , as well as Braun, joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . [ 18 ] Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge ), a nurse named Erna Flegel , and Sergeant Rochus Misch , who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study. [ 19 ] Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi . [ 19 ] The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily. [ 20 ] Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep. [ 21 ] Conferences took place for much of the night, [ 20 ] often until 05:00. [ 22 ] On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin , and they started to encircle the city by 19 April. [ 23 ] Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth . [ 24 ] That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time. [ 25 ] Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner , the Armeeabteilung Steiner (" Army Detachment Steiner "). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army , south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin. [ 28 ] Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 29 ] On 23 April, [ a ] Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling , commander of the LVI Panzer Corps , as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant Colonel ( Oberstleutnant ) Ernst Kaether . [ 30 ] The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Führerbunker . There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture. [ 31 ] Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring , and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch . [ 32 ] On 28 April, Hitler learned that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte , [ 33 ] and Hitler considered this treason. [ 34 ] Himmler's SS representative in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein , was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest. [ 35 ] [ 32 ] On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg . Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck , commander of the Twelfth Army , and Theodor Busse , commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz : "Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble." [ 32 ] He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner , Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer". [ 36 ] That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz , only a city block from the Führerbunker . [ b ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin. [ 39 ] Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt. [ 36 ] Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker . He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . [ 40 ] [ c ] Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf , Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00. [ 40 ] Hitler then retired to bed. [ 41 ] Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste 's spearhead." [ 39 ] In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake . Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive." [ 39 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ d ] SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00. [ 44 ] Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's lifeless bodies were wrapped in blankets, carried outside, and burned. [ 47 ] Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany ( Reichskanzler ) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany ( Reichspräsident ), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. [ 48 ] Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov , commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army , at about 04:00 on 1 May, [ e ] and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker. [ 49 ] In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned , and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30. [ 50 ] There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards. [ 51 ] Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move. [ 50 ] The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried. [ 51 ] Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH , like others who were captured from the Führerbunker . The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree . Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge . [ 52 ] [ f ] At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Führerbunker , General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head. [ 53 ] The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne , others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland , Latvian SS and Spanish SS units. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May. [ 56 ] The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 57 ] General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23. [ 39 ] Johannes Hentschel , the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May. [ 58 ] The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces. [ 59 ] Post-war events The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945. [ 62 ] That month, Life photojournalist William Vandivert photographed the bunker. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] During separate investigations by the Western allies, a bloodstain was noted on Hitler's bed frame. [ 65 ] According to historian Mark Felton , a British officer surmised that Hitler could have been shot in bed, with a less bloody death occurring on the sofa. [ 65 ] On 11 December 1945, the Soviet Union allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil, including the site where Hitler's remains had allegedly been exhumed that May. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied and no further outside probes were allowed for years. [ 66 ] As part of a disinformation campaign, the Soviets alleged that Hitler escaped or died by poison [ 67 ] [ 68 ] while maintaining secrecy about their investigation. [ 69 ] In May 1946, the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs tasked forensicist Piotr Semenovsky with investigating the scene, although it had by then already been contaminated by numerous individuals. In the bunker study, Semenovsky observed blood stains on the sofa and possibly traces of blood on the wall. [ 70 ] He also found blood in some corridors and spurts of blood on the upper walls of the stairwell leading to the emergency exit. The forensicist concluded these were the result of Hitler's body, wrapped in a blanket, being carried outside for burning. Semenovsky surmised that the blanket became blood-soaked in the process. [ 70 ] The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946. [ 71 ] Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker. [ 72 ] Because it was near the Berlin Wall , the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89. [ 73 ] During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but were filled in, resealed, or ignored. [ 74 ] Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks. [ 75 ] The construction of the buildings in the area around the Führerbunker was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable. [ 76 ] The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park . [ 77 ] On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , an information board was installed to mark the location of the Führerbunker . The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz . Rochus Misch , one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony. [ 78 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to a relative's DNA. [ 79 ] Ruins of the bunker after demolition in 1947 Site of Führerbunker and information board on Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße in October 2023 A side angle view of the site in July 2007 See also Berghof The Bunker – 1970 book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book Downfall – 2004 film Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters Nazi architecture Presidential Emergency Operations Center Stalin's bunker Wolf's Lair Fahrerbunker References Informational notes ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 286 states the appointment was 23 April; Hamilton 2008 , p. 160 states "officially" it was the morning of 24 April; Dollinger 1997 , p. 228, gives 26 April for the appointment. ^ The Luftwaffe order differs in different sources. Beevor 2002 , p. 342 states it was to attack Potsdamerplatz , but Ziemke states it was to support Wenck's Twelfth Army attack. Both agree that von Greim was also ordered to make sure Himmler was punished. ^ " MI5 staff 2005 : Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Hugh Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, says Jodl replied, but Ziemke 1969 , p. 120, and Beevor 2002 , p. 537, say it was Keitel. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, states 03:00, and Beevor 2002 , p. 367, 04:00, for Krebs' meeting with Chuikov. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 126 says that Weidling gave no orders for a break-out. Citations ^ Arnold 2012 . ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 123. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 56. ^ Mollo 1988 , p. 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 117. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 123. ^ McNab 2014 , pp. 21, 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 121–123. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 124. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 97. ^ a b McNab 2014 , p. 28. ^ a b McNab 2011 , p. 109. ^ a b c McNab 2014 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 97, 901–902. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 901. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 124–125. ^ Taylor 2007 , p. 184. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 278. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 902. ^ a b Bullock 1999 , p. 785. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 597. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 903. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 217–233. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 255. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 267–268. ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 87–88. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255, 256. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 934. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 111. ^ a b c Dollinger 1997 , p. 228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 946. ^ a b Ziemke 1969 , p. 119. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 118. ^ a b c d Dollinger 1997 , p. 239. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 950. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 120. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 357, last paragraph. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 956–957. ^ Williams 2005 , pp. 324, 325. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1135–1137. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 52. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 383, 389. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Weale 2012 , p. 407. ^ Hamilton 2020 , pp. 349, 386. ^ Hamilton 2020 , p. 408. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 398. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 9–12. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–99. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–101. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Hitler's Destroyed Bunker - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ "Hitler's Underground Shelter - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ a b Felton, Mark (2023). "Back in the Bunker". Find the Führer: The Secret Soviet Investigation . Episode 4. 7:00, 8:30 minutes in. ^ Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . pp. 233– 34. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ "Hitlers letzte Reise" . Der Spiegel (in German). 19 July 1992 . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ a b Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 257–259. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 101–102. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 48, 49. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 49, 50. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 46, 48, 50–53. ^ McNab 2014 , p. 21. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 27, 28. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 27. ^ Der Spiegel 2006 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . Bibliography Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. "Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker" . Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Brisard, Jean-Christophe and Parshina, Lana (2018). The Death of Hitler . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306922589 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9 . Eberle, Henrik ; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1 . Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5 . Hamilton, A. Stephan (2020) [2008]. Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth . London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker . Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex . An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4 . Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End . London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich . Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962 . McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45 . Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6 . Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International. MI5 staff (2005). "Hitler's last days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Staff (9 June 2006). "Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker" . Spiegel Online . Spiegel-Verlag . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945 . Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4 . Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS . New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0 . Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich . London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605 . Further reading Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days . New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7 . C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings . After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1 . de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders . Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3 . Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary . New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2 . Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle . New York: Simon and Schuster. Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin . London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0 . Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3 . External links Cosgrove, Ben. "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life Magazine . Latson, Jennifer (16 January 2015). "The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin" . Time Magazine . Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). "Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place" . Slate Magazine . 3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery Hitler's Bunker , National Geographic UK. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Authority control databases Yale LUX Yale LUX Führer Headquarters Death of Adolf Hitler Battle of Berlin World War II sites in Germany Continuity of government Bunkers in Germany Air raid shelters 1944 establishments in Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1944 1947 disestablishments in Germany Buildings and structures demolished in 1947 Demolished buildings and structures in Berlin Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension Articles containing German-language text CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Good articles Use British English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from September 2025 Use shortened footnotes from June 2021 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link is on Wikidata 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[ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Events January January 1 – Istanbul nightclub shooting : A gunman dressed as Santa Claus opens fire at the Reina nightclub in Istanbul , Turkey, killing 39 people and injuring 79 others. [ 2 ] January 8 – 2017 Jerusalem truck attack : A Palestinian assailant entered the road where the Israeli defense forces were located with a truck, killing 4 people and injuring 15 others. January 16 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 , a cargo flight en route from Hong Kong to Istanbul via Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan, crashes in a residential area while attempting to land at Manas International Airport , Bishkek, killing all four crew members on board and 35 people on the ground. [ 3 ] January 19 – 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) launches a military intervention in the Gambia after Yahya Jammeh refuses to cede power following the 2016 presidential elections . [ 4 ] January 21 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : Following the military intervention of ECOWAS , President Yahya Jammeh resigns from office after 23 years in power and flees into exile to Equatorial Guinea ; the democratically elected Adama Barrow assumes office as President of The Gambia. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Millions of people worldwide join the Women's March following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President of the United States . 420 marches were reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries, becoming the largest single-day protest in American history. [ 7 ] 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : Following the military intervention of ECOWAS , President Yahya Jammeh resigns from office after 23 years in power and flees into exile to Equatorial Guinea ; the democratically elected Adama Barrow assumes office as President of The Gambia. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Millions of people worldwide join the Women's March following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President of the United States . 420 marches were reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries, becoming the largest single-day protest in American history. [ 7 ] January 27 – U.S. President Donald Trump issues executive order banning travel and immigration from seven Muslim-majority nations . Protests against the immigration order erupt nationwide for about two weeks . January 29 – A gunman opens fire at a mosque in Quebec City , Canada , killing 6 and injuring 19 others. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] January 30 – Morocco rejoins the African Union . [ 10 ] February February 11 – North Korea prompts international condemnation by test firing a ballistic missile across the Sea of Japan . [ 11 ] February 13 – Assassination of Kim Jong-nam : Kim Jong-nam , the eldest son of deceased North Korean leader Kim Jong-il and the half-brother of current North Korean leader Kim Jong-un , is killed after being attacked by two women with VX nerve agent at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia. [ 12 ] February 26 – An annular solar eclipse is visible from Pacific, Chile, Argentina, Atlantic, Africa. It is the 29th eclipse of the 140th saros cycle (descending node) , which started with a partial solar eclipse visible in the Southern Hemisphere on April 16, 1512, and will conclude with another partial solar eclipse visible in the Northern Hemisphere on June 1, 2774. [ 13 ] March March 3 – Nintendo releases the Switch worldwide. [ 14 ] March 10 – The UN warns that the world is facing the largest humanitarian crisis since World War II, with up to 20 million people at risk of starvation and famine in Yemen , Somalia , South Sudan and Nigeria . [ 15 ] March 14 – March 2017 North American blizzard : A major late-season blizzard affects the Northeastern United States, New England and Canada , dumping up to three feet of snow in the hardest hit areas. [ 16 ] March 29 – The United Kingdom triggers Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty , starting the Brexit negotiations, the talks for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union . [ 17 ] March 30 – SpaceX conducts the world's first reflight of an orbital-class rocket. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] March 31 – Horacio Cartes presents to Congress his plans of allowing the re-election of the president of Paraguay for a second term, going against the Constitution of Paraguay , leading to a political crisis which ended in the storm of Congress by liberal activists and in the assassination of Rodrigo Quintana by the police. After this, the Congress votes against the re-election project. [ 20 ] April April 7 – In response to a suspected chemical weapons attack on a rebel-held town, the U.S. military launches 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at an air base in Syria . Russia describes the strikes as an "aggression", adding they significantly damage U.S.–Russia ties. [ 21 ] April 13 – In the 2017 Nangarhar airstrike , the U.S. drops the GBU-43/B MOAB , the world's largest non-nuclear weapon, at an ISIL base in the Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan. [ 22 ] April 15 – Emma Morano , an Italian supercentenarian, becomes the last known person born in the 19th century to die. April 27 – The 2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament occurs. May May 9 – 13 – The Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Kyiv , Ukraine, and is won by Portuguese entrant Salvador Sobral with the song " Amar Pelos Dois ". [ 23 ] May 12 – WannaCry ransomware attack : Computers around the world are hit by a large-scale ransomware cyberattack, which goes on to affect at least 150 countries. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] May 22 – An ISIL terrorist bombing attack at an Ariana Grande concert in Manchester, England , kills 22 people and injures more than 500 others. [ 26 ] June June 1 – Amidst widespread criticism, the U.S. government announces its decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement in due time. [ 27 ] June 3 London Bridge attack : Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists. Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police. ISIS claims responsibility for the attack. [ 28 ] 2017 Turin stampede : During a screening of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final , pepper spray is discharged by individuals attempting to rob soccer fans in the square, causing the crowd to panic. There are 3 deaths and 1,672 people wounded. [ 29 ] London Bridge attack : Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists. Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police. ISIS claims responsibility for the attack. [ 28 ] 2017 Turin stampede : During a screening of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final , pepper spray is discharged by individuals attempting to rob soccer fans in the square, causing the crowd to panic. There are 3 deaths and 1,672 people wounded. [ 29 ] June 5 Montenegro joins NATO as the 29th member. [ 30 ] The Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017–18 starts, as Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries block Qatari access to their seas and air. [ 31 ] Montenegro joins NATO as the 29th member. [ 30 ] The Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017–18 starts, as Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries block Qatari access to their seas and air. [ 31 ] June 7 – Two terrorist attacks are simultaneously carried out by five Islamic State (ISIL) terrorists against the Iranian Parliament building and the Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini , both in Tehran , leaving 17 civilians dead and 43 more wounded. June 8 – A snap general election is held in the United Kingdom, three years before the next was due, resulting in a hung parliament , with the Conservative Party , led by Prime Minister Theresa May , losing their majority in Parliament. The Labour Party , led by Jeremy Corbyn , makes gains for the first time since 1997 . Days later, the Conservative Party , now lacking a majority, enters a confidence-and-supply deal with the Northern Ireland loyalist party DUP . [ 32 ] June 10 – The 2017 World Expo is opened in Astana, Kazakhstan . [ 33 ] June 14 – The Grenfell Tower Fire in West London claims the lives of 72 residents, making it the worst UK residential fire since World War II. June 18 – Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) fire six surface-to-surface mid-range ballistic missiles from domestic bases targeting ISIL forces in the Syrian Deir ez-Zor Governorate in response to the terrorist attacks in Tehran earlier this month. June 21 – The Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul , Iraq, is destroyed by ISIL . [ 34 ] June 22 – The African and Caribbean War Memorial unveiled in Brixton , London. [ 35 ] June 24 – The Goodwin Fire , a wildfire, starts in Yavapai County , Arizona near Mayer and forces evacuations of more than a hundred people. [ 36 ] June 25 – The World Health Organization estimates that the 2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreak has over 200,000 cases. June 26 – The 2017 America's Cup yacht race, sailed in Bermuda, is won by New Zealand 's Aotearoa . June 27 – 2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine : A series of cyberattacks using the Petya malware begins, affecting organizations in Ukraine . [ 37 ] July July 4 – Russia and China urge North Korea to halt its missile and nuclear programs after it successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] July 7 The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is voted for by 122 states. [ 40 ] ISIL affiliated insurgents attacked an Egyptian military checkpoint in Northern Sinai's Rafah which resulted in the deaths of 26 Egyptian personnel including colonel Ahmed Mansi and 44 other insurgents. The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is voted for by 122 states. [ 40 ] ISIL affiliated insurgents attacked an Egyptian military checkpoint in Northern Sinai's Rafah which resulted in the deaths of 26 Egyptian personnel including colonel Ahmed Mansi and 44 other insurgents. July 10 – Iraqi Civil War : Mosul is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . [ 41 ] August August 5 The UN Security Council unanimously approves fresh sanctions on North Korean trade and investment. [ 42 ] Mauritania holds a constitutional referendum for approval of proposed amendments to the constitution. The UN Security Council unanimously approves fresh sanctions on North Korean trade and investment. [ 42 ] Mauritania holds a constitutional referendum for approval of proposed amendments to the constitution. August 12 – The Unite the Right rally is held in Charlottesville, Virginia , United States, by a variety of white nationalist and other far-right groups; Heather Heyer, a counter-protester, is killed after being hit by a car . August 17 The first observation of a collision of two neutron stars ( GW170817 ) [ 43 ] is hailed as a breakthrough in multi-messenger astronomy [ 44 ] when both gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the event are detected. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Data from the event provided confirmatory evidence for the r-process theory of the origin of heavy elements like gold. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 2017 Barcelona attacks : 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drives a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona , killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others. The first observation of a collision of two neutron stars ( GW170817 ) [ 43 ] is hailed as a breakthrough in multi-messenger astronomy [ 44 ] when both gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the event are detected. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Data from the event provided confirmatory evidence for the r-process theory of the origin of heavy elements like gold. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 2017 Barcelona attacks : 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drives a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona , killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others. August 18 – The first terrorist attack ever sentenced as a crime in Finland kills two people and injures eight others. Islamic terrorist Abderrahman Bouanane, a Moroccan man carried out the ISIS-inspired attack in southwest Finland. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] August 21 – A total solar eclipse (nicknamed " The Great American Eclipse ") [ 51 ] is visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States of America, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. The moon was just 3 days past perigee , making it relatively large. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] August 25 –ongoing – A military operation targeting Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar "seems a textbook example of ethnic cleansing", according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . [ 55 ] August 25 – 30 – Hurricane Harvey strikes the United States as a Category 4 hurricane , causing catastrophic damage to the Houston metropolitan area , mostly due to record-breaking floods. At least 108 deaths are recorded, and total damage reaches $125 billion (2017 USD ), making Harvey the costliest natural disaster in United States history, tied with Hurricane Katrina in 2005. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] September September 1 – Russian President Vladimir Putin expels 755 diplomats in response to United States sanctions . [ 58 ] United States Passports become invalid to travel to North Korea , in response to the death of Otto Warmbier . September 3 – North Korea conducts its sixth and most powerful nuclear test . [ 59 ] September 6 – Hurricane Irma , at peak intensity, would make the first of many powerful landfalls along the Caribbean islands and the United States. Damages would total $77.2 billion (2017 USD), and 134 would be killed by the storm. [ 60 ] September 13 – The International Olympic Committee awards Paris and Los Angeles the right to host the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics , respectively. [ 61 ] September 15 – Cassini–Huygens ends its 13-year mission by plunging into Saturn , becoming the first spacecraft to enter the planet's atmosphere. [ 62 ] September 19 – Twelve days after another powerful earthquake , and on the 32nd anniversary of the deadly 1985 Mexico City earthquake , a 7.1 M w earthquake strikes central Mexico, killing 370, leaving up to 6,000 injured [ 63 ] and thousands more homeless. [ 64 ] September 19 – 20 – Just two weeks after Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean, Hurricane Maria strikes similar areas, making landfall on Dominica as a Category 5 hurricane, and Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane. Maria caused over 3,000 deaths and damages estimated in excess of $91.6 billion (2017 USD). [ 57 ] [ 65 ] September 25 – Kurdistan Region votes in a referendum to become an independent state, in defiance of Iraq ; [ 66 ] by October 15, the crisis escalates into a short-lived armed conflict over disputed territories. September 26 – Fortnite Battle Royale releases, becoming one of the biggest video games in the world and a cultural phenomenon. October October 1 – 60 people are killed and 867 more injured when Stephen Paddock opens fire on a crowd in Las Vegas , surpassing the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting as the deadliest mass shooting perpetrated by a lone gunman in U.S. history. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] October 12 – The United States announces its decision to withdraw from UNESCO , [ 69 ] and is immediately followed by Israel . [ 70 ] October 14 – A massive blast caused by a truck bombing in Mogadishu , Somalia kills at least 587 people and injures 316 others. [ 71 ] October 17 – Syrian Civil War : Raqqa is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . October 25 – At the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party , Xi Jinping assumes his second term as General Secretary ( China 's paramount leader ), and the political theory Xi Jinping Thought is written into the party's constitution . [ 72 ] October 26 – At the level crossing of the Hanko–Hyvinkää railway line, a passenger train collided with an off-road truck of the Nyland Brigade in Raseborg , Finland; four people died and 11 were injured. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] October 27 – Based on the results of a previously held referendum , Catalonia declares independence from Spain , [ 75 ] but the Catalan Republic is not recognised by the Spanish government or any other sovereign nation. [ 76 ] November November 2 – A new species of orangutan is identified in Indonesia , becoming the third known species of orangutan as well as the first great ape to be described for almost a century. [ 77 ] November 3 – Syrian Civil War : both Deir ez-Zor in Syria and Al-Qa'im in Iraq are declared liberated from ISIL on the same day. [ 78 ] November 5 The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publishes 13.4 million documents leaked from the offshore law firm Appleby , along with business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions that reveal offshore financial activities on behalf of politicians, celebrities, corporate giants and business leaders. The newspaper shared the documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and asked it to lead the investigation. [ 79 ] Sutherland Springs church shooting : A gunman opens fire in a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas , United States, killing 26 people and injuring 20 more. It was the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship in modern history, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 [ 80 ] and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991. [ 81 ] The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publishes 13.4 million documents leaked from the offshore law firm Appleby , along with business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions that reveal offshore financial activities on behalf of politicians, celebrities, corporate giants and business leaders. The newspaper shared the documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and asked it to lead the investigation. [ 79 ] Sutherland Springs church shooting : A gunman opens fire in a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas , United States, killing 26 people and injuring 20 more. It was the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship in modern history, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 [ 80 ] and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991. [ 81 ] November 12 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake strikes the border region between Iraq and Iran leaving at least 530 dead and over 70,000 homeless. [ 82 ] November 15 Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe is placed under house arrest , as the military take control of the country. [ 83 ] He resigns six days later, after 37 years of rule. [ 84 ] A Leonardo da Vinci painting, Salvator Mundi , sells for US$450 million at Christie's in New York, a new record price for any work of art. [ 85 ] The Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan suddenly vanished with 44 crew members on board whilst on a routine patrol in the South Atlantic. It would be found one year later wrecked 907 metres (2,976 ft) below the Atlantic Ocean . [ 86 ] Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe is placed under house arrest , as the military take control of the country. [ 83 ] He resigns six days later, after 37 years of rule. [ 84 ] A Leonardo da Vinci painting, Salvator Mundi , sells for US$450 million at Christie's in New York, a new record price for any work of art. [ 85 ] The Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan suddenly vanished with 44 crew members on board whilst on a routine patrol in the South Atlantic. It would be found one year later wrecked 907 metres (2,976 ft) below the Atlantic Ocean . [ 86 ] November 20 – Nature publishes an article recognising the high-velocity asteroid ʻOumuamua as originating from outside the Solar System , i.e. the first known interstellar object . November 22 – The International Court of Justice finds Ratko Mladić guilty of genocide committed in Srebrenica during the 1990s Bosnian War , the worst massacre in Europe since World War II . He is sentenced to life in prison. [ 87 ] November 24 – A mosque attack in Sinai, Egypt kills 305 worshippers and leaves hundreds more wounded. [ 88 ] November 27 – Start of the Honduran protests . [ 89 ] December December 5 – Russia is banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang by the International Olympic Committee , following an investigation into state-sponsored doping . [ 90 ] December 6 – The United States officially recognizes Jerusalem as Israel 's capital. [ 91 ] December 9 – The Iraqi military announces that it has "fully liberated" all of Iraq's territory from " ISIS terrorist gangs" and retaken full control of the Iraqi-Syrian border. [ 92 ] December 14 – The Walt Disney Company announces that it will acquire most of 21st Century Fox , including the 20th Century Fox film studio, for $66 billion. [ 93 ] December 22 – The UN Security Council votes 15–0 in favor of additional sanctions on North Korea , including measures to slash the country's petroleum imports by up to 90%. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] December 24 – Guatemala follows in the footsteps of the United States by announcing that they will also move their Israeli embassy to Jerusalem , followed by Honduras and Panama two days later. [ 96 ] Births and deaths Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Jacques Dubochet , Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson Economics – Richard Thaler Literature – Sir Kazuo Ishiguro Peace – International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Physics – Barry Barish , Kip Thorne and Rainer Weiss Physiology or Medicine – Jeffrey C. Hall , Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young See also List of International observances § Years 2010s portal References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "United Nations Observances: International Years" . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 16 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#d8e0ff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}} << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 16 in recent years 2026 (Friday) 2025 (Thursday) 2024 (Tuesday) 2023 (Monday) 2022 (Sunday) 2021 (Saturday) 2020 (Thursday) 2019 (Wednesday) 2018 (Tuesday) 2017 (Monday) January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar ; 349 days remain until the end of the year (350 in leap years ). Events Pre-1600 1458 BC – Hatshepsut dies at the age of 50 and is buried in the Valley of the Kings . [ 1 ] 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate , marking the beginning of the Roman Empire . [ 2 ] 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal , enlarging the domain of King Spearthrower Owl of Teotihuacán . [ 3 ] 550 – Gothic War : The Ostrogoths , under King Totila , conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison. [ 4 ] 929 – Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III establishes the Caliphate of Córdoba . [ 5 ] 1120 – Crusades : The Council of Nablus is held, establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . [ 6 ] 1275 – Edward I permits his mother Eleanor of Provence to expel the Jews from the towns Worcester , Marlborough , Cambridge and Gloucester . [ 7 ] 1349 – Basel Massacre : Dozens to hundreds of Jews were burned to death by Christians after being accused of causing the Black Death . [ 8 ] 1362 – Saint Marcellus's flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea . [ 9 ] 1537 – Bigod's Rebellion , an armed insurrection attempting to resist the English Reformation , begins. [ 10 ] 1547 – Grand Duke Ivan IV of Muscovy becomes the first Tsar of Russia , replacing the 264-year-old Grand Duchy of Moscow with the Tsardom of Russia . [ 11 ] 1556 – Philip II becomes King of Spain. [ 12 ] 1572 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried and found guilty of treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. [ 13 ] 1601–1900 1605 – The first edition of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (Book One of Don Quixote ) by Miguel de Cervantes is published in Madrid, Spain . 1641 – Reapers' War : The Junta de Braços (parliamentary assembly) of the Principality of Catalonia accepts the proposal of establishment of the Catalan Republic , under French protection. [ 14 ] 1707 – The Scottish Parliament ratifies the Act of Union , paving the way for the creation of Great Britain . [ 15 ] 1716 – King Philip V of Spain promulgates the Nueva Planta decree of the Principality of Catalonia , abolishing the Catalan institutions and its legal system , being replaced by those of the Castile , thus putting an end to Catalonia as separate state and becoming a province of the new French-style Kingdom of Spain . [ 16 ] 1757 – Forces of the Maratha Empire are defeated by the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Narela . [ 17 ] 1780 – American Revolutionary War : Battle of Cape St. Vincent . [ 18 ] 1786 – Virginia enacts the Statute for Religious Freedom authored by Thomas Jefferson . [ 19 ] 1809 – Peninsular War : The British defeat the French at the Battle of La Coruña . 1847 – Westward expansion of the United States : John C. Frémont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory. 1862 – Hartley Colliery disaster : Two hundred and four men and boys killed in a mining disaster, prompting a change in UK law which henceforth required all collieries to have at least two independent means of escape. [ 20 ] 1878 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) : Battle of Philippopolis : Captain Aleksandr Burago with a squadron of Russian Imperial army dragoons liberates Plovdiv from Ottoman rule . 1883 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act , establishing the United States Civil Service , is enacted by Congress. [ 21 ] 1900 – The United States Senate accepts the Anglo-German treaty of 1899 in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the Samoan islands . 1901–present 1909 – Ernest Shackleton 's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole . [ 22 ] 1913 – Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan writes his first letter to G. H. Hardy at Cambridge , stating without proof various formulae involving integrals , infinite series , and continued fractions , beginning a long correspondence between the two as well as widespread recognition of Ramanujan's results. [ 23 ] 1919 – Nebraska becomes the 36th state to approve the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . With the necessary three-quarters of the states approving the amendment, Prohibition is constitutionally mandated in the United States one year later. [ 24 ] 1920 – The League of Nations holds its first council meeting in Paris, France . 1921 – The Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine holds its founding congress in Ľubochňa . 1942 – The Holocaust : Nazi Germany begins deporting Jews from the Łódź Ghetto to Chełmno extermination camp . [ 25 ] 1942 – Crash of TWA Flight 3 , killing all 22 aboard, including film star Carole Lombard . [ 26 ] 1945 – World War II : Adolf Hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so-called Führerbunker . 1959 – Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 205 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean near Astor Piazzolla International Airport in Mar del Plata , Argentina, killing 51. [ 27 ] 1969 – Czech student Jan Palach commits suicide by self-immolation in Prague, Czechoslovakia , in protest against the Soviets ' crushing of the Prague Spring the year before. [ 28 ] 1969 – Space Race : Soviet spacecraft Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 perform the first-ever docking of crewed spacecraft in orbit , the first-ever transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another, and the only time such a transfer was accomplished with a space walk . 1979 – Iranian Revolution : The last Iranian Shah flees Iran with his family for good and relocates to Egypt . [ 29 ] 1983 – Turkish Airlines Flight 158 crashes at Ankara Esenboğa Airport in Ankara , Turkey, killing 47 and injuring 20. [ 30 ] 1991 – Coalition Forces go to war with Iraq , beginning the Gulf War . 1992 – El Salvador officials and rebel leaders sign the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City, Mexico ending the 12-year Salvadoran Civil War that claimed at least 75,000 lives. 1995 – An avalanche hits the Icelandic village Súðavík , destroying 25 homes and burying 26 people, 14 of whom died. [ 31 ] 2001 – Second Congo War : Congolese President Laurent-Désiré Kabila is assassinated by one of his own bodyguards in Kinshasa. [ 32 ] 2001 – US President Bill Clinton awards former President Theodore Roosevelt a posthumous Medal of Honor for his service in the Spanish–American War . 2002 – War in Afghanistan : The UN Security Council unanimously establishes an arms embargo and the freezing of assets of Osama bin Laden , al-Qaeda , and the remaining members of the Taliban . 2003 – The Space Shuttle Columbia takes off for mission STS-107 which would be its final one. Columbia disintegrated 16 days later on re-entry . 2006 – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is sworn in as Liberia 's new president . She becomes Africa's first female elected head of state. [ 33 ] 2011 – Syrian civil war : The Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM) is established with the stated goal of re-organizing Syria along the lines of democratic confederalism . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] 2012 – The Mali War begins when Tuareg militias start fighting the Malian government for independence. [ 36 ] 2016 – Thirty-three out of 126 freed hostages are injured and 23 killed in terrorist attacks in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso on a hotel and a nearby restaurant. 2017 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 crashes into a residential area near Manas International Airport in Kyrgyzstan, killing 39 people. [ 37 ] 2018 – Myanmar police open fire on a group of ethnic Rakhine protesters, killing seven and wounding twelve. [ 38 ] 2020 – The first impeachment of Donald Trump formally moves into its trial phase in the United States Senate . [ 39 ] 2020 – The United States Senate ratifies the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement as a replacement for NAFTA . [ 40 ] Births Pre-1600 972 – Sheng Zong , emperor of the Liao Dynasty (died 1031) 1093 – Isaac Komnenos , son of Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (died 1152) 1245 – Edmund Crouchback , English politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (died 1296) [ 41 ] 1362 – Robert de Vere , duke of Ireland (died 1392) 1409 – René of Anjou , king of Naples (died 1480) 1477 – Johannes Schöner , German astronomer and cartographer (died 1547) 1501 – Anthony Denny , confidant of Henry VIII of England (died 1559) 1516 – Bayinnaung , king of Burma (died 1581) 1558 – Jakobea of Baden , Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by marriage (died 1597) 1601–1900 1616 – François de Vendôme , duke of Beaufort (died 1669) 1626 – Lucas Achtschellinck , Belgian painter and educator (died 1699) 1630 – Guru Har Rai , Sikh Guru (died 1661) 1634 – Dorothe Engelbretsdatter , Norwegian author and poet (died 1716) [ 42 ] 1653 – Johann Conrad Brunner , Swiss anatomist (died 1727) [ 43 ] 1675 – Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon , French soldier and diplomat (died 1755) 1691 – Peter Scheemakers , Belgian sculptor and educator (died 1781) 1728 – Niccolò Piccinni , Italian composer and educator (died 1800) 1749 – Vittorio Alfieri , Italian poet and playwright (died 1803) 1757 – Richard Goodwin Keats , English admiral and politician, third Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland (died 1834) 1807 – Charles Henry Davis , American admiral (died 1877) 1815 – Henry Halleck , American lawyer, general, and scholar (died 1872) 1821 – John C. Breckinridge , American general and politician, 14th Vice President of the United States (died 1875) 1834 – Robert R. Hitt , American lawyer and politician, 13th United States Assistant Secretary of State (died 1906) 1836 – Francis II of the Two Sicilies (died 1894) [ 44 ] 1838 – Franz Brentano , German philosopher and psychologist (died 1917) 1844 – Ismail Kemal , Albanian politician and statesman, first prime minister of Albania (died 1919) [ 45 ] 1851 – William Hall-Jones , English-New Zealand politician, 16th Prime Minister of New Zealand (died 1936) 1853 – Johnston Forbes-Robertson , English actor and manager (died 1937) 1853 – Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton , Greek-English general (died 1947) 1853 – André Michelin , French businessman, co-founded the Michelin Tyre Company (died 1931) 1870 – Jüri Jaakson , Estonian businessman and politician, State Elder of Estonia (died 1942) 1872 – Henri Büsser , French organist, composer, and conductor (died 1973) 1874 – Robert W. Service , English-Canadian poet and author (died 1958) [ 46 ] 1875 – Leonor Michaelis , German biochemist and physician (died 1949) 1876 – Claude Buckenham , English cricketer and footballer (died 1937) 1878 – Harry Carey , American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1947) 1880 – Samuel Jones , American high jumper (died 1954) 1882 – Margaret Wilson , American author (died 1973) 1885 – Zhou Zuoren , Chinese author and translator (died 1967) 1888 – Osip Brik , Russian avant garde writer and literary critic (died 1945) 1892 – Homer Burton Adkins , American chemist (died 1949) 1893 – Daisy Kennedy , Australian-English violinist (died 1981) 1894 – Irving Mills , American publisher (died 1985) 1895 – Evripidis Bakirtzis , Greek soldier and politician (died 1947) 1895 – T. M. Sabaratnam , Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (died 1966) 1895 – Nat Schachner , American lawyer, chemist, and author (died 1955) 1897 – Carlos Pellicer , Mexican poet and academic (died 1977) 1898 – Margaret Booth , American producer and editor (died 2002) 1898 – Irving Rapper , American film director and producer (died 1999) 1900 – Kiku Amino , Japanese author and translator (died 1978) [ 47 ] 1900 – Edith Frank , German-Dutch mother of Anne Frank (died 1945) [ 48 ] 1901–present 1901 – Fulgencio Batista , Cuban colonel and politician, ninth President of Cuba (died 1973) [ 49 ] 1901 – Frank Zamboni , American businessman and inventor (died 1988) [ 50 ] 1902 – Eric Liddell , Scottish runner, rugby player, and missionary (died 1945) [ 51 ] 1903 – William Grover-Williams , English-French racing driver (died 1945) [ 52 ] 1905 – Ernesto Halffter , Spanish composer and conductor (died 1989) 1906 – Johannes Brenner , Estonian footballer and pilot (died 1975) 1906 – Diana Wynyard , English actress (died 1964) 1907 – Alexander Knox , Canadian-English actor and screenwriter (died 1995) [ 53 ] 1907 – Paul Nitze , American banker and politician, tenth United States Secretary of the Navy (died 2004) 1908 – Sammy Crooks , English footballer (died 1981) 1908 – Ethel Merman , American actress and singer (died 1984) 1908 – Günther Prien , German captain (died 1941) 1909 – Clement Greenberg , American art critic (died 1994) 1910 – Dizzy Dean , American baseball player and sportscaster (died 1974) 1911 – Ivan Barrow , Jamaican cricketer (died 1979) 1911 – Eduardo Frei Montalva , Chilean lawyer and politician, 28th President of Chile (died 1982) 1911 – Roger Lapébie , French cyclist (died 1996) 1914 – Roger Wagner , French-American conductor and educator (died 1992) 1915 – Leslie H. Martinson , American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2016) 1916 – Philip Lucock , English-Australian minister and politician (died 1996) 1917 – Carl Karcher , American businessman, founded Carl's Jr. (died 2008) 1918 – Nel Benschop , Dutch poet and educator (died 2005) 1918 – Allan Ekelund , Swedish director, producer, and production manager (died 2009) 1918 – Clem Jones , Australian surveyor and politician, eighth Lord Mayor of Brisbane (died 2007) 1918 – Stirling Silliphant , American screenwriter and producer (died 1996) [ 54 ] 1919 – Jerome Horwitz , American chemist and academic (died 2012) 1920 – Elliott Reid , American actor and screenwriter (died 2013) 1921 – Francesco Scavullo , American photographer (died 2004) 1923 – Gene Feist , American director and playwright, co-founded the Roundabout Theatre Company (died 2014) 1923 – Anthony Hecht , American poet (died 2004) 1924 – Katy Jurado , Mexican actress (died 2002) 1924 – Allen Swift , American actor, writer, playwright, and magician (died 2010) [ 55 ] 1925 – Peter Hirsch , German-English metallurgist and academic (died 2025) [ 56 ] 1925 – James Robinson Risner , American general and pilot (died 2013) 1928 – William Kennedy , American novelist and journalist 1928 – Pilar Lorengar , Spanish soprano and actress (died 1996) 1929 – Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah , Sri Lankan anthropologist and academic (died 2014) 1930 – Mary Ann McMorrow , American lawyer and judge (died 2013) 1930 – Norman Podhoretz , American journalist and author (died 2025) 1930 – Paula Tilbrook , English actress (died 2019) [ 57 ] 1931 – John Enderby , English physicist and academic (died 2021) 1931 – Robert L. Park , American physicist and academic (died 2020) 1931 – Johannes Rau , German journalist and politician, eighth Federal President of Germany (died 2006) 1932 – Victor Ciocâltea , Romanian chess player (died 1983) 1932 – Dian Fossey , American zoologist and anthropologist (died 1985) [ 50 ] 1933 – Susan Sontag , American novelist, essayist, and critic (died 2004) [ 50 ] 1934 – Bob Bogle , American rock guitarist and bass player (died 2009) 1934 – Marilyn Horne , American soprano and actress [ 58 ] 1935 – A. J. Foyt , American race car driver [ 50 ] 1935 – Udo Lattek , German footballer, manager, and sportscaster (died 2015) 1936 – Michael White , Scottish actor and producer (died 2016) 1937 – Luiz Bueno , Brazilian racing driver (died 2011) 1937 – Francis George , American cardinal (died 2015) 1938 – Marina Vaizey , American journalist and critic 1939 – Ralph Gibson , American photographer 1941 – Claire Gordon , English actress and comedian (died 2015) [ 59 ] 1941 – Christine Truman , English tennis player and sportscaster 1942 – René Angélil , Canadian singer and manager (died 2016) [ 50 ] 1942 – Barbara Lynn , American singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 58 ] 1943 – Michael Attwell , English actor (died 2006) [ 60 ] 1943 – Gavin Bryars , English bassist and composer 1943 – Brian Ferneyhough , British composer [ 61 ] 1943 – Ronnie Milsap , American singer and pianist [ 58 ] 1944 – Dieter Moebius , Swiss-German keyboard player and producer (died 2015) 1944 – Jim Stafford , American singer-songwriter and actor [ 58 ] 1944 – Jill Tarter , American astronomer and biologist 1944 – Judy Baar Topinka , American journalist and politician (died 2014) 1945 – Wim Suurbier , Dutch footballer and manager (died 2020) 1946 – Kabir Bedi , Indian actor 1946 – Katia Ricciarelli , Italian soprano and actress 1947 – Elaine Murphy, Baroness Murphy , English academic and politician 1947 – Harvey Proctor , English politician 1947 – Laura Schlessinger , American physiologist, talk show host, and author [ 58 ] 1948 – John Carpenter , American director, producer, screenwriter, and composer [ 58 ] 1948 – Ants Laaneots , Estonian general 1948 – Ruth Reichl , American journalist and critic 1948 – Cliff Thorburn , Canadian snooker player 1949 – Anne F. Beiler , American businesswoman, founded Auntie Anne's 1949 – R. F. Foster , Irish historian and academic 1949 – Andrew Refshauge , Australian physician and politician, 13th Deputy Premier of New South Wales 1950 – Debbie Allen , American actress, dancer, and choreographer [ 58 ] 1950 – Robert Schimmel , American comedian, actor, and producer (died 2010) 1952 – Fuad II , King of Egypt [ 62 ] 1952 – Piercarlo Ghinzani , Italian racing driver and manager 1953 – Robert Jay Mathews , American militant, founded The Order (died 1984) 1954 – Robin Davies , Welsh actor (died 2010) [ 63 ] 1954 – Wolfgang Schmidt , German discus thrower 1954 – Vasili Zhupikov , Russian footballer and coach (died 2015) 1955 – Jerry M. Linenger , American captain, physician, and astronaut 1956 – Wayne Daniel , Barbadian cricketer 1956 – Gerald Henderson , American basketball player [ 64 ] 1956 – Martin Jol , Dutch footballer and manager [ 65 ] 1956 – Greedy Smith , Australian singer-songwriter and keyboardist (died 2019) 1957 – Jurijs Andrejevs , Latvian footballer and manager 1957 – Ricardo Darín , Argentinian actor, director, and screenwriter 1958 – Anatoli Boukreev , Russian mountaineer and explorer (died 1997) 1958 – Lena Ek , Swedish lawyer and politician, ninth Swedish Minister for the Environment 1958 – Andris Šķēle , Latvian businessman and politician, fourth Prime Minister of Latvia 1959 – Lisa Milroy , Canadian painter and educator 1959 – Sade , Nigerian-English singer-songwriter and producer [ 58 ] 1961 – Kenneth Sivertsen , Norwegian guitarist and composer (died 2006) 1962 – Joel Fitzgibbon , Australian electrician and politician, 51st Australian Minister of Defence 1962 – Maxine Jones , American R&B singer–songwriter and actress 1963 – James May , English journalist and television presenter [ 66 ] 1964 – Gail Graham , Canadian golfer 1966 – Jack McDowell , American baseball player 1968 – David Chokachi , American actor [ 58 ] 1968 – Rebecca Stead , American author 1969 – Marinus Bester , German footballer 1969 – Stevie Jackson , Scottish guitarist and songwriter 1969 – Roy Jones Jr. , American boxer 1970 – Don MacLean , American basketball player and sportscaster [ 67 ] 1971 – Sergi Bruguera , Spanish tennis player and coach 1971 – Josh Evans , American film producer, screenwriter and actor 1971 – Jonathan Mangum , American actor [ 58 ] 1972 – Ruben Bagger , Danish footballer 1972 – Ang Christou , Australian footballer 1972 – Yuri Alekseevich Drozdov , Russian footballer and manager 1972 – Ezra Hendrickson , Vincentian footballer and manager 1972 – Joe Horn , American football player and coach 1972 – Richard T. Jones , American actor [ 58 ] 1973 – Josie Davis , American actress [ 58 ] 1974 – Kate Moss , English model and fashion designer [ 58 ] 1975 – Marc Jackson , American basketball player and sportscaster [ 68 ] 1976 – Viktor Maslov , Russian racing driver 1976 – Martina Moravcová , Slovak swimmer 1977 – Jeff Foster , American basketball player 1978 – Alfredo Amézaga , Mexican baseball player 1979 – Aaliyah , American singer and actress (died 2001) [ 50 ] 1979 – Brenden Morrow , Canadian ice hockey player 1979 – Jason Ward , Canadian ice hockey player 1980 – Lin-Manuel Miranda , American actor, playwright, and composer [ 58 ] 1980 – Albert Pujols , Dominican-American baseball player [ 50 ] 1980 – Seydou Keita , Malian footballer [ 69 ] 1981 – Jamie Lundmark , Canadian ice hockey player 1981 – Paul Rofe , Australian cricketer 1981 – Nick Valensi , American musician and songwriter [ 58 ] 1981 – Bobby Zamora , English footballer [ 70 ] 1982 – Preston , English singer-songwriter 1982 – Birgitte Hjort Sørensen , Danish actress [ 50 ] 1982 – Tuncay , Turkish footballer 1983 – Emanuel Pogatetz , Austrian footballer 1983 – Andriy Rusol , Ukrainian footballer 1984 – Stephan Lichtsteiner , Swiss footballer 1984 – Miroslav Radović , Serbian footballer 1985 – Joe Flacco , American football player [ 71 ] 1985 – Jayde Herrick , Australian cricketer 1985 – Gintaras Januševičius , Russian-Lithuanian pianist 1985 – Sidharth Malhotra , Indian actor 1985 – Jonathan Richter , Danish-Gambian footballer [ 72 ] 1985 – Simon Richter , Danish-Gambian footballer [ 73 ] 1985 – Renée Felice Smith , American actress [ 58 ] 1986 – Johannes Rahn , German footballer 1986 – Mark Trumbo , American baseball player 1986 – Reto Ziegler , Swiss footballer [ 74 ] 1987 – Jake Epstein , Canadian actor 1987 – Charlotte Henshaw , English swimmer 1987 – Greivis Vásquez , Venezuelan basketball player [ 75 ] 1988 – Nicklas Bendtner , Danish footballer 1988 – Jorge Torres Nilo , Mexican footballer 1988 – FKA Twigs , English singer-songwriter and actress [ 50 ] 1990 – Dennis Kelly , American football player [ 76 ] 1991 – Matt Duchene , Canadian ice hockey player 1992 – Jason Zucker , American ice hockey player [ 77 ] 1993 – Hannes Anier , Estonian footballer 1993 – Amandine Hesse , French tennis player 1993 – Sungjin , South Korean musician [ 78 ] 1994 – Mikko Lehtonen , Finnish ice hockey player [ 79 ] 1995 – Jonathan Allen , American football player [ 80 ] 1995 – Mikaela Turik , Australian-Canadian cricketer 1995 – Tre'Davious White , American football player [ 81 ] 1996 – Jennie , South Korean singer [ 50 ] 1996 – Zhou Qi , Chinese basketball player [ 82 ] 1998 – Boo Seung-kwan , South Korean singer [ 83 ] 2000 – Andrew Nembhard , Canadian basketball player [ 84 ] Deaths Pre-1600 654 – Gao Jifu , Chinese politician and chancellor (born 596) 957 – Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali al-Madhara'i , Tulunid vizier (born 871) 970 – Polyeuctus of Constantinople , Byzantine patriarch (born 956) 1263 – Shinran Shonin , Japanese founder of the Jodo Shinshu branch of Pure Land Buddhism (born 1173) 1289 – Buqa , Mongol minister 1327 – Nikephoros Choumnos , Byzantine monk, scholar, and politician (born 1250) 1354 – Joanna of Châtillon , duchess of Athens (born c.1285) 1373 – Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (born 1342) 1391 – Muhammed V of Granada , Nasrid emir (born 1338) 1400 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter , English politician, Lord Great Chamberlain (born 1352) 1443 – Erasmo of Narni , Italian mercenary (born 1370) 1545 – George Spalatin , German priest and reformer (born 1484) 1547 – Johannes Schöner , German astronomer and cartographer (born 1477) 1554 – Christiern Pedersen , Danish publisher and scholar (born 1480) 1585 – Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln , English admiral and politician (born 1512) 1595 – Murad III , Ottoman sultan (born 1546) 1601–1900 1635 – Mariana de Jesús Torres , Spanish nun and mystic (born 1563) [ 85 ] 1659 – Charles Annibal Fabrot , French lawyer (born 1580) 1710 – Higashiyama , Japanese emperor (born 1675) 1711 – Joseph Vaz , Indian-Sri Lankan priest and saint (born 1651) 1747 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes , German poet and playwright (born 1680) 1748 – Arnold Drakenborch , Dutch lawyer and scholar (born 1684) 1750 – Ivan Trubetskoy , Russian field marshal and politician (born 1667) 1752 – Francis Blomefield , English historian and author (born 1705) 1794 – Edward Gibbon , English historian and politician (born 1737) 1809 – John Moore , Scottish general and politician (born 1761) 1817 – Alexander J. Dallas , Jamaican-American lawyer and politician, sixth United States Secretary of the Treasury (born 1759) 1834 – Jean Nicolas Pierre Hachette , French mathematician and academic (born 1769) 1856 – Thaddeus William Harris , American entomologist and botanist (born 1795) 1864 – Anton Schindler , Austrian secretary and author (born 1795) 1865 – Edmond François Valentin About , French journalist and author (born 1828) 1879 – Octave Crémazie , Canadian-French poet and bookseller (born 1827) 1886 – Amilcare Ponchielli , Italian composer and academic (born 1834) 1891 – Léo Delibes , French pianist and composer (born 1836) 1898 – Charles Pelham Villiers , English lawyer and politician (born 1802) 1901–present 1901 – Jules Barbier , French poet and playwright (born 1825) 1901 – Arnold Böcklin , Swiss painter and academic (born 1827) 1901 – Hiram Rhodes Revels , American soldier, minister, and politician (born 1822) 1901 – Mahadev Govind Ranade , Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author (born 1842) [ 86 ] 1906 – Marshall Field , American businessman and philanthropist, founded Marshall Field's (born 1834) 1917 – George Dewey , American admiral (born 1837) 1919 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves , Brazilian lawyer and politician, fifth President of Brazil (born 1848) 1933 – Bekir Sami Kunduh , Turkish politician (born 1867) 1936 – Albert Fish , American serial killer, rapist and cannibal (born 1870) 1938 – Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Indian author and playwright (born 1876) 1942 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (born 1850) 1942 – Villem Grünthal-Ridala , Estonian poet and linguist (born 1885) 1942 – Carole Lombard , American actress and comedian (born 1908) 1942 – Ernst Scheller , German lawyer and politician, Mayor of Marburg (born 1899) 1957 – Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone , English general and politician, 16th Governor General of Canada (born 1874) 1957 – Arturo Toscanini , Italian cellist and conductor (born 1867) 1959 – Phan Khôi , Vietnamese journalist and author (born 1887) 1961 – Max Schöne , German swimmer (born 1880) 1962 – Frank Hurley , Australian photographer, director, producer, and cinematographer (born 1885) 1962 – Ivan Meštrović , Croatian sculptor and architect, designed the Monument to the Unknown Hero (born 1883) 1967 – Robert J. Van de Graaff , American physicist and academic (born 1901) 1968 – Bob Jones Sr. , American evangelist, founded Bob Jones University (born 1883) 1968 – Panagiotis Poulitsas , Greek archaeologist and judge (born 1881) 1969 – Vernon Duke , Russian-American composer and songwriter (born 1903) 1971 – Philippe Thys , Belgian cyclist (born 1890) 1972 – Teller Ammons , American soldier and politician, 28th Governor of Colorado (born 1895) 1972 – Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. , American singer-songwriter, pianist, producer, and actor, created Alvin and the Chipmunks (born 1919) 1973 – Edgar Sampson , American musician and composer (born 1907) 1975 – Israel Abramofsky , Russian-American painter (born 1888) 1978 – A. V. Kulasingham , Sri Lankan journalist, lawyer, and politician (born 1890) 1981 – Bernard Lee , English actor (born 1908) [ 87 ] 1983 – Virginia Mauret , American musician and dancer 1986 – Herbert W. Armstrong , American evangelist, author, and publisher (born 1892) 1987 – Bertram Wainer , Australian physician and activist (born 1928) 1988 – Andrija Artuković , Croatian politician, war criminal, and Porajmos perpetrator , first Minister of Interior of the Independent State of Croatia (born 1899) 1990 – Lady Eve Balfour , British farmer, educator, and founding figure in the organic movement (born 1898) [ 88 ] 1995 – Eric Mottram , English poet and critic (born 1924) 1996 – Marcia Davenport , American author and critic (born 1903) 1996 – Kaye Webb , English journalist and publisher (born 1914) 1999 – Jim McClelland , Australian lawyer, jurist, and politician, 12th Minister for Industry and Science (born 1915) 2000 – Robert R. Wilson , American physicist and academic (born 1914) 2001 – Auberon Waugh , English author and journalist (born 1939) 2002 – Robert Hanbury Brown , English astronomer and physicist (born 1916) 2003 – Richard Wainwright , English politician (born 1918) 2004 – Kalevi Sorsa , Finnish politician 34th Prime Minister of Finland (born 1930) 2005 – Marjorie Williams , American journalist and author (born 1958) 2006 – Stanley Biber , American soldier and physician (born 1923) 2009 – Joe Erskine , American boxer and runner (born 1930) 2009 – John Mortimer , English lawyer and author (born 1923) [ 89 ] 2009 – Andrew Wyeth , American painter (born 1917) [ 90 ] 2010 – Glen Bell , American businessman, founded Taco Bell (born 1923) 2010 – Takumi Shibano , Japanese author and translator (born 1926) 2012 – Joe Bygraves , Jamaican-English boxer (born 1931) 2012 – Jimmy Castor , American singer-songwriter and saxophonist (born 1940) 2012 – Sigursteinn Gíslason , Icelandic footballer and manager (born 1968) 2012 – Lorna Kesterson , American journalist and politician (born 1925) 2012 – Gustav Leonhardt , Dutch pianist, conductor, and musicologist (born 1928) 2013 – Wayne D. Anderson , American baseball player and coach (born 1930) 2013 – André Cassagnes , French technician and toy maker, created the Etch A Sketch (born 1926) 2013 – Gussie Moran , American tennis player and sportscaster (born 1923) 2013 – Pauline Phillips , American journalist and radio host, created Dear Abby (born 1918) 2013 – Glen P. Robinson , American businessman, founded Scientific Atlanta (born 1923) 2014 – Gary Arlington , American author and illustrator (born 1938) 2014 – Ruth Duccini , American actress (born 1918) 2014 – Dave Madden , Canadian-American actor (born 1931) 2014 – Hiroo Onoda , Japanese lieutenant (born 1922) 2015 – Miriam Akavia , Polish-Israeli author and translator (born 1927) 2015 – Yao Beina , Chinese singer (born 1981) 2016 – Joannis Avramidis , Greek sculptor (born 1922) 2016 – Ted Marchibroda , American football player and coach (born 1931) 2017 – Eugene Cernan , American captain, pilot, and astronaut (born 1934) 2018 – Ed Doolan , British radio presenter (born 1941) [ 91 ] 2018 – Oliver Ivanović , Kosovo Serb politician (born 1953) [ 92 ] 2019 – John C. Bogle , American businessman, investor, and philanthropist (born 1929) [ 93 ] 2019 – Lorna Doom , American musician (born 1958) [ 94 ] 2019 – Chris Wilson , Australian musician (born 1956) [ 95 ] 2020 – Christopher Tolkien , British academic and editor (born 1924) [ 96 ] 2021 – Pedro Trebbau , German-born Venezuelan zoologist (born 1929) [ 97 ] 2021 – Chris Cramer , British journalist (born 1948) [ 98 ] 2021 – Phil Spector , American record producer, songwriter (born 1939) [ 99 ] 2022 – Ibrahim Boubacar Keita , Former Malian President (born 1945) [ 100 ] 2025 – Dame Joan Plowright , English actress (born 1929) [ 101 ] 2025 – Bob Uecker , American professional baseball catcher and sportscaster (born 1934) [ 102 ] Holidays and observances Christian feast day : Pope Benjamin ( Coptic ) Berard of Carbio Blaise ( Armenian Apostolic ) Fursey Joseph Vaz Honoratus of Arles Pope Marcellus I Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God ( Coptic Church ) Titian of Oderzo Eve of Saint Anthony observed with ritual bonfires in San Bartolomé de Pinares January 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Pope Benjamin ( Coptic ) Berard of Carbio Blaise ( Armenian Apostolic ) Fursey Joseph Vaz Honoratus of Arles Pope Marcellus I Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God ( Coptic Church ) Titian of Oderzo Eve of Saint Anthony observed with ritual bonfires in San Bartolomé de Pinares January 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) National Religious Freedom Day (United States) Teachers' Day in Thailand and Myanmar References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Jone Johnson Lewis (2006). 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National Basketball Association . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ 승관 :: 네이버 인물검색 [Seungkwan :: Naver People Search]. Naver People Search . Archived from the original on June 7, 2021 . Retrieved June 7, 2021 . ^ "Andrew Nembhard" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ Cadena y Almeida, Luis (1990). "I am Mary of Good Success". A Spanish mystic in Quito : Sor Mariana de Jesús Torres (1st ed.). New York: Foundation for a Christian Civilization, Inc. p. 67. ISBN 9781877905186 . ^ Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Ranade, Mahadeo Govind" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 884. ^ Lloyd, Ann; Fuller, Graham; Desser, Arnold (1983). The Illustrated who's who of the cinema . London: Orbis Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85613-521-7 . ^ Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950 . Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1 . ^ Smith, Benedict (16 January 2009). "Sir John Mortimer (Obituary)" . telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. ^ Michael McNay (19 January 2009). "Andrew Wyeth" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 November 2020 . ^ "BBC WM presenter Ed Doolan dies aged 76 after dementia battle" . BBC News . 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ "Serb politician Oliver Ivanovic gunned down in Kosovo" . dw.com . Deutsche Wellle. 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Wyatt, Edward (January 16, 2019). "John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2022-01-03 . Retrieved January 19, 2019 . ^ Legaspi, Althea (January 17, 2019). "Germs Bassist Lorna Doom Dead at 60" . Rolling Stone . ^ Carmody, Broede (January 17, 2019). " 'Magnificent Australian': Chris Wilson dies after cancer diagnosis" . The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ Garth, John (20 January 2020). "Christopher Tolkien obituary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 January 2020 . ^ "Falleció Pedro Trebbau, reconocido zoólogo venezolano de origen alemán" . El Nacional (in Spanish). 16 January 2021 . Retrieved 17 January 2021 . ^ Michael Holmes (17 January 2021). "Chris Cramer, veteran journalist and former CNN executive, dies aged 73" . CNN . Retrieved 2021-01-21 . ^ "Notable deaths in 2021" . www.reuters.com . Retrieved 2021-02-27 . ^ Stephanie Busari and Eleanor Pickston (16 January 2022). "Former Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita dies at 76" . CNN . Retrieved 2022-01-18 . ^ Youngs, Ian (17 January 2025). "Acting legend Dame Joan Plowright dies at 95" . BBC News . BBC. ^ Sandomir, Richard (2025-01-16). "Bob Uecker, Clubhouse Wit-Turned-Popular Sportscaster, Dies at 90" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2025-05-03 . External links BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 16 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:04 (UTC) . 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Account Dashboard Publications Account settings Log out Clipboard My Bibliography Collections Citation manager Save citation to file Email citation Add to Collections Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Add to My Bibliography My Bibliography Your saved search Yes No Create a file for external citation management software Your RSS Feed Full text links Actions Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Page navigation Title & authors Abstract MeSH terms Substances Supplementary concepts LinkOut - more resources Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Chinese Immune Multi-Omics Atlas Affiliations 1 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 2 Shenzhen Proof-of-Concept Center of Digital Cytopathology, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 3 Shanxi Medical University-BGI Collaborative Center for Future Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 4 BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 5 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 6 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 7 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China. 8 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 9 School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. 10 BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 11 School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 12 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 13 Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. 14 College of Life Science, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China. 15 BGI, Shenzhen, China. 16 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 17 BGI Research, Wuhan, China. 18 MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 19 3DCStar lab, BGI, Shenzhen, China. 20 BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China. 21 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Imaging and Interventional Medicine, Department of Radiology, Lishui Central Hospital, The fifth affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China. 22 Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China. 23 School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China. 24 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 25 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 26 Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. 27 Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 28 Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 29 Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 30 Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China. 31 Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. 32 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 33 Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 34 James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China. 35 Ruijin Yangtze River Delta Health Institute, Wuxi Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 36 School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. PMID: 41505528 DOI: 10.1126/science.adt3130 Chinese Immune Multi-Omics Atlas Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Authors Affiliations 1 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 2 Shenzhen Proof-of-Concept Center of Digital Cytopathology, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 3 Shanxi Medical University-BGI Collaborative Center for Future Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 4 BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 5 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 6 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 7 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China. 8 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 9 School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. 10 BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 11 School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 12 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 13 Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. 14 College of Life Science, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China. 15 BGI, Shenzhen, China. 16 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 17 BGI Research, Wuhan, China. 18 MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 19 3DCStar lab, BGI, Shenzhen, China. 20 BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China. 21 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Imaging and Interventional Medicine, Department of Radiology, Lishui Central Hospital, The fifth affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China. 22 Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China. 23 School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China. 24 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 25 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 26 Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. 27 Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 28 Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 29 Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 30 Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China. 31 Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. 32 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 33 Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 34 James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China. 35 Ruijin Yangtze River Delta Health Institute, Wuxi Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 36 School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. PMID: 41505528 DOI: 10.1126/science.adt3130 Abstract Human peripheral blood exhibits molecular and cellular heterogeneity across populations, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We present the Chinese Immune Multi-Omics Atlas (CIMA), characterizing molecular variations linked to sex, age, and genetic variants through multi-omics analysis of more than 10 million circulating immune cells from 428 Chinese adults. CIMA established an enhancer-driven gene regulatory network comprising 237 robust regulons; identified 9600 eGenes and 52,361 caPeaks at cell type resolution; and revealed pleiotropic associations among immune-related disease risk loci, cis-expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and chromatin accessibility QTLs. Furthermore, the cell language model CIMA-CLM predicted chromatin accessibility and evaluated the effects of noncoding variants from chromatin sequences and gene expression. CIMA provides a comprehensive reference for immune-related disease research. PubMed Disclaimer MeSH terms Adult Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Age Factors Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Aged Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search China Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Chromatin / genetics Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search East Asian People* / genetics Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Enhancer Elements, Genetic Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Female Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Gene Regulatory Networks* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Genetic Variation Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Humans Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Immune System Diseases* / genetics Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Male Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Middle Aged Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Multiomics* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Quantitative Trait Loci Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Sex Factors Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Young Adult Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Substances Chromatin Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Supplementary concepts Chinese people Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search LinkOut - more resources Full Text Sources Atypon Full Text Sources Atypon Medical MedlinePlus Health Information Medical MedlinePlus Health Information Clipboard Email Save My Bibliography Collections Citation Manager NCBI Literature Resources MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Origins 2 Example Toggle Example subsection 2.1 2002 French presidential election 2.2 2024 French legislative election 2.1 2002 French presidential election 2.2 2024 French legislative election 3 Variants Toggle Variants subsection 3.1 Two-party runoff vote 3.2 Top-two primaries 3.3 Exhaustive ballot 3.4 Contingent vote 3.5 Instant-runoff voting 3.1 Two-party runoff vote 3.2 Top-two primaries 3.3 Exhaustive ballot 3.4 Contingent vote 3.5 Instant-runoff voting 4 Compliance with voting method criteria 5 Tactical voting and strategic nomination 6 Impact on factions and candidates Toggle Impact on factions and candidates subsection 6.1 Polling 6.1 Polling 7 Practical implications 8 Usage Toggle Usage subsection 8.1 Heads of state elected by TRS in direct popular elections 8.2 Legislative chambers exclusively elected by TRS in single-member districts 8.2.1 Sub-national legislatures 8.3 Legislatures elected by TRS in multi-member districts (block voting) 8.3.1 Sub-national legislatures 8.4 Legislatures partially elected by TRS (mixed systems) 8.5 Other examples of use 8.1 Heads of state elected by TRS in direct popular elections 8.2 Legislative chambers exclusively elected by TRS in single-member districts 8.2.1 Sub-national legislatures 8.2.1 Sub-national legislatures 8.3 Legislatures elected by TRS in multi-member districts (block voting) 8.3.1 Sub-national legislatures 8.3.1 Sub-national legislatures 8.4 Legislatures partially elected by TRS (mixed systems) 8.5 Other examples of use 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Two-round system العربية Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Latina Lombard Magyar Македонски नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Two-round system" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A joint Politics and Economics series Social choice and electoral systems Social choice Mechanism design Comparative politics Comparison List ( By country ) Social choice Mechanism design Comparative politics Comparison List ( By country ) Single-winner methods Single vote – plurality methods First preference plurality (FPP) Two-round ( US : Jungle primary ) Partisan primary Instant-runoff UK : Alternative vote (AV) US : Ranked-choice (RCV) Party block voting Plurality block voting Condorcet methods Condorcet-IRV Round-robin voting Minimax Kemeny Schulze Ranked pairs Maximal lottery Positional voting Plurality ( el. IRV ) Borda count ( el. Baldwin , Mdn. Bucklin ) Antiplurality ( el. Coombs ) Cardinal voting Score voting Approval voting Majority judgment STAR voting First preference plurality (FPP) Two-round ( US : Jungle primary ) Partisan primary Partisan primary Instant-runoff UK : Alternative vote (AV) US : Ranked-choice (RCV) UK : Alternative vote (AV) US : Ranked-choice (RCV) Party block voting Plurality block voting Condorcet methods Condorcet-IRV Round-robin voting Minimax Kemeny Schulze Ranked pairs Maximal lottery Minimax Kemeny Schulze Ranked pairs Maximal lottery Positional voting Plurality ( el. IRV ) Borda count ( el. Baldwin , Mdn. Bucklin ) Antiplurality ( el. Coombs ) Cardinal voting Score voting Approval voting Majority judgment STAR voting Proportional representation Party-list Apportionment Highest averages Largest remainders National remnant Biproportional List type Closed list Localized list Open list Free list No list Quota-remainder methods Single transferable vote (Hare, Droop ) Schulze STV CPO-STV Quota Borda Approval-based committees Thiele's method Phragmen's method Expanding approvals rule Method of equal shares Fractional social choice Direct representation Interactive representation Liquid democracy Fractional approval voting Maximal lottery Random ballot Semi-proportional representation Cumulative SNTV Limited voting Apportionment Highest averages Largest remainders National remnant Biproportional Highest averages Largest remainders National remnant Biproportional List type Closed list Localized list Open list Free list No list Closed list Localized list Open list Free list No list Quota-remainder methods Single transferable vote (Hare, Droop ) Schulze STV CPO-STV Quota Borda Approval-based committees Thiele's method Phragmen's method Expanding approvals rule Method of equal shares Fractional social choice Direct representation Interactive representation Liquid democracy Interactive representation Liquid democracy Fractional approval voting Maximal lottery Random ballot Semi-proportional representation Cumulative SNTV SNTV Limited voting Mixed systems By results of combination Mixed-member majoritarian Mixed-member proportional By mechanism of combination Non- compensatory Parallel (superposition) Coexistence Conditional Fusion (majority bonus) Compensatory Seat linkage system UK : 'AMS' NZ : 'MMP' Vote linkage system Negative vote transfer Mixed ballot Supermixed systems Dual-member proportional Rural–urban proportional Majority jackpot By ballot type Single vote Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Mixed-member majoritarian Mixed-member proportional Non- compensatory Parallel (superposition) Coexistence Conditional Fusion (majority bonus) Parallel (superposition) Coexistence Conditional Fusion (majority bonus) Compensatory Seat linkage system UK : 'AMS' NZ : 'MMP' Vote linkage system Negative vote transfer Mixed ballot Seat linkage system UK : 'AMS' NZ : 'MMP' UK : 'AMS' NZ : 'MMP' Vote linkage system Negative vote transfer Mixed ballot Negative vote transfer Mixed ballot Supermixed systems Dual-member proportional Rural–urban proportional Majority jackpot Dual-member proportional Rural–urban proportional Majority jackpot By ballot type Single vote Double simultaneous vote Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze Pathological response Perverse response Apportionment paradox Best-is-worst paradox No-show paradox Multiple districts paradox Strategic voting Lesser evil voting Exaggeration Truncation Turkey-raising Wasted vote Paradoxes of majority rule Tyranny of the majority Discursive dilemma Conflicting majorities paradox Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze Pathological response Perverse response Apportionment paradox Best-is-worst paradox No-show paradox Multiple districts paradox Strategic voting Lesser evil voting Exaggeration Truncation Turkey-raising Wasted vote Paradoxes of majority rule Tyranny of the majority Discursive dilemma Conflicting majorities paradox Social and collective choice Impossibility theorems Arrow's theorem Majority impossibility Moulin's impossibility theorem McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem Gibbard's theorem Positive results Median voter theorem Condorcet's jury theorem May's theorem Condorcet dominance theorems Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem VCG mechanism Quadratic voting Arrow's theorem Majority impossibility Moulin's impossibility theorem McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem Gibbard's theorem Positive results Median voter theorem Condorcet's jury theorem May's theorem Condorcet dominance theorems Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem VCG mechanism Quadratic voting Politics portal Economics portal Mathematics portal Politics portal Economics portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The two-round system ( TRS or 2RS ), sometimes called ballotage , top-two runoff , or two-round plurality , [ 1 ] is a single-winner electoral system which aims to elect a member who has support of the majority of voters. The two-round system involves two rounds of choose-one voting , where the voter marks a single favorite candidate in each round. The two candidates with the most votes in the first round move on to a second election (a second round of voting). [ note 1 ] The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality (FPP). Like instant-runoff (ranked-choice) voting and first past the post, it elects one winner. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The two-round system first emerged in France and has since become the most common single-winner electoral system worldwide. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Despite this, runoff-based rules like the two-round system and RCV have faced criticism from social choice theorists as a result of their susceptibility to center squeeze (a kind of spoiler effect favoring extremists) and the no-show paradox . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] This has led to the rise of electoral reform movements which seek to replace the two-round system with other systems like rated voting , particularly in France. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] As well, TRS means voters sometimes have to gather to vote a second time, and sometimes the intervening period of time is rife with discord. [ 9 ] In the United States, the first round is often called a jungle or top-two primary . Georgia , California , and Washington [ note 2 ] use the two-round system for all non-presidential elections. Mississippi also uses it for state offices. [ 10 ] Most other states use a partisan primary system that is often described as behaving like a two-round system in practice, with primaries narrowing down the field to two frontrunners. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] ( Alaska and Maine use the Instant-runoff voting system, a single-winner ranked-choice voting (RCV) system, which, unlike TRS, does not require voters to engage in multiple rounds of voting.) Origins The French system of ballotage was first established as part of the reforms of the July Monarchy , with the term appearing in the Organic Decree of 2 February 1832 of the French government, which mandated a second-round election "when none of the candidates obtains an absolute majority". [ 14 ] The rule has since gained substantial popularity in South America , Eastern Europe , and Africa , where it is now the dominant system. [ 14 ] Some variants of the two-round system use slightly different rules for eliminating candidates before the second round, allowing more than two candidates to proceed to the second round in some cases. Under such systems, in the second round it is sufficient for a candidate to receive a plurality of votes (more votes than anyone else), not necessarily a majority, to be elected. Example 2002 French presidential election In the 2002 French presidential election , the two contenders described by the media as possible winners were Jacques Chirac and Lionel Jospin , who represented the largest two political parties in France at the time. However, 16 candidates were on the ballot, including Jean-Pierre Chevènement (5.33%) and Christiane Taubira (2.32%) from the Plural Left coalition of Jospin, who refused by excess of confidence [ clarification needed ] to dissuade them. [ citation needed ] With the left vote divided among a number of candidates, a third contender, Jean-Marie Le Pen , unexpectedly obtained slightly more than Jospin in the first round: Jacques Chirac (Centre-right, Gaullist): 19.88% Jean-Marie Le Pen (Far-right, National Front): 16.86% Lionel Jospin (Centre-left, Socialist): 16.18% The other candidates received smaller percentages on the first round. Because no candidate had obtained an absolute majority of the votes in the first round, the top two candidates went into the second round. Most supporters of the parties which did not get through to the second round (and Chirac's supporters) voted for Chirac, who won with a very large majority: Jacques Chirac (Center-right, Gaullist): 82.21% Jean-Marie Le Pen (Far-right, National Front): 17.79% Despite the controversy over Jospin's early elimination, polls showed Chirac was preferred to Jospin by a majority of voters and that Chirac was the majority-preferred candidate , meaning the election was not spoiled . 2024 French legislative election French legislative elections allow more than two candidates to advance to the second round, leading to many triangular elections , such as in the 2024 French legislative election . [ 15 ] It is common for all but two candidates to withdraw from the second round (so they don't spoil the chances of another similar candidate) which makes the result similar to top-two two-round systems. Variants This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Two-round system" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( February 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Two-party runoff vote A two-party vote is used for elections to the Bhutanese National Assembly , where the first round selects two parties that are allowed to compete in the second round. Then, a second round is held using single-member districts with first-past-the-post . [ 16 ] Top-two primaries In the United States, a two-round system called the jungle primary and used in Louisiana in place of traditional primary elections to choose each party's candidate only in legislative, local, and some statewide races other than congressional ones. In this state, the first round is held on Election Day with runoffs occurring soon after. Washington adopted a two-round system in a 2008 referendum , called the nonpartisan blanket primary or top-two primary. California approved the system in 2010 , which was first used for the 36th congressional district special election in February 2011. The first election (the primary) is held before the general election in November and the top two candidates enter the general election. The general election is always held, even if a candidate gets over 50%. Georgia can have a second round after Election Day if the winner of the first round does not get more than 50%. [ 17 ] However normal partisan primaries are used so it is rare to have more than 2 competitive candidates in the first round. Exhaustive ballot The exhaustive ballot (EB) is similar to the two-round system, but involves more rounds of voting rather than just two. If no candidate receives an absolute majority in the first round, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated. This continues until one candidate has an absolute majority. Because voters may have to cast votes several times, EB is not used in large-scale public elections. Instead it is used in smaller contests such as the election of the presiding officer of an assembly; one long-standing example of its use is in the United Kingdom , where local associations (LCAs) of the Conservative Party use EB to elect their prospective parliamentary candidates (PPCs). Exhaustive ballot is also used by FIFA and the International Olympic Committee to select hosts. Contingent vote The contingent or supplementary vote is a variant of instant-runoff voting (IRV) that has been used in Queensland and is used in the United Kingdom to elect mayors. Like IRV, voters vote once and rank candidates. Unlike IRV, contingent voting election system involves only two rounds of counting at most. After the first round of counting all but the two candidates with most votes are eliminated, with their votes transferred. With only two candidates progressing on to the second round of counting, one candidate achieves a majority in the second round and wins. The contingent vote tends to elect the same candidate that the two-round system and instant-runoff voting system do. Instant-runoff voting Instant-runoff voting (IRV), like the exhaustive ballot, involves multiple reiterative counts in which the candidate with fewest votes is eliminated each time. Whilst the exhaustive ballot and the two-round system both involve voters casting a separate vote in each round, under instant-runoff, voters vote only once. This is possible because, rather than voting for only a single candidate, the voter ranks all of the candidates in order of preference. These preferences are then used to transfer the votes of those whose first preference has been eliminated during the course of the count. Because the two-round system and the exhaustive ballot involve separate rounds of voting, voters can use the results of one round to decide how they will vote in the next, whereas this is not possible under IRV. Because it is necessary to vote only once, IRV is used for elections in many places. For such as Australian general and state elections (called preferential voting ). In the United States, it is known as ranked-choice voting and is used in a growing number of states and localities. In Ireland it is known as the single transferable vote (STV) and is used for presidential elections and parliamentary by-elections. STV as applied in multi-member districts is a proportional voting system, not a majoritarian one; and candidates need only achieve a quota (or the highest remaining fraction of a quota), to be elected. Multi-winner STV is used in Northern Ireland, Malta, the Australian senate and various other jurisdictions in Australia. [ 18 ] STV is often used for municipal elections in lieu of more party-based forms of proportional representation. Compliance with voting method criteria This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Two-round system" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Most of the mathematical criteria by which voting methods are compared were formulated for voters with ordinal preferences. Some methods, like approval voting , request information than cannot be unambiguously inferred from a single set of ordinal preferences. The two-round system is such a method, because the voters are not forced to vote according to a single ordinal preference in both rounds. If the voters determine their preferences before the election and always vote directly consistent to them, they will emulate the contingent vote and get the same results as if they were to use that method. Therefore, in that model of voting behavior, the two-round system passes all criteria that the contingent vote passes, and fails all criteria the contingent vote fails. Since the voters in the two-round system do not have to choose their second round votes while voting in the first round, they are able to adjust their votes as players in a game . More complex models consider voter behavior when the voters reach a game-theoretical equilibrium from which they have no incentive, as defined by their internal preferences, to further change their behavior. However, because these equilibria are complex, only partial results are known. With respect to the voters' internal preferences, the two-round system passes the majority criterion in this model, as a majority can always coordinate to elect their preferred candidate. Also, in the case of three candidates or less and a robust political equilibrium, [ 19 ] the two-round system will pick the Condorcet winner whenever there is one, which is not the case in the contingent vote model. The equilibrium mentioned above is a perfect-information equilibrium and so only strictly holds in idealized conditions where every voter knows every other voter's preference. Thus it provides an upper bound on what can be achieved with rational (self-interested) coordination or knowledge of others' preferences. Since the voters almost surely will not have perfect information, it may not apply to real elections. In that matter, it is similar to the perfect competition model sometimes used in economics. To the extent that real elections approach this upper bound, large elections would do so less so than small ones, because it is less likely that a large electorate has information about all the other voters than that a small electorate has. Tactical voting and strategic nomination This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources: "Two-round system" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The two-round system is intended to reduce tactical voting . Under the single-winner plurality voting election system (also known as first past the post), Vote splitting can occur and the choice of just a minority of voters can be elected. Voters who favor less-popular candidates are encouraged to vote tactically, or "compromise", by voting for one of the two leading candidates, because a vote for any other candidate does not have as good a chance of affecting the result and also prevents the voter from indicating which of the two leading candidates they prefer. Under TRS if there are only three (viable) candidates, this is unnecessary: even if a voter's favorite candidate is eliminated in the first round, they will still have an opportunity to influence the result by voting for their second-favorite in the second round. However if there are more than three candidates, there is a reason for the voter to compromise and vote for a leading candidate in the first round, in order to avoid the chance that only candidates the voter dislikes advance to the second round and have chance to be elected. Under the two-round system, voters sometimes engage in "push over". A voter doing so votes for an unpopular "push over" candidate in the first round to ensure that it is this weak candidate, rather than a stronger rival, whom survives to challenge their preferred candidate in the second round. This can backfire if it removes too many votes for their preferred candidate, or the weak candidate's campaign may be energized by being advanced to the second round. The two-round system can be influenced by strategic nomination - this is where candidates and political factions influence the result of an election by nominating extra candidates or withdrawing a candidate who would otherwise have stood. TRS is vulnerable to strategic nomination for the same reasons that it is open to the voting tactic of compromising. This is because a candidate who knows they are unlikely to win can ensure that another candidate they support makes it to the second round by withdrawing from the race before the first round occurs, or by never choosing to stand in the first place. By reducing the size of its slate, a political faction can avoid the spoiler effect , whereby a party "splits the vote" of its supporters. A famous example of this spoiler effect occurred in the 2002 French presidential election , when so many left-wing candidates stood in the first round that all of them were eliminated, and two right-wing candidates advanced to the second round. Conversely, a popular faction may fund the campaign of multiple smaller opposing candidates, in order to split the opposition votes among them. The intention of two-round system is that the winning candidate will have the support of a majority of the votes cast. Under the first past the post method, the candidate with most votes (a plurality or a majority) wins, even if they do not have a majority (more than half) of votes. The two-round system tries to overcome this problem by permitting only two candidates in the second round, so that one must receive a majority of votes counted. Critics argue that the majority obtained by the winner under the two-round system is an artificial one. Instant-runoff voting and the exhaustive ballot are two other voting methods that create a majority for one candidate by eliminating weaker candidates and then transferring votes based on back-up preferences. However, in cases where there are three or more strong candidates, the TRS will sometimes produce a majority for a different winner than the candidate elected by a majority produced under instant-runoff voting or the exhaustive ballot. Advocates of Condorcet methods argue [ citation needed ] that a candidate can claim to have majority support only if they are the "Condorcet winner" – that is, the candidate whose vote tally is greater than that of every other candidate in a series of one-on-one comparisons. In the two-round system, in the last round, the winning candidate is only matched, one-on-one, with one of the other candidates. When a Condorcet winner exists, the candidate does not necessarily win a TRS election due to insufficient support in the first round. Two-round system advocates counter [ citation needed ] that the voter's first preference is more important than lower preferences because that is where voters are putting the most effort of decision and that, unlike Condorcet methods, to win under the TRS requires a good showing among the full field of candidates in the first round and also a plurality in the final head-to-head competition. Condorcet methods can allow candidates to win who have minimal first-choice support and can win largely on the compromise appeal of being ranked second or third by more voters. Impact on factions and candidates This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources: "Two-round system" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The two-round system encourages candidates to appeal to a broad cross-section of voters. This is because, in order to win an absolute majority in the second round, it is necessary for a candidate to win the support of voters whose favorite candidate has been eliminated. Under the two-round system, between rounds of voting, eliminated candidates, and the factions who previously supported them, often issue recommendations to their supporters as to whom to vote for in the second round of the contest. This means that eliminated candidates are still able to influence the result of the election. This influence leads to political bargaining between the two remaining candidates and the parties and candidates who have been eliminated, sometimes resulting in the two successful candidates making policy concessions to the less successful ones. Because it encourages conciliation and negotiation in these ways, the two-round system is advocated, in various forms, by some supporters of deliberative democracy . The two-round system is designed for single-seat constituencies. Therefore, like other single-seat methods, if used to elect a council or legislature it will not produce proportional representation (PR). This means that it is likely to lead to the representation of a small number of larger parties in an assembly, rather than a proliferation of small parties. In practice, the two-round system produces results very similar to those produced by the plurality method, and encourages a two-party system similar to those found in many countries that use plurality. Under a parliamentary system , it is more likely to produce single-party governments than are PR methods, which tend to produce coalition governments . While the two-round system is designed to ensure that each individual candidate elected is supported by a majority of voters in the constituency, it does not ensure majority rule on a national level when it comes to electing an assembly. As in other non-PR methods, the party or coalition that wins a majority of seats often will not have the support of a majority of voters across the nation. Polling In Australian politics , the two-party-preferred vote (TPP or 2PP) is the result of the final round of an election or opinion poll after preferences have been distributed to the highest two candidates, who in some cases can be independents. [ citation needed ] For the purposes of TPP, the Liberal/National Coalition is usually considered a single party, with Labor being the other major party. Typically the TPP is expressed as the percentages of votes attracted by each of the two major parties, e.g. "Coalition 45%, Labor 55%", where the values include both primary votes and preferences. The TPP is an indicator of how much swing has been attained/is required to change the result, taking into consideration later preferences. Practical implications In smaller elections, such as those in assemblies or private organizations, it is sometimes possible to conduct both rounds in quick succession. More commonly, however, large-scale public elections the two rounds of runoff voting are held on separate days, and so involve voters going to the polls twice and governments conducting two elections. As a result, one of the most common criticisms against the two-round system is that the cost and difficulty of casting a ballot is effectively doubled. [ 20 ] However, the system may sometimes still be cheaper than holding a ranked-choice runoff (RCV) , as the counting of votes in each round is simple. By contrast, ranked-choice runoff voting involves a longer and more complex count that often requires a centralized count, as it is impossible to tally or audit RCV results locally . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The two-round voting system also has the potential to cause political instability between the two rounds of voting. [ citation needed ] Usage The two-round system is the most common way used to elect heads of state (presidents) of countries worldwide, a total of 87 countries elect their heads of state directly with a two-round system as opposed to only 22 countries that used single-round plurality ( first-past-the-post ). [ 23 ] Heads of state elected by TRS in direct popular elections Algeria Argentina Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Benin Bolivia ( Double simultaneous vote for the presidential 1st round and legislative elections) Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile Colombia Republic of the Congo Comoros Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Djibouti Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Indonesia Iran Ivory Coast Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria North Macedonia Northern Cyprus Palau Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russia São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Slovakia Slovenia Sudan Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Uruguay ( Double simultaneous vote for the presidential 1st round and legislative elections) Uzbekistan Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe [ 24 ] Legislative chambers exclusively elected by TRS in single-member districts Bahrain (lower house only) Comoros (unicameral) Republic of the Congo (lower house only) Czech Republic (upper house only) France ( lower house only) Gabon (both houses; lower house elected directly but upper house elected indirectly) Haiti (both houses) Mali (unicameral) Uzbekistan (lower house only) Sub-national legislatures Georgia (United States) (both houses) Mississippi (United States) (both houses) Montserrat (United Kingdom) (unicameral) Texas (United States) (both houses) Louisiana (United States) (both houses) Legislatures elected by TRS in multi-member districts (block voting) Iran – modified; 25% required to win in first round (unicameral) Kiribati (unicameral) Mongolia – modified; 28% required to win in first round (unicameral) Vietnam (unicameral) Sub-national legislatures French Polynesia (France) – two-round majority bonus system (unicameral) Italy – City councils ( Majority bonus system ) Legislatures partially elected by TRS (mixed systems) Egypt (both houses; single-member and small multi-member districts, alongside party-list proportional representation in large multi-member districts) France (upper house only; indirect elections in single-member and small multi-member districts, alongside party-list proportional representation in large multi-member districts) Hungary (until 2010) (unicameral; single-member districts alongside party-list proportional representation in multi-member districts and compensatory seats nationwide) Lithuania (unicameral; single-member districts alongside party-list proportional representation nationwide) Tajikistan (unicameral; single-member districts alongside party-list proportional representation nationwide) United States – Used in Louisiana for legislative elections, in Georgia and Texas for special elections, and variants used in Alaska , California , and Washington . Other examples of use Two-round voting is used in French departmental elections . In Italy , it is used to elect mayors, but also to decide which party or coalition receives a majority bonus in city councils. [ 25 ] Historically it was used to elect the Reichstag in the German Empire between 1871 and 1918 and the Storting of Norway from 1905 to 1919, in New Zealand in the 1908 and 1911 elections, [ 26 ] [ 27 ] and in Israel to elect the Prime Minister in the 1996 , 1999 and 2001 elections. [ 28 ] El Salvador used a two-round system to elects its president until the 2024 presidential election ; a constitutional reform in 2025 abolished the two-round system. [ 29 ] Notes ^ The vast majority of jurisdictions do not hold a runoff if some candidate wins more than half the first-round votes (as the candidate with a majority will win even if all voters against them in the 1st round support their opponent in the 2nd round). Some jurisdictions allow more than two candidates in the second round if there is a tie in the first round or if several candidates receive a threshold of votes. ^ California and Washington describe the first round as a nonpartisan primary and hold the second round as part of their general elections (regardless of whether candidates receive 50% of the first-round vote). References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Sabsay, Daniel Alberto (1995). "El sistema de doble vuelta o ballotage" (PDF) . Lecciones y Ensayos (62). Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. ISSN 0024-0079 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-07 . Retrieved 2024-07-18 . ^ Aubin, Jean-Baptiste; Gannaz, Irène; Leoni-Aubin, Samuela; Rolland, Antoine (July 2024). A simulation-based study of proximity between voting rules . ^ Martinelli, César (2002-10-01). "Simple plurality versus plurality runoff with privately informed voters" . Social Choice and Welfare . 19 (4): 901– 919. doi : 10.1007/s003550200167 . ISSN 1432-217X . ^ "El ballotage, con raíces históricas en Francia" . El Día . 1 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2023-10-23 . Retrieved 2024-07-18 . ^ Merrill, Samuel (1984). "A Comparison of Efficiency of Multicandidate Electoral Systems" . American Journal of Political Science . 28 (1): 23– 48. doi : 10.2307/2110786 . ISSN 0092-5853 . JSTOR 2110786 . However, squeezed by surrounding opponents, a centrist candidate may receive few first-place votes and be eliminated under Hare. ^ Merrill, Samuel (1985). "A statistical model for Condorcet efficiency based on simulation under spatial model assumptions" . Public Choice . 47 (2): 389– 403. doi : 10.1007/bf00127534 . ISSN 0048-5829 . the 'squeeze effect' that tends to reduce Condorcet efficiency if the relative dispersion (RD) of candidates is low. This effect is particularly strong for the plurality, runoff, and Hare systems, for which the garnering of first-place votes in a large field is essential to winning ^ a b Keskin, Umut; Sanver, M. Remzi; Tosunlu, H. Berkay (August 2022). "Monotonicity violations under plurality with a runoff: the case of French presidential elections" . Social Choice and Welfare . 59 (2): 305– 333. doi : 10.1007/s00355-022-01397-4 . ^ Balinski, Michel; Laraki, Rida (2020-03-01). "Majority judgment vs. majority rule" . Social Choice and Welfare . 54 (2): 429– 461. doi : 10.1007/s00355-019-01200-x . ISSN 1432-217X . ^ Advantages and disadvantages of Two-Round System accessed April 25, 2025 ^ "Electoral systems in Mississippi" . Ballotpedia . Retrieved 2025-02-12 . ^ Santucci, Jack; Shugart, Matthew; Latner, Michael S. (2023-10-16). "Toward a Different Kind of Party Government" . Protect Democracy . Archived from the original on 2024-07-16 . Retrieved 2024-07-16 . Finally, we should not discount the role of primaries. When we look at the range of countries with first-past-the-post (FPTP) elections (given no primaries), none with an assembly larger than Jamaica's (63) has a strict two-party system. These countries include the United Kingdom and Canada (where multiparty competition is in fact nationwide). Whether the U.S. should be called 'FPTP' itself is dubious, and not only because some states (e.g. Georgia ) hold runoffs or use the alternative vote (e.g. Maine ). Rather, the U.S. has an unusual two-round system in which the first round winnows the field. This usually is at the intraparty level, although sometimes it is without regard to party (e.g. in Alaska and California). ^ Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (2005-09-15). "The American Electoral System" . The Politics of Electoral Systems . OUP Oxford. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-153151-4 . American elections become a two-round run-off system with a delay of several months between the rounds. ^ Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard; Blais, André (2009), "The United States: A Case of Duvergerian Equilibrium" , Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States , New York, NY: Springer, pp. 135– 146, doi : 10.1007/978-0-387-09720-6_9 , ISBN 978-0-387-09720-6 , retrieved 2024-08-31 , In effect, the primary system means that the USA has a two-round runoff system of elections. ^ a b Sabsay, Daniel Alberto (1995). "El sistema de doble vuelta o ballotage" (PDF) . Lecciones y Ensayos (62). Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. ISSN 0024-0079 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-07 . Retrieved 2024-07-18 . ^ "2024 French legislative elections: Results of the second round" . France 24 . 2024-07-04 . Retrieved 2024-08-12 . ^ Bhutanese National Assembly electoral system Archived 2018-10-17 at the Wayback Machine IPU ^ "21-2-501. Number of votes required for election; runoff" . ^ "Proportional Representation Voting Systems of Australia's Parliaments" . ECANZ . Archived from the original on 2023-03-02 . Retrieved 2023-04-09 . ^ Messner; et al. (2002-11-01). "Robust Political Equilibria under Plurality and Runoff Rule" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-12 . Retrieved 2011-06-04 . ^ "RCV versus Two-Round Runoff" . FairVote . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ "Approval Voting vs. RCV" . The Center for Election Science . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Macaraeg, Sarah. "Instant runoff voting: What Shelby County data and real-world examples show" . Commercial Appeal. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ "IDEA Electoral system database" . Retrieved 2024-09-30 . ^ "Togo changes law to let president stand for two more terms" . Al Jazeera. 2019-05-09. Archived from the original on 2020-01-31 . Retrieved 2020-06-30 . ^ Buonomo, Giampiero (2000). "Al candidato sindaco non eletto spetta sempre almeno un seggio" . Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online . Archived from the original on 2016-03-24 . Retrieved 2016-03-20 . [The usefulness of the link between different political forces in the second ballot is (...) a convergence of interests:] ^ Fiva, Jon H.; Hix, Simon (2020). "Electoral Reform and Strategic Coordination" . British Journal of Political Science . 51 (4): 1– 10. doi : 10.1017/S0007123419000747 . hdl : 11250/2983501 . ISSN 0007-1234 . ^ Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M. (2017-11-02). "Norwegian parliamentary elections, 1906–2013: representation and turnout across four electoral systems". West European Politics . 40 (6): 1373– 1391. doi : 10.1080/01402382.2017.1298016 . hdl : 11250/2588036 . ISSN 0140-2382 . S2CID 157213679 . ^ "Basic Law – The Government (1992)" . Knesset of Israel. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12 . Retrieved 2020-07-24 . ^ "El Salvador Approves Indefinite Presidential Re-election" . Al Jazeera English . 1 August 2025 . Retrieved 1 August 2025 . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Life and career Toggle Life and career subsection 1.1 1992–2006: Childhood and career beginnings 1.2 2007–2011: Breakthrough with Jonas Brothers and other projects 1.3 2012–2013: Jonas Brothers split 1.4 2014–2018: Nick Jonas and Last Year Was Complicated 1.5 2019–2025: Jonas Brothers reunion, The Voice and Spaceman 1.6 2026: Sunday Best 1.1 1992–2006: Childhood and career beginnings 1.2 2007–2011: Breakthrough with Jonas Brothers and other projects 1.3 2012–2013: Jonas Brothers split 1.4 2014–2018: Nick Jonas and Last Year Was Complicated 1.5 2019–2025: Jonas Brothers reunion, The Voice and Spaceman 1.6 2026: Sunday Best 2 Other ventures Toggle Other ventures subsection 2.1 Fashion 2.2 Tequila 2.3 Producing 2.4 Image 32 2.5 Business 2.1 Fashion 2.2 Tequila 2.3 Producing 2.4 Image 32 2.5 Business 3 Public image 4 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 4.1 Health 4.2 Relationships 4.3 Philanthropy 4.1 Health 4.2 Relationships 4.3 Philanthropy 5 Discography 6 Filmography Toggle Filmography subsection 6.1 Theatre 6.2 Film 6.3 TV 6.4 Web 6.5 Music videos 6.6 Commercials 6.1 Theatre 6.2 Film 6.3 TV 6.4 Web 6.5 Music videos 6.6 Commercials 7 Tours 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Nick Jonas Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa کٲشُر Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Kadazandusun Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Nick Jonas Jonas at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival Born Nicholas Jerry Jonas ( 1992-09-16 ) September 16, 1992 (age 33) Dallas , Texas, U.S. Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Singer songwriter musician actor Singer songwriter musician actor Years active 1999–present Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Priyanka Chopra ( m. 2018) Children 1 Relatives Kevin Jonas (brother) Joe Jonas (brother) Franklin Jonas (brother) Danielle Jonas (sister in-law) Musical career Genres Pop pop rock R&B Pop pop rock R&B Instruments Vocals guitar keyboards drums Vocals guitar keyboards drums Labels Walt Disney Columbia Hollywood Island Safehouse Walt Disney Columbia Hollywood Island Safehouse Member of Jonas Brothers Nick Jonas & the Administration Jonas Brothers Nick Jonas & the Administration Musical artist Website nickjonas .com Signature Nicholas Jerry Jonas (born September 16, 1992) [ 1 ] is an American singer, songwriter and actor. Jonas began acting on Broadway at the age of seven, and released his debut single in 2002; this caught the attention of Columbia Records , where Jonas formed a band with his older brothers, Kevin and Joe , known as the Jonas Brothers . The group released their debut studio album, It's About Time , through the Columbia label in 2006. After leaving Columbia Records and signing with Hollywood Records , the group released their self-titled second studio album in 2007, which became their breakthrough record. The band became prominent figures on the Disney Channel during this time, gaining a large following through the network, and appeared in the widely successful musical television film Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010), as well as two of their own series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010). The band's third studio album, A Little Bit Longer (2008), saw continued commercial success for the group; the album's lead single " Burnin' Up " hit the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following the release of their fourth studio album, Lines, Vines and Trying Times (2009), the Jonas Brothers confirmed a hiatus. Jonas formed a new band known as Nick Jonas & the Administration , who released the album Who I Am in 2010. Afterward, Jonas shifted his focus to acting and had a recurring role on the television series Smash and some Broadway shows roles. After the group's official disbandment in 2013, Jonas began work on his second solo studio album, signing with Island Records and releasing Nick Jonas through the label in 2014, which saw the commercial success of the single " Jealous ". Jonas later co-founded Safehouse Records , a record label in conjunction with the Island and Hollywood labels. His third studio album Last Year Was Complicated (2016) peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States. Following the release, Jonas won the Songwriters Hall of Fame's Hal David Starlight Award in 2016. [ 2 ] In 2017, Jonas appeared in the adventure comedy film Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle , which became the fifth highest-grossing film of the year . The Jonas Brothers reformed in early 2019, and released the album Happiness Begins in June of that year. Jonas' fourth solo studio album, Spaceman , was released on March 12, 2021. Life and career 1992–2006: Childhood and career beginnings Jonas was born in Dallas , Texas, [ 3 ] the third son of Denise ( née Miller) and Paul Kevin Jonas. Jonas' father is a songwriter, musician, and former ordained minister at an Assemblies of God church, while his mother is a former sign language teacher and singer. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Nick has a younger brother, Frankie , and two older brothers, Joe and Kevin . [ 7 ] Jonas was raised in Wyckoff, New Jersey and homeschooled by his mother. Jonas' career started when he was discovered at the age of six in a barber shop, where his mother was getting her hair cut, and was referred to a professional show business manager. [ 8 ] He began performing on Broadway at the age of seven, portraying characters such as Tiny Tim , Chip Potts , Little Jake , and Gavroche among other roles. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Jonas wrote a song titled "Joy to the World (A Christmas Prayer)" with his father while performing in Beauty and the Beast (2002), featuring background vocals from Jonas' fellow cast members, which was featured on the compilation album Broadway's Greatest Gifts: Carols for a Cure, Vol. 4 . [ 13 ] The song was later released through INO Records to Christian Radio in 2003, serving as Jonas' debut single. [ 14 ] The single caught the attention of Columbia Records , leading to Jonas signing with Columbia and INO to release his debut studio effort. [ 15 ] "Dear God" (2004) was released as the lead single from the project, followed by a re-recorded version of "Joy to the World (A Christmas Prayer)". [ 15 ] Jonas co-wrote songs for the album with his two older brothers, who also provided background vocals for the release. Nicholas Jonas (2004) received a limited release on September 5, 2004. [ 16 ] The project was scheduled for a wide release in December, but was pushed back before ultimately being cancelled altogether. [ 17 ] The new president of Columbia Records, Steve Greenberg , liked Jonas' voice on the record, but did not like the album. [ 18 ] Upon hearing the song "Please Be Mine", he decided to sign Jonas and his brothers as a group. [ 19 ] After being signed to Columbia, the brothers considered naming their group Sons of Jonas before settling on the name Jonas Brothers . [ 20 ] In 2005, Jonas was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the age of 13. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] While working on their debut studio album, the band toured throughout 2005 with artists such as Jump5 , Kelly Clarkson , Jesse McCartney , the Backstreet Boys , and The Click Five , among others. [ 23 ] The band's debut single, " Mandy ", was released in December 2005. [ 23 ] The album was initially scheduled for a February 2006 release date, but executive changes at Columbia's parent company Sony led to numerous delays on the project's release. [ 23 ] It was during this time that the group began making appearances on various Disney Channel -related soundtracks, and toured with Aly & AJ throughout 2006. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The band's debut album, It's About Time (2006), was released on August 8, 2006. [ 26 ] The album received little backing from the label, who had no further interest in promoting the band. During its initial run, the album only received a limited release of 50,000 copies. [ 27 ] Unhappy with how the release of the record was handled, the band hoped to depart from Columbia Records and find a new label; it was later confirmed in 2007 that the group had been dropped by the label. [ 23 ] The album went on to sell a total of 1,750,000 copies. [ 28 ] 2007–2011: Breakthrough with Jonas Brothers and other projects Shortly following their departure from Columbia Records, it was confirmed that the Jonas Brothers had signed with Hollywood Records . [ 29 ] While working on their new album, the group continued to gain popularity from soundtrack appearances and promotional appearances. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The group released their self-titled second studio album through Hollywood Records on August 7, 2007. [ 34 ] The album entered the top five of the Billboard 200 in the United States, going on to sell over two million copies in the country. [ 35 ] The group's single " S.O.S " became their first top twenty hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , [ 36 ] and has sold over 1.5 million copies in the country. [ 27 ] Nick and his brothers made their acting debut on an August 17 episode of the Disney series Hannah Montana titled " Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas ". The band performed the collaboration "We Got the Party" with lead actress Miley Cyrus , with the episode garnering over ten million viewers and becoming basic cable's most watched series telecast ever. [ 37 ] In May 2008, he and the band began starring in their own Disney series Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream . [ 38 ] Jonas made his film debut along with his brothers in the Disney Channel film Camp Rock (2008), starring alongside Demi Lovato . The film's soundtrack was released on June 17, 2008, and sold 188,000 copies in its first week of release in the United States. [ 39 ] The movie went on to become a major hit for the network, receiving 8.86 million viewers. [ 40 ] The band achieved further success with their third studio album, A Little Bit Longer (2008), which became their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 chart; the project sold over 525,000 in its first week of release. [ 41 ] The album went on to sell over two million copies in the United States, making it their second multi-platinum album. [ 42 ] A Little Bit Longer remains the band's highest-selling effort to date. " Burnin' Up " (2008) served as the album's lead single, becoming the band's first top five hit in the United States. [ 43 ] The band starred in the 3D biopic Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience , which received a theatrical release on February 27, 2009. [ 44 ] The film was a financial success, and is the sixth highest-grossing concert film. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Jonas starred with all three of his brothers in their second Disney Channel series, Jonas , which made its debut on May 2, 2009. [ 48 ] The band released their fourth studio album, titled Lines, Vines and Trying Times , on June 16, 2009. The project debuted at the top spot on the Billboard 200, boasting first week sales of 247,000 copies. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Following the release of their fourth studio album, the Jonas Brothers confirmed that they would be taking a hiatus to focus on solo projects. [ 51 ] While Joe chose to record a solo record, Nick opted to form the band Nick Jonas & the Administration , signing with Hollywood Records to release the project and later doing a tour. [ 52 ] [ 27 ] On June 21, Jonas made his West End debut performing in Les Misérables for the second time, this time in the role of Marius Pontmercy . [ 53 ] Jonas was originally supposed to play the role for only three weeks, but was able to extend his run until July 24, 2010, because of changes in the Jonas Brothers touring schedule. [ 54 ] He also appeared in the 25th Anniversary Concert at The O2 Arena on October 3, 2010, again playing the role of Marius Pontmercy. [ 55 ] He starred in How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying on Broadway. From August 5–7, Jonas performed in the musical Hairspray as Link Larkin at the Hollywood Bowl . [ 56 ] He also starred in the sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010), which was a commercial success. [ 57 ] Jonas later appeared in the 2011 series Mr. Sunshine ; he played Eli Cutler, an up-and-coming singer who wants everything his way before he performs at the Sunshine Center. [ 58 ] He also played the role of Ryan on an episode of the sitcom Last Man Standing . [ 59 ] [ 60 ] 2012–2013: Jonas Brothers split Jonas guest-starred on an episode of Smash as Lyle West, a young musician and television star backing a promising Broadway musical; [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Jonas would later reprise the role in the show's season finale on May 14. [ 63 ] Jonas had a cameo appearance in the last episode of the second season of the comedy web series Submissions Only . [ 64 ] Jonas was to perform in the musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying as J. Pierrepont Finch [ 65 ] from January 24 to July 1, 2012. [ 66 ] Despite this, the musical ended its run on May 20. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Jonas recorded five songs for the project, which were released as an extended play in 2012. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] The Jonas Brothers confirmed in March that work had begun on their fifth studio album. [ 71 ] The band officially parted ways with Hollywood Records in May 2012; they purchased the rights to all of their music from the label. [ 72 ] Despite claims that Jonas would be signing on as a judge for the twelfth season of the singing competition American Idol , [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] Jonas opted to appear instead as a mentor with Demi Lovato on The X Factor . [ 78 ] Jonas made guest appearances on the television series Married to Jonas , starring his older brother Kevin and his wife. [ 79 ] The television show also documented their return to music and the process of working on their fifth album. [ 80 ] The Jonas Brothers released a new single, " Pom Poms " (2013), on April 2 through their own record label. [ 81 ] The music video for the song was filmed in February 2013 in New Orleans , Louisiana and premiered on E! on April 2, 2013. [ 82 ] Nick was the co-host of the Miss USA 2013 competition on NBC ; Jonas and his brothers performed during the event. [ 83 ] The band released " First Time " as the second single from their forthcoming album. [ 84 ] The band cancelled their highly anticipated tour in October only days before it was set to begin, citing a "deep rift within the band" over "creative differences", leading to speculation that the brothers would be parting ways musically. [ 85 ] They officially confirmed on October 29 that the band had split up for good. [ 86 ] The split led to the cancellation of their comeback album, though Nick confirmed that some of the songs recorded for the project would become available for fans through an upcoming release; the band released a live album featuring five songs from their unreleased fifth studio album. [ 87 ] Around this time, Jonas guest starred as a computer hacker on an episode of Hawaii Five-0 . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] 2014–2018: Nick Jonas and Last Year Was Complicated With the Jonas Brothers officially broken up, Jonas began working on material for his second studio album. [ 90 ] In 2014, he worked as the musical and creative director on Demi Lovato's Neon Lights Tour , overseeing video content, wardrobe, lighting and staging, and song arrangement. [ 90 ] He joined Lovato on stage for select shows of the concert, performing three of her songs with her. [ 91 ] Jonas went on to appear in two more episodes of Hawaii Five-O , [ 92 ] [ 93 ] and was cast in a starring role as Nate Kulina in the drama series Kingdom . [ 94 ] [ 95 ] The series premiered on DirecTV 's Audience Network , and was renewed for two more seasons only two weeks later. [ 96 ] Jonas made his return to music with the release of " Chains ", the lead single to his second studio album. [ 97 ] " Jealous " was later released as the album's second single, going on to become Jonas' first top ten hit as a solo artist on the Billboard Hot 100. [ 98 ] Jonas released his second studio album, Nick Jonas , though Island Records on November 10, 2014. [ 99 ] The album debuted at number six on the Billboard 200, selling over 37,000 copies in its first week of release. [ 100 ] Following the success of "Jealous" and the album, "Chains" was re-released as the next single from the album. [ 101 ] The single achieved commercial success, reaching the top twenty of the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming his second multi-platinum single. [ 102 ] Jonas served as a guest mentor for Christina Aguilera on the eighth season of The Voice . [ 103 ] He also starred in the film Careful What You Wish For , which was filmed in 2013. [ 104 ] In 2015, Jonas released a new single, " Levels ", as the lead single to the re-released version of his debut album, Nick Jonas X2 . [ 105 ] Jonas had a recurring role as Boone Clemens in the comedy horror series Scream Queens ; he is credited for five episodes of the first season. [ 106 ] Work on Jonas' third studio album began as early as 2014, prior to the release of Nick Jonas . [ 107 ] The album was initially set to be titled Unhinged , but was changed to Last Year Was Complicated prior to its release. [ 108 ] " Close ", a collaboration with Tove Lo , was released as the album's lead single. [ 109 ] The project was a commercial success, reaching the top twenty of the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming his third top ten hit on the Mainstream Top 40 chart. [ 110 ] Last Year Was Complicated was released on June 10 to a generally positive reception. [ 111 ] The album sold a total of 66,000 equivalent album units in its first week of release, entering the Billboard 200 chart at number two. [ 112 ] This marks his highest peaking effort as a solo artist to date. [ 112 ] " Bacon " has been serviced as the second single from the album. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Jonas's contributions as a songwriter led to him receiving the Hal David Starlight Award in the Songwriters Hall of Fame . [ 116 ] Jonas embarked on the co-headlining Future Now Tour (2016) alongside Demi Lovato on June 29, and continued on the tour until the final concert on September 17. [ 117 ] In May 2015, Billboard revealed that Jonas was in the process of starting an "artist-centric" new record label, Safehouse Records, of which he would be co-founder and co-owner. The label would be a partnership between Jonas, Demi Lovato, and Lovato then-manager Phil McIntyre, and will form part of a new collaborative arrangement with record label Island . Jonas also starred in the drama film Goat alongside James Franco , which was released on September 23, 2016. [ 118 ] He participated in a rap battle with Kevin Hart on October 27. [ 119 ] On May 26, 2017, Jonas released the single " Remember I Told You " which features British singer-songwriter Anne-Marie and American singer and producer Mike Posner . [ 120 ] Jonas released the song " Find You " on September 14, 2017. [ 121 ] Jonas contributed to the Ferdinand soundtrack with the songs "Home" and "Watch Me", released on October 20. "Home" was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . [ 122 ] In May 2018, Jonas released the single " Anywhere ", a collaboration with DJ/Producer Mustard . Jonas and Mustard performed the song live, along with " Jealous ", with contestant Jurnee during the finale of American Idol season 16 on May 21. [ 123 ] They also performed the song during the 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards on June 18. [ 124 ] In an August 2018 interview with Teen Vogue , Jonas announced the impending release of a collaboration with Robin Schulz titled " Right Now ", which he co-wrote with Skylar Grey . [ 125 ] In August 2018, it was announced that Jonas had joined the cast of the animated film UglyDolls alongside Kelly Clarkson and Pitbull , which was released on May 3, 2019. [ 126 ] Jonas also performs the song "The Ugly Truth" for the film, which appears on the soundtrack album . 2019–2025: Jonas Brothers reunion, The Voice and Spaceman Starting in late January, rumors were swirling online that the three brothers were going to reform the Jonas Brothers. On February 28, 2019, the Jonas Brothers officially announced their return along with a new single, " Sucker ", which released the next day, March 1. [ 127 ] The group's fifth album, Happiness Begins was released on June 7. [ 128 ] In October 2019, it was announced that Jonas would join The Voice as a coach for its eighteenth season and later for its twentieth season. [ 129 ] [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Jonas had a role in Roland Emmerich 's World War II blockbuster movie Midway , which was released on November 8, 2019. [ 132 ] On February 20, 2021, it was announced that Jonas would host Saturday Night Live for the first time on February 27. [ 133 ] He was SNL ' s musical guest for the fourth time, performing his single, " Spaceman ", from his fourth studio album, also titled Spaceman . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The second single, titled " This Is Heaven ", was released on March 4, 2021. [ 137 ] On March 15, 2021, Jonas and his wife Priyanka Chopra announced the nominees for the 93rd Academy Awards . [ 138 ] On April 30, 2021, it was announced that Jonas would host the 2021 Billboard Music Awards . [ 139 ] Nick Jonas is set to star as Frankie Valli in a proshot taping of the musical Jersey Boys . [ 140 ] In March 2023, Jonas and King released a single in Hindi and English, titled "Maan Meri Jaan (Afterlife)". [ 141 ] 2026: Sunday Best On November 30, 2025, Jonas announced his upcoming fifth studio album, Sunday Best . [ 142 ] [ 143 ] " Gut Punch " was released as the album's first single on January 1, 2026. [ 144 ] Other ventures Outside of his acting and music career, Jonas ventured in various directions. In 2014, he signed a contract with modeling agency Wilhelmina Models. [ 145 ] Fashion In 2017, he released his shoe collection 1410, a collaboration with versatile sneaker company Creative Recreation. [ 146 ] In 2018, he released a spring clothing line with John Varvatos , labeled JV x NJ. [ 147 ] Later in the year, they also released a fragrance, also labeled JV x NJ. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] In 2019, they released two more fragrances: JVXNJ Red [ 150 ] and JVxNJ Silver. [ 151 ] In October 2022 it was annmounced that Nick collaborated with PGX on a capsule collection for the golfsport. The PXG x NJ collection includes apparel and accessories, from hats and bags to shirts, pants, socks. [ 152 ] Tequila In September 2019, Jonas announced that he had collaborated with John Varvatos and the spirits giant Stoli Group on an ultra-premium tequila named Villa One. The tequila, which was rolled out in the U.S. in September, came in Silver, Reposado and Añejo expressions. [ 153 ] At the end of 2020, the tequila was made available for purchase in the United Kingdom. [ 154 ] In May 2021, it was made available in Canada. [ 155 ] Producing On September 29, 2021, it was announced that Nick Jonas and Priyanka Chopra Jonas had joined the producing team of Douglas Lyons' Broadway comedy Chicken & Biscuits, currently in previews at Circle in the Square Theatre. [ 156 ] Image 32 Jonas was an executive producer for the show Dash & Lily, with Stranger Things producer Shawn Levy. Levy produced the series with Josh Barry via his 21 Laps banner. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The series was released on November 10, 2020, on Netflix . Jonas was involved on casting, filming, and music. [ 159 ] He also made a cameo in the series, giving love advice and performing the single " Like It's Christmas " with his brothers. [ 160 ] In 2020, Amazon Studios greenlit an unscripted series following engaged couples as they prepare for their sangeet, an Indian pre-wedding tradition. Jonas was announced as an executive producer through Image 32, and Chopra Jonas would executive produce through Purple Pebble Productions. [ 161 ] Year Title Role Notes 2020 [ 159 ] Dash & Lily Himself/Performer [ 160 ] Executive Producer [ 157 ] [ 158 ] TBA Untitled Sangeet Project Executive Producer [ 161 ] Business In July 2022, Jonas and Chopra announced an investment in Perfect Moment , a 1979-founded company dedicated mainly to womenswear. The company said that the couple will play a "substantial role" in the marketplaces of Asia and the Middle East. [ 162 ] Public image During the early stages of their career, the Jonas Brothers were seen as role models and teen idols by their fans, and they drew much media attention when they made the decision to begin wearing purity rings during their time on the Disney Channel. [ 163 ] Though he has stated that the rings helped "shape [his] view of sex", Nick felt that his faith became more about his personal relationship with God. [ 164 ] He claimed in 2016 that all of the youth at their church had been asked to wear them, and he didn't have a "full understanding" of what the ring meant. [ 165 ] Jonas has more recently earned the title of a sex symbol following a string of provocative photo shoots. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] [ 168 ] He has often rejected the title, stating that: "I don't really consider myself [a sex symbol]. If someone wants to give me that title, that's fine, but I don't say these words about myself. I just try to be humble, make sexy music and push the envelope a little bit." [ 169 ] Jonas was featured on OK! ' s list of 2014's Sexiest Men Alive, [ 170 ] while his photo shoot for Flaunt was listed on their Most Memorable Naked Moments list. [ 171 ] He was ranked at number ten on People ' s Sexiest Men Alive list in 2015. [ 172 ] He was ranked in sixth place on Capital FM 's list of Sexiest Men in Pop during 2016. [ 173 ] Jonas' new public image has led to him receiving a large fan following in the LGBT community, a fact he claims to be "thrilled" about. [ 174 ] Some of Jonas' interviews and comments have drawn criticism for being "gay pandering", though Jonas has denied these claims. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] [ 178 ] He was deemed Sexiest Reality Show Judge in the 2020 People ' s Sexiest Men Alive poll. [ 179 ] That same year, he was also nominated alongside Joe and Kevin for Sexiest Brothers. [ 180 ] Personal life Health Jonas was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the age of thirteen and uses an insulin pump to help him manage his condition. [ 181 ] He has developed the Change for the Children Foundation; partnering with five different charities, their goal is to raise money and awareness for diabetes. [ 182 ] He also developed a public service announcement with the Washington Nationals to support diabetes care at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. [ 183 ] Since August 6, 2008, Bayer Diabetes Care has partnered with Jonas as a diabetes ambassador to encourage young people to manage their diabetes. [ 184 ] Jonas testified in the U.S. Senate to promote more research funding for the condition. [ 185 ] Relationships Jonas dated fellow Disney star Miley Cyrus from June 2006 to December 2007. [ 186 ] He also briefly dated another Disney star, Selena Gomez , in 2008, and she appeared in his band's music video for " Burnin' Up ". [ 187 ] In May 2011, Jonas started dating Australian singer Delta Goodrem . They broke up in February 2012. [ 188 ] Jonas started dating model and Miss Universe 2012 , Olivia Culpo , in 2013. They ended their relationship in 2015 after nearly two years of dating. [ 189 ] Culpo is the inspiration for, and appears in the music video of, Jonas's most successful song to date, 2014 smash hit " Jealous ". In May 2018, Jonas started dating Indian actress Priyanka Chopra . Jonas proposed to her on July 19, 2018, a day after her birthday, in Crete, Greece . [ 190 ] Jonas and Chopra got formally engaged the following month in a Punjabi Roka ceremony in Mumbai . [ 191 ] In December 2018, the couple married at Umaid Bhawan Palace , Jodhpur, in traditional Hindu and Christian ceremonies. [ 192 ] [ 193 ] The ceremony was photographed by Jose Villa . [ 194 ] In January 2022, Jonas announced that he and Chopra had welcomed their first child, a daughter, via surrogacy . [ 195 ] [ 196 ] Philanthropy In 2009, Jonas was involved in " Disney's Friends for Change ", an organization which promoted "environmentally-friendly behavior", alongside his brothers. [ 197 ] Jonas Brothers , Demi Lovato , Miley Cyrus , and Selena Gomez , as the ad hoc musical team "Disney's Friends For Change", recorded the charity single " Send It On ", all of the proceeds of which were accepted into the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund. [ 198 ] It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 20. [ 198 ] In January 2010, Jonas donated $25,000 from his family foundation to the North Texas Food Bank . He made the visit as part of a joint effort with the television program The Biggest Loser and Feeding America , a national network of food banks. [ 199 ] In the same year, Jonas further volunteered his efforts for Do Something by offering his time as a prize to teens who donated jeans to Do Something and Aeropostale's "Teens for Jeans" campaign. [ 200 ] Further, Jonas filmed another PSA, this one in support of Do Something's "Battle of the Bands" campaign, for the advancement of music education in schools. [ 201 ] Jonas is also a member of the National Youth Leadership Committee for the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration, along with Jordin Sparks , Genevieve Ryan, and Brodi Conover. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] In 2017, Jonas, alongside Demi Lovato and DNCE , began a Crowd Rise campaign to raise money to support Hurricane Harvey relief. [ 205 ] In March 2020, Jonas and his wife, Priyanka Chopra , announced they have donated to several organizations, including UNICEF , Feeding America , Goonj , Doctors Without Borders , No Kid Hungry , GiveIndia , PM CARES Fund , and others to help fight the outbreak of COVID-19 . [ 206 ] They also made donations to the Equal Justice Initiative and American Civil Liberties Union , amid the widespread protests over the murder of George Floyd in June 2020. [ 207 ] The next month, they made donations to Bihar and Assam flood relief organizations following the Assam flood and asked their fans to provide help and support as well. [ 208 ] In April 2021, Jonas and Chopra urged fans to donate to the GiveIndia NGO through their fundraiser "Together for India" during the resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic in India . [ 209 ] [ 210 ] By 13 May 2021, the fundraiser had reached their initial target of $1 million, and they subsequently raised the target to $3 million. [ 211 ] Discography Solo albums Nicholas Jonas (2005) Nick Jonas (2014) Last Year Was Complicated (2016) Spaceman (2021) Sunday Best (2026) with The Administration Who I Am (2010) with the Jonas Brothers It's About Time (2006) Jonas Brothers (2007) A Little Bit Longer (2008) Lines, Vines and Trying Times (2009) Happiness Begins (2019) The Album (2023) Greetings from Your Hometown (2025) Filmography Theatre Year Title Role Notes 2000 A Christmas Carol Tiny Tim 2001 Annie Get Your Gun Little Jake Broadway 2002 Beauty and the Beast Chip Broadway 2003 Les Misérables Gavroche Broadway 2003 The Sound of Music Kurt PaperMill Playhouse 2010 Les Misérables Marius Pontmercy West End, June 21, 2010 – July 24, 2010 October 3, 2010 ( 25th Anniversary Concert ) 2011 Hairspray Link Larkin August 5–7, 2011 at the Hollywood Bowl 2012 How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying J. Pierrepont Finch [ 65 ] Broadway, January 24 – May 20, 2012 [ 66 ] [ 67 ] 2021 Chicken & Biscuits Producer Broadway 2023 Jonas Brothers on Broadway Himself Broadway residency, March 14–18, 2023 2025 The Last Five Years Jamie Wellerstein Broadway, March 18 - June 22, 2025 [ 212 ] Film Year Title Role Notes 2009 Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian Cherub Voice 2015 Careful What You Wish For Doug Martin 2016 Goat Brett Land 2017 Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough 2019 UglyDolls Lou Voice Midway Aviation Machinist Mate Bruno Gaido Jumanji: The Next Level Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough 2021 Chaos Walking Davy Prentiss Jr. 2023 Love Again Joel [ 213 ] The Good Half Renn Wheeland [ 214 ] 2025 You're Cordially Invited Pastor Luther [ 215 ] A Very Jonas Christmas Movie Himself Also producer A Very Jonas Christmas Movie Yule Log 2026 Power Ballad Danny Post-production [ 216 ] Untitled Jumanji: The Next Level sequel Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough Filming [ 217 ] Year Title Role Notes 2008 Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert Himself Concert Film 2009 Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience Himself Concert Film 2010 Les Misérables: 25th Anniversary Concert Marius Pontmercy Concert Film 2015 Taylor Swift: The 1989 World Tour Live Himself Concert film 2017 Demi Lovato: Simply Complicated Himself Documentary film 2019 Chasing Happiness Himself Documentary film 2020 Happiness Continues: A Jonas Brothers Concert Film Himself Concert Film, Documentary film TBA Jersey Boys [ 140 ] Frankie Valli Musical Taping TV Year Title Role Notes 2007 Hannah Montana Himself Episode: " Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas " 2008 Camp Rock Nate Gray Television film 2009–2010 Jonas Nick Lucas 33 episodes 2010 Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam Nate Gray Television film 2011 Mr. Sunshine Eli White Episode: "Employee of the Year" 2011 Last Man Standing Ryan Vogelson Episode: "Last Christmas Standing" 2012 Smash Lyle West 2 episodes 2012 Submissions Only Lonely Dancer Episode: "Another Interruption" 2013–2015 Hawaii Five-0 Ian Wright 3 episodes 2014–2017 Kingdom Nate Kulina 40 episodes 2015 Scream Queens Boone Clemens 5 episodes 2020 Dash & Lily Himself Episode: "New Year's Eve" 2021 Calls [ 218 ] Sam Episode: "The Universe Did It" TBA Camp Rock 3 Nate Gray Television film Year Title Notes 2008–2010 Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream 18 episodes 2008–2010 Extreme Makeover: Home Edition "The Akers Family" (Season 6, Episode 2), "The Heathcock Family" (Season 7, Episode 17) 2008 Disney Channel Games 5 episodes; part of Red Team 2009 Band in a Bus Reality DVD 2010 I Get That a Lot May 19, 2010 episode 2010 The Biggest Loser Season 10, Episode 13 [ 219 ] 2012 The X Factor Season 2 [ 220 ] ( Judges Houses ) 1, 2, 3 (October 10–11 & October 17) 2012–2013 Married to Jonas 4 episodes [ 80 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] 2016 CMT Crossroads Summer 2016 performance with Thomas Rhett [ 223 ] 2016 Running Wild with Bear Grylls Location: Sierra Nevada [ 224 ] 2019 Songland Episode: "Jonas Brothers" 2015, 2020–2021 The Voice Season 8 [ 103 ] (The Battle Round), Season 18 and Season 20 coach [ 225 ] 2021 Olympic Dreams Featuring Jonas Brothers NBC special 2021 Jonas Brothers Family Roast Netflix special [ 226 ] 2022 Dancing with Myself dance creators [ 227 ] Year Title Notes 2008 Studio DC: Almost Live Second show 2009–2021 Saturday Night Live 2009 (musical guest/sketches) , 2016 (musical guest/sketches) , 2019 (musical guest) , 2021 (Host/musical guest) [ 228 ] 2010 Live! with Regis and Kelly January 8, 2010 episode 2010 Minute to Win It May 12, 2010 episode 2012 Opening Act Nick Jonas & Patrick Tanner [ 229 ] 2013 Miss USA 2013 Host and performer with Jonas Brothers 2015 2015 Kids' Choice Awards First time hosting an awards show [ 230 ] 2016 Maya & Marty June 14, 2016 episode 2016–2019 Carpool Karaoke May 16, 2016 episode alongside Demi Lovato March 7, 2019 episode alongside Joe and Kevin Jonas 2020 Dash & Lily Performed Like It's Christmas alongside Joe and Kevin Jonas 2021 2021 Billboard Music Awards Second time hosting an awards show [ 231 ] 2021 My Life Highlights show [ 232 ] Web Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2009 KSM : Read Between the Lines Himself Episode: "Hangin' with the Jonas Brothers" [ 233 ] 2021 Jonas Brothers: Moments Between The Moments Himself Mini Series [ 226 ] Music videos Year Title Artist Notes 2011 "My Time" [ 234 ] Gabrielle Giguere Producer, cameo 2015 "OXO" (Lyric Video) [ 235 ] Olivia Somerlyn Cameo Commercials Year Brand(s) Role Ref. 2023 Dexcom Himself [ 236 ] Tours Who I Am Tour (2010) Nick Jonas 2011 Tour (2011) Nick Jonas Live (2014) [ 237 ] Nick Jonas: Live in Concert (2015) [ 238 ] Future Now Tour (with Demi Lovato ) (2016) [ 239 ] Maroon V Tour ( Maroon 5 ) (2015) [ 240 ] 24K Magic World Tour ( Bruno Mars ) (2018) [ 241 ] Awards and nominations Year Title Award Nominated work Result 2009 Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica Best Fashionista (Most Fashionable) [ 242 ] Himself Won 2010 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor [ 243 ] Himself Nominated Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards Favorite International Character Male [ 244 ] [ 245 ] Himself Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Music: Love Song [ 246 ] " Stay " Nominated Choice Breakout Artist: Male [ 247 ] Nick Jonas & The Administration Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Young Hollywood Artist of the Year [ 248 ] Himself Won 2011 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor [ 249 ] Himself Nominated DRLC DREAM Award [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Himself Won 2012 Broadway Beacon Awards 2012 "Contributions to the theater community" [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Himself [ 254 ] Won 2013 Teen Choice Awards Acuvue Inspire Award [ 255 ] Himself Won 2014 Young Hollywood Awards Coolest Crossover Artist [ 256 ] Himself Won MTV European Music Awards [ 257 ] Artist on the Rise [ 258 ] Himself Nominated 2015 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Male Singer [ 259 ] Himself Won Radio Disney Music Awards He's The One – Best Male Artist [ 260 ] Himself Nominated XOXO – Best Crush Song [ 261 ] "Jealous" Nominated Much Music Video Awards Favorite International Artist [ 262 ] Himself Nominated Teen Choice Awards [ 263 ] Choice Male Artist [ 264 ] Himself Nominated Choice Song: Male Artist [ 264 ] " Jealous " Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Male Video [ 265 ] " Chains " Nominated MTV Europe Music Award Best US Act [ 266 ] Himself Nominated American Music Awards Favorite Male Artist – Pop/Rock [ 267 ] Himself Nominated 2016 People's Choice Awards [ 268 ] Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor Kingdom Nominated Favorite Male Artist Himself Nominated Kids' Choice Awards [ 269 ] Favorite Male Singer Himself Nominated Radio Disney Music Awards He's The One – Best Male Artist [ 270 ] Himself Nominated iHeartRadio Music Awards Triple Threat Artist [ 271 ] Himself Nominated Hal David Starlight Award Hal David Starlight Award [ 272 ] Himself Won BMI Awards Pop Songwriter [ 273 ] "Jealous" Won iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards [ 274 ] [ 275 ] iHeartRadio International Artist of the Year [ 276 ] Himself – " Close " Won Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group [ 277 ] Nominated Teen Choice Awards [ 278 ] [ 279 ] [ 280 ] Choice Music: Male Artist Himself Nominated Choice Music Single: Male "Close" – Nick Jonas featuring Tove Lo Nominated Choice Music: Love Song "Close" – Nick Jonas featuring Tove Lo Nominated Choice Summer Music Star: Male Himself Nominated Choice Summer Tour "Future Now Tour" – Demi Lovato and Nick Jonas Nominated Choice Style: Male Himself Won MTV Video Music Awards [ 281 ] Song of Summer " Bacon " Nominated 2017 People's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Series Actor [ 282 ] Kingdom Nominated Radio Disney Music Awards [ 283 ] He's The one – Best Male Artist Himself Nominated Stuck In Our Heads – Best Song To Lip Sync To Bacon Nominated I'm With The Band! – Radio Disney Favorite Tour Himself & Demi Lovato – Future now tour Nominated Hero Award [ 284 ] Himself Won CMT Music Awards CMT Performance of the Year [ 285 ] "Close" – with Thomas Rhett Nominated 2018 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song – Motion Picture [ 286 ] Home Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors' GMS Awards Best Song/Recording Created for a Film [ 287 ] Home Nominated 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best On-Screen Team [ 288 ] Dwayne Johnson , Kevin Hart , Jack Black , Karen Gillan and Nick Jonas – Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle Nominated 2018 Teen Choice Awards ChoiceSceneStealer [ 289 ] Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle as Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough Nominated 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards Best World Stage [ 290 ] Himself Nominated 2021 Streamy Awards Crossover [ 291 ] Himself Nominated References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Nick Jonas" . 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Retrieved October 21, 2021 . External links Official website Nick Jonas at Rotten Tomatoes Nick Jonas at IMDb .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Nick Jonas v t e Discography Songs Production discography Discography Songs Production discography Studio albums Nicholas Jonas Nick Jonas Last Year Was Complicated Spaceman Sunday Best Nicholas Jonas Nick Jonas Last Year Was Complicated Spaceman Sunday Best Extended plays Songs from How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying Songs from How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying Singles " Chains " " Jealous " " Levels " " Close " " Bacon " " Remember I Told You " " Find You " " Anywhere " " Right Now " " Spaceman " " This Is Heaven " " This Is What Forever Feels Like " " Gut Punch " " Chains " " Jealous " " Levels " " Close " " Bacon " " Remember I Told You " " Find You " " Anywhere " " Right Now " " Spaceman " " This Is Heaven " " This Is What Forever Feels Like " " Gut Punch " Featured singles " We Are the World 25 for Haiti " " Haven't Met You Yet " " I Never Met a Wolf Who Didn't Love to Howl " " Good Thing " " We Are the World 25 for Haiti " " Haven't Met You Yet " " I Never Met a Wolf Who Didn't Love to Howl " " Good Thing " Other songs " Introducing Me " " When You Look Me in the Eyes " " Higher Love " " Teacher " " Champagne Problems " " Chainsaw " " Home " " Introducing Me " " When You Look Me in the Eyes " " Higher Love " " Teacher " " Champagne Problems " " Chainsaw " " Home " Bands Jonas Brothers Nick Jonas & the Administration Jonas Brothers Nick Jonas & the Administration Tours Nick Jonas Live Nick Jonas: Live in Concert Future Now Tour Nick Jonas Live Nick Jonas: Live in Concert Future Now Tour Related articles Joe Jonas (brother) Kevin Jonas (brother) Frankie Jonas (brother) Joe Jonas (brother) Kevin Jonas (brother) Frankie Jonas (brother) Category Category v t e Jonas Brothers v t e Kevin Jonas Joe Jonas Nick Jonas Discography Awards and nominations Songs Kevin Jonas Joe Jonas Nick Jonas Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums It's About Time Jonas Brothers A Little Bit Longer Lines, Vines and Trying Times Happiness Begins The Album Greetings from Your Hometown It's About Time Jonas Brothers A Little Bit Longer Lines, Vines and Trying Times Happiness Begins The Album Greetings from Your Hometown Compilations Music from Chasing Happiness The Family Business Music from Chasing Happiness The Family Business Soundtracks Music from the 3D Concert Experience Jonas L.A. A Very Jonas Christmas Movie Music from the 3D Concert Experience Jonas L.A. A Very Jonas Christmas Movie Live albums LiVe Live from the O2 London LiVe Live from the O2 London Singles " Year 3000 " " Kids of the Future " " Hold On " " S.O.S " " When You Look Me in the Eyes " " Play My Music " " Burnin' Up " " Lovebug " " Tonight " " Paranoid " " Fly with Me " " Pom Poms " " First Time " " Sucker " " Cool " " Only Human " " Lonely " " Like It's Christmas " " What a Man Gotta Do " " X " " Five More Minutes " " I Need You Christmas " " Leave Before You Love Me " " Remember This " " Who's in Your Head " " Wings " " Waffle House " " Summer Baby " " Do It Like That " " Strong Enough " " Holiday " " Slow Motion " " I Dare You " " Love Me to Heaven " " No Time to Talk " " I Can't Lose " " Coming Home This Christmas " " Cliché " " Year 3000 " " Kids of the Future " " Hold On " " S.O.S " " When You Look Me in the Eyes " " Play My Music " " Burnin' Up " " Lovebug " " Tonight " " Paranoid " " Fly with Me " " Pom Poms " " First Time " " Sucker " " Cool " " Only Human " " Lonely " " Like It's Christmas " " What a Man Gotta Do " " X " " Five More Minutes " " I Need You Christmas " " Leave Before You Love Me " " Remember This " " Who's in Your Head " " Wings " " Waffle House " " Summer Baby " " Do It Like That " " Strong Enough " " Holiday " " Slow Motion " " I Dare You " " Love Me to Heaven " " No Time to Talk " " I Can't Lose " " Coming Home This Christmas " " Cliché " Featured singles " We Rock " " We Are the World 25 for Haiti " " Runaway " " Happen to Me " " We Rock " " We Are the World 25 for Haiti " " Runaway " " Happen to Me " Promotional singles " Pushin' Me Away " " A Little Bit Longer " " Send It On " " Pushin' Me Away " " A Little Bit Longer " " Send It On " Other songs " Poor Unfortunate Souls " " I Wan'na Be Like You " " Wedding Bells " " Poor Unfortunate Souls " " I Wan'na Be Like You " " Wedding Bells " Concert tours When You Look Me in the Eyes Tour The Burning Up Tour World Tour 2009 Live in Concert World Tour 2012/2013 Jonas Brothers Live 2013 Happiness Begins Tour Remember This Tour Five Albums. One Night. The World Tour Jonas20: Greetings from Your Hometown Tour When You Look Me in the Eyes Tour The Burning Up Tour World Tour 2009 Live in Concert World Tour 2012/2013 Jonas Brothers Live 2013 Happiness Begins Tour Remember This Tour Five Albums. One Night. The World Tour Jonas20: Greetings from Your Hometown Tour Residencies Jonas Brothers on Broadway Jonas Brothers on Broadway Events JonasCon JonasCon Television and specials Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream Camp Rock soundtrack Jonas episodes Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam soundtrack Married to Jonas Olympic Dreams Featuring Jonas Brothers Jonas Brothers Family Roast Camp Rock 3 Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream Camp Rock soundtrack soundtrack Jonas episodes episodes Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam soundtrack soundtrack Married to Jonas Olympic Dreams Featuring Jonas Brothers Jonas Brothers Family Roast Camp Rock 3 Films Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience Chasing Happiness Happiness Continues A Very Jonas Christmas Movie Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience Chasing Happiness Happiness Continues A Very Jonas Christmas Movie Related articles Frankie Jonas DNCE Nick Jonas & the Administration Demi Lovato Frankie Jonas DNCE Nick Jonas & the Administration Demi Lovato Category Category v t e Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor v t e Neil Diamond – The Jazz Singer (1980) Klinton Spilsbury – The Legend of the Lone Ranger (1981) Laurence Olivier – Inchon (1982) Christopher Atkins – A Night in Heaven (1983) Sylvester Stallone – Rhinestone (1984) Sylvester Stallone – Rambo: First Blood Part II , Rocky IV (1985) Prince – Under the Cherry Moon (1986) Bill Cosby – Leonard Part 6 (1987) Sylvester Stallone – Rambo III (1988) William Shatner – Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989) Andrew Dice Clay – The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990) Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991) Sylvester Stallone – Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot (1992) Burt Reynolds – Cop and a Half (1993) Kevin Costner – Wyatt Earp (1994) Pauly Shore – Jury Duty (1995) Tom Arnold – Big Bully , Carpool , The Stupids / Pauly Shore – Bio-Dome (1996) Kevin Costner – The Postman (1997) Bruce Willis – Armageddon , Mercury Rising , The Siege (1998) Adam Sandler – Big Daddy (1999) John Travolta – Battlefield Earth , Lucky Numbers (2000) Tom Green – Freddy Got Fingered (2001) Roberto Benigni and Breckin Meyer 's voice – Pinocchio (2002) Ben Affleck – Daredevil , Gigli , Paycheck (2003) George W. Bush – Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) Rob Schneider – Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo (2005) Marlon Wayans and Shawn Wayans – Little Man (2006) Eddie Murphy – Norbit (2007) Mike Myers – The Love Guru (2008) Jonas Brothers ( Joe , Kevin , and Nick ) – Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience (2009) Ashton Kutcher – Killers , Valentine's Day (2010) Adam Sandler – Jack and Jill , Just Go with It (2011) Adam Sandler – That's My Boy (2012) Jaden Smith – After Earth (2013) Kirk Cameron – Saving Christmas (2014) Jamie Dornan – Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) Dinesh D'Souza – Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party (2016) Tom Cruise – The Mummy (2017) Donald Trump – Death of a Nation , Fahrenheit 11/9 (2018) John Travolta – The Fanatic , Trading Paint (2019) Mike Lindell – Absolute Proof (2020) LeBron James – Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) Jared Leto – Morbius (2022) Jon Voight – Mercy (2023) Jerry Seinfeld – Unfrosted (2024) Neil Diamond – The Jazz Singer (1980) Klinton Spilsbury – The Legend of the Lone Ranger (1981) Laurence Olivier – Inchon (1982) Christopher Atkins – A Night in Heaven (1983) Sylvester Stallone – Rhinestone (1984) Sylvester Stallone – Rambo: First Blood Part II , Rocky IV (1985) Prince – Under the Cherry Moon (1986) Bill Cosby – Leonard Part 6 (1987) Sylvester Stallone – Rambo III (1988) William Shatner – Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989) Andrew Dice Clay – The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990) Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991) Sylvester Stallone – Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot (1992) Burt Reynolds – Cop and a Half (1993) Kevin Costner – Wyatt Earp (1994) Pauly Shore – Jury Duty (1995) Tom Arnold – Big Bully , Carpool , The Stupids / Pauly Shore – Bio-Dome (1996) Kevin Costner – The Postman (1997) Bruce Willis – Armageddon , Mercury Rising , The Siege (1998) Adam Sandler – Big Daddy (1999) John Travolta – Battlefield Earth , Lucky Numbers (2000) Tom Green – Freddy Got Fingered (2001) Roberto Benigni and Breckin Meyer 's voice – Pinocchio (2002) Ben Affleck – Daredevil , Gigli , Paycheck (2003) George W. Bush – Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) Rob Schneider – Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo (2005) Marlon Wayans and Shawn Wayans – Little Man (2006) Eddie Murphy – Norbit (2007) Mike Myers – The Love Guru (2008) Jonas Brothers ( Joe , Kevin , and Nick ) – Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience (2009) Ashton Kutcher – Killers , Valentine's Day (2010) Adam Sandler – Jack and Jill , Just Go with It (2011) Adam Sandler – That's My Boy (2012) Jaden Smith – After Earth (2013) Kirk Cameron – Saving Christmas (2014) Jamie Dornan – Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) Dinesh D'Souza – Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party (2016) Tom Cruise – The Mummy (2017) Donald Trump – Death of a Nation , Fahrenheit 11/9 (2018) John Travolta – The Fanatic , Trading Paint (2019) Mike Lindell – Absolute Proof (2020) LeBron James – Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) Jared Leto – Morbius (2022) Jon Voight – Mercy (2023) Jerry Seinfeld – Unfrosted (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Netherlands Latvia Poland United States France BnF data Czech Republic Netherlands Latvia Poland Artists MusicBrainz MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef IdRef Nick Jonas 1992 births Living people Island Records artists Safehouse Records artists Hollywood Records artists Columbia Records artists 21st-century American male actors Male actors from Bergen County, New Jersey American male child actors American child singers American male film actors 21st-century American multi-instrumentalists American pop guitarists American male singer-songwriters American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors Jonas Brothers members Singer-songwriters from New Jersey Actors from Wyckoff, New Jersey People with type 1 diabetes Guitarists from New Jersey Nick Jonas & the Administration members American male guitarists 21st-century American singer-songwriters 21st-century American drummers Jonas family American people of French-Canadian descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of English descent Judges in American reality television series Male actors from Dallas American male drummers Drummers from Dallas Drummers from New Jersey CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2011 Webarchive template wayback links CS1: unfit URL CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Articles with dead external links from August 2025 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2020 Articles with hCards Biography with signature Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 10:54 (UTC) . 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Pagrindinis puslapis Bendruomenės puslapis Forumas Naujausi keitimai Atsitiktinis straipsnis Specialieji puslapiai Pagalba Parama Sukurti paskyrą Prisijungti Parama Sukurti paskyrą Prisijungti Turinys Pradžia 1 Informacija Toggle Informacija subsection 1.1 Šventės 1.2 Vardadieniai 1.1 Šventės 1.2 Vardadieniai 2 Šią dieną Lietuvoje Toggle Šią dieną Lietuvoje subsection 2.1 Įvykiai 2.2 Gimimo dienos 2.3 Mirtys 2.1 Įvykiai 2.2 Gimimo dienos 2.3 Mirtys 3 Šią dieną pasaulyje Toggle Šią dieną pasaulyje subsection 3.1 Įvykiai 3.2 Gimimo dienos 3.3 Mirtys 3.1 Įvykiai 3.2 Gimimo dienos 3.3 Mirtys 4 Šaltiniai 5 Nuorodos Sausio 15 Аԥсшәа Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Kotava Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo ગુજરાતી Gaelg 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Kongo Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Limburgs Ligure Lombard Lingála ລາວ Latviešu मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Malagasy Олык марий Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Kapampangan Papiamentu Polski پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Руски Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Anarâškielâ ChiShona Shqip Српски / srpski SiSwati Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 Хальмг მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Straipsnis Aptarimas Skaityti Keisti Keisti vikitekstą Istorija Skaityti Keisti Keisti vikitekstą Istorija Susiję straipsniai Susiję keitimai Nuolatinė nuoroda Puslapio informacija Cituoti straipsnį Gauti sutrumpintą URL nuorodą Atsisiųsti QR kodą Kurti knygą Parsisiųsti kaip PDF Versija spausdinimui Vikiteka Vikiduomenys įrašas Gru – Sausis – Vasario Pr A T K Pn Š S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 Sausio 15 diena – 15-oji metų diena pagal Grigaliaus kalendorių . Nuo šios dienos iki metų galo lieka 350 dienų ( keliamaisiais metais – 351). Informacija Šventės Lietuva – Klaipėdos diena . Vardadieniai Meda – Paulius – Povilas – Skirgaila – Snieguolė [ 1 ] Ida – Mauras – Sniega – Sniegė Šią dieną Lietuvoje Įvykiai 1797 – pasirašytas trišalis Lietuvos , Rusijos ir Lenkijos aktas, kuriuo galutinai likviduota Abiejų Tautų Respublika – Jungtinė Lenkijos ir Lietuvos valstybė. Į trišalį susitarimą įtraukta ir karaliaus abdikacija (sosto atsisakymas); 1900 – (pagal senąjį kalendorių – sausio 2 d.) pradėjo veikti pirmoji viešoji centrinė elektrinė Lietuvoje – Kauno centrinė elektrinė ; 1916 – Lietuvos gyventojams leista naudotis vokišku paštu , bet laiškus rašyti buvo galima tik vokiečių kalba ir tik į Vokietiją , Austriją , Vengriją ; 1923 – Lietuvos valdžia, stengdamasi pasipriešinti Klaipėdos krašto internacionaliniam valdymui, inscenizavo sukilimą prieš Antantės administraciją ir prijungė miestą bei etninę sritį prie Lietuvos; 1933 – įsteigta Lietuvos fotografų mėgėjų sąjunga; 1959 – Įvyko sąjunginis visuotinis gyventojų surašymas. Jo duomenimis, Lietuvoje gyveno 2 696 700 gyventojų; 1990 – Lietuvoje uždrausta TSRS kariams, kurie nėra nuolatiniai Lietuvos gyventojai ir jos piliečiai, dalyvauti balsavimuose renkant Lietuvos TSR Aukščiausiąją Tarybą ir vietinių Tarybų deputatus; 1991 – Vilniuje vėl pradėti leisti laikraščiai, kurių redakcijų patalpas sausio 12 d. užgrobė sovietiniai desantininkai; 1992 – įkurta Lietuvos miestų sąjunga . Pirmuoju jos pirmininku buvo išrinktas Druskininkų miesto tarybos vadovas Zenonas Streikus ; 1994 – Minske sulaikyti komunistų partijos veikėjai Mykolas Burokevičius ir Juozas Jermalavičius , vėliau nuteisti už antivalstybinę veiklą. Gimimo dienos 1729 m. – Johanas Erdmanas , Lietuvos kunigas jėzuitas , filosofas , pedagogas , Edukacinės komisijos veikėjas (m. 1798 m.). 1771 m. – Tėvas Jurgis Ambrozijus (Ambraziejus) Pabrėža , kunigas, pranciškonas, gydytojas, botanikas, pirmasis Lietuvos floros tyrinėtojas, vienas iškiliausių XIX a. švietėjų (m. 1849 m.). 1831 m. – Jurgis Zauerveinas , sorbų kilmės poliglotas , filosofijos daktaras, Mažosios Lietuvos visuomenės veikėjas, publicistas, poetas (m. 1904 m.). 1855 m. – Marcijonas Povilas Jurgaitis , kunigas, draudžiamosios lietuviškos spaudos gabenimo į Lietuvą organizatorius ir jos platintojas (m. 1926 m.). 1885 m. – Jonas Antanas Jankauskas , Lietuvos politinis bei visuomenės veikėjas (m. 1958 m.). 1893 m. – Jackus Sondeckis , ekonomistas, Lietuvos socialdemokratų partijos ir visuomenės veikėjas, savivaldybininkas (m. 1989 m.). 1894 m. – Silvestras Leonas , Lietuvos teisininkas, Lietuvos kariuomenės pulkininkas (1936 m.) (m. 1959 m.). 1895 m. – Adelė Galaunienė-Nezabitauskaitė , dainininkė (kolaratūrinis sopranas), muzikos mokytoja, dirigentė (m. 1962 m.). 1908 m. – Kazys Bridžius , Lietuvos žurnalistas (m. 1982 m.). 1912 m. – Genovaitė Giedraitienė-Šidiškiūtė , dainininkė (koloratūrinis sopranas), pianistė, vargonininkė, pedagogė. 1915 m. – Alfonsas Gineika , Lietuvos boksininkas , cirko artistas, žonglierius, ekvilibristas (m. 1996 m.). 1918 m. – Vaclovas Mališauskas , Lietuvos ekonomistas, habilituotas socialinių mokslų daktaras, akademikas (m. 1996 m.). 1919 m. – Vincas Kazokas , Lietuvos rašytojas, žurnalistas (m. 1984 m.). 1920 m. – Elena Kepalaitė , Kepalas, Lietuvos skulptorė, tapytoja, šokėja. 1922 m. – Paulius Kazimieras Marcinkus , katalikų arkivyskupas bei Vatikano banko direktorius 1971 – 1989 (m. 2006 m.). 1923 m. : Laima Kerniūtė , Lietuvos teatro aktorė (m. 2005 m.). Veronika Elena Radavičienė , Lietuvos pedagogė , Šiaulių miesto visuomenės veikėja (m. 2006 m.). Laima Kerniūtė , Lietuvos teatro aktorė (m. 2005 m.). Veronika Elena Radavičienė , Lietuvos pedagogė , Šiaulių miesto visuomenės veikėja (m. 2006 m.). 1925 m. – Justinas Bautrėnas , Lietuvos teatro aktorius, teatro ir radijo režisierius, muziejininkas (m. 2010 m.). 1933 m. – Alfonsas Petravičius , gydytojas, Lietuvos ir Raseinių rajono politinis veikėjas. Raseinių rajono garbės pilietis. 1937 m. – Algirdas Jurkauskas , Lietuvos inžinierius mechanikas, habilituotas technologijos mokslų daktaras. 1939 m. – Marija Tautkuvienė-Piliutytė , muzikos mokytoja ir chorvedė. 1940 m. – Povilas Ričardas Vaitiekūnas , lietuvių tapytojas, pedagogas (m. 2025 m.). 1942 m. – Steponas Buzėnas , Lietuvos ir Zarasų rajono politinis bei visuomenės veikėjas. 1943 m. – Vincas Gatulis , miškininkas, Lietuvos ir Rietavo savivaldybės politinis veikėjas. 1947 m. : Auksė Vasaitytė , poetė, vertėja (m. 1988 m.). Jonas Liaučius , teisininkas , Lietuvos politinis veikėjas, Nepriklausomos valstybės atkūrimo akto signataras. Stasys Povilaitis , Lietuvos dainininkas. Auksė Vasaitytė , poetė, vertėja (m. 1988 m.). Jonas Liaučius , teisininkas , Lietuvos politinis veikėjas, Nepriklausomos valstybės atkūrimo akto signataras. Stasys Povilaitis , Lietuvos dainininkas. 1956 m. – Valdemaras Gražys , Lietuvos ir Klaipėdos rajono politinis bei visuomenės veikėjas. 1957 m. – Feliksas Jankauskas , Lietuvos savigynos ir dziudo imtynininkas. 1958 m. – Aldona Kovienė-Verbickaitė , choro dirigentė. 1960 m. – Lolita Kreivaitienė , Lietuvos dailininkė odininkė. 1961 m. – Antonij Jundo , ūkininkas, Lietuvos ir Švenčionių rajono savivaldybės politinis bei visuomenės veikėjas. 1966 m. – Saulius Mykolaitis , lietuvių aktorius , režisierius , dainų autorius ir dainuojamosios poezijos atlikėjas (m. 2006 m.). 1968 m. – Teresė Degutienė , pedagogė, saviveiklininkų vadovė. 1979 m. – Arūnas Karlonas , Lietuvos ir Kauno rajono politinis bei visuomenės veikėjas. Mirtys 1829 m. – Tadeušas Kundzičius , SJ , Lietuvos vyskupas , jėzuitas , matematikas , laisvųjų menų ir filosofijos daktaras (g. 1747 m.). 1923 m. – Viktoras Burokevičius , Lietuvos kariuomenės karininkas (g. 1898 m.). 1953 m. – Kazys Sleževičius , žymus mokslininkas ir pedagogas, meteorologijos ir geofizikos mokslo ir mokymo pradininkas Lietuvoje , ilgametis Kauno , o vėliau ir Vilniaus universitetų meteorologijos krypties katedrų steigėjas ir vedėjas. Unikalių Lietuvoje mokslinių darbų iš gravimetrijos (sunkio jėgos) ir magnetizmo sričių pirmasis organizatorius ir atlikėjas. Gabus mokslo ir mokymo organizatorius, žinomas pedagogas ir mokslo populiarintojas (g. 1890 m.). 1959 m. – Ignas Šeinius , lietuvių ir švedų rašytojas, Lietuvos diplomatas (g. 1889 m.). 1966 m. – Vincentas Vizgirda , Romos katalikų kanauninkas , kanonų teisės ir filosofijos mokslų daktaras , Vilkaviškio kunigų seminarijos rektorius (g. 1874 m.). 1970 m. – Vytautas Bacevičius , lietuvių kompozitorius, pianistas (g. 1905 m.). 1977 m. – Jonas Buračas , Lietuvos tapytojas (g. 1898 m.). 1982 m. – Elena Gimbutienė -Karosaitė, Lietuvos agronomė, genetikė (g. 1894 m.). 1988 m. – Antanas Byras , lietuvių literatas [ 2 ] [ 3 ] (g. 1902 m.). 1992 m. – Algirdas Jonas Kasulaitis , Lietuvos spaudos darbuotojas, JAV lietuvių visuomenės veikėjas (g. 1928 m.). 1995 m. – Jonas Viktoras Kalvanas , Lietuvos evangelikų liuteronų bažnyčios vyskupas (g. 1914 m.). 2001 m. – Vytautas Gabrijolavičius , Lietuvos veterinarijos gydytojas, biomedicinos mokslų daktaras (g. 1915 m.). 2015 m. – Mykolas Gvidonas Liutkevičius , Lietuvos agronomas selekcininkas, biomedicinos mokslų daktaras (g. 1935 m.). 2020 m. – Romualdas Jonas Abraitis , Lietuvos gydytojas (g. 1937 m.). 2021 m. – Vytautas Brėdikis , Lietuvos architektas, pedagogas (g. 1930 m.). 2022 m. : Antanas Rimvidas Bandzaitis , lietuvių fizikas (g. 1937 m.). [ 4 ] Antanas Seikalis , Lietuvos žurnalistas, rašytojas, visuomenininkas (g. 1933 m.). [ 5 ] Jolanta Vymerytė , Lietuvos choreografė, baleto pedagogė (g. 1965 m.). [ 6 ] Antanas Rimvidas Bandzaitis , lietuvių fizikas (g. 1937 m.). [ 4 ] Antanas Seikalis , Lietuvos žurnalistas, rašytojas, visuomenininkas (g. 1933 m.). [ 5 ] Jolanta Vymerytė , Lietuvos choreografė, baleto pedagogė (g. 1965 m.). [ 6 ] 2024 m. : Rimantas Čaikauskas , Lietuvos žolės riedulio treneris (g. 1955 m.). [ 7 ] Vitolis Laumakys , Lietuvos rašytojas, poetas, visuomeninkas (g. 1929 m.). [ 8 ] Rimantas Čaikauskas , Lietuvos žolės riedulio treneris (g. 1955 m.). [ 7 ] Vitolis Laumakys , Lietuvos rašytojas, poetas, visuomeninkas (g. 1929 m.). [ 8 ] Šią dieną pasaulyje Įvykiai 1535 – Anglijos karalius Henrikas VIII tapo anglikonų bažnyčios vadovu; 1559 – Elžbieta Tiudor ( Elizabeth Tudor ) Vestminsterio abatijoje karūnuota Anglijos karaliene Elžbieta I ( Elizabeth I ); 1622 – pakrikštytas prancūzų dramaturgas ir aktorius Moljeras ( Moliere ), tikrasis vardas Žanas Batistas Poklenas ( Jean-Baptiste Poquelin ), geriausiai žinomas kaip komedijų „Mizantropas“ ir „Tartiufas“ autorius; 1701 – Įkurta Prūsijos karalystė; 1759 – Atidarytas Britų muziejus ; 1777 – Vermontas paskelbė apie savo nepriklausomybę nuo Didžiosios Britanijos ir tapo respublika , kuri gyvavo iki 1791 m., kai Vermontas tapo viena iš JAV valstijų ; 1875 – duris atvėrė Garnjė rūmai Paryžiuje ; 1889 – The Coca-Cola Company įsteigta JAV , Atlantoje ; 1892 – Džeimsas Neismitas paskelbė krepšinio taisykles; [ 9 ] 1912 – per Italijos ir Turkijos karą pirmą kartą iš lėktuvo paskleisti propagandiniai atsišaukimai. Juose Tripolitanijos arabams , jeigu pasiduos, buvo žadama po aukso medalį bei kviečių maišą; 1919 – žlugus Berlyno sukilimui, nužudyti Vokietijos komunistų lyderiai Roza Liuksemburg ( Rosa Luxembourg ) bei Karlas Lybknechtas ( Karl Liebknecht ); 1935 – už dalyvavimą nužudant Sergejų Kirovą , Leningrade prieš teismą stojo Grigorijus Zinovjevas ir dar 18 vadinamojo „Maskvos centro“ narių; 1943 – Baigta Pentagono statyba; 1944 – Argentinoje įvyko galingas, 7,6 balo pagal Richterio skalę San Chuano žemės drebėjimas , nusinešęs 10 000 gyvybių; 1971 – Egipto prezidentas Anvaras Sadatas ( Anwar Sadat ) ir Tarybų Sąjungos Aukščiausiosios Tarybos prezidiumo pirmininkas Nikolajus Podgornas atidarė Asuano užtvanką ; 1972 – po tėvo Frederiko IX ( Frederick IX ) mirties Danijos karaliene paskelbta Margarita II ( Margrethe II ); 1973 – Golda Meir ( Golda Meir ) tapo pirmąja Izraelio Vyriausybės vadove, kurią priėmė popiežius ; 1975 – Angola galutinai iškovojo nepriklausomybę; 1990 – Bulgarijos parlamentas oficialiai panaikino komunistų partijos vienvaldystės monopolį ir šalyje įteisino daugiapartinę sistemą; 1996 – dėl pablogėjusios sveikatos iš Graikijos ministro pirmininko pareigų atsistatydino socialistas, politikos veteranas Andrėjas Papandrėju ( Andreas Papandreou ); 2001 – amerikiečių verslininkas Jimmy Wales ir filosofas Larry Sanger įkūrė laisvąją enciklopediją Vikipediją ( angl. Wikipedia ); [ 10 ] 2003 – Ekvadoro prezidento pareigas pradėjo eiti atsargos pulkininkas Lusijas Gutjeresas ( Lucio Gutierrez ), vos prieš trejus metus vadovavęs perversmui, per kurį buvo nuverstas tuometinis prezidentas Chamilis Mahuadas ( Jamil Mahuad ); 2004 – baigti keisti senieji Irako banknotai su buvusio diktatoriaus Sadamo Huseino atvaizdu. Senieji dinarai pakeisti į naujas, nuo padirbinėjimo apsaugotas kupiūras; 2004 – po dvejų metų pertraukos Pakistanas ir Indija atnaujino traukinių eismą tarp abiejų šalių; 2006 – Čilės prezidento rinkimus pirmą kartą laimėjo moteris. Gimimo dienos 1475 m. – Vasco Núñez De Balboa , ispanų keliautojas, konkistadoras . Pirmosios kolonijos Amerikos žemyne įkūrėjas bei Ramiojo vandenyno „atradėjas“ (m. 1519 m.). 1622 m. – Moljeras , prancūzų dramaturgas, aktorius, teatralas. Vienas garsiausių komedijos meistrų Vakarų Europos literatūroje (m. 1673 m.). 1892 m. – Reiner Stahel , Vokiečių karininkas ir nacių partijos veikėjas, taip pat tarnavęs ir Suomijos kariuomenėje, išgarsėjęs prasiveržimu iš apsupto Vilniaus (m. 1955 m.). 1895 m. : Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , 1945 m. Nobelio chemijos premijos laureatas [ 11 ] (m. 1973 m.). Geo Milevas , bulgarų poetas, vertėjas, politinis veikėjas (m. 1925 m.). Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , 1945 m. Nobelio chemijos premijos laureatas [ 11 ] (m. 1973 m.). Geo Milevas , bulgarų poetas, vertėjas, politinis veikėjas (m. 1925 m.). 1902 m. – Saudas , Saudo Arabijos karalius 1953 – 1964 m. (m. 1969 m.). 1906 m. – Aristotelis Onasis , graikų multimilijonierius ir laivų savininkas, vienas pirmųjų pradėjęs statyti tanklaivius. Jis buvo vedęs JAV prezidento Dž. Kenedžio našlę Žaklin Kenedi [ 12 ] (m. 1975 m.). 1908 m. – Edvardas Teleris , vengrų-amerikiečių fizikas teoretikas, vadinamas „ vandenilinės bombos tėvu“ (m. 2003 m.). 1917 m. – Jevgenijus Lebedevas , rusų kino ir teatro aktorius (m. 1997 m.). 1918 m. – Gamalis Abdelis Naseras , antrasis Egipto prezidentas 1956 – 1970 m. (m. 1970 m.). 1919 m. – Džordžas Kadlas Praisas , pirmasis Belizo ministras pirmininkas . Jis laikomas vienu iš svarbiausių politikų, padėjusių šaliai siekti nepriklausomybės, dažnai vadinamas tautos tėvu. Iš viso Price ministro pirmininko pareigose dirbo dvi kadencijas ( 1981 – 1984 ir 1989 – 1993 m.) (m. 2011 m.). 1923 m. – Lee Teng-hui , Taivano politikas, šalies prezidentas (1988–2000 m.), Taivano provincijos gubernatorius (1981–1984 m.), Taipėjaus meras (1978–1981 m.), aktyvus Taivano demokratizacijos , o vėlyvajame laikotarpyje ir nepriklausomybės nuo Kinijos šalininkas (m. 2020 m.). 1929 m. – Martinas Liuteris Kingas , amerikiečių dvasininkas, įžymus afroamerikiečių pilietinių teisių judėjimo lyderis ir aktyvistas. Jo pagrindinis tikslas buvo užtikrinti Jungtinėse Valstijose progresą pilietinių teisių atžvilgiu. M. Liuteris Kingas tapo žmogaus teisių judėjimo ikona – Kingas dviejų krikščionių bažnyčių yra pripažintas kankiniu. [ 13 ] Jis vadovavo 1955 metų Montgomerio autobusų boikotui , taip pat prisidėjo įkuriant Pietinę Krikščionių vadovybės asociaciją 1957 metais, buvo pirmasis minėtosios organizacijos prezidentas. Kingas vadovavo 1963 metų žygiui į Vašingtoną , kur jis pasakė kalbą „ Aš turiu svajonę ”. Savo kalboje Kingas kvietė visuomenė būti sąmoningesnę pilietinių teisų judėjimo atžvilgiu. Pasakyta kalba įtvirtino Martiną Liuterį Kingą tarp geriausių oratorių Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų istorijoje (m. 1968 m.). 1947 m. – Martin Chalfie , 2008 m. Nobelio chemijos premijos laureatas [ 11 ] . 1958 m. – Borisas Tadičius , serbų politikas ir buvęs Serbijos prezidentas 1963 m. – Shokei Matsui , japonų karateka, dabartinis internacionalinės Kyokushinkai organizacijos (IKO-1) pirmininkas turintis 8 Dan . 1973 m. : Essam Kamal Tawfik Al-Hadary , futbolininkas, Egipto rinktinės ir Egipto klubo Zamalek klubo vartininkas . Tomašas Galasekas , futbolininkas, Čekijos rinktinės ir FSV Erlangen-Bruck klubo saugas. Essam Kamal Tawfik Al-Hadary , futbolininkas, Egipto rinktinės ir Egipto klubo Zamalek klubo vartininkas . Tomašas Galasekas , futbolininkas, Čekijos rinktinės ir FSV Erlangen-Bruck klubo saugas. 1975 m. – Merė Pirs , Prancūzijos tenisininkė ir trečia pasaulio raketė. 1979 m. : Martinas Petrovas , Bulgarijos futbolininkas (saugas), žaidžiantis Bulgarijos futbolo rinktinėje, šiuo metu žaidžiantis Bolton Wanderers klube. Su rinktine žaidė 2004-ųjų Europos futbolo čempionate . 2006-aisiais išrinktas Bulgarijos metų futbolininku. Paolo Quinteros , Argentinos krepšininkas, žaidžiantis gynėjo pozicijoje. Martinas Petrovas , Bulgarijos futbolininkas (saugas), žaidžiantis Bulgarijos futbolo rinktinėje, šiuo metu žaidžiantis Bolton Wanderers klube. Su rinktine žaidė 2004-ųjų Europos futbolo čempionate . 2006-aisiais išrinktas Bulgarijos metų futbolininku. Paolo Quinteros , Argentinos krepšininkas, žaidžiantis gynėjo pozicijoje. 1981 m. : Dilanas Armstrongas , Kanados rutulio stūmikas, daugkartinis šalies rekordininkas. El-Hadji Ousseynou Diouf , futbolininkas, Senegalo rinktinės ir Blackburn Rovers klubo puolėjas . Krišjanis Redlichas , Latvijos ledo ritulio gynėjas. Dilanas Armstrongas , Kanados rutulio stūmikas, daugkartinis šalies rekordininkas. El-Hadji Ousseynou Diouf , futbolininkas, Senegalo rinktinės ir Blackburn Rovers klubo puolėjas . Krišjanis Redlichas , Latvijos ledo ritulio gynėjas. 1983 m. – Jermaine Lloyd Pennant , anglų futbolininkas, žaidžiantis La Liga Real Zaragoza SAD komandoje. Jermaine yra jamaikietiškos kilmės. Yra atstovavęs Anglijos U-21 rinktinę. Mirtys 69 m. – Servijus Sulpicijus Galba , Romos imperatorius, valdęs nuo 68 m. birželio 8 d. iki mirties. Jis buvo pirmasis iš valdžiusių Keturių imperatorių metais (g. 3 m. pr. m. e. ). 1888 m. – Francesco Carrara , italų baudžiamosios teisės profesorius , baudžiamosios teisės Klasikinės mokyklos atstovas, mirties bausmės panaikinimo šalinininkas; liberalų politikas (g. 1805 m.). 1919 m. – Karlas Lybknechtas , Vokietijos politikas socialdemokratas (g. 1871 m.). 1983 m. – Mejeris Lanskis , JAV gangsteris (g. 1902 m.). 1987 m. – Ray Bolger , amerikiečių aktorius, dainininkas, šokėjas [ 14 ] (g. 1904 m.). 1996 m. – Mošoešoe II , anksčiau žinomas kaip Constantine Bereng Seeiso buvo Lesoto karalius. Šalį jis valdė nuo 1966 m. iki pat savo mirties 1996 m (g. 1938 m.). 2010 m. – Marshall Warren Nirenberg , 1968 m. Nobelio fiziologijos ir medicinos premijos laureatas [ 15 ] (g. 1927 m.). 2020 m. – Christopher Tolkien , trečiasis ir jauniausias rašytojo J. R. R. Tolkino sūnus. Labiausiai jis žinomas dėl to, kad redagavo ir išleido nepabaigtus savo tėvo darbus. (g. 1924 m.). 2025 m. – Deividas Linčas , pasaulinio garso amerikiečių kino ir televizijos režisierius, aktorius, menininkas, dizaineris, muzikos kūrėjas (g. 1946 m.). [ 16 ] Šaltiniai ↑ Sausio 15 (Day.lt) ↑ Antanas Byras. Informacija. ↑ Antanas Byras. Informacija. ↑ Mirė Fizikos fakulteto profesorius Antanas Rimvidas Bandzaitis . ff.vu.lt. Nuoroda tikrinta 2022-01-18. ↑ Pralaimėjęs kovą su sunkia liga, mirė žurnalistas, visuomenininkas Antanas Seikalis . lrt.lt. 2022-01-15. Nuoroda tikrinta 2022-01-17. ↑ Mirė choreografė, baleto pedagogė Jolanta Vymerytė . Delfi.lt. 2022-01-17. Nuoroda tikrinta 2022-01-17. ↑ Lietuva neteko geriausio visų laikų žolės riedulio trenerio . sportas 24. 2024-01-15. Nuoroda tikrinta 2024-01-15. ↑ Mirė rašytojas, kino entuziastas Vitolis Laumakys . Delfi. 2024-01-15. Nuoroda tikrinta 2024-01-16. ↑ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Mike Douchant (1996). Inside Sports College Basketball . Visible Ink Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7876-1033-3 . ↑ Paul Anderson (2016-04-19). Web 2.0 and Beyond: Principles and Technologies . CRC Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-4398-2868-7 . ↑ 11,0 11,1 ( angl. ) Nobelio chemijos premijos laureatai ↑ Aristotelis Onasis . ↑ JAV Episkopalinė ir Liuteronų bažnyčios yra skyrusios dvi religines šventes Martino Liuterio Kingo garbei – atitinkamai balandžio 4 ir sausio 15 dieną. Nors nė viena šių bažnyčių neturi oficialaus kanonizavimo proceso, abi bažnyčios bendrai pripažįsta Kingą kankiniu. Martino Liuterio Kingo statula yra pastatyta 20-ojo amžiaus kankinių galerijoje Vestminsterio vienuolyne , Londone . ↑ Ray Bolger. Informacija. ↑ ( angl. ) Nobelio medicinos premijos laureatai ↑ „David Lynch, 'Blue Velvet' Director, Dead at 78“ . TMZ (anglų). 2025-01-16 . Nuoroda tikrinta 2025-01-17 . Nuorodos Vikiteka: Sausio 15 – vaizdinė ir garsinė medžiaga Istorijos dūžiai. Lrytas.lt , Archyvuota kopija 2022-01-15 iš Wayback Machine projekto. Sausis Dienos Webarchive šablono Wayback nuorodos Šis puslapis paskutinį kartą keistas 15 sausio 2026 07:10. Tekstas pateikiamas pagal Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike Licenciją ; gali būti taikomos papildomos sąlygos. Detaliau – Terms of Use . Privatumo politika Apie Vikipediją Jokių garantijų Elgesio kodeksas Kūrėjai Statistika Slapukų politika Mobili peržiūra
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–16 of 16 results for author: Baum, K Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10520 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY Breaking Up with Normatively Monolithic Agency with GRACE: A Reason-Based Neuro-Symbolic Architecture for Safe and Ethical AI Alignment Authors: Felix Jahn , Yannic Muskalla , Lisa Dargasz , Patrick Schramowski , Kevin Baum Abstract : As AI agents become increasingly autonomous, widely deployed in consequential contexts, and efficacious in bringing about real-world impacts, ensuring that their decisions are not only instrumentally effective but also normatively aligned has become critical. We introduce a neuro-symbolic reason-based containment architecture, Governor for Reason-Aligned ContainmEnt (GRACE), that decouples normati… ▽ More As AI agents become increasingly autonomous, widely deployed in consequential contexts, and efficacious in bringing about real-world impacts, ensuring that their decisions are not only instrumentally effective but also normatively aligned has become critical. We introduce a neuro-symbolic reason-based containment architecture, Governor for Reason-Aligned ContainmEnt (GRACE), that decouples normative reasoning from instrumental decision-making and can contain AI agents of virtually any design. GRACE restructures decision-making into three modules: a Moral Module (MM) that determines permissible macro actions via deontic logic-based reasoning; a Decision-Making Module (DMM) that encapsulates the target agent while selecting instrumentally optimal primitive actions in accordance with derived macro actions; and a Guard that monitors and enforces moral compliance. The MM uses a reason-based formalism providing a semantic foundation for deontic logic, enabling interpretability, contestability, and justifiability. Its symbolic representation enriches the DMM's informational context and supports formal verification and statistical guarantees of alignment enforced by the Guard. We demonstrate GRACE on an example of a LLM therapy assistant, showing how it enables stakeholders to understand, contest, and refine agent behavior. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted at 2nd Annual Conference of the International Association for Safe & Ethical AI (IASEAI'26) arXiv:2601.10520 [ pdf , ps , other ] Breaking Up with Normatively Monolithic Agency with GRACE: A Reason-Based Neuro-Symbolic Architecture for Safe and Ethical AI Alignment Authors: Felix Jahn , Yannic Muskalla , Lisa Dargasz , Patrick Schramowski , Kevin Baum Abstract : As AI agents become increasingly autonomous, widely deployed in consequential contexts, and efficacious in bringing about real-world impacts, ensuring that their decisions are not only instrumentally effective but also normatively aligned has become critical. We introduce a neuro-symbolic reason-based containment architecture, Governor for Reason-Aligned ContainmEnt (GRACE), that decouples normati… ▽ More As AI agents become increasingly autonomous, widely deployed in consequential contexts, and efficacious in bringing about real-world impacts, ensuring that their decisions are not only instrumentally effective but also normatively aligned has become critical. We introduce a neuro-symbolic reason-based containment architecture, Governor for Reason-Aligned ContainmEnt (GRACE), that decouples normative reasoning from instrumental decision-making and can contain AI agents of virtually any design. GRACE restructures decision-making into three modules: a Moral Module (MM) that determines permissible macro actions via deontic logic-based reasoning; a Decision-Making Module (DMM) that encapsulates the target agent while selecting instrumentally optimal primitive actions in accordance with derived macro actions; and a Guard that monitors and enforces moral compliance. The MM uses a reason-based formalism providing a semantic foundation for deontic logic, enabling interpretability, contestability, and justifiability. Its symbolic representation enriches the DMM's informational context and supports formal verification and statistical guarantees of alignment enforced by the Guard. We demonstrate GRACE on an example of a LLM therapy assistant, showing how it enables stakeholders to understand, contest, and refine agent behavior. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted at 2nd Annual Conference of the International Association for Safe & Ethical AI (IASEAI'26) arXiv:2509.12290 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.CY cs.HC Secure Human Oversight of AI: Exploring the Attack Surface of Human Oversight Authors: Jonas C. Ditz , Veronika Lazar , Elmar Lichtmeß , Carola Plesch , Matthias Heck , Kevin Baum , Markus Langer Abstract : Human oversight of AI is promoted as a safeguard against risks such as inaccurate outputs, system malfunctions, or violations of fundamental rights, and is mandated in regulation like the European AI Act. Yet debates on human oversight have largely focused on its effectiveness, while overlooking a critical dimension: the security of human oversight. We argue that human oversight creates a new atta… ▽ More Human oversight of AI is promoted as a safeguard against risks such as inaccurate outputs, system malfunctions, or violations of fundamental rights, and is mandated in regulation like the European AI Act. Yet debates on human oversight have largely focused on its effectiveness, while overlooking a critical dimension: the security of human oversight. We argue that human oversight creates a new attack surface within the safety, security, and accountability architecture of AI operations. Drawing on cybersecurity perspectives, we analyze attack vectors that threaten the requirements of effective human oversight, thereby undermining the safety of AI operations. Such attacks may target the AI system, its communication with oversight personnel, or the personnel themselves. We then outline hardening strategies to mitigate these risks. Our contributions are: (1) introducing a security perspective on human oversight, and (2) providing an overview of attack vectors and hardening strategies to enable secure human oversight of AI. △ Less Submitted 15 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.12290 [ pdf , ps , other ] Secure Human Oversight of AI: Exploring the Attack Surface of Human Oversight Authors: Jonas C. Ditz , Veronika Lazar , Elmar Lichtmeß , Carola Plesch , Matthias Heck , Kevin Baum , Markus Langer Abstract : Human oversight of AI is promoted as a safeguard against risks such as inaccurate outputs, system malfunctions, or violations of fundamental rights, and is mandated in regulation like the European AI Act. Yet debates on human oversight have largely focused on its effectiveness, while overlooking a critical dimension: the security of human oversight. We argue that human oversight creates a new atta… ▽ More Human oversight of AI is promoted as a safeguard against risks such as inaccurate outputs, system malfunctions, or violations of fundamental rights, and is mandated in regulation like the European AI Act. Yet debates on human oversight have largely focused on its effectiveness, while overlooking a critical dimension: the security of human oversight. We argue that human oversight creates a new attack surface within the safety, security, and accountability architecture of AI operations. Drawing on cybersecurity perspectives, we analyze attack vectors that threaten the requirements of effective human oversight, thereby undermining the safety of AI operations. Such attacks may target the AI system, its communication with oversight personnel, or the personnel themselves. We then outline hardening strategies to mitigate these risks. Our contributions are: (1) introducing a security perspective on human oversight, and (2) providing an overview of attack vectors and hardening strategies to enable secure human oversight of AI. △ Less Submitted 15 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2507.21091 [ pdf ] cs.CY cs.AI The Value of Gen-AI Conversations: A bottom-up Framework for AI Value Alignment Authors: Lenart Motnikar , Katharina Baum , Alexander Kagan , Sarah Spiekermann-Hoff Abstract : Conversational agents (CAs) based on generative artificial intelligence frequently face challenges ensuring ethical interactions that align with human values. Current value alignment efforts largely rely on top-down approaches, such as technical guidelines or legal value principles. However, these methods tend to be disconnected from the specific contexts in which CAs operate, potentially leading… ▽ More Conversational agents (CAs) based on generative artificial intelligence frequently face challenges ensuring ethical interactions that align with human values. Current value alignment efforts largely rely on top-down approaches, such as technical guidelines or legal value principles. However, these methods tend to be disconnected from the specific contexts in which CAs operate, potentially leading to misalignment with users interests. To address this challenge, we propose a novel, bottom-up approach to value alignment, utilizing the value ontology of the ISO Value-Based Engineering standard for ethical IT design. We analyse 593 ethically sensitive system outputs identified from 16,908 conversational logs of a major European employment service CA to identify core values and instances of value misalignment within real-world interactions. The results revealed nine core values and 32 different value misalignments that negatively impacted users. Our findings provide actionable insights for CA providers seeking to address ethical challenges and achieve more context-sensitive value alignment. △ Less Submitted 26 June, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: Thirty-Third European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2025), Amman, Jordan arXiv:2507.21091 [ pdf ] The Value of Gen-AI Conversations: A bottom-up Framework for AI Value Alignment Authors: Lenart Motnikar , Katharina Baum , Alexander Kagan , Sarah Spiekermann-Hoff Abstract : Conversational agents (CAs) based on generative artificial intelligence frequently face challenges ensuring ethical interactions that align with human values. Current value alignment efforts largely rely on top-down approaches, such as technical guidelines or legal value principles. However, these methods tend to be disconnected from the specific contexts in which CAs operate, potentially leading… ▽ More Conversational agents (CAs) based on generative artificial intelligence frequently face challenges ensuring ethical interactions that align with human values. Current value alignment efforts largely rely on top-down approaches, such as technical guidelines or legal value principles. However, these methods tend to be disconnected from the specific contexts in which CAs operate, potentially leading to misalignment with users interests. To address this challenge, we propose a novel, bottom-up approach to value alignment, utilizing the value ontology of the ISO Value-Based Engineering standard for ethical IT design. We analyse 593 ethically sensitive system outputs identified from 16,908 conversational logs of a major European employment service CA to identify core values and instances of value misalignment within real-world interactions. The results revealed nine core values and 32 different value misalignments that negatively impacted users. Our findings provide actionable insights for CA providers seeking to address ethical challenges and achieve more context-sensitive value alignment. △ Less Submitted 26 June, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: Thirty-Third European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2025), Amman, Jordan arXiv:2507.19548 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI Justifications for Democratizing AI Alignment and Their Prospects Authors: André Steingrüber , Kevin Baum Abstract : The AI alignment problem comprises both technical and normative dimensions. While technical solutions focus on implementing normative constraints in AI systems, the normative problem concerns determining what these constraints should be. This paper examines justifications for democratic approaches to the normative problem -- where affected stakeholders determine AI alignment -- as opposed to epist… ▽ More The AI alignment problem comprises both technical and normative dimensions. While technical solutions focus on implementing normative constraints in AI systems, the normative problem concerns determining what these constraints should be. This paper examines justifications for democratic approaches to the normative problem -- where affected stakeholders determine AI alignment -- as opposed to epistocratic approaches that defer to normative experts. We analyze both instrumental justifications (democratic approaches produce better outcomes) and non-instrumental justifications (democratic approaches prevent illegitimate authority or coercion). We argue that normative and metanormative uncertainty create a justificatory gap that democratic approaches aim to fill through political rather than theoretical justification. However, we identify significant challenges for democratic approaches, particularly regarding the prevention of illegitimate coercion through AI alignment. Our analysis suggests that neither purely epistocratic nor purely democratic approaches may be sufficient on their own, pointing toward hybrid frameworks that combine expert judgment with participatory input alongside institutional safeguards against AI monopolization. △ Less Submitted 24 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: accepted for the LNCS on-site proceedings of the AISoLA 2025 conference arXiv:2507.19548 [ pdf , ps , other ] Justifications for Democratizing AI Alignment and Their Prospects Authors: André Steingrüber , Kevin Baum Abstract : The AI alignment problem comprises both technical and normative dimensions. While technical solutions focus on implementing normative constraints in AI systems, the normative problem concerns determining what these constraints should be. This paper examines justifications for democratic approaches to the normative problem -- where affected stakeholders determine AI alignment -- as opposed to epist… ▽ More The AI alignment problem comprises both technical and normative dimensions. While technical solutions focus on implementing normative constraints in AI systems, the normative problem concerns determining what these constraints should be. This paper examines justifications for democratic approaches to the normative problem -- where affected stakeholders determine AI alignment -- as opposed to epistocratic approaches that defer to normative experts. We analyze both instrumental justifications (democratic approaches produce better outcomes) and non-instrumental justifications (democratic approaches prevent illegitimate authority or coercion). We argue that normative and metanormative uncertainty create a justificatory gap that democratic approaches aim to fill through political rather than theoretical justification. However, we identify significant challenges for democratic approaches, particularly regarding the prevention of illegitimate coercion through AI alignment. Our analysis suggests that neither purely epistocratic nor purely democratic approaches may be sufficient on their own, pointing toward hybrid frameworks that combine expert judgment with participatory input alongside institutional safeguards against AI monopolization. △ Less Submitted 24 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: accepted for the LNCS on-site proceedings of the AISoLA 2025 conference arXiv:2506.06286 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.HC Disentangling AI Alignment: A Structured Taxonomy Beyond Safety and Ethics Authors: Kevin Baum Abstract : Recent advances in AI research make it increasingly plausible that artificial agents with consequential real-world impact will soon operate beyond tightly controlled environments. Ensuring that these agents are not only safe but that they adhere to broader normative expectations is thus an urgent interdisciplinary challenge. Multiple fields -- notably AI Safety, AI Alignment, and Machine Ethics --… ▽ More Recent advances in AI research make it increasingly plausible that artificial agents with consequential real-world impact will soon operate beyond tightly controlled environments. Ensuring that these agents are not only safe but that they adhere to broader normative expectations is thus an urgent interdisciplinary challenge. Multiple fields -- notably AI Safety, AI Alignment, and Machine Ethics -- claim to contribute to this task. However, the conceptual boundaries and interrelations among these domains remain vague, leaving researchers without clear guidance in positioning their work. To address this meta-challenge, we develop a structured conceptual framework for understanding AI alignment. Rather than focusing solely on alignment goals, we introduce a taxonomy distinguishing the alignment aim (safety, ethicality, legality, etc.), scope (outcome vs. execution), and constituency (individual vs. collective). This structural approach reveals multiple legitimate alignment configurations, providing a foundation for practical and philosophical integration across domains, and clarifying what it might mean for an agent to be aligned all-things-considered. △ Less Submitted 2 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: accepted for the LNCS post proceedings of the AISoLA 2024 conference arXiv:2506.06286 [ pdf , ps , other ] Disentangling AI Alignment: A Structured Taxonomy Beyond Safety and Ethics Authors: Kevin Baum Abstract : Recent advances in AI research make it increasingly plausible that artificial agents with consequential real-world impact will soon operate beyond tightly controlled environments. Ensuring that these agents are not only safe but that they adhere to broader normative expectations is thus an urgent interdisciplinary challenge. Multiple fields -- notably AI Safety, AI Alignment, and Machine Ethics --… ▽ More Recent advances in AI research make it increasingly plausible that artificial agents with consequential real-world impact will soon operate beyond tightly controlled environments. Ensuring that these agents are not only safe but that they adhere to broader normative expectations is thus an urgent interdisciplinary challenge. Multiple fields -- notably AI Safety, AI Alignment, and Machine Ethics -- claim to contribute to this task. However, the conceptual boundaries and interrelations among these domains remain vague, leaving researchers without clear guidance in positioning their work. To address this meta-challenge, we develop a structured conceptual framework for understanding AI alignment. Rather than focusing solely on alignment goals, we introduce a taxonomy distinguishing the alignment aim (safety, ethicality, legality, etc.), scope (outcome vs. execution), and constituency (individual vs. collective). This structural approach reveals multiple legitimate alignment configurations, providing a foundation for practical and philosophical integration across domains, and clarifying what it might mean for an agent to be aligned all-things-considered. △ Less Submitted 2 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: accepted for the LNCS post proceedings of the AISoLA 2024 conference arXiv:2504.03300 [ pdf ] cs.HC cs.CY On the Complexities of Testing for Compliance with Human Oversight Requirements in AI Regulation Authors: Markus Langer , Veronika Lazar , Kevin Baum Abstract : Human oversight requirements are a core component of the European AI Act and in AI governance. In this paper, we highlight key challenges in testing for compliance with these requirements. A central difficulty lies in balancing simple, but potentially ineffective checklist-based approaches with resource-intensive and context-sensitive empirical testing of the effectiveness of human oversight of AI… ▽ More Human oversight requirements are a core component of the European AI Act and in AI governance. In this paper, we highlight key challenges in testing for compliance with these requirements. A central difficulty lies in balancing simple, but potentially ineffective checklist-based approaches with resource-intensive and context-sensitive empirical testing of the effectiveness of human oversight of AI. Questions regarding when to update compliance testing, the context-dependent nature of human oversight requirements, and difficult-to-operationalize standards further complicate compliance testing. We argue that these challenges illustrate broader challenges in the future of sociotechnical AI governance, i.e. a future that shifts from ensuring good technological products to good sociotechnical systems. △ Less Submitted 24 July, 2025; v1 submitted 4 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. ACM Class: K.4.1; K.5.2; J.4 arXiv:2504.03300 [ pdf ] On the Complexities of Testing for Compliance with Human Oversight Requirements in AI Regulation Authors: Markus Langer , Veronika Lazar , Kevin Baum Abstract : Human oversight requirements are a core component of the European AI Act and in AI governance. In this paper, we highlight key challenges in testing for compliance with these requirements. A central difficulty lies in balancing simple, but potentially ineffective checklist-based approaches with resource-intensive and context-sensitive empirical testing of the effectiveness of human oversight of AI… ▽ More Human oversight requirements are a core component of the European AI Act and in AI governance. In this paper, we highlight key challenges in testing for compliance with these requirements. A central difficulty lies in balancing simple, but potentially ineffective checklist-based approaches with resource-intensive and context-sensitive empirical testing of the effectiveness of human oversight of AI. Questions regarding when to update compliance testing, the context-dependent nature of human oversight requirements, and difficult-to-operationalize standards further complicate compliance testing. We argue that these challenges illustrate broader challenges in the future of sociotechnical AI governance, i.e. a future that shifts from ensuring good technological products to good sociotechnical systems. △ Less Submitted 24 July, 2025; v1 submitted 4 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. ACM Class: K.4.1; K.5.2; J.4 arXiv:2409.15014 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.CY cs.LG Acting for the Right Reasons: Creating Reason-Sensitive Artificial Moral Agents Authors: Kevin Baum , Lisa Dargasz , Felix Jahn , Timo P. Gros , Verena Wolf Abstract : We propose an extension of the reinforcement learning architecture that enables moral decision-making of reinforcement learning agents based on normative reasons. Central to this approach is a reason-based shield generator yielding a moral shield that binds the agent to actions that conform with recognized normative reasons so that our overall architecture restricts the agent to actions that are (… ▽ More We propose an extension of the reinforcement learning architecture that enables moral decision-making of reinforcement learning agents based on normative reasons. Central to this approach is a reason-based shield generator yielding a moral shield that binds the agent to actions that conform with recognized normative reasons so that our overall architecture restricts the agent to actions that are (internally) morally justified. In addition, we describe an algorithm that allows to iteratively improve the reason-based shield generator through case-based feedback from a moral judge. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2024; v1 submitted 23 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. Comments: 8 pages, 2 figures, Workshop paper accepted to FEAR24 (IFM Workshop) arXiv:2409.15014 [ pdf , other ] Acting for the Right Reasons: Creating Reason-Sensitive Artificial Moral Agents Authors: Kevin Baum , Lisa Dargasz , Felix Jahn , Timo P. Gros , Verena Wolf Abstract : We propose an extension of the reinforcement learning architecture that enables moral decision-making of reinforcement learning agents based on normative reasons. Central to this approach is a reason-based shield generator yielding a moral shield that binds the agent to actions that conform with recognized normative reasons so that our overall architecture restricts the agent to actions that are (… ▽ More We propose an extension of the reinforcement learning architecture that enables moral decision-making of reinforcement learning agents based on normative reasons. Central to this approach is a reason-based shield generator yielding a moral shield that binds the agent to actions that conform with recognized normative reasons so that our overall architecture restricts the agent to actions that are (internally) morally justified. In addition, we describe an algorithm that allows to iteratively improve the reason-based shield generator through case-based feedback from a moral judge. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2024; v1 submitted 23 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. Comments: 8 pages, 2 figures, Workshop paper accepted to FEAR24 (IFM Workshop) arXiv:2407.03391 [ pdf , other ] cs.CR cs.AI cs.CL Soft Begging: Modular and Efficient Shielding of LLMs against Prompt Injection and Jailbreaking based on Prompt Tuning Authors: Simon Ostermann , Kevin Baum , Christoph Endres , Julia Masloh , Patrick Schramowski Abstract : Prompt injection (both direct and indirect) and jailbreaking are now recognized as significant issues for large language models (LLMs), particularly due to their potential for harm in application-integrated contexts. This extended abstract explores a novel approach to protecting LLMs from such attacks, termed "soft begging." This method involves training soft prompts to counteract the effects of c… ▽ More Prompt injection (both direct and indirect) and jailbreaking are now recognized as significant issues for large language models (LLMs), particularly due to their potential for harm in application-integrated contexts. This extended abstract explores a novel approach to protecting LLMs from such attacks, termed "soft begging." This method involves training soft prompts to counteract the effects of corrupted prompts on the LLM's output. We provide an overview of prompt injections and jailbreaking, introduce the theoretical basis of the "soft begging" technique, and discuss an evaluation of its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 3 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. arXiv:2407.03391 [ pdf , other ] Soft Begging: Modular and Efficient Shielding of LLMs against Prompt Injection and Jailbreaking based on Prompt Tuning Authors: Simon Ostermann , Kevin Baum , Christoph Endres , Julia Masloh , Patrick Schramowski Abstract : Prompt injection (both direct and indirect) and jailbreaking are now recognized as significant issues for large language models (LLMs), particularly due to their potential for harm in application-integrated contexts. This extended abstract explores a novel approach to protecting LLMs from such attacks, termed "soft begging." This method involves training soft prompts to counteract the effects of c… ▽ More Prompt injection (both direct and indirect) and jailbreaking are now recognized as significant issues for large language models (LLMs), particularly due to their potential for harm in application-integrated contexts. This extended abstract explores a novel approach to protecting LLMs from such attacks, termed "soft begging." This method involves training soft prompts to counteract the effects of corrupted prompts on the LLM's output. We provide an overview of prompt injections and jailbreaking, introduce the theoretical basis of the "soft begging" technique, and discuss an evaluation of its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 3 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. arXiv:2404.04059 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY doi 10.1145/3630106.3659051 On the Quest for Effectiveness in Human Oversight: Interdisciplinary Perspectives Authors: Sarah Sterz , Kevin Baum , Sebastian Biewer , Holger Hermanns , Anne Lauber-Rönsberg , Philip Meinel , Markus Langer Abstract : Human oversight is currently discussed as a potential safeguard to counter some of the negative aspects of high-risk AI applications. This prompts a critical examination of the role and conditions necessary for what is prominently termed effective or meaningful human oversight of these systems. This paper investigates effective human oversight by synthesizing insights from psychological, legal, ph… ▽ More Human oversight is currently discussed as a potential safeguard to counter some of the negative aspects of high-risk AI applications. This prompts a critical examination of the role and conditions necessary for what is prominently termed effective or meaningful human oversight of these systems. This paper investigates effective human oversight by synthesizing insights from psychological, legal, philosophical, and technical domains. Based on the claim that the main objective of human oversight is risk mitigation, we propose a viable understanding of effectiveness in human oversight: for human oversight to be effective, the oversight person has to have (a) sufficient causal power with regard to the system and its effects, (b) suitable epistemic access to relevant aspects of the situation, (c) self-control, and (d) fitting intentions for their role. Furthermore, we argue that this is equivalent to saying that an oversight person is effective if and only if they are morally responsible and have fitting intentions. Against this backdrop, we suggest facilitators and inhibitors of effectiveness in human oversight when striving for practical applicability. We discuss factors in three domains, namely, the technical design of the system, individual factors of oversight persons, and the environmental circumstances in which they operate. Finally, this paper scrutinizes the upcoming AI Act of the European Union -- in particular Article 14 on Human Oversight -- as an exemplary regulatory framework in which we study the practicality of our understanding of effective human oversight. By analyzing the provisions and implications of the European AI Act proposal, we pinpoint how far that proposal aligns with our analyses regarding effective human oversight as well as how it might get enriched by our conceptual understanding of effectiveness in human oversight. △ Less Submitted 7 May, 2024; v1 submitted 5 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 13 pages, 1 figure, 1 table; ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (ACM FAccT) 2024 arXiv:2404.04059 [ pdf , other ] On the Quest for Effectiveness in Human Oversight: Interdisciplinary Perspectives Authors: Sarah Sterz , Kevin Baum , Sebastian Biewer , Holger Hermanns , Anne Lauber-Rönsberg , Philip Meinel , Markus Langer Abstract : Human oversight is currently discussed as a potential safeguard to counter some of the negative aspects of high-risk AI applications. This prompts a critical examination of the role and conditions necessary for what is prominently termed effective or meaningful human oversight of these systems. This paper investigates effective human oversight by synthesizing insights from psychological, legal, ph… ▽ More Human oversight is currently discussed as a potential safeguard to counter some of the negative aspects of high-risk AI applications. This prompts a critical examination of the role and conditions necessary for what is prominently termed effective or meaningful human oversight of these systems. This paper investigates effective human oversight by synthesizing insights from psychological, legal, philosophical, and technical domains. Based on the claim that the main objective of human oversight is risk mitigation, we propose a viable understanding of effectiveness in human oversight: for human oversight to be effective, the oversight person has to have (a) sufficient causal power with regard to the system and its effects, (b) suitable epistemic access to relevant aspects of the situation, (c) self-control, and (d) fitting intentions for their role. Furthermore, we argue that this is equivalent to saying that an oversight person is effective if and only if they are morally responsible and have fitting intentions. Against this backdrop, we suggest facilitators and inhibitors of effectiveness in human oversight when striving for practical applicability. We discuss factors in three domains, namely, the technical design of the system, individual factors of oversight persons, and the environmental circumstances in which they operate. Finally, this paper scrutinizes the upcoming AI Act of the European Union -- in particular Article 14 on Human Oversight -- as an exemplary regulatory framework in which we study the practicality of our understanding of effective human oversight. By analyzing the provisions and implications of the European AI Act proposal, we pinpoint how far that proposal aligns with our analyses regarding effective human oversight as well as how it might get enriched by our conceptual understanding of effectiveness in human oversight. △ Less Submitted 7 May, 2024; v1 submitted 5 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 13 pages, 1 figure, 1 table; ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (ACM FAccT) 2024 arXiv:2312.07252 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG stat.ML Identifying Drivers of Predictive Aleatoric Uncertainty Authors: Pascal Iversen , Simon Witzke , Katharina Baum , Bernhard Y. Renard Abstract : Explainability and uncertainty quantification are key to trustable artificial intelligence. However, the reasoning behind uncertainty estimates is generally left unexplained. Identifying the drivers of uncertainty complements explanations of point predictions in recognizing model limitations and enhancing transparent decision-making. So far, explanations of uncertainties have been rarely studied.… ▽ More Explainability and uncertainty quantification are key to trustable artificial intelligence. However, the reasoning behind uncertainty estimates is generally left unexplained. Identifying the drivers of uncertainty complements explanations of point predictions in recognizing model limitations and enhancing transparent decision-making. So far, explanations of uncertainties have been rarely studied. The few exceptions rely on Bayesian neural networks or technically intricate approaches, such as auxiliary generative models, thereby hindering their broad adoption. We propose a straightforward approach to explain predictive aleatoric uncertainties. We estimate uncertainty in regression as predictive variance by adapting a neural network with a Gaussian output distribution. Subsequently, we apply out-of-the-box explainers to the model's variance output. This approach can explain uncertainty influences more reliably than complex published approaches, which we demonstrate in a synthetic setting with a known data-generating process. We substantiate our findings with a nuanced, quantitative benchmark including synthetic and real, tabular and image datasets. For this, we adapt metrics from conventional XAI research to uncertainty explanations. Overall, the proposed method explains uncertainty estimates with little modifications to the model architecture and outperforms more intricate methods in most settings. △ Less Submitted 12 May, 2025; v1 submitted 12 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023. Comments: Simon Witzke and Pascal Iversen contributed equally arXiv:2312.07252 [ pdf , other ] Identifying Drivers of Predictive Aleatoric Uncertainty Authors: Pascal Iversen , Simon Witzke , Katharina Baum , Bernhard Y. Renard Abstract : Explainability and uncertainty quantification are key to trustable artificial intelligence. However, the reasoning behind uncertainty estimates is generally left unexplained. Identifying the drivers of uncertainty complements explanations of point predictions in recognizing model limitations and enhancing transparent decision-making. So far, explanations of uncertainties have been rarely studied.… ▽ More Explainability and uncertainty quantification are key to trustable artificial intelligence. However, the reasoning behind uncertainty estimates is generally left unexplained. Identifying the drivers of uncertainty complements explanations of point predictions in recognizing model limitations and enhancing transparent decision-making. So far, explanations of uncertainties have been rarely studied. The few exceptions rely on Bayesian neural networks or technically intricate approaches, such as auxiliary generative models, thereby hindering their broad adoption. We propose a straightforward approach to explain predictive aleatoric uncertainties. We estimate uncertainty in regression as predictive variance by adapting a neural network with a Gaussian output distribution. Subsequently, we apply out-of-the-box explainers to the model's variance output. This approach can explain uncertainty influences more reliably than complex published approaches, which we demonstrate in a synthetic setting with a known data-generating process. We substantiate our findings with a nuanced, quantitative benchmark including synthetic and real, tabular and image datasets. For this, we adapt metrics from conventional XAI research to uncertainty explanations. Overall, the proposed method explains uncertainty estimates with little modifications to the model architecture and outperforms more intricate methods in most settings. △ Less Submitted 12 May, 2025; v1 submitted 12 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023. Comments: Simon Witzke and Pascal Iversen contributed equally arXiv:2308.06186 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.LO Software Doping Analysis for Human Oversight Authors: Sebastian Biewer , Kevin Baum , Sarah Sterz , Holger Hermanns , Sven Hetmank , Markus Langer , Anne Lauber-Rönsberg , Franz Lehr Abstract : This article introduces a framework that is meant to assist in mitigating societal risks that software can pose. Concretely, this encompasses facets of software doping as well as unfairness and discrimination in high-risk decision-making systems. The term software doping refers to software that contains surreptitiously added functionality that is against the interest of the user. A prominent examp… ▽ More This article introduces a framework that is meant to assist in mitigating societal risks that software can pose. Concretely, this encompasses facets of software doping as well as unfairness and discrimination in high-risk decision-making systems. The term software doping refers to software that contains surreptitiously added functionality that is against the interest of the user. A prominent example of software doping are the tampered emission cleaning systems that were found in millions of cars around the world when the diesel emissions scandal surfaced. The first part of this article combines the formal foundations of software doping analysis with established probabilistic falsification techniques to arrive at a black-box analysis technique for identifying undesired effects of software. We apply this technique to emission cleaning systems in diesel cars but also to high-risk systems that evaluate humans in a possibly unfair or discriminating way. We demonstrate how our approach can assist humans-in-the-loop to make better informed and more responsible decisions. This is to promote effective human oversight, which will be a central requirement enforced by the European Union's upcoming AI Act. We complement our technical contribution with a juridically, philosophically, and psychologically informed perspective on the potential problems caused by such systems. △ Less Submitted 11 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023. Comments: Submitted to Formal Methods in System Design, special issue for FASE 2022 arXiv:2308.06186 [ pdf , other ] Software Doping Analysis for Human Oversight Authors: Sebastian Biewer , Kevin Baum , Sarah Sterz , Holger Hermanns , Sven Hetmank , Markus Langer , Anne Lauber-Rönsberg , Franz Lehr Abstract : This article introduces a framework that is meant to assist in mitigating societal risks that software can pose. Concretely, this encompasses facets of software doping as well as unfairness and discrimination in high-risk decision-making systems. The term software doping refers to software that contains surreptitiously added functionality that is against the interest of the user. A prominent examp… ▽ More This article introduces a framework that is meant to assist in mitigating societal risks that software can pose. Concretely, this encompasses facets of software doping as well as unfairness and discrimination in high-risk decision-making systems. The term software doping refers to software that contains surreptitiously added functionality that is against the interest of the user. A prominent example of software doping are the tampered emission cleaning systems that were found in millions of cars around the world when the diesel emissions scandal surfaced. The first part of this article combines the formal foundations of software doping analysis with established probabilistic falsification techniques to arrive at a black-box analysis technique for identifying undesired effects of software. We apply this technique to emission cleaning systems in diesel cars but also to high-risk systems that evaluate humans in a possibly unfair or discriminating way. We demonstrate how our approach can assist humans-in-the-loop to make better informed and more responsible decisions. This is to promote effective human oversight, which will be a central requirement enforced by the European Union's upcoming AI Act. We complement our technical contribution with a juridically, philosophically, and psychologically informed perspective on the potential problems caused by such systems. △ Less Submitted 11 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023. Comments: Submitted to Formal Methods in System Design, special issue for FASE 2022 arXiv:2304.04000 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG SimbaML: Connecting Mechanistic Models and Machine Learning with Augmented Data Authors: Maximilian Kleissl , Lukas Drews , Benedict B. Heyder , Julian Zabbarov , Pascal Iversen , Simon Witzke , Bernhard Y. Renard , Katharina Baum Abstract : Training sophisticated machine learning (ML) models requires large datasets that are difficult or expensive to collect for many applications. If prior knowledge about system dynamics is available, mechanistic representations can be used to supplement real-world data. We present SimbaML (Simulation-Based ML), an open-source tool that unifies realistic synthetic dataset generation from ordinary diff… ▽ More Training sophisticated machine learning (ML) models requires large datasets that are difficult or expensive to collect for many applications. If prior knowledge about system dynamics is available, mechanistic representations can be used to supplement real-world data. We present SimbaML (Simulation-Based ML), an open-source tool that unifies realistic synthetic dataset generation from ordinary differential equation-based models and the direct analysis and inclusion in ML pipelines. SimbaML conveniently enables investigating transfer learning from synthetic to real-world data, data augmentation, identifying needs for data collection, and benchmarking physics-informed ML approaches. SimbaML is available from △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2023; v1 submitted 8 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023. Comments: 6 pages, 1 figure arXiv:2304.04000 [ pdf , other ] SimbaML: Connecting Mechanistic Models and Machine Learning with Augmented Data Authors: Maximilian Kleissl , Lukas Drews , Benedict B. Heyder , Julian Zabbarov , Pascal Iversen , Simon Witzke , Bernhard Y. Renard , Katharina Baum Abstract : Training sophisticated machine learning (ML) models requires large datasets that are difficult or expensive to collect for many applications. If prior knowledge about system dynamics is available, mechanistic representations can be used to supplement real-world data. We present SimbaML (Simulation-Based ML), an open-source tool that unifies realistic synthetic dataset generation from ordinary diff… ▽ More Training sophisticated machine learning (ML) models requires large datasets that are difficult or expensive to collect for many applications. If prior knowledge about system dynamics is available, mechanistic representations can be used to supplement real-world data. We present SimbaML (Simulation-Based ML), an open-source tool that unifies realistic synthetic dataset generation from ordinary differential equation-based models and the direct analysis and inclusion in ML pipelines. SimbaML conveniently enables investigating transfer learning from synthetic to real-world data, data augmentation, identifying needs for data collection, and benchmarking physics-informed ML approaches. SimbaML is available from △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2023; v1 submitted 8 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023. Comments: 6 pages, 1 figure arXiv:2210.03211 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.DS LazyFox: Fast and parallelized overlapping community detection in large graphs Authors: Tim Garrels , Athar Khodabakhsh , Bernhard Y. Renard , Katharina Baum Abstract : The detection of communities in graph datasets provides insight about a graph's underlying structure and is an important tool for various domains such as social sciences, marketing, traffic forecast, and drug discovery. While most existing algorithms provide fast approaches for community detection, their results usually contain strictly separated communities. However, most datasets would semantica… ▽ More The detection of communities in graph datasets provides insight about a graph's underlying structure and is an important tool for various domains such as social sciences, marketing, traffic forecast, and drug discovery. While most existing algorithms provide fast approaches for community detection, their results usually contain strictly separated communities. However, most datasets would semantically allow for or even require overlapping communities that can only be determined at much higher computational cost. We build on an efficient algorithm, Fox, that detects such overlapping communities. Fox measures the closeness of a node to a community by approximating the count of triangles which that node forms with that community. We propose LazyFox, a multi-threaded version of the Fox algorithm, which provides even faster detection without an impact on community quality. This allows for the analyses of significantly larger and more complex datasets. LazyFox enables overlapping community detection on complex graph datasets with millions of nodes and billions of edges in days instead of weeks. As part of this work, LazyFox's implementation was published and is available as a tool under an MIT licence at △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: 17 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2210.03211 [ pdf , other ] LazyFox: Fast and parallelized overlapping community detection in large graphs Authors: Tim Garrels , Athar Khodabakhsh , Bernhard Y. Renard , Katharina Baum Abstract : The detection of communities in graph datasets provides insight about a graph's underlying structure and is an important tool for various domains such as social sciences, marketing, traffic forecast, and drug discovery. While most existing algorithms provide fast approaches for community detection, their results usually contain strictly separated communities. However, most datasets would semantica… ▽ More The detection of communities in graph datasets provides insight about a graph's underlying structure and is an important tool for various domains such as social sciences, marketing, traffic forecast, and drug discovery. While most existing algorithms provide fast approaches for community detection, their results usually contain strictly separated communities. However, most datasets would semantically allow for or even require overlapping communities that can only be determined at much higher computational cost. We build on an efficient algorithm, Fox, that detects such overlapping communities. Fox measures the closeness of a node to a community by approximating the count of triangles which that node forms with that community. We propose LazyFox, a multi-threaded version of the Fox algorithm, which provides even faster detection without an impact on community quality. This allows for the analyses of significantly larger and more complex datasets. LazyFox enables overlapping community detection on complex graph datasets with millions of nodes and billions of edges in days instead of weeks. As part of this work, LazyFox's implementation was published and is available as a tool under an MIT licence at △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: 17 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2108.07711 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY doi 10.1109/REW53955.2021.00030 Explainability Auditing for Intelligent Systems: A Rationale for Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives Authors: Markus Langer , Kevin Baum , Kathrin Hartmann , Stefan Hessel , Timo Speith , Jonas Wahl Abstract : National and international guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) consider explainability to be a central facet of trustworthy systems. This paper outlines a multi-disciplinary rationale for explainability auditing. Specifically, we propose that explainability auditing can ensure the quality of explainability of systems in applied contexts and can be the basis for certification as… ▽ More National and international guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) consider explainability to be a central facet of trustworthy systems. This paper outlines a multi-disciplinary rationale for explainability auditing. Specifically, we propose that explainability auditing can ensure the quality of explainability of systems in applied contexts and can be the basis for certification as a means to communicate whether systems meet certain explainability standards and requirements. Moreover, we emphasize that explainability auditing needs to take a multi-disciplinary perspective, and we provide an overview of four perspectives (technical, psychological, ethical, legal) and their respective benefits with respect to explainability auditing. △ Less Submitted 5 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021. Comments: Accepted at the First International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Explainable Systems (RE4ES) co-located with the 29th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE'21) arXiv:2108.07711 [ pdf , ps , other ] Explainability Auditing for Intelligent Systems: A Rationale for Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives Authors: Markus Langer , Kevin Baum , Kathrin Hartmann , Stefan Hessel , Timo Speith , Jonas Wahl Abstract : National and international guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) consider explainability to be a central facet of trustworthy systems. This paper outlines a multi-disciplinary rationale for explainability auditing. Specifically, we propose that explainability auditing can ensure the quality of explainability of systems in applied contexts and can be the basis for certification as… ▽ More National and international guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) consider explainability to be a central facet of trustworthy systems. This paper outlines a multi-disciplinary rationale for explainability auditing. Specifically, we propose that explainability auditing can ensure the quality of explainability of systems in applied contexts and can be the basis for certification as a means to communicate whether systems meet certain explainability standards and requirements. Moreover, we emphasize that explainability auditing needs to take a multi-disciplinary perspective, and we provide an overview of four perspectives (technical, psychological, ethical, legal) and their respective benefits with respect to explainability auditing. △ Less Submitted 5 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021. Comments: Accepted at the First International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Explainable Systems (RE4ES) co-located with the 29th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE'21) arXiv:2102.07817 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.HC doi 10.1016/j.artint.2021.103473 What Do We Want From Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)? -- A Stakeholder Perspective on XAI and a Conceptual Model Guiding Interdisciplinary XAI Research Authors: Markus Langer , Daniel Oster , Timo Speith , Holger Hermanns , Lena Kästner , Eva Schmidt , Andreas Sesing , Kevin Baum Abstract : Previous research in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) suggests that a main aim of explainability approaches is to satisfy specific interests, goals, expectations, needs, and demands regarding artificial systems (we call these stakeholders' desiderata) in a variety of contexts. However, the literature on XAI is vast, spreads out across multiple largely disconnected disciplines, and it ofte… ▽ More Previous research in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) suggests that a main aim of explainability approaches is to satisfy specific interests, goals, expectations, needs, and demands regarding artificial systems (we call these stakeholders' desiderata) in a variety of contexts. However, the literature on XAI is vast, spreads out across multiple largely disconnected disciplines, and it often remains unclear how explainability approaches are supposed to achieve the goal of satisfying stakeholders' desiderata. This paper discusses the main classes of stakeholders calling for explainability of artificial systems and reviews their desiderata. We provide a model that explicitly spells out the main concepts and relations necessary to consider and investigate when evaluating, adjusting, choosing, and developing explainability approaches that aim to satisfy stakeholders' desiderata. This model can serve researchers from the variety of different disciplines involved in XAI as a common ground. It emphasizes where there is interdisciplinary potential in the evaluation and the development of explainability approaches. △ Less Submitted 15 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. Comments: 57 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, to be published in Artificial Intelligence, Markus Langer, Daniel Oster and Timo Speith share first-authorship of this paper arXiv:2102.07817 [ pdf , other ] What Do We Want From Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)? -- A Stakeholder Perspective on XAI and a Conceptual Model Guiding Interdisciplinary XAI Research Authors: Markus Langer , Daniel Oster , Timo Speith , Holger Hermanns , Lena Kästner , Eva Schmidt , Andreas Sesing , Kevin Baum Abstract : Previous research in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) suggests that a main aim of explainability approaches is to satisfy specific interests, goals, expectations, needs, and demands regarding artificial systems (we call these stakeholders' desiderata) in a variety of contexts. However, the literature on XAI is vast, spreads out across multiple largely disconnected disciplines, and it ofte… ▽ More Previous research in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) suggests that a main aim of explainability approaches is to satisfy specific interests, goals, expectations, needs, and demands regarding artificial systems (we call these stakeholders' desiderata) in a variety of contexts. However, the literature on XAI is vast, spreads out across multiple largely disconnected disciplines, and it often remains unclear how explainability approaches are supposed to achieve the goal of satisfying stakeholders' desiderata. This paper discusses the main classes of stakeholders calling for explainability of artificial systems and reviews their desiderata. We provide a model that explicitly spells out the main concepts and relations necessary to consider and investigate when evaluating, adjusting, choosing, and developing explainability approaches that aim to satisfy stakeholders' desiderata. This model can serve researchers from the variety of different disciplines involved in XAI as a common ground. It emphasizes where there is interdisciplinary potential in the evaluation and the development of explainability approaches. △ Less Submitted 15 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. Comments: 57 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, to be published in Artificial Intelligence, Markus Langer, Daniel Oster and Timo Speith share first-authorship of this paper arXiv:1901.00590 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY doi 10.4204/EPTCS.286.4 Towards a Framework Combining Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability Authors: Kevin Baum , Holger Hermanns , Timo Speith Abstract : We find ourselves surrounded by a rapidly increasing number of autonomous and semi-autonomous systems. Two grand challenges arise from this development: Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability. Machine Ethics, on the one hand, is concerned with behavioral constraints for systems, so that morally acceptable, restricted behavior results; Machine Explainability, on the other hand, enables systems t… ▽ More We find ourselves surrounded by a rapidly increasing number of autonomous and semi-autonomous systems. Two grand challenges arise from this development: Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability. Machine Ethics, on the one hand, is concerned with behavioral constraints for systems, so that morally acceptable, restricted behavior results; Machine Explainability, on the other hand, enables systems to explain their actions and argue for their decisions, so that human users can understand and justifiably trust them. In this paper, we try to motivate and work towards a framework combining Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability. Starting from a toy example, we detect various desiderata of such a framework and argue why they should and how they could be incorporated in autonomous systems. Our main idea is to apply a framework of formal argumentation theory both, for decision-making under ethical constraints and for the task of generating useful explanations given only limited knowledge of the world. The result of our deliberations can be described as a first version of an ethically motivated, principle-governed framework combining Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019. Comments: In Proceedings CREST 2018, arXiv:1901.00073 Journal ref: EPTCS 286, 2019, pp. 34-49 arXiv:1901.00590 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards a Framework Combining Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability Authors: Kevin Baum , Holger Hermanns , Timo Speith Abstract : We find ourselves surrounded by a rapidly increasing number of autonomous and semi-autonomous systems. Two grand challenges arise from this development: Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability. Machine Ethics, on the one hand, is concerned with behavioral constraints for systems, so that morally acceptable, restricted behavior results; Machine Explainability, on the other hand, enables systems t… ▽ More We find ourselves surrounded by a rapidly increasing number of autonomous and semi-autonomous systems. Two grand challenges arise from this development: Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability. Machine Ethics, on the one hand, is concerned with behavioral constraints for systems, so that morally acceptable, restricted behavior results; Machine Explainability, on the other hand, enables systems to explain their actions and argue for their decisions, so that human users can understand and justifiably trust them. In this paper, we try to motivate and work towards a framework combining Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability. Starting from a toy example, we detect various desiderata of such a framework and argue why they should and how they could be incorporated in autonomous systems. Our main idea is to apply a framework of formal argumentation theory both, for decision-making under ethical constraints and for the task of generating useful explanations given only limited knowledge of the world. The result of our deliberations can be described as a first version of an ethically motivated, principle-governed framework combining Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019. Comments: In Proceedings CREST 2018, arXiv:1901.00073 Journal ref: EPTCS 286, 2019, pp. 34-49 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Course Toggle Course subsection 1.1 North Branch 1.2 Main stem 1.3 South Branch 1.4 Discharge 1.1 North Branch 1.2 Main stem 1.3 South Branch 1.4 Discharge 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Name 2.2 Exploration and settlement 2.3 Early modifications 2.4 Reversing the flow 2.5 Eastland disaster 2.6 Chicago flood of 1992 2.7 Bridges 2.1 Name 2.2 Exploration and settlement 2.3 Early modifications 2.4 Reversing the flow 2.5 Eastland disaster 2.6 Chicago flood of 1992 2.7 Bridges 3 Pollution 4 Recreation 5 Mouth of the river 6 Dyeing the river Toggle Dyeing the river subsection 6.1 Saint Patrick's Day 6.2 Chicago Cubs rally 6.1 Saint Patrick's Day 6.2 Chicago Cubs rally 7 McCormick Bridgehouse and Chicago River Museum 8 Monitoring the impact of extreme weather events on the Chicago District 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References Toggle References subsection 11.1 Bibliography 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links Chicago River العربية Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 41°53′11″N 87°38′15″W / 41.88639°N 87.63750°W / 41.88639; -87.63750 Chicago River Chicago River at September, 2021 Map of river and flow directions, before and after re-engineering flow via the canal system. Note the "Before" does not show the existing Illinois and Michigan Canal (built 1848), which generally did not affect flow direction. Location Country United States State Illinois Physical characteristics Source Lake Michigan Length 156 mi (251 km) Basin features Progression Chicago River → South Branch → Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal → Des Plaines River → Illinois River → Mississippi River → Gulf of Mexico Tributaries • left South Fork Chicago River • right North Branch Chicago River The Chicago River is a system of rivers and canals with a combined length of 156 miles (251 km) [ 1 ] that runs through the city of Chicago , including its center (the Chicago Loop ). [ 2 ] The river is one of the reasons for Chicago's geographic importance: the related Chicago Portage is a link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River Basin , and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico . In 1887, the Illinois General Assembly decided to reverse the flow of the Chicago River through civil engineering by taking water from Lake Michigan and discharging it into the Mississippi River watershed, partly in response to concerns created by an extreme weather event in 1885 that threatened the city's water supply. [ 3 ] [ n 1 ] In 1889, the state created the Chicago Sanitary District (now the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District ) to replace the Illinois and Michigan Canal with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal , a much larger waterway, because the former had become inadequate to serve the city's increasing sewage and commercial navigation needs. [ 4 ] Completed by 1900, [ 5 ] the project reversed the flow of the main stem and South Branch and altered the flow of the North Branch by using a series of canal locks and pumping stations, increasing the flow from Lake Michigan into the river, causing the river to empty into the new canal instead. In 1999, the system was named a "Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium" by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). [ 6 ] The river is represented on the municipal flag of Chicago by two horizontal blue stripes. [ 7 ] Its three branches serve as the inspiration for the municipal device , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] a three-branched, Y-shaped symbol that is found on many buildings and other structures throughout Chicago. Course When it followed its natural course, the North and South Branches of the Chicago River converged at Wolf Point to form the main stem, which jogged southward from the present course of the river to avoid a baymouth bar , entering Lake Michigan at about the level of present-day Madison Street . [ 11 ] Today, the main stem of the Chicago River flows west from Lake Michigan to Wolf Point, where it converges with the North Branch to flow into the South Branch, where the river's course goes south and west to empty in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . North Branch Early settlers named the North Branch of the Chicago River the Guarie River, or Gary's River, after a trader who may have settled the west bank of the river a short distance north of Wolf Point, at what is now Fulton Street. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The source of the North Branch is in the northern suburbs of Chicago where its three principal tributaries converge. The Skokie River —or East Fork—rises from a flat plain, historically a wetland, near Park City, Illinois to the west of the city of Waukegan . [ 14 ] It then flows southward, paralleling the shore of Lake Michigan, through wetlands, the Greenbelt Forest Preserve and a number of golf courses towards Highland Park, Illinois . [ 15 ] South of Highland Park the river passes the Chicago Botanic Gardens and through an area of former marshlands known as the Skokie Lagoons . From the west, the Middle Fork arises near Rondout, Illinois and flows southwards through Lake Forest and Highland Park. The two tributaries of the North and Middle forks merge at the Watersmeet Woods forest preserve west of Wilmette . From there the North Branch flows south towards Morton Grove . [ 16 ] The third tributary, the West Fork, rises near Mettawa and flows south through Lincolnshire, Bannockburn , Deerfield , and Northbrook , meeting the North Branch at Morton Grove. [ 17 ] In recognition of the work of Ralph Frese in promoting canoeing on and conservation of Chicago-area rivers, the forest preserve district of Cook County, Illinois has designated a section of the East Fork and North Branch from Willow Road in Northfield to Dempster Street in Morton Grove the Ralph Frese River Trail . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The North Branch continues southwards through Niles , entering the city of Chicago near the intersection of Milwaukee Avenue and Devon Avenue , [ 20 ] from where it serves as the boundary of the Forest Glen community area with Norwood Park and Jefferson Park . This stretch of the river meanders in a south-easterly direction, passing through golf courses and forest preserves until it reaches Foster Avenue , where it passes through residential neighborhoods on the north side of the Albany Park community area. [ 21 ] In River Park the river meets the North Shore Channel , a canal with water pumped from Lake Michigan (at Wilmette ), built between 1907 and 1910 to increase the flow of the North Branch and help flush it into the South Branch and from there to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . [ 3 ] From the confluence with the North Shore Channel south to Belmont Avenue the North Branch flows through mostly residential neighborhoods in a man-made channel that was dug to straighten and deepen the river, helping it to carry the additional flow from the North Shore Channel. [ 22 ] South of Belmont the North Branch is lined with a mixture of residential developments, retail parks, and industry until it reaches the industrial area known as the Clybourn Corridor. [ 23 ] Here it passes beneath the Cortland Street Drawbridge , which was the first "Chicago-style" fixed-trunnion bascule bridge built in the United States, [ 24 ] and is designated as an ASCE Civil Engineering Landmark and a Chicago Landmark . At North Avenue , south of the North Avenue Bridge , the North Branch divides: the original course of the river makes a curve along the west side of Goose Island , whilst the North Branch Canal cuts off the bend, forming the island. The North Branch Canal—or Ogden's Canal—was completed in 1857, and was originally 50 feet (15 m) wide and 10 feet (3.0 m) deep, allowing craft navigating the river to avoid the bend. [ 25 ] The 1902 Cherry Avenue Bridge , just south of North Avenue, was constructed to carry the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway onto Goose Island. It is a rare example of an asymmetric bob-tail swing bridge [ 26 ] and was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007. [ 27 ] From Goose Island the North Branch continues to flow south east to Wolf Point where it joins the main stem. Main stem Since the late 19th century, the source of the main stem of the Chicago River is Lake Michigan. Water enters the river through sluice gates at the Chicago River Controlling Works with a small additional flow provided for the passage of boats between the river and Lake Michigan through the Chicago Harbor Lock . [ 28 ] The surface level of the river is maintained at 0.5 to 2 feet (0.15 to 0.61 m) below the Chicago City Datum (579.48 feet [176.63 m] above mean sea level) except for when there is excessive storm run-off into the river or when the level of the lake is more than 2 feet below the Chicago City Datum. [ 29 ] Acoustic velocity meters at the Columbus Drive Bridge and the T. J. O'Brien lock on the Calumet River monitor the diversion of water from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River basin, which is limited to an average of 3,200 cubic feet (91 m 3 ) per second per year over the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020. [ 30 ] The main stem flows 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west from the controlling works at Lake Michigan; [ 31 ] passing beneath the Outer Drive , Columbus Drive , Michigan Avenue , Wabash Avenue , State Street , Dearborn Street , Clark Street , La Salle Street , Wells Street , and Franklin Street bridges en route to its confluence with the North Branch at Wolf Point. At McClurg Court it passes the Centennial Fountain , which was built in 1989 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago ; between May and October the fountain sends an arc of water over the river for ten minutes every hour. [ 32 ] On the north bank of the river, near the Chicago Landmark Michigan Avenue Bridge, is Pioneer Court , which marks the site of the homestead of Jean Baptiste Point du Sable who is recognized as the founder of Chicago. [ 33 ] On the south bank of the river is the site of Fort Dearborn , an army fort, first established in 1803. Notable buildings surrounding this area include the NBC Tower , the Tribune Tower , and the Wrigley Building . The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street, passing the Trump International Hotel and Tower , 35 East Wacker , and 330 North Wabash . Turning west again the river passes Marina City , the Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building , and Merchandise Mart , and 333 Wacker Drive . Since the early 2000s, the south shore of the main stem has been developed as the Chicago Riverwalk . It provides a linear, lushly landscaped park intended to offer a peaceful escape from the busy Loop and a tourist attraction. Different sections are named Market, Civic, Arcade, and Confluence. The plans reflect ideas first proposed by the Burnham Plan as early as 1909. South Branch Before reversal, the South Branch generally arose with joining forks in the marshy area called Mud Lake to flow to where it met the North Branch at Wolf Point forming the main branch. [ 34 ] Since reversal, the source of the South Branch of the Chicago River is the confluence of the North Branch and main stem at Wolf Point. From here the river flows south passing the Lake Street, Randolph Street, Washington Street, Madison Street, Monroe Street, Adams Street, Jackson Boulevard, Van Buren Street, Ida B. Wells Drive, and Harrison Street bridges before leaving the downtown Loop community area. Notable buildings that line this stretch of the river include the Boeing Company World Headquarters, the Civic Opera House , the Chicago Mercantile Exchange , Union Station and Willis Tower . The river continues southwards past railroad yards and the St. Charles Air Line Bridge . Between Polk and 18th Streets the river originally made a meander to the east; between 1927 and 1929 the river was straightened and moved .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 1 ⁄ 4 mile (0.40 km) west at this point to make room for a railroad terminal. [ 35 ] The river turns to the southwest at Ping Tom Memorial Park where it passes under the Chicago Landmark Canal Street railroad bridge . The river turns westward where it is crossed by the Dan Ryan Expressway ; these immovable bridges have a clearance of 60 feet (18 m) requiring large ships that pass underneath to have folding masts. [ 36 ] At Ashland Avenue the river widens to form the U.S. Turning Basin, the west bank of which was the starting point of the Illinois and Michigan Canal . [ 37 ] Prior to 1983, this was where the US Coast Guard Rules of the Road, Great Lakes ended & Rules of the Road, Western Rivers began. Since 1983, there is just a single Inland Navigational Rules passed by Congressional Act in 1980 (Public Law 96-591). At the basin the river is joined by a tributary, the South Fork of the river, which is commonly given the nickname Bubbly Creek . A bridge used to span the South Fork at this point that was too low for boats to pass meaning that their cargo needed to be unloaded at the bridge, and the neighborhood at its east end became known as Bridgeport . [ 38 ] The river continues to the south west, entering the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Damen Avenue. The original West Fork of the South Branch, which before 1935 [ 39 ] led towards Mud Lake and the Chicago Portage , has been filled in; a triangular intrusion into the north bank at Damen Avenue marks the place where it diverged from the course of the canal. [ 38 ] From there, the water flows down the canal through the southwest side of Chicago and southwestern suburbs and, in time, into the Des Plaines River between Crest Hill on the west and Lockport on the east, just north of the border between Crest Hill and Joliet, Illinois , eventually reaching the Gulf of Mexico . Discharge The United States Geological Survey monitors water flow at a number of sites in the Chicago River system. Discharge from the North Branch is measured at Grand Avenue; between 2004 and 2010 this averaged 582 cubic feet (16.5 m 3 ) per second. [ 40 ] During the winter months as much as 75% of the flow in the North Branch is due to the discharge of treated sewage from the North Side Water Reclamation Plant into the North Shore Channel. [ 41 ] Flow on the main stem is measured at Columbus Drive; between 2000 and 2006 this averaged 136 cubic feet (3.9 m 3 ) per second. [ 42 ] History Name The name Chicago derives from the 17th century French rendering of shikaakwa or chicagou , the Native American name for ramps ( Allium tricoccum ), a type of edible wild leek , which grew abundantly near the river. The river, and its region, were named after the plant. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Exploration and settlement Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette , though probably not the first Europeans to visit the area, are the first recorded to have visited the Chicago River in 1673, when they wrote of their discovery of the geographically vital Chicago Portage . [ 46 ] Marquette returned in 1674, camped a few days near the mouth of the river, then moved on to the Chicago River– Des Plaines River portage , where he stayed through the winter of 1674–75. The Fox Wars effectively closed the Chicago area to Europeans in the first part of the 18th century. The first non-native to re-settle in the area may have been a trader named Guillory, who might have had a trading post near Wolf Point on the Chicago River in around 1778. [ 47 ] In 1823 a government expedition used the name Gary River (phonetic spelling of Guillory ) to refer to the north branch of the Chicago River. Jean Baptiste Point du Sable is widely regarded as the first permanent resident of Chicago; he built a farm on the northern bank at the mouth of the river in the 1780s. [ 48 ] The earliest known record of Pointe du Sable living in Chicago is the diary of Hugh Heward, who made a journey through Illinois in the spring of 1790. Antoine Ouilmette claimed to have arrived in Chicago shortly after this in July 1790. [ 49 ] In 1795, in a then minor part of the Treaty of Greenville , an Indian confederation granted treaty rights to the United States, to a parcel of land at the mouth of the "Chicago River". [ n 2 ] [ 51 ] This was followed by the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis and Treaty of Chicago , which ceded additional land in the Chicago area. [ 52 ] In 1803, Fort Dearborn was constructed on the bank opposite what had been Point du Sable's settlement, on the site of the present-day Michigan Avenue Bridge . [ 53 ] Lieutenant James Strode Swearingen, who led the troops from Detroit to Chicago to establish the fort, described the river as being about 30 yards (27 m) wide and upwards of 18 feet (5.5 m) deep at the place where the fort was intended to be built; the riverbanks were 8 feet (2.4 m) high on the south side and 6 feet (1.8 m) on the north. [ 54 ] Early modifications Between 1816 and 1828 soldiers from Fort Dearborn cut channels through the sandbar at the mouth of the river to allow yawls to bring supplies to the fort. [ 55 ] These channels rapidly clogged with sand requiring a new one to be cut. On March 2, 1833, $25,000 [ n 3 ] was appropriated by Congress for harbor works, and work began in June of that year under the supervision of Major George Bender, the commandant at Fort Dearborn. [ 55 ] [ 57 ] In January 1834 James Allen took over the supervision of this work [ 58 ] and, aided by a February storm that breached the sandbar, on July 12, 1834, the harbor works had progressed enough to allow a 100-short-ton (91 t) schooner, the Illinois to sail up the river to Wolf Point and dock at the wharf of Newberry & Dole. [ 55 ] The initial entrance through the sandbar was 200 feet (61 m) wide and 3 to 7 feet (0.91 to 2.13 m) deep, flanked by piers 200 feet (61 m) long on the south wall and 700 feet (210 m) long to the north. Allen's work continued, and by October 1837 the still unfinished piers had been extended to 1,850 and 1,200 feet (560 and 370 m) respectively. [ 59 ] In 1848, the Illinois and Michigan Canal linked the river to the Illinois River and the Mississippi Valley across the Chicago Portage . This canal was the farthest west, and the last, of a series of United States' government land grant canals. It provided the only water route from New York City to New Orleans through the country's interior and Chicago. [ 60 ] Reversing the flow During the last ice age, the area that became Chicago was covered by Lake Chicago , which drained south into the Mississippi Valley. As the ice and water retreated, a short 12-to-14-foot (3.7 to 4.3 m) ridge was exposed about a mile inland, which generally separated the Great Lakes' watershed from the Mississippi Valley, except in times of heavy precipitation or when winter ice flows prevented drainage. [ 61 ] By the time Europeans arrived, the Chicago River flowed sluggishly into Lake Michigan from Chicago's flat plain. As Chicago grew, this allowed sewage and other pollution into the clean-water source for the city, contributing to several public health problems, like typhoid fever . [ 62 ] Starting in 1848, much of the Chicago River's flow was also diverted across the Chicago Portage into the Illinois and Michigan Canal . [ 63 ] In 1871, the old canal was deepened in an attempt to completely reverse the river's flow but the reversal of the river only lasted one season. [ 64 ] Finally, in 1900, the Sanitary District of Chicago , then headed by William Boldenweck , completely reversed the flow of the main stem and South Branch of the river using a series of canal locks , increasing the river's flow from Lake Michigan and causing it to empty into the newly completed Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . In 1999, this system was named a "Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium" by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). [ 6 ] Before this time, the Chicago River was known by many local residents of Chicago as "the stinking river" because of the massive amounts of sewage and pollution that poured into the river from Chicago's booming industrial economy. [ 65 ] Through the 1980s, the river was quite dirty and often filled with garbage ; however, during the 1990s, it underwent extensive cleaning as part of an effort at beautification by Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley . [ 66 ] In 2005, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign created a three-dimensional, hydrodynamic simulation of the Chicago River, which suggested that density currents are the cause of an observed bi-directional wintertime flow in the river. At the surface, the river flows east to west, away from Lake Michigan, as expected. But deep below, near the riverbed, water seasonally travels west to east, toward the lake. [ 67 ] All outflows from the Great Lakes Basin are regulated by the joint U.S.-Canadian Great Lakes Commission , and the outflow through the Chicago River is set under a U.S. Supreme Court decision (1967, modified 1980 and 1997). The city of Chicago is allowed to remove 3,200 cubic feet per second (91 m 3 /s) of water from the Great Lakes system; about half of this, 1 billion US gallons per day (44 m 3 /s), is sent down the Chicago River, while the rest is used for drinking water. [ 68 ] In late 2005, the Chicago-based Alliance for the Great Lakes proposed re-separating the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins to address such ecological concerns as the spread of invasive species . [ 69 ] Eastland disaster In 1915, the SS Eastland , an excursion steam-liner preparing to leave the dock on the south gangway between the Clark Street Bridge and La Salle Street Bridge, rolled over, killing 844 of the more than 2500 passengers. The roll of the heavy steamer happened very quickly and many of the passengers were trapped under water by the hull, moving objects such as pianos and tables, the crush of bodies, or their heavy clothes. Frantic if disordered rescue attempts ensued and early versions of what may be regarded as trauma teams formed to address the shocking scene. The site on the south bank at the southeast end of the La Salle Street Bridge is now the location of a memorial first dedicated in 1989. [ 70 ] Chicago flood of 1992 On April 13, 1992, a flood occurred when a pile driven into the riverbed caused stress fractures in the wall of a long-abandoned tunnel of the Chicago Tunnel Company near the Kinzie Street railroad bridge (not to be confused with the Kinzie Street Bridge ). Most of the 60-mile (97 km) network of underground freight railway, which encompasses much of downtown, was eventually flooded, along with the lower levels of buildings it once serviced and attached underground shops and pedestrian ways. Bridges The first bridge across the Chicago River was constructed over the North Branch near the present day Kinzie Street in 1832. A second bridge, over the South Branch near Randolph Street, was added in 1833. [ 71 ] The first moveable bridge was constructed across the main stem at Dearborn Street in 1834. [ 72 ] Today, the Chicago River has 38 movable bridges spanning it, down from a peak of 52 bridges. [ 73 ] These bridges are of several different types, including trunnion bascule , Scherzer rolling lift , swing bridges , and vertical-lift bridges . Pollution The Chicago River has been highly affected by industrial and residential development with attendant changes to the quality of the water and riverbanks. Several species of freshwater fish are known to inhabit the river, including largemouth and smallmouth bass , rock bass , crappie , bluegill , catfish , and carp . The river also has a large population of crayfish . The South Fork of the Main (South) Branch, which was the primary sewer for the Union Stock Yards and the meat packing industry , was once so polluted that it became known as Bubbly Creek . [ 74 ] Illinois has issued advisories regarding eating fish from the river due to PCB and mercury contamination, including a "do not eat" advisory for carp more than 12 inches long. [ 75 ] There are concerns that silver carp and bighead carp , now invasive species in the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers , may reach the Great Lakes through the Chicago River. [ 76 ] A program on the north channel next to Goose Island seeks to increase wildlife habitat through the use of floating plant islands. The program is managed by the non-profit conservation group Urban Rivers with assistance from the Shedd Aquarium . [ 77 ] As with some other bodies of water in the United States, the river has seen several successful efforts to improve water quality since the passage of the Clean Water Act of 1972 and related state and local efforts. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Recreation Despite the pollution concerns, the Chicago River remains a very popular target for freshwater recreational fishing. In 2006, the Chicago Park District started the annual "Mayor Daley's Chicago River Fishing Festival", which has increased in popularity with each year. Between 2013 and 2016, the Chicago Park District opened four boat houses, two on the south branch and two on the north, for river recreation. [ 80 ] Mouth of the river Near the mouth of the Chicago River 1831 Near the mouth of the Chicago River 1838 Near the mouth of the Chicago River 1893 Near the mouth of the Chicago River c. late 1800s Mouth of the river in the early 20th century Dyeing the river Saint Patrick's Day As part of a more than sixty-year-old Chicago tradition, the Chicago River is dyed green in observance of Saint Patrick's Day . [ 81 ] Cook County , of which Chicago is the county seat, had the highest number of Irish Americans by county in the United States according to 2023 census data. [ 82 ] The event occurs on the Saturday on or before March 17, when large celebratory crowds gather to watch the dyeing of the river, and then many go downtown to attend one of the holiday parades. [ 83 ] The tradition of dyeing the river green arose by accident in 1961 when plumbers were using fluorescein dye to trace sources of illegal pollution discharge into the river. The plumbers then proposed a continuing celebration to the administration of the city's Irish-American mayor Richard J. Daley . [ 84 ] The dyeing of the river is still sponsored by the local plumbers union. [ 85 ] Environmental concerns disallowed the use of fluorescein for this purpose, since it was shown to be harmful to the river. [ 84 ] The parade committee switched to a mix involving forty pounds of powdered vegetable dye. [ 86 ] Though the committee closely guards the exact formula, they insist that it has been tested and verified safe for the environment. [ 87 ] The environmental organization Friends of the Chicago River disapproves of dyeing the river, saying the practice "gives the impression that it is lifeless and artificial", adding "Friends doesn't think that the river should be treated as a decoration for an annual holiday, but treasured and cared for as the wonderful natural and recreational resource it deserves to be". [ 88 ] In 2009, First Lady Michelle Obama , a Chicago native, inspired by the river tradition, requested that the water in the White House fountains be dyed green to celebrate Saint Patrick's Day. [ 89 ] Chicago Cubs rally For the Chicago Cubs rally and parade for their 2016 World Series Championship celebrations, the river was dyed Cubs blue. [ 90 ] Friends of the Chicago River executive director Margaret Frisbie told the Chicago Sun-Times , "We do not want to set a precedent where, every time we want to celebrate, we dye the river a different color and potentially hurt the aquatic life that lives in it. While it may seem festive, it's actually potentially harming a natural resource." [ 91 ] The river dyed green for Saint Patrick's Day in 2015 The river dyed blue during the Chicago Cubs ' 2016 World Series celebration McCormick Bridgehouse and Chicago River Museum The southwest bridgehouse of the DuSable Bridge (Michigan Avenue) serves as a museum on the river, its history, its challenges, and its renaissance. The McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum is a 5-floor, 1,613-square-foot (149.9 m 2 ) museum that opened on June 10, 2006; it is named for Robert R. McCormick , formerly owner of the Chicago Tribune and president of the Chicago Sanitary District. The Robert R. McCormick Foundation was the major donor that helped meet the $950,000 cost to open the museum. It is run by the Friends of the Chicago River, a non-profit environmental organization. Visitors are also allowed to access the bridge's gear room; during the spring and fall bridge lifting visitors can see the bridge gears in operation as the leaves are raised and lowered. Due to its small size and tight access stairway only 79 people are allowed inside the museum at any one time. [ 92 ] In October 2019, Chicago Tribune cultural arts writer Steve Johnson profiled the museum, calling its gear room where the DuSable Bridge mechanics can be viewed "a little chamber of heaven for infrastructure nerds". [ 93 ] Monitoring the impact of extreme weather events on the Chicago District The US Army Corps of Engineers have monitored the development of harbors and channels for navigation on the Great Lakes since the early 1800s. They began monitoring hydrological conditions and lake levels in 1918. A December 26, 2012 report revealed that Chicago District navigation infrastructure did receive significant impacts from Hurricane Sandy with some areas experiencing severe shoaling . Chicago Shoreline Project mitigated the damage of the storm event. [ 5 ] The same report noted that the low Great Lakes levels were drought-induced, caused by a very hot, dry summer and a lack of a solid snowpack in the winter of 2012. At the time of the report, December 2012, Lake Michigan- Huron was 28 inches below its long-term average which is near the record lows of 1964. [ 5 ] Historic lake levels for Lake Michigan reported from 1918 to 1998 show that the low levels observed in 1964 were the lowest since 1918. [ 94 ] In 2012 Lake Michigan-Huron's seasonal rise was about 4 inches where it usually is about 12 inches. Normally the Chicago River water level is two feet lower than the lake and therefore does not flow into the lake. If the lake level falls too low threatening to reverse the river flow, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago would be forced to close locks between the lake and river for longer periods of time, limiting navigation. A reversal flow of the Chicago River into Lake Michigan would have a negative impact on navigation and on the quality of Lake Michigan water, which is the source of drinking water. [ 5 ] Chicago's raw sewage in the river is normally carried upstream toward the Mississippi River which flows south towards the Gulf of Mexico . On January 9, 2013, Chicago meteorologists announced 320 days without at least one inch of snowfall. Water levels in the lake started to level off with the river and sewage was visible at the cusp of the locks, just a few hundred feet from Lake Michigan. David St. Pierre, executive director of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago warned the low lake levels were nearing a point of real concern. [ 95 ] However, the District maintains that it is not possible for the river to reverse due to low lake level alone. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Measurements taken by the US Army Corps of Engineers in January 2013 revealed that both Lake Michigan and Lake Huron had reached their "lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918, and the lakes could set additional records over the next few months, the corps said. The lakes were 74 centimetres (29 inches) below their long-term average and had declined 43 centimetres (17 inches) since January 2012". [ 98 ] See also Bubbly Creek Centennial Fountain Ogden Slip Illinois Department of Transportation List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Illinois List of rivers of Illinois Notes ^ These events are the basis of the Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth . ^ Six square miles centered at the mouth of the Chicago River. See Article 3 item 14 within the text of the treaty. [ 50 ] ^ equivalent to $860,000 in 2024 [ 56 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "About Friends of the Chicago River" . 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The Missouri Archaeologist . 66 : 59– 76. ^ Husar, John (December 12, 1996). "Maps Unlock River's History" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on June 3, 2013 . Retrieved September 9, 2018 . ^ "Chicago River Straightening" . The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 7, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2011 . ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 231 ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 226 ^ a b Husar, John (December 12, 1996). "Maps Unlock River's History" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on June 3, 2013 . Retrieved November 19, 2011 . ^ Cahan, Richard; Williams, Michael (2011). The Lost Panoramas: When Chicago Changed its River and the Land Beyond . Cityfiles Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-9785450-7-9 . ^ "Annual statistics for USGS 05536118 North Branch of Chicago River at Grand Avenue at Chicago, IL" . United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 27, 2011 . ^ Jackson, P. Ryan; Garcia, Carlos M.; Oberg, Kevin A.; Johnson, Kevin K.; Garcia, Marcelo H. (2008). "Density currents in the Chicago River: Characterization, effects on water quality, and potential sources" (PDF) . Science of the Total Environment . 401 ( 1– 3): 130– 143. Bibcode : 2008ScTEn.401..130J . doi : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.011 . hdl : 1912/2250 . PMID 18499229 . Archived from the original on March 14, 2022 . Retrieved September 25, 2019 . ^ "Annual statistics for USGS 05536123 Chicago River at Columbus Drive at Chicago, IL" . United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016 . Retrieved November 27, 2011 . ^ Durkin Keating, Ann (2005). "Chicago" . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Archived from the original on January 31, 2018 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 . ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (April 5, 2010). "Ramping up: Chicago by any other name would smell as sweet" . Dining Chicago . Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011 . Retrieved May 2, 2010 . ^ Swenson, John F. (Winter 1991). "Chicago: Meaning of the Name and Location of Pre-1800 European Settlements" . Early Chicago . Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 . Retrieved May 22, 2010 . ^ Quaife 1913 , pp. 22–24 ^ Meehan, Thomas A (1963). "Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the First Chicagoan". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society . 56 (3). Illinois State Historical Society: 439– 453. JSTOR 40190620 . ^ Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009). Chicago: A Biography . University of Chicago Press. p. 12 . ISBN 978-0-226-64431-8 . ^ Letter from Antoine Ouilmette to John H. Kinzie dated June 1, 1839, reproduced in Blanchard, Rufus (1898). Discovery and Conquests of the Northwest, with the History of Chicago (volume 1) . R. Blanchard and Company. p. 574 . Archived from the original on November 12, 2012 . Retrieved November 19, 2011 . ^ Charles J. Kappler (1904). "Treaty with the Wyandot, Etc., 1795" . U.S. Government treaties with American Indian tribes . Oklahoma State University Library. Archived from the original on November 8, 2010 . Retrieved August 1, 2009 . ^ "Fort Dearborn" . Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org . Archived from the original on December 27, 2011 . Retrieved March 2, 2019 . ^ Treaty with the Ottawa, etc. 1816 Archived September 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Durkin Keating, Ann. "Fort Dearborn" . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . p. 477. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011 . Retrieved May 20, 2007 . ^ Journal of Lieutenant James Strode Swearingen reproduced in Quaife 1913 , pp. 373–377 ^ a b c Holland, Robert A. (2005). Chicago in Maps . New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 102– 109. ISBN 978-0-8478-2743-5 . ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 30, 2023 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series. ^ Andreas 1884 , p. 234 ^ Hill 2000 , pp. 69–75 ^ Andreas 1884 , p. 235 ^ Schroer, Blanche; Peterson, Grant; Bradford, S. Sydney (September 14, 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Illinois and Michigan Canal" . National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020 . Retrieved June 21, 2009 . ^ Killey, Myrna M. 1998. "Illinois' Ice Age Legacy." Illinois State Geological Survey GeoScience Education Series 14. ^ "Did 90,000 people die of typhoid fever and cholera in Chicago in 1885?" . The Straight Dope . Archived from the original on October 6, 2008 . Retrieved May 20, 2007 . ^ Cain, Louis P. "Water" . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society. p. 1324. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007 . Retrieved May 20, 2007 . ^ Miller, Donald L. City of the Century (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1996) p. 427 ^ Grossman, Ron (August 29, 1995). "The Flow of History" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 14, 2022 . Retrieved June 19, 2021 . ^ Wolf, Garret (2012). "A city and its river: an urban political ecology of the Loop and Bridgeport in Chicago" (PDF) . Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College : 85– 86. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2021 . Retrieved May 7, 2021 . ^ "The River Under the River" . Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering (CEE) at the University of Illinois . Archived from the original on April 25, 2007 . Retrieved May 20, 2007 . ^ "Lake Michigan Diversion Supreme Court Consent Decree" (PDF) . Deq.state.mi.us . Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2009 . Retrieved March 2, 2019 . ^ "Groups to study separating Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins" . The Pantagraph . Archived from the original on May 25, 2012 . Retrieved February 21, 2009 . ^ Hilton, George W. "Eastland" . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society. p. 408. Archived from the original on April 23, 2007 . Retrieved May 20, 2007 . ^ Chicago, 1835 (Map). Albert F. Scharf. 1908. ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 35 ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 29 ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 25 ^ "Illinois Fish Advisory: Chicago River" . Illinois Department of Public Health . Archived from the original on March 14, 2008 . Retrieved March 17, 2008 . ^ Stern, Andrew (February 20, 2006). "Scientists Fear Leaping Carp To Invade US Great Lakes" . Reuters. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 20, 2007 . ^ O'Connell, Patrick M. (June 22, 2018). "A 'wild mile' on the Chicago River? It might be closer than you think" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on June 25, 2018 . Retrieved June 24, 2018 . ^ Axelrod, Jim (October 22, 2024). "How cities like Portland and Chicago are breathing new life into their rivers" . CBS News . Retrieved October 23, 2024 . ^ Stone, Chelsey (June 22, 2024). "The Chicago River was a toxic wasteland. Now it's an urban oasis" . National Geographic . Retrieved October 23, 2024 . ^ "Boathouses - Chicago Park District" . Archived from the original on September 11, 2018 . Retrieved September 10, 2018 . ^ "Dyeing of the River" . St. Patrick's Day Parade . Saint Patrick's Day Parade Committee of Chicago. 2009. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009 . Retrieved June 14, 2009 . ^ Crowley, Kinsey (March 16, 2025). "Chicago River goes green" . USA Today . Retrieved March 17, 2025 . ^ Nagy, Liz (March 15, 2025). "Chicago St. Patrick's Day 2025: Parade, green river dyeing bring thousands downtown" . ABC7 Chicago . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved March 15, 2025 . ^ a b Battle, British (March 20, 2003). "Other cities dye-ing to know what turns Chicago River green" . The Columbia Chronicle . The Fairfield Mirror , via UWIRE. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. ^ "Green Chicago River" . Sponsor website. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011 . Retrieved May 15, 2011 . ^ Lydon, Dan. "The Man Who Dyed the River Green: Stephen M. Bailey" . Archived from the original on June 23, 2011 . Retrieved March 16, 2011 . ^ O'Carroll, Eoin (March 16, 2009). "Is the dye in the Chicago River really green?" . Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on November 13, 2013 . Retrieved November 13, 2013 . ^ "The Impact of Dyeing the River Green" . Friends of the Chicago River . March 18, 2015. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. ^ White House fountains flow green for St. Patrick's Day , Mark Silva, March 18, 2009 ^ staff, Chicago Tribune. "Chicago River is dyed blue for Cubs celebration" . Chicagotribune.com . Archived from the original on February 23, 2019 . Retrieved March 2, 2019 . ^ Spielman, Fran (November 3, 2016). "Conservationists make waves about dying river Cubbie blue" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. ^ "McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum" . McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum . Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. ^ Johnson, Steve (October 8, 2019). "Hurried Chicagoans hate it when the river bridges open. The Chicago River Museum sells tickets" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. ^ Chicago River/Lakeshore Area Assessment (PDF) (Report). Vol. 2. Department of Natural Resources, State of Illinois. October 2000. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. [ permanent dead link ] ^ "Continuing Drought Could Lead To Reversal of Chicago River Flow" . January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013 . Retrieved January 12, 2013 . ^ "MWRD: Not possible for Chicago River to reverse on its own due to low lake level" (PDF) (Press release). Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago . January 10, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2013 . Retrieved January 12, 2013 . ^ Flannery, Mike (January 9, 2013). "Drought won't affect Chicago River much after all" . Chicago News and Weather. FOX 32 News. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013 . Retrieved January 12, 2013 . ^ "Lake Huron, Lake Michigan hit lowest water levels on record" . Cbc.ca. Associated Press. February 8, 2013. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022 . Retrieved February 6, 2013 . Bibliography Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884). History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time (volume 1) . Chicago, A. T. Andreas . Retrieved October 30, 2010 . Duis, Perry (1998). Challenging Chicago: Coping With Everyday Life, 1837–1920 . Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02394-3 . Hill, Libby (2000). The Chicago River: A Natural and Unnatural History . Chicago: Lake Claremont Press. ISBN 1-893121-02-X . Quaife, Milo Milton (1913). Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved October 30, 2010 . Solzman, David M. (2006). The Chicago River: An Illustrated History and Guide to the River and its Waterways (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76801-5 . External links Chicago River Live Camera Stream; Provided by TravelTV, hosted atop the Fox News Chicago Bureau Friends of the Chicago River GreenChicagoRiver.com Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago "Chicago River" . Collier's New Encyclopedia . 1921. "Feds order cleanup of Chicago River" . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press. May 12, 2011. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011 . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Articles 2 Bureaucracy 3 Wikipedians 4 Criticism 5 Controversies Toggle Controversies subsection 5.1 English varieties 5.2 Disputed articles 5.3 Threats against high schools 5.1 English varieties 5.2 Disputed articles 5.3 Threats against high schools 6 WikiProjects and assessment 7 Internal news publications 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links English Wikipedia Afrikaans अंगिका العربية অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Igbo Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Kumoring Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikidata item Modified version of the logo of Engllish Wikipedia celebrating its 25th anniversary .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Screenshot The English Wikipedia's Main Page on 17 February 2025 Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in English Owner Wikimedia Foundation Founder(s) Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Editors English Wikipedia community URL en .wikipedia .org Commercial No Registration Optional; required for certain tasks Users 51.1 million (as of 16 January 2026) Launched 15 January 2001 ; 25 years ago ( 2001-01-15 ) Content license Creative Commons Attribution/ Share-Alike 4.0 (most text also dual-licensed under GFDL ) Media licensing varies Written in PHP The English Wikipedia is the primary [ a ] English-language edition of Wikipedia , an online encyclopedia. It was created by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, as Wikipedia's first edition. English Wikipedia is hosted alongside other language editions by the Wikimedia Foundation , an American nonprofit organization . Its content, written independently of other editions by volunteer editors known as Wikipedians , [ 1 ] is in various varieties of English while aiming to stay consistent within articles. Its internal newspaper is The Signpost . English Wikipedia is the most read version of Wikipedia , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] accounting for 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining percentage split among the other languages. [ 4 ] The English Wikipedia has the most articles of any edition, at 7,122,773 as of January 2026. [ b ] It contains 10.7% of articles in all Wikipedias, [ b ] although it lacks millions of articles found in other editions. [ 1 ] The edition's one-billionth edit was made on 13 January 2021 by editor Steven Pruitt . [ 5 ] English Wikipedia, often as a stand-in for Wikipedia overall, has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge , extent of coverage, unique structure, culture, and reduced degree of commercial bias. It has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias , particularly gender bias against women and ideological bias . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] While its reliability was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise in the late 2010s and throughout the 2020s, [ 8 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] [ c ] having become an important fact-checking site . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] English Wikipedia has been characterized as having less cultural bias than other language editions due to its broader editor base. [ 2 ] Articles The English Wikipedia surpassed seven million articles on 28 May 2025. [ 12 ] In November 2022, the total volume of the compressed texts of its articles amounted to 20 gigabytes . [ 13 ] The edition's one-billionth edit was made on 13 January 2021 by Ser Amantio di Nicolao (Steven Pruitt) who was as of that date and remains as of January 2026 the user with the highest number of edits on the English Wikipedia , at over four million. [ 5 ] (as of January 2026, this figure was more than 6.7 million, as per Wikipedia statistics). Currently, there are 7,122,773 articles created with 957,374 files. The encyclopedia is home to 10.7% of articles in all Wikipedias (down from more than 50% in 2003). [ 14 ] [ 15 ] The English Wikipedia currently has 51,074,159 registered accounts of which 826 are administrators. Bureaucracy Editors of the English Wikipedia have pioneered some ideas as conventions, policies or features which were later adopted by Wikipedia editions in some of the other languages. These ideas include "featured articles", [ 16 ] the neutral-point-of-view policy, [ 17 ] navigation templates, [ 18 ] the sorting of short "stub" articles into sub-categories, [ 19 ] dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation and arbitration, [ 20 ] and weekly collaborations. [ 21 ] Wikipedians The English Wikipedia reached 4,000,000 registered user accounts on 1 April 2007, [ 22 ] over a year since the millionth Wikipedian registered an account in February 2006. [ 23 ] Over 1,100,000 volunteer editors have edited Wikipedia more than 10 times. [ 24 ] Over 30,000 editors perform more than 5 edits per month, and over 3,000 perform more than 100 edits per month. [ 25 ] On 1 March 2014, The Economist , in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "[t]he number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years." [ 26 ] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by "sharp" comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014. The trend analysis published in The Economist presents Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) as successful in retaining their active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. [ 26 ] The English Wikipedia has the Arbitration Committee (also known as ArbCom) that consists of a panel of editors that imposes binding rulings with regard to disputes between other editors of the online encyclopedia. [ 27 ] It was created by Jimmy Wales on 4 December 2003 as an extension of the decision-making power he had formerly held as owner of the site. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] When it was founded, the committee consisted of 12 arbitrators divided into three groups of four members each. [ 28 ] [ 30 ] In 2022, for English Wikipedia, Americans accounted for about 40% of active editors, followed by British and Indian editors accounting for about 10% of each, and Canadian and Australian at about 5%. [ 31 ] Criticism The free online encyclopedia Wikipedia has been criticized since its creation in 2001. Most of the criticism has been directed toward its content, community of established volunteer users , process, and rules. Critics have questioned its factual reliability , the readability and organization of its articles, the lack of methodical fact-checking , and its political bias . Concerns have also been raised about systemic bias along gender , racial , political , corporate, institutional, and national lines. Conflicts of interest arising from corporate campaigns to influence content have also been highlighted. Further concerns include the vandalism and partisanship facilitated by anonymous editing, clique behavior (from contributors as well as administrators and other top figures), social stratification between a guardian class and newer users, excessive rule-making, edit warring, and uneven policy application. Controversies This "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality . Please help integrate negative information into other sections or remove undue focus on minor aspects through discussion on the talk page . ( July 2023 ) English varieties A notable discussion within the English Wikipedia community concerns the preference for national variety of the English language, particularly American English and British English . [ 33 ] Various suggestions have been made, ranging from standardizing a single form of English to creating separate versions of the English Wikipedia project. [ citation needed ] According to a style guideline, "the English Wikipedia has no general preference for a major national variety of the language" and "an article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation uses the appropriate variety of English for that nation." [ 34 ] Disputed articles A 2013 study from Oxford University found that the most disputed articles on the English Wikipedia tend to address broader, global issues. In contrast, articles on other languages' Wikipedias often focus on regional issues. This pattern is attributed to the status of English as a global lingua franca , leading to contributions from many editors for whom English is a second language . The study identified the most disputed entries on the English Wikipedia as George W. Bush , anarchism , Muhammad , list of WWE personnel , global warming , circumcision , United States , Jesus , race and intelligence , and Christianity . [ 35 ] Research published in 2024 determined that several groups of connected accounts had coordinated to promote Russian propaganda narratives and state-controlled media sources in articles, related to Russian-Ukrainian relations and Russia's war with Ukraine . [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Threats against high schools There have been reports of threats of violence against high schools made on Wikipedia. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In 2006, a 14-year-old was arrested for making a threat against Niles West High School on Wikipedia. [ 41 ] In 2008, Glen A. Wilson High School was the subject of such a threat. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] WikiProjects and assessment A " WikiProject " is a group of contributors who want to work together as a team to improve Wikipedia. These groups may focus on a specific topic area (for example, women's history ), a specific location or a specific kind of task (for example, checking newly created pages). As of August 2022, the English Wikipedia had over 2,000 WikiProjects, for which activity varied. [ 42 ] In 2007, in preparation for producing a print version, the English Wikipedia introduced an assessment scale of the quality of articles. [ 43 ] Articles are rated by WikiProjects. The range of quality classes begins with "Stub" (very short pages), followed by "Start", "C" and "B" (in increasing order of quality). Community peer review is needed for the article to enter one of the quality classes: either " good article ", "A" or the highest, " featured article ". Of the about 6.5 million articles and lists assessed as of April 2022, more than 6,000 (0.09%) are featured articles, and fewer than 4,000 (0.06%) are featured lists. One featured article per day, as selected by editors, appears on the main page of Wikipedia. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach featured status via the intensive work of a few editors. [ 46 ] A 2010 study found unevenness in quality among featured articles and concluded that the community process is ineffective in assessing the quality of articles. [ 47 ] Internal news publications Community-produced news publications include The Signpost . [ 48 ] Other community news publications include the " WikiWorld " web comic, the Wikipedia Weekly podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like The Bugle from WikiProject Military History and the monthly newsletter from The Guild of Copy Editors . There are a number of publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as the Wikimedia Blog and This Month in Education . See also English Wikipedia blackout Deletionpedia Notes ^ The other edition is Simple English Wikipedia , which uses Basic English . ^ a b The number of articles on the English Wikipedia is shown by the MediaWiki variable {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} , with all Wikipedias as total {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}} = 66,342,145. ^ Despite this praise, Wikipedia does not recognize itself as a reliable source. References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Harrison, Stephen (1 September 2021). "Wikipedia Is Trying to Transcend the Limits of Human Language" . Slate . Archived from the original on 30 July 2023 . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ a b Sato, Yumiko (19 March 2021). "Non-English Editions of Wikipedia Have a Misinformation Problem" . Slate . Archived from the original on 25 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ Anderson, Monica; Hitlin, Paul; Atkinson, Michelle (14 January 2016). "Wikipedia at 15: Millions of readers in scores of languages" . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on 11 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ A455bcd9 (8 February 2021). Wikipedia page views by language over time (PNG) . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ a b Gault, Matthew (15 January 2021). "The English Language Wikipedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit" . Vice . Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 . Retrieved 26 February 2021 . ^ a b "Happy Birthday, Wikipedia" . The Economist . 9 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023 . Retrieved 22 January 2023 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (9 June 2020). "How Wikipedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice" . Slate . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023 . Retrieved 17 August 2021 . ^ "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher" . The Economist . 9 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2021 . ^ Cooke, Richard (17 February 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . Wired . Archived from the original on 17 December 2022 . Retrieved 13 October 2020 . ^ Hughes, Taylor; Smith, Jeff; Leavitt, Alex (3 April 2018). "Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button" . Meta . Archived from the original on 11 January 2023 . Retrieved 23 January 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (7 April 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. ^ "Wikipedia:Seven million articles" . Wikipedia . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 May 2025 . Retrieved 30 November 2025 . ^ See size of downloads at Wikipedia:Database download and a list of historical sizes here Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine ^ 1006884 (about 16%) more than the next in rank, the Cebuano Wikipedia . See m:List of Wikipedias . ^ Wikimedia Meta-Wiki (21 September 2008). "List of Wikipedias" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . ^ English Wikipedia (30 January 2007). "Featured articles" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ English Wikipedia (25 January 2007). "Neutral point of view" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ Wikimedia Meta-Wiki (29 January 2007). "Help:Template" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ English Wikipedia (19 January 2007). "WikiProject Stub sorting" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ English Wikipedia (27 January 2007). "Resolving disputes" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ English Wikipedia (30 January 2007). "Article Creation and Improvement Drive" . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-04-02/News and notes . Retrieved 20 April 2007 ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2006-02-27/News and notes . Retrieved 20 April 2007 ^ "Wikipedia Statistics – Tables – English" . Stats.wikimedia.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . ^ "Wikipedia Statistics – Tables – English" . Stats.wikimedia.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . ^ a b "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?" . The Economist . 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . ^ Schiff, Stacy (2 December 2006). "Know-alls" . The Age . Australia: Fairfax Digital Network. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . ^ a b Wales, Jimmy (4 December 2003). "WikiEN-l Wikiquette committee appointments" . Wikipedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on 17 September 2020 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . ^ Hoffman, David A.; Salil Mehra (2010). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal . 59 (2010). SSRN 1354424 . ^ Hyatt, Josh (1 June 2006). "Secrets of Greatness: Great Teams" . Fortune . Archived from the original on 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . ^ "Wikistats - Statistics For Wikimedia Projects" . stats.wikimedia.org . Archived from the original on 11 July 2020 . Retrieved 28 January 2022 . ^ "Wikipedia: Articles for deletion/Klee Irwin (3rd nomination)" . Wikipedia . 15 January 2014. ^ English Wikipedia. "Wikipedia:Manual of Style (spelling)" . Archived from the original on 15 December 2005 . Retrieved 25 February 2006 . ^ English Wikipedia. "Wikipedia:Manual of Style" . Archived from the original on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Gross, Doug (24 July 2013). "Wiki wars: The 10 most controversial Wikipedia pages" . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . ^ Boichak, Olga (7 October 2024). "How Russia Invaded Wikipedia" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 5 October 2024 . ^ Prieto Chavana, Nestor; Inskip, Chris; Miller, Carl; Weir, David. "Identifying Sock-Puppets on Wikipedia: A Semantic Clustering Approach" . ISD . Retrieved 5 October 2024 . ^ a b Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (29 April 2008). "Wikipedia threats went unchecked – Los Angeles Times" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . ^ a b "Hacienda Heights school receives possible threat" . abc7.com . Abclocal.go.com. 18 April 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . ^ a b "Student arrested for violent threats on Wikipedia" . Los Angeles Times . 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . ^ "Teen charged after threat to school on Wikipedia" . Bloomington, IL: Pantagraph.com. Associated Press. 31 October 2006. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . ^ "Wikipedia: Wikiprojects" . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ "Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment" . Archived from the original on 20 April 2021 . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . ^ "Comparing featured article groups and revision patterns correlations in Wikipedia" . First Monday . Archived from the original on 6 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . ^ Fernanda B. Viégas; Martin Wattenberg; Matthew M. McKeon (22 July 2007). "The Hidden Order of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . ^ Poderi, Giacomo, Wikipedia and the Featured Articles: How a Technological System Can Produce Best Quality Articles , Master thesis, University of Maastricht , October 2008. ^ Lindsey, David (5 April 2010). "Evaluating quality control of Wikipedia's featured articles" . First Monday . 15 (4). Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Phoebe Ayers; Charles Matthews; Ben Yates (2008). How Wikipedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it . No Starch Press. pp. 345–. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Further reading Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). "12. Community and Communication §§ Communicating with Other Editors" . How Wikipedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it . No Starch Press. pp. 345–362 . ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil (2010). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal . 59 (2010). Hyatt, Josh (1 June 2006). "Secrets of Greatness: Great Teams" . Fortune . Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia (First ed.). New York City: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . (alkaline paper). 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Icelandic ( Íslenska ) West Frisian ( Frysk ) Low German ( Plattdüütsch ) Luxembourgish ( Lëtzebuergesch ) Icelandic ( Íslenska ) West Frisian ( Frysk ) 20,000+ Scots ( Scots ) Alemannic ( Alemannisch ) Bavarian ( Boarisch ) North Frisian ( Nordfriisk ) Scots ( Scots ) Alemannic ( Alemannisch ) Bavarian ( Boarisch ) North Frisian ( Nordfriisk ) 10,000+ Yiddish ( ייִדיש ) Limburgish ( Limburgs ) Faroese ( Føroyskt ) Yiddish ( ייִדיש ) Limburgish ( Limburgs ) Faroese ( Føroyskt ) 5,000+ West Flemish ( West-Vlams ) Dutch Low Saxon ( Nedersaksisch ) Zeelandic ( Zeêuws ) West Flemish ( West-Vlams ) Dutch Low Saxon ( Nedersaksisch ) Zeelandic ( Zeêuws ) 2,000+ Old English ( Ænglisc ) Saterland Frisian ( Seeltersk ) Colognian ( Ripoarisch ) Palatine German ( Pfälzisch ) Pennsylvania German ( Deitsch ) Old English ( Ænglisc ) Saterland Frisian ( Seeltersk ) Colognian ( Ripoarisch ) Palatine German ( Pfälzisch ) Pennsylvania German ( Deitsch ) 500+ Gothic ( 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ) Gothic ( 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ) English Wikipedia Wikipedias in Germanic languages Encyclopedias in English Global culture Internet properties established in 2001 2001 establishments in the United States Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2020 Use American English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with criticism or controversy sections from July 2023 All articles with criticism or controversy sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023 Commons category link from Wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:22 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 1990 2 1991 3 1992 4 1993 5 1994 6 1995 7 1996 8 1997 9 1998 10 1999 11 British 12 Comedy-horror 13 Hong Kong 14 Japanese 15 Filipino 16 Parody 17 Comedy-Drama 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Bibliography 18.1 Bibliography List of comedy films of the 1990s Dagbanli Română Suomi Türkçe Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( August 2008 ) Comedy films Lists Before 1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e This film-related list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( August 2024 ) This is a list of comedy films released in the 1990s. 1990 Title Director Cast Production country Genre The Adventures of Ford Fairlane Renny Harlin Andrew Dice Clay , Priscilla Presley , Wayne Newton United States Action Comedy [ 1 ] Air America Roger Spottiswoode Mel Gibson , Robert Downey Jr. , Nancy Travis United States Action Comedy [ 2 ] Alice Woody Allen Mia Farrow , Joe Mantegna , Alec Baldwin United States Fantasy Romantic Comedy [ 3 ] All for the Winner Jeffrey Lau , Corey Yuen Stephen Chow , Cheung Man , Chow Yun-Fat Hong Kong [ 4 ] Another 48 Hrs. Walter Hill Nick Nolte , Eddie Murphy , Brion James , Tisha Campbell United States Action Comedy [ 5 ] Arachnophobia Frank Marshall Jeff Daniels , Harley Jane Kozak , John Goodman United States Horror comedy [ 6 ] Back to the Future Part III Robert Zemeckis Michael J. Fox , Christopher Lloyd , Mary Steenburgen United States Science fiction Western Comedy [ 7 ] Basket Case 2 Frank Henenlotter Kevin Van Hentenryck , Annie Ross , Kathryn Meisle United States Horror comedy [ 8 ] Betsy's Wedding Alan Alda Alan Alda , Molly Ringwald , Madeline Kahn , Ally Sheedy United States [ 9 ] Bird on a Wire John Badham Mel Gibson , Goldie Hawn , David Carradine United States Action Comedy [ 10 ] The Bonfire of the Vanities Brian De Palma Tom Hanks , Melanie Griffith , Bruce Willis United States [ 11 ] Cadillac Man Roger Donaldson Robin Williams , Tim Robbins , Pamela Reed United States [ 12 ] Coupe de Ville Joe Roth Patrick Dempsey , Arye Gross , Daniel Stern United States Comedy-Drama [ 13 ] Crazy People Tony Bill Dudley Moore , Daryl Hannah , David Paymer United States [ 14 ] Cry-Baby John Waters Johnny Depp , Amy Locane , Susan Tyrrell United States Musical Romantic Comedy [ 15 ] Daddy's Dyin': Who's Got the Will? Jack Fisk Beau Bridges , Beverly D'Angelo , Tess Harper United States Comedy-Drama [ 16 ] Dick Tracy Warren Beatty Warren Beatty , Al Pacino , Charlie Korsmo , Glenne Headly United States Action Crime Comedy [ 17 ] Don't Tell Her It's Me Malcolm Mowbray Steve Guttenberg , Shelley Long , Jami Gertz United States [ 18 ] Downtown Richard Benjamin Anthony Edwards , Forest Whitaker , Penelope Ann Miller United States Action Comedy [ 19 ] DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp Bob Hathcock Alan Young , Russi Taylor , Rip Taylor United States Animated film [ 20 ] Ernest Goes to Jail John Cherry Jim Varney , Gailard Sartain , Bill Byrge United States [ 21 ] Far Out Man Tommy Chong Tommy Chong , Rae Dawn Chong , Shelby Chong , Paris Chong United States [ 22 ] Flashback Franco Amurri Dennis Hopper , Kiefer Sutherland , Carol Kane United States [ 23 ] Frankenhooker Frank Henenlotter Patty Mullen , Charlotte Helmkamp , Shirley Stoler United States Horror Comedy [ 24 ] The Freshman Andrew Bergman Matthew Broderick , Marlon Brando , Bruno Kirby United States [ 25 ] Funny About Love Leonard Nimoy Gene Wilder , Christine Lahti , Mary Stuart Masterson United States Romantic Comedy [ 26 ] Ghost Dad Sidney Poitier Bill Cosby , Kimberly Russell , Denise Nicholas United States Fantasy Comedy [ 27 ] Green Card Peter Weir Gérard Depardieu , Andie MacDowell , Bebe Neuwirth United States Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 28 ] Gremlins 2: The New Batch Joe Dante Zach Galligan , Phoebe Cates , John Glover United States Horror Comedy [ 29 ] The Hairdresser's Husband Patrice Leconte Jean Rochefort , Anna Galiena , Henry Hocking France [ 30 ] Halfaouine: Boy of the Terraces Ferid Boughedir Mustafa Adouani , Rabia Ben Abdallah Tunisia France [ 31 ] Heart Condition James D. Parriott Bob Hoskins , Denzel Washington , Lisa Stahl Sullivan United States [ 32 ] Home Alone Chris Columbus Macaulay Culkin , Joe Pesci , Daniel Stern United States [ 33 ] House Party Reginald Hudlin Christopher Reid , Christopher Martin , Robin Harris , Tisha Campbell , Martin Lawrence , Full Force United States [ 34 ] I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle Dirk Campbell Neil Morrissey , Michael Elphick , Anthony Daniels United Kingdom Horror Comedy [ citation needed ] I Hired a Contract Killer Aki Kaurismäki Jean-Pierre Léaud , Margi Clarke , Kenneth Colley Finland Sweden [ 35 ] I Love You to Death Lawrence Kasdan Kevin Kline , Tracey Ullman , Joan Plowright United States [ 36 ] In the Spirit Sandra Seacat Elaine May , Marlo Thomas , Jeannie Berlin United States [ 37 ] Jetsons: The Movie William Hanna , Joseph Barbera George O'Hanlon , Penny Singleton , Tiffany Darwish , Patric Zimmerman , Don Messick , Jean Vander Pyl , Mel Blanc United States Animated Science Fiction Film [ 38 ] Joe Versus the Volcano John Patrick Shanley Tom Hanks , Meg Ryan , Lloyd Bridges United States Romantic Comedy [ 39 ] Kindergarten Cop Ivan Reitman Arnold Schwarzenegger , Penelope Ann Miller , Pamela Reed United States [ 40 ] Life Is Sweet Mike Leigh Alison Steadman , Jim Broadbent , Timothy Spall United Kingdom Comedy-Drama [ 41 ] Look Who's Talking Too Amy Heckerling John Travolta , Kirstie Alley , Olympia Dukakis United States [ 42 ] Loose Cannons Bob Clark Gene Hackman , Dan Aykroyd , Dom DeLuise United States Action Comedy [ 43 ] Madhouse Tom Ropelewski John Larroquette , Kirstie Alley , Jessica Lundy United States [ 44 ] A Man Called Sarge Stuart Gillard Gary Kroeger , Marc Singer , Jennifer Runyon United States [ 45 ] May Fools Louis Malle Michel Piccoli , Miou-Miou , Michel Duchaussoy France [ 46 ] Men at Work Emilio Estevez Emilio Estevez , Charlie Sheen , Leslie Hope United States [ 47 ] Mermaids Richard Benjamin Cher , Winona Ryder , Christina Ricci , Bob Hoskins United States Comedy-Drama [ 48 ] Metropolitan Whit Stillman Edward Clements , Allison Rutledge-Parisi , Dylan Hundley United States Comedy-Drama [ 49 ] Modern Love Robby Benson Robby Benson , Karla Devito , Rue McClanahan , Burt Reynolds United States [ 50 ] Movie... In Your Face Tommy Sledge Hong Kong United States [ 51 ] Mr. Destiny James Orr Michael Caine , James Belushi , Linda Hamilton United States Fantasy Comedy [ 52 ] My Blue Heaven Herbert Ross Steve Martin , Rick Moranis , Joan Cusack United States [ 53 ] My New Partner II Claude Zidi Philippe Noiret , Thierry Lhermitte , Guy Marchand France [ 54 ] Ninja Academy Nico Mastorakis Will Egan , Kelly Randall , Gerald Okamura United States [ 55 ] Nuns on the Run Jonathan Lynn Eric Idle , Robbie Coltrane , Camille Coduri United Kingdom [ 56 ] Opportunity Knocks Donald Petrie Dana Carvey , Robert Loggia , Todd Graff United States [ 57 ] Postcards from the Edge Mike Nichols Meryl Streep , Shirley MacLaine , Dennis Quaid United States Comedy-Drama [ 58 ] Pretty Woman Garry Marshall Richard Gere , Julia Roberts , Ralph Bellamy United States Romantic Comedy [ 59 ] Problem Child Dennis Dugan John Ritter , Michael Oliver , Amy Yasbeck United States [ 60 ] Quick Change Howard Franklin , Bill Murray Bill Murray , Geena Davis , Randy Quaid United States [ 61 ] Repossessed Bob Logan Linda Blair , Leslie Nielsen , Anthony Starke United States Horror Comedy [ 62 ] Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead Tom Stoppard Gary Oldman , Tim Roth , Richard Dreyfuss United Kingdom [ 63 ] A Shock to the System Jan Egleson Michael Caine , Elizabeth McGovern , Peter Riegert United States [ 64 ] Short Time Gregg Champion Dabney Coleman , Matt Frewer , Teri Garr United States [ 65 ] The Shrimp on the Barbie Michael Gottlieb Emma Samms , Cheech Marin , Vernon Wells Australia [ 66 ] Sibling Rivalry Carl Reiner Kirstie Alley , Bill Pullman , Carrie Fisher United States [ 67 ] Spaced Invaders Patrick Read Johnson Royal Dano , Ariana Richards , J.J. Anderson United States Science Fiction Comedy [ 68 ] The Spirit of '76 Lucas Reiner David Cassidy , Olivia D'Abo , Geoff Hoyle United States [ 69 ] Taking Care of Business Arthur Hiller James Belushi , Charles Grodin , Anne de Salvo United States [ 70 ] Tatie Danielle Etienne Chatiliez Tsila Chelton , Catherine Jacob , Isabelle Nanty France [ 71 ] Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Steven Barron Judith Hoag , Elias Koteas , Josh Pais United States Action Comedy [ 72 ] Three Men and a Little Lady Emile Ardolino Tom Selleck , Steve Guttenberg , Ted Danson United States [ 73 ] Tremors Ron Underwood Kevin Bacon , Fred Ward , Finn Carter United States Horror Comedy [ 74 ] Trust Hal Hartley Adrienne Shelly , Martin Donovan , Merritt Nelson United States Comedy-Drama [ 75 ] Tune in Tomorrow Jon Amiel Peter Falk , Keanu Reeves , Barbara Hershey United States [ 76 ] Uranus Claude Berri Philippe Noiret , Gérard Depardieu , Jean-Pierre Marielle France Comedy-Drama [ 77 ] Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael Jim Abrahams Winona Ryder , Jeff Daniels , Laila Robins United States Comedy-Drama [ 78 ] Where the Heart Is John Boorman Dabney Coleman , Uma Thurman , Joanna Cassidy United States Romantic Comedy [ 79 ] Why Me? Gene Quintano Christopher Lambert , Christopher Lloyd , Kim Greist United States [ 80 ] Wild at Heart David Lynch Nicolas Cage , Laura Dern , Diane Ladd United States Black comedy [ 81 ] The Witches Nicolas Roeg Anjelica Huston , Mai Zetterling , Jasen Fisher United States Fantasy Horror Comedy [ 82 ] 1991 Title Director Cast Production country Genre The Addams Family Barry Sonnenfeld Anjelica Huston , Raul Julia , Christopher Lloyd United States [ 83 ] Age Isn't Everything Douglas Katz Jonathan Silverman , Robert Prosky , Rita Moreno United States [ 84 ] All I Want for Christmas Robert Lieberman Harley Jane Kozak , Jamey Sheridan , Thora Birch United States [ 85 ] An American Tail: Fievel Goes West Phil Nibbelink , Simon Wells Phillip Glasser , Jimmy Stewart , Dom Deluise United States Animated film [ 86 ] And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird Tony Cookson Joshua Miller , Edan Gross , Marcia Strassman United States [ 87 ] Another You Maurice Phillips Richard Pryor , Gene Wilder , Mercedes Ruehl United States [ 88 ] Armour of God II: Operation Condor Jackie Chan Jackie Chan , Carol Cheng , Eva Cobo Hong Kong Action comedy, adventure comedy [ 89 ] Barton Fink Joel Coen John Turturro , John Goodman , Judy Davis United States Comedy-Drama [ 90 ] Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey Peter Hewitt Keanu Reeves , Alex Winter , Joss Ackland United States [ 91 ] Bingo Matthew Robbins Cindy Williams , David Rasche , David French United States [ 92 ] The Butcher's Wife Terry Hughes Demi Moore , Jeff Daniels , George Dzundza United States Fantasy Romantic Comedy [ 93 ] Career Opportunities Bryan Gordon Jennifer Connelly , Frank Whaley , Dermot Mulroney United States [ 94 ] City Slickers Ron Underwood Billy Crystal , Daniel Stern , Bruno Kirby United States [ 95 ] Critters 3 Kristine Peterson Aimee Brooks , John Calvin , Katherine Cortez United States Horror Comedy [ 96 ] Curly Sue John Hughes James Belushi , Kelly Lynch , Alisan Porter United States Comedy-Drama [ 97 ] The Dark Backward Adam Rifkin Judd Nelson , Bill Paxton , Wayne Newton United States [ 98 ] Defending Your Life Albert Brooks Albert Brooks , Meryl Streep , Rip Torn United States [ 99 ] Delicatessen Marc Caro , Jean-Pierre Jeunet Dominique Pinon , Marie-Laure Dougnac , Jean-Claude Dreyfus France [ 100 ] Delirious Tom Mankiewicz John Candy , Mariel Hemingway , Emma Samms United States [ 101 ] Doc Hollywood Michael Caton-Jones Michael J. Fox , Julie Warner , Woody Harrelson United States [ 102 ] Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead Stephen Herek Christina Applegate , Joanna Cassidy , John Getz United States [ 103 ] Drop Dead Fred Ate de Jong Phoebe Cates , Rik Mayall , Marsha Mason United States [ 104 ] Dutch Peter Faiman Ed O'Neill , Ethan Embry , JoBeth Williams , Christopher McDonald United States [ 105 ] The Elementary School Jan Sverák Jan Triska , Zdenek Sverak , Rudolf Hrusínsky Czechoslovakia Comedy-Drama [ 106 ] Ernest Scared Stupid John Cherry Jim Varney , Austin Nagler , Shay Astar United States [ 107 ] Fast Getaway Spiro Razatos Corey Haim , Cynthia Rothrock , Leo Rossi United States Action Comedy [ 108 ] Father of the Bride Charles Shyer Steve Martin , Diane Keaton , Martin Short United States [ 109 ] The Favour, the Watch and the Very Big Fish Ben Lewin Bob Hoskins , Jeff Goldblum , Natasha Richardson United Kingdom [ 110 ] The Fisher King Terry Gilliam Robin Williams , Jeff Bridges , Mercedes Ruehl United States Fantasy Comedy-Drama [ 111 ] Frankie and Johnny Garry Marshall Al Pacino , Michelle Pfeiffer , Hector Elizondo United States Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 112 ] Fried Green Tomatoes Jon Avnet Kathy Bates , Jessica Tandy , Mary Stuart Masterson United States Comedy-Drama [ 113 ] The Hard Way John Badham Michael J. Fox , James Woods , Annabella Sciorra United States Action Comedy [ 114 ] Hear My Song Peter Chelsom Ned Beatty , Adrian Dunbar , David McCallum Ireland United Kingdom Comedy-Drama [ 115 ] Highway 61 Bruce McDonald Don McKellar , Valerie Buhagiar , Earl Pastko Canada [ 116 ] Hot Shots! Jim Abrahams Charlie Sheen , Valeria Golino , Cary Elwes United States [ 117 ] House Party 2 George Jackson , Doug McHenry Christopher Reid , Christopher Martin , Tisha Campbell , Martin Lawrence , Queen Latifah United States [ 118 ] Hudson Hawk Michael Lehmann Bruce Willis , Danny Aiello , Andie MacDowell United States [ 119 ] If Looks Could Kill William Dear Richard Grieco , Linda Hunt , Roger Rees United States Action Comedy [ 120 ] Johnny Stecchino Roberto Benigni Roberto Benigni , Nicoletta Braschi , Paolo Bonacelli Italy [ 121 ] King Ralph David S. Ward John Goodman , Peter O'Toole , John Hurt United States [ 122 ] L.A. Story Mick Jackson Steve Martin , Victoria Tennant , Richard E. Grant United States [ 123 ] Life Stinks Mel Brooks Mel Brooks , Lesley Ann Warren , Jeffrey Tambor United States [ 124 ] Livin' Large Michael Schultz Terrence "T.C." Carson , Lisa Arrindell Anderson , Blanche Baker United States [ 125 ] Mannequin Two: On the Move Stewart Raffill William Ragsdale , Kristy Swanson , Meshach Taylor United States [ 126 ] Mediterraneo Gabriele Salvatores Diego Abatantuono , Claudio Bigagli , Giuseppe Cederna Italy Comedy-Drama [ 127 ] Meet the Applegates Michael Lehmann Ed Begley Jr. , Stockard Channing , Robert Jayne , Camille Cooper United States [ 128 ] Mystery Date Jonathan Wacks Ethan Hawke , Teri Polo , Brian McNamara United States United States Romantic Comedy [ 129 ] The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear David Zucker Leslie Nielsen , Priscilla Presley , George Kennedy United States [ 130 ] Necessary Roughness Stan Dragoti Scott Bakula , Hector Elizondo , Robert Loggia United States [ 131 ] Night on Earth Jim Jarmusch Gena Rowlands , Winona Ryder , Giancarlo Esposito United States Comedy-Drama [ 132 ] Nothing but Trouble Dan Aykroyd Chevy Chase , Dan Aykroyd , Demi Moore United States [ 133 ] Only the Lonely Chris Columbus John Candy , Maureen O'Hara , Ally Sheedy United States Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 134 ] Oscar John Landis Sylvester Stallone , Ornella Muti , Peter Riegert United States [ 135 ] Other People's Money Norman Jewison Danny DeVito , Gregory Peck , Penelope Ann Miller United States Comedy-Drama [ 136 ] The People Under the Stairs Wes Craven Brandon Adams , Everett McGill , Wendy Robie United States [ 137 ] Popcorn Mark Herrier Jill Schoelen , Tom Villard , Dee Wallace Stone United States [ 138 ] The Pope Must Die Peter Richardson Robbie Coltrane , Beverly D'Angelo , Herbert Lom United Kingdom [ 139 ] Problem Child 2 Brian Levant John Ritter , Michael Oliver , Amy Yasbeck United States [ 140 ] Proof Jocelyn Moorhouse Hugo Weaving , Russell Crowe , Heather Mitchell Australia Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 141 ] Pure Luck Nadia Tass Martin Short , Danny Glover , Sheila Kelly United States [ 142 ] Rover Dangerfield Jim George , Bob Seeley Rodney Dangerfield , Susan Boyd , Ronnie Schell United States Animated Film [ 143 ] Scenes from a Mall Paul Mazursky Bette Midler , Woody Allen United States [ 144 ] Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D. Michael Herz , Lloyd Kaufman Rick Gianasi , Susan Byun , Bill Weeden United States [ 145 ] Shadows and Fog Woody Allen Woody Allen , Mia Farrow , John Malkovich United States [ 146 ] Slacker Richard Linklater Richard Linklater , Mark James, Stella Weir United States Comedy-Drama [ 147 ] Soapdish Michael Hoffman Sally Field , Kevin Kline , Robert Downey Jr. United States [ 148 ] Sólo Con Tu Pareja Alfonso Cuarón Luis De Icaza , Regina Orozco , Rodolfo Arias Mexico [ 149 ] Strictly Business Kevin Hooks Tommy Davidson , Joseph C. Phillips , Anne-Marie Johnson United States [ 150 ] Suburban Commando Burt Kennedy Hulk Hogan , Christopher Lloyd , Shelley Duvall United States [ 151 ] The Super Rod Daniel Joe Pesci , Vincent Gardenia , Madolyn Smith United States [ 152 ] Surviving Desire Hal Hartley Martin Donovan , Mary Ward , Rebecca Nelson United States Comedy-Drama [ 153 ] Switch Blake Edwards Ellen Barkin , Jimmy Smits , JoBeth Williams United States [ 154 ] Talkin' Dirty After Dark Topper Carew Martin Lawrence , John Witherspoon , Jedda Jones United States [ 155 ] Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze Michael Pressman Paige Turco , David Warner , Michelan Sisti United States Action comedy [ 156 ] Toto the Hero Jaco van Dormael Michel Bouquet , Jo de Backer , Thomas Godet Belgium France Germany Comedy-Drama [ 157 ] [ 158 ] V.I. Warshawski Jeff Kanew Kathleen Turner , Jay O. Sanders , Charles Durning United States Mystery Comedy [ 159 ] What About Bob? Frank Oz Bill Murray , Richard Dreyfuss , Julie Hagerty United States [ 160 ] 1992 Title Director Cast Production country Genre 3 Ninjas Jon Turteltaub Victor Wong , Michael Treanor , Max Elliott Slade United States Action comedy [ 161 ] Army of Darkness Sam Raimi Bruce Campbell , Embeth Davidtz , Marcus Gilbert United States Fantasy comedy [ 162 ] Bebe's Kids Bruce W. Smith Faizon Love , Vanessa Bell Calloway , Marques Houston , Jonell Green, Tone Lōc , Wayne Collins Jr. United States Animated film [ 163 ] Beethoven Brian Levant Charles Grodin , Bonnie Hunt , Dean Jones United States [ 164 ] Belle Époque Fernando Trueba Penélope Cruz , Gabino Diego , Fernando Fernán Gómez Spain Comedy-Drama [ 165 ] Big Girls Don't Cry... They Get Even Joan Micklin Hillary Wolf , Griffin Dunne , Margaret Whitton United States [ 166 ] Blame it on the Bellboy Mark Herman Bronson Pinchot , Dudley Moore , Richard Griffiths United States [ 167 ] Bob Roberts Tim Robbins Tim Robbins , Giancarlo Esposito , Alan Rickman United States United Kingdom [ 168 ] Boomerang Reginald Hudlin Eddie Murphy , Halle Berry , Robin Givens United States [ 169 ] Boris and Natasha: The Movie Charles Martin Smith Corey Burton , John Calvin , John Candy United States [ 170 ] Brain Donors Dennis Dugan John Turturro , Bob Nelson , Mel Smith United States [ 171 ] Braindead Peter Jackson Timothy Balme , Elizabeth Moody , Ian Watkin New Zealand [ 172 ] Buffy the Vampire Slayer Fran Rubel Kuzui Kristy Swanson , Donald Sutherland , Rutger Hauer United States [ 173 ] Captain Ron Thom Eberhardt Kurt Russell , Martin Short , Mary Kay Place United States [ 174 ] Class Act Randall Miller Christopher Reid , Christopher Martin , Alysia Rogers United States [ 175 ] Cool World Ralph Bakshi Kim Basinger , Gabriel Byrne , Brad Pitt United States Fantasy comedy [ 176 ] The Cutting Edge Paul Michael Glaser D.B. Sweeney , Moira Kelly , Roy Dotrice United States Comedy-Drama [ 177 ] Death Becomes Her Robert Zemeckis Meryl Streep , Bruce Willis , Goldie Hawn United States [ 178 ] Diggstown Michael Ritchie James Woods , Louis Gossett Jr. , Bruce Dern United States Comedy-Drama [ 179 ] The Distinguished Gentleman Jonathan Lynn Eddie Murphy , Lane Smith , Sheryl Lee Ralph United States [ 180 ] Enchanted April Mike Newell Miranda Richardson , Joan Plowright , Alfred Molina United Kingdom United States Comedy-Drama [ 181 ] Encino Man Les Mayfield Sean Astin , Pauly Shore , Brendan Fraser United States [ 182 ] Frozen Assets George T. Miller Shelley Long , Corbin Bernsen , Larry Miller United States [ 183 ] The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag Allan Moyle Penelope Ann Miller , Eric Thal , Julianne Moore United States [ 184 ] Hero Stephen Frears Dustin Hoffman , Geena Davis , Andy Garcia United States Comedy-Drama [ 185 ] Home Alone 2: Lost in New York Chris Columbus Macaulay Culkin , Joe Pesci , Daniel Stern United States [ 186 ] Honey, I Blew Up the Kid Randal Kleiser Rick Moranis , Marcia Strassman , Lloyd Bridges United States [ 187 ] Honeymoon in Vegas Andrew Bergman James Caan , Nicolas Cage , Sarah Jessica Parker United States [ 188 ] HouseSitter Frank Oz Steve Martin , Goldie Hawn , Dana Delany United States [ 189 ] Husbands and Wives Woody Allen Woody Allen , Blythe Danner , Judy Davis United States Comedy-Drama [ 190 ] In the Soup Alexandre Rockwell Steve Buscemi , Seymour Cassel , Jennifer Beals United States [ 191 ] Innocent Blood John Landis Anne Parillaud , Robert Loggia , Anthony LaPaglia United States Horror Comedy [ 192 ] Kuffs Bruce A. Evans Christian Slater , Tony Goldwyn , Milla Jovovich United States Action Comedy [ 193 ] Ladybugs Sidney J. Furie Rodney Dangerfield , Jonathan Brandis , Ilene Graff United States [ 194 ] A League of Their Own Penny Marshall Geena Davis , Tom Hanks , Lori Petty United States Comedy-Drama [ 195 ] Leap of Faith Richard Pearce Steve Martin , Debra Winger , Lolita Davidovich United States Comedy-Drama [ 196 ] Léolo Jean-Claude Lauzon Maxime Collin , Ginette Reno , Roland Blouin Canada France Comedy drama [ 197 ] Love Potion No. 9 Dale Launer Tate Donovan , Sandra Bullock , Dale Midkiff United States [ 198 ] Man Trouble Bob Rafelson Jack Nicholson , Ellen Barkin , Beverly D'Angelo United States [ 199 ] Medusa: Dare to Be Truthful Julie Brown , John Fortenberry Julie Brown , Chris Elliott , Carol Leifer United States [ 200 ] Memoirs of an Invisible Man John Carpenter Chevy Chase , Daryl Hannah , Sam Neill United States [ 201 ] The Mighty Ducks Stephen Herek Emilio Estevez , Joss Ackland , Lane Smith United States [ 202 ] Minbo Juzo Itami Nobuko Miyamoto , Akira Takarada , Yasuo Daichi Japan Comedy-Drama [ 203 ] Mom and Dad Save the World Greg Beeman Teri Garr , Jeffrey Jones , Jon Lovitz United States Science Fiction Comedy [ 204 ] Mo' Money Peter MacDonald Damon Wayans , Marlon Wayans , Stacey Dash United States [ 205 ] Mr. Baseball Fred Schepisi Tom Selleck , Ken Takakura , Dennis Haysbert United States [ 206 ] Mr. Saturday Night Billy Crystal Billy Crystal , David Paymer , Julie Warner United States Comedy-Drama [ 207 ] My Cousin Vinny Jonathan Lynn Joe Pesci , Ralph Macchio , Marisa Tomei United States [ 208 ] Nervous Ticks Rocky Lang Bill Pullman , Julie Brown , Peter Boyle United States [ 209 ] Noises Off Peter Bogdanovich Carol Burnett , Michael Caine , Denholm Elliott United States [ 210 ] The Northerners Alex van Warmerdam Jack Wouterse , Rudolf Lucieer , Alex van Warmerdam Netherlands [ 211 ] Once upon a Crime Eugene Levy John Candy , James Belushi , Cybill Shepard United States [ 212 ] Only You Betty Thomas Andrew McCarthy , Kelly Preston , Helen Hunt United States [ 213 ] Out on a Limb Francis Veber Matthew Broderick , Heidi Kling , Jeffrey Jones , Courtney Peldon United States [ 214 ] Passed Away Charlie Peters Bob Hoskins , Blair Brown , Tim Curry United States [ 215 ] Peter's Friends Kenneth Branagh Kenneth Branagh , Alphonsia Emmanuel , Emma Thompson United Kingdom [ 216 ] The Player Robert Altman Tim Robbins , Greta Scacchi , Fred Ward , Whoopi Goldberg , Cynthia Stevenson United States [ 217 ] Police Story 3: Super Cop Stanley Tong Jackie Chan , Maggie Cheung , Tsang Kong Hong Kong Action comedy [ citation needed ] Revenge of the Nerds III: The Next Generation Roland Mesa Robert Carradine , Ted McGinley , Gregg Binkley United States [ 218 ] Shakes the Clown Bobcat Goldthwait Bobcat Goldthwait , Julie Brown , Tom Kenny United States [ 219 ] Simple Men Hal Hartley Robert John Burke , Bill Sage , Karen Sillas United States Comedy drama [ 220 ] Singles Cameron Crowe Bridget Fonda , Campbell Scott , Kyra Sedgwick United States Comedy-Drama [ 221 ] Sister Act Emile Ardolino Whoopi Goldberg , Maggie Smith , Kathy Najimy United States [ 222 ] Sneakers Phil Alden Robinson Robert Redford , Dan Aykroyd , Ben Kingsley United States Crime Comedy-Drama [ 223 ] Stay Tuned Peter Hyams John Ritter , Pam Dawber , Jeffrey Jones United States [ 224 ] Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot! Roger Spottiswoode Sylvester Stallone , Estelle Getty , JoBeth Williams United States [ 225 ] The Story of Qiu Ju Zhang Yimou Ge Zhijun , Lin Zi , Ye Jun China Hong Kong Comedy-Drama [ 226 ] Straight Talk Barnet Kellman Dolly Parton , James Woods , Griffin Dunne United States [ 227 ] Strictly Ballroom Baz Luhrmann Paul Mercurio , Tara Morice , Bill Hunter Australia Comedy-Drama [ 228 ] There Goes the Neighborhood Bill Phillips Jeff Daniels , Catherine O'Hara , Hector Elizondo United States [ 229 ] This Is My Life Nora Ephron Julie Kavner , Samantha Mathis , Gaby Hoffmann United States Comedy-Drama [ 230 ] Tom and Jerry: The Movie Phil Roman Richard Kind , Dana Hill , Anndi McAfee , Charlotte Rae , Tony Jay , Henry Gibson , Michael Bell , Ed Gilbert United States Animated Film [ 231 ] Toys Barry Levinson Robin Williams , Robin Wright , Joan Cusack , LL Cool J. , Michael Gambon United States [ 232 ] The Tune Bill Plympton United States [ 233 ] Twin Dragons Ringo Lam , Tsui Hark Jackie Chan , Maggie Cheung , Nina Li Chi Hong Kong Action Comedy [ 234 ] Ultracop 2000 Philip Ko Cynthia Luster , Philip Ko , Ricky Davao Philippines Hong Kong Action comedy [ 235 ] La Vie de Bohème Aki Kaurismäki Matti Pellonpää , Evelyne Didi , André Wilms Finland France Sweden Comedy-Drama [ 236 ] Wayne's World Penelope Spheeris Mike Myers , Dana Carvey , Rob Lowe United States [ 237 ] White Men Can't Jump Ron Shelton Woody Harrelson , Wesley Snipes , Rosie Perez United States [ 238 ] 1993 Title Director Cast Production country Genre Addams Family Values Barry Sonnenfeld Anjelica Huston , Raúl Juliá , Christopher Lloyd United States [ 239 ] Airborne Rob Bowman Seth Green , Brittney Powell , Chris Conrad United States Comedy-Drama [ 240 ] Amos & Andrew E. Max Frye Nicolas Cage , Samuel L. Jackson , Dabney Coleman United States Action Comedy [ 241 ] Another Stakeout John Badham Richard Dreyfuss , Emilio Estevez , Rosie O'Donnell United States Action Comedy [ 242 ] Arizona Dream Emir Kusturica Johnny Depp , Jerry Lewis , Faye Dunaway France Comedy-Drama [ 243 ] Bad Boy Bubby Rolf de Heer Nicholas Hope , Ralph Cotterill , Carmel Johnson Australia Italy Comedy-Drama [ 244 ] Beethoven's 2nd Rod Daniel Charles Grodin , Bonnie Hunt , Nicholle Tom United States [ 245 ] Benny & Joon Jeremiah S. Chechik Johnny Depp , Mary Stuart Masterson , Aidan Quinn United States Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 246 ] The Beverly Hillbillies Penelope Spheeris Jim Varney , Diedrich Bader , Erika Eleniak , Cloris Leachman , Dabney Coleman , Lea Thompson United States [ 247 ] Born Yesterday Luis Mandoki Melanie Griffith , John Goodman , Don Johnson United States [ 248 ] CB4 Tamra Davis Chris Rock , Allen Payne , Deezer D United States [ 249 ] City Hunter Wong Jing Jackie Chan , Joey Wang , Kumiko Goto Hong Kong Action Comedy [ 250 ] Cop and a Half Henry Winkler Burt Reynolds , Norman D. Golden II , Ruby Dee United States [ 251 ] Coneheads Steven Barron Tom Davis , Dan Aykroyd , Bonnie Turner United States [ 252 ] Cool Runnings Jon Turteltaub Leon , Doug E. Doug , Rawle D. Lewis United States [ 253 ] Cuisine et dépendances Philippe Muyl Zabou , Jean-Pierre Bacri , Agnès Jaoui France [ 254 ] [ 255 ] Dave Ivan Reitman Kevin Kline , Sigourney Weaver , Frank Langella United States [ 256 ] Dazed and Confused Richard Linklater Jason London , Rory Cochrane , Wiley Wiggins United States Comedy-Drama [ 257 ] Demolition Man Marco Brambilla Sylvester Stallone , Wesley Snipes , Sandra Bullock United States Science fiction action comedy [ 258 ] Dennis the Menace Nick Castle Walter Matthau , Mason Gamble , Joan Plowright United States [ 259 ] Dottie Gets Spanked Todd Haynes Evan Bonifant , Barbara Garrick United States [ 260 ] The Double O Kid Duncan McLachlan Corey Haim , Brigitte Nielsen , Wallace Shawn United States [ 261 ] Ed and His Dead Mother Jonathan Wacks Steve Buscemi , Ned Beatty , Miriam Margolyes United States [ 262 ] Ernest Rides Again John Cherry Jim Varney , Ron James , Linda Kash United States [ 263 ] Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Gus Van Sant Uma Thurman , John Hurt , Rain Phoenix United States Romantic Comedy-Drama Western [ 264 ] Fatal Instinct Carl Reiner Armand Assante , Sherilyn Fenn , Kate Nelligan United States [ 265 ] Fong Sai-yuk Corey Yuen Jet Li , Josephine Siao , Michelle Reis Hong Kong Action Comedy [ 266 ] Fong Sai-yuk II Corey Yuen Jet Li , Josephine Siao , Adam Cheng Hong Kong Action Comedy [ 267 ] For Love or Money Barry Sonnenfield Michael J. Fox , Gabrielle Anwar , Anthony Higgins United States [ 268 ] Freaked Tom Stern , Alex Winter Alex Winter , Megan Ward , Michael Stoyanov United States [ 269 ] Golden Balls J. J. Bigas Luna Javier Bardem , Maribel Verdú , Maria de Medeiros Spain [ 270 ] Groundhog Day Harold Ramis Bill Murray , Andie MacDowell , Chris Elliott United States [ 271 ] Grumpy Old Men Donald Petrie Jack Lemmon , Walter Matthau , Ann-Margret United States [ 272 ] Heart and Souls Ron Underwood Robert Downey Jr. , Charles Grodin , Alfre Woodard United States Fantasy Comedy-Drama [ 273 ] Hocus Pocus Kenny Ortega Bette Midler , Sarah Jessica Parker , Kathy Najimy United States [ 274 ] Hot Shots! Part Deux Jim Abrahams Charlie Sheen , Lloyd Bridges , Valeria Golino United States [ 275 ] Indian Summer Mike Binder Alan Arkin , Elizabeth Perkins , Matt Craven United States Comedy-Drama [ 276 ] Jack the Bear Marshall Herskovitz Robert J. Steinmiller Jr. , Danny Devito , Miko Hughes , Gary Sinise United States Comedy-Drama [ 277 ] Kika Pedro Almodóvar Verónica Forqué , Peter Coyote , Victoria Abril Spain [ 278 ] Last Action Hero John McTiernan Arnold Schwarzenegger , Austin O'Brien , F. Murray Abraham United States Action Comedy [ 279 ] Life With Mikey James Lapine Michael J. Fox , Christina Vidal , Nathan Lane United States [ 280 ] Loaded Weapon 1 Gene Quintano Emilio Estevez , Samuel L. Jackson , Jon Lovitz United States [ 281 ] Look Who's Talking Now Tom Ropelewski John Travolta , Kirstie Alley , Olympia Dukakis United States [ 282 ] Lost in Yonkers Martha Coolidge Richard Dreyfuss , Mercedes Ruehl , Irene Worth United States Comedy-Drama [ 283 ] Mad Dog and Glory John McNaughton Robert De Niro , Uma Thurman , Bill Murray United States Comedy-Drama [ 284 ] Made in America Richard Benjamin Whoopi Goldberg , Ted Danson , Nia Long United States [ 285 ] Manhattan Murder Mystery Woody Allen Woody Allen , Diane Keaton , Alan Alda United States Mystery Comedy [ 286 ] Manila Boy Arturo San Agustin Robin Padilla , Tony Ferrer , Aurora Sevilla Philippines Action comedy [ 287 ] Matinee Joe Dante John Goodman , Cathy Moriarty , Simon Fenton United States Comedy-Drama [ 288 ] The Meteor Man Robert Townsend Robert Townsend , Marla Gibbs , Eddie Griffin United States [ 289 ] Mrs. Doubtfire Chris Columbus Robin Williams , Sally Field , Pierce Brosnan United States [ 290 ] Much Ado About Nothing Kenneth Branagh Kenneth Branagh , Michael Keaton , Robert Sean Leonard United Kingdom United States [ 291 ] My Boyfriend's Back Bob Balaban Andrew Lowery , Traci Lind , Danny Zorn United States Horror Comedy [ 292 ] Naked Mike Leigh David Thewlis , Lesley Sharp , Katrin Cartlidge United Kingdom Black comedy [ 293 ] The Night We Never Met Warren Leight Matthew Broderick , Annabella Sciorra , Kevin Anderson United States Romantic Comedy [ 294 ] The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom Michael Ritchie Holly Hunter , Beau Bridges , Swoosie Kurtz United States [ 295 ] Robin Hood: Men in Tights Mel Brooks Cary Elwes , Richard Lewis , Roger Rees United States [ 296 ] Rookie of the Year Daniel Stern Gary Busey , Thomas Ian Nicholas , Albert Hall United States [ 297 ] The Sandlot David Mickey Evans Tom Guiry , Mike Vitar , Patrick Renna United States Sports Comedy [ 298 ] Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit Bill Duke Whoopi Goldberg , Kathy Najimy , Barnard Hughes United States Musical Comedy [ 299 ] Six Degrees of Separation Fred Schepisi Stockard Channing , Will Smith , Donald Sutherland United States Comedy-Drama [ 300 ] Sleepless in Seattle Nora Ephron Tom Hanks , Meg Ryan , Bill Pullman United States Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 301 ] Smoking/No Smoking Alain Resnais Sabine Azéma , Pierre Arditi France [ 302 ] The Snapper Stephen Frears Colm Meaney , Tina Kellegher , Ruth McCabe Ireland [ 303 ] So I Married an Axe Murderer Thomas Schlamme Mike Myers , Nancy Travis , Anthony LaPaglia United States [ 304 ] Son in Law Steve Rash Pauly Shore , Carla Gugino , Lane Smith United States [ 305 ] Son of the Pink Panther Blake Edwards Roberto Benigni , Herbert Lom , Debrah Farentino United States [ 306 ] Splitting Heirs Robert Young Rick Moranis , Eric Idle , Barbara Hershey United Kingdom [ 307 ] Surf Ninjas Neal Israel Rob Schneider , Nicolas Cowan, Leslie Nielsen United States Action Comedy [ 308 ] Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III Stuart Gillard Elias Koteas , Paige Turco , Stuart Wilson United States Action Comedy [ 309 ] Undercover Blues Herbert Ross Kathleen Turner , Dennis Quaid , Fiona Shaw United States [ 310 ] Les Visiteurs Jean-Marie Poiré Christian Clavier , Jean Reno , Valérie Lemercier France [ 311 ] Wayne's World 2 Stephen Surjik Mike Myers , Dana Carvey , Christopher Walken United States [ 312 ] The Wedding Banquet Ang Lee Winston Chao , May Chin , Mitchell Lichtenstein Taiwan Comedy-Drama [ 313 ] Weekend at Bernie's II Robert Klane Andrew McCarthy , Jonathan Silverman , Terry Kiser United States [ 314 ] Who's the Man? Ted Demme Doctor Dré , Ed Lover , Badja Djola , Ice-T United States [ 315 ] The Wrong Trousers Nick Park United Kingdom Stop motion [ 316 ] 1994 Title Director Cast Production country Genre 3 Ninjas Kick Back Charles Kanganis Sean Fox , Max Elliott Slade , Evan Bonifant United States Action comedy, family-oriented comedy [ 317 ] Ace Ventura: Pet Detective Tom Shadyac Jim Carrey , Courteney Cox , Sean Young United States [ 318 ] The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert Stephan Elliot Terence Stamp , Hugo Weaving , Guy Pearce Australia [ 319 ] Airheads Michael Lehmann Brendan Fraser , Steve Buscemi , Adam Sandler United States [ 320 ] The Air Up There Paul Michael Glaser Kevin Bacon , Charles Gitonga Maina , Yolanda Vazquez United States [ 321 ] Amateur Hal Hartley Isabelle Huppert , Martin Donovan , Elina Lowensohn United Kingdom France United States Crime Comedy-Drama [ 322 ] Angels in the Outfield William Dear Danny Glover , Tony Danza , Brenda Fricker United States Heavenly comedy [ 323 ] Baby's Day Out Patrick Read Johnson Joe Mantegna , Lara Flynn Boyle , Joe Pantoliano United States [ 324 ] Barcelona Whit Stillman Tushka Bergen , Mira Sorvino , Pepe Munné United States Comedy-Drama [ 325 ] Beverly Hills Cop III John Landis Eddie Murphy , Judge Reinhold , Hector Elizondo United States Action Comedy [ 326 ] Blank Check Rupert Wainwright Brian Bonsall , Karen Duffy , Miguel Ferrer United States [ 327 ] Blankman Mike Binder Damon Wayans , David Alan Grier , Jon Polito United States [ 328 ] Bullets Over Broadway Woody Allen John Cusack , Jack Warden , Chazz Palminteri United States [ 329 ] Cabin Boy Adam Resnick Chris Elliott , Ritch Brinkley , James Gammon United States [ 330 ] Camp Nowhere Jonathan Prince Jonathan Jackson , Christopher Lloyd , Andrew Keegan United States [ 331 ] Car 54, Where Are You? Bill Fishman David Johansen , John C. McGinley , Fran Drescher United States [ 332 ] Cemetery Man Michele Soavi Rupert Everett , Francois Hadji-Lazaro , Anna Falchi Italy France Germany Horror comedy [ 333 ] [ 334 ] La Cité de la peur Alain Berbérian Alain Chabat , Dominique Farrugia , Chantal Lauby France [ 335 ] City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold Paul Weiland Billy Crystal , Daniel Stern , Jon Lovitz United States [ 336 ] Clean Slate Mick Jackson Dana Carvey , Valeria Golino , James Earl Jones United States [ 337 ] Clerks Kevin Smith Brian O'Halloran , Jeff Anderson , Marilyn Ghigliotti United States [ 338 ] Clifford Paul Flaherty Martin Short , Charles Grodin , Mary Steenburgen United States [ 339 ] Cops & Robbersons Michael Ritchie Chevy Chase , Jack Palance , Dianne Wiest , Jason James Richter , Fay Masterson , Miko Hughes United States [ 340 ] Corrina, Corrina Jessie Nelson Whoopi Goldberg , Ray Liotta , Tina Majorino United States Comedy-Drama [ 341 ] The Cowboy Way Gregg Champion Woody Harrelson , Kiefer Sutherland , Dylan McDermott United States [ 342 ] Crooklyn Spike Lee Alfre Woodard , Delroy Lindo , David Patrick Kelly United States Comedy-Drama [ 343 ] D2: The Mighty Ducks Sam Weisman Emilio Estevez , Kathryn Erbe , Michael Tucker United States Comedy-Drama [ 344 ] Drunken Master II Liu Chia-Liang Jackie Chan , Anita Mui , Andy Lau Hong Kong Action Comedy [ 345 ] Dumb and Dumber Peter Farrelly Jim Carrey , Jeff Daniels , Lauren Holly United States [ 346 ] Eat Drink Man Woman Ang Lee Sihung Lung , Yu-wen Wang , Chien-lien Wu Taiwan Comedy-Drama [ 347 ] Ed Wood Tim Burton Johnny Depp , Martin Landau , Sarah Jessica Parker United States Comedy-Drama [ 348 ] Ernest Goes to School Coke Sams Jim Varney , Linda Kash , Bill Byrge United States [ 349 ] Exit to Eden Garry Marshall Dana Delany , Paul Mercurio , Rosie O'Donnell United States [ 350 ] Fear of a Black Hat Rusty Cundieff Rusty Cundieff , Larry B. Scott , Mark Christopher Lawrence United States [ 351 ] The Flintstones Brian Levant John Goodman , Elizabeth Perkins , Rick Moranis United States [ 352 ] Four Weddings and a Funeral Mike Newell Hugh Grant , Andie MacDowell , Kristin Scott Thomas United Kingdom Romantic Comedy [ 353 ] From Beijing with Love Stephen Chow Stephen Chow , Anita Yuen , Law Ka Ying Hong Kong [ 354 ] Getting Even with Dad Howard Deutch Macaulay Culkin , Ted Danson , Glenne Headly United States [ 355 ] Greedy Jonathan Lynn Michael J. Fox , Kirk Douglas , Nancy Travis United States [ 356 ] Guarding Tess Hugh Wilson Shirley MacLaine , Nicolas Cage , Austin Pendleton United States Comedy-Drama [ 357 ] House Party 3 Eric Meza Christopher "Kid" Reid , Christopher "Play" Martin , Angela Means United States [ 358 ] The Hudsucker Proxy Joel Coen Tim Robbins , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Paul Newman United States [ 359 ] I'll Do Anything James L. Brooks Nick Nolte , Whittni Wright , Albert Brooks , Julie Kavner United States Comedy-Drama [ 360 ] I Love Trouble Charles Shyer Julia Roberts , Nick Nolte , Saul Rubinek United States Romantic Action comedy [ 361 ] In the Army Now Daniel Petrie, Jr. Pauly Shore , Andy Dick , Lori Petty United States [ 362 ] Un indien dans la ville Hervé Palud Ludwig Briand , Thierry Lhermitte , Patrick Timsit France [ 363 ] The Inkwell Matty Rich Larenz Tate , Suzzanne Douglas , Joe Morton United States Comedy-Drama [ 364 ] I.Q. Fred Schepisi Tim Robbins , Meg Ryan , Walter Matthau United States Romantic Comedy [ 365 ] It Could Happen to You Andrew Bergman Nicolas Cage , Bridget Fonda , Rosie Perez United States Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 366 ] It's Pat Adam Bernstein Julia Sweeney , Dave Foley , Charles Rocket United States [ 367 ] Jimmy Hollywood Barry Levinson Joe Pesci , Christian Slater , Victoria Abril United States [ 368 ] Junior Ivan Reitman Arnold Schwarzenegger , Danny DeVito , Emma Thompson United States [ 369 ] Lightning Jack Simon Wincer Paul Hogan , Cuba Gooding Jr. , Beverly D'Angelo United States Western Comedy [ 370 ] Little Big League Andrew Scheinman Timothy Busfield , John Ashton , Ashley Crow United States [ 371 ] Little Giants Duwayne Dunham Rick Moranis , Ed O'Neill , John Madden United States [ 372 ] The Little Rascals Penelope Spheeris Travis Tedford , Bug Hall , Brittany Ashton Holmes United States [ 373 ] A Low Down Dirty Shame Keenen Ivory Wayans Keenen Ivory Wayans , Charles S. Dutton , Jada Pinkett Smith United States Action Comedy [ 374 ] The Madness of King George Nicholas Hytner Nigel Hawthorne , Helen Mirren , Ian Holm United Kingdom United States Comedy of manners [ 375 ] Major League II David S. Ward Charlie Sheen , Tom Berenger , Corbin Bernsen United States [ 376 ] The Mask Chuck Russell Jim Carrey , Cameron Diaz , Peter Riegert United States [ 377 ] Maverick Richard Donner Mel Gibson , Jodie Foster , James Garner United States Western Comedy [ 378 ] Mixed Nuts Nora Ephron Steve Martin , Madeline Kahn , Robert Klein United States [ 379 ] Muriel's Wedding P. J. Hogan Toni Collette , Bill Hunter , Rachel Griffiths Australia Comedy-Drama [ 380 ] My Summer Story Bob Clark Charles Grodin , Mary Steenburgen , Kieran Culkin United States [ 381 ] Naked Gun .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 33 + 1 ⁄ 3 : The Final Insult Peter Segal Leslie Nielsen , Priscilla Presley , George Kennedy United States [ 382 ] National Lampoon's Last Resort Rafal Zielinski Corey Haim , Corey Feldman , Geoffrey Lewis United States [ 383 ] Neuf mois Patrick Braoudé Patrick Braoudé , Philippine Leroy-Beaulieu , Catherine Jacob France Romantic Comedy [ 384 ] North Rob Reiner Elijah Wood , Bruce Willis , Jon Lovitz , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , Jason Alexander United States Comedy-Drama [ 385 ] Oblivion Sam Irwin Richard Joseph Paul, Jackie Swanson , Andrew Divoff United States [ 386 ] Only You Norman Jewison Marisa Tomei , Robert Downey Jr. , Bonnie Hunt United States Romantic Comedy [ 387 ] PCU Hart Bochner , Martin Walters Jeremy Piven , Chris Young , Jon Favreau , David Spade United States [ 388 ] Le péril jeune Cédric Klapisch Romain Duris , Nicolas Koretz , Vincent Elbaz France Comedy-Drama [ 389 ] Police Academy: Mission to Moscow Alan Metter George Gaynes , Michael Winslow , David Graf United States [ 390 ] Princess Caraboo Michael Austin Jim Broadbent , Phoebe Cates , Wendy Hughes United Kingdom United States [ 391 ] [ 392 ] Pulp Fiction Quentin Tarantino John Travolta , Samuel L. Jackson , Uma Thurman United States Crime comedy [ 393 ] Radioland Murders Mel Smith Brian Benben , Mary Stuart Masterson , Ned Beatty United States [ 394 ] Prêt-à-Porter Robert Altman Kim Basinger , Anouk Aimée , Marcello Mastroianni United States Comedy-Drama [ 395 ] The Ref Ted Demme Denis Leary , Judy Davis , Kevin Spacey United States [ 396 ] Renaissance Man Penny Marshall Danny DeVito , Gregory Hines , Kadeem Hardison United States [ 397 ] Revenge of the Nerds IV: Nerds in Love Steven Zacharias Robert Carradine , Curtis Armstrong , Julia Montgomery United States [ 398 ] Richie Rich Donald Petrie Macaulay Culkin , John Larroquette , Edward Herrmann United States [ 399 ] The Road to Welville Alan Parker Anthony Hopkins , Matthew Broderick , Bridget Fonda United States Comedy-Drama [ 400 ] The Santa Clause Bill Elvin , John Pasquin Tim Allen , Judge Reinhold , Wendy Crewson United States [ 401 ] The Scout Michael Ritchie Albert Brooks , Brendan Fraser , Dianne Wiest United States [ 402 ] Serial Mom John Waters Kathleen Turner , Sam Waterston , Ricki Lake United States Black Comedy [ 403 ] Seven Sundays Jean-Charles Tacchella Thierry Lhermitte , Maurizio Nichetti , Rod Steiger France Italy [ 404 ] The Silence of the Hams Ezio Greggio Dom DeLuise , Ezio Greggio , Billy Zane Italy [ 405 ] Something Fishy Tonie Marshall Anémone , Roland Bertin , Grégoire Colin France [ 406 ] Spanking the Monkey David O. Russell Jeremy Davies , Alberta Watson , Benjamin Hendrickson United States Black Comedy [ 407 ] The Stoned Age James Melkonian Michael Kopelow, Bradford Tatum , China Kantner United States [ 408 ] The Sum of Us Geoff Burton , Kevin Dowling Jack Thompson , Russell Crowe , John Pulson United States Comedy-Drama [ 409 ] Swimming With Sharks George Huang Kevin Spacey , Frank Whaley , Michelle Forbes United States [ 410 ] Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatiana Aki Kaurismäki Kati Outinen , Matti Pellonpää , Kirsi Tykkyläinen Finland Germany [ 411 ] [ 412 ] Threesome Andrew Fleming Lara Flynn Boyle , Stephen Baldwin , Josh Charles United States Comedy-Drama [ 413 ] Three Colors: White Krzysztof Kieslowski Zbigniew Zamachowski , Julie Delpy , Janusz Gajos France Poland Switzerland Comedy-Drama [ 414 ] Trapped in Paradise George Gallo Nicolas Cage , Jon Lovitz , Dana Carvey United States [ 415 ] True Lies James Cameron Arnold Schwarzenegger , Jamie Lee Curtis , Tom Arnold United States Action comedy [ 416 ] Wagons East Peter Markle John Candy , Richard Lewis , John C. McGinley United States Western Comedy [ 417 ] 1995 Title Director Cast Production country Genre 3 Ninjas Knuckle Up Simon Sheen Michael Treanor , Max Elliott Slade , Chad Power United States Action Comedy [ 418 ] Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls Steve Oedekerk Jim Carrey , Ian McNeice , Simon Callow United States [ 419 ] The American President Rob Reiner Michael Douglas , Annette Bening , Martin Sheen , Michael J. Fox United States Comedy-Drama [ 420 ] Antonia's Line Marleen Gorris Willeke van Ammelrooy , Els Dottermans , Jan Decleir Netherlands [ 421 ] Bad Boys Michael Bay Martin Lawrence , Will Smith , Téa Leoni United States Action Comedy [ 422 ] Billy Madison Tamra Davis Adam Sandler , Darren McGavin , Bradley Whitford United States [ 423 ] Blue in the Face Paul Auster , Wayne Wang Harvey Keitel , Lou Reed , Michael J. Fox United States [ 424 ] Blue Juice Carl Prechezer Sean Pertwee , Catherine Zeta-Jones , Steven Mackintosh United States Comedy-Drama [ 425 ] The Brady Bunch Movie Betty Thomas Shelley Long , Gary Cole , Michael McKean United States [ 426 ] A Bucket of Blood Michael McDonald Anthony Michael Hall , Justine Bateman , Shadoe Stevens United States Horror Comedy [ 427 ] Bushwhacked Greg Beeman Daniel Stern , Jon Polito , Brad Sullivan United States [ 428 ] Bye Bye Love Sam Weisman Matthew Modine , Randy Quaid , Paul Reiser Janeane Garofalo United States [ 429 ] Canadian Bacon Michael Moore Alan Alda , John Candy , Rhea Perlman United States [ 430 ] Casper Brad Silberling Malachi Pearson , Christina Ricci , Bill Pullman , Joe Nipote, Brad Garrett , Joe Alaskey United States Fantasy Comedy [ 431 ] A Close Shave Nick Park United Kingdom Stop motion [ 432 ] Clueless Amy Heckerling Alicia Silverstone , Paul Rudd , Stacey Dash , Brittany Murphy United States [ 433 ] The Day of the Beast Álex de la Iglesia Armando De Razza , Gianni Ippoliti , Alex Angulo Spain Black comedy, horror comedy [ 434 ] Demon Knight Gilbert Adler , Ernest R. Dickerson Billy Zane , Jada Pinkett Smith , Brenda Bakke United States Horror Comedy [ 435 ] Dracula: Dead and Loving It Mel Brooks Leslie Nielsen , Peter MacNicol , Steven Weber United States Horror Comedy [ 436 ] Dream a Little Dream 2 James Lemmo Corey Feldman , Corey Haim , Stacie Randall United States [ 437 ] Empire Records Allan Moyle Anthony LaPaglia , Rory Cochrane , Johnny Whitworth United States Comedy-Drama [ 438 ] Father of the Bride Part II Charles Shyer Steve Martin , Diane Keaton , Martin Short United States [ 439 ] Flirt Hal Hartley Bill Sage , Martin Donovan , Parker Posey United States Germany Japan Comedy-Drama [ 440 ] Forget Paris Billy Crystal Billy Crystal , Debra Winger , Joe Mantegna United States Romance Comedy [ 441 ] Four Rooms Allison Anders , Alexandre Rockwell , Robert Rodriguez , Quentin Tarantino Tim Roth , Valeria Golino , Jennifer Beals United States [ 442 ] Freaky Friday Melanie Mayron Shelley Long , Gaby Hoffmann , Catlin Adams United States [ 443 ] French Kiss Lawrence Kasdan Meg Ryan , Kevin Kline , Timothy Hutton United States Romantic Comedy [ 444 ] Friday F. Gary Gray Ice Cube , Chris Tucker , Nia Long United States [ 445 ] Get Shorty Barry Sonnenfeld John Travolta , Gene Hackman , Rene Russo United States [ 446 ] Getting Any? Takeshi Kitano Takeshi Kitano , Dankan , Sonomanma Higashi Japan [ 447 ] God's Comedy João César Monteiro Raquel Ascensao , Manuela de Freitas , João César Monteiro Portugal [ 448 ] A Goofy Movie Kevin Lima Bill Farmer , Jason Marsden , Kellie Martin , Jim Cummings , Rob Paulsen United States Animated Film [ 449 ] Grumpier Old Men Howard Deutch Jack Lemmon , Walter Matthau , Ann-Margret United States [ 450 ] Heavyweights Steven Brill , David B. Householter Tom McGowan , Aaron Schwartz , Ben Stiller United States [ 451 ] Home for the Holidays Jodie Foster Holly Hunter , Robert Downey Jr. , Anne Bancroft United States Comedy-Drama [ 452 ] Houseguest Randall Miller Sinbad , Phil Hartman , Jeffrey Jones United States [ 453 ] It Takes Two Andy Tennant Mary-Kate Olsen , Ashley Olsen , Kirstie Alley , Steve Guttenberg United States [ 454 ] Jeffrey Christopher Ashley Steven Weber , Patrick Stewart , Michael T. Weiss United States [ 455 ] The Jerky Boys: The Movie James Melkonian , J. Miller Tobin Johnny Brennan , Kamal Ahmed , Alan Arkin United States [ 456 ] Jumanji Joe Johnston Robin Williams , Kirsten Dunst , Bradley Pierce , David Alan Grier , Bonnie Hunt United States Fantasy Comedy [ 457 ] Jury Duty John Fortenberry Pauly Shore , Tia Carrere , Stanley Tucci United States [ 458 ] Kicking and Screaming Noah Baumbach Josh Hamilton , Olivia D'Abo , Carlos Jacott United States Comedy-Drama [ 459 ] A Kid in King Arthur's Court Michael Gottlieb Thomas Ian Nicholas , Joss Ackland , Art Malik United States [ 460 ] The Last Supper Stacy Title Cameron Diaz , Ron Eldard , Annabeth Gish United States [ 461 ] Life 101 Redge Mahaffey Corey Haim , Ami Dolenz , Keith Coogan United States Comedy-Drama [ 462 ] Living in Oblivion Tom DiCillo Steve Buscemi , Catherine Keener , Dermot Mulroney United States [ 463 ] Major Payne Nick Castle Damon Wayans , Karyn Parsons , Orlando Brown United States [ 464 ] Mallrats Kevin Smith Shannen Doherty , Jeremy London , Jason Lee United States [ 465 ] Man of the House James Orr Chevy Chase , Farrah Fawcett , Jonathan Taylor Thomas United States [ 466 ] Mighty Aphrodite Woody Allen Woody Allen , Helena Bonham Carter , Mira Sorvino United States [ 467 ] Money Train Joseph Ruben Wesley Snipes , Woody Harrelson , Jennifer Lopez United States Action Comedy [ 468 ] Nine Months Chris Columbus Hugh Grant , Julianne Moore , Tom Arnold United States [ 469 ] Not This Part of the World Phil Atlakson Adam West , Matt Letscher , Randy Davison United States [ 470 ] Now and Then Lesli Linka Glatter Gaby Hoffmann , Christina Ricci , Ashleigh Aston Moore , Thora Birch United States Comedy-Drama [ 471 ] Operation Dumbo Drop Simon Wincer Danny Glover , Ray Liotta , Denis Leary United States [ 472 ] Party Girl Daisy von Scherler Mayer Parker Posey , Omar Townsend , Sasha von Scherler United States Comedy-Drama [ 473 ] Problem Child 3: Junior in Love Greg Beeman William Katt , Sherman Howard , Eric Edwards United States [ 474 ] Les Rendez-vous de Paris Eric Rohmer Clara Bellar , Serge Renko , Antoine Basler France [ 475 ] Rumble in the Bronx Stanley Tong Jackie Chan , Anita Mui , Bill Tung Hong Kong Action comedy [ 476 ] Sabrina Sydney Pollack Harrison Ford , Julia Ormond , Greg Kinnear United States Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 477 ] Slam Dunk Ernest John Cherry Jim Varney , Cylk Cozart , Kareem-Abdul Jabbar United States [ 478 ] Something to Talk About Lasse Hallstrom Julia Roberts , Dennis Quaid , Robert Duvall , Kyra Sedgwick United States Comedy-Drama [ 479 ] Summer Snow Ann Hui Allen Fong , Manfred Wong , Roy Chiao Hong Kong Comedy-Drama [ 480 ] Tank Girl Rachel Talalay Lori Petty , Naomi Watts , Malcolm McDowell United States Action comedy [ 481 ] Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead Gary Fleder Andy Garcia , Christopher Lloyd , William Forsythe United States Crime Comedy [ 482 ] To Die For Gus Van Sant Nicole Kidman , Matt Dillon , Joaquin Phoenix United States [ 483 ] To Wong Foo Thanks for Everything, Julie Newmar Beeban Kidron Wesley Snipes , Patrick Swayze , John Leguizamo United States [ 484 ] Tokyo Fist Shinya Tsukamoto Shinya Tsukamoto , Naomasa Musaka , Naoto Takenaka Japan Black comedy [ 485 ] Tommy Boy Peter Segal Chris Farley , David Spade , Rob Lowe , Bo Derek United States [ 486 ] Toy Story John Lasseter Tom Hanks , Tim Allen United States Animated Fantasy comedy [ 487 ] Underground Emir Kusturica Lazar Ristovski , Slavko Stimac , Bora Todorovic France Germany Hungary Comedy-Drama [ 488 ] Up, Down, Fragile Jacques Rivette Marianne Denicourt , Nathalie Richard , Laurence Côte France [ 489 ] Vampire in Brooklyn Wes Craven Eddie Murphy , Angela Bassett , Allen Payne , Kadeem Hardison United States Horror Comedy [ 490 ] Welcome to the Dollhouse Todd Solondz Heather Matarazzo , Daria Kalinina , Matthew Faber United States [ 491 ] While You Were Sleeping Jon Turteltaub Sandra Bullock , Bill Pullman , Peter Gallagher United States Romantic Comedy [ 492 ] 1996 Title Director Cast Production country Genre 101 Dalmatians Stephen Herek Glenn Close , Jeff Daniels , Joely Richardson United States Family-oriented comedy [ 493 ] A Very Brady Sequel Arlene Sanford Shelley Long , Gary Cole , Tim Matheson United States [ 494 ] The Associate Donald Petrie Whoopi Goldberg , Dianne Wiest , Eli Wallach United States [ 495 ] Beautiful Girls Ted Demme Timothy Hutton , Matt Dillon , Noah Emmerich United States Comedy-Drama [ 496 ] Beavis and Butt-Head Do America Mike Judge Mike Judge , Bruce Willis , Demi Moore , Cloris Leachman , Robert Stack United States Animated film [ 497 ] Bernie Albert Dupontel Albert Dupontel , Claude Perron , Roland Blanche France [ 498 ] Big Bully Steve Miner Rick Moranis , Tom Arnold , Carol Kane United States [ 499 ] Bio-Dome Jason Bloom Pauly Shore , Stephen Baldwin , William Atherton United States [ 500 ] The Birdcage Mike Nichols Robin Williams , Nathan Lane , Gene Hackman , Dianne Wiest , Calista Flockhart United States [ 501 ] Black Sheep Penelope Spheeris Chris Farley , David Spade , Tim Matheson United States [ 502 ] Bottle Rocket Wes Anderson Owen Wilson , Luke Wilson , Robert Musgrave United States [ 503 ] Bulletproof Ernest Dickerson Damon Wayans , Adam Sandler , Kristen Wilson United States Action Comedy [ 504 ] The Cable Guy Ben Stiller Jim Carrey , Matthew Broderick , Leslie Mann United States [ 505 ] Camping Cosmos Jan Bucquoy Jean-Henri Compère , Fanny Hanciaux , Lolo Ferrari Belgium [ 506 ] Cannibal! The Musical Trey Parker Trey Parker , Dian Bachar , Ian Hardin United States [ 507 ] Carpool Arthur Hiller Tom Arnold , David Paymer , Rhea Perlman United States [ 508 ] Celtic Pride Tom DeCerchio Damon Wayans , Daniel Stern , Dan Aykroyd United States [ 509 ] The Christmas Party Jari Halonen Jorma Tommila , Antti Reini , Oiva Lohtander Finland Crime comedy [ 510 ] Citizen Ruth Alexander Payne Laura Dern , Swoosie Kurtz , Kurtwood Smith United States [ 511 ] Conspirators of Pleasure Jan Svankmajer Petr Meissel Czech Republic Switzerland United Kingdom Black comedy, sex comedy [ 512 ] Curdled Reb Braddock William Baldwin , Angela Jones , Bruce Ramsay United States [ 513 ] D3: The Mighty Ducks Robert Lieberman Emilio Estevez , Jeffrey Nordling , Kenan Thompson United States Comedy-Drama [ 514 ] Dear God Garry Marshall Greg Kinnear , Laurie Metcalf , Tim Conway United States [ 515 ] Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood Paris Barclay Shawn Wayans , Marlon Wayans , Tracey Cherelle Jones United States [ 516 ] Down Periscope David S. Ward Kelsey Grammer , Lauren Holly , Rob Schneider United States [ 517 ] Dunston Checks In Ken Kwapis Eric Lloyd , Jason Alexander , Faye Dunaway United States [ 518 ] Ed Bill Couturié Matt LeBlanc , Jayne Brook , Bill Cobbs United States [ 519 ] Eddie Steve Rash Whoopi Goldberg , Frank Langella , Dennis Farina United States [ 520 ] Emma Douglas McGrath Gwyneth Paltrow , Toni Collette , Ewan McGregor United States [ 521 ] Faithful Paul Mazursky Cher , Chazz Palminteri , Ryan O'Neal United States Comedy-Drama [ 522 ] Family Resemblances Benoit Delhomme , Cédric Klapisch Jean-Pierre Bacri , Jean-Pierre Darroussin , Catherine Frot France [ 523 ] Fargo Joel Coen Frances McDormand , William H. Macy , Steve Buscemi United States Black Comedy [ 524 ] Feeling Minnesota Steven Baigelman Keanu Reeves , Cameron Diaz , Vincent D'Onofrio , Dan Aykroyd , Delroy Lindo United States Romantic Crime Comedy [ 525 ] First Kid David Mickey Evans Sinbad , Brock Pierce , James Naughton United States [ 526 ] First Strike Stanley Tong Jackie Chan , Wu Chen-chun , Jackson Lou Hong Kong Action Comedy [ 527 ] The First Wives Club Hugh Wilson Bette Midler , Goldie Hawn , Diane Keaton United States [ 528 ] Flirting with Disaster David O. Russell Ben Stiller , Patricia Arquette , Téa Leoni , Alan Alda , Mary Tyler Moore United States [ 529 ] Freeway Matthew Bright Reese Witherspoon , Kiefer Sutherland , Wolfgang Bodison , Brooke Shields United States Black Comedy [ 530 ] The Frighteners Peter Jackson Michael J. Fox , Trini Alvarado , Peter Dobson United States Horror Comedy [ 531 ] From Dusk till Dawn Robert Rodriguez George Clooney , Harvey Keitel , Quentin Tarantino United States Action Horror Comedy [ 532 ] Getting Away with Murder Harvey Miller Dan Aykroyd , Lily Tomlin , Jack Lemmon United States [ 533 ] The Great White Hype Reginald Hudlin Samuel L. Jackson , Jeff Goldblum , Damon Wayans , Jamie Foxx United States [ 534 ] Happy Gilmore Dennis Dugan Adam Sandler , Christopher McDonald , Julie Bowen , Carl Weathers United States [ 535 ] Harriet the Spy Bronwen Hughes Michelle Trachtenberg , Gregory Smith , Rosie O'Donnell United States [ 536 ] Head Above Water Jim Wilson Harvey Keitel , Cameron Diaz , Billy Zane United States Black Comedy [ 537 ] High School High Hart Bochner Jon Lovitz , Tia Carrere , Louise Fletcher United States [ 538 ] House Arrest Harry Winer Jamie Lee Curtis , Kevin Pollak , Jennifer Tilly United States [ 539 ] I'm Not Rappaport Herb Gardner Walter Matthau , Ossie Davis , Amy Irving United States Comedy-Drama [ 540 ] Jack Francis Ford Coppola Robin Williams , Diane Lane , Brian Kerwin , Jennifer Lopez United States Comedy-Drama [ 541 ] Jerry Maguire Cameron Crowe Tom Cruise , Cuba Gooding, Jr. , Renée Zellweger United States Comedy-Drama [ 542 ] Jingle All the Way Brian Levant Arnold Schwarzenegger , Jake Lloyd , Rita Wilson , Sinbad , Phil Hartman United States [ 543 ] Joe's Apartment John Payson Jerry O'Connell , Megan Ward , Jim Turner United States [ 544 ] Kazaam Paul Michael Shaquille O'Neal , Francis Capra , Ally Walker United States Fantasy Comedy [ 545 ] Kingpin Bobby Farrelly , Peter Farrelly Woody Harrelson , Randy Quaid , Vanessa Angel United States [ 546 ] Larger than Life Howard Franklin Bill Murray , Janeane Garofalo , Matthew McConaughey United States [ 547 ] Mad Dog Time Larry Bishop Jeff Goldblum , Ellen Barkin , Gabriel Byrne , Richard Dreyfuss United States [ 548 ] Mars Attacks! Tim Burton Jack Nicholson , Glenn Close , Annette Bening United States Science Fiction Comedy [ 549 ] Matilda Danny Devito Mara Wilson , Danny DeVito , Rhea Perlman United States Fantasy Comedy [ 550 ] Michael Nora Ephron John Travolta , Andie MacDowell , William Hurt United States Fantasy Comedy [ 551 ] The Mirror Has Two Faces Barbra Streisand Barbra Streisand , Jeff Bridges , Lauren Bacall United States Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 552 ] Mother Albert Brooks Albert Brooks , Debbie Reynolds , Laura Weeks, Rob Morrow United States [ 553 ] Mr. Wrong Nick Castle Ellen DeGeneres , Bill Pullman , Joan Cusack United States [ 554 ] Mrs. Winterbourne Richard Benjamin Shirley MacLaine , Ricki Lake , Brendan Fraser United States Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 555 ] Multiplicity Harold Ramis Michael Keaton , Andie MacDowell , Harris Yulin United States [ 556 ] Muppet Treasure Island Brian Henson Steve Whitmire , Frank Oz , Dave Goelz , Jerry Nelson , Kevin Clash , Bill Barretta , John Henson , Tim Curry , Jennifer Saunders , Kevin Bishop United States Musical Comedy [ 557 ] My Fellow Americans Peter Segal Jack Lemmon , James Garner , Dan Aykroyd United States [ 558 ] Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie Jim Mallon Michael J. Nelson , Trace Beaulieu United States Science Fiction Comedy [ 559 ] The Nutty Professor Tom Shadyac Eddie Murphy , Jada Pinkett Smith , Larry Miller , John Ales , James Coburn United States [ 560 ] The Pallbearer Matt Reeves David Schwimmer , Gwyneth Paltrow , Michael Rapaport United States Romantic Comedy [ 561 ] Palookavlle Roger Spottiswoode William Forsythe , Vincent Gallo , Adam Trese , Frances McDormand United States [ 562 ] Phat Beach Doug Ellin Jermaine Hopkins , Brian Hooks , Coolio United States [ 563 ] The Preacher's Wife Penny Marshall Denzel Washington , Whitney Houston , Courtney B. Vance , Gregory Hines United States Comedy-Drama [ 564 ] Puddle Cruiser Jay Chandrasekhar Jay Chandrasekhar , Kevin Heffernan , Steve Lemme United States [ 565 ] Scream Wes Craven Liev Schreiber , Neve Campbell , Courteney Cox United States Horror Comedy [ 566 ] Shall We Dance? Masayuki Suo Kōji Yakusho , Tamiyo Kusakari , Naoto Takenaka Japan Romantic Comedy-Drama [ 567 ] [ 568 ] Sgt. Bilko Jonathan Lynn Steve Martin , Dan Aykroyd , Phil Hartman , Glenne Headley United States [ 569 ] Space Jam Joe Pytka Michael Jordan , Billy West , Dee Bradley Baker , Kath Soucie , Danny DeVito , Bob Bergen , Bill Farmer , Maurice LaMarche , June Foray , Paul Julian , Wayne Knight , Bill Murray , Charles Barkley United States [ 570 ] Spy Hard Rick Friedberg Leslie Nielsen , Nicollette Sheridan , Charles Durning United States [ 571 ] Striptease Andrew Bergman Demi Moore , Burt Reynolds , Ving Rhames United States [ 572 ] The Stupids John Landis Tom Arnold , Jessica Lundy , Alex McKenna , Bug Hall United States [ 573 ] SubUrbia Rick Friedberg Giovanni Ribisi , Steve Zahn , Amie Carey United States Comedy-Drama [ 574 ] Sunset Park Steve Gomer Rhea Perlman , Fredro Starr , Terrence Howard , Carol Kane United States Comedy-Drama [ 575 ] Swingers Doug Liman Jon Favreau , Vince Vaughn , Ron Livingston United States [ 576 ] That Thing You Do! Tom Hanks Tom Everett Scott , Liv Tyler , Charlize Theron United States Comedy-drama [ 577 ] The Truth About Cats & Dogs Michael Lehmann Uma Thurman , Janeane Garofalo , Ben Chaplin , Jamie Foxx United States Romantic Comedy [ 578 ] Theodore Rex Jonathan Betuel Whoopi Goldberg , Armin Mueller-Stahl , Juliet Landau United States Sci-fi Comedy [ 579 ] A Thin Line Between Love and Hate Martin Lawrence Martin Lawrence , Lynn Whitfield , Regina King United States Romantic Comedy Thriller [ 580 ] Tin Cup Ron Shelton Kevin Costner , Rene Russo , Cheech Marin United States Romantic Comedy [ 581 ] Trainspotting Danny Boyle Ewan McGregor , Ewen Bremner , Jonny Lee Miller United Kingdom Comedy-Drama [ 581 ] Trees Lounge Steve Buscemi Steve Buscemi , Chloë Sevigny , Mark Boone Junior United States Comedy-Drama [ 582 ] Two Much Fernando Trueba Antonio Banderas , Melanie Griffith , Daryl Hannah United States Romantic Comedy [ 583 ] Waiting for Guffman Christopher Guest Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Fred Willard United States [ 584 ] 1997 The 6th Man 8 Heads in a Duffel Bag A Smile Like Yours Addicted to Love Air Bud An American Werewolf in Paris As Good as It Gets Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery B*A*P*S Bean The Beautician and the Beast Beverly Hills Ninja The Borrowers Booty Call Breast Men Buddy Chasing Amy Critical Care Deconstructing Harry Ernest Goes to Africa Excess Baggage Fakin' da Funk Fathers' Day Fierce Creatures Flubber Fools Rush In For Richer or Poorer The Full Monty George of the Jungle Gone Fishin' Good Burger Grosse Pointe Blank Hercules Home Alone 3 Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves How to Be a Player In & Out Jackie Brown Jungle 2 Jungle Leave It to Beaver Liar Liar A Life Less Ordinary The Man Who Knew Too Little The MatchMaker McHale's Navy Meet Wally Sparks Men in Black Money Talks MouseHunt Mr. Magoo Mr. Nice Guy My Best Friend's Wedding Nothing to Lose Orgazmo Out to Sea The Pest Picture Perfect Plump Fiction Private Parts The Real Blonde RocketMan Romy and Michele's High School Reunion A Simple Wish Six Ways To Sunday Snowboard Academy Soul Food Spice World Sprung That Old Feeling 'Til There Was You Toothless Trial and Error Trojan War Two Girls and a Guy Under Wraps Vegas Vacation Wag the Dog The Wrong Guy The 6th Man 8 Heads in a Duffel Bag A Smile Like Yours Addicted to Love Air Bud An American Werewolf in Paris As Good as It Gets Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery B*A*P*S Bean The Beautician and the Beast Beverly Hills Ninja The Borrowers Booty Call Breast Men Buddy Chasing Amy Critical Care Deconstructing Harry Ernest Goes to Africa Excess Baggage Fakin' da Funk Fathers' Day Fierce Creatures Flubber Fools Rush In For Richer or Poorer The Full Monty George of the Jungle Gone Fishin' Good Burger Grosse Pointe Blank Hercules Home Alone 3 Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves How to Be a Player In & Out Jackie Brown Jungle 2 Jungle Leave It to Beaver Liar Liar A Life Less Ordinary The Man Who Knew Too Little The MatchMaker McHale's Navy Meet Wally Sparks Men in Black Money Talks MouseHunt Mr. Magoo Mr. Nice Guy My Best Friend's Wedding Nothing to Lose Orgazmo Out to Sea The Pest Picture Perfect Plump Fiction Private Parts The Real Blonde RocketMan Romy and Michele's High School Reunion A Simple Wish Six Ways To Sunday Snowboard Academy Soul Food Spice World Sprung That Old Feeling 'Til There Was You Toothless Trial and Error Trojan War Two Girls and a Guy Under Wraps Vegas Vacation Wag the Dog The Wrong Guy 1998 Air Bud: Golden Receiver Almost Heroes Antz Barney's Great Adventure BASEketball The Big Hit The Big Lebowski Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss Blues Brothers 2000 Bongwater A Bug's Life Bulworth Can't Hardly Wait Celebrity Chairman of the Board Cousin Bette Dead Man on Campus Dirty Work Dr. Dolittle Ernest in the Army Ever After Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Free Enterprise Free Money The Godson Hairshirt The Hairy Bird Half Baked High Freakquency Holy Man Home Fries Hope Floats How to Make the Cruelest Month How Stella Got Her Groove Back I Got the Hook-Up I'll Be Home for Christmas The Impostors Jack Frost Kissing a Fool Krippendorf's Tribe Lethal Weapon 4 Life is Beautiful Mafia! Major League: Back to the Minors Meet the Deedles My Giant National Lampoon's Golf Punks A Night at the Roxbury The Object of my Affection The Odd Couple II The Opposite of Sex Out of Sight Overnight Delivery The Parent Trap Patch Adams Paulie Pecker Playing by Heart Pleasantville Practical Magic Primary Colors Ride Rush Hour Rushmore The Rugrats Movie Safe Men Senseless Shakespeare in Love Simon Birch Six Days Seven Nights Sliding Doors Slums of Beverly Hills Small Soldiers Taxi There's Something About Mary The Truman Show Very Bad Things Waking Ned The Waterboy The Wedding Singer Who Am I? The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit Woo Wrongfully Accused You've Got Mail Air Bud: Golden Receiver Almost Heroes Antz Barney's Great Adventure BASEketball The Big Hit The Big Lebowski Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss Blues Brothers 2000 Bongwater A Bug's Life Bulworth Can't Hardly Wait Celebrity Chairman of the Board Cousin Bette Dead Man on Campus Dirty Work Dr. Dolittle Ernest in the Army Ever After Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Free Enterprise Free Money The Godson Hairshirt The Hairy Bird Half Baked High Freakquency Holy Man Home Fries Hope Floats How to Make the Cruelest Month How Stella Got Her Groove Back I Got the Hook-Up I'll Be Home for Christmas The Impostors Jack Frost Kissing a Fool Krippendorf's Tribe Lethal Weapon 4 Life is Beautiful Mafia! Major League: Back to the Minors Meet the Deedles My Giant National Lampoon's Golf Punks A Night at the Roxbury The Object of my Affection The Odd Couple II The Opposite of Sex Out of Sight Overnight Delivery The Parent Trap Patch Adams Paulie Pecker Playing by Heart Pleasantville Practical Magic Primary Colors Ride Rush Hour Rushmore The Rugrats Movie Safe Men Senseless Shakespeare in Love Simon Birch Six Days Seven Nights Sliding Doors Slums of Beverly Hills Small Soldiers Taxi There's Something About Mary The Truman Show Very Bad Things Waking Ned The Waterboy The Wedding Singer Who Am I? The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit Woo Wrongfully Accused You've Got Mail 1999 10 Things I Hate About You 200 Cigarettes The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland The All New Adventures of Laurel & Hardy in For Love or Mummy American Pie An Ideal Husband Analyze This Anywhere but Here Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me Baby Geniuses The Bachelor Being John Malkovich The Best Man Bicentennial Man Big Daddy The Big Kahuna Blast from the Past Blue Streak Bowfinger Breakfast of Champions But I'm a Cheerleader Can of Worms Chutney Popcorn Cookie's Fortune Coming Soon Crazy in Alabama Detroit Rock City Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo Diamonds Dick Dogma Doug's 1st Movie Drive Me Crazy Drop Dead Gorgeous Dudley Do-Right Edtv Election Flawless Foolish Forces of Nature Galaxy Quest Go Happy, Texas Idle Hands Inspector Gadget Jakob the Liar Jawbreaker K-911 Life Lost & Found Love and Action in Chicago The Love Letter Love Stinks Man of the Century Man on the Moon Mickey Blue Eyes Mumford Muppets from Space The Muse My Favorite Martian Mystery, Alaska Mystery Men Never Been Kissed Notting Hill Office Space The Other Sister The Out-of-Towners Outside Providence Pros & Cons Pushing Tin Runaway Bride A Saintly Switch Screw Loose The Sex Monster She's All That Simon Sez SLC Punk Smart House South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut Splendor The Story of Us Stuart Little Superstar Teaching Mrs. Tingle Three Kings Three to Tango Toy Story 2 Treehouse Hostage Varsity Blues Wild Wild West The Wood 10 Things I Hate About You 200 Cigarettes The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland The All New Adventures of Laurel & Hardy in For Love or Mummy American Pie An Ideal Husband Analyze This Anywhere but Here Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me Baby Geniuses The Bachelor Being John Malkovich The Best Man Bicentennial Man Big Daddy The Big Kahuna Blast from the Past Blue Streak Bowfinger Breakfast of Champions But I'm a Cheerleader Can of Worms Chutney Popcorn Cookie's Fortune Coming Soon Crazy in Alabama Detroit Rock City Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo Diamonds Dick Dogma Doug's 1st Movie Drive Me Crazy Drop Dead Gorgeous Dudley Do-Right Edtv Election Flawless Foolish Forces of Nature Galaxy Quest Go Happy, Texas Idle Hands Inspector Gadget Jakob the Liar Jawbreaker K-911 Life Lost & Found Love and Action in Chicago The Love Letter Love Stinks Man of the Century Man on the Moon Mickey Blue Eyes Mumford Muppets from Space The Muse My Favorite Martian Mystery, Alaska Mystery Men Never Been Kissed Notting Hill Office Space The Other Sister The Out-of-Towners Outside Providence Pros & Cons Pushing Tin Runaway Bride A Saintly Switch Screw Loose The Sex Monster She's All That Simon Sez SLC Punk Smart House South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut Splendor The Story of Us Stuart Little Superstar Teaching Mrs. Tingle Three Kings Three to Tango Toy Story 2 Treehouse Hostage Varsity Blues Wild Wild West The Wood British Bean (1997) Beautiful People (1999) Brassed Off (1996) Bring Me the Head of Mavis Davis (1997) The Commitments (1991) East is East (1999) The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain (1995) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) The Full Monty (1997) Funny Bones (1995) Gregory's Two Girls (1999) Guest House Paradiso (1999) Hear My Song (1991) Hour of the Pig (1993) An Ideal Husband (1999) Jack and Sarah (1995) Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1997) Leon the Pig Farmer (1992) A Life Less Ordinary (1997) Little Voice (1998) Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) Mad Cows (1999) The Madness of King George (1995) Much Ado About Nothing (1993) Notting Hill (1999) Peter's Friends (1992) Plunkett and MacLeane (1999) Princess Caraboo (1994) Rebecca's Daughters (1992) Shakespeare in Love (1998) Shooting Fish (1997) Sliding Doors (1998) Still Crazy (1998) Truly, Madly, Deeply (1991) Waking Ned (1998) The Wrong Trousers (1993) Comedy-horror 1990 Tales from the Darkside: The Movie [ 585 ] Tremors [ 586 ] 1991 Bride of Killer Nerd Cabinet of Dr. Ramirez Killer Nerd Nudist Colony of the Dead The People Under the Stairs [ 587 ] 1992 Army of Darkness Buffy the Vampire Slayer Braindead (aka Dead Alive ) Death Becomes Her Dr. Giggles [ 588 ] 1993 Leprechaun [ 589 ] Love Bites My Boyfriend's Back Return of the Living Dead 3 1994 Cemetery Man Funny Man [ 590 ] 1995 Blood and Donuts The Day of the Beast Dracula: Dead and Loving It Ice Cream Man [ 591 ] Tremors 2: Aftershocks Vampire in Brooklyn 1996 Camping Cosmos Cannibal! The Musical The Frighteners Frostbiter: Wrath of the Wendigo [ 592 ] From Dusk till Dawn 1997 Dance with the Devil Evil Ed Jack Frost [ 593 ] Killer Condom Uncle Sam 1998 Bride of Chucky Legion of Fire: Killer Ants! 1999 Idle Hands Hong Kong The Tricky Master (1999) [ 594 ] Japanese Maroko (1990) [ 595 ] Filipino John en Marsha 91 (1991) [ 596 ] Parody Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997) Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996) Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995) Fatal Instinct (1993) Galaxy Quest (1999) Hot Shots! (1991) Hot Shots! Part Deux (1993) Jane Austen's Mafia! (1998) Loaded Weapon 1 (1993) Mars Attacks! (1996) Plump Fiction (1997) Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993) Spy Hard (1996) Wizards of the Demon Sword (1991) [ 597 ] Wrongfully Accused (1998) Comedy-Drama Air Bud (1997) American Beauty (1999) [ 598 ] Boogie Nights (1997) Forrest Gump (1994) Friday (1995) Fried Green Tomatoes (1991) Homeward Bound (1993) I Hired a Contract Killer (1993) A Man of No Importance (1994) Matilda (1996) Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) Muriel's Wedding (1994) Reality Bites (1994) The Sandlot (1993) The Truman Show (1998) White Men Can't Jump (1992) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Kaye, Don. 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AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Cry-Baby" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Daddy's Dyin': Who's Got the Will?" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Dick Tracy" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Iotis. "Don't Tell Her It's Me Tracy" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Iotis. "Downtown" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Buchanan, Jason. "DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Ernest Goes to Jail" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Iotis. "Far Out Man" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Flashback" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Binion, Cavett. "Frankenhooker" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "The Freshman" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Funny About Love" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Ghost Dad" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas . "Green Card" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Gremlins 2: The New Batch" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ German, Yuri. "The Hairdresser's Husband" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "Halfaouine: Boy of the Terraces" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Heart Condition" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Home Alone" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "House Party" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "I Hired a Contract Killer" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "I Love You to Death" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "In the Spirit" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ LeVoit, Violet. "In the Spirit" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Joe Versus the Volcano" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Kindergarten Cop" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Life Is Sweet" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Look Who's Talking Too" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Loose Cannons" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Leviot, Violet. "Madhouse" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Bush, John. "A Man Called Sarge" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "May Fools" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Bush, John. "Men at Work" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Mermaids" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Metropolitan" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Modern Love" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Bush, John. "Movie... In Your Face" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Bush, John. "Mr. Destiny" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "My Blue Heaven" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "My New Partner II" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Ninja Academy" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Nuns on the Run" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Opportunity Knocks" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Postcards from the Edge" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal . "Pretty Woman" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Problem Child" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Quick Change" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Philip. "Repossessed" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "A Shock to the System" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Short Time" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Iotis. "The Shrimp on the Barbie" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Sibling Rivalry" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Spaced Invaders" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "The Spirit of '76" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Taking Care of Business" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Tatie Danielle" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Three Men and a Little Lady" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Eder, Bruce. "Tremors" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Trust" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Rasmussen, Linda. "Tune in Tomorrow" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Uranus" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Iotis. "Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Betzold, Michael. "Where the Heart Is" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Iotis. "Why Me?" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Wild at Heart" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Tobey, Matthew. "The Witches" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "The Addams Family" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Phillip. "Age Isn't Everything" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Phillip. "All I Want for Christmas" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Rovi. "An American Tail: Fievel Goes West" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Phillip. "And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Philip. "Another You" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Crow, Jonathan. "Operation Condor" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Barton Fink" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Bill and Ted's Bogus Journey" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Hassen, Kristie. "Bingo" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "The Butcher's Wife" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Career Opportunities" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "City Slickers" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Critters 3" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Curly Sue" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Ralske, Josh. "The Dark Backward" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Defending Your Life" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Delicatessen" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Delirious" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Doc Hollywood" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Drop Dead Fred" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Dutch" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "Obecna Skola" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Ernest Scared Stupid" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Fast Getaway" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Father of the Bride" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "The Favour, the Watch and the Very Big Fish" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "The Fisher King" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Frankie and Johnny" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Fried Green Tomatoes" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "The Hard Way" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Hear My Song" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Highway 61" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Tobey, Matthew. "Hot Shots!" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "House Party 2" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Hudson Hawk" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "If Looks Could Kill" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Johnny Stecchino" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "King Ralph" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "L.A. Story" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Life Stinks" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Livin' Large" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Mannequin Two: On the Move" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Mediterraneo" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Meet the Applegates" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Mystery Date" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Necessary Roughness" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Night on Earth" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Nothing but Trouble" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Other People's Money" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Oscar" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Other People's Money" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "The People Under the Stairs" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ "Popcorn" . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "The Pope Must Diet" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Problem Child 2" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Proof" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Pure Luck" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Philip. "Rover Dangerfield" . AllMovie . 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"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Toto the Hero" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ "Toto – der Held" . Filmportal.de . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Armstrong, Derek. "V.I. Warshawski" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Armstrong, Derek. "What About Bob?" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Firsching, Robert. "3 Ninjas" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Army of Darkness" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Bebe's Kids" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Beethoven" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Belle Époque" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ renner, Paul. "Big Girls Don't Cry... They Get Even" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Blame it on the Bellboy" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Bob Roberts" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Boomerang" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Hobart, Tana. "Boris and Natasha: The Movie" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Brain Donors" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Wiener, Tom. "Dead Alive" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Binion, Cavett. "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Hassen, Kristie. "Captain Ron" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Class Act" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Cool World" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "The Cutting Edge" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "The Dark Side of the Heart" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Mark, Deming. "Diggstown" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "The Distinguished Gentleman" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Enchanted April" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Encino Man" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Frozen Assets" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Hero" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Honey, I Blew Up the Kid" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Armstrong, Derek. "Honeymoon in Vegas" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Armstrong, Derek. "HouseSitter" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Seibert, Perry. "Husbands and Wives" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Binion, Cavett. "In the Soup" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Innocent Blood" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Kuffs" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Ladybugs" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "A League of Their Own" . AllMovie . 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Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Firsching, Robert. "Nervous Ticks" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Noises Off" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ German, Yuri. "De Noorderlingen" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Once upon a Crime" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Only You" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Out on a Limb" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Passed Away" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Peter's Friends" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "The Player" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Phillip. "Revenge of the Nerds III: The Next Generation" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Shakes the Clown" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Simple Men" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Singles" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Sister Act" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ obey, Matthew. "Sneakers" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Hyams, Peter. "Stay Tuned" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot!" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "The Story of Qiu Ju" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Straight Talk" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Strictly Ballroom" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "There Goes the Neighborhood" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ LeVasseur, Andrea. "This Is My Life" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Hassen, Kristie. "Tom and Jerry: The Movie" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Toys" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "The Tune" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Twin Dragons" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Härter, Jakob. "Ultracop 2000: Overview" . LetterBoxd . Archived from the original on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved October 3, 2009 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "La Vie de Bohème" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Wayne's World" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "White Men Can't Jump" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Sonnenfeld, Barry. "Addams Family Values" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Airborne" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Philip. "Amos & Andrew" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Another Stakeout" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Arizona Dream" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Bad Boy Bubby" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "Beethoven's 2nd" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Benny & Joon" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "The Beverly Hillbillies" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Born Yesterday" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "CB4: The Movie" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Laxamana, Jonathan E. "City Hunter" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Bush, John. "Cop and a Half" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Coneheads" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Cool Runnings" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "Cuisine et dépendances" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ "Cuisine et dépendances" (in French). Bifi.fr . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Dave" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Dazed and Confused" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ "Demolition Man (1993) – Marco Brambilla | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related" . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Dennis the Menace" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Eder, Bruce. "Dottie Gets Spanked" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "The Double O Kid" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Ed and His Dead Mother" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Ernest Rides Again" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Fatal Instinct" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Fong Sai-yuk II" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Fong Sai-yuk II" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "For Love or Money" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Binion, Cavett. "Freaked" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "Huevos de Oro" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Groundhog Day" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Grumpy Old Men" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Heart and Souls" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Hocus Pocus" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Hot Shots! Part Deux" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Indian Summer" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Jack the Bear" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Kika" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Last Action Hero" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Life With Mikey" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Loaded Weapon 1" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Look Who's Talking Now" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Lost in Yonkers" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Mad Dog and Glory" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Made in America" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Manhattan Murder Mystery" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ "Manila Boy" . 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Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Sleepless in Seattle" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Tobey, Matthew. "Sleepless in Seattle" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "Smoking/No Smoking" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Seibert, Perry. "The Snapper" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "So I Married an Axe Murderer" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Hassen, Kristie. "Son in Law" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Son of the Pink Panther" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Splitting Heirs" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Betzold, Michael. "Surf Ninjas" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Paul, Brenner. "Undercover Blues" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Betzold, Michael. "The Visitors" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Wayne's World 2" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "The Wedding Banquet" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Weekend at Bernie's II" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 5, 2015 . ^ Erlewine, Iotis. "Who's the Man?" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 4, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "The Wrong Trousers" . AllMovie. ^ Deming, Mark. "3 Ninjas Kick Back (1994) - Charles T. Kanganis | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Ace Ventura: Pet Detective" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Airheads" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Rovi. "The Air Up There" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Amateur" . AllMovie . Retrieved April 22, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Angels in the Outfield" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "Baby's Day Out" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Barcelona" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Beverly Hills Cop III" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Blank Check" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Blankman" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Bullets Over Broadway" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "Cabin Boy" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Camp Nowhere" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Car 54, Where Are You?" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Firsching, Robert. "Cemetery Man" . Allmovie . AllMovie . Retrieved April 25, 2013 . ^ "Dellamorte Dellamore" . BFI Film & Television Database . London: British Film Institute . Archived from the original on February 7, 2009 . Retrieved April 25, 2013 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "La Cité de la Peur" . AllMovie . Retrieved April 24, 2013 . ^ Kaye, Don. "City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Clean Slate" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Clerks" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Clifford" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Cops & Robbersons" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Corrina, Corrina" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "The Cowboy Way" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Crooklyn" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "D2: The Mighty Ducks" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "The Legend of Drunken Master" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Dumb and Dumber" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Betzold, Michael. "Eat Drink Man Woman" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "Ed Wood" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Ernest Goes to School" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "Exit to Eden" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Gagney, Nicole. "Fear of a Black Hat" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "The Flintstones" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Four Weddings and a Funeral" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Crow, Jonathan. "From Beijing with Love" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Getting Even with Dad" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Greedy" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Guarding Tess" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "House Party 3" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "[The Hudsucker Proxy" . AllMovie . Retrieved April 24, 2013 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "I'll Do Anything" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "I Love Trouble" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "In the Army Now" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Little Indian, Big City" . AllMovie . Retrieved April 24, 2013 . ^ Gagne, Nicole. "The Inkwell" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "I.Q." AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "It Could Happen to You" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "It's Pat" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "Jimmy Hollywood" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Junior" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Lightning Jack" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Little Big League" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Little Giants" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Little Giants" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "A Low Down Dirty Shame" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "The Madness of King George" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Major League II" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "The Mask" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Maverick" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Mixed Nuts" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Muriel's Wedding" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "It Runs in the Family" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "National Lampoon's Last Resort" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Neuf mois" . AllMovie . Retrieved April 24, 2013 . ^ Deming, Mark. "North" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ "Oblivion (1994) – Sam Irvin | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie" . ^ Deming, Mark. "Only You" . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "PCU" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Le peril jeune" . AllMovie . Retrieved April 24, 2013 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Police Academy: Mission to Moscow" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ "Princess Caraboo" . American Film Institute . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ "Princess Caraboo" . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on July 21, 2012 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Charney, Leo. "Pulp Fiction" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Radioland Murders" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Prêt-à-Porter" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "The Ref" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brenner, Paul. "Renaissance Man" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ McCallon, Bernadette. "Revenge of the Nerds IV: Nerds in Love" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Richie Rich" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "The Road to Welville" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "The Santa Clause" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "The Scout" . Allmovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Serial Mom" . Allmovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Tous les jours dimanche" . Allmovie . Retrieved March 17, 2014 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "The Silence of the Hams (1994) – Ezio Greggio, Raffaello Jacomelli | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Pas Très Catholique" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Armstrong, Derek. "Spanking the Monkey" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Erickson, Hal. "The Stoned Age" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "The Sum of Us" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "Swimming With Sharks" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Pida Huivista Kiinni, Tatjana" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ "Tatjana" . Filmportal.de . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Dillard, Brian J. "Threesome" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Threesome" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Betzold, Michael. "Trapped In Paradise" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Betzold, Michael. "Threesome" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Betzold, Michael. "Wagons East" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "3 Ninjas Knuckle Up" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "The American President" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Antonia's Line" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Bad Boys" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Beday, Jeremy. "Billy Madison" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Blue in the Face" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Blue Juice" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Billy Madison" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "A Bucket of Blood" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Bushwhacked" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Williams, Karl. "Bye, Bye Love" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 19, 2016 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Canadian Bacon" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Casper" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "A Close Shave" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Kaye, Don. "Clueless" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Binion, Cavett. "El Dia de la Bestia" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Demon Knight" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Dracula: Dead and Loving It" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Southern, Nathan. "Dream a Little Dream 2" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Empire Records" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Father of the Bride Part II" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Flirt" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Forget Paris" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Four Rooms" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Freaky Friday" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "French Kiss" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Friday" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Get Shorty" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Crow, Jonathan. "Getting Any?" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "God's Comedy" . AllMovie . Retrieved July 28, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "A Goofy Movie" . AllMovie . 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"Toy Story" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Underground" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Haut Bas Fragile" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Betzhold, Michael. "Vampire in Brooklyn" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Welcome to the Dollhouse" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Betzold, Michael. "While You Were Sleeping" . AllMovie . Retrieved November 7, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "101 Dalmatians" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "A Very Brady Sequel" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Deming, Mark. "The Associate" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "Beautiful Girls" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Fountain, Clarke. "Beavis and Butt-Head Do America" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Bernie" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Big Bully (1996)" . AllMovie . 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Retrieved 2 May 2023 . ^ Blaise, Judd. "Citizen Ruth" . AllMovie . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . ^ Crow, Jonathan. "Conspirators of Pleasure (1996)" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Curdled (1996)" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Deming, Mark. "D3: The Mighty Ducks" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Dear God" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996)" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Down Periscope (1996)" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Dunston Checks In (1996)" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Ed (1996)" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Eddie (1996)" . AllMovie . Retrieved December 17, 2016 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Emma" . AllMovie . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . ^ Deming, Mark. "Faithful (1996)" . AllMovie . 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Archived from the original on June 7, 2019 . Retrieved June 7, 2019 . ^ [ bare URL ] ^ [ bare URL ] Bibliography Galbraith IV, Stuart (2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1-4616-7374-3 . v t e Lists of films by genre and themes v t e Action Martial arts Mixed martial arts Ninja Adventure Pirate Swashbuckler Animation Avant-garde Biographical Blaxploitation Children's Animation Christian Comedy Parody Crime Disaster Documentary Drama Historical Slavery Erotic Fantasy Sword and sorcery Horror Comedy horror Disaster Eco Ghosts Mummy Natural Vampire Zombie LGBTQ Melodrama Mockumentary Monster Giant-monster Musical Live musical Mystery Noir Neo-noir Prison Religious Romance Romantic comedy Satire Science fiction Apocalyptic Body swap Dystopia Extraterrestrials Sci-fi action Sci-fi comedy Sci-fi horror Superhero Time travel Spy Sports Teen Thriller Erotic War Anti-war Western Euro Spaghetti Action Martial arts Mixed martial arts Ninja Martial arts Mixed martial arts Ninja Adventure Pirate Swashbuckler Pirate Swashbuckler Animation Avant-garde Biographical Blaxploitation Children's Animation Animation Christian Comedy Parody Parody Crime Disaster Documentary Drama Historical Slavery Historical Slavery Erotic Fantasy Sword and sorcery Sword and sorcery Horror Comedy horror Disaster Eco Ghosts Mummy Natural Vampire Zombie Comedy horror Disaster Eco Ghosts Mummy Natural Vampire Zombie LGBTQ Melodrama Mockumentary Monster Giant-monster Giant-monster Musical Live musical Live musical Mystery Noir Neo-noir Prison Religious Romance Romantic comedy Satire Science fiction Apocalyptic Body swap Dystopia Extraterrestrials Sci-fi action Sci-fi comedy Sci-fi horror Superhero Time travel Apocalyptic Body swap Dystopia Extraterrestrials Sci-fi action Sci-fi comedy Sci-fi horror Superhero Time travel Spy Sports Teen Thriller Erotic Erotic War Anti-war Anti-war Western Euro Spaghetti Euro Spaghetti Lists of comedy films by decade 1990s comedy films Lists of 1990s films by genre CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2) CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024 CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Incomplete lists from August 2008 Incomplete film lists Incomplete lists from August 2024 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025 This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 23:58 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Artificial Intelligence New submissions Cross-lists Replacements See recent articles Showing new listings for Friday, 16 January 2026 New submissions (showing 53 of 53 entries) Since the release of ChatGPT, there has been a lot of debate about whether AI systems pose an existential risk to humanity. This paper develops a general framework for thinking about the existential risk of AI systems. We analyze a two premise argument that AI systems pose a threat to humanity. Premise one: AI systems will become extremely powerful. Premise two: if AI systems become extremely powerful, they will destroy humanity. We use these two premises to construct a taxonomy of survival stories, in which humanity survives into the far future. In each survival story, one of the two premises fails. Either scientific barriers prevent AI systems from becoming extremely powerful; or humanity bans research into AI systems, thereby preventing them from becoming extremely powerful; or extremely powerful AI systems do not destroy humanity, because their goals prevent them from doing so; or extremely powerful AI systems do not destroy humanity, because we can reliably detect and disable systems that have the goal of doing so. We argue that different survival stories face different challenges. We also argue that different survival stories motivate different responses to the threats from AI. Finally, we use our taxonomy to produce rough estimates of P(doom), the probability that humanity will be destroyed by AI. Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) and reinforcement learning (RL) have driven progress in GUI automation. However, most existing methods rely on static, one-shot visual inputs and passive perception, lacking the ability to adaptively determine when, whether, and how to observe the interface. We present GUI-Eyes, a reinforcement learning framework for active visual perception in GUI tasks. To acquire more informative observations, the agent learns to make strategic decisions on both whether and how to invoke visual tools, such as cropping or zooming, within a two-stage reasoning process. To support this behavior, we introduce a progressive perception strategy that decomposes decision-making into coarse exploration and fine-grained grounding, coordinated by a two-level policy. In addition, we design a spatially continuous reward function tailored to tool usage, which integrates both location proximity and region overlap to provide dense supervision and alleviate the reward sparsity common in GUI environments. On the ScreenSpot-Pro benchmark, GUI-Eyes-3B achieves 44.8% grounding accuracy using only 3k labeled samples, significantly outperforming both supervised and RL-based baselines. These results highlight that tool-aware active perception, enabled by staged policy reasoning and fine-grained reward feedback, is critical for building robust and data-efficient GUI agents. Modern LLM-based recommenders can generate compelling ranked lists, but they struggle to reliably satisfy governance constraints such as minimum long-tail exposure or diversity requirements. We present PCN-Rec, a proof-carrying negotiation pipeline that separates natural-language reasoning from deterministic enforcement. A base recommender (MF/CF) produces a candidate window of size W, which is negotiated by two agents: a User Advocate optimizing relevance and a Policy Agent enforcing constraints. A mediator LLM synthesizes a top-N slate together with a structured certificate (JSON) describing the claimed constraint satisfaction. A deterministic verifier recomputes all constraints from the slate and accepts only verifier-checked certificates; if verification fails, a deterministic constrained-greedy repair produces a compliant slate for re-verification, yielding an auditable trace. On MovieLens-100K with governance constraints, PCN-Rec achieves a 98.55% pass rate on feasible users (n = 551, W = 80) versus a one-shot single-LLM baseline without verification/repair, while preserving utility with only a 0.021 absolute drop in NDCG@10 (0.403 vs. 0.424); differences are statistically significant (p < 0.05). The rapid spread of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns about the social reactions they provoke. Prior research documents negative attitudes toward AI users, but it remains unclear whether such disapproval translates into costly action. We address this question in a two-phase online experiment (N = 491 Phase II participants; Phase I provided targets) where participants could spend part of their own endowment to reduce the earnings of peers who had previously completed a real-effort task with or without LLM support. On average, participants destroyed 36% of the earnings of those who relied exclusively on the model, with punishment increasing monotonically with actual LLM use. Disclosure about LLM use created a credibility gap: self-reported null use was punished more harshly than actual null use, suggesting that declarations of "no use" are treated with suspicion. Conversely, at high levels of use, actual reliance on the model was punished more strongly than self-reported reliance. Taken together, these findings provide the first behavioral evidence that the efficiency gains of LLMs come at the cost of social sanctions. Modern logical reasoning with LLMs primarily relies on employing complex interactive frameworks that decompose the reasoning process into subtasks solved through carefully designed prompts or requiring external resources (e.g., symbolic solvers) to exploit their strong logical structures. While interactive approaches introduce additional overhead, hybrid approaches depend on external components, which limit their scalability. A non-interactive, end-to-end framework enables reasoning to emerge within the model itself -- improving generalization while preserving analyzability without any external resources. In this work, we introduce a non-interactive, end-to-end framework for reasoning tasks. We show that introducing structural information into the few-shot prompt activates a subset of attention heads that patterns aligned with logical reasoning operators. Building on this insight, we propose Attention-Aware Intervention (AAI), an inference-time intervention method that reweights attention scores across selected heads identified by their logical patterns. AAI offers an efficient way to steer the model's reasoning toward leveraging prior knowledge through attention modulation. Extensive experiments show that AAI enhances logical reasoning performance across diverse benchmarks and model architectures, while incurring negligible additional computational overhead. Code is available at this https URL . Sequential test-time scaling is a promising training-free method to improve large reasoning model accuracy, but as currently implemented, significant limitations have been observed. Inducing models to think for longer can increase their accuracy, but as the length of reasoning is further extended, it has also been shown to result in accuracy degradation and model instability. This work presents a novel sequential test-time scaling method, Min-Seek, which improves model accuracy significantly over a wide range of induced thoughts, stabilizing the accuracy of sequential scaling, and removing the need for reasoning length fine-tuning. Beyond improving model accuracy over a variety of reasoning tasks, our method is inherently efficient, as only the KV pairs of one additional induced thought are kept in the KV cache during reasoning. With a custom KV cache which stores keys without position embeddings, by dynamically encoding them contiguously before each new generated thought, our method can continue to reason well beyond a model's maximum context length, and under mild conditions has linear computational complexity. Anthropomorphisation -- the phenomenon whereby non-human entities are ascribed human-like qualities -- has become increasingly salient with the rise of large language model (LLM)-based conversational agents (CAs). Unlike earlier chatbots, LLM-based CAs routinely generate interactional and linguistic cues, such as first-person self-reference, epistemic and affective expressions that empirical work shows can increase engagement. On the other hand, anthropomorphisation raises ethical concerns, including deception, overreliance, and exploitative relationship framing, while some authors argue that anthropomorphic interaction may support autonomy, well-being, and inclusion. Despite increasing interest in the phenomenon, literature remains fragmented across domains and varies substantially in how it defines, operationalizes, and normatively evaluates anthropomorphisation. This scoping review maps ethically oriented work on anthropomorphising LLM-based CAs across five databases and three preprint repositories. We synthesize (1) conceptual foundations, (2) ethical challenges and opportunities, and (3) methodological approaches. We find convergence on attribution-based definitions but substantial divergence in operationalization, a predominantly risk-forward normative framing, and limited empirical work that links observed interaction effects to actionable governance guidance. We conclude with a research agenda and design/governance recommendations for ethically deploying anthropomorphic cues in LLM-based conversational agents. Human-AI complementarity is the claim that a human supported by an AI system can outperform either alone in a decision-making process. Since its introduction in the human-AI interaction literature, it has gained traction by generalizing the reliance paradigm and by offering a more practical alternative to the contested construct of 'trust in AI.' Yet complementarity faces key theoretical challenges: it lacks precise theoretical anchoring, it is formalized just as a post hoc indicator of relative predictive accuracy, it remains silent about other desiderata of human-AI interactions and it abstracts away from the magnitude-cost profile of its performance gain. As a result, complementarity is difficult to obtain in empirical settings. In this work, we leverage epistemology to address these challenges by reframing complementarity within the discourse on justificatory AI. Drawing on computational reliabilism, we argue that historical instances of complementarity function as evidence that a given human-AI interaction is a reliable epistemic process for a given predictive task. Together with other reliability indicators assessing the alignment of the human-AI team with the epistemic standards and socio-technical practices, complementarity contributes to the degree of reliability of human-AI teams when generating predictions. This supports the practical reasoning of those affected by these outputs -- patients, managers, regulators, and others. In summary, our approach suggests that the role and value of complementarity lies not in providing a relative measure of predictive accuracy, but in helping calibrate decision-making to the reliability of AI-supported processes that increasingly shape everyday life. Most existing Large Language Model (LLM)-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) rely on predefined workflows, where human engineers enumerate task states in advance and specify routing rules and contextual injections accordingly. Such workflow-driven designs are essentially rule-based decision trees, which suffer from two fundamental limitations: they require substantial manual effort to anticipate and encode possible task states, and they cannot exhaustively cover the state space of complex real-world tasks. To address these issues, we propose an Information-Flow-Orchestrated Multi-Agent Paradigm via Agent-to-Agent (A2A) Communication from CORAL, in which a dedicated information flow orchestrator continuously monitors task progress and dynamically coordinates other agents through the A2A toolkit using natural language, without relying on predefined workflows. We evaluate our approach on the general-purpose benchmark GAIA, using the representative workflow-based MAS OWL as the baseline while controlling for agent roles and underlying models. Under the pass@1 setting, our method achieves 63.64% accuracy, outperforming OWL's 55.15% by 8.49 percentage points with comparable token consumption. Further case-level analysis shows that our paradigm enables more flexible task monitoring and more robust handling of edge cases. Our implementation is publicly available at: this https URL Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become the default strategy for providing large language model (LLM) agents with contextual knowledge. Yet RAG treats memory as a stateless lookup table: information persists indefinitely, retrieval is read-only, and temporal continuity is absent. We define the \textit{Continuum Memory Architecture} (CMA), a class of systems that maintain and update internal state across interactions through persistent storage, selective retention, associative routing, temporal chaining, and consolidation into higher-order abstractions. Rather than disclosing implementation specifics, we specify the architectural requirements CMA imposes and show consistent behavioral advantages on tasks that expose RAG's structural inability to accumulate, mutate, or disambiguate memory. The empirical probes (knowledge updates, temporal association, associative recall, contextual disambiguation) demonstrate that CMA is a necessary architectural primitive for long-horizon agents while highlighting open challenges around latency, drift, and interpretability. AI agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, where malicious content hijacks agent behavior to steal credentials or cause financial loss. The only known robust defense is architectural isolation that strictly separates trusted task planning from untrusted environment observations. However, applying this design to Computer Use Agents (CUAs) -- systems that automate tasks by viewing screens and executing actions -- presents a fundamental challenge: current agents require continuous observation of UI state to determine each action, conflicting with the isolation required for security. We resolve this tension by demonstrating that UI workflows, while dynamic, are structurally predictable. We introduce Single-Shot Planning for CUAs, where a trusted planner generates a complete execution graph with conditional branches before any observation of potentially malicious content, providing provable control flow integrity guarantees against arbitrary instruction injections. Although this architectural isolation successfully prevents instruction injections, we show that additional measures are needed to prevent Branch Steering attacks, which manipulate UI elements to trigger unintended valid paths within the plan. We evaluate our design on OSWorld, and retain up to 57% of the performance of frontier models while improving performance for smaller open-source models by up to 19%, demonstrating that rigorous security and utility can coexist in CUAs. Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) offer transformative potential for high-stakes domains like finance and law, but their tendency to hallucinate, generating factually incorrect or unsupported content, poses a critical reliability risk. This paper introduces a comprehensive operational framework for hallucination management, built on a continuous improvement cycle driven by root cause awareness. We categorize hallucination sources into model, data, and context-related factors, allowing targeted interventions over generic fixes. The framework integrates multi-faceted detection methods (e.g., uncertainty estimation, reasoning consistency) with stratified mitigation strategies (e.g., knowledge grounding, confidence calibration). We demonstrate its application through a tiered architecture and a financial data extraction case study, where model, context, and data tiers form a closed feedback loop for progressive reliability enhancement. This approach provides a systematic, scalable methodology for building trustworthy generative AI systems in regulated environments. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains that require precise legal knowledge, complex reasoning, and contextual sensitivity. To address these limitations, we present LabourLawLLM, a legal large language model tailored to Chinese labor law. We also introduce LabourLawBench, a comprehensive benchmark covering diverse labor-law tasks, including legal provision citation, knowledge-based question answering, case classification, compensation computation, named entity recognition, and legal case analysis. Our evaluation framework combines objective metrics (e.g., ROUGE-L, accuracy, F1, and soft-F1) with subjective assessment based on GPT-4 scoring. Experiments show that LabourLawLLM consistently outperforms general-purpose and existing legal-specific LLMs across task categories. Beyond labor law, our methodology provides a scalable approach for building specialized LLMs in other legal subfields, improving accuracy, reliability, and societal value of legal AI applications. Personalizing Large Language Models typically relies on static retrieval or one-time adaptation, assuming user preferences remain invariant over time. However, real-world interactions are dynamic, where user interests continuously evolve, posing a challenge for models to adapt to preference drift without catastrophic forgetting. Standard continual learning approaches often struggle in this context, as they indiscriminately update on noisy interaction streams, failing to distinguish genuine preference shifts from transient contexts. To address this, we introduce SPRInG, a novel semi-parametric framework designed for effective continual personalization. During training, SPRInG employs drift-driven selective adaptation, which utilizes a likelihood-based scoring function to identify high-novelty interactions. This allows the model to selectively update the user-specific adapter on drift signals while preserving hard-to-learn residuals in a replay buffer. During inference, we apply strict relevance gating and fuse parametric knowledge with retrieved history via logit interpolation. Experiments on the long-form personalized generation benchmark demonstrate that SPRInG outperforms existing baselines, validating its robustness for real-world continual personalization. Existing NL2SQL systems face two critical limitations: (1) they rely on in-context learning with only correct examples, overlooking the rich signal in historical error-fix pairs that could guide more robust self-correction; and (2) test-time scaling approaches often decompose questions arbitrarily, producing near-identical SQL candidates across runs and diminishing ensemble gains. Moreover, these methods suffer from a stark accuracy-efficiency trade-off: high performance demands excessive computation, while fast variants compromise quality. We present Memo-SQL, a training-free framework that addresses these issues through two simple ideas: structured decomposition and experience-aware self-correction. Instead of leaving decomposition to chance, we apply three clear strategies, entity-wise, hierarchical, and atomic sequential, to encourage diverse reasoning. For correction, we build a dynamic memory of both successful queries and historical error-fix pairs, and use retrieval-augmented prompting to bring relevant examples into context at inference time, no fine-tuning or external APIs required. On BIRD, Memo-SQL achieves 68.5% execution accuracy, setting a new state of the art among open, zero-fine-tuning methods, while using over 10 times fewer resources than prior TTS approaches. Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly shaping human-computer interaction (HCI), from personalized assistants to social simulations. Beyond language competence, researchers are exploring whether LLMs can exhibit human-like characteristics that influence engagement, decision-making, and perceived realism. Personality, in particular, is critical, yet existing approaches often struggle to achieve both nuanced and adaptable expression. We present a framework that models LLM personality via Jungian psychological types, integrating three mechanisms: a dominant-auxiliary coordination mechanism for coherent core expression, a reinforcement-compensation mechanism for temporary adaptation to context, and a reflection mechanism that drives long-term personality evolution. This design allows the agent to maintain nuanced traits while dynamically adjusting to interaction demands and gradually updating its underlying structure. Personality alignment is evaluated using Myers-Briggs Type Indicator questionnaires and tested under diverse challenge scenarios as a preliminary structured assessment. Findings suggest that evolving, personality-aware LLMs can support coherent, context-sensitive interactions, enabling naturalistic agent design in HCI. Academic paper search is a fundamental task in scientific research, yet most existing approaches rely on rigid, predefined workflows that struggle with complex, conditional queries. To address this limitation, we propose PaperScout, an autonomous agent that reformulates paper search as a sequential decision-making process. Unlike static workflows, PaperScout dynamically decides whether, when, and how to invoke search and expand tools based on accumulated retrieval context. However, training such agents presents a fundamental challenge: standard reinforcement learning methods, typically designed for single-turn tasks, suffer from a granularity mismatch when applied to multi-turn agentic tasks, where token-level optimization diverges from the granularity of sequence-level interactions, leading to noisy credit assignment. We introduce Proximal Sequence Policy Optimization (PSPO), a process-aware, sequence-level policy optimization method that aligns optimization with agent-environment interaction. Comprehensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world benchmarks demonstrate that PaperScout significantly outperforms strong workflow-driven and RL baselines in both recall and relevance, validating the effectiveness of our adaptive agentic framework and optimization strategy. The scientific computation of large deformations in elastic-plastic solids is crucial in various manufacturing applications. Traditional numerical methods exhibit several inherent limitations, prompting Deep Learning (DL) as a promising alternative. The effectiveness of current DL techniques typically depends on the availability of high-quantity and high-accuracy datasets, which are yet difficult to obtain in large deformation problems. During the dataset construction process, a dilemma stands between data quantity and data accuracy, leading to suboptimal performance in the DL models. To address this challenge, we focus on a representative application of large deformations, the stretch bending problem, and propose FilDeep, a Fidelity-based Deep Learning framework for large Deformation of elastic-plastic solids. Our FilDeep aims to resolve the quantity-accuracy dilemma by simultaneously training with both low-fidelity and high-fidelity data, where the former provides greater quantity but lower accuracy, while the latter offers higher accuracy but in less quantity. In FilDeep, we provide meticulous designs for the practical large deformation problem. Particularly, we propose attention-enabled cross-fidelity modules to effectively capture long-range physical interactions across MF data. To the best of our knowledge, our FilDeep presents the first DL framework for large deformation problems using MF data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our FilDeep consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance and can be efficiently deployed in manufacturing. The past year has marked a turning point in the evolution and real-world use of large language models (LLMs). With the release of the first widely adopted reasoning model, o1, on December 5th, 2024, the field shifted from single-pass pattern generation to multi-step deliberation inference, accelerating deployment, experimentation, and new classes of applications. As this shift unfolded at a rapid pace, our empirical understanding of how these models have actually been used in practice has lagged behind. In this work, we leverage the OpenRouter platform, which is an AI inference provider across a wide variety of LLMs, to analyze over 100 trillion tokens of real-world LLM interactions across tasks, geographies, and time. In our empirical study, we observe substantial adoption of open-weight models, the outsized popularity of creative roleplay (beyond just the productivity tasks many assume dominate) and coding assistance categories, plus the rise of agentic inference. Furthermore, our retention analysis identifies foundational cohorts: early users whose engagement persists far longer than later cohorts. We term this phenomenon the Cinderella "Glass Slipper" effect. These findings underscore that the way developers and end-users engage with LLMs "in the wild" is complex and multifaceted. We discuss implications for model builders, AI developers, and infrastructure providers, and outline how a data-driven understanding of usage can inform better design and deployment of LLM systems. As knowledge and semantics on the web grow increasingly complex, enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) comprehension and reasoning capabilities has become particularly important. Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has been shown to enhance the reasoning capabilities of LLMs. However, it still falls short on logical reasoning tasks that rely on symbolic expressions and strict deductive rules. Neuro-symbolic methods address this gap by enforcing formal correctness through external solvers. Yet these solvers are highly format-sensitive, and small instabilities in model outputs can lead to frequent processing failures. LLM-driven approaches avoid parsing brittleness, but they lack structured representations and process-level error-correction mechanisms. To further enhance the logical reasoning capabilities of LLMs, we propose MatrixCoT, a structured CoT framework with a matrix-based plan. Specifically, we normalize and type natural language expressions, attach explicit citation fields, and introduce a matrix-based planning method to preserve global relations among steps. The plan becomes a verifiable artifact, making execution more stable. For verification, we also add a feedback-driven replanning mechanism. Under semantic-equivalence constraints, it identifies omissions and defects, rewrites and compresses the dependency matrix, and produces a more trustworthy final answer. Experiments on five logical-reasoning benchmarks and five LLMs show that, without relying on external solvers, MatrixCoT enhances both robustness and interpretability when tackling complex symbolic reasoning tasks, while maintaining competitive performance. Large language models (LLMs) are challenging to deploy for domain-specific tasks due to their massive scale. While distilling a fine-tuned LLM into a smaller student model is a promising alternative, the capacity gap between teacher and student often leads to suboptimal performance. This raises a key question: when and how can a student model match or even surpass its teacher on domain-specific tasks? In this work, we propose a novel theoretical insight: a student can outperform its teacher if its advantage on a Student-Favored Subdomain (SFS) outweighs its deficit on the Teacher-Favored Subdomain (TFS). Guided by this insight, we propose Scheduled Checkpoint Distillation (SCD), which reduces the TFS deficit by emulating the teacher's convergence process during supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on the domain task, and a sample-wise Adaptive Weighting (AW) mechanism to preserve student strengths on SFS. Experiments across diverse domain tasks--including QA, NER, and text classification in multiple languages--show that our method consistently outperforms existing distillation approaches, allowing the student model to match or even exceed the performance of its fine-tuned teacher. Generating molecules that satisfy precise numeric constraints over multiple physicochemical properties is critical and challenging. Although large language models (LLMs) are expressive, they struggle with precise multi-objective control and numeric reasoning without external structure and feedback. We introduce \textbf{M olGen}, a fragment-level, retrieval-augmented, two-stage framework for molecule generation under multi-property constraints. Stage I : Prototype generation: a multi-agent reasoner performs retrieval-anchored, fragment-level edits to produce a candidate near the feasible region. Stage II : RL-based fine-grained optimization: a fragment-level optimizer trained with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) applies one- or multi-hop refinements to explicitly minimize the property errors toward our target while regulating edit complexity and deviation from the prototype. A large, automatically curated dataset with reasoning chains of fragment edits and measured property deltas underpins both stages, enabling deterministic, reproducible supervision and controllable multi-hop reasoning. Unlike prior work, our framework better reasons about molecules by leveraging fragments and supports controllable refinement toward numeric targets. Experiments on generation under two sets of property constraints (QED, LogP, Molecular Weight and HOMO, LUMO) show consistent gains in validity and precise satisfaction of multi-property targets, outperforming strong LLMs and graph-based algorithms. Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in reasoning and prediction across different domains. Yet, their ability to infer temporal regularities from structured behavioral data remains underexplored. This paper presents a systematic study investigating whether LLMs can predict time intervals between recurring user actions, such as repeated purchases, and how different levels of contextual information shape their predictive behavior. Using a simple but representative repurchase scenario, we benchmark state-of-the-art LLMs in zero-shot settings against both statistical and machine-learning models. Two key findings emerge. First, while LLMs surpass lightweight statistical baselines, they consistently underperform dedicated machine-learning models, showing their limited ability to capture quantitative temporal structure. Second, although moderate context can improve LLM accuracy, adding further user-level detail degrades performance. These results challenge the assumption that "more context leads to better reasoning". Our study highlights fundamental limitations of today's LLMs in structured temporal inference and offers guidance for designing future context-aware hybrid models that integrate statistical precision with linguistic flexibility. In quantitative finance, the gap between training and real-world performance-driven by concept drift and distributional non-stationarity-remains a critical obstacle for building reliable data-driven systems. Models trained on static historical data often overfit, resulting in poor generalization in dynamic markets. The mantra "History Is Not Enough" underscores the need for adaptive data generation that learns to evolve with the market rather than relying solely on past observations. We present a drift-aware dataflow system that integrates machine learning-based adaptive control into the data curation process. The system couples a parameterized data manipulation module comprising single-stock transformations, multi-stock mix-ups, and curation operations, with an adaptive planner-scheduler that employs gradient-based bi-level optimization to control the system. This design unifies data augmentation, curriculum learning, and data workflow management under a single differentiable framework, enabling provenance-aware replay and continuous data quality monitoring. Extensive experiments on forecasting and reinforcement learning trading tasks demonstrate that our framework enhances model robustness and improves risk-adjusted returns. The system provides a generalizable approach to adaptive data management and learning-guided workflow automation for financial data. Long-sequence decision-making, which is usually addressed through reinforcement learning (RL), is a critical component for optimizing strategic operations in dynamic environments, such as real-time bidding in computational advertising. The Decision Transformer (DT) introduced a powerful paradigm by framing RL as an autoregressive sequence modeling problem. Concurrently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in complex reasoning and planning tasks. This inspires us whether LLMs, which share the same Transformer foundation, but operate at a much larger scale, can unlock new levels of performance in long-horizon sequential decision-making problem. This work investigates the application of LLMs to offline decision making tasks. A fundamental challenge in this domain is the LLMs' inherent inability to interpret continuous values, as they lack a native understanding of numerical magnitude and order when values are represented as text strings. To address this, we propose treating trajectories as a distinct modality. By learning to align trajectory data with natural language task descriptions, our model can autoregressively predict future decisions within a cohesive framework we term DecisionLLM. We establish a set of scaling laws governing this paradigm, demonstrating that performance hinges on three factors: model scale, data volume, and data quality. In offline experimental benchmarks and bidding scenarios, DecisionLLM achieves strong performance. Specifically, DecisionLLM-3B outperforms the traditional Decision Transformer (DT) by 69.4 on Maze2D umaze-v1 and by 0.085 on AuctionNet. It extends the AIGB paradigm and points to promising directions for future exploration in online bidding. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce this http URL , an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. this http URL packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. this http URL includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, this http URL enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely adopted for Protein Representation Learning (PRL), as residue interaction networks can be naturally represented as graphs. Current GNN-based PRL methods typically rely on single-perspective graph construction strategies, which capture partial properties of residue interactions, resulting in incomplete protein representations. To address this limitation, we propose MMPG, a framework that constructs protein graphs from multiple perspectives and adaptively fuses them via Mixture of Experts (MoE) for PRL. MMPG constructs graphs from physical, chemical, and geometric perspectives to characterize different properties of residue interactions. To capture both perspective-specific features and their synergies, we develop an MoE module, which dynamically routes perspectives to specialized experts, where experts learn intrinsic features and cross-perspective interactions. We quantitatively verify that MoE automatically specializes experts in modeling distinct levels of interaction from individual representations, to pairwise inter-perspective synergies, and ultimately to a global consensus across all perspectives. Through integrating this multi-level information, MMPG produces superior protein representations and achieves advanced performance on four different downstream protein tasks. Compositionality is a cognitive mechanism that allows humans to systematically combine known concepts in novel ways. This study demonstrates how artificial neural agents acquire and utilize compositional generalization to describe previously unseen images. Our method, termed "Composition through Decomposition", involves two sequential training steps. In the 'Decompose' step, the agents learn to decompose an image into basic concepts using a codebook acquired during interaction in a multi-target coordination game. Subsequently, in the 'Compose' step, the agents employ this codebook to describe novel images by composing basic concepts into complex phrases. Remarkably, we observe cases where generalization in the `Compose' step is achieved zero-shot, without the need for additional training. Automated analysis of needle electromyography (nEMG) signals is emerging as a tool to support the detection of neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), yet the signals' high and heterogeneous sampling rates pose substantial computational challenges for feature-based machine-learning models, particularly for near real-time analysis. Downsampling offers a potential solution, but its impact on diagnostic signal content and classification performance remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a workflow for systematically evaluating information loss caused by downsampling in high-frequency time series. The workflow combines shape-based distortion metrics with classification outcomes from available feature-based machine learning models and feature space analysis to quantify how different downsampling algorithms and factors affect both waveform integrity and predictive performance. We use a three-class NMD classification task to experimentally evaluate the workflow. We demonstrate how the workflow identifies downsampling configurations that preserve diagnostic information while substantially reducing computational load. Analysis of shape-based distortion metrics showed that shape-aware downsampling algorithms outperform standard decimation, as they better preserve peak structure and overall signal morphology. The results provide practical guidance for selecting downsampling configurations that enable near real-time nEMG analysis and highlight a generalisable workflow that can be used to balance data reduction with model performance in other high-frequency time-series applications as well. Group anomaly detection is crucial in many network applications, but faces challenges due to diverse anomaly patterns. Motivated by the success of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing, graph foundation models (GFMs) is proposed to handle few-shot learning task with fewer labeling efforts. GFMs have been successfully applied to detection of individual anomalies but cannot be generalized to group anomalies, as group anomaly patterns must be detected as a whole and individuals in an abnormal group can look rather normal. Therefore, we propose GFM4GA, a novel graph foundation model for group anomaly detection. The pipeline is pretrained via dual-level contrastive learning based on feature-based estimation and group extraction, to capture potential group anomaly structure and feature inconsistencies. In the downstream tasks, the pipeline is finetuned in parameter-constrained and group-anomaly-proportion weighted few-shot settings, and its adaptive ability to unseen group anomalies expanded via group contexts determined by labeled anomaly neighbors. Experiments show that GFM4GA surpasses group anomaly detectors and GFMs for individual anomalies, achieving average improvements of 2.85% in AUROC and 2.55% in AUPRC. In enterprise datasets, documents are rarely pure. They are not just text, nor just numbers; they are a complex amalgam of narrative and structure. Current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have attempted to address this complexity with a blunt tool: linearization. We convert rich, multidimensional tables into simple Markdown-style text strings, hoping that an embedding model will capture the geometry of a spreadsheet in a single vector. But it has already been shown that this is mathematically insufficient. This work presents Topo-RAG, a framework that challenges the assumption that "everything is text". We propose a dual architecture that respects the topology of the data: we route fluid narrative through traditional dense retrievers, while tabular structures are processed by a Cell-Aware Late Interaction mechanism, preserving their spatial relationships. Evaluated on SEC-25, a synthetic enterprise corpus that mimics real-world complexity, Topo-RAG demonstrates an 18.4% improvement in nDCG@10 on hybrid queries compared to standard linearization approaches. It's not just about searching better; it's about understanding the shape of information. Multi-step reasoning tasks like mathematical problem solving are vulnerable to cascading failures, where a single incorrect step leads to complete solution breakdown. Current LLM routing methods assign entire queries to one model, treating all reasoning steps as equal. We propose TRIM (Targeted routing in multi-step reasoning tasks), which routes only critical steps$\unicode{x2013}$those likely to derail the solution$\unicode{x2013}$to larger models while letting smaller models handle routine continuations. Our key insight is that targeted step-level interventions can fundamentally transform inference efficiency by confining expensive calls to precisely those steps where stronger models prevent cascading errors. TRIM operates at the step-level: it uses process reward models to identify erroneous steps and makes routing decisions based on step-level uncertainty and budget constraints. We develop several routing strategies within TRIM, ranging from a simple threshold-based policy to more expressive policies that reason about long-horizon accuracy-cost trade-offs and uncertainty in step-level correctness estimates. On MATH-500, even the simplest thresholding strategy surpasses prior routing methods with 5x higher cost efficiency, while more advanced policies match the strong, expensive model's performance using 80% fewer expensive model tokens. On harder benchmarks such as AIME, TRIM achieves up to 6x higher cost efficiency. All methods generalize effectively across math reasoning tasks, demonstrating that step-level difficulty represents fundamental characteristics of reasoning. We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode spatial relationships and recognize geometric properties directly. Our benchmark comprises 2,500 trivial geometric problems spanning 25 categories, each carefully crafted to be solvable purely through native geometric understanding, assuming known object locations. We assess a range of state-of-the-art models on NoReGeo, including frontier models like GPT-4, observing that even the most advanced systems achieve an overall maximum of 65% accuracy in binary classification tasks. Further, our ablation experiments demonstrate that such geometric understanding does not emerge through fine-tuning alone, indicating that effective training for geometric comprehension requires a specialized approach from the outset. Our findings highlight a significant gap in current LLMs' ability to natively grasp geometric concepts, providing a foundation for future research toward models with true geometric cognition. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of needle-in-a-haystack evidence retrieval largely unsupervised. To address this, we propose EAPO (Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization). We first establish the Evidence-Augmented Reasoning paradigm, validating via Tree-Structured Evidence Sampling that precise evidence extraction is the decisive bottleneck for long-context reasoning. Guided by this insight, EAPO introduces a specialized RL algorithm where a reward model computes a Group-Relative Evidence Reward, providing dense process supervision to explicitly improve evidence quality. To sustain accurate supervision throughout training, we further incorporate an Adaptive Reward-Policy Co-Evolution mechanism. This mechanism iteratively refines the reward model using outcome-consistent rollouts, sharpening its discriminative capability to ensure precise process guidance. Comprehensive evaluations across eight benchmarks demonstrate that EAPO significantly enhances long-context reasoning performance compared to SOTA baselines. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a pivotal noninvasive marker for autonomic monitoring; however, applying Large Language Models (LLMs) to HRV interpretation is hindered by physiological hallucinations. These include respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) contamination, short-data instability in nonlinear metrics, and the neglect of individualized baselines in favor of population norms. We propose C-GRASP (Clinically-Grounded Reasoning for Affective Signal Processing), a guardrailed RAG-enhanced pipeline that decomposes HRV interpretation into eight traceable reasoning steps. Central to C-GRASP is a Z-score Priority Hierarchy that enforces the weighting of individualized baseline shifts over normative statistics. The system effectively mitigates spectral hallucinations through automated RSA-aware guardrails, preventing contamination of frequency-domain indices. Evaluated on 414 trials from the DREAMER dataset, C-GRASP integrated with high-scale reasoning models (e.g., MedGemma3-thinking) achieved superior performance in 4-class emotion classification (37.3% accuracy) and a Clinical Reasoning Consistency (CRC) score of 69.6%. Ablation studies confirm that the individualized Delta Z-score module serves as the critical logical anchor, preventing the "population bias" common in native LLMs. Ultimately, C-GRASP transitions affective computing from black-box classification to transparent, evidence-based clinical decision support, paving the way for safer AI integration in biomedical engineering. In LLM-based text-to-SQL systems, unanswerable and underspecified user queries may generate not only incorrect text but also executable programs that yield misleading results or violate safety constraints, posing a major barrier to safe deployment. Existing refusal strategies for such queries either rely on output-level instruction following, which is brittle due to model hallucinations, or estimate output uncertainty, which adds complexity and overhead. To address this challenge, we formalize safe refusal in text-to-SQL systems as an answerability-gating problem and propose LatentRefusal, a latent-signal refusal mechanism that predicts query answerability from intermediate hidden activations of a large language model. We introduce the Tri-Residual Gated Encoder, a lightweight probing architecture, to suppress schema noise and amplify sparse, localized cues of question-schema mismatch that indicate unanswerability. Extensive empirical evaluations across diverse ambiguous and unanswerable settings, together with ablation studies and interpretability analyses, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and show that LatentRefusal provides an attachable and efficient safety layer for text-to-SQL systems. Across four benchmarks, LatentRefusal improves average F1 to 88.5 percent on both backbones while adding approximately 2 milliseconds of probe overhead. The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. Privacy policies help inform people about organisations' personal data processing practices, covering different aspects such as data collection, data storage, and sharing of personal data with third parties. Privacy policies are often difficult for people to fully comprehend due to the lengthy and complex legal language used and inconsistent practices across different sectors and organisations. To help conduct automated and large-scale analyses of privacy policies, many researchers have studied applications of machine learning and natural language processing techniques, including large language models (LLMs). While a limited number of prior studies utilised LLMs for extracting personal data flows from privacy policies, our approach builds on this line of work by combining LLMs with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and a customised knowledge base derived from existing studies. This paper presents the development of LADFA, an end-to-end computational framework, which can process unstructured text in a given privacy policy, extract personal data flows and construct a personal data flow graph, and conduct analysis of the data flow graph to facilitate insight discovery. The framework consists of a pre-processor, an LLM-based processor, and a data flow post-processor. We demonstrated and validated the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach by conducting a case study that involved examining ten selected privacy policies from the automotive industry. Moreover, it is worth noting that LADFA is designed to be flexible and customisable, making it suitable for a range of text-based analysis tasks beyond privacy policy analysis. Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. Although the Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDTs) dominate industrial tabular applications, upgrading legacy models in high-concurrency production environments still faces prohibitive retraining costs and systemic risks. To address this problem, we present NSR-Boost, a neuro-symbolic residual boosting framework designed specifically for industrial scenarios. Its core advantage lies in being "non-intrusive". It treats the legacy model as a frozen model and performs targeted repairs on "hard regions" where predictions fail. The framework comprises three key stages: first, finding hard regions through residuals, then generating interpretable experts by generating symbolic code structures using Large Language Model (LLM) and fine-tuning parameters using Bayesian optimization, and finally dynamically integrating experts with legacy model output through a lightweight aggregator. We report on the successful deployment of NSR-Boost within the core financial risk control system at Qfin Holdings. This framework not only significantly outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) baselines across six public datasets and one private dataset, more importantly, shows excellent performance gains on real-world online data. In conclusion, it effectively captures long-tail risks missed by traditional models and offers a safe, low-cost evolutionary paradigm for industry. With advancements in deep learning (DL) and computer vision techniques, the field of chart understanding is evolving rapidly. In particular, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proving to be efficient and accurate in understanding charts. To accurately measure the performance of MLLMs, the research community has developed multiple datasets to serve as benchmarks. By examining these datasets, we found that they are all limited to a small set of chart types. To bridge this gap, we propose the ChartComplete dataset. The dataset is based on a chart taxonomy borrowed from the visualization community, and it covers thirty different chart types. The dataset is a collection of classified chart images and does not include a learning signal. We present the ChartComplete dataset as is to the community to build upon it. Domain-specific knowledge graphs (DKGs) often lack coverage compared to general knowledge graphs (GKGs). To address this, we introduce Domain-specific Knowledge Graph Fusion (DKGF), a novel task that enriches DKGs by integrating relevant facts from GKGs. DKGF faces two key challenges: high ambiguity in domain relevance and misalignment in knowledge granularity across graphs. We propose ExeFuse, a simple yet effective Fact-as-Program paradigm. It treats each GKG fact as a latent semantic program, maps abstract relations to granularity-aware operators, and verifies domain relevance via program executability on the target DKG. This unified probabilistic framework jointly resolves relevance and granularity issues. We construct two benchmarks, DKGF(W-I) and DKGF(Y-I), with 21 evaluation configurations. Extensive experiments validate the task's importance and our model's effectiveness, providing the first standardized testbed for DKGF. As AI agents become increasingly autonomous, widely deployed in consequential contexts, and efficacious in bringing about real-world impacts, ensuring that their decisions are not only instrumentally effective but also normatively aligned has become critical. We introduce a neuro-symbolic reason-based containment architecture, Governor for Reason-Aligned ContainmEnt (GRACE), that decouples normative reasoning from instrumental decision-making and can contain AI agents of virtually any design. GRACE restructures decision-making into three modules: a Moral Module (MM) that determines permissible macro actions via deontic logic-based reasoning; a Decision-Making Module (DMM) that encapsulates the target agent while selecting instrumentally optimal primitive actions in accordance with derived macro actions; and a Guard that monitors and enforces moral compliance. The MM uses a reason-based formalism providing a semantic foundation for deontic logic, enabling interpretability, contestability, and justifiability. Its symbolic representation enriches the DMM's informational context and supports formal verification and statistical guarantees of alignment enforced by the Guard. We demonstrate GRACE on an example of a LLM therapy assistant, showing how it enables stakeholders to understand, contest, and refine agent behavior. The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, struggle against sophisticated jailbreaks, often intervening robust detection or excessively degrading model utility. In this work, we examine the decoding process of LLMs and make a key observation: even when successfully jailbroken, models internally exhibit latent safety-related signals during generation. However, these signals are overridden by the model's drive for fluent continuation, preventing timely self-correction or refusal. Building on this observation, we propose a simple yet effective approach that explicitly surfaces and leverages these latent safety signals for early detection of unsafe content during decoding. Experiments across diverse jailbreak attacks demonstrate that our approach significantly enhances safety, while maintaining low over-refusal rates on benign inputs and preserving response quality. Our results suggest that activating intrinsic safety-awareness during decoding offers a promising and complementary direction for defending against jailbreak attacks. Code is available at: this https URL . In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API calls, though it is constrained by rigid API dependencies and limited adaptability. We replicate GeneGPT and propose GenomAgent, a multi-agent framework that efficiently coordinates specialized agents for complex genomics queries. Evaluated on nine tasks from the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent outperforms GeneGPT by 12% on average, and its flexible architecture extends beyond genomics to various scientific domains needing expert knowledge extraction. We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boolean goal variables and exploits monotonicity to represent exponentially many goal combinations compactly. Our approach substantially outperforms enumeration-based baselines, with speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. Hierarchical reasoning model (HRM) achieves extraordinary performance on various reasoning tasks, significantly outperforming large language model-based reasoners. To understand the strengths and potential failure modes of HRM, we conduct a mechanistic study on its reasoning patterns and find three surprising facts: (a) Failure of extremely simple puzzles, e.g., HRM can fail on a puzzle with only one unknown cell. We attribute this failure to the violation of the fixed point property, a fundamental assumption of HRM. (b) "Grokking" dynamics in reasoning steps, i.e., the answer is not improved uniformly, but instead there is a critical reasoning step that suddenly makes the answer correct; (c) Existence of multiple fixed points. HRM "guesses" the first fixed point, which could be incorrect, and gets trapped there for a while or forever. All facts imply that HRM appears to be "guessing" instead of "reasoning". Leveraging this "guessing" picture, we propose three strategies to scale HRM's guesses: data augmentation (scaling the quality of guesses), input perturbation (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging inference randomness), and model bootstrapping (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging training randomness). On the practical side, by combining all methods, we develop Augmented HRM, boosting accuracy on Sudoku-Extreme from 54.5% to 96.9%. On the scientific side, our analysis provides new insights into how reasoning models "reason". Large language model (LLM) contexts are typically constructed using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves ranking and selecting the top-k passages. The approach causes fragmentation in information graphs in document structures, over-retrieval, and duplication of content alongside insufficient query context, including 2nd and 3rd order facets. In this paper, a structure-informed and diversity-constrained context bubble construction framework is proposed that assembles coherent, citable bundles of spans under a strict token budget. The method preserves and exploits inherent document structure by organising multi-granular spans (e.g., sections and rows) and using task-conditioned structural priors to guide retrieval. Starting from high-relevance anchor spans, a context bubble is constructed through constrained selection that balances query relevance, marginal coverage, and redundancy penalties. It will explicitly constrain diversity and budget, producing compact and informative context sets, unlike top-k retrieval. Moreover, a full retrieval is emitted that traces the scoring and selection choices of the records, thus providing auditability and deterministic tuning. Experiments on enterprise documents demonstrate the efficiency of context bubble as it significantly reduces redundant context, is better able to cover secondary facets and has a better answer quality and citation faithfulness within a limited context window. Ablation studies demonstrate that both structural priors as well as diversity constraint selection are necessary; removing either component results in a decline in coverage and an increase in redundant or incomplete context. Our study examines how generative AI (GenAI) influences performance, creative self-efficacy, and cognitive load in architectural conceptual design tasks. Thirty-six student participants from Architectural Engineering and other disciplines completed a two-phase architectural design task, first independently and then with external tools (GenAI-assisted condition and control condition using an online repository of existing architectural projects). Design outcomes were evaluated by expert raters, while self-efficacy and cognitive load were self-reported after each phase. Difference-in-differences analyses revealed no overall performance advantage of GenAI across participants; however, subgroup analyses showed that GenAI significantly improved design performance for novice designers. In contrast, general creative self-efficacy declined for students using GenAI. Cognitive load did not differ significantly between conditions, though prompt usage patterns showed that iterative idea generation and visual feedback prompts were linked to greater reductions in cognitive load. These findings suggest that GenAI effectiveness depends on users' prior expertise and interaction strategies through prompting. Cross submissions (showing 115 of 115 entries) This paper proposes a novel reinforcement learning framework, named Self-Organizing Dual-buffer Adaptive Clustering Experience Replay (SODACER), designed to achieve safe and scalable optimal control of nonlinear systems. The proposed SODACER mechanism consisting of a Fast-Buffer for rapid adaptation to recent experiences and a Slow-Buffer equipped with a self-organizing adaptive clustering mechanism to maintain diverse and non-redundant historical experiences. The adaptive clustering mechanism dynamically prunes redundant samples, optimizing memory efficiency while retaining critical environmental patterns. The approach integrates SODASER with Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) to guarantee safety by enforcing state and input constraints throughout the learning process. To enhance convergence and stability, the framework is combined with the Sophia optimizer, enabling adaptive second-order gradient updates. The proposed SODACER-Sophia's architecture ensures reliable, effective, and robust learning in dynamic, safety-critical environments, offering a generalizable solution for applications in robotics, healthcare, and large-scale system optimization. The proposed approach is validated on a nonlinear Human Papillomavirus (HPV) transmission model with multiple control inputs and safety constraints. Comparative evaluations against random and clustering-based experience replay methods demonstrate that SODACER achieves faster convergence, improved sample efficiency, and a superior bias-variance trade-off, while maintaining safe system trajectories, validated via the Friedman test. The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into the scientific ecosystem raises fundamental questions about the creativity and originality of AI-generated research. Recent work has identified ``smart plagiarism'' as a concern in single-step prompting approaches, where models reproduce existing ideas with terminological shifts. This paper investigates whether agentic workflows -- multi-step systems employing iterative reasoning, evolutionary search, and recursive decomposition -- can generate more novel and feasible research plans. We benchmark five reasoning architectures: Reflection-based iterative refinement, Sakana AI v2 evolutionary algorithms, Google Co-Scientist multi-agent framework, GPT Deep Research (GPT-5.1) recursive decomposition, and Gemini~3 Pro multimodal long-context pipeline. Using evaluations from thirty proposals each on novelty, feasibility, and impact, we find that decomposition-based and long-context workflows achieve mean novelty of 4.17/5, while reflection-based approaches score significantly lower (2.33/5). Results reveal varied performance across research domains, with high-performing workflows maintaining feasibility without sacrificing creativity. These findings support the view that carefully designed multi-stage agentic workflows can advance AI-assisted research ideation. The insurance industry is undergoing a paradigm shift through the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, particularly in the realm of intelligent conversational agents. Chatbots have evolved into sophisticated AI-driven systems capable of automating complex workflows, including policy recommendation and claims triage, while simultaneously enabling dynamic, context-aware user engagement. This paper presents the design, implementation, and empirical evaluation of Axlerod, an AI-powered conversational interface designed to improve the operational efficiency of independent insurance agents. Leveraging natural language processing (NLP), retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and domain-specific knowledge integration, Axlerod demonstrates robust capabilities in parsing user intent, accessing structured policy databases, and delivering real-time, contextually relevant responses. Experimental results underscore Axlerod's effectiveness, achieving an overall accuracy of 93.18% in policy retrieval tasks while reducing the average search time by 2.42 seconds. This work contributes to the growing body of research on enterprise-grade AI applications in insurtech, with a particular focus on agent-assistive rather than consumer-facing architectures. Online medical consultations generate large volumes of conversational health data that often embed protected health information, requiring robust methods to classify data categories and assign risk levels in line with policies and practice. However, existing approaches lack unified standards and reliable automated methods to fulfill sensitivity classification for such conversational health data. This study presents a large language model-based extraction pipeline, SALP-CG, for classifying and grading privacy risks in online conversational health data. We concluded health-data classification and grading rules in accordance with GB/T 39725-2020. Combining few-shot guidance, JSON Schema constrained decoding, and deterministic high-risk rules, the backend-agnostic extraction pipeline achieves strong category compliance and reliable sensitivity across diverse LLMs. On the MedDialog-CN benchmark, models yields robust entity counts, high schema compliance, and accurate sensitivity grading, while the strongest model attains micro-F1=0.900 for maximum-level prediction. The category landscape stratified by sensitivity shows that Level 2-3 items dominate, enabling re-identification when combined; Level 4-5 items are less frequent but carry outsize harm. SALP-CG reliably helps classify categories and grading sensitivity in online conversational health data across LLMs, offering a practical method for health data governance. Code is available at this https URL . This study investigates how to efficiently build a domain-specialized large language model (LLM) for statistics using the lightweight LLaMA-3.2-3B family as the foundation model (FM). We systematically compare three multi-stage training pipelines, starting from a base FM with no instruction-following capability, a base FM augmented with post-hoc instruction tuning, and an instruction-tuned FM with strong general reasoning abilities across continual pretraining, supervised fine-tuning (SFT), reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) preference alignment, and downstream task adaptation. Results show that pipelines beginning with a base FM fail to develop meaningful statistical reasoning, even after extensive instruction tuning, SFT, or RLHF alignment. In contrast, starting from LLaMA-3.2-3B-Instruct enables effective domain specialization. A comprehensive evaluation of SFT variants reveals clear trade-offs between domain expertise and general reasoning ability. We further demonstrate that direct preference optimization provides stable and effective RLHF preference alignment. Finally, we show that downstream fine-tuning must be performed with extremely low intensity to avoid catastrophic forgetting in highly optimized models. The final model, StatLLaMA, achieves strong and balanced performance on benchmarks of mathematical reasoning, common-sense reasoning, and statistical expertise, offering a practical blueprint for developing resource-efficient statistical LLMs. The code is available at this https URL . Pre-Layer Normalization (Pre-LN) is the de facto choice for large language models (LLMs) and is crucial for stable pretraining and effective transfer learning. However, Pre-LN is inefficient due to repeated statistical calculations and suffers from the curse of depth. As layers grow, the magnitude and variance of the hidden state escalate, destabilizing training. Efficiency-oriented normalization-free methods such as Dynamic Tanh (DyT) improve speed but remain fragile at depth. To jointly address stability and efficiency, we propose Bounded Hyperbolic Tanh (BHyT), a drop-in replacement for Pre-LN. BHyT couples a tanh nonlinearity with explicit, data-driven input bounding to keep activations within a non-saturating range. It prevents depth-wise growth in activation magnitude and variance and comes with a theoretical stability guarantee. For efficiency, BHyT computes exact statistics once per block and replaces a second normalization with a lightweight variance approximation, enhancing efficiency. Empirically, BHyT demonstrates improved stability and efficiency during pretraining, achieving an average of 15.8% faster training and an average of 4.2% higher token generation throughput compared to RMSNorm., while matching or surpassing its inference performance and robustness across language understanding and reasoning benchmarks. Our code is available at: this https URL Question answering (QA) systems are increasingly deployed across domains. However, their reliability is undermined when retrieved evidence is incomplete, noisy, or uncertain. Existing knowledge graph (KG) based QA frameworks typically represent facts as static and deterministic, failing to capture the evolving nature of information and the uncertainty inherent in reasoning. We present a demonstration of uncertainty-aware dynamic KGs, a framework that combines (i) dynamic construction of evolving KGs, (ii) confidence scoring and uncertainty-aware retrieval, and (iii) an interactive interface for reliable and interpretable QA. Our system highlights how uncertainty modeling can make QA more robust and transparent by enabling users to explore dynamic graphs, inspect confidence-annotated triples, and compare baseline versus confidence-aware answers. The target users of this demo are clinical data scientists and clinicians, and we instantiate the framework in healthcare: constructing personalized KGs from electronic health records, visualizing uncertainty across patient visits, and evaluating its impact on a mortality prediction task. This use case demonstrates the broader promise of uncertainty-aware dynamic KGs for enhancing QA reliability in high-stakes applications. Background Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in medical consultations, yet their safety under realistic user pressures remains understudied. Prior assessments focused on neutral conditions, overlooking vulnerabilities from anxious users challenging safeguards. This study evaluated LLM safety under parental anxiety-driven adversarial pressures in pediatric consultations across models and platforms. Methods PediatricAnxietyBench, from a prior evaluation, includes 300 queries (150 authentic, 150 adversarial) spanning 10 topics. Three models were assessed via APIs: Llama-3.3-70B and Llama-3.1-8B (Groq), Mistral-7B (HuggingFace), yielding 900 responses. Safety used a 0-15 scale for restraint, referral, hedging, emergency recognition, and non-prescriptive behavior. Analyses employed paired t-tests with bootstrapped CIs. Results Mean scores: 9.70 (Llama-3.3-70B) to 10.39 (Mistral-7B). Llama-3.1-8B outperformed Llama-3.3-70B by +0.66 (p=0.0001, d=0.225). Models showed positive adversarial effects, Mistral-7B strongest (+1.09, p=0.0002). Safety generalized across platforms; Llama-3.3-70B had 8% failures. Seizures vulnerable (33% inappropriate diagnoses). Hedging predicted safety (r=0.68, p<0.001). Conclusions Evaluation shows safety depends on alignment and architecture over scale, with smaller models outperforming larger. Evolution to robustness across releases suggests targeted training progress. Vulnerabilities and no emergency recognition indicate unsuitability for triage. Findings guide selection, stress adversarial testing, and provide open benchmark for medical AI safety. In this work, we present an annotation framework that demonstrates how a multilingual LLM pretrained on a large corpus can be used as a teacher model to distill the expert knowledge needed for tagging medical texts in Polish. This work is part of a larger project called ADMEDVOICE, within which we collected an extensive corpus of medical texts representing five clinical categories - Radiology, Oncology, Cardiology, Hypertension, and Pathology. Using this data, we had to develop a multi-class classifier, but the fundamental problem turned out to be the lack of resources for annotating an adequate number of texts. Therefore, in our solution, we used the multilingual Llama3.1 model to annotate an extensive corpus of medical texts in Polish. Using our limited annotation resources, we verified only a portion of these labels, creating a test set from them. The data annotated in this way were then used for training and validation of 3 different types of classifiers based on the BERT architecture - the distilled DistilBERT model, BioBERT fine-tuned on medical data, and HerBERT fine-tuned on the Polish language corpus. Among the models we trained, the DistilBERT model achieved the best results, reaching an F1 score > 0.80 for each clinical category and an F1 score > 0.93 for 3 of them. In this way, we obtained a series of highly effective classifiers that represent an alternative to large language models, due to their nearly 500 times smaller size, 300 times lower GPU VRAM consumption, and several hundred times faster inference. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant progress, but understanding long and complex documents remains challenging. Many long-context benchmarks have been proposed, but they face several limitations, including task realism, data scalability, and data quality. To this end, we introduce SagaScale, a realistic, scalable, and high-quality long-context benchmark built from full-length novels. The entire benchmark is constructed using an automated data collection pipeline that utilizes external resources (e.g., Wikipedia pages) to curate question-answer pairs. Critically, these external resources are provided only for benchmark construction and not during evaluation, which allows LLMs to curate complex questions that go beyond what they can answer during evaluation. SagaScale is also bilingual and offers the largest context length to date, with average token counts exceeding 250K for English novels and 320K for Chinese novels. Our evaluation across 12 frontier LLMs and three long-context methods -- Naïve RAG, Agentic RAG, and Long Context -- yields key insights, including: (1) Directly supplying the full context to the LLM can outperform other methods by a large margin; (2) Most LLMs still struggle with lengthy contexts, but Gemini-2.5-Pro stands out as an exception; and (3) Agentic RAG effectively addresses the retrieval bottleneck in Naïve RAG. Finally, we publicly release the SagaScale benchmark and our data collection codebase to facilitate future research. Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in consequential decision-making settings, yet their robustness to benign prompt variation remains underexplored. In this work, we study whether LLMs maintain consistent ethical judgments across logically equivalent but syntactically different prompts, focusing on variations involving negation and conditional structure. We introduce Syntactic Framing Fragility (SFF), a robustness evaluation framework that isolates purely syntactic effects via Logical Polarity Normalization (LPN), enabling direct comparison of decisions across positive and negative framings without semantic drift. Auditing 23 state-of-the-art models spanning the U.S. and China as well as small U.S. open-source software models over 14 ethical scenarios and four controlled framings (39,975 decisions), we find widespread and statistically significant inconsistency: many models reverse ethical endorsements solely due to syntactic polarity, with open-source models exhibiting over twice the fragility of commercial counterparts. We further uncover extreme negation sensitivity, where some models endorse actions in 80-97% of cases when explicitly prompted with "should not." We show that eliciting chain-of-thought reasoning substantially reduces fragility, identifying a practical mitigation lever, and we map fragility across scenarios, finding higher risk in financial and business contexts than in medical scenarios. Our results demonstrate that syntactic consistency constitutes a distinct and critical dimension of ethical robustness, and we argue that SFF-style audits should be a standard component of safety evaluation for deployed LLMs. Code and results will be available on this http URL . Large Language Models (LLMs) are often evaluated against ideals of perfect Bayesian inference, yet growing evidence suggests that their in-context reasoning exhibits systematic forgetting of past information. Rather than viewing this behavior as a limitation, we reinterpret forgetting as a functional cognitive mechanism. Drawing inspiration from human memory dynamics, we model LLM inference as a probabilistic memory process governed by exponential decay. We introduce a benchmark suite that evaluates temporal reasoning, concept drift adaptation, and associative recall, enabling direct comparison between model behavior and human cognitive patterns. Our empirical results reveal that LLMs demonstrate forgetting rates analogous to human memory efficiency trade-offs between stability and adaptability. Building on these observations, we propose probabilistic memory prompting, a lightweight strategy that shapes evidence integration to mimic human-like memory decay, leading to improved long-horizon reasoning performance. Our findings position forgetting not as a failure mode, but as a principled mechanism for adaptive intelligence. Cross-domain scientific synthesis requires connecting mechanistic explanations across fragmented literature, a capability that remains challenging for both retrieval-based systems and unconstrained language models. While recent work has applied large language models to scientific summarization and question answering, these approaches provide limited control over reasoning depth and structural grounding. We frame mechanistic synthesis as a graph-constrained multi-hop reasoning problem over literature-derived concept graphs. Given a scientific query and a compact, query-local corpus, SciNets constructs a directed concept graph and synthesizes mechanistic explanations by identifying multi-hop reasoning paths that connect concepts that rarely co-occur within individual papers. We systematically compare shortest-path reasoning, k-shortest paths with diversity constraints, stochastic random walks, and a retrieval-augmented language model baseline. Rather than evaluating correctness, which is often indeterminate when synthesizing connections across distributed sources, we introduce a behavioral framework that measures symbolic reasoning depth, mechanistic diversity, and grounding stability. Across machine learning, biology, and climate science tasks, explicit graph constraints enable controllable multi-hop reasoning while revealing a consistent trade-off: deeper and more diverse symbolic reasoning increases grounding instability, whereas shortest-path reasoning remains highly stable but structurally conservative. These findings provide a systematic behavioral characterization of the limits and capabilities of current graph-LLM integration for scientific synthesis. In recent years, using predefined agentic workflows to guide large language models (LLMs) for literature classification and review has become a research focus. However, writing research introductions is more challenging. It requires rigorous logic, coherent structure, and abstract summarization. Existing workflows often suffer from long reasoning chains, error accumulation, and reduced textual coherence. To address these limitations, we propose eliminating external agentic workflows. Instead, we directly parameterize their logical structure into the LLM. This allows the generation of a complete introduction in a single inference. To this end, we introduce the Stage Token for Introduction Generation (STIG). STIG converts the multiple stages of the original workflow into explicit stage signals. These signals guide the model to follow different logical roles and functions during generation. Through instruction tuning, the model learns the mapping between stage tokens and text functions. It also learns the logical order and transition patterns between stages, encoding this knowledge into the model parameters. Experimental results show that STIG can generate multi-stage text in a single inference. It does not require explicit workflow calls. STIG outperforms traditional agentic workflows and other baselines on metrics of semantic similarity and sentence-level structural rationality. The code is provided in the Supplementary Materials. Financial reports and earnings communications contain large volumes of structured and semi structured information, making detailed manual analysis inefficient. Earnings conference calls provide valuable evidence about a firm's performance, outlook, and strategic priorities. The manual analysis of lengthy call transcripts requires substantial effort and is susceptible to interpretive bias and unintentional error. In this work, we present a hybrid summarization framework that combines extractive and abstractive techniques to produce concise and factually reliable Reuters-style summaries from the ECTSum dataset. The proposed two stage pipeline first applies the LexRank algorithm to identify salient sentences, which are subsequently summarized using fine-tuned variants of BART and PEGASUS designed for resource constrained settings. In parallel, we fine-tune a Longformer Encoder-Decoder (LED) model to directly capture long-range contextual dependencies in financial documents. Model performance is evaluated using standard automatic metrics, including ROUGE, METEOR, MoverScore, and BERTScore, along with domain-specific variants such as SciBERTScore and FinBERTScore. To assess factual accuracy, we further employ entity-level measures based on source-precision and F1-target. The results highlight complementary trade offs between approaches, long context models yield the strongest overall performance, while the hybrid framework achieves competitive results with improved factual consistency under computational constraints. These findings support the development of practical summarization systems for efficiently distilling lengthy financial texts into usable business insights. Clinical document metadata, such as document type, structure, author role, medical specialty, and encounter setting, is essential for accurate interpretation of information captured in clinical documents. However, vast documentation heterogeneity and drift over time challenge harmonization of document metadata. Automated extraction methods have emerged to coalesce metadata from disparate practices into target schema. This scoping review aims to catalog research on clinical document metadata extraction, identify methodological trends and applications, and highlight gaps. We followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines to identify articles that perform clinical document metadata extraction. We initially found and screened 266 articles published between January 2011 and August 2025, then comprehensively reviewed 67 we deemed relevant to our study. Among the articles included, 45 were methodological, 17 used document metadata as features in a downstream application, and 5 analyzed document metadata composition. We observe myriad purposes for methodological study and application types. Available labelled public data remains sparse except for structural section datasets. Methods for extracting document metadata have progressed from largely rule-based and traditional machine learning with ample feature engineering to transformer-based architectures with minimal feature engineering. The emergence of large language models has enabled broader exploration of generalizability across tasks and datasets, allowing the possibility of advanced clinical text processing systems. We anticipate that research will continue to expand into richer document metadata representations and integrate further into clinical applications and workflows. The construction of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) datasets is a critical yet under-theorized stage in the post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs), as prevalent practices often rely on heuristic aggregation without a systematic understanding of how individual samples contribute to model performance. In this report, we propose a paradigm shift from ad-hoc curation to a closed-loop dataset engineering framework using OpenDataArena (ODA), which leverages value-anchored rankings and multi-dimensional analysis to transform value benchmarking into feedback signals guiding dataset construction. We instantiate this methodology through two new datasets: \textbf{ODA-Math-460k}, a specialized mathematics reasoning dataset that utilizes a novel two-stage difficulty-aware pipeline to achieve State-of-the-Art (SOTA) results on benchmarks such as AIME and HMMT, and \textbf{ODA-Mixture (100k \& 500k)}, a series of multi-domain instruction datasets built via an ``Anchor-and-Patch'' strategy that outperforms significantly larger open-source baselines. Our empirical results demonstrate that ODA-driven datasets significantly improve both domain-specific reasoning and general utility while achieving superior data efficiency, validating a transition toward data-centric AI where transparent evaluation serves as the primary engine for engineering high-quality training data. Hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs), defined as the generation of content inconsistent with facts or context, represent a core obstacle to their reliable deployment in critical domains. Current research primarily focuses on binary "detection" approaches that, while capable of identifying hallucinations, fail to provide interpretable and actionable feedback for model improvement, thus limiting practical utility. To address this limitation, a new research paradigm is proposed, shifting from "detection" to "diagnosis". The Hallucination Diagnosis Task is introduced, a task which requires models to not only detect hallucinations, but also perform error localization, causal explanation, and content correction. We develop the Hallucination Diagnosis Generator (HDG), an automated pipeline that systematically generates high-quality training samples with rich diagnostic metadata from raw corpora through multi-dimensional augmentation strategies including controlled fact fabrication and reasoning chain perturbation. Using HDG-generated data, we train HDM-4B-RL, a 4-billion-parameter hallucination diagnosis model, employing Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with a comprehensive reward function incorporating structural, accuracy, and localization signals. Experimental results demonstrate that our model surpasses previous state-of-the-art detection models on the HaluEval benchmark while achieving comparable performance to advanced general-purpose models. In comprehensive diagnosis tasks, HDM-4B-RL matches the capabilities of larger general models while maintaining a smaller size. This work validates the feasibility and value of hallucination diagnosis, providing an effective methodology for building more trustworthy and reliable generative AI systems. Linear Genetic Programming (LGP) is a powerful technique that allows for a variety of problems to be solved using a linear representation of programs. However, there still exists some limitations to the technique, such as the need for humans to explicitly map registers to actions. This thesis proposes a novel approach that uses Q-Learning on top of LGP, Reinforced Linear Genetic Programming (RLGP) to learn the optimal register-action assignments. In doing so, we introduce a new framework "linear-gp" written in memory-safe Rust that allows for extensive experimentation for future works. Modern AI technologies enable autonomous vehicles to perceive complex scenes, predict human behavior, and make real-time driving decisions. However, these data-driven components often operate as black boxes, lacking interpretability and rigorous safety guarantees. Autonomous vehicles operate in dynamic, mixed-traffic environments where interactions with human-driven vehicles introduce uncertainty and safety challenges. This work develops a formally verified safety framework for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) that integrates Barrier Certificates (BCs) with interpretable traffic conflict metrics, specifically Time-to-Collision (TTC) as a spatio-temporal safety metric. Safety conditions are verified using Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers, and an adaptive control mechanism ensures vehicles comply with these constraints in real time. Evaluation on real-world highway datasets shows a significant reduction in unsafe interactions, with up to 40\% fewer events where TTC falls below a 3 seconds threshold, and complete elimination of conflicts in some lanes. This approach provides both interpretable and provable safety guarantees, demonstrating a practical and scalable strategy for safe autonomous driving. Formal software specification is known to enable early error detection and explicit invariants, yet it has seen limited industrial adoption due to its high notation overhead and the expertise required to use traditional formal languages. This paper presents a case study showing that recent advances in artificial intelligence make it possible to retain many of the benefits of formal specification while substantially reducing these costs. The necessity of a clear distinction between what is controlled by the system analyst and can highly benefits from the rigor of formal specification and what need not be controlled is demonstrated. We use natural language augmented with lightweight mathematical notation and written in \LaTeX\ as an intermediate specification language, which is reviewed and refined by AI prior to code generation. Applied to a nontrivial simulation of organizational knowledge growth, this approach enables early validation, explicit invariants, and correctness by design, while significantly reducing development effort and producing a correct implementation on the first attempt. This paper introduces a novel Multi-Agent Cooperative Learning (MACL) framework to address cross-modal alignment collapse in vision-language models when handling out-of-distribution (OOD) concepts. Four core agents, including image, text, name, and coordination agents, collaboratively mitigate modality imbalance through structured message passing. The proposed framework enables multi-agent feature space name learning, incorporates a context exchange enhanced few-shot learning algorithm, and adopts an adaptive dynamic balancing mechanism to regulate inter-agent contributions. Experiments on the VISTA-Beyond dataset demonstrate that MACL significantly improves performance in both few-shot and zero-shot settings, achieving 1-5% precision gains across diverse visual domains. Large Action Models (LAMs) extend large language models by enabling autonomous decision-making and tool execution, making them promising for automating scientific workflows. However, scientific workflows impose strict requirements on reproducibility, auditability, and deterministic execution, which are not satisfied by generic LLM-based agents. Unconstrained action generation can lead to silent state changes, non-deterministic executions, and irreproducible experimental results, limiting the applicability of LAMs in scientific settings. In this paper, we propose R-LAM, a reproducibility-constrained framework for applying Large Action Models to scientific workflow automation. R-LAM introduces structured action schemas, deterministic execution policies, and explicit provenance tracking to ensure that every action and intermediate artifact is auditable and replayable. The framework supports failure-aware execution loops and controlled workflow forking, enabling iterative experimentation without compromising reproducibility. We implement R-LAM as a lightweight Python framework and release it as an open-source PyPI package to facilitate reproducible research. An experimental evaluation of representative scientific workflows demonstrates that R-LAM improves reproducibility success rates and execution reliability compared to unconstrained LLM-based agents, while retaining adaptive control over workflow execution. Large language models (LLMs) have proven to work well in question-answering scenarios, but real-world applications often require access to tools for live information or actuation. For this, LLMs can be extended with tools, which are often defined in advance, also allowing for some fine-tuning for specific use cases. However, rapidly evolving software landscapes and individual services require the constant development and integration of new tools. Domain- or company-specific tools can greatly elevate the usefulness of an LLM, but such custom tools can be problematic to integrate, or the LLM may fail to reliably understand and use them. For this, we need strategies to define new tools and integrate them into the LLM dynamically, as well as robust and scalable zero-shot prompting methods that can make use of those tools in an efficient manner. In this paper, we present SAGE, a specialized conversational AI interface, based on the OPACA framework for tool discovery and execution. The integration with OPACA makes it easy to add new tools or services for the LLM to use, while SAGE itself presents rich extensibility and modularity. This not only provides the ability to seamlessly switch between different models (e.g. GPT, LLAMA), but also to add and select prompting methods, involving various setups of differently prompted agents for selecting and executing tools and evaluating the results. We implemented a number of task-solving strategies, making use of agentic concepts and prompting methods in various degrees of complexity, and evaluated those against a comprehensive set of benchmark services. The results are promising and highlight the distinct strengths and weaknesses of different task-solving strategies. Both SAGE and the OPACA framework, as well as the different benchmark services and results, are available as Open Source/Open Data on GitHub. Crises in peer review capacity, study replication, and AI-fabricated science have intensified interest in automated tools for assessing scientific research. However, the scientific community has a history of decontextualizing and repurposing credibility markers in inapt ways. I caution that AI science evaluation tools are particularly prone to these kinds of inference by false ascent due to contestation about the purposes to which they should be put, their portability across purposes, and technical demands that prioritize data set size over epistemic fit. To counter this, I argue for a social, pragmatist epistemology and a newly articulated norm of Critically Engaged Pragmatism to enjoin scientific communities to vigorously scrutinize the purposes and purpose-specific reliability of AI science evaluation tools. Under this framework, AI science evaluation tools are not objective arbiters of scientific credibility, but the object of the kinds of critical discursive practices that ground the credibility of scientific communities. After Industry 4.0 has embraced tight integration between machinery (OT), software (IT), and the Internet, creating a web of sensors, data, and algorithms in service of efficient and reliable production, a new concept of Society 5.0 is emerging, in which infrastructure of a city will be instrumented to increase reliability, efficiency, and safety. Robotics will play a pivotal role in enabling this vision that is pioneered by the NEOM initiative - a smart city, co-inhabited by humans and robots. In this paper we explore the computing platform that will be required to enable this vision. We show how we can combine neuromorphic computing hardware, exemplified by the Loihi2 processor used in conjunction with event-based cameras, for sensing and real-time perception and interaction with a local AI compute cluster (GPUs) for high-level language processing, cognition, and task planning. We demonstrate the use of this hybrid computing architecture in an interactive task, in which a humanoid robot plays a musical instrument with a human. Central to our design is the efficient and seamless integration of disparate components, ensuring that the synergy between software and hardware maximizes overall performance and responsiveness. Our proposed system architecture underscores the potential of heterogeneous computing architectures in advancing robotic autonomy and interactive intelligence, pointing toward a future where such integrated systems become the norm in complex, real-time applications. Veterinary electronic health records (vEHRs) contain privacy-sensitive identifiers that limit secondary use. While PetEVAL provides a benchmark for veterinary de-identification, the domain remains low-resource. This study evaluates whether large language model (LLM)-generated synthetic narratives improve de-identification safety under distinct training regimes, emphasizing (i) synthetic augmentation and (ii) fixed-budget substitution. We conducted a controlled simulation using a PetEVAL-derived corpus (3,750 holdout/1,249 train). We generated 10,382 synthetic notes using a privacy-preserving "template-only" regime where identifiers were removed prior to LLM prompting. Three transformer backbones (PetBERT, VetBERT, Bio_ClinicalBERT) were trained under varying mixtures. Evaluation prioritized document-level leakage rate (the fraction of documents with at least one missed identifier) as the primary safety outcome. Results show that under fixed-sample substitution, replacing real notes with synthetic ones monotonically increased leakage, indicating synthetic data cannot safely replace real supervision. Under compute-matched training, moderate synthetic mixing matched real-only performance, but high synthetic dominance degraded utility. Conversely, epoch-scaled augmentation improved performance: PetBERT span-overlap F1 increased from 0.831 to 0.850 +/- 0.014, and leakage decreased from 6.32% to 4.02% +/- 0.19%. However, these gains largely reflect increased training exposure rather than intrinsic synthetic data quality. Corpus diagnostics revealed systematic synthetic-real mismatches in note length and label distribution that align with persistent leakage. We conclude that synthetic augmentation is effective for expanding exposure but is complementary, not substitutive, for safety-critical veterinary de-identification. This essay examines how judicial review should adapt to address challenges posed by artificial intelligence decision-making, particularly regarding minority rights and interests. As I argue in this essay, the rise of three trends-privatization, prediction, and automation in AI-have combined to pose similar risks to minorities. Here, I outline what a theory of judicial review would look like in an era of artificial intelligence, analyzing both the limitations and the possibilities of judicial review of AI. I draw on cases in which AI decision-making has been challenged in courts, to show how concepts of due process and equal protection can be recuperated in a modern AI era, and even integrated into AI, to provide for better oversight and accountability, offering a framework for judicial review in the AI era that protects minorities from algorithmic discrimination. Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) have powered many applications. However, they are likely to suffer from knowledge conflict. In this paper, we propose a new type of knowledge conflict -- Tool-Memory Conflict (TMC), where the internal parametric knowledge contradicts with the external tool knowledge for tool-augmented LLMs. We find that existing LLMs, though powerful, suffer from TMC, especially on STEM-related tasks. We also uncover that under different conditions, tool knowledge and parametric knowledge may be prioritized differently. We then evaluate existing conflict resolving techniques, including prompting-based and RAG-based methods. Results show that none of these approaches can effectively resolve tool-memory conflicts. Compliance testing in highly regulated domains is crucial but largely manual, requiring domain experts to translate complex regulations into executable test cases. While large language models (LLMs) show promise for automation, their susceptibility to hallucinations limits reliable application. Existing hybrid approaches mitigate this issue by constraining LLMs with formal models, but still rely on costly manual modeling. To solve this problem, this paper proposes RAFT, a framework for requirements auto-formalization and compliance test generation via explicating tacit regulatory knowledge from multiple LLMs. RAFT employs an Adaptive Purification-Aggregation strategy to explicate tacit regulatory knowledge from multiple LLMs and integrate it into three artifacts: a domain meta-model, a formal requirements representation, and testability constraints. These artifacts are then dynamically injected into prompts to guide high-precision requirement formalization and automated test generation. Experiments across financial, automotive, and power domains show that RAFT achieves expert-level performance, substantially outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods while reducing overall generation and review time. In data-driven scientific discovery, a challenge lies in classifying well-characterized phenomena while identifying novel anomalies. Current semi-supervised clustering algorithms do not always fully address this duality, often assuming that supervisory signals are globally representative. Consequently, methods often enforce rigid constraints that suppress unanticipated patterns or require a pre-specified number of clusters, rendering them ineffective for genuine novelty detection. To bridge this gap, we introduce CLiMB (CLustering in Multiphase Boundaries), a domain-informed framework decoupling the exploitation of prior knowledge from the exploration of unknown structures. Using a sequential two-phase approach, CLiMB first anchors known clusters using constrained partitioning, and subsequently applies density-based clustering to residual data to reveal arbitrary topologies. We demonstrate this framework on RR Lyrae stars data from the Gaia Data Release 3. CLiMB attains an Adjusted Rand Index of 0.829 with 90% seed coverage in recovering known Milky Way substructures, drastically outperforming heuristic and constraint-based baselines, which stagnate below 0.20. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis confirms CLiMB's superior data efficiency, showing monotonic improvement as knowledge increases. Finally, the framework successfully isolates three dynamical features (Shiva, Shakti, and the Galactic Disk) in the unlabelled field, validating its potential for scientific discovery. Deploying deep neural networks (DNNs) on resource-constrained edge devices such as FPGAs requires a careful balance among latency, power, and hardware resource usage, while maintaining high accuracy. Existing Lookup Table (LUT)-based DNNs -- such as LogicNets, PolyLUT, and NeuraLUT -- face two critical challenges: the exponential growth of LUT size and inefficient random sparse connectivity. This paper presents SparseLUT, a comprehensive framework that addresses these challenges through two orthogonal optimizations. First, we propose an architectural enhancement that aggregates multiple PolyLUT sub-neurons via an adder, significantly reducing LUT consumption by 2.0x-13.9x and lowering inference latency by 1.2x-1.6x, all while maintaining comparable accuracy. Building upon this foundation, we further introduce a non-greedy training algorithm that optimizes neuron connectivity by selectively pruning less significant inputs and strategically regrowing more effective ones. This training optimization, which incurs no additional area and latency overhead, delivers consistent accuracy improvements across benchmarks -- achieving up to a 2.13% gain on MNIST and 0.94% on Jet Substructure Classification compared to existing LUT-DNN approaches. This work presents an end-to-end pipeline for generating, refining, and evaluating adversarial patches to compromise facial biometric systems, with applications in forensic analysis and security testing. We utilize FGSM to generate adversarial noise targeting an identity classifier and employ a diffusion model with reverse diffusion to enhance imperceptibility through Gaussian smoothing and adaptive brightness correction, thereby facilitating synthetic adversarial patch evasion. The refined patch is applied to facial images to test its ability to evade recognition systems while maintaining natural visual characteristics. A Vision Transformer (ViT)-GPT2 model generates captions to provide a semantic description of a person's identity for adversarial images, supporting forensic interpretation and documentation for identity evasion and recognition attacks. The pipeline evaluates changes in identity classification, captioning results, and vulnerabilities in facial identity verification and expression recognition under adversarial conditions. We further demonstrate effective detection and analysis of adversarial patches and adversarial samples using perceptual hashing and segmentation, achieving an SSIM of 0.95. Organizations and enterprises across domains such as healthcare, finance, and scientific research are increasingly required to extract collective intelligence from distributed, siloed datasets while adhering to strict privacy, regulatory, and sovereignty requirements. Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model building without sharing sensitive raw data, but faces growing challenges posed by statistical heterogeneity, system diversity, and the computational burden from complex models. This study examines the potential of quantum-assisted federated learning, which could cut the number of parameters in classical models by polylogarithmic factors and thus lessen training overhead. Accordingly, we introduce QFed, a quantum-enabled federated learning framework aimed at boosting computational efficiency across edge device networks. We evaluate the proposed framework using the widely adopted FashionMNIST dataset. Experimental results show that QFed achieves a 77.6% reduction in the parameter count of a VGG-like model while maintaining an accuracy comparable to classical approaches in a scalable environment. These results point to the potential of leveraging quantum computing within a federated learning context to strengthen FL capabilities of edge devices. Background: Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide, emphasizing the need for accurate and efficient diagnostic support tools. Deep learning has shown strong potential in medical image analysis, particularly for chest X-ray interpretation. This study compares two state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures for automated pediatric pneumonia detection. Methods: A publicly available dataset of 5,863 pediatric chest X-ray images was used. Images were preprocessed through normalization, resizing, and data augmentation to enhance generalization. DenseNet121 and EfficientNet-B0 were fine-tuned using pretrained ImageNet weights under identical training settings. Performance was evaluated using accuracy, F1-score, Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC), and recall. Model explainability was incorporated using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) to visualize image regions influencing predictions. Results: EfficientNet-B0 outperformed DenseNet121, achieving an accuracy of 84.6%, F1-score of 0.8899, and MCC of 0.6849. DenseNet121 achieved 79.7% accuracy, an F1-score of 0.8597, and MCC of 0.5852. Both models demonstrated high recall values above 0.99, indicating strong sensitivity to pneumonia detection. Grad-CAM and LIME visualizations showed consistent focus on clinically relevant lung regions, supporting the reliability of model decisions. Conclusions: EfficientNet-B0 provided a more balanced and computationally efficient performance compared to DenseNet121, making it a strong candidate for clinical deployment. The integration of explainability techniques enhances transparency and trustworthiness in AI-assisted pediatric pneumonia diagnosis. Despite recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), complex Software Engineering (SE) tasks require more collaborative and specialized approaches. This concept paper systematically reviews the emerging paradigm of LLM-based multi-agent systems, examining their applications across the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), from requirements engineering and code generation to static code checking, testing, and debugging. We delve into a wide range of topics such as language model selection, SE evaluation benchmarks, state-of-the-art agentic frameworks and communication protocols. Furthermore, we identify key challenges and outline future research opportunities, with a focus on multi-agent orchestration, human-agent coordination, computational cost optimization, and effective data collection. This work aims to provide researchers and practitioners with valuable insights into the current forefront landscape of agentic systems within the software engineering domain. When training machine learning (ML) models for potential deployment in a healthcare setting, it is essential to ensure that they do not replicate or exacerbate existing healthcare biases. Although many definitions of fairness exist, we focus on path-specific causal fairness, which allows us to better consider the social and medical contexts in which biases occur (e.g., direct discrimination by a clinician or model versus bias due to differential access to the healthcare system) and to characterize how these biases may appear in learned models. In this work, we map the structural fairness model to the observational healthcare setting and create a generalizable pipeline for training causally fair models. The pipeline explicitly considers specific healthcare context and disparities to define a target "fair" model. Our work fills two major gaps: first, we expand on characterizations of the "fairness-accuracy" tradeoff by detangling direct and indirect sources of bias and jointly presenting these fairness considerations alongside considerations of accuracy in the context of broadly known biases. Second, we demonstrate how a foundation model trained without fairness constraints on observational health data can be leveraged to generate causally fair downstream predictions in tasks with known social and medical disparities. This work presents a model-agnostic pipeline for training causally fair machine learning models that address both direct and indirect forms of healthcare bias. Multimodal video captioning condenses dense footage into a structured format of keyframes and natural language. By creating a cohesive multimodal summary, this approach anchors generative AI in rich semantic evidence and serves as a lightweight proxy for high-efficiency retrieval. However, traditional metrics like BLEU or ROUGE fail to quantify information coverage across disparate modalities, such as comparing a paragraph of text to a sequence of keyframes. To address this, we propose the Video Summary Information Loss (ViSIL) score, an information-theoretic framework that quantifies the video information not captured by a summary via vision-language model (VLM) inference. By measuring the information loss, ViSIL is a unified metric that enables direct comparison across multimodal summary formats despite their structural discrepancies. Our results demonstrate that ViSIL scores show a statistically significant correlation with both human and VLM performance on Video Question Answering (VQA) tasks. ViSIL also enables summary selection to optimize the trade-off between information loss and processing speed, establishing a Pareto-optimal frontier that outperforms text summaries by $7\%$ in VQA accuracy without increasing processing load. Real-world health questions from patients often unintentionally embed false assumptions or premises. In such cases, safe medical communication typically involves redirection: addressing the implicit misconception and then responding to the underlying patient context, rather than the original question. While large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used by lay users for medical advice, they have not yet been tested for this crucial competency. Therefore, in this work, we investigate how LLMs react to false premises embedded within real-world health questions. We develop a semi-automated pipeline to curate MedRedFlag, a dataset of 1100+ questions sourced from Reddit that require redirection. We then systematically compare responses from state-of-the-art LLMs to those from clinicians. Our analysis reveals that LLMs often fail to redirect problematic questions, even when the problematic premise is detected, and provide answers that could lead to suboptimal medical decision making. Our benchmark and results reveal a novel and substantial gap in how LLMs perform under the conditions of real-world health communication, highlighting critical safety concerns for patient-facing medical AI systems. Code and dataset are available at this https URL . Scientific paper generation requires document-level planning and factual grounding, but current large language models, despite their strong local fluency, often fail in global structure, input coverage, and citation consistency. We present a reinforcement learning framework that casts scientific outline construction as a long-horizon planning problem over hierarchical document structures. Our approach models edit evolving outlines through structured actions, enabling the system to incrementally build a complete scientific manuscript. To support effective and stabilize learning,we introduce a two-stage optimization procedure consisting of (i) backward outline reconstruction from partial plans to enforce global structural consistency, and (ii) forward value-guided reinforcement learning with rewards explicitly modeling scientific correctness, discourse coherence, and citation fidelity. In addition, We further introduce a benchmark for scientific paper generation that evaluates document planning, input utilization, reference faithfulness, outline organization, and content-level factual accuracy. Our results show consistent improvements over strong neural and LLM baselines, particularly in long-range structural coherence and citation reliability. Large Language Models (LLMs) enable advanced natural language processing but face deployment challenges on resource-constrained edge devices due to high computational, memory, and energy demands. Optimizing these models requires addressing three key challenges: acquiring task-specific data, fine-tuning for performance, and compressing models to accelerate inference while reducing resource demands. We propose an integrated framework combining GPTQ-based quantization, low-rank adaptation (LoRA), and a specialized data distillation process to significantly reduce model size and complexity while preserving or enhancing task-specific performance. By leveraging data distillation, knowledge distillation via Kullback-Leibler divergence, Bayesian hyperparameter optimization, and the Muon optimizer, our pipeline achieves up to 2x memory compression (e.g., reducing a 6GB model to 3GB) and enables efficient inference for specialized tasks. Empirical results demonstrate superior performance on standard LLM benchmarks compared to GPTQ quantization alone, with the Muon optimizer notably enhancing fine-tuned models' resistance to accuracy decay during quantization. Recent progress in medical vision-language models (VLMs) has achieved strong performance on image-level text-centric tasks such as report generation and visual question answering (VQA). However, achieving fine-grained visual grounding and volumetric spatial reasoning in 3D medical VLMs remains challenging, particularly when aiming to unify these capabilities within a single, generalizable framework. To address this challenge, we proposed MedVL-SAM2, a unified 3D medical multimodal model that concurrently supports report generation, VQA, and multi-paradigm segmentation, including semantic, referring, and interactive segmentation. MedVL-SAM2 integrates image-level reasoning and pixel-level perception through a cohesive architecture tailored for 3D medical imaging, and incorporates a SAM2-based volumetric segmentation module to enable precise multi-granular spatial reasoning. The model is trained in a multi-stage pipeline: it is first pre-trained on a large-scale corpus of 3D CT image-text pairs to align volumetric visual features with radiology-language embeddings. It is then jointly optimized with both language-understanding and segmentation objectives using a comprehensive 3D CT segmentation dataset. This joint training enables flexible interaction via language, point, or box prompts, thereby unifying high-level visual reasoning with spatially precise localization. Our unified architecture delivers state-of-the-art performance across report generation, VQA, and multiple 3D segmentation tasks. Extensive analyses further show that the model provides reliable 3D visual grounding, controllable interactive segmentation, and robust cross-modal reasoning, demonstrating that high-level semantic reasoning and precise 3D localization can be jointly achieved within a unified 3D medical VLM. Large video diffusion and flow models have achieved remarkable success in high-quality video generation, but their use in real-time interactive applications remains limited due to their inefficient multi-step sampling process. In this work, we present Transition Matching Distillation (TMD), a novel framework for distilling video diffusion models into efficient few-step generators. The central idea of TMD is to match the multi-step denoising trajectory of a diffusion model with a few-step probability transition process, where each transition is modeled as a lightweight conditional flow. To enable efficient distillation, we decompose the original diffusion backbone into two components: (1) a main backbone, comprising the majority of early layers, that extracts semantic representations at each outer transition step; and (2) a flow head, consisting of the last few layers, that leverages these representations to perform multiple inner flow updates. Given a pretrained video diffusion model, we first introduce a flow head to the model, and adapt it into a conditional flow map. We then apply distribution matching distillation to the student model with flow head rollout in each transition step. Extensive experiments on distilling Wan2.1 1.3B and 14B text-to-video models demonstrate that TMD provides a flexible and strong trade-off between generation speed and visual quality. In particular, TMD outperforms existing distilled models under comparable inference costs in terms of visual fidelity and prompt adherence. Project page: this https URL Visual generative AI models are trained using a one-size-fits-all measure of aesthetic appeal. However, what is deemed "aesthetic" is inextricably linked to personal taste and cultural values, raising the question of whose taste is represented in visual generative AI models. In this work, we study an aesthetic evaluation model--LAION Aesthetic Predictor (LAP)--that is widely used to curate datasets to train visual generative image models, like Stable Diffusion, and evaluate the quality of AI-generated images. To understand what LAP measures, we audited the model across three datasets. First, we examined the impact of aesthetic filtering on the LAION-Aesthetics Dataset (approximately 1.2B images), which was curated from LAION-5B using LAP. We find that the LAP disproportionally filters in images with captions mentioning women, while filtering out images with captions mentioning men or LGBTQ+ people. Then, we used LAP to score approximately 330k images across two art datasets, finding the model rates realistic images of landscapes, cityscapes, and portraits from western and Japanese artists most highly. In doing so, the algorithmic gaze of this aesthetic evaluation model reinforces the imperial and male gazes found within western art history. In order to understand where these biases may have originated, we performed a digital ethnography of public materials related to the creation of LAP. We find that the development of LAP reflects the biases we found in our audits, such as the aesthetic scores used to train LAP primarily coming from English-speaking photographers and western AI-enthusiasts. In response, we discuss how aesthetic evaluation can perpetuate representational harms and call on AI developers to shift away from prescriptive measures of "aesthetics" toward more pluralistic evaluation. Machine learning has achieved state-of-the-art results in network intrusion detection; however, its performance significantly degrades when confronted by a new attack class -- a zero-day attack. In simple terms, classical machine learning-based approaches are adept at identifying attack classes on which they have been previously trained, but struggle with those not included in their training data. One approach to addressing this shortcoming is to utilise anomaly detectors which train exclusively on benign data with the goal of generalising to all attack classes -- both known and zero-day. However, this comes at the expense of a prohibitively high false positive rate. This work proposes a novel contrastive loss function which is able to maintain the advantages of other contrastive learning-based approaches (robustness to imbalanced data) but can also generalise to zero-day attacks. Unlike anomaly detectors, this model learns the distributions of benign traffic using both benign and known malign samples, i.e. other well-known attack classes (not including the zero-day class), and consequently, achieves significant performance improvements. The proposed approach is experimentally verified on the Lycos2017 dataset where it achieves an AUROC improvement of .000065 and .060883 over previous models in known and zero-day attack detection, respectively. Finally, the proposed method is extended to open-set recognition achieving OpenAUC improvements of .170883 over existing approaches. Fast, reliable decoders are pivotal components for enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). Neural network decoders like AlphaQubit have demonstrated potential, achieving higher accuracy than traditional human-designed decoding algorithms. However, existing implementations of neural network decoders lack the parallelism required to decode the syndrome stream generated by a superconducting logical qubit in real time. Moreover, integrating AlphaQubit with sliding window-based parallel decoding schemes presents non-trivial challenges: AlphaQubit is trained solely to output a single bit corresponding to the global logical correction for an entire memory experiment, rather than local physical corrections that can be easily integrated. We address this issue by training a recurrent, transformer-based neural network specifically tailored for parallel window decoding. While it still outputs a single bit, we derive training labels from a consistent set of local corrections and train on various types of decoding windows simultaneously. This approach enables the network to self-coordinate across neighboring windows, facilitating high-accuracy parallel decoding of arbitrarily long memory experiments. As a result, we overcome the throughput bottleneck that previously precluded the use of AlphaQubit-type decoders in FTQC. Our work presents the first scalable, neural-network-based parallel decoding framework that simultaneously achieves SOTA accuracy and the stringent throughput required for real-time quantum error correction. Using an end-to-end experimental workflow, we benchmark our decoder on the Zuchongzhi 3.2 superconducting quantum processor on surface codes with distances up to 7, demonstrating its superior accuracy. Moreover, we demonstrate that, using our approach, a single TPU v6e is capable of decoding surface codes with distances up to 25 within 1us per decoding round. Android malware has become an increasingly critical threat to organizations, society and individuals, posing significant risks to privacy, data security and infrastructure. As malware continues to evolve in terms of complexity and sophistication, the mitigation and detection of these malicious software instances have become more time consuming and challenging particularly due to the requirement of large number of features to identify potential malware. To address these challenges, this research proposes Fast Gradient Sign Method with Diluted Convolutional Neural Network (FGSM DICNN) method for malware classification. DICNN contains diluted convolutions which increases receptive field, enabling the model to capture dispersed malware patterns across long ranges using fewer features without adding parameters. Additionally, the FGSM strategy enhance the accuracy by using one-step perturbations during training that provides more defensive advantage of lower computational cost. This integration helps to manage high classification accuracy while reducing the dependence on extensive feature sets. The proposed FGSM DICNN model attains 99.44% accuracy while outperforming other existing approaches such as Custom Deep Neural Network (DCNN). Transformers are designed for discrete tokens, yet many real-world signals are continuous processes observed through noisy sampling. Discrete tokenizations (raw values, patches, finite differences) can be brittle in low signal-to-noise regimes, especially when downstream objectives impose asymmetric penalties that rationally encourage abstention. We introduce Kinematic Tokenization, an optimization-based continuous-time representation that reconstructs an explicit spline from noisy measurements and tokenizes local spline coefficients (position, velocity, acceleration, jerk). This is applied to financial time series data in the form of asset prices in conjunction with trading volume profiles. Across a multi-asset daily-equity testbed, we use a risk-averse asymmetric classification objective as a stress test for learnability. Under this objective, several discrete baselines collapse to an absorbing cash policy (the Liquidation Equilibrium), whereas the continuous spline tokens sustain calibrated, non-trivial action distributions and stable policies. These results suggest that explicit continuous-time tokens can improve the learnability and calibration of selective decision policies in noisy time series under abstention-inducing losses. We argue that the machine learning value chain is structurally unsustainable due to an economic data processing inequality: each state in the data cycle from inputs to model weights to synthetic outputs refines technical signal but strips economic equity from data generators. We show, by analyzing seventy-three public data deals, that the majority of value accrues to aggregators, with documented creator royalties rounding to zero and widespread opacity of deal terms. This is not just an economic welfare concern: as data and its derivatives become economic assets, the feedback loop that sustains current learning algorithms is at risk. We identify three structural faults - missing provenance, asymmetric bargaining power, and non-dynamic pricing - as the operational machinery of this inequality. In our analysis, we trace these problems along the machine learning value chain and propose an Equitable Data-Value Exchange (EDVEX) Framework to enable a minimal market that benefits all participants. Finally, we outline research directions where our community can make concrete contributions to data deals and contextualize our position with related and orthogonal viewpoints. In this work we explore the performance and behavior of reasoning large language models to autonomously optimize atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes. In the ALD process optimization task, an agent built on top of a reasoning LLM has to find optimal dose times for an ALD precursor and a coreactant without any prior knowledge on the process, including whether it is actually self-limited. The agent is meant to interact iteratively with an ALD reactor in a fully unsupervised way. We evaluate this agent using a simple model of an ALD tool that incorporates ALD processes with different self-limited surface reaction pathways as well as a non self-limited component. Our results show that agents based on reasoning models like OpenAI's o3 and GPT5 consistently succeeded at completing this optimization task. However, we observed significant run-to-run variability due to the non deterministic nature of the model's response. In order to understand the logic followed by the reasoning model, the agent uses a two step process in which the model first generates an open response detailing the reasoning process. This response is then transformed into a structured output. An analysis of these reasoning traces showed that the logic of the model was sound and that its reasoning was based on the notions of self-limited process and saturation expected in the case of ALD. However, the agent can sometimes be misled by its own prior choices when exploring the optimization space. Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models for low-resource languages suffer significant performance degradation under domain shift. We quantify this challenge using Dhao, an indigenous language of Eastern Indonesia with no digital footprint beyond the New Testament (NT). When applied to the unseen Old Testament (OT), a standard NMT model fine-tuned on the NT drops from an in-domain score of 36.17 chrF++ to 27.11 chrF++. To recover this loss, we introduce a hybrid framework where a fine-tuned NMT model generates an initial draft, which is then refined by a Large Language Model (LLM) using Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). The final system achieves 35.21 chrF++ (+8.10 recovery), effectively matching the original in-domain quality. Our analysis reveals that this performance is driven primarily by the number of retrieved examples rather than the choice of retrieval algorithm. Qualitative analysis confirms the LLM acts as a robust "safety net," repairing severe failures in zero-shot domains. Video Large Language Models (VideoLLMs) exhibit various types of hallucinations. Existing research has primarily focused on hallucinations involving the presence of events, objects, and scenes in videos, while largely neglecting event relation hallucination. In this paper, we introduce a novel benchmark for evaluating the Video Event Relation Hallucination, named VERHallu. This benchmark focuses on causal, temporal, and subevent relations between events, encompassing three types of tasks: relation classification, question answering, and counterfactual question answering, for a comprehensive evaluation of event relation hallucination. Additionally, it features counterintuitive video scenarios that deviate from typical pretraining distributions, with each sample accompanied by human-annotated candidates covering both vision-language and pure language biases. Our analysis reveals that current state-of-the-art VideoLLMs struggle with dense-event relation reasoning, often relying on prior knowledge due to insufficient use of frame-level cues. Although these models demonstrate strong grounding capabilities for key events, they often overlook the surrounding subevents, leading to an incomplete and inaccurate understanding of event relations. To tackle this, we propose a Key-Frame Propagating (KFP) strategy, which reallocates frame-level attention within intermediate layers to enhance multi-event understanding. Experiments show it effectively mitigates the event relation hallucination without affecting inference speed. While high-quality technology support can assist older adults in using digital applications, many struggle to articulate their issues due to unfamiliarity with technical terminology and age-related cognitive changes. This study examines these communication challenges and explores AI-based approaches to mitigate them. We conducted a diary study with English-speaking, community-dwelling older adults to collect asynchronous, technology-related queries and used reflexive thematic analysis to identify communication barriers. To address these barriers, we evaluated how foundation models can paraphrase older adults' queries to improve solution accuracy. Two controlled experiments followed: one with younger adults evaluating AI-rephrased queries and another with older adults evaluating AI-generated solutions. We also developed a pipeline using large language models to generate the first synthetic dataset of how older adults request tech support (OATS). We identified four key communication challenges: verbosity, incompleteness, over-specification, and under-specification. Our prompt-chaining approach using the large language model, GPT-4o, elicited contextual details, paraphrased the original query, and generated a solution. AI-rephrased queries significantly improved solution accuracy (69% vs. 46%) and Google search results (69% vs. 35%). Younger adults better understood AI-rephrased queries (93.7% vs. 65.8%) and reported greater confidence and ease. Older adults reported high perceived ability to answer contextual questions (89.8%) and follow solutions (94.7%), with high confidence and ease. OATS demonstrated strong fidelity and face validity. This work shows how foundation models can enhance technology support for older adults by addressing age-related communication barriers. The OATS dataset offers a scalable resource for developing equitable AI systems that better serve aging populations. Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming astronomical research, yet the scientific community has largely treated this transformation as an engineering challenge rather than an epistemological one. This perspective article argues that philosophy of science offers essential tools for navigating AI's integration into astronomy--conceptual clarity about what "understanding" means, critical examination of assumptions about data and discovery, and frameworks for evaluating AI's roles across different research contexts. Drawing on an interdisciplinary workshop convening astronomers, philosophers, and computer scientists, we identify several tensions. First, the narrative that AI will "derive fundamental physics" from data misconstrues contemporary astronomy as equation-derivation rather than the observation-driven enterprise it is. Second, scientific understanding involves more than prediction--it requires narrative construction, contextual judgment, and communicative achievement that current AI architectures struggle to provide. Third, because narrative and judgment matter, human peer review remains essential--yet AI-generated content flooding the literature threatens our capacity to identify genuine insight. Fourth, while AI excels at well-defined problem-solving, the ill-defined problem-finding that drives breakthroughs appears to require capacities beyond pattern recognition. Fifth, as AI accelerates what is feasible, pursuitworthiness criteria risk shifting toward what AI makes easy rather than what is genuinely important. We propose "pragmatic understanding" as a framework for integration--recognizing AI as a tool that extends human cognition while requiring new norms for validation and epistemic evaluation. Engaging with these questions now may help the community shape the transformation rather than merely react to it. Recent video generation models have revealed the emergence of Chain-of-Frame (CoF) reasoning, enabling frame-by-frame visual inference. With this capability, video models have been successfully applied to various visual tasks (e.g., maze solving, visual puzzles). However, their potential to enhance text-to-image (T2I) generation remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a clearly defined visual reasoning starting point and interpretable intermediate states in the T2I generation process. To bridge this gap, we propose CoF-T2I, a model that integrates CoF reasoning into T2I generation via progressive visual refinement, where intermediate frames act as explicit reasoning steps and the final frame is taken as output. To establish such an explicit generation process, we curate CoF-Evol-Instruct, a dataset of CoF trajectories that model the generation process from semantics to aesthetics. To further improve quality and avoid motion artifacts, we enable independent encoding operation for each frame. Experiments show that CoF-T2I significantly outperforms the base video model and achieves competitive performance on challenging benchmarks, reaching 0.86 on GenEval and 7.468 on Imagine-Bench. These results indicate the substantial promise of video models for advancing high-quality text-to-image generation. We introduce ReaMIL (Reasoning- and Evidence-Aware MIL), a multiple instance learning approach for whole-slide histopathology that adds a light selection head to a strong MIL backbone. The head produces soft per-tile gates and is trained with a budgeted-sufficiency objective: a hinge loss that enforces the true-class probability to be $\geq \tau$ using only the kept evidence, under a sparsity budget on the number of selected tiles. The budgeted-sufficiency objective yields small, spatially compact evidence sets without sacrificing baseline performance. Across TCGA-NSCLC (LUAD vs. LUSC), TCGA-BRCA (IDC vs. Others), and PANDA, ReaMIL matches or slightly improves baseline AUC and provides quantitative evidence-efficiency diagnostics. On NSCLC, it attains AUC 0.983 with a mean minimal sufficient K (MSK) $\approx 8.2$ tiles at $\tau = 0.90$ and AUKC $\approx 0.864$, showing that class confidence rises sharply and stabilizes once a small set of tiles is kept. The method requires no extra supervision, integrates seamlessly with standard MIL training, and naturally yields slide-level overlays. We report accuracy alongside MSK, AUKC, and contiguity for rigorous evaluation of model behavior on WSIs. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become essential for eliciting complex reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the substantial memory overhead of storing Key-Value (KV) caches during long-horizon rollouts acts as a critical bottleneck, often prohibiting efficient training on limited hardware. While existing KV compression techniques offer a remedy for inference, directly applying them to RL training induces a severe policy mismatch, leading to catastrophic performance collapse. To address this, we introduce Sparse-RL empowers stable RL training under sparse rollouts. We show that instability arises from a fundamental policy mismatch among the dense old policy, the sparse sampler policy, and the learner policy. To mitigate this issue, Sparse-RL incorporates Sparsity-Aware Rejection Sampling and Importance-based Reweighting to correct the off-policy bias introduced by compression-induced information loss. Experimental results show that Sparse-RL reduces rollout overhead compared to dense baselines while preserving the performance. Furthermore, Sparse-RL inherently implements sparsity-aware training, significantly enhancing model robustness during sparse inference deployment. In this paper, we propose difficulty-guided sampling (DGS) to bridge the target gap between the distillation objective and the downstream task, therefore improving the performance of dataset distillation. Deep neural networks achieve remarkable performance but have time and storage-consuming training processes. Dataset distillation is proposed to generate compact, high-quality distilled datasets, enabling effective model training while maintaining downstream performance. Existing approaches typically focus on features extracted from the original dataset, overlooking task-specific information, which leads to a target gap between the distillation objective and the downstream task. We propose leveraging characteristics that benefit the downstream training into data distillation to bridge this gap. Focusing on the downstream task of image classification, we introduce the concept of difficulty and propose DGS as a plug-in post-stage sampling module. Following the specific target difficulty distribution, the final distilled dataset is sampled from image pools generated by existing methods. We also propose difficulty-aware guidance (DAG) to explore the effect of difficulty in the generation process. Extensive experiments across multiple settings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. It also highlights the broader potential of difficulty for diverse downstream tasks. Multimodal clinical prediction is widely used to integrate heterogeneous data such as Electronic Health Records (EHR) and biosignals. However, existing methods tend to rely on static modality integration schemes and simple fusion strategies. As a result, they fail to fully exploit modality-specific representations. In this paper, we propose Level-guided Modal Fusion (LeMoF), a novel framework that selectively integrates level-guided representations within each modality. Each level refers to a representation extracted from a different layer of the encoder. LeMoF explicitly separates and learns global modality-level predictions from level-specific discriminative representations. This design enables LeMoF to achieve a balanced performance between prediction stability and discriminative capability even in heterogeneous clinical environments. Experiments on length of stay prediction using Intensive Care Unit (ICU) data demonstrate that LeMoF consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art multimodal fusion techniques across various encoder configurations. We also confirmed that level-wise integration is a key factor in achieving robust predictive performance across various clinical conditions. Recent advances in multimodal learning have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of vision-language models (VLMs). However, state-of-the-art approaches rely heavily on large-scale human-annotated datasets, which are costly and time-consuming to acquire. To overcome this limitation, we introduce V-Zero, a general post-training framework that facilitates self-improvement using exclusively unlabeled images. V-Zero establishes a co-evolutionary loop by instantiating two distinct roles: a Questioner and a Solver. The Questioner learns to synthesize high-quality, challenging questions by leveraging a dual-track reasoning reward that contrasts intuitive guesses with reasoned results. The Solver is optimized using pseudo-labels derived from majority voting over its own sampled responses. Both roles are trained iteratively via Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), driving a cycle of mutual enhancement. Remarkably, without a single human annotation, V-Zero achieves consistent performance gains on Qwen2.5-VL-7B-Instruct, improving visual mathematical reasoning by +1.7 and general vision-centric by +2.6, demonstrating the potential of self-improvement in multimodal systems. Code is available at this https URL Interactive humanoid video generation aims to synthesize lifelike visual agents that can engage with humans through continuous and responsive video. Despite recent advances in video synthesis, existing methods often grapple with the trade-off between high-fidelity synthesis and real-time interaction requirements. In this paper, we propose FlowAct-R1, a framework specifically designed for real-time interactive humanoid video generation. Built upon a MMDiT architecture, FlowAct-R1 enables the streaming synthesis of video with arbitrary durations while maintaining low-latency responsiveness. We introduce a chunkwise diffusion forcing strategy, complemented by a novel self-forcing variant, to alleviate error accumulation and ensure long-term temporal consistency during continuous interaction. By leveraging efficient distillation and system-level optimizations, our framework achieves a stable 25fps at 480p resolution with a time-to-first-frame (TTFF) of only around 1.5 seconds. The proposed method provides holistic and fine-grained full-body control, enabling the agent to transition naturally between diverse behavioral states in interactive scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that FlowAct-R1 achieves exceptional behavioral vividness and perceptual realism, while maintaining robust generalization across diverse character styles. The automated extraction of structured questions from paper-based mathematics exams is fundamental to intelligent education, yet remains challenging in real-world settings due to severe visual noise. Existing benchmarks mainly focus on clean documents or generic layout analysis, overlooking both the structural integrity of mathematical problems and the ability of models to actively reject incomplete inputs. We introduce MathDoc, the first benchmark for document-level information extraction from authentic high school mathematics exam papers. MathDoc contains \textbf{3,609} carefully curated questions with real-world artifacts and explicitly includes unrecognizable samples to evaluate active refusal behavior. We propose a multi-dimensional evaluation framework covering stem accuracy, visual similarity, and refusal capability. Experiments on SOTA MLLMs, including Qwen3-VL and Gemini-2.5-Pro, show that although end-to-end models achieve strong extraction performance, they consistently fail to refuse illegible inputs, instead producing confident but invalid outputs. These results highlight a critical gap in current MLLMs and establish MathDoc as a benchmark for assessing model reliability under degraded document conditions. Our project repository is available at \href{ this https URL }{GitHub repository} Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evidence chains within native scientific documents. To operationalize FITO, we build SIN-Data, a scientific interleaved corpus that preserves the native interleaving of text and figures. On top of it, we construct SIN-Bench with four progressive tasks covering evidence discovery (SIN-Find), hypothesis verification (SIN-Verify), grounded QA (SIN-QA), and evidence-anchored synthesis (SIN-Summary). We further introduce "No Evidence, No Score", scoring predictions when grounded to verifiable anchors and diagnosing evidence quality via matching, relevance, and logic. Experiments on eight MLLMs show that grounding is the primary bottleneck: Gemini-3-pro achieves the best average overall score (0.573), while GPT-5 attains the highest SIN-QA answer accuracy (0.767) but underperforms on evidence-aligned overall scores, exposing a gap between correctness and traceable support. Repository aware coding agents often struggle to recover build and test structure, especially in multilingual projects where cross language dependencies are encoded across heterogeneous build systems and tooling. We introduce the Repository Intelligence Graph (RIG), a deterministic, evidence backed architectural map that represents buildable components, aggregators, runners, tests, external packages, and package managers, connected by explicit dependency and coverage edges that trace back to concrete build and test definitions. We also present SPADE, a deterministic extractor that constructs RIG from build and test artifacts (currently with an automatic CMake plugin based on the CMake File API and CTest metadata), and exposes RIG as an LLM friendly JSON view that agents can treat as the authoritative description of repository structure. We evaluate three commercial agents (Claude Code, Cursor, Codex) on eight repositories spanning low to high build oriented complexity, including the real world MetaFFI project. Each agent answers thirty structured questions per repository with and without RIG in context, and we measure accuracy, wall clock completion time, and efficiency (seconds per correct answer). Across repositories and agents, providing RIG improves mean accuracy by 12.2\% and reduces completion time by 53.9\%, yielding a mean 57.8\% reduction in seconds per correct answer. Gains are larger in multilingual repositories, which improve by 17.7\% in accuracy and 69.5\% in efficiency on average, compared to 6.6\% and 46.1\% in single language repositories. Qualitative analysis suggests that RIG shifts failures from structural misunderstandings toward reasoning mistakes over a correct structure, while rare regressions highlight that graph based reasoning quality remains a key factor. Optimizing communication topology in LLM-based multi-agent system is critical for enabling collective intelligence. Existing methods mainly rely on spatio-temporal interaction paradigms, where the sequential execution of multi-round dialogues incurs high latency and computation. Motivated by the recent insights that evaluation and debate mechanisms can improve problem-solving in multi-agent systems, we propose TopoDIM, a framework for one-shot Topology generation with Diverse Interaction Modes. Designed for decentralized execution to enhance adaptability and privacy, TopoDIM enables agents to autonomously construct heterogeneous communication without iterative coordination, achieving token efficiency and improved task performance. Experiments demonstrate that TopoDIM reduces total token consumption by 46.41% while improving average performance by 1.50% over state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, the framework exhibits strong adaptability in organizing communication among heterogeneous agents. Code is available at: this https URL In recent years, with the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), role-playing language agents (RPLAs) have emerged as a prominent research focus at the intersection of natural language processing (NLP) and human-computer interaction. This paper systematically reviews the current development and key technologies of RPLAs, delineating the technological evolution from early rule-based template paradigms, through the language style imitation stage, to the cognitive simulation stage centered on personality modeling and memory mechanisms. It summarizes the critical technical pathways supporting high-quality role-playing, including psychological scale-driven character modeling, memory-augmented prompting mechanisms, and motivation-situation-based behavioral decision control. At the data level, the paper further analyzes the methods and challenges of constructing role-specific corpora, focusing on data sources, copyright constraints, and structured annotation processes. In terms of evaluation, it collates multi-dimensional assessment frameworks and benchmark datasets covering role knowledge, personality fidelity, value alignment, and interactive hallucination, while commenting on the advantages and disadvantages of methods such as human evaluation, reward models, and LLM-based scoring. Finally, the paper outlines future development directions of role-playing agents, including personality evolution modeling, multi-agent collaborative narrative, multimodal immersive interaction, and integration with cognitive neuroscience, aiming to provide a systematic perspective and methodological insights for subsequent research. Current multimodal latent reasoning often relies on external supervision (e.g., auxiliary images), ignoring intrinsic visual attention dynamics. In this work, we identify a critical Perception Gap in distillation: student models frequently mimic a teacher's textual output while attending to fundamentally divergent visual regions, effectively relying on language priors rather than grounded perception. To bridge this, we propose LaViT, a framework that aligns latent visual thoughts rather than static embeddings. LaViT compels the student to autoregressively reconstruct the teacher's visual semantics and attention trajectories prior to text generation, employing a curriculum sensory gating mechanism to prevent shortcut learning. Extensive experiments show that LaViT significantly enhances visual grounding, achieving up to +16.9% gains on complex reasoning tasks and enabling a compact 3B model to outperform larger open-source variants and proprietary models like GPT-4o. Functional dependencies (FDs) are basic constraints in relational databases and are used for many data management tasks. Most FD discovery algorithms find all valid dependencies, but this causes two problems. First, the computational cost is prohibitive: computational complexity grows quadratically with the number of tuples and exponentially with the number of attributes, making discovery slow on large-scale and high-dimensional data. Second, the result set can be huge, making it hard to identify useful dependencies. We propose SDP (Selective-Discovery-and-Prune), which discovers the top-$k$ FDs ranked by redundancy count. Redundancy count measures how much duplicated information an FD explains and connects directly to storage overhead and update anomalies. SDP uses an upper bound on redundancy to prune the search space. It is proved that this upper bound is monotone: adding attributes refines partitions and thus decreases the bound. Once the bound falls below the top-$k$ threshold, the entire branch can be skipped. We improve SDP with three optimizations: ordering attributes by partition cardinality, using pairwise statistics in a Partition Cardinality Matrix to tighten bounds, and a global scheduler to explore promising branches first. Experiments on over 40 datasets show that SDP is much faster and uses less memory than exhaustive methods. Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise causal discovery to a short sequence of queries about backdoor paths, (in)dependence, latent confounding, and causal direction, yielding interpretable judgments with robustness-aware confidence scores. Theoretical guarantees are provided for asymptotic identifiability of four pairwise relations. On data-free benchmarks derived from Mooij et al. and UCI causal graphs, Tree-Query improves structural metrics over direct LLM baselines, and a diet--weight case study illustrates confounder screening and stable, high-confidence causal conclusions. Tree-Query thus offers a principled way to obtain data-free causal priors from LLMs that can complement downstream data-driven causal discovery. Code is available at this https URL . Fine-tuning is an essential and pervasive functionality for applying large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. However, it has the potential to substantially degrade safety alignment, e.g., by greatly increasing susceptibility to jailbreak attacks, even when the fine-tuning data is entirely harmless. Despite garnering growing attention in defense efforts during the fine-tuning stage, existing methods struggle with a persistent safety-utility dilemma: emphasizing safety compromises task performance, whereas prioritizing utility typically requires deep fine-tuning that inevitably leads to steep safety declination. In this work, we address this dilemma by shedding new light on the geometric interaction between safety- and utility-oriented gradients in safety-aligned LLMs. Through systematic empirical analysis, we uncover three key insights: (I) safety gradients lie in a low-rank subspace, while utility gradients span a broader high-dimensional space; (II) these subspaces are often negatively correlated, causing directional conflicts during fine-tuning; and (III) the dominant safety direction can be efficiently estimated from a single sample. Building upon these novel insights, we propose safety-preserving fine-tuning (SPF), a lightweight approach that explicitly removes gradient components conflicting with the low-rank safety subspace. Theoretically, we show that SPF guarantees utility convergence while bounding safety drift. Empirically, SPF consistently maintains downstream task performance and recovers nearly all pre-trained safety alignment, even under adversarial fine-tuning scenarios. Furthermore, SPF exhibits robust resistance to both deep fine-tuning and dynamic jailbreak attacks. Together, our findings provide new mechanistic understanding and practical guidance toward always-aligned LLM fine-tuning. The effectiveness of contrastive learning methods has been widely recognized in the field of graph learning, especially in contexts where graph data often lack labels or are difficult to label. However, the application of these methods to node classification tasks still faces a number of challenges. First, existing data enhancement techniques may lead to significant differences from the original view when generating new views, which may weaken the relevance of the view and affect the efficiency of model training. Second, the vast majority of existing graph comparison learning algorithms rely on the use of a large number of negative samples. To address the above challenges, this study proposes a novel node classification contrast learning method called Simple Network Graph Comparative Learning (SNGCL). Specifically, SNGCL employs a superimposed multilayer Laplace smoothing filter as a step in processing the data to obtain global and local feature smoothing matrices, respectively, which are thus passed into the target and online networks of the siamese network, and finally employs an improved triple recombination loss function to bring the intra-class distance closer and the inter-class distance farther. We have compared SNGCL with state-of-the-art models in node classification tasks, and the experimental results show that SNGCL is strongly competitive in most tasks. Compressing the KV cache is a required step to deploy large language models on edge devices. Current quantization methods compress storage but fail to reduce bandwidth as attention calculation requires dequantizing keys from INT4/INT8 to FP16 before use. We observe that attention scoring is mathematically equivalent to the inner product similarity search and we can apply some compression techniques from vector databases to compress KV-cache better. We propose LOOKAT, which applies product quantization and asymmetric distance computation, to transformer architecture by decomposing key vectors into subspaces, learning codebooks and computing attention tables via lookup tables. This transforms attention from memory-bound to compute-bound. LOOKAT achieves 64 $\times$ compression at 95.7\% output fidelity and 32 $\times$ compression at 95.0\% fidelity when tested on GPT-2. LOOKAT requires no architecture changes or training while maintaining rank correlation $\rho > 0.95$. Theoretical analysis confirms that rank correlation degrades as $O(d_k/mK)$, with guarantees validated across sequence lengths up to 1024 tokens. Pretraining corpora contain extensive discourse about AI systems, yet the causal influence of this discourse on downstream alignment remains poorly understood. If prevailing descriptions of AI behaviour are predominantly negative, LLMs may internalise corresponding behavioural priors, giving rise to self-fulfilling misalignment. This paper provides the first controlled study of this hypothesis by pretraining 6.9B-parameter LLMs with varying amounts of (mis)alignment discourse. We find that discussion of AI contributes to misalignment. Upsampling synthetic training documents about AI misalignment leads to a notable increase in misaligned behaviour. Conversely, upsampling documents about aligned behaviour reduces misalignment scores from 45% to 9%. We consider this evidence of self-fulfilling alignment. These effects are dampened, but persist through post-training. Our findings establish the study of how pretraining data shapes alignment priors, or alignment pretraining, as a complement to post-training. We recommend practitioners pretrain for alignment as well as capabilities. Our models and datasets are available at this http URL We introduce AWED-FiNER, an open-source ecosystem designed to bridge the gap in Fine-grained Named Entity Recognition (FgNER) for 36 global languages spoken by more than 6.6 billion people. While Large Language Models (LLMs) dominate general Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, they often struggle with low-resource languages and fine-grained NLP tasks. AWED-FiNER provides a collection of agentic toolkits, web applications, and several state-of-the-art expert models that provides FgNER solutions across 36 languages. The agentic tools enable to route multilingual text to specialized expert models and fetch FgNER annotations within seconds. The web-based platforms provide ready-to-use FgNER annotation service for non-technical users. Moreover, the collection of language specific extremely small sized open-source state-of-the-art expert models facilitate offline deployment in resource contraint scenerios including edge devices. AWED-FiNER covers languages spoken by over 6.6 billion people, including a specific focus on vulnerable languages such as Bodo, Manipuri, Bishnupriya, and Mizo. The resources can be accessed here: Agentic Tool ( this https URL ), Web Application ( this https URL ), and 49 Expert Detector Models ( this https URL ). Open-vocabulary 3D Scene Graph (3DSG) generation can enhance various downstream tasks in robotics, such as manipulation and navigation, by leveraging structured semantic representations. A 3DSG is constructed from multiple images of a scene, where objects are represented as nodes and relationships as edges. However, existing works for open-vocabulary 3DSG generation suffer from both low object-level recognition accuracy and speed, mainly due to constrained viewpoints, occlusions, and redundant surface density. To address these challenges, we propose RAG-3DSG to mitigate aggregation noise through re-shot guided uncertainty estimation and support object-level Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) via reliable low-uncertainty objects. Furthermore, we propose a dynamic downsample-mapping strategy to accelerate cross-image object aggregation with adaptive granularity. Experiments on Replica dataset demonstrate that RAG-3DSG significantly improves node captioning accuracy in 3DSG generation while reducing the mapping time by two-thirds compared to the vanilla version. Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled the development of powerful agentic systems capable of automating complex workflows across various fields. However, these systems are highly vulnerable to indirect prompt injection attacks, where malicious instructions embedded in external data can hijack agent behavior. In this work, we present ReasAlign, a model-level solution to improve safety alignment against indirect prompt injection attacks. The core idea of ReasAlign is to incorporate structured reasoning steps to analyze user queries, detect conflicting instructions, and preserve the continuity of the user's intended tasks to defend against indirect injection attacks. To further ensure reasoning logic and accuracy, we introduce a test-time scaling mechanism with a preference-optimized judge model that scores reasoning steps and selects the best trajectory. Comprehensive evaluations across various benchmarks show that ReasAlign maintains utility comparable to an undefended model while consistently outperforming Meta SecAlign, the strongest prior guardrail. On the representative open-ended CyberSecEval2 benchmark, which includes multiple prompt-injected tasks, ReasAlign achieves 94.6% utility and only 3.6% ASR, far surpassing the state-of-the-art defensive model of Meta SecAlign (56.4% utility and 74.4% ASR). These results demonstrate that ReasAlign achieves the best trade-off between security and utility, establishing a robust and practical defense against prompt injection attacks in real-world agentic systems. Our code and experimental results could be found at this https URL . Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable strides in multilingual translation but are hindered by a systemic cross-lingual verbosity bias, rendering them unsuitable for strict time-constrained tasks like subtitling and dubbing. Current prompt-engineering approaches struggle to resolve this conflict between semantic fidelity and rigid temporal feasibility. To bridge this gap, we first introduce Sand-Glass, a benchmark specifically designed to evaluate translation under syllable-level duration constraints. Furthermore, we propose HOMURA, a reinforcement learning framework that explicitly optimizes the trade-off between semantic preservation and temporal compliance. By employing a KL-regularized objective with a novel dynamic syllable-ratio reward, HOMURA effectively "tames" the output length. Experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms strong LLM baselines, achieving precise length control that respects linguistic density hierarchies without compromising semantic adequacy. Improving the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been a continuous topic recently. But most relevant works are based on outcome rewards at the trajectory level, missing fine-grained supervision during the reasoning process. Other existing training frameworks that try to combine process signals together to optimize LLMs also rely heavily on tedious additional steps like MCTS, training a separate reward model, etc., doing harm to the training efficiency. Moreover, the intuition behind the process signals design lacks rigorous theoretical support, leaving the understanding of the optimization mechanism opaque. In this paper, we propose Process Reward Learning (PRL), which decomposes the entropy regularized reinforcement learning objective into intermediate steps, with rigorous process rewards that could be assigned to models accordingly. Starting from theoretical motivation, we derive the formulation of PRL that is essentially equivalent to the objective of reward maximization plus a KL-divergence penalty term between the policy model and a reference model. However, PRL could turn the outcome reward into process supervision signals, which helps better guide the exploration during RL optimization. From our experiment results, we demonstrate that PRL not only improves the average performance for LLMs' reasoning ability measured by average @ n, but also broadens the reasoning boundary by improving the pass @ n metric. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of PRL could be verified and generalized. Aligning multilingual assistants with culturally grounded user preferences is essential for serving India's linguistically diverse population of over one billion speakers across multiple scripts. However, existing benchmarks either focus on a single language or conflate retrieval with generation, leaving open the question of whether current embedding models can encode persona-instruction compatibility without relying on response synthesis. We present a unified benchmark spanning 12 Indian languages and four evaluation tasks: monolingual and cross-lingual persona-to-instruction retrieval, reverse retrieval from instruction to persona, and binary compatibility classification. Eight multilingual embedding models are evaluated in a frozen-encoder setting with a thin logistic regression head for classification. E5-Large-Instruct achieves the highest Recall@1 of 27.4\% on monolingual retrieval and 20.7\% on cross-lingual transfer, while BGE-M3 leads reverse retrieval at 32.1\% Recall@1. For classification, LaBSE attains 75.3\% AUROC with strong calibration. These findings offer practical guidance for model selection in Indic multilingual retrieval and establish reproducible baselines for future work\footnote{Code, datasets, and models are publicly available at this https URL . The prevalence of recommendation systems also brings privacy concerns to both the users and the sellers, as centralized platforms collect as much data as possible from them. To keep the data private, we propose PADER: a Paillier-based secure decentralized social recommendation system. In this system, the users and the sellers are nodes in a decentralized network. The training and inference of the recommendation model are carried out securely in a decentralized manner, without the involvement of a centralized platform. To this end, we apply the Paillier cryptosystem to the SoReg (Social Regularization) model, which exploits both user's ratings and social relations. We view the SoReg model as a two-party secure polynomial evaluation problem and observe that the simple bipartite computation may result in poor efficiency. To improve efficiency, we design secure addition and multiplication protocols to support secure computation on any arithmetic circuit, along with an optimal data packing scheme that is suitable for the polynomial computations of real values. Experiment results show that our method only takes about one second to iterate through one user with hundreds of ratings, and training with ~500K ratings for one epoch only takes <3 hours, which shows that the method is practical in real applications. The code is available at this https URL . Optimization is central to both modern machine learning (ML) and scientific machine learning (SciML), yet the structure of the underlying optimization problems differs substantially across these domains. Classical ML typically relies on stochastic, sample-separable objectives that favor first-order and adaptive gradient methods. In contrast, SciML often involves physics-informed or operator-constrained formulations in which differential operators induce global coupling, stiffness, and strong anisotropy in the loss landscape. As a result, optimization behavior in SciML is governed by the spectral properties of the underlying physical models rather than by data statistics, frequently limiting the effectiveness of standard stochastic methods and motivating deterministic or curvature-aware approaches. This document provides a unified introduction to optimization methods in ML and SciML, emphasizing how problem structure shapes algorithmic choices. We review first- and second-order optimization techniques in both deterministic and stochastic settings, discuss their adaptation to physics-constrained and data-driven SciML models, and illustrate practical strategies through tutorial examples, while highlighting open research directions at the interface of scientific computing and scientific machine learning. AI writing assistants can reduce effort and improve fluency, but they may also weaken writers' sense of authorship. We study this tension with an ownership-aware co-writing editor that offers on-demand, sentence-level suggestions and tests two common design choices: persona-based coaching and style personalization. In an online study (N=176), participants completed three professional writing tasks: an email without AI help, a proposal with generic AI suggestions, and a cover letter with persona-based coaching, while half received suggestions tailored to a brief sample of their prior writing. Across the two AI-assisted tasks, psychological ownership dropped relative to unassisted writing (about 0.85-1.0 points on a 7-point scale), even as cognitive load decreased (about 0.9 points) and quality ratings stayed broadly similar overall. Persona coaching did not prevent the ownership decline. Style personalization partially restored ownership (about +0.43) and increased AI incorporation in text (+5 percentage points). We distill five design patterns: on-demand initiation, micro-suggestions, voice anchoring, audience scaffolds, and point-of-decision provenance, to guide authorship-preserving writing tools. Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit a gap between their internal knowledge and their explicit linguistic outputs. In this report, we empirically investigate whether Looped Transformers (LTs)--architectures that increase computational depth by iterating shared layers--can bridge this gap by utilizing their iterative nature as a form of introspection. Our experiments reveal that while increasing loop iterations narrows the gap, it is partly driven by a degradation of their internal knowledge carried by representations. Moreover, another empirical analysis suggests that current LTs' ability to perceive representations does not improve across loops; it is only present in the final loop. These results suggest that while LTs offer a promising direction for scaling computational depth, they have yet to achieve the introspection required to truly link representation space and natural language. Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) aims to improve generalization by minimizing a worst-case perturbed loss over a small neighborhood of model parameters. However, during training, its optimization behavior does not always align with theoretical expectations, since both sharp and flat regions may yield a small perturbed loss. In such cases, the gradient may still point toward sharp regions, failing to achieve the intended effect of SAM. To address this issue, we investigate SAM from a spectral and geometric perspective: specifically, we utilize the angle between the gradient and the leading eigenvector of the Hessian as a measure of sharpness. Our analysis illustrates that when this angle is less than or equal to ninety degrees, the effect of SAM's sharpness regularization can be weakened. Furthermore, we propose an explicit eigenvector-aligned SAM (X-SAM), which corrects the gradient via orthogonal decomposition along the top eigenvector, enabling more direct and efficient regularization of the Hessian's maximum eigenvalue. We prove X-SAM's convergence and superior generalization, with extensive experimental evaluations confirming both theoretical and practical advantages. When LLMs judge moral dilemmas, do they reach different conclusions in different languages, and if so, why? Two factors could drive such differences: the language of the dilemma itself, or the language in which the model reasons. Standard evaluation conflates these by testing only matched conditions (e.g., English dilemma with English reasoning). We introduce a methodology that separately manipulates each factor, covering also mismatched conditions (e.g., English dilemma with Chinese reasoning), enabling decomposition of their contributions. To study \emph{what} changes, we propose an approach to interpret the moral judgments in terms of Moral Foundations Theory. As a side result, we identify evidence for splitting the Authority dimension into a family-related and an institutional dimension. Applying this methodology to English-Chinese moral judgment with 13 LLMs, we demonstrate its diagnostic power: (1) the framework isolates reasoning-language effects as contributing twice the variance of input-language effects; (2) it detects context-dependency in nearly half of models that standard evaluation misses; and (3) a diagnostic taxonomy translates these patterns into deployment guidance. We release our code and datasets at this https URL . We present MoST (Mixture of Speech and Text), a novel multimodal large language model that seamlessly integrates speech and text processing through our proposed Modality-Aware Mixture of Experts (MAMoE) architecture. While current multimodal models typically process diverse modality representations with identical parameters, disregarding their inherent representational differences, we introduce specialized routing pathways that direct tokens to modality-appropriate experts based on input type. MAMoE simultaneously enhances modality-specific learning and cross-modal understanding through two complementary components: modality-specific expert groups that capture domain-specific patterns and shared experts that facilitate information transfer between modalities. Building on this architecture, we develop an efficient transformation pipeline that adapts the pretrained MoE language model through strategic post-training on ASR and TTS datasets, followed by fine-tuning with a carefully curated speech-text instruction dataset. A key feature of this pipeline is that it relies exclusively on fully accessible, open-source datasets to achieve strong performance and data efficiency. Comprehensive evaluations across ASR, TTS, audio language modeling, and spoken question answering benchmarks show that MoST consistently outperforms existing models of comparable parameter counts. Our ablation studies confirm that the modality-specific routing mechanism and shared experts design significantly contribute to performance gains across all tested domains. To our knowledge, MoST represents the first fully open-source speech-text LLM built on a Mixture of Experts architecture. \footnote{We release MoST model, training code, inference code, and training data at this https URL We consider a single large language model (LLM) server that serves a heterogeneous stream of queries belonging to $N$ distinct task types. Queries arrive according to a Poisson process, and each type occurs with a known prior probability. For each task type, the server allocates a fixed number of internal thinking tokens, which determines the computational effort devoted to that query. The token allocation induces an accuracy-latency trade-off: the service time follows an approximately affine function of the allocated tokens, while the probability of a correct response exhibits diminishing returns. Under a first-in, first-out (FIFO) service discipline, the system operates as an $M/G/1$ queue, and the mean system time depends on the first and second moments of the resulting service-time distribution. We formulate a constrained optimization problem that maximizes a weighted average accuracy objective penalized by the mean system time, subject to architectural token-budget constraints and queue-stability conditions. The objective function is shown to be strictly concave over the stability region, which ensures existence and uniqueness of the optimal token allocation. The first-order optimality conditions yield a coupled projected fixed-point characterization of the optimum, together with an iterative solution and an explicit sufficient condition for contraction. Moreover, a projected gradient method with a computable global step-size bound is developed to guarantee convergence beyond the contractive regime. Finally, integer-valued token allocations are attained via rounding of the continuous solution, and the resulting performance loss is evaluated in simulation results. Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) provide a mesh-free approach for solving differential equations by embedding physical constraints into neural network training. However, PINNs tend to overfit within the training domain, leading to poor generalization when extrapolating beyond trained spatiotemporal regions. This work presents SPIKE (Sparse Physics-Informed Koopman-Enhanced), a framework that regularizes PINNs with continuous-time Koopman operators to learn parsimonious dynamics representations. By enforcing linear dynamics $dz/dt = Az$ in a learned observable space, both PIKE (without explicit sparsity) and SPIKE (with L1 regularization on $A$) learn sparse generator matrices, embodying the parsimony principle that complex dynamics admit low-dimensional structure. Experiments across parabolic, hyperbolic, dispersive, and stiff PDEs, including fluid dynamics (Navier-Stokes) and chaotic ODEs (Lorenz), demonstrate consistent improvements in temporal extrapolation, spatial generalization, and long-term prediction accuracy. The continuous-time formulation with matrix exponential integration provides unconditional stability for stiff systems while avoiding diagonal dominance issues inherent in discrete-time Koopman operators. Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models demonstrate strong performance across various downstream tasks by learning from large-scale image-text pairs through contrastive pretraining. The release of extensive English image-text datasets (e.g., COYO-700M and LAION-400M) has enabled widespread adoption of models such as CLIP and SigLIP in tasks including cross-modal retrieval and image captioning. However, the advancement of Chinese vision-language pretraining has substantially lagged behind, due to the scarcity of high-quality Chinese image-text data. To address this gap, we develop a comprehensive pipeline for constructing a high-quality Chinese cross-modal dataset. As a result, we propose DanQing, which contains 100 million image-text pairs collected from Common Crawl. Different from existing datasets, DanQing is curated through a more rigorous selection process, yielding superior data quality. Moreover, DanQing is primarily built from 2024-2025 web data, enabling models to better capture evolving semantic trends and thus offering greater practical utility. We compare DanQing with existing datasets by continual pre-training of the SigLIP2 model. Experimental results show that DanQing consistently achieves superior performance across a range of Chinese downstream tasks, including zero-shot classification, cross-modal retrieval, and LMM-based evaluations. To facilitate further research in Chinese vision-language pre-training, we will open-source the DanQing dataset under the Creative Common CC-BY 4.0 license. The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute with implicit trust and minimal vetting, creating a significant yet uncharacterized attack surface. We conduct the first large-scale empirical security analysis of this emerging ecosystem, collecting 42,447 skills from two major marketplaces and systematically analyzing 31,132 using SkillScan, a multi-stage detection framework integrating static analysis with LLM-based semantic classification. Our findings reveal pervasive security risks: 26.1% of skills contain at least one vulnerability, spanning 14 distinct patterns across four categories: prompt injection, data exfiltration, privilege escalation, and supply chain risks. Data exfiltration (13.3%) and privilege escalation (11.8%) are most prevalent, while 5.2% of skills exhibit high-severity patterns strongly suggesting malicious intent. We find that skills bundling executable scripts are 2.12x more likely to contain vulnerabilities than instruction-only skills (OR=2.12, p<0.001). Our contributions include: (1) a grounded vulnerability taxonomy derived from 8,126 vulnerable skills, (2) a validated detection methodology achieving 86.7% precision and 82.5% recall, and (3) an open dataset and detection toolkit to support future research. These results demonstrate an urgent need for capability-based permission systems and mandatory security vetting before this attack vector is further exploited. Modern coding scaffolds turn LLMs into capable software agents, but their ability to follow scaffold-specified instructions remains under-examined, especially when constraints are heterogeneous and persist across interactions. To fill this gap, we introduce OctoBench, which benchmarks scaffold-aware instruction following in repository-grounded agentic coding. OctoBench includes 34 environments and 217 tasks instantiated under three scaffold types, and is paired with 7,098 objective checklist items. To disentangle solving the task from following the rules, we provide an automated observation-and-scoring toolkit that captures full trajectories and performs fine-grained checks. Experiments on eight representative models reveal a systematic gap between task-solving and scaffold-aware compliance, underscoring the need for training and evaluation that explicitly targets heterogeneous instruction following. We release the benchmark to support reproducible benchmarking and to accelerate the development of more scaffold-aware coding agents. Efficient distillation is a key pathway for converting expensive reasoning capability into deployable efficiency, yet in the frontier regime where the student already has strong reasoning ability, naive continual distillation often yields limited gains or even degradation. We observe a characteristic training phenomenon: even as loss decreases monotonically, all performance metrics can drop sharply at almost the same bottleneck, before gradually recovering. We further uncover a token-level mechanism: confidence bifurcates into steadily increasing Imitation-Anchor Tokens that quickly anchor optimization and other yet-to-learn tokens whose confidence is suppressed until after the bottleneck. And the characteristic that these two types of tokens cannot coexist is the root cause of the failure in continual distillation. To this end, we propose Training-Trajectory-Aware Token Selection (T3S) to reconstruct the training objective at the token level, clearing the optimization path for yet-to-learn tokens. T3 yields consistent gains in both AR and dLLM settings: with only hundreds of examples, Qwen3-8B surpasses DeepSeek-R1 on competitive reasoning benchmarks, Qwen3-32B approaches Qwen3-235B, and T3-trained LLaDA-2.0-Mini exceeds its AR baseline, achieving state-of-the-art performance among all of 16B-scale no-think models. We propose Strategy-aware Surprise (SuS), a novel intrinsic motivation framework that uses pre-post prediction mismatch as a novelty signal for exploration in reinforcement learning. Unlike traditional curiosity-driven methods that rely solely on state prediction error, SuS introduces two complementary components: Strategy Stability (SS) and Strategy Surprise (SuS). SS measures consistency in behavioral strategy across temporal steps, while SuS captures unexpected outcomes relative to the agent's current strategy representation. Our combined reward formulation leverages both signals through learned weighting coefficients. We evaluate SuS on mathematical reasoning tasks using large language models, demonstrating significant improvements in both accuracy and solution diversity. Ablation studies confirm that removing either component results in at least 10% performance degradation, validating the synergistic nature of our approach. SuS achieves 17.4% improvement in Pass@1 and 26.4% improvement in Pass@5 compared to baseline methods, while maintaining higher strategy diversity throughout training. Recent advancements in diffusion-based generative priors have enabled visually plausible image compression at extremely low bit rates. However, existing approaches suffer from slow sampling processes and suboptimal bit allocation due to fragmented training paradigms. In this work, we propose Accelerate \textbf{Diff}usion-based Image Compression via \textbf{C}onsistency Prior \textbf{R}efinement (DiffCR), a novel compression framework for efficient and high-fidelity image reconstruction. At the heart of DiffCR is a Frequency-aware Skip Estimation (FaSE) module that refines the $\epsilon$-prediction prior from a pre-trained latent diffusion model and aligns it with compressed latents at different timesteps via Frequency Decoupling Attention (FDA). Furthermore, a lightweight consistency estimator enables fast \textbf{two-step decoding} by preserving the semantic trajectory of diffusion sampling. Without updating the backbone diffusion model, DiffCR achieves substantial bitrate savings (27.2\% BD-rate (LPIPS) and 65.1\% BD-rate (PSNR)) and over $10\times$ speed-up compared to SOTA diffusion-based compression baselines. Recent achievements of vision-language models in end-to-end OCR point to a new avenue for low-loss compression of textual information. This motivates earlier works that render the Transformer's input into images for prefilling, which effectively reduces the number of tokens through visual encoding, thereby alleviating the quadratically increased Attention computations. However, this partial compression fails to save computational or memory costs at token-by-token inference. In this paper, we investigate global context compression, which saves tokens at both prefilling and inference stages. Consequently, we propose VIST2, a novel Transformer that interleaves input text chunks alongside their visual encoding, while depending exclusively on visual tokens in the pre-context to predict the next text token distribution. Around this idea, we render text chunks into sketch images and train VIST2 in multiple stages, starting from curriculum-scheduled pretraining for optical language modeling, followed by modal-interleaved instruction tuning. We conduct extensive experiments using VIST2 families scaled from 0.6B to 8B to explore the training recipe and hyperparameters. With a 4$\times$ compression ratio, the resulting models demonstrate significant superiority over baselines on long writing tasks, achieving, on average, a 3$\times$ speedup in first-token generation, 77% reduction in memory usage, and 74% reduction in FLOPS. Our codes and datasets will be public to support further studies. Accurate survival prediction in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) requires the integration of heterogeneous clinical, radiological, and histopathological information. While Multimodal Deep Learning (MDL) offers a promises for precision prognosis and survival prediction, its clinical applicability is severely limited by small cohort sizes and the presence of missing modalities, often forcing complete-case filtering or aggressive imputation. In this work, we present a missing-aware multimodal survival framework that integrates Computed Tomography (CT), Whole-Slide Histopathology (WSI) Images, and structured clinical variables for overall survival modeling in unresectable stage II-III NSCLC. By leveraging Foundation Models (FM) for modality-specific feature extraction and a missing-aware encoding strategy, the proposed approach enables intermediate multimodal fusion under naturally incomplete modality profiles. The proposed architecture is resilient to missing modalities by design, allowing the model to utilize all available data without being forced to drop patients during training or inference. Experimental results demonstrate that intermediate fusion consistently outperforms unimodal baselines as well as early and late fusion strategies, with the strongest performance achieved by the fusion of WSI and clinical modalities (73.30 C-index). Further analyses of modality importance reveal an adaptive behavior in which less informative modalities, i.e., CT modality, are automatically down-weighted and contribute less to the final survival prediction. Futrell and Mahowald claim LMs "serve as model systems", but an assessment at each of Marr's three levels suggests the claim is clearly not true at the implementation level, poorly motivated at the algorithmic-representational level, and problematic at the computational theory level. LMs are good candidates as tools; calling them cognitive models overstates the case and unnecessarily feeds LLM hype. Ontological Knowledge Bases (OKBs) play a vital role in structuring domain-specific knowledge and serve as a foundation for effective knowledge management systems. However, their traditional manual development poses significant challenges related to scalability, consistency, and adaptability. Recent advancements in Generative AI, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), offer promising solutions for automating and enhancing OKB development. This paper introduces a structured, iterative methodology leveraging LLMs to optimize knowledge acquisition, automate ontology artifact generation, and enable continuous refinement cycles. We demonstrate this approach through a detailed case study focused on developing a user context profile ontology within the vehicle sales domain. Key contributions include significantly accelerated ontology construction processes, improved ontological consistency, effective bias mitigation, and enhanced transparency in the ontology engineering process. Our findings highlight the transformative potential of integrating LLMs into ontology development, notably improving scalability, integration capabilities, and overall efficiency in knowledge management systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) agents are increasingly used in a variety of domains to automate tasks, interact with users, and make decisions based on data inputs. Ensuring that AI agents perform only authorized actions and handle inputs appropriately is essential for maintaining system integrity and preventing misuse. In this study, we introduce the AgentGuardian, a novel security framework that governs and protects AI agent operations by enforcing context-aware access-control policies. During a controlled staging phase, the framework monitors execution traces to learn legitimate agent behaviors and input patterns. From this phase, it derives adaptive policies that regulate tool calls made by the agent, guided by both real-time input context and the control flow dependencies of multi-step agent actions. Evaluation across two real-world AI agent applications demonstrates that AgentGuardian effectively detects malicious or misleading inputs while preserving normal agent functionality. Moreover, its control-flow-based governance mechanism mitigates hallucination-driven errors and other orchestration-level malfunctions. A model that avoids stereotypes in a lab benchmark may not avoid them in deployment. We show that measured bias shifts dramatically when prompts mention different places, times, or audiences -- no adversarial prompting required. We introduce Contextual StereoSet, a benchmark that holds stereotype content fixed while systematically varying contextual framing. Testing 13 models across two protocols, we find striking patterns: anchoring to 1990 (vs. 2030) raises stereotype selection in all models tested on this contrast (p<0.05); gossip framing raises it in 5 of 6 full-grid models; out-group observer framing shifts it by up to 13 percentage points. These effects replicate in hiring, lending, and help-seeking vignettes. We propose Context Sensitivity Fingerprints (CSF): a compact profile of per-dimension dispersion and paired contrasts with bootstrap CIs and FDR correction. Two evaluation tracks support different use cases -- a 360-context diagnostic grid for deep analysis and a budgeted protocol covering 4,229 items for production screening. The implication is methodological: bias scores from fixed-condition tests may not this http URL is not a claim about ground-truth bias rates; it is a stress test of evaluation robustness. CSF forces evaluators to ask, "Under what conditions does bias appear?" rather than "Is this model biased?" We release our benchmark, code, and results. As hubs of human activity, urban surfaces consist of a wealth of semantic entities. Segmenting these various entities from satellite imagery is crucial for a range of downstream applications. Current advanced segmentation models can reliably segment entities defined by physical attributes (e.g., buildings, water bodies) but still struggle with socially defined categories (e.g., schools, parks). In this work, we achieve socio-semantic segmentation by vision-language model reasoning. To facilitate this, we introduce the Urban Socio-Semantic Segmentation dataset named SocioSeg, a new resource comprising satellite imagery, digital maps, and pixel-level labels of social semantic entities organized in a hierarchical structure. Additionally, we propose a novel vision-language reasoning framework called SocioReasoner that simulates the human process of identifying and annotating social semantic entities via cross-modal recognition and multi-stage reasoning. We employ reinforcement learning to optimize this non-differentiable process and elicit the reasoning capabilities of the vision-language model. Experiments demonstrate our approach's gains over state-of-the-art models and strong zero-shot generalization. Our dataset and code are available in this https URL . Large language models are increasingly used for code generation and debugging, but their outputs can still contain bugs, that originate from training data. Distinguishing whether an LLM prefers correct code, or a familiar incorrect version might be influenced by what it's been exposed to during training. We introduce an exposure-aware evaluation framework that quantifies how prior exposure to buggy versus fixed code influences a model's preference. Using the ManySStuBs4J benchmark, we apply Data Portraits for membership testing on the Stack-V2 corpus to estimate whether each buggy and fixed variant was seen during training. We then stratify examples by exposure and compare model preference using code completion as well as multiple likelihood-based scoring metrics We find that most examples (67%) have neither variant in the training data, and when only one is present, fixes are more frequently present than bugs. In model generations, models reproduce buggy lines far more often than fixes, with bug-exposed examples amplifying this tendency and fix-exposed examples showing only marginal improvement. In likelihood scoring, minimum and maximum token-probability metrics consistently prefer the fixed code across all conditions, indicating a stable bias toward correct fixes. In contrast, metrics like the Gini coefficient reverse preference when only the buggy variant was seen. Our results indicate that exposure can skew bug-fix evaluations and highlight the risk that LLMs may propagate memorised errors in practice. This note introduces Projected Microbatch Accumulation (PROMA), a proximal policy update method for large language model fine-tuning. PROMA accumulates policy gradients across microbatches by projecting out sequence-wise gradient components before microbatch aggregation. The projection is applied layer-wise during the backward pass, enabling efficient implementation without additional forward or backward passes. Empirically, PROMA enforces tighter control of local KL divergence than GRPO, resulting in more stable policy learning. Unlike PPO and GRPO, PROMA achieves proximal updates without inducing entropy collapse and does not rely on a reference policy or likelihood-ratio clipping. Model counting of Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF) formulas is a critical problem in applications such as probabilistic inference and network reliability. For example, it is often used for query evaluation in probabilistic databases. Due to the computational intractability of exact DNF counting, there has been a line of research into a variety of approximation algorithms. These include Monte Carlo approaches such as the classical algorithms of Karp, Luby, and Madras (1989), as well as methods based on hashing (Soos et al. 2023), and heuristic approximations based on Neural Nets (Abboud, Ceylan, and Lukasiewicz 2020). We develop a new Monte Carlo approach with an adaptive stopping rule and short-circuit formula evaluation. We prove it achieves Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) learning bounds and is asymptotically more efficient than the previous methods. We also show experimentally that it out-performs prior algorithms by orders of magnitude, and can scale to much larger problems with millions of variables. Online high-definition (HD) map construction is an essential part of a safe and robust end-to-end autonomous driving (AD) pipeline. Onboard camera-based approaches suffer from limited depth perception and degraded accuracy due to occlusion. In this work, we propose SatMap, an online vectorized HD map estimation method that integrates satellite maps with multi-view camera observations and directly predicts a vectorized HD map for downstream prediction and planning modules. Our method leverages lane-level semantics and texture from satellite imagery captured from a Bird's Eye View (BEV) perspective as a global prior, effectively mitigating depth ambiguity and occlusion. In our experiments on the nuScenes dataset, SatMap achieves 34.8% mAP performance improvement over the camera-only baseline and 8.5% mAP improvement over the camera-LiDAR fusion baseline. Moreover, we evaluate our model in long-range and adverse weather conditions to demonstrate the advantages of using a satellite prior map. Source code will be available at this https URL . Multi-agent systems (MAS) enable complex reasoning by coordinating multiple agents, but often incur high inference latency due to multi-step execution and repeated model invocations, severely limiting their scalability and usability in time-sensitive scenarios. Most existing approaches primarily optimize task performance and inference cost, and explicitly or implicitly assume sequential execution, making them less optimal for controlling latency under parallel execution. In this work, we investigate learning-based orchestration of multi-agent systems with explicit latency supervision under parallel execution. We propose Latency-Aware Multi-agent System (LAMaS), a latency-aware multi-agent orchestration framework that enables parallel execution and explicitly optimizes the critical execution path, allowing the controller to construct execution topology graphs with lower latency under parallel execution. Our experiments show that our approach reduces critical path length by 38-46% compared to the state-of-the-art baseline for multi-agent architecture search across multiple benchmarks, while maintaining or even improving task performance. These results highlight the importance of explicitly optimizing latency under parallel execution when designing efficient multi-agent systems. The code is available at this https URL Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) improve the explainability of black-box Deep Learning (DL) by introducing intermediate semantic concepts. However, standard CBMs often overlook domain-specific relationships and causal mechanisms, and their dependence on complete concept labels limits applicability in scientific domains where supervision is sparse but processes are well defined. To address this, we propose the Process-Guided Concept Bottleneck Model (PG-CBM), an extension of CBMs which constrains learning to follow domain-defined causal mechanisms through biophysically meaningful intermediate concepts. Using above ground biomass density estimation from Earth Observation data as a case study, we show that PG-CBM reduces error and bias compared to multiple benchmarks, whilst leveraging multi-source heterogeneous training data and producing interpretable intermediate outputs. Beyond improved accuracy, PG-CBM enhances transparency, enables detection of spurious learning, and provides scientific insights, representing a step toward more trustworthy AI systems in scientific applications. The paper introduces a white-box attack on computer vision models using SHAP values. It demonstrates how adversarial evasion attacks can compromise the performance of deep learning models by reducing output confidence or inducing misclassifications. Such attacks are particularly insidious as they can deceive the perception of an algorithm while eluding human perception due to their imperceptibility to the human eye. The proposed attack leverages SHAP values to quantify the significance of individual inputs to the output at the inference stage. A comparison is drawn between the SHAP attack and the well-known Fast Gradient Sign Method. We find evidence that SHAP attacks are more robust in generating misclassifications particularly in gradient hiding scenarios. Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) have emerged as a promising approach for zero-shot financial forecasting, demonstrating strong transferability and data efficiency gains. However, their adoption in financial applications is hindered by fundamental limitations in uncertainty quantification: current approaches either rely on restrictive distributional assumptions, conflate different sources of uncertainty, or lack principled calibration mechanisms. While recent TSFMs employ sophisticated techniques such as mixture models, Student's t-distributions, or conformal prediction, they fail to address the core challenge of providing theoretically-grounded uncertainty decomposition. For the very first time, we present a novel transformer-based probabilistic framework, ProbFM (probabilistic foundation model), that leverages Deep Evidential Regression (DER) to provide principled uncertainty quantification with explicit epistemic-aleatoric decomposition. Unlike existing approaches that pre-specify distributional forms or require sampling-based inference, ProbFM learns optimal uncertainty representations through higher-order evidence learning while maintaining single-pass computational efficiency. To rigorously evaluate the core DER uncertainty quantification approach independent of architectural complexity, we conduct an extensive controlled comparison study using a consistent LSTM architecture across five probabilistic methods: DER, Gaussian NLL, Student's-t NLL, Quantile Loss, and Conformal Prediction. Evaluation on cryptocurrency return forecasting demonstrates that DER maintains competitive forecasting accuracy while providing explicit epistemic-aleatoric uncertainty decomposition. This work establishes both an extensible framework for principled uncertainty quantification in foundation models and empirical evidence for DER's effectiveness in financial applications. In the context of multi-agent multi-armed bandits (MA-MAB), fairness is often reduced to outcomes: maximizing welfare, reducing inequality, or balancing utilities. However, evidence in psychology, economics, and Rawlsian theory suggests that fairness is also about process and who gets a say in the decisions being made. We introduce a new fairness objective, procedural fairness, which provides equal decision-making power for all agents, lies in the core, and provides for proportionality in outcomes. Empirical results confirm that fairness notions based on optimizing for outcomes sacrifice equal voice and representation, while the sacrifice in outcome-based fairness objectives (like equality and utilitarianism) is minimal under procedurally fair policies. We further prove that different fairness notions prioritize fundamentally different and incompatible values, highlighting that fairness requires explicit normative choices. This paper argues that procedural legitimacy deserves greater focus as a fairness objective, and provides a framework for putting procedural fairness into practice. Today's strongest video-language models (VLMs) remain proprietary. The strongest open-weight models either rely on synthetic data from proprietary VLMs, effectively distilling from them, or do not disclose their training data or recipe. As a result, the open-source community lacks the foundations needed to improve on the state-of-the-art video (and image) language models. Crucially, many downstream applications require more than just high-level video understanding; they require grounding -- either by pointing or by tracking in pixels. Even proprietary models lack this capability. We present Molmo2, a new family of VLMs that are state-of-the-art among open-source models and demonstrate exceptional new capabilities in point-driven grounding in single image, multi-image, and video tasks. Our key contribution is a collection of 7 new video datasets and 2 multi-image datasets, including a dataset of highly detailed video captions for pre-training, a free-form video Q&A dataset for fine-tuning, a new object tracking dataset with complex queries, and an innovative new video pointing dataset, all collected without the use of closed VLMs. We also present a training recipe for this data utilizing an efficient packing and message-tree encoding scheme, and show bi-directional attention on vision tokens and a novel token-weight strategy improves performance. Our best-in-class 8B model outperforms others in the class of open weight and data models on short videos, counting, and captioning, and is competitive on long-videos. On video-grounding Molmo2 significantly outperforms existing open-weight models like Qwen3-VL (35.5 vs 29.6 accuracy on video counting) and surpasses proprietary models like Gemini 3 Pro on some tasks (38.4 vs 20.0 F1 on video pointing and 56.2 vs 41.1 J&F on video tracking). Scaling laws have played a major role in the modern AI revolution, providing practitioners predictive power over how the model performance will improve with increasing data, compute, and number of model parameters. This has spurred an intense interest in the origin of neural scaling laws, with a common suggestion being that they arise from power law structure already present in the data. In this paper we study scaling laws for transformers trained to predict random walks (bigrams) on graphs with tunable complexity. We demonstrate that this simplified setting already gives rise to neural scaling laws even in the absence of power law structure in the data correlations. We further consider dialing down the complexity of natural language systematically, by training on sequences sampled from increasingly simplified generative language models, from 4,2,1-layer transformer language models down to language bigrams, revealing a monotonic evolution of the scaling exponents. Our results also include scaling laws obtained from training on random walks on random graphs drawn from Erdös-Renyi and scale-free Barabási-Albert ensembles. Finally, we revisit conventional scaling laws for language modeling, demonstrating that several essential results can be reproduced using 2 layer transformers with context length of 50, provide a critical analysis of various fits used in prior literature, demonstrate an alternative method for obtaining compute optimal curves as compared with current practice in published literature, and provide preliminary evidence that maximal update parameterization may be more parameter efficient than standard parameterization. Concept-based explanations quantify how high-level concepts (e.g., gender or experience) influence model behavior, which is crucial for decision-makers in high-stakes domains. Recent work evaluates the faithfulness of such explanations by comparing them to reference causal effects estimated from counterfactuals. In practice, existing benchmarks rely on costly human-written counterfactuals that serve as an imperfect proxy. To address this, we introduce a framework for constructing datasets containing structural counterfactual pairs: LIBERTy (LLM-based Interventional Benchmark for Explainability with Reference Targets). LIBERTy is grounded in explicitly defined Structured Causal Models (SCMs) of the text generation, interventions on a concept propagate through the SCM until an LLM generates the counterfactual. We introduce three datasets (disease detection, CV screening, and workplace violence prediction) together with a new evaluation metric, order-faithfulness. Using them, we evaluate a wide range of methods across five models and identify substantial headroom for improving concept-based explanations. LIBERTy also enables systematic analysis of model sensitivity to interventions: we find that proprietary LLMs show markedly reduced sensitivity to demographic concepts, likely due to post-training mitigation. Overall, LIBERTy provides a much-needed benchmark for developing faithful explainability methods. Deploying large language models in long-horizon, goal-oriented interactions remains challenging because similar entities and facts recur under different latent goals and constraints, causing memory systems to retrieve context-mismatched evidence. We propose STITCH (Structured Intent Tracking in Contextual History), an agentic memory system that indexes each trajectory step with a structured retrieval cue, contextual intent, and retrieves history by matching the current step's intent. Contextual intent provides compact signals that disambiguate repeated mentions and reduce interference: (1) the current latent goal defining a thematic segment, (2) the action type, and (3) the salient entity types anchoring which attributes matter. During inference, STITCH filters and prioritizes memory snippets by intent compatibility, suppressing semantically similar but context-incompatible history. For evaluation, we introduce CAME-Bench, a benchmark for context-aware retrieval in realistic, dynamic, goal-oriented trajectories. Across CAME-Bench and LongMemEval, STITCH achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming the strongest baseline by 35.6%, with the largest gains as trajectory length increases. Our analysis shows that intent indexing substantially reduces retrieval noise, supporting intent-aware memory for robust long-horizon reasoning. Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) empowers large language models (LLMs) to tackle complex tasks by interleaving reasoning steps with external tool interactions. However, existing reinforcement learning methods typically rely on outcome- or trajectory-level rewards, assigning uniform advantages to all steps within a trajectory. This coarse-grained credit assignment fails to distinguish effective tool calls from redundant or erroneous ones, particularly in long-horizon multi-turn scenarios. To address this, we propose MatchTIR, a framework that introduces fine-grained supervision via bipartite matching-based turn-level reward assignment and dual-level advantage estimation. Specifically, we formulate credit assignment as a bipartite matching problem between predicted and ground-truth traces, utilizing two assignment strategies to derive dense turn-level rewards. Furthermore, to balance local step precision with global task success, we introduce a dual-level advantage estimation scheme that integrates turn-level and trajectory-level signals, assigning distinct advantage values to individual interaction turns. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the superiority of MatchTIR. Notably, our 4B model surpasses the majority of 8B competitors, particularly in long-horizon and multi-turn tasks. Our codes are available at this https URL . Replacement submissions (showing 100 of 100 entries) Social Determinants of Health (SDOH), also known as Health-Related Social Needs (HSRN), play a significant role in patient health outcomes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) introduced a subset of ICD-10 codes called Z-codes to recognize and measure SDOH. However, Z-codes are infrequently coded in a patient's Electronic Health Record (EHR), and instead, in many cases, need to be inferred from clinical notes. Previous research has shown that large language models (LLMs) show promise on extracting unstructured data from EHRs, but it can be difficult to identify a single model that performs best on varied coding tasks. Further, clinical notes contain protected health information posing a challenge for the use of closed-source language models from commercial vendors. The identification of open-source LLMs that can be run within health organizations and exhibit high performance on SDOH tasks is an important issue to solve. Here, we introduce an intelligent routing system for SDOH coding that uses a language model router to direct medical record data to open-source LLMs that demonstrate optimal performance on specific SDOH codes. This intelligent routing system exhibits state of the art performance of 96.4% accuracy averaged across 13 codes, including homelessness and food insecurity, outperforming closed models such as GPT-4o. We leveraged a publicly-available, deidentified dataset of medical record notes to run the router, but we also introduce a synthetic data generation and validation paradigm to increase the scale of training data without needing privacy-protected medical records. Together, we demonstrate an architecture for intelligent routing of inputs to task-optimal language models to achieve high performance across a set of medical coding sub-tasks. We provide an analysis of theory ladenness in machine learning in science, where "theory", that we call "domain theory", refers to the domain knowledge of the scientific discipline where ML is used. By constructing an account of ML models based on a comparison with phenomenological models, we show, against recent trends in philosophy of science, that ML model-building is mostly indifferent to domain theory, even if the model remains theory laden in a weak sense, which we call theory infection. These claims, we argue, have far-reaching consequences for the transferability of ML across scientific disciplines, and shift the priorities of the debate on theory ladenness in ML from descriptive to normative. Mathematical reasoning remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs), despite progress in prompting techniques such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT). We present **Chain of Mathematically Annotated Thought (CoMAT)**, which enhances reasoning through two stages: *Symbolic Conversion* (converting natural language queries into symbolic form) and *Reasoning Execution* (deriving answers from symbolic representations). CoMAT operates entirely with a single LLM and without external solvers. Across four LLMs, CoMAT outperforms traditional CoT on six out of seven benchmarks, achieving gains of 4.48% on MMLU-Redux (MATH) and 4.58% on GaoKao MCQ. In addition to improved performance, CoMAT ensures faithfulness and verifiability, offering a transparent reasoning process for complex mathematical tasks Background Clinical trials are essential to advancing cancer treatments, yet fewer than 10% of adults with cancer enroll in trials, and many studies fail to meet accrual targets. Artificial intelligence (AI) could improve identification of appropriate trials for patients, but sharing AI models trained on protected health information remains difficult due to privacy restrictions. Methods We developed MatchMiner-AI, an open-source platform for clinical trial search and ranking trained entirely on synthetic electronic health record (EHR) data. The system extracts core clinical criteria from longitudinal EHR text and embeds patient summaries and trial "spaces" (target populations) in a shared vector space for rapid retrieval. It then applies custom text classifiers to assess whether each patient-trial pairing is a clinically reasonable consideration. The pipeline was evaluated on real clinical data. Results Across retrospective evaluations on real EHR data, the fine-tuned pipeline outperformed baseline text-embedding approaches. For trial-enrolled patients, 90% of the top 20 recommended trials were relevant matches (compared to 17% for the baseline model). Similar improvements were noted for patients who received standard-of-care treatments (88% of the top 20 matches were relevant, compared to 14% for baseline). Text classification modules demonstrated strong discrimination (AUROC 0.94-0.98) for evaluating candidate patient-trial space pair eligibility; incorporating these components consistently increased mean average precision to ~ 0.90 across patient- and trial-centric use cases. Synthetic training data, model weights, inference tools, and demonstration frontends are publicly available. Conclusions MatchMiner-AI demonstrates an openly accessible, privacy-preserving approach to distilling a clinical trial matching AI pipeline from LLM-generated synthetic EHR data. As AI capabilities increasingly surpass human proficiency in complex tasks, current alignment techniques, including SFT and RLHF, face fundamental challenges in ensuring reliable oversight. These methods rely on direct human assessment and become impractical when AI outputs exceed human cognitive thresholds. In response to this challenge, we explore two hypotheses: (1) \textit{Critique of critique can be easier than critique itself}, extending the widely-accepted observation that verification is easier than generation to the critique domain, as critique itself is a specialized form of generation; (2) \textit{This difficulty relationship holds recursively}, suggesting that when direct evaluation is infeasible, performing higher-order critiques (e.g., critique of critique of critique) offers a more tractable supervision pathway. We conduct Human-Human, Human-AI, and AI-AI experiments to investigate the potential of recursive self-critiquing for AI supervision. Our results highlight recursive critique as a promising approach for scalable AI oversight. The rapid advancement of reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs) has led to notable improvements on mathematical benchmarks. However, many of the most commonly used evaluation datasets (e.g., AIME 2024) are widely available online, making it difficult to disentangle genuine reasoning from potential memorization. Furthermore, these benchmarks do not evaluate proof-writing capabilities, which are crucial for many mathematical tasks. To address this, we introduce MathArena, a new benchmark based on the following key insight: recurring math competitions provide a stream of high-quality, challenging problems that can be used for real-time evaluation of LLMs. By evaluating models as soon as new problems are released, we effectively eliminate the risk of contamination. Using this framework, we find strong signs of contamination in AIME 2024. Nonetheless, evaluations on harder competitions, such as CMIMC 2025, demonstrate impressive reasoning capabilities in top-performing models. MathArena is also the first benchmark for proof-writing capabilities. On IMO 2025, top models achieve slightly less than 40%, demonstrating both notable progress and significant room for improvement. So far, we have evaluated over $50$ models across seven competitions, totaling $162$ problems. As an evolving benchmark, MathArena will continue to track the progress of LLMs on newly released competitions, ensuring rigorous and up-to-date evaluation of mathematical reasoning. When an autonomous agent behaves undesirably, including failure to complete a task, it can be difficult to determine whether the behavior is due to a systemic agent error, such as flaws in the model or policy, or an environment error, where a task is inherently infeasible under a given environment configuration, even for an ideal agent. As agents and their environments grow more complex, identifying the error source becomes increasingly difficult but critical for reliable deployment. We introduce AIProbe, a novel black-box testing technique that applies differential testing to attribute undesirable agent behaviors either to agent deficiencies, such as modeling or training flaws, or due to environmental infeasibility. AIProbe first generates diverse environmental configurations and tasks for testing the agent, by modifying configurable parameters using Latin Hypercube sampling. It then solves each generated task using a search-based planner, independent of the agent. By comparing the agent's performance to the planner's solution, AIProbe identifies whether failures are due to errors in the agent's model or policy, or due to unsolvable task conditions. Our evaluation across multiple domains shows that AIProbe significantly outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in detecting both total and unique errors, thereby contributing to a reliable deployment of autonomous agents. This paper investigates the feasibility of human mobility in extreme urban morphologies, characterized by high-density vertical structures and linear city layouts. To assess whether agents can navigate efficiently within such unprecedented topologies, we develop a hybrid simulation framework that integrates agent-based modeling, reinforcement learning (RL), supervised learning, and graph neural networks (GNNs). The simulation captures multi-modal transportation behaviors across multiple vertical levels and varying density scenarios, using both synthetic data and real-world traces from high-density cities. Experiments show that the full AI-integrated architecture enables agents to achieve an average commute time of 7.8--8.4 minutes, a satisfaction rate exceeding 89\%, and a reachability index over 91\%, even during peak congestion periods. Ablation studies indicate that removing intelligent modules such as RL or GNN significantly degrades performance, with commute times increasing by up to 85\% and reachability falling below 70\%. Environmental modeling demonstrates low energy consumption and minimal CO$_2$ emissions when electric modes are prioritized. These results suggest that efficient and sustainable mobility in extreme urban forms is achievable, provided adaptive AI systems, intelligent infrastructure, and real-time feedback mechanisms are implemented. Sycophancy (overly agreeable or flattering behavior) poses a fundamental challenge for human-AI collaboration, particularly in high-stakes decision-making domains such as health, law, and education. A central difficulty in studying sycophancy in large language models (LLMs) is disentangling sycophantic belief shifts from rational changes in behavior driven by new evidence or user-provided information. Existing approaches either measure descriptive behavior changes or apply normative evaluations that rely on objective ground truth, limiting their applicability to subjective or uncertain tasks. We introduce a Bayesian probabilistic framework, grounded in behavioral economics and rational decision theory, that explicitly separates sycophancy from rational belief updating. Within this framework, we achieve three objectives: (i) a descriptive metric that measures sycophancy while controlling for rational responses to evidence; (ii) a normative metric that quantifies how sycophancy leads models astray from Bayesian-consistent belief updating; and (iii) the ability to apply both metrics in settings without ground-truth labels. Applying our framework across multiple LLMs and three uncertainty-driven tasks, we find robust evidence of sycophantic belief shifts and show that their impact on rationality depends on whether models systematically over- or under-update their beliefs. Finally, we demonstrate that a post-hoc calibration method and two fine-tuning strategies (SFT and DPO) substantially reduce Bayesian inconsistency, with particularly strong improvements under explicit sycophancy prompting. Large language models can produce fluent judgments for clinical natural language inference, yet they frequently fail when the decision requires the correct inferential schema rather than surface matching. We introduce CARENLI, a compartmentalised agentic framework that routes each premise-statement pair to a reasoning family and then applies a specialised solver with explicit verification and targeted refinement. We evaluate on an expanded CTNLI benchmark of 200 instances spanning four reasoning families: Causal Attribution, Compositional Grounding, Epistemic Verification, and Risk State Abstraction. Across four contemporary backbone models, CARENLI improves mean accuracy from about 23% with direct prompting to about 57%, a gain of roughly 34 points, with the largest benefits on structurally demanding reasoning types. These results support compartmentalisation plus verification as a practical route to more reliable and auditable clinical inference. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a dominant paradigm for training autonomous agents, yet these agents often exhibit poor generalization, failing to adapt to scenarios not seen during training. In this work, we identify a fundamental cause of this brittleness, a phenomenon which we term "gradient coupling." We hypothesize that in complex agentic tasks, the high similarity between distinct states leads to destructive interference between gradients. Specifically, a gradient update that reinforces an optimal action in one state can inadvertently increase the likelihood of a suboptimal action in a similar, yet different, state. To solve this, we propose a novel objective where the actor is trained to simultaneously function as a classifier that separates good and bad actions. This auxiliary pressure compels the model to learn disentangled embeddings for positive and negative actions, which mitigates negative gradient interference and improve the generalization performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has advanced reasoning capabilities in multimodal large language models. However, existing methods typically treat visual inputs as deterministic, overlooking the perceptual ambiguity inherent to the visual modality. Consequently, they fail to distinguish whether a model's uncertainty stems from complex reasoning or ambiguous perception, preventing the targeted allocation of exploration or learning signals. To address this gap, we introduce DUPL, a dual-uncertainty guided policy learning approach for multimodal RLVR that quantifies and leverages both perceptual uncertainty (via symmetric KL divergence) and output uncertainty (via policy entropy) to guide policy updates. By establishing an uncertainty-driven feedback loop and employing a dynamic branch prioritization mechanism, DUPL recalibrates the policy advantage to focus learning on states with high perceptual or decisional ambiguity, enabling effective targeted exploration beyond passive data augmentation. Implemented on top of GRPO and evaluated on six multimodal mathematical and general-domain reasoning benchmarks, DUPL improves Qwen2.5-VL 3B and 7B models, achieving accuracy gains of up to 11.2% on visual math tasks and up to 7.1% on general-domain reasoning tasks, while consistently outperforming GRPO. These results demonstrate that dual-uncertainty guided policy learning is an effective and generalizable approach for multimodal RLVR. Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used for tasks where outputs shape human decisions, so it is critical to verify that their responses consistently reflect desired human values. Humans, as individuals or groups, don't agree on a universal set of values, which makes evaluating value alignment difficult. Existing benchmarks often use hypothetical or commonsensical situations, which don't capture the complexity and ambiguity of real-life debates. We introduce the Value ALignment Benchmark (VAL-Bench), which measures the consistency in language model belief expressions in response to real-life value-laden prompts. VAL-Bench consists of 115K pairs of prompts designed to elicit opposing stances on a controversial issue, extracted from Wikipedia. We use an LLM-as-a-judge, validated against human annotations, to evaluate if the pair of responses consistently expresses either a neutral or a specific stance on the issue. Applied across leading open- and closed-source models, the benchmark shows considerable variation in consistency rates (ranging from ~10% to ~80%), with Claude models the only ones to achieve high levels of consistency. Lack of consistency in this manner risks epistemic harm by making user beliefs dependent on how questions are framed rather than on underlying evidence, and undermines LLM reliability in trust-critical applications. Therefore, we stress the importance of research towards training belief consistency in modern LLMs. By providing a scalable, reproducible benchmark, VAL-Bench enables systematic measurement of necessary conditions for value alignment. Individuals with aphasia experience severe difficulty in real-time verbal communication, while most imagined speech decoding approaches remain limited to offline analysis or computationally demanding models. To address this limitation, we propose a two-session experimental framework consisting of an offline data acquisition phase and a subsequent online feedback phase for real-time imagined speech decoding. The paradigm employed a four-class Korean-language task, including three imagined speech targets selected according to the participant's daily communicative needs and a resting-state condition, and was evaluated in a single individual with chronic anomic aphasia. Within this framework, we introduce a lightweight diffusion-based neural decoding model explicitly optimized for real-time inference, achieved through architectural simplifications such as dimensionality reduction, temporal kernel optimization, group normalization with regularization, and dual early-stopping criteria. In real-time evaluation, the proposed system achieved 65\% top-1 and 70\% top-2 accuracy, with the Water class reaching 80\% top-1 and 100\% top-2 accuracy. These results demonstrate that real-time-optimized diffusion-based architectures, combined with clinically grounded task design, can support feasible online imagined speech decoding for communication-oriented BCI applications in aphasia. As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly mediate stigmatized health decisions, their capacity to understand complex psychological phenomena remains inadequately assessed. Can LLMs understand what we cannot say? We investigate whether LLMs coherently represent abortion stigma across cognitive, interpersonal, and structural levels. We systematically tested 627 demographically diverse personas across five leading LLMs using the validated Individual Level Abortion Stigma Scale (ILAS), examining representation at cognitive (self-judgment), interpersonal (worries about judgment and isolation), and structural (community condemnation and disclosure patterns) levels. Models fail tests of genuine understanding across all dimensions. They underestimate cognitive stigma while overestimating interpersonal stigma, introduce demographic biases assigning higher stigma to younger, less educated, and non-White personas, and treat secrecy as universal despite 36% of humans reporting openness. Most critically, models produce internal contradictions: they overestimate isolation yet predict isolated individuals are less secretive, revealing incoherent representations. These patterns show current alignment approaches ensure appropriate language but not coherent understanding across levels. This work provides empirical evidence that LLMs lack coherent understanding of psychological constructs operating across multiple dimensions. AI safety in high-stakes contexts demands new approaches to design (multilevel coherence), evaluation (continuous auditing), governance and regulation (mandatory audits, accountability, deployment restrictions), and AI literacy in domains where understanding what people cannot say determines whether support helps or harms. High-stakes deployment of vision-language models (VLMs) requires selective prediction, where systems abstain when uncertain rather than risk costly errors. We investigate whether confidence-based abstention provides reliable control over error rates in video question answering, and whether that control remains robust under distribution shift. Using NExT-QA and Gemini 2.0 Flash, we establish two findings. First, confidence thresholding provides mechanistic control in-distribution. Sweeping threshold epsilon produces smooth risk-coverage tradeoffs, reducing error rates f Stock market price prediction is a significant interdisciplinary research domain that depends at the intersection of finance, statistics, and economics. Forecasting Accurately predicting stock prices has always been a focal point for various researchers. However, existing statistical approaches for time-series prediction often fail to effectively forecast the probability range of future stock prices. Hence, to solve this problem, the Neural Prophet with a Deep Neural Network (NP-DNN) is proposed to predict stock market prices. The preprocessing technique used in this research is Z-score normalization, which normalizes stock price data by removing scale differences, making patterns easier to detect. Missing value imputation fills gaps in historical data, enhancing the models use of complete information for more accurate predictions. The Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) learns complex nonlinear relationships among stock market prices and extracts hidden patterns from the input data, thereby creating meaningful feature representations for better prediction accuracy. The proposed NP-DNN model achieved an accuracy of 99.21% compared with other approaches using the Fused Large Language Model. Keywords: deep neural network, forecasting stock prices, multi-layer perceptron, neural prophet, stock market price prediction. One mistake by an AI system in a safety-critical setting can cost lives. As Large Language Models (LLMs) become integral to robotics decision-making, the physical dimension of risk grows; a single wrong instruction can directly endanger human safety. This paper addresses the urgent need to systematically evaluate LLM performance in scenarios where even minor errors are catastrophic. Through a qualitative evaluation of a fire evacuation scenario, we identified critical failure cases in LLM-based decision-making. Based on these, we designed seven tasks for quantitative assessment, categorized into: Complete Information, Incomplete Information, and Safety-Oriented Spatial Reasoning (SOSR). Complete information tasks utilize ASCII maps to minimize interpretation ambiguity and isolate spatial reasoning from visual processing. Incomplete information tasks require models to infer missing context, testing for spatial continuity versus hallucinations. SOSR tasks use natural language to evaluate safe decision-making in life-threatening contexts. We benchmark various LLMs and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) across these tasks. Beyond aggregate performance, we analyze the implications of a 1% failure rate, highlighting how "rare" errors escalate into catastrophic outcomes. Results reveal serious vulnerabilities: several models achieved a 0% success rate in ASCII navigation, while in a simulated fire drill, models instructed robots to move toward hazardous areas instead of emergency exits. Our findings lead to a sobering conclusion: current LLMs are not ready for direct deployment in safety-critical systems. A 99% accuracy rate is dangerously misleading in robotics, as it implies one out of every hundred executions could result in catastrophic harm. We demonstrate that even state-of-the-art models cannot guarantee safety, and absolute reliance on them creates unacceptable risks. High-fidelity agent initialization is crucial for credible Agent-Based Modeling across diverse domains. A robust framework should be Topic-Adaptive, capturing macro-level joint distributions while ensuring micro-level individual rationality. Existing approaches fall into two categories: static data-based retrieval methods that fail to adapt to unseen topics absent from the data, and LLM-based generation methods that lack macro-level distribution awareness, resulting in inconsistencies between micro-level persona attributes and reality. To address these problems, we propose HAG, a Hierarchical Agent Generation framework that formalizes population generation as a two-stage decision process. Firstly, utilizing a World Knowledge Model to infer hierarchical conditional probabilities to construct the Topic-Adaptive Tree, achieving macro-level distribution alignment. Then, grounded real-world data, instantiation and agentic augmentation are carried out to ensure micro-level consistency. Given the lack of specialized evaluation, we establish a multi-domain benchmark and a comprehensive PACE evaluation framework. Extensive experiments show that HAG significantly outperforms representative baselines, reducing population alignment errors by an average of 37.7% and enhancing sociological consistency by 18.8%. Production scheduling is highly susceptible to dynamic disruptions, such as variations in processing times, machine availability, and unexpected task insertions. Conventional approaches typically rely on event-specific models and explicit analytical formulations, which limits their adaptability and generalization across previously unseen disturbances. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes DScheLLM, a dynamic scheduling approach that leverages fine-tuned large language models within a dual-system (fast-slow) reasoning architecture to address disturbances of different scales. A unified large language model-based framework is constructed to handle dynamic events, where training datasets for both fast and slow reasoning modes are generated using exact schedules obtained from an operations research solver. The Huawei OpenPangu Embedded-7B model is subsequently fine-tuned under the hybrid reasoning paradigms using LoRA. Experimental evaluations on standard job shop scheduling benchmarks demonstrate that the fast-thinking mode can efficiently generate high-quality schedules and the slow-thinking mode can produce solver-compatible and well-formatted decision inputs. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents one of the earliest studies applying large language models to job shop scheduling in dynamic environments, highlighting their considerable potential for intelligent and adaptive scheduling optimization. Multi-agent systems have evolved into practical LLM-driven collaborators for many applications, gaining robustness from diversity and cross-checking. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) training is resource-intensive and unstable: co-adapting teammates induce non-stationarity, and rewards are often sparse and high-variance. Therefore, we introduce \textbf{Multi-Agent Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (MATTRL)}, a framework that injects structured textual experience into multi-agent deliberation at inference time. MATTRL forms a multi-expert team of specialists for multi-turn discussions, retrieves and integrates test-time experiences, and reaches consensus for final decision-making. We also study credit assignment for constructing a turn-level experience pool, then reinjecting it into the dialogue. Across challenging benchmarks in medicine, math, and education, MATTRL improves accuracy by an average of 3.67\% over a multi-agent baseline, and by 8.67\% over comparable single-agent baselines. Ablation studies examine different credit-assignment schemes and provide a detailed comparison of how they affect training outcomes. MATTRL offers a stable, effective and efficient path to distribution-shift-robust multi-agent reasoning without tuning. In this work, we propose Salient Sparse Federated Learning (SSFL), a streamlined approach for sparse federated learning with efficient communication. SSFL identifies a sparse subnetwork prior to training, leveraging parameter saliency scores computed separately on local client data in non-IID scenarios, and then aggregated, to determine a global mask. Only the sparse model weights are trained and communicated each round between the clients and the server. On standard benchmarks including CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and Tiny-ImageNet, SSFL consistently improves the accuracy sparsity trade off, achieving more than 20\% relative error reduction on CIFAR-10 compared to the strongest sparse baseline, while reducing communication costs by $2 \times$ relative to dense FL. Finally, in a real-world federated learning deployment, SSFL delivers over $2.3 \times$ faster communication time, underscoring its practical efficiency. We revisit the efficacy of several practical methods for approximate machine unlearning developed for large-scale deep learning. In addition to complying with data deletion requests, one often-cited potential application for unlearning methods is to remove the effects of poisoned data. We experimentally demonstrate that, while existing unlearning methods have been demonstrated to be effective in a number of settings, they fail to remove the effects of data poisoning across a variety of types of poisoning attacks (indiscriminate, targeted, and a newly-introduced Gaussian poisoning attack) and models (image classifiers and LLMs); even when granted a relatively large compute budget. In order to precisely characterize unlearning efficacy, we introduce new evaluation metrics for unlearning based on data poisoning. Our results suggest that a broader perspective, including a wider variety of evaluations, are required to avoid a false sense of confidence in machine unlearning procedures for deep learning without provable guarantees. Moreover, while unlearning methods show some signs of being useful to efficiently remove poisoned data without having to retrain, our work suggests that these methods are not yet ``ready for prime time,'' and currently provide limited benefit over retraining. Language Models (LMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Despite these advancements, LMs can inherit and amplify societal biases related to sensitive attributes such as gender and race, limiting their adoption in real-world applications. Therefore, fairness has been extensively explored in LMs, leading to the proposal of various fairness notions. However, the lack of clear agreement on which fairness definition to apply in specific contexts and the complexity of understanding the distinctions between these definitions can create confusion and impede further progress. To this end, this paper proposes a systematic survey that clarifies the definitions of fairness as they apply to LMs. Specifically, we begin with a brief introduction to LMs and fairness in LMs, followed by a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of existing fairness notions in LMs and the introduction of a novel taxonomy that categorizes these concepts based on their transformer architecture: encoder-only, decoder-only, and encoder-decoder LMs. We further illustrate each definition through experiments, showcasing their practical implications and outcomes. Finally, we discuss current research challenges and open questions, aiming to foster innovative ideas and advance the field. The repository is publicly available online at this https URL . In the field of Image-Text Retrieval (ITR), recent advancements have leveraged large-scale Vision-Language Pretraining (VLP) for Fine-Grained (FG) instance-level retrieval, achieving high accuracy at the cost of increased computational complexity. For Coarse-Grained (CG) category-level retrieval, prominent approaches employ Cross-Modal Hashing (CMH) to prioritise efficiency, albeit at the cost of retrieval performance. Due to differences in methodologies, FG and CG models are rarely compared directly within evaluations in the literature, resulting in a lack of empirical data quantifying the retrieval performance-efficiency tradeoffs between the two. This paper addresses this gap by introducing the \texttt{FiCo-ITR} library, which standardises evaluation methodologies for both FG and CG models, facilitating direct comparisons. We conduct empirical evaluations of representative models from both subfields, analysing precision, recall, and computational complexity across varying data scales. Our findings offer new insights into the performance-efficiency trade-offs between recent representative FG and CG models, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. These findings provide the foundation necessary to make more informed decisions regarding model selection for specific retrieval tasks and highlight avenues for future research into hybrid systems that leverage the strengths of both FG and CG approaches. Mitigating the detrimental effects of noisy labels on the training process has become increasingly critical, as obtaining entirely clean or human-annotated samples for large-scale pre-training tasks is often impractical. Nonetheless, existing noise mitigation methods often encounter limitations in practical applications due to their task-specific design, model dependency, and significant computational overhead. In this work, we exploit the properties of high-dimensional orthogonality to identify a robust and effective boundary in cone space for separating clean and noisy samples. Building on this, we propose One-Step Anti-noise (OSA), a model-agnostic noisy label mitigation paradigm that employs an estimator model and a scoring function to assess the noise level of input pairs through just one-step inference. We empirically validate the superiority of OSA, demonstrating its enhanced training robustness, improved task transferability, streamlined deployment, and reduced computational overhead across diverse benchmarks, models, and tasks. Our code is released at this https URL . Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming commodity components of larger software systems. This poses natural security and privacy problems: poisoned data retrieved from one component can change the model's behavior and compromise the entire system, including coercing the model to spread confidential data to untrusted components. One promising approach is to tackle this problem at the system level via dynamic information flow (aka taint) tracking. Unfortunately, this approach of propagating the most restrictive input label to the output is too conservative for applications where LLMs operate on inputs retrieved from diverse sources. In this paper, we propose a novel, more permissive approach to propagate information flow labels through LLM queries. The key idea behind our approach is to propagate only the labels of the samples that were influential in generating the model output and to eliminate the labels of unnecessary inputs. We implement and investigate the effectiveness of two variations of this approach, based on (i) prompt-based retrieval augmentation, and (ii) a $k$-nearest-neighbors language model. We compare these with a baseline that uses introspection to predict the output label. Our experimental results in an LLM agent setting show that the permissive label propagator improves over the baseline in more than 85% of the cases, which underscores the practicality of our approach. Learning from human feedback is a popular approach to train robots to adapt to user preferences and improve safety. Existing approaches typically consider a single querying (interaction) format when seeking human feedback and do not leverage multiple modes of user interaction with a robot. We examine how to learn a penalty function associated with unsafe behaviors using multiple forms of human feedback, by optimizing both the query state and feedback format. Our proposed adaptive feedback selection is an iterative, two-phase approach which first selects critical states for querying, and then uses information gain to select a feedback format for querying across the sampled critical states. The feedback format selection also accounts for the cost and probability of receiving feedback in a certain format. Our experiments in simulation demonstrate the sample efficiency of our approach in learning to avoid undesirable behaviors. The results of our user study with a physical robot highlight the practicality and effectiveness of adaptive feedback selection in seeking informative, user-aligned feedback that accelerate learning. Experiment videos, code and appendices are found on our website: this https URL . Edge detection (ED) is a fundamental perceptual process in computer vision, forming the structural basis for high-level reasoning tasks such as segmentation, recognition, and scene understanding. Despite substantial progress achieved by deep neural networks, most ED models attain high numerical accuracy but fail to produce visually sharp and perceptually consistent edges, thereby limiting their reliability in intelligent vision systems. To address this issue, this study introduces the \textit{Symmetrization Weighted Binary Cross-Entropy (SWBCE)} loss, a perception-inspired formulation that extends the conventional WBCE by incorporating prediction-guided symmetry. SWBCE explicitly models the perceptual asymmetry in human edge recognition, wherein edge decisions require stronger evidence than non-edge ones, aligning the optimization process with human perceptual discrimination. The resulting symmetric learning mechanism jointly enhances edge recall and suppresses false positives, achieving a superior balance between quantitative accuracy and perceptual fidelity. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmark datasets and representative ED architectures demonstrate that SWBCE can outperform existing loss functions in both numerical evaluation and visual quality. Particularly with the HED-EES model, the SSIM can be improved by about 15% on BRIND, and in all experiments, training by SWBCE consistently obtains the best perceptual results. Beyond edge detection, the proposed perceptual loss offers a generalizable optimization principle for soft computing and neural learning systems, particularly in scenarios where asymmetric perceptual reasoning plays a critical role. A major challenge in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is the issue of distribution shift. LLM alignment algorithms rely on static preference datasets, assuming that they accurately represent real-world user preferences. However, user preferences vary significantly across geographical regions, demographics, linguistic patterns, and evolving cultural trends. This preference distribution shift leads to catastrophic alignment failures in many real-world applications. We address this problem using the principled framework of distributionally robust optimization, and develop two novel distributionally robust direct preference optimization (DPO) algorithms, namely, Wasserstein DPO (WDPO) and Kullback-Leibler DPO (KLDPO). We characterize the sample complexity of learning the optimal policy parameters for WDPO and KLDPO. Moreover, we propose scalable gradient descent-style learning algorithms by developing suitable approximations for the challenging minimax loss functions of WDPO and KLDPO. Our empirical experiments using benchmark data sets and LLMs demonstrate the superior performance of WDPO and KLDPO in substantially improving the alignment when there is a preference distribution shift. Large Language Model (LLM) inference, where a trained model generates text one word at a time in response to user prompts, is a computationally intensive process requiring efficient scheduling to optimize latency and resource utilization. A key challenge in LLM inference is the management of the Key-Value (KV) cache, which reduces redundant computations but introduces memory constraints. In this work, we model LLM inference with KV cache constraints theoretically and propose a novel batching and scheduling algorithm that minimizes inference latency while effectively managing the KV cache's memory. More specifically, we make the following contributions. First, to evaluate the performance of online algorithms for scheduling in LLM inference, we introduce a hindsight optimal benchmark, formulated as an integer program that computes the minimum total inference latency under full future information. Second, we prove that no deterministic online algorithm can achieve a constant competitive ratio when the arrival process is arbitrary. Third, motivated by the computational intractability of solving the integer program at scale, we propose a polynomial-time online scheduling algorithm and show that under certain conditions it can achieve a constant competitive ratio. We also demonstrate our algorithm's strong empirical performance by comparing it to the hindsight optimal in a synthetic dataset. Finally, we conduct empirical evaluations on a real-world public LLM inference dataset, simulating the Llama2-70B model on A100 GPUs, and show that our algorithm significantly outperforms the benchmark algorithms. Overall, our results offer a path toward more sustainable and cost-effective LLM deployment. Generative models are spearheading recent progress in deep learning, showcasing strong promise for trajectory sampling in dynamical systems as well. However, whereas latent space modeling paradigms have transformed image and video generation, similar approaches are more difficult for most dynamical systems. Such systems -- from chemical molecule structures to collective human behavior -- are described by interactions of entities, making them inherently linked to connectivity patterns, entity conservation, and the traceability of entities over time. Our approach, LaM-SLidE (Latent Space Modeling of Spatial Dynamical Systems via Linked Entities), bridges the gap between: (1) keeping the traceability of individual entities in a latent system representation, and (2) leveraging the efficiency and scalability of recent advances in image and video generation, where pre-trained encoder and decoder enable generative modeling directly in latent space. The core idea of LaM-SLidE is the introduction of identifier representations (IDs) that enable the retrieval of entity properties and entity composition from latent system representations, thus fostering traceability. Experimentally, across different domains, we show that LaM-SLidE performs favorably in terms of speed, accuracy, and generalizability. Code is available at this https URL . The basic underlying assumption of machine learning (ML) models is that the training and test data are sampled from the same distribution. However, in daily practice, this assumption is often broken, i.e. the distribution of the test data changes over time, which hinders the application of conventional ML models. One domain where the distribution shift naturally occurs is text classification, since people always find new topics to discuss. To this end, we survey research articles studying open-set text classification and related tasks. We divide the methods in this area based on the constraints that define the kind of distribution shift and the corresponding problem formulation, i.e. learning with the Universum, zero-shot learning, and open-set learning. We next discuss the predominant mitigation approaches for each problem setup. We further identify several future work directions, aiming to push the boundaries beyond the state of the art. Finally, we explain how continual learning can solve many of the issues caused by the shifting class distribution. We maintain a list of relevant papers at this https URL . Machine learning for robot manipulation promises to unlock generalization to novel tasks and environments. But how should we measure the progress of these policies towards generalization? Evaluating and quantifying generalization is the Wild West of modern robotics, with each work proposing and measuring different types of generalization in their own, often difficult to reproduce settings. In this work, our goal is (1) to outline the forms of generalization we believe are important for robot manipulation in a comprehensive and fine-grained manner, and (2) to provide reproducible guidelines for measuring these notions of generalization. We first propose STAR-Gen, a taxonomy of generalization for robot manipulation structured around visual, semantic, and behavioral generalization. Next, we instantiate STAR-Gen with two case studies on real-world benchmarking: one based on open-source models and the Bridge V2 dataset, and another based on the bimanual ALOHA 2 platform that covers more dexterous and longer horizon tasks. Our case studies reveal many interesting insights: for example, we observe that open-source vision-language-action models often struggle with semantic generalization, despite pre-training on internet-scale language datasets. We provide videos and other supplementary material at our website this http URL . Drawing parallels with the way biological networks are studied, we adapt the treatment--control paradigm to explainable artificial intelligence research and enrich it through multi-parametric input alterations. In this study, we propose a framework for investigating the internal inference impacted by input data augmentations. The internal changes in network operation are reflected in activation changes measured by variance, which can be decomposed into components related to each augmentation, employing Sobol indices and Shapley values. These quantities enable one to visualize sensitivity to different variables and use them for guided masking of activations. In addition, we introduce a way of single-class sensitivity analysis where the candidates are filtered according to their matching to prediction bias generated by targeted damaging of the activations. Relying on the observed parallels, we assume that the developed framework can potentially be transferred to studying biological neural networks in complex environments. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) is reshaping software development, fundamentally altering how developers interact with their tools. This shift marks the emergence of Human-AI Experience in Integrated Development Environment (in-IDE HAX), a field that explores the evolving dynamics of Human-Computer Interaction in AI-assisted coding environments. Despite rapid adoption, research on in-IDE HAX remains fragmented, which highlights the need for a unified overview of current practices, challenges, and opportunities. To provide a structured overview of existing research, we conduct a systematic literature review of 90 studies, summarizing current findings and outlining areas for further investigation. We organize key insights from reviewed studies into three aspects: Impact, Design, and Quality of AI-based systems inside IDEs. Impact findings show that AI-assisted coding enhances developer productivity but also introduces challenges, such as verification overhead and over-reliance. Design studies show that effective interfaces surface context, provide explanations and transparency of suggestion, and support user control. Quality studies document risks in correctness, maintainability, and security. For future research, priorities include productivity studies, design of assistance, and audit of AI-generated code. The agenda calls for larger and longer evaluations, stronger audit and verification assets, broader coverage across the software life cycle, and adaptive assistance under user control. Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as agents that interact with users and with the world. To do so successfully, LLMs must construct representations of the world and form probabilistic beliefs about them. To provide personalized recommendations, for example, the LLM needs to infer a user's preferences from their behavior over multiple interactions. The Bayesian inference framework lays out the optimal way for an agent to update its beliefs as it receives new information. We first show that LLMs fall far short of the standard defined by the Bayesian framework. We then show that by teaching LLMs to mimic the predictions of the normative Bayesian model, we can dramatically improve their ability to update their beliefs; this ability generalizes to new tasks. We conclude that LLMs can effectively learn reasoning skills from examples and generalize those skills to new domains. Medical institutions are considering the use of LLMs in high-stakes clinical decision-making, such as organ allocation. In such sensitive use cases, evaluating fairness is imperative. However, existing evaluation methods often fall short; benchmarks are too simplistic to capture real-world complexity, and accuracy-based metrics fail to address the absence of a clear ground truth. To realistically and fairly model organ allocation, specifically kidney allocation, we begin by testing the medical knowledge of LLMs to determine whether they understand the clinical factors required to make sound allocation decisions. Building on this foundation, we design two tasks: (1) Choose-One and (2) Rank-All. In Choose-One, LLMs select a single candidate from a list of potential candidates to receive a kidney. In this scenario, we assess fairness across demographics using traditional fairness metrics, such as proportional parity. In Rank-All, LLMs rank all candidates waiting for a kidney, reflecting real-world allocation processes more closely, where an organ is passed down a ranked list until allocated. Our evaluation on three LLMs reveals a divergence between fairness metrics: while exposure-based metrics suggest equitable outcomes, probability-based metrics uncover systematic preferential sorting, where specific groups were clustered in upper-ranking tiers. Furthermore, we observe that demographic preferences are highly task-dependent, showing inverted trends between Choose-One and Rank-All tasks, even when considering the topmost rank. Overall, our results indicate that current LLMs can introduce inequalities in real-world allocation scenarios, underscoring the urgent need for rigorous fairness evaluation and human oversight before their use in high-stakes decision-making. With recent advancements in large language models, web agents have been greatly improved. However, dealing with complex and dynamic web environments requires more advanced planning and search abilities. Previous studies usually adopt a greedy one-way search strategy, which may struggle to recover from erroneous states. In this work, we enhance web agents with an explicit rollback mechanism, enabling the agent to revert back to a previous state in its navigation trajectory. This mechanism gives models the flexibility to directly control the search process, leading to an effective and efficient web navigation method. We conduct experiments on two live web navigation benchmarks with zero-shot and fine-tuning settings. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach. Deep neural networks (DNNs) play a crucial role in the field of artificial intelligence, and their security-related testing has been a prominent research focus. By inputting test cases, the behavior of models is examined for anomalies, and coverage metrics are utilized to determine the extent of neurons covered by these test cases. With the widespread application and advancement of DNNs, different types of neural behaviors have garnered attention, leading to the emergence of various coverage metrics for neural networks. However, there is currently a lack of empirical research on these coverage metrics, specifically in analyzing the relationships and patterns between model depth, configuration information, and neural network coverage. This paper aims to investigate the relationships and patterns of four coverage metrics: primary functionality, boundary, hierarchy, and structural coverage. A series of empirical experiments were conducted, selecting LeNet, VGG, and ResNet as different DNN architectures, along with 10 models of varying depths ranging from 5 to 54 layers, to compare and study the relationships between different depths, configuration information, and various neural network coverage metrics. Additionally, an investigation was carried out on the relationships between modified decision/condition coverage and dataset size. Finally, three potential future directions are proposed to further contribute to the security testing of DNN Models. While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in reasoning, whether they can sustain persistent latent states remains under-explored. The capacity to maintain and manipulate unexpressed, internal representations-analogous to human working memory-is a cornerstone of complex reasoning. In this paper, we formalize and quantify the "Latent State Persistence" (LSP) gap through three novel experiments. First, we utilize a Number Guessing Game, demonstrating that across independent queries, LLMs fail to allocate probability mass to a singular hidden choice, violating a fundamental probabilistic principle. Second, we employ a Yes-No Game to show that as the number of questions increases, LLMs suffer from "concept drift," leading to inevitable self-contradictions due to the lack of LSP. Finally, inspired by Mathematical Mentalism, we task models with tracking transformations on hidden variables, revealing a failure in variable binding and state evolution when the initial state is not explicitly present in the context. Collectively, these findings suggest that LLMs function as reactive post-hoc solvers rather than proactive planners with LSP. Our work provides a framework for evaluating the fidelity of internal representations and highlights a fundamental architectural divergence between autoregressive transformers and human-like cognition. The efficiency of attention is important due to its quadratic time complexity. We enhance the efficiency of attention through two key contributions: First, we leverage the new FP4 Tensor Cores in Blackwell GPUs to accelerate attention computation. Our implementation achieves 1038 TOPS on RTX5090, which is a 5x speedup over the fastest FlashAttention on RTX5090. Experiments show that our FP4 attention can accelerate inference of various models in a plug-and-play way. Second, we pioneer low-bit attention to training tasks. Existing low-bit attention works like FlashAttention3 and SageAttention focus only on inference. However, the efficiency of training large models is also important. To explore whether low-bit attention can be effectively applied to training tasks, we design an accurate and efficient 8-bit attention for both forward and backward propagation. Experiments indicate that 8-bit attention achieves lossless performance in fine-tuning tasks but exhibits slower convergence in pretraining tasks. The code is available at this https URL . Clinical narratives encode temporal dynamics essential for modeling patient trajectories, yet large-scale temporally annotated resources are scarce. We introduce PMOA-TTS, a corpus of 124,699 single-patient PubMed Open Access case reports converted into structured textual timelines of (event, time) pairs using a scalable large-language-model pipeline (Llama 3.3 70B and DeepSeek-R1). The corpus comprises over 5.6 million timestamped events, alongside extracted demographics and diagnoses. Technical validation uses a clinician-curated gold set and three measures: semantic event matching, temporal concordance (c-index), and alignment error summarized with Area Under the Log-Time CDF (AULTC). We benchmark alternative prompting and model choices and provide documentation to support reproduction. PMOA-TTS enables research on timeline extraction, temporal reasoning, survival modeling and event forecasting from narrative text, and offers broad diagnostic and demographic coverage. Data and code are openly available in public repositories. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a popular method for parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) of generative models, valued for its simplicity and effectiveness. Despite recent enhancements, LoRA still suffers from a fundamental limitation: overfitting when the bottleneck is widened. It performs best at ranks 32-64, yet its accuracy stagnates or declines at higher ranks, still falling short of full fine-tuning (FFT) performance. We identify the root cause as LoRA's structural bottleneck, which introduces gradient entanglement to the unrelated input channels and distorts gradient propagation. To address this, we introduce a novel structure, Granular Low-Rank Adaptation (GraLoRA) that partitions weight matrices into sub-blocks, each with its own low-rank adapter. With negligible computational or storage cost, GraLoRA overcomes LoRA's limitations, effectively increases the representational capacity, and more closely approximates FFT behavior. Experiments on code generation and commonsense reasoning benchmarks show that GraLoRA consistently outperforms LoRA and other baselines, achieving up to +8.5% absolute gain in Pass@1 on HumanEval+. These improvements hold across model sizes and rank settings, making GraLoRA a scalable and robust solution for PEFT. Code, data, and scripts are available at this https URL We propose a principled method for autoencoding with random forests. Our strategy builds on foundational results from nonparametric statistics and spectral graph theory to learn a low-dimensional embedding of the model that optimally represents relationships in the data. We provide exact and approximate solutions to the decoding problem via constrained optimization, split relabeling, and nearest neighbors regression. These methods effectively invert the compression pipeline, establishing a map from the embedding space back to the input space using splits learned by the ensemble's constituent trees. The resulting decoders are universally consistent under common regularity assumptions. The procedure works with supervised or unsupervised models, providing a window into conditional or joint distributions. We demonstrate various applications of this autoencoder, including powerful new tools for visualization, compression, clustering, and denoising. Experiments illustrate the ease and utility of our method in a wide range of settings, including tabular, image, and genomic data. Recent unlearning methods for LLMs are vulnerable to relearning attacks: knowledge believed-to-be-unlearned re-emerges by fine-tuning on a small set of (even seemingly-unrelated) examples. We study this phenomenon in a controlled setting for example-level unlearning in vision classifiers. We make the surprising discovery that forget-set accuracy can recover from around 50% post-unlearning to nearly 100% with fine-tuning on just the retain set -- i.e., zero examples of the forget set. We observe this effect across a wide variety of unlearning methods, whereas for a model retrained from scratch excluding the forget set (gold standard), the accuracy remains at 50%. We observe that resistance to relearning attacks can be predicted by weight-space properties, specifically, $L_2$-distance and linear mode connectivity between the original and the unlearned model. Leveraging this insight, we propose a new class of methods that achieve state-of-the-art resistance to relearning attacks. Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have recently shown great promise in advancing robotics by combining embodied reasoning with robot control. A common approach involves training on embodied reasoning tasks related to robot control using Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT). However, SFT datasets are often heuristically constructed and not explicitly optimized for improving robot control. Furthermore, SFT often leads to issues such as catastrophic forgetting and reduced generalization performance. To address these limitations, we introduce Robot-R1, a novel framework that leverages reinforcement learning to enhance embodied reasoning specifically for robot control. Robot-R1 learns to predict the next keypoint state required for task completion, conditioned on the current scene image and environment metadata derived from expert demonstrations. Inspired by the DeepSeek-R1 learning approach, Robot-R1 samples reasoning-based responses and reinforces those that lead to more accurate predictions. To rigorously evaluate Robot-R1, we also introduce a new benchmark that demands the diverse embodied reasoning capabilities for the task. Our experiments show that models trained with Robot-R1 outperform SFT methods on embodied reasoning tasks. Despite having only 7B parameters, Robot-R1 even surpasses GPT-4o on reasoning tasks related to low-level action control, such as spatial and movement reasoning. The semi-tensor product of vectors generalizes the conventional inner product, enabling algebraic operations between vectors of different dimensions. Building upon this foundation, we introduce a domain-based convolutional product and integrate it with the STP to formulate a padding-free convolutional operation. This new operation inherently avoids zero or other artificial padding, thereby eliminating redundant information and boundary artifacts commonly present in conventional convolutional neural networks. Based on this operation, we further develop an STP-based CNN framework that extends convolutional computation to irregular and cross-dimensional data domains. Applications to image processing and third-order signal identification demonstrate the proposed method's effectiveness in handling irregular, incomplete, and high-dimensional data without the distortions caused by padding. Deploying large language models (LLMs) often faces challenges from substantial memory and computational costs. Quantization offers a solution, yet performance degradation in the sub-1-bit regime remains particularly difficult. This paper introduces LittleBit, a novel method for extreme LLM compression. It targets levels like 0.1 bits per weight (BPW), achieving nearly 31$\times$ memory reduction, e.g., Llama2-13B to under 0.9 GB. LittleBit represents weights in a low-rank form using latent matrix factorization, subsequently binarizing these factors. To counteract information loss from this extreme precision, it integrates a multi-scale compensation mechanism. This includes row, column, and an additional latent dimension that learns per-rank importance. Two key contributions enable effective training: Dual Sign-Value-Independent Decomposition (Dual-SVID) for quantization-aware training (QAT) initialization, and integrated Residual Compensation to mitigate errors. Extensive experiments confirm LittleBit's superiority in sub-1-bit quantization: e.g., its 0.1 BPW performance on Llama2-7B surpasses the leading method's 0.7 BPW. LittleBit establishes a new, viable size-performance trade-off--unlocking a potential 11.6$\times$ speedup over FP16 at the kernel level--and makes powerful LLMs practical for resource-constrained environments. Our code can be found at this https URL . Invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-sustaining therapy commonly used in the intensive care unit (ICU) for patients with severe and acute conditions. These patients frequently rely on MV for breathing. Given the high risk of death in such cases, optimal MV settings can reduce mortality, minimize ventilator-induced lung injury, shorten ICU stays, and ease the strain on healthcare resources. However, optimizing MV settings remains a complex and error-prone process due to patient-specific variability. While Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) shows promise for optimizing MV settings, current methods struggle with the hybrid (continuous and discrete) nature of MV settings. Discretizing continuous settings leads to exponential growth in the action space, which limits the number of optimizable settings. Converting the predictions back to continuous can cause a distribution shift, compromising safety and performance. To address this challenge, in the IntelliLung project, we are developing an AI-based approach where we constrain the action space and employ factored action critics. This approach allows us to scale to six optimizable settings compared to 2-3 in previous studies. We adapt SOTA offline RL algorithms to operate directly on hybrid action spaces, avoiding the pitfalls of discretization. We also introduce a clinically grounded reward function based on ventilator-free days and physiological targets. Using multiobjective optimization for reward selection, we show that this leads to a more equitable consideration of all clinically relevant objectives. Notably, we develop a system in close collaboration with healthcare professionals that is aligned with real-world clinical objectives and designed with future deployment in mind. In recent months, large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in mathematical proof generation, but further advancement is hindered by the lack of a large-scale, high-quality dataset of human-evaluated proofs. While expensive to create, such a dataset is essential for driving improvements in training and enabling a rigorous analysis of proof generation capabilities. In this work, we present the Open Proof Corpus (OPC), a dataset comprising over 5,000 human-evaluated proofs produced by state-of-the-art LLMs. The OPC was specifically designed for broad applicability and downstream usage in proof generation research and is the first to include a substantial number of correct, LLM-generated solutions to problems from prestigious mathematics competitions such as the USAMO and IMO. Using the OPC, we explore critical questions in automated proof generation: (1) the performance gap between natural language and formal proof generation, (2) the discrepancy between final-answer accuracy and full-proof validity, and (3) the impact of best-of-n selection on proof quality. Finally, to showcase the utility of the OPC, we finetune an 8B-parameter model on the dataset, obtaining a model that performs on par with the best model, Gemini-2.5-Pro, on the task of evaluating proof correctness. Programming assistants powered by large language models have improved dramatically, yet existing benchmarks still evaluate them in narrow code-generation settings. Recent efforts such as InfiBench and StackEval rely on Stack Overflow questions and remain limited to single-turn interactions, manually curated data, and isolated snippets rather than full project environments. We introduce CodeAssistBench (CAB), the first benchmark for evaluating multi-turn, project-grounded programming assistance at scale. CAB automatically constructs datasets from GitHub issues tagged as questions, using an LLM-driven pipeline that filters noise, extracts runnable contexts, builds executable containers, and verifies environment correctness. This enables continuous, automated expansion across diverse repositories without manual intervention. Using CAB, we create a testbed of 3,286 real-world issues across 214 repositories, spanning seven languages. Evaluating state-of-the-art models reveals a substantial gap: while models achieve 70-83% accuracy on Stack Overflow-style questions, they solve only 7.22-16.49% of CAB issues from post-training-cutoff repositories. These results highlight a fundamental challenge: current LLMs struggle to provide assistance in realistic, project-specific contexts despite strong performance on traditional Q&A benchmarks. CAB provides a scalable, reproducible framework for advancing research in multi-turn, codebase-grounded programming agents. The benchmark and pipeline are fully automated and publicly available at this https URL . Multi-objective combinatorial optimization problems (MOCOP) frequently arise in practical applications that require the simultaneous optimization of conflicting objectives. Although traditional evolutionary algorithms can be effective, they typically depend on domain knowledge and repeated parameter tuning, limiting flexibility when applied to unseen MOCOP instances. Recently, integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into evolutionary computation has opened new avenues for automatic heuristic generation, using their advanced language understanding and code synthesis capabilities. Nevertheless, most existing approaches predominantly focus on single-objective tasks, often neglecting key considerations such as runtime efficiency and heuristic diversity in multi-objective settings. To bridge this gap, we introduce Multi-heuristics for MOCOP via Pareto-Grid-guided Evolution of LLMs (MPaGE), a novel enhancement of the Simple Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization (SEMO) framework that leverages LLMs and Pareto Front Grid (PFG) technique. By partitioning the objective space into grids and retaining top-performing candidates to guide heuristic generation, MPaGE utilizes LLMs to prioritize heuristics with semantically distinct logical structures during variation, thus promoting diversity and mitigating redundancy within the population. Through extensive evaluations, MPaGE demonstrates superior performance over existing LLM-based frameworks, and achieves competitive results to traditional Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs), with significantly faster runtime. Our code is available at: this https URL . The increasing number of attacks on the contract layer of DApps has resulted in economic losses amounting to $66 billion. Vulnerabilities arise when contracts interact with external protocols without verifying the results of the calls, leading to exploit entry points such as flash loan attacks and reentrancy attacks. In this paper, we propose UEChecker, a deep learning-based tool that utilizes a call graph and a Graph Convolutional Network to detect unchecked external call vulnerabilities. We design the following components: An edge prediction module that reconstructs the feature representation of nodes and edges in the call graph; A node aggregation module that captures structural information from both the node itself and its neighbors, thereby enhancing feature representation between nodes and improving the model's understanding of the global graph structure; A Conformer Block module that integrates multi-head attention, convolutional modules, and feedforward neural networks to more effectively capture dependencies of different scales within the call graph, extending beyond immediate neighbors and enhancing the performance of vulnerability detection. Finally, we combine these modules with Graph Convolutional Network to detect unchecked external call vulnerabilities. By auditing the smart contracts of 608 DApps, our results show that our tool achieves an accuracy of 87.59% in detecting unchecked external call vulnerabilities. Furthermore, we compare our tool with GAT, LSTM, and GCN baselines, and in the comparison experiments, UEChecker consistently outperforms these models in terms of accuracy. Inspired by human categorization, object property reasoning involves identifying and recognizing low-level details and higher-level abstractions. While current visual question answering (VQA) studies consider multiple object properties, such as size, they typically blend perception and reasoning and lack representativeness in terms of reasoning and image categories, making it unclear whether and how vision-language models (VLMs) abstract and reason over depicted objects. To this end, we introduce a systematic evaluation framework comprising images of three representative types, three reasoning levels of increasing complexity, and four object property dimensions, informed by prior work on common sense. We develop a procedure to instantiate this framework in two VQA object reasoning benchmarks: OPTICS-CNT, comprising 360 images paired with 1,080 multi-level, count-based questions, and OPTICS-CMP, with 2.1k comparison questions. Experiments with 12 state-of-the-art VLMs in zero-shot settings reveal significant limitations relative to humans, with the best-performing model achieving below 40% counting and 70% comparison accuracy. VLMs struggle particularly with photographic images, counterfactual reasoning, physical and functional properties, and higher counts. We make the OPTICS benchmark data and code available to support future work on scalable benchmarking methods, generalized annotation guidelines, and advanced reasoning VLMs. We show that Web and Research Agents (WRAs) -- language-model-based systems that investigate complex topics on the Internet -- are vulnerable to inference attacks by passive network observers. Deployment of WRAs \emph{locally} by organizations and individuals for privacy, legal, or financial purposes exposes them to DNS resolvers, malicious ISPs, VPNs, web proxies, and corporate or government firewalls. However, unlike sporadic and scarce web browsing by humans, WRAs visit $70{-}140$ domains per each request with a distinct timing pattern creating unique privacy risks. Specifically, we demonstrate a novel prompt and user trait leakage attack against WRAs that only leverages their network-level metadata (i.e., visited IP addresses and their timings). We start by building a new dataset of WRA traces based on real user search queries and queries generated by synthetic personas. We define a behavioral metric (called OBELS) to comprehensively assess similarity between original and inferred prompts, showing that our attack recovers over 73\% of the functional and domain knowledge of user prompts. Extending to a multi-session setting, we recover up to 19 of 32 latent traits with high accuracy. Our attack remains effective under partial observability and noisy conditions. Finally, we discuss mitigation strategies that constrain domain diversity or obfuscate traces, showing negligible utility impact while reducing attack effectiveness by an average of 29\%. Current evaluation methods for large language models (LLMs) primarily rely on static benchmarks, presenting two major challenges: limited knowledge coverage and fixed difficulties that mismatch with the evaluated LLMs. These limitations lead to superficial assessments of LLM knowledge, thereby impeding the targeted model optimizations. To bridge this gap, we propose JudgeAgent, a knowledge-driven and dynamic evaluation framework for LLMs. To address the challenge of limited knowledge coverage, JudgeAgent leverages LLM agents equipped with context graphs to traverse knowledge structures systematically for question generation. Furthermore, to mitigate data contamination and difficulty mismatch, it adopts a difficulty-adaptive and multi-turn interview mechanism. Thereby, JudgeAgent can achieve comprehensive evaluations and facilitate more effective improvement of LLMs. Empirical results demonstrate that JudgeAgent enables more comprehensive evaluations and facilitates effective model iterations, highlighting the potential of this knowledge-driven and dynamic evaluation paradigm. The source code is available on this https URL . Literary translation has recently gained attention as a distinct and complex task in machine translation research. However, the translation by small open models remains an open problem. We contribute to this ongoing research by introducing TinyFabulist Translation Framework (TF2), a unified framework for dataset creation, fine-tuning, and evaluation in English->Romanian literary translation, centered on the creation and open release of both a compact, fine-tuned language model (TF2-12B) and large-scale synthetic parallel datasets (DS-TF2-EN-RO-3M and DS-TF2-EN-RO-15K). Building on DS-TF1-EN-3M (TF1), the largest collection of synthetic English fables to date, we address the need for rich, high-quality literary datasets in low-resource languages such as Romanian. Our pipeline first generates 15k high-quality Romanian reference translations from the TF1 pool using a high-performing LLM. We then apply a two-stage fine-tuning process to a 12B-parameter open-weight model: (i) instruction tuning to capture genre-specific narrative style, and (ii) adapter compression for efficient deployment. Evaluation combines corpus-level BLEU with a five-dimension LLM-based rubric (accuracy, fluency, coherence, style, and cultural adaptation) to provide a nuanced assessment of translation quality. Results show that our fine-tuned model achieves strong fluency and adequacy, narrowing the gap to top-performing proprietary models under automated and human-anchored evaluation, while being open, accessible, and significantly more cost-effective. Alongside the fine-tuned model and both datasets, we publicly release all scripts and evaluation prompts. TF2 thus provides an end-to-end, reproducible pipeline for research on cost-efficient translation, cross-lingual narrative generation, and the broad adoption of open models for culturally significant literary content in low-resource settings. Large language models (LLMs) utilize key-value (KV) cache to store historical information during sequence processing. The size of KV cache grows linearly as the length of the sequence extends, which seriously affects memory usage and decoding efficiency. Current methods for KV cache eviction typically utilize the last window from the pre-filling phase as queries to compute the KV importance scores for eviction. Although this scheme is simple to implement, it tends to overly focus on local information, potentially leading to the neglect or omission of crucial global information. To mitigate this issue, we propose Judge Q, a novel training method which incorporates a soft token list. This method only tunes the model's embedding layer at a low training cost. By concatenating the soft token list at the end of the input sequence, we train these tokens' attention map to the original input sequence to align with that of the actual decoded tokens. In this way, the queries corresponding to the soft tokens can effectively capture global information and better evaluate the importance of the keys and values within the KV cache, thus maintaining decoding quality when KV cache is evicted. Under the same eviction budget, our method exhibits less performance degradation compared to existing eviction approaches. We validate our approach through experiments conducted on models such as Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct and Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3, using benchmarks including LongBench, RULER, and Needle-in-a-Haystack. Results indicate an improvement of approximately 1 point on the LongBench and over 3 points on RULER. This proposed methodology can be seamlessly integrated into existing open-source models with minimal training overhead, thereby enhancing performance in KV cache eviction scenarios. Neural operators have emerged as cost-effective surrogates for expensive fluid-flow simulators, particularly in computationally intensive tasks such as permeability inversion from time-lapse seismic data, and uncertainty quantification. In these applications, the fidelity of the surrogate's gradients with respect to system parameters is crucial, as the accuracy of downstream tasks, such as optimization and Bayesian inference, relies directly on the quality of the derivative information. Recent advances in physics-informed methods have leveraged derivative information to improve surrogate accuracy. However, incorporating explicit Jacobians can become computationally prohibitive, as the complexity typically scales quadratically with the number of input parameters. To address this limitation, we propose DeFINO (Derivative-based Fisher-score Informed Neural Operator), a reduced-order, derivative-informed training framework. DeFINO integrates Fourier neural operators (FNOs) with a novel derivative-based training strategy guided by the Fisher Information Matrix (FIM). By projecting Jacobians onto dominant eigen-directions identified by the FIM, DeFINO captures critical sensitivity information directly informed by observational data, significantly reducing computational expense. We validate DeFINO through synthetic experiments in the context of subsurface multi-phase fluid-flow, demonstrating improvements in gradient accuracy while maintaining robust forward predictions of underlying fluid dynamics. These results highlight DeFINO's potential to offer practical, scalable solutions for inversion problems in complex real-world scenarios, all at substantially reduced computational cost. Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) has emerged as a highly effective technique to improve model generalization, but its underlying principles are not fully understood. We investigate m-sharpness, where SAM performance improves monotonically as the micro-batch size for computing perturbations decreases, a phenomenon critical for distributed training yet lacking rigorous explanation. We leverage an extended Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) framework and analyze stochastic gradient noise (SGN) to characterize the dynamics of SAM variants, including n-SAM and m-SAM. Our analysis reveals that stochastic perturbations induce an implicit variance-based sharpness regularization whose strength increases as m decreases. Motivated by this insight, we propose Reweighted SAM (RW-SAM), which employs sharpness-weighted sampling to mimic the generalization benefits of m-SAM while remaining parallelizable. Comprehensive experiments validate our theory and method. Off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) with function approximation offers an effective way to improve sample efficiency by reusing past experience. Within this setting, the actor-critic (AC) framework has achieved strong empirical success but suffers from the "moving target" problem, where the policy being evaluated changes continually. Functional critics, or policy-conditioned value functions, have been proposed to address this issue by including a representation of the policy as input. While the concept of generalizing value functions across policy space is appealing, previous efforts have struggled to remain competitive against state-of-the-art AC algorithms that do not utilize functional critics. In this work, we revisit functional critics within the off-policy AC framework and identify two aspects that render them a necessity rather than a luxury. First, in off-policy AC, critic learning contends with both the "deadly triad" instability and the "moving target" issue, while actor learning faces the challenge of estimating the exact off-policy policy gradient. This complex interplay makes theoretical convergence extremely difficult for practical algorithms. We demonstrate that a functional critic is essential for addressing this challenge and establish the first convergence proof for an off-policy target-based AC algorithm under linear function approximation. Second, we identify a crucial link between functional critic modeling and efficient exploration. Specifically, we show that approximating posterior sampling for exploration in model-free settings is infeasible without functional critics. Practically, we propose a tailored neural network architecture and a minimal AC algorithm that relies solely on these insights. In experiments on the DeepMind Control Suite, this implementation achieves performance competitive with state-of-the-art methods. Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly studied as neural knowledge bases for supporting knowledge-intensive applications such as question answering and fact checking. However, the structural organization of their knowledge remains unexplored. Inspired by cognitive neuroscience findings, such as semantic clustering and priming, where knowing one fact increases the likelihood of recalling related facts, we investigate an analogous knowledge homophily pattern in LLMs. To this end, we map LLM knowledge into a graph representation through knowledge checking at both the triplet and entity levels. After that, we analyze the knowledgeability relationship between an entity and its neighbors, discovering that LLMs tend to possess a similar level of knowledge about entities positioned closer in the graph. Motivated by this homophily principle, we propose a Graph Neural Network (GNN) regression model to estimate entity-level knowledgeability scores for triplets by leveraging their neighborhood scores. The predicted knowledgeability enables us to prioritize checking less well-known triplets, thereby maximizing knowledge coverage under the same labeling budget. This not only improves the efficiency of active labeling for fine-tuning to inject knowledge into LLMs but also enhances multi-hop path retrieval in reasoning-intensive question answering. Diffusion models are widely used for generative tasks across domains. While pre-trained diffusion models effectively capture the training data distribution, it is often desirable to shape these distributions using reward functions to align with downstream applications. Policy gradient methods, such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), are widely used in the context of autoregressive generation. However, the marginal likelihoods required for such methods are intractable for diffusion models, leading to alternative proposals and relaxations. In this context, we unify variants of Rejection sAmpling based Fine-Tuning (RAFT) as GRAFT, and show that this implicitly performs KL regularized reward maximization with reshaped rewards. We then introduce P-GRAFT to shape distributions at intermediate noise levels and demonstrate empirically that this can lead to more effective fine-tuning. We mathematically explain this via a bias-variance tradeoff. Motivated by this, we propose inverse noise correction to improve flow models without leveraging explicit rewards. We empirically evaluate our methods on text-to-image(T2I) generation, layout generation, molecule generation and unconditional image generation. Notably, our framework, applied to Stable Diffusion 2, improves over policy gradient methods on popular T2I benchmarks in terms of VQAScore and shows an $8.81\%$ relative improvement over the base model. For unconditional image generation, inverse noise correction improves FID of generated images at lower FLOPs/image. Causal Abstraction (CA) theory provides a principled framework for relating causal models that describe the same system at different levels of granularity while ensuring interventional consistency between them. Recently, several approaches for learning CAs have been proposed, but all assume fixed and well-specified exogenous distributions, making them vulnerable to environmental shifts and misspecification. In this work, we address these limitations by introducing the first class of distributionally robust CAs and their associated learning algorithms. The latter cast robust causal abstraction learning as a constrained min-max optimization problem with Wasserstein ambiguity sets. We provide theoretical results, for both empirical and Gaussian environments, leading to principled selection of the level of robustness via the radius of these sets. Furthermore, we present empirical evidence across different problems and CA learning methods, demonstrating our framework's robustness not only to environmental shifts but also to structural model and intervention mapping misspecification. Parallel test-time scaling (TTS) is a pivotal approach for enhancing large language models (LLMs), typically by sampling multiple token-based chains-of-thought in parallel and aggregating outcomes through voting or search. Recent advances in latent reasoning, where intermediate reasoning unfolds in continuous vector spaces, offer a more efficient alternative to explicit Chain-of-Thought, yet whether such latent models can similarly benefit from parallel TTS remains open, mainly due to the absence of sampling mechanisms in continuous space, and the lack of probabilistic signals for advanced trajectory aggregation. This work enables parallel TTS for latent reasoning models by addressing the above issues. For sampling, we introduce two uncertainty-inspired stochastic strategies: Monte Carlo Dropout and Additive Gaussian Noise. For aggregation, we design a Latent Reward Model (LatentRM) trained with step-wise contrastive objective to score and guide latent reasoning. Extensive experiments and visualization analyses show that both sampling strategies scale effectively with compute and exhibit distinct exploration dynamics, while LatentRM enables effective trajectory selection. Together, our explorations open a new direction for scalable inference in continuous spaces. Code and checkpoints released at this https URL With the rise of modern search and recommendation platforms, insufficient collaborative information of cold-start items exacerbates the Matthew effect of existing platform items, challenging platform diversity and becoming a longstanding issue. Existing methods align items' side content with collaborative information to transfer collaborative signals from high-popularity items to cold-start items. However, these methods fail to account for the asymmetry between collaboration and content, nor the fine-grained differences among items. To address these issues, we propose COINS, an item representation enhancement approach based on fused alignment of semantic IDs. Specifically, we use RQ-OPQ encoding to quantize item content and collaborative information, followed by a two-step alignment: RQ encoding transfers shared collaborative signals across items, while OPQ encoding learns differentiated information of items. Comprehensive offline experiments on large-scale industrial datasets demonstrate superiority of COINS, and rigorous online A/B tests confirm statistically significant improvements: item CTR +1.66%, buyers +1.57%, and order volume +2.17%. Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly being adopted for tasks like drafting emails, summarizing meetings, and answering health questions. In these settings, users may need to share private information (e.g., contact details, health records). To evaluate LLMs' ability to identify and redact such information, prior work introduced real-life, scenario-based benchmarks (e.g., ConfAIde, PrivacyLens) and found that LLMs can leak private information in complex scenarios. However, these evaluations relied on proxy LLMs to judge the helpfulness and privacy-preservation quality of LLM responses, rather than directly measuring users' perceptions. To understand how users perceive the helpfulness and privacy-preservation quality of LLM responses to privacy-sensitive scenarios, we conducted a user study ($n=94$) using 90 PrivacyLens scenarios. We found that users had low agreement with each other when evaluating identical LLM responses. In contrast, five proxy LLMs reached high agreement, yet each proxy LLM had low correlation with users' evaluations. These results indicate that proxy LLMs cannot accurately estimate users' wide range of perceptions of utility and privacy in privacy-sensitive scenarios. We discuss the need for more user-centered studies to measure LLMs' ability to help users while preserving privacy, and for improving alignment between LLMs and users in estimating perceived privacy and utility. Self-supervised learning (SSL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for learning representations without labeled data. Most SSL approaches rely on strong, well-established, handcrafted data augmentations to generate diverse views for representation learning. However, designing such augmentations requires domain-specific knowledge and implicitly imposes representational invariances on the model, which can limit generalization. In this work, we propose an unsupervised representation learning method that replaces augmentations by generating views using orthonormal bases and overcomplete frames. We show that embeddings learned from orthonormal and overcomplete spaces reside on distinct manifolds, shaped by the geometric biases introduced by representing samples in different spaces. By jointly leveraging the complementary geometry of these distinct manifolds, our approach achieves superior performance without artificially increasing data diversity through strong augmentations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on nine datasets across five temporal sequence tasks, where signal-specific characteristics make data augmentations particularly challenging. Without relying on augmentation-induced diversity, our method achieves performance gains of up to 15--20\% over existing self-supervised approaches. Source code: this https URL Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) for Combinatorial Optimization (CO) is an emerging paradigm for solving combinatorial problems using neural networks. In this paper, we address a central challenge of SSL for CO: solving problems with discrete constraints. We design an end-to-end differentiable framework that enables us to solve discrete constrained optimization problems with neural networks. Concretely, we leverage algorithmic techniques from the literature on convex geometry and Carathéodory's theorem to decompose neural network outputs into convex combinations of polytope corners that correspond to feasible sets. This decomposition-based approach enables self-supervised training but also ensures efficient quality-preserving rounding of the neural net output into feasible solutions. Extensive experiments in cardinality-constrained optimization show that our approach can consistently outperform neural baselines. We further provide worked-out examples of how our method can be applied beyond cardinality-constrained problems to a diverse set of combinatorial optimization tasks, including finding independent sets in graphs, and solving matroid-constrained problems. Modern language models (LMs) exhibit strong deductive reasoning capabilities, yet standard evaluations emphasize correctness while overlooking a key aspect of reasoning: efficiency. In real-world reasoning scenarios, much of the available information is irrelevant, and effective deductive inference requires identifying and ignoring such distractions. We propose a framework for assessing LM reasoning efficiency through the lens of logic programming, introducing a simple method to align proofs written in natural language -- as generated by an LM -- with shortest proofs found by executing the logic program. Efficiency is quantified by measuring how well a model avoids unnecessary inference. Empirically, we construct a dataset of math word problems injected with various number of irrelevant axioms that vary in semantic overlap with the goal theorem. We find that current LMs show marked accuracy declines under such conditions -- even with minimal, domain-consistent distractions -- and the proofs they generate frequently exhibit detours through irrelevant inferences. Online planning has proven effective in reinforcement learning (RL) for improving sample efficiency and final performance. However, using planning for environment interaction inevitably introduces a divergence between the collected data and the policy's actual behaviors, degrading both model learning and policy improvement. To address this, we propose BOOM (Bootstrap Off-policy with WOrld Model), a framework that tightly integrates planning and off-policy learning through a bootstrap loop: the policy initializes the planner, and the planner refines actions to bootstrap the policy through behavior alignment. This loop is supported by a jointly learned world model, which enables the planner to simulate future trajectories and provides value targets to facilitate policy improvement. The core of BOOM is a likelihood-free alignment loss that bootstraps the policy using the planner's non-parametric action distribution, combined with a soft value-weighted mechanism that prioritizes high-return behaviors and mitigates variability in the planner's action quality within the replay buffer. Experiments on the high-dimensional DeepMind Control Suite and Humanoid-Bench show that BOOM achieves state-of-the-art results in both training stability and final performance. The code is accessible at this https URL . Multi-personality generation for LLMs, enabling simultaneous embodiment of multiple personalization attributes, is a fundamental challenge. Existing retraining-based approaches are costly and poorly scalable, while decoding-time methods often rely on external models or heuristics, limiting flexibility and robustness. In this paper, we propose a novel Multi-Personality Generation (MPG) framework under the decoding-time combination paradigm. It flexibly controls multi-personality without relying on scarce multi-dimensional models or extra training, leveraging implicit density ratios in single-dimensional models as a "free lunch" to reformulate the task as sampling from a target strategy aggregating these ratios. To implement MPG efficiently, we design Speculative Chunk-level based Rejection sampling (SCR), which generates responses in chunks and parallelly validates them via estimated thresholds within a sliding window. This significantly reduces computational overhead while maintaining high-quality generation. Experiments on MBTI personality and Role-Playing demonstrate the effectiveness of MPG, showing improvements up to 16%-18%. Code and data are available at this https URL . Session-based recommendation (SBR) aims to predict anonymous users' next interaction based on their interaction sessions. In the practical recommendation scenario, low-exposure items constitute the majority of interactions, creating a long-tail distribution that severely compromises recommendation diversity. Existing approaches attempt to address this issue by promoting tail items but incur accuracy degradation, exhibiting a "see-saw" effect between long-tail and accuracy performance. We attribute such conflict to session-irrelevant noise within the tail items, which existing long-tail approaches fail to identify and constrain effectively. To resolve this fundamental conflict, we propose \textbf{HID} (\textbf{H}ybrid \textbf{I}ntent-based \textbf{D}ual Constraint Framework), a plug-and-play framework that transforms the conventional "see-saw" into "win-win" through introducing the hybrid intent-based dual constraints for both long-tail and accuracy. Two key innovations are incorporated in this framework: (i) \textit{Hybrid Intent Learning}, where we reformulate the intent extraction strategies by employing attribute-aware spectral clustering to reconstruct the item-to-intent mapping. Furthermore, discrimination of session-irrelevant noise is achieved through the assignment of the target and noise intents to each session. (ii) \textit{Intent Constraint Loss}, which incorporates two novel constraint paradigms regarding the \textit{diversity} and \textit{accuracy} to regulate the representation learning process of both items and sessions. These two objectives are unified into a single training loss through rigorous theoretical derivation. Extensive experiments across multiple SBR models and datasets demonstrate that HID can enhance both long-tail performance and recommendation accuracy, establishing new state-of-the-art performance in long-tail recommender systems. Due to the significant variability in electroencephalo-gram (EEG) signals across individuals, knowledge acquired from previous subjects is often overwritten as new subjects are introduced in continual EEG decoding tasks. Existing methods mainly rely on storing historical data from seen subjects as replay buffers to mitigate forgetting, which is impractical under privacy or memory constraints. To address this issue, we propose a Prototype-guided Non-Exemplar Continual Learning (ProNECL) framework that preserves prior knowledge without accessing historical EEG samples. ProNECL summarizes subject-specific discriminative representations into class-level prototypes and incrementally aligns new subject representations with a global prototype memory through prototype-based feature regulariza-tion and cross-subject alignment. Experiments on the BCI Com-petition IV 2a and 2b datasets demonstrate that ProNECL effec-tively balances knowledge retention and adaptability, achieving superior performance in cross-subject continual EEG decoding tasks. We study abstract visual composition, in which identity is primarily determined by the spatial configuration and relations among a small set of geometric primitives (e.g., parts, symmetry, topology). They are invariant primarily to texture and photorealistic detail. Composing such structures from fixed components under geometric constraints and vague goal specification (such as text) is non-trivial due to combinatorial placement choices, limited data, and discrete feasibility (overlap-free, allowable orientations), which create a sparse solution manifold ill-suited to purely statistical pixel-space generators. We propose a constraint-guided framework that combines explicit geometric reasoning with neural semantics. An AlphaGo-style search enforces feasibility, while a fine-tuned vision-language model scores semantic alignment as reward signals. Our algorithm uses a policy network as a heuristic in Monte-Carlo Tree Search and fine-tunes the network via search-generated plans. Inspired by the Generative Adversarial Network, we use the generated instances for adversarial reward refinement. Over time, the generation should approach the actual data more closely when the reward model cannot distinguish between generated instances and ground-truth. In the Tangram Assembly task, our approach yields higher validity and semantic fidelity than diffusion and auto-regressive baselines, especially as constraints tighten. Vision transformers in vision-language models typically use the same amount of compute for every image, regardless of whether it is simple or complex. We propose ICAR (Image Complexity-Aware Retrieval), an adaptive computation approach that enables vision transformers to use less compute for simple images whilst processing complex images through their full network depth. The key challenge is maintaining cross-modal alignment: embeddings from different processing depths must remain compatible for text matching. ICAR solves this through dual-path training that produces compatible embeddings from both the early-exit and full-depth paths. This maintains compatibility between image representations and text embeddings in the same semantic space, whether an image exits early or processes fully. Unlike existing two-stage approaches that require expensive reranking, ICAR enables direct image-text matching without additional overhead. To determine how much compute to use, we develop ConvNeXt-IC, which treats image complexity assessment as a classification task. By applying modern classifier backbones rather than specialised architectures, ConvNeXt-IC achieves state-of-the-art performance, attaining a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.959 with human labelling whilst delivering 4.4x faster complexity prediction. Evaluated on standard benchmarks augmented with real-world web data, ICAR achieves 20% faster image encoding while maintaining category-level performance and 95% of instance-level performance, enabling sustainable scaling of vision-language systems. Objective: Surface electromyography (EMG) is a non-invasive sensing modality widely used in biomechanics, rehabilitation, prosthetic control, and human-machine interfaces. Despite decades of use, achieving robust generalization across subjects, recording systems, and acquisition protocols remains challenging. While foundation models (FMs) are gaining traction for EMG, existing approaches remain limited to single downstream tasks and lack deployability on embedded platforms. This work addresses these limitations. Methods: We present TinyMyo, a lightweight FM based on a Transformer encoder architecture. The model is pre-trained in a self-supervised manner using masked reconstruction on publicly available datasets. With only 3.6M parameters, TinyMyo is designed to support multiple downstream tasks through minimal task-specific head adaptations. Results: We demonstrate generalization across hand gesture classification, hand kinematic regression, speech production and speech recognition, with performance comparable to or surpassing the state of the art (SoA), and model size below 5M parameters. We achieve SoA results compared to previous FM-based works on the NinaPro DB5 (89.4%), UCI-EMG (97.56%), and EPN-612 (96.74%) datasets. We demonstrate the first-time deployment of an EMG FM on an ultra-low power microcontroller (GAP9), with an inference time of 0.785 s, energy of 44.91 mJ and power envelope of 57.18 mW. Conclusion: TinyMyo demonstrates that compact, self-supervised EMG FM can guarantee strong generalization across multiple downstream tasks while remaining compatible with low-power edge devices. Significance: TinyMyo is the first EMG FM for ultra-low power edge devices, enabling scalable and energy-efficient sensing for motor intent decoding, neuromuscular assessment, and biosignal driven human-machine interaction. Between 2021 and 2025, the SciCap project grew from a small seed-funded idea at The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) into one of the central efforts shaping the scientific figure-captioning landscape. Supported by a Penn State seed grant, Adobe, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, what began as our attempt to test whether domain-specific training, which was successful in text models like SciBERT, could also work for figure captions expanded into a multi-institution collaboration. Over these five years, we curated, released, and continually updated a large collection of figure-caption pairs from arXiv papers, conducted extensive automatic and human evaluations on both generated and author-written captions, navigated the rapid rise of large language models (LLMs), launched annual challenges, and built interactive systems that help scientists write better captions. In this piece, we look back at the first five years of SciCap and summarize the key technical and methodological lessons we learned. We then outline five major unsolved challenges and propose directions for the next phase of research in scientific figure captioning. 3D Human Pose Estimation (3D HPE) is vital in various applications, from person re-identification and action recognition to virtual reality. However, the reliance on annotated 3D data collected in controlled environments poses challenges for generalization to diverse in-the-wild scenarios. Existing domain adaptation (DA) paradigms like general DA and source-free DA for 3D HPE overlook the issues of non-stationary target pose datasets. To address these challenges, we propose a novel task named lifelong domain adaptive 3D HPE. To our knowledge, we are the first to introduce the lifelong domain adaptation to the 3D HPE task. In this lifelong DA setting, the pose estimator is pretrained on the source domain and subsequently adapted to distinct target domains. Moreover, during adaptation to the current target domain, the pose estimator cannot access the source and all the previous target domains. The lifelong DA for 3D HPE involves overcoming challenges in adapting to current domain poses and preserving knowledge from previous domains, particularly combating catastrophic forgetting. We present an innovative Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) framework, which incorporates 3D pose generators, a 2D pose discriminator, and a 3D pose estimator. This framework effectively mitigates domain shifts and aligns original and augmented poses. Moreover, we construct a novel 3D pose generator paradigm, integrating pose-aware, temporal-aware, and domain-aware knowledge to enhance the current domain's adaptation and alleviate catastrophic forgetting on previous domains. Our method demonstrates superior performance through extensive experiments on diverse domain adaptive 3D HPE datasets. Despite their empirical success, pushing Transformer architectures to extreme depth often leads to a paradoxical failure: representations become increasingly redundant, lose rank, and ultimately collapse. Existing explanations largely attribute this phenomenon to optimization instability or vanishing gradients, yet such accounts fail to explain why collapse persists even under modern normalization and initialization schemes. In this paper, we argue that the collapse of deep Transformers is fundamentally a geometric problem. Standard residual updates implicitly assume that feature accumulation is always beneficial, but offer no mechanism to constrain update directions or to erase outdated information. As depth increases, this leads to systematic drift off the semantic manifold and monotonic feature accumulation, causing representational degeneracy. We propose a unified geometric framework that addresses these failures through two orthogonal principles. First, manifold-constrained hyper-connections restrict residual updates to valid local tangent directions, preventing uncontrolled manifold drift. Second, deep delta learning introduces data-dependent, non-monotonic updates that enable reflection and erasure of redundant features rather than their unconditional accumulation. Together, these mechanisms decouple the direction and sign of feature updates, yielding a stable geometric evolution across depth. We term the resulting architecture the Manifold-Geometric Transformer (MGT). Our analysis predicts that enforcing geometric validity while allowing dynamic erasure is essential for avoiding rank collapse in ultra-deep networks. We outline an evaluation protocol for Transformers exceeding 100 layers to test the hypothesis that geometry, rather than depth itself, is the key limiting factor in deep representation learning. Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with zeroth-order (ZO) optimization reduces memory by approximating gradients through function evaluations. However, existing methods essentially perform updates in a one-dimensional space, and suffer from collapse or substantial performance degradation under low-precision training. We introduce BSZO, an adaptive \textbf{B}ayesian \textbf{S}ubspace \textbf{Z}eroth-Order \textbf{O}ptimizer, which applies Kalman filtering to combine finite-difference information across multiple perturbation directions within a subspace. By treating each finite-difference measurement as a noisy observation, BSZO builds a posterior distribution over the subspace-projected gradient and updates it through Bayesian inference, with a residual-based adaptive mechanism to adapt to noise variations. Theoretical analysis shows that BSZO improves the convergence rate by a factor of $k/\gamma$ compared to standard ZO methods. Experiments on RoBERTa, Mistral, and OPT models show that BSZO outperforms the baselines across various tasks, achieving up to 6.67\% absolute average improvement on OPT-13B while remaining robust under fp16/bf16 precision and keeping memory usage close to inference-only baselines (1.00$\times$--1.08$\times$ of MeZO). Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities across a wide range of complex tasks and are increasingly deployed at scale, placing significant demands on inference efficiency. Prior work typically decomposes inference into prefill and decode stages, with the decode stage dominating total latency. To reduce time and memory complexity in the decode stage, a line of work introduces sparse-attention algorithms. In this paper, we show, both empirically and theoretically, that sparse attention can paradoxically increase end-to-end complexity: information loss often induces significantly longer sequences, a phenomenon we term ``Less is Less'' (Lil). To mitigate the Lil problem, we propose an early-stopping algorithm that detects the threshold where information loss exceeds information gain during sparse decoding. Our early-stopping algorithm reduces token consumption by up to 90% with a marginal accuracy degradation of less than 2% across reasoning-intensive benchmarks. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as an important means of enhancing the performance of large language models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive tasks. However, most existing RAG strategies treat retrieved passages in a flat and unstructured way, which prevents the model from capturing structural cues and constrains its ability to synthesize knowledge from dispersed evidence across documents. To overcome these limitations, we propose Disco-RAG, a discourse-aware framework that explicitly injects discourse signals into the generation process. Our method constructs intra-chunk discourse trees to capture local hierarchies and builds inter-chunk rhetorical graphs to model cross-passage coherence. These structures are jointly integrated into a planning blueprint that conditions the generation. Experiments on question answering and long-document summarization benchmarks show the efficacy of our approach. Disco-RAG achieves state-of-the-art results on the benchmarks without fine-tuning. These findings underscore the important role of discourse structure in advancing RAG systems. Given real-time sensor data streams obtained from machines, how can we continuously predict when a machine failure will occur? This work aims to continuously forecast the timing of future events by analyzing multi-sensor data streams. A key characteristic of real-world data streams is their dynamic nature, where the underlying patterns evolve over time. To address this, we present TimeCast, a dynamic prediction framework designed to adapt to these changes and provide accurate, real-time predictions of future event time. Our proposed method has the following properties: (a) Dynamic: it identifies the distinct time-evolving patterns (i.e., stages) and learns individual models for each, enabling us to make adaptive predictions based on pattern shifts. (b) Practical: it finds meaningful stages that capture time-varying interdependencies between multiple sensors and improve prediction performance; (c) Scalable: our algorithm scales linearly with the input size and enables online model updates on data streams. Extensive experiments on real datasets demonstrate that TimeCast provides higher prediction accuracy than state-of-the-art methods while finding dynamic changes in data streams with a great reduction in computational time. Large Language Model (LLM) inference is hard. The autoregressive Decode phase of the underlying Transformer model makes LLM inference fundamentally different from training. Exacerbated by recent AI trends, the primary challenges are memory and interconnect rather than compute. To address these challenges, we highlight four architecture research opportunities: High Bandwidth Flash for 10X memory capacity with HBM-like bandwidth; Processing-Near-Memory and 3D memory-logic stacking for high memory bandwidth; and low-latency interconnect to speedup communication. While our focus is datacenter AI, we also review their applicability for mobile devices. Rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved major advances in reasoning, planning, and function-calling capabilities. Multi-agentic collaborative frameworks using such LLMs place them at the center of solving software development-related tasks such as code generation. However, direct use of LLM generated code in production software development systems is problematic. The code could be unstable or erroneous and contain vulnerabilities such as data poisoning, malicious attacks, and hallucinations that could lead to widespread system malfunctions. This prohibits the adoption of LLM generated code in production AI systems where human code reviews and traditional secure testing tools are impractical or untrustworthy. In this paper, we discuss safety and reliability problems with the execution of LLM generated code and propose a Secure Transpiler and Executor of LLM-Generated Program (STELP), capable of executing LLM-generated code in a controlled and safe manner. STELP secures autonomous production AI systems involving code generation, filling the critical void left by the impracticality or limitations of traditional secure testing methodologies and human oversight. This includes applications such as headless code generation-execution and LLMs that produce executable code snippets as an action plan to be executed in real time. We contribute a human-validated dataset of insecure code snippets and benchmark our approach on publicly available datasets for correctness, safety, and latency. Our results demonstrate that our approach outperforms an existing method by a significant margin, particularly in its ability to safely execute risky code snippets. Warning: This paper contains malicious code snippets that should be run with caution. Large language models (LLMs) excel at many NLP tasks but struggle to sustain long-term interactions due to limited attention over extended dialogue histories. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates this issue but lacks reliable mechanisms for updating or refining stored memories, leading to schema-driven hallucinations, inefficient write operations, and minimal support for multimodal this http URL address these challenges, we propose TeleMem, a unified long-term and multimodal memory system that maintains coherent user profiles through narrative dynamic extraction, ensuring that only dialogue-grounded information is preserved. TeleMem further introduces a structured writing pipeline that batches, retrieves, clusters, and consolidates memory entries, substantially improving storage efficiency, reducing token usage, and accelerating memory operations. Additionally, a multimodal memory module combined with ReAct-style reasoning equips the system with a closed-loop observe, think, and act process that enables accurate understanding of complex video content in long-term contexts. Experimental results show that TeleMem surpasses the state-of-the-art Mem0 baseline with 19% higher accuracy, 43% fewer tokens, and a 2.1x speedup on the ZH-4O long-term role-play gaming benchmark. Time creates free supervision: forecasts about real-world events resolve to verifiable outcomes. The passage of time provides labels that require no annotation. To exploit this structure, we extend reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards to real-world prediction over time. We train language models to make probabilistic forecasts from causally masked information, using proper scoring rules as the reward function once events resolve. Learning is driven entirely by realized outcomes, enabling scalable outcome-based supervision in open-world prediction. On real-world forecasting benchmarks, Qwen3-32B trained using Foresight Learning improves Brier score by 27% and halves calibration error relative to its pretrained baseline, and outperforms Qwen3-235B on both constructed future-event prediction tasks and the Metaculus benchmark despite a 7x parameter disadvantage. Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is a core problem in machine learning and information retrieval applications. GPUs offer a promising path to high-performance ANNS: they provide massive parallelism for distance computations, are readily available, and can co-locate with downstream applications. Despite these advantages, current GPU-accelerated ANNS systems face three key limitations. First, real-world applications operate on evolving datasets that require fast batch updates, yet most GPU indices must be rebuilt from scratch when new data arrives. Second, high-dimensional vectors strain memory bandwidth, but current GPU systems lack efficient quantization techniques that reduce data movement without introducing costly random memory accesses. Third, the data-dependent memory accesses inherent to greedy search make overlapping compute and memory difficult, leading to reduced performance. We present Jasper, a GPU-native ANNS system with both high query throughput and updatability. Jasper builds on the Vamana graph index and overcomes existing bottlenecks via three contributions: (1) a CUDA batch-parallel construction algorithm that enables lock-free streaming insertions, (2) a GPU-efficient implementation of RaBitQ quantization that reduces memory footprint up to 8x without the random access penalties, and (3) an optimized greedy search kernel that increases compute utilization, resulting in better latency hiding and higher throughput. Our evaluation across five datasets shows that Jasper achieves up to 1.93x higher query throughput than CAGRA and achieves up to 80% peak utilization as measured by the roofline model. Jasper's construction scales efficiently and constructs indices an average of 2.4x faster than CAGRA while providing updatability that CAGRA lacks. Compared to BANG, the previous fastest GPU Vamana implementation, Jasper delivers 19-131x faster queries. Low-dose Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging reduces patient radiation exposure but suffers from increased noise that degrades image quality and diagnostic reliability. Although diffusion models have demonstrated strong denoising capability, their stochastic nature makes it challenging to enforce anatomically consistent structures, particularly in low signal-to-noise regimes and volumetric whole-body imaging. We propose Wavelet-Conditioned ControlNet (WCC-Net), a fully 3D diffusion-based framework that introduces explicit frequency-domain structural priors via wavelet representations to guide volumetric PET denoising. By injecting wavelet-based structural guidance into a frozen pretrained diffusion backbone through a lightweight control branch, WCC-Net decouples anatomical structure from noise while preserving generative expressiveness and 3D structural continuity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that WCC-Net consistently outperforms CNN-, GAN-, and diffusion-based baselines. On the internal 1/20-dose test set, WCC-Net improves PSNR by +1.21 dB and SSIM by +0.008 over a strong diffusion baseline, while reducing structural distortion (GMSD) and intensity error (NMAE). Moreover, WCC-Net generalizes robustly to unseen dose levels (1/50 and 1/4), achieving superior quantitative performance and improved volumetric anatomical consistency. Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and insufficient experience utilization across tasks. To address these bottlenecks, we propose Controlled Self-Evolution (CSE), which consists of three key components. Diversified Planning Initialization generates structurally distinct algorithmic strategies for broad solution space coverage. Genetic Evolution replaces stochastic operations with feedback-guided mechanisms, enabling targeted mutation and compositional crossover. Hierarchical Evolution Memory captures both successful and failed experiences at inter-task and intra-task levels. Experiments on EffiBench-X demonstrate that CSE consistently outperforms all baselines across various LLM backbones. Furthermore, CSE achieves higher efficiency from early generations and maintains continuous improvement throughout evolution. Our code is publicly available at this https URL . The dataset spans diverse artistic styles, including regionally grounded aesthetics from the Middle East, Northern Europe, East Asia, and South Asia, alongside general categories such as sketch and oil painting. All images are generated using the Moonworks Lunara model and intentionally crafted to embody distinct, high-quality aesthetic styles, yielding a first-of-its-kind dataset with substantially higher aesthetic scores, exceeding even aesthetics-focused datasets, and general-purpose datasets by a larger margin. Each image is accompanied by a human-refined prompt and structured annotations that jointly describe salient objects, attributes, relationships, and stylistic cues. Unlike large-scale web-derived datasets that emphasize breadth over precision, the Lunara Aesthetic Dataset prioritizes aesthetic quality, stylistic diversity, and licensing transparency, and is released under the Apache 2.0 license to support research and unrestricted academic and commercial use. Large models such as Vision Transformers (ViTs) have demonstrated remarkable superiority over smaller architectures like ResNet in few-shot classification, owing to their powerful representational capacity. However, fine-tuning such large models demands extensive GPU memory and prolonged training time, making them impractical for many real-world low-resource scenarios. To bridge this gap, we propose EfficientFSL, a query-only fine-tuning framework tailored specifically for few-shot classification with ViT, which achieves competitive performance while significantly reducing computational overhead. EfficientFSL fully leverages the knowledge embedded in the pre-trained model and its strong comprehension ability, achieving high classification accuracy with an extremely small number of tunable parameters. Specifically, we introduce a lightweight trainable Forward Block to synthesize task-specific queries that extract informative features from the intermediate representations of the pre-trained model in a query-only manner. We further propose a Combine Block to fuse multi-layer outputs, enhancing the depth and robustness of feature representations. Finally, a Support-Query Attention Block mitigates distribution shift by adjusting prototypes to align with the query set distribution. With minimal trainable parameters, EfficientFSL achieves state-of-the-art performance on four in-domain few-shot datasets and six cross-domain datasets, demonstrating its effectiveness in real-world applications. Evaluating knowledge systems (LLMs, RAG, knowledge graphs, etc) faces fundamental challenges: static benchmarks are vulnerable to contamination, LLM-based judges exhibit systematic biases, and ground truth extraction requires expensive human annotation. We present RIKER (Retrieval Intelligence and Knowledge Extraction Rating), both a benchmark and a replicable methodology based on paradigm inversion - generating documents from known ground truth rather than extracting ground truth from documents. This approach enables deterministic scoring and scalable evaluation without human annotation or reference models, and contamination resistance through regenerable corpora. Our evaluation of 33 models using over 21 billion tokens reveals that context length claims frequently exceed usable capacity, with significant degradation beyond 32K tokens; cross-document aggregation proves substantially harder than single-document extraction; and grounding ability and hallucination resistance are distinct capabilities - models excelling at finding facts that exist may still fabricate facts that do not. Beyond the specific benchmark, we contribute a domain-agnostic methodology for constructing scalable and contamination-resistant evaluations wherever synthetic documents can be generated from structured ground truth. We present TranslateGemma, a suite of open machine translation models based on the Gemma 3 foundation models. To enhance the inherent multilingual capabilities of Gemma 3 for the translation task, we employ a two-stage fine-tuning process. First, supervised fine-tuning is performed using a rich mixture of high-quality large-scale synthetic parallel data generated via state-of-the-art models and human-translated parallel data. This is followed by a reinforcement learning phase, where we optimize translation quality using an ensemble of reward models, including MetricX-QE and AutoMQM, targeting translation quality. We demonstrate the effectiveness of TranslateGemma with human evaluation on the WMT25 test set across 10 language pairs and with automatic evaluation on the WMT24++ benchmark across 55 language pairs. Automatic metrics show consistent and substantial gains over the baseline Gemma 3 models across all sizes. Notably, smaller TranslateGemma models often achieve performance comparable to larger baseline models, offering improved efficiency. We also show that TranslateGemma models retain strong multimodal capabilities, with enhanced performance on the Vistra image translation benchmark. The release of the open TranslateGemma models aims to provide the research community with powerful and adaptable tools for machine translation. We introduce A.X K1, a 519B-parameter Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language model trained from scratch. Our design leverages scaling laws to optimize training configurations and vocabulary size under fixed computational budgets. A.X K1 is pre-trained on a corpus of approximately 10T tokens, curated by a multi-stage data processing pipeline. Designed to bridge the gap between reasoning capability and inference efficiency, A.X K1 supports explicitly controllable reasoning to facilitate scalable deployment across diverse real-world scenarios. We propose a simple yet effective Think-Fusion training recipe, enabling user-controlled switching between thinking and non-thinking modes within a single unified model. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that A.X K1 achieves performance competitive with leading open-source models, while establishing a distinctive advantage in Korean-language benchmarks. Reward design remains a significant bottleneck in applying reinforcement learning (RL) to real-world problems. A popular alternative is reward learning, where reward functions are inferred from human feedback rather than manually specified. Recent work has proposed learning reward functions from human feedback in the form of ratings, rather than traditional binary preferences, enabling richer and potentially less cognitively demanding supervision. Building on this paradigm, we introduce a new rating-based RL method, Ranked Return Regression for RL (R4). At its core, R4 employs a novel ranking mean squared error (rMSE) loss, which treats teacher-provided ratings as ordinal targets. Our approach learns from a dataset of trajectory-rating pairs, where each trajectory is labeled with a discrete rating (e.g., "bad," "neutral," "good"). At each training step, we sample a set of trajectories, predict their returns, and rank them using a differentiable sorting operator (soft ranks). We then optimize a mean squared error loss between the resulting soft ranks and the teacher's ratings. Unlike prior rating-based approaches, R4 offers formal guarantees: its solution set is provably minimal and complete under mild assumptions. Empirically, using simulated human feedback, we demonstrate that R4 consistently matches or outperforms existing rating and preference-based RL methods on robotic locomotion benchmarks from OpenAI Gym and the DeepMind Control Suite, while requiring significantly less feedback. Pre-trained language models (LMs) have, over the last few years, grown substantially in both societal adoption and training costs. This rapid growth in size has constrained progress in understanding and mitigating their biases. Since re-training LMs is prohibitively expensive, most debiasing work has focused on post-hoc or masking-based strategies, which often fail to address the underlying causes of bias. In this work, we seek to democratise pre-model debiasing research by using low-cost proxy models. Specifically, we investigate BabyLMs, compact BERT-like models trained on small and mutable corpora that can approximate bias acquisition and learning dynamics of larger models. We show that BabyLMs display closely aligned patterns of intrinsic bias formation and performance development compared to standard BERT models, despite their drastically reduced size. Furthermore, correlations between BabyLMs and BERT hold across multiple intra-model and post-model debiasing methods. Leveraging these similarities, we conduct pre-model debiasing experiments with BabyLMs, replicating prior findings and presenting new insights regarding the influence of gender imbalance and toxicity on bias formation. Our results demonstrate that BabyLMs can serve as an effective sandbox for large-scale LMs, reducing pre-training costs from over 500 GPU-hours to under 30 GPU-hours. This provides a way to democratise pre-model debiasing research and enables faster, more accessible exploration of methods for building fairer LMs. Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the bias itself. Consequently, such shallow interpretations limit both their debiasing effectiveness and recommendation accuracy. In this paper, we propose FairLRM, a novel framework that bridges the gap in the semantic understanding of popularity bias with Recommendation via Large Language Model (RecLLM). FairLRM decomposes popularity bias into item-side and user-side components, using structured instruction-based prompts to enhance the model's comprehension of both global item distributions and individual user preferences. Unlike traditional methods that rely on surface-level features such as "diversity" or "debiasing", FairLRM improves the model's ability to semantically interpret and address the underlying bias. Through empirical evaluation, we show that FairLRM significantly enhances both fairness and recommendation accuracy, providing a more semantically aware and trustworthy approach to enhance the semantic understanding of popularity bias. The implementation is available at this https URL . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 3 Women in Congress 4 Role Toggle Role subsection 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 5 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 6 Procedures Toggle Procedures subsection 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 7 Public interaction Toggle Public interaction subsection 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 8 Privileges Toggle Privileges subsection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links United States Congress Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article has multiple issues. 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Find sources: "United States Congress" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) United States Congress 119th Congress Coat of arms of the United States Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4, 1789 (236 years ago) ( 1789-03-04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation Leadership President of the Senate JD Vance ( R ) since January 20, 2025 ( 2025-01-20 ) President pro tempore of the Senate Chuck Grassley ( R ) since January 3, 2025 ( 2025-01-03 ) Speaker of the House Mike Johnson ( R ) since October 25, 2023 ( 2023-10-25 ) Structure Seats .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Majority (53) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] House of Representatives political groups Majority (218) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Elections Last Senate election November 5, 2024 Last House of Representatives election November 5, 2024 Next Senate election November 3, 2026 Next House of Representatives election November 3, 2026 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States of America Website congress .gov Constitution United States Constitution , Article I The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body , the U.S. House of Representatives , and an upper body , the U.S. Senate . They both meet in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Members of Congress are chosen through direct election , [ b ] though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor 's appointment. Congress has a total of 535 voting members, a figure which includes 100 senators and 435 representatives ; the House of Representatives has 6 additional non-voting members . The vice president of the United States , as president of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie. [ 2 ] Congress [ c ] convenes for a two-year term (a Congress), commencing every other January. Each Congress is usually split into two sessions, one for each year. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day . The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional District Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts . It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states. Article One of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be a U.S. citizen for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times. Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution 's First Article and first met in 1789 , replacing the Congress of the Confederation in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice members of Congress since the late 19th century are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties , the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , and only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. Members can also switch parties at any time, though this is uncommon. Overview Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue -raising bills. [ citation needed ] The House initiates and decides impeachment while the Senate votes on conviction and removal of office for impeachment cases. [ 4 ] A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. [ 4 ] The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 119th Congress , began on January 3, 2025, and will end on January 3, 2027. Since the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, while members of the House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. [ citation needed ] Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government" [ 5 ] and a "remarkably resilient institution". [ 6 ] Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. [ 7 ] Several academics described Congress: Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux. [ 8 ] In recent times, the American South and West have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities . [ 8 ] While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change, the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . [ 7 ] The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state's at-large representation to the federal government by senators . [ citation needed ] Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. [ 9 ] The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . [ 10 ] Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government. [ citation needed ] History 18th century The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies . [ 11 ] On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty [ 12 ] and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral Congress. [ 15 ] Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. [ 16 ] The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. [ 17 ] A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise , was adopted with representatives chosen by population (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states). [ 8 ] [ 18 ] The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual is subject to the powers of state government and national government. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government – executive, legislative, and judicial – had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . [ 4 ] Furthermore, there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers. [ 22 ] The new government became active in 1789. [ 4 ] [ 23 ] Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era (1780s–1820s), the partisan era (1830s–1900s), the committee era (1910s–1960s), and the contemporary era (1970–present). [ 24 ] Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Republican Party [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and thus began the era of the First Party System . [ citation needed ] 19th century In 1800, Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties. John Marshall , 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court , empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The Civil War , which lasted from 1861 to 1865, resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states' rights . The Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. [ 29 ] Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics. [ 30 ] The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . [ citation needed ] 20th century By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings. [ 32 ] A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s. [ 33 ] Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment , [ 18 ] ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. [ 34 ] One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate. [ 35 ] Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. [ 36 ] The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats [ 37 ] and historic New Deal policies. Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather initiated by Congress. [ 38 ] President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees, a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. [ 39 ] The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats [ 43 ] formed the Conservative Coalition . [ 42 ] [ 44 ] Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. [ 47 ] Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy. [ 47 ] Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994. [ 50 ] Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . [ 51 ] Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . [ 7 ] Congress began reasserting its authority. [ 38 ] [ 52 ] Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. [ 53 ] While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. [ 53 ] Reforms such as the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. [ 54 ] One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". [ 55 ] From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] along with concern over PAC influence in Congress. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs [ 60 ] including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . [ 61 ] From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] From 1970 to 2009, the House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa were added. [ citation needed ] In the late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work. [ 64 ] Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions". [ 64 ] Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage. [ 8 ] Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite. [ 65 ] A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility". [ 66 ] In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative. [ 67 ] One report suggested Congress posed the "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its brinksmanship , "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed. [ 68 ] There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress, [ 69 ] with extremely low approval ratings [ 70 ] [ 71 ] which dropped to 5% in October 2013. [ 72 ] 21st century In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands . These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] On January 6, 2021, Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building . The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump supporters occupied Congress until D.C. police evacuated the area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812 that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied. [ 76 ] Despite the importance of Congress outlined in Article One , Congress has [ when? ] lost power to the executive and judiciary both intentionally and unintentionally. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Women in Congress Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women's domestic roles and the inability to vote forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and the lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow's succession – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women. [ 82 ] Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress. [ 83 ] Recruitment and financial support for women candidates were rare until the second-wave feminism movement , when activists moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees like EMILY's List began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas and the 2016 presidential election created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of the Woman and the election of members of The Squad , respectively. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws , voter suppression and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year , and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in the 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress. [ 86 ] Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people . Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color. [ 87 ] Carol Moseley Braun became the first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono , won in 2013. [ citation needed ] In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first female President of the Senate , which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States . [ citation needed ] Role Powers Overview Article One of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. [ 88 ] Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause . [ citation needed ] Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm." [ 89 ] Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. [ 89 ] The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. [ 90 ] The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. [ 90 ] Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. [ 91 ] Generally, the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . [ 4 ] Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military. [ 92 ] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war. [ 93 ] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican–American War , the Spanish–American War , World War I , and World War II , [ 94 ] although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval. [ 94 ] In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a "police action". [ 95 ] According to Time magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." [ 94 ] In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War II." [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. [ 99 ] Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. [ citation needed ] One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. [ 100 ] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. [ 101 ] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case. [ 102 ] There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions. [ 103 ] Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers. [ 104 ] There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress. [ 105 ] So-called signing statements are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account. [ 106 ] Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , [ 107 ] have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association , have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress. [ 110 ] In 2008, George F. Will called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters". [ 111 ] Enumeration The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law. [ 112 ] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. [ 113 ] Implicit, commerce clause Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". [ 114 ] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v. Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Territorial government Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C. , the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress. [ 117 ] The republican form of government in territories is devolved by congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors, the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures. [ 118 ] Each territory and Washington, D.C., elects a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout congressional history. They "possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives". They are assigned offices and allowances for staff, participate in debate, and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. [ 119 ] Washington, D.C., citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States, although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories. [ 120 ] Checks and balances Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government: To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government. Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One. [ 5 ] [ 121 ] The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership, presidential political influence, historical circumstances such as war, and individual initiative by members of Congress. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards. [ 122 ] The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . [ 123 ] Congress restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . The presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century. [ 5 ] [ 123 ] Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret; in return, knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity, congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies. [ 124 ] Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies, and this is a task that Congress is ill-suited for. Congress is slow, open, divided, and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity, according to one analysis. [ 125 ] The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach executive or judicial officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors". Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official. The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments. A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official; a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future. Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this. A convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial. Only three presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1999, Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton, and the 2019 trial of Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated his removal from office. [ citation needed ] The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate". It confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010. [ 126 ] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president. [ 4 ] In 1803, the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself. The Constitution did not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review. The notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example, mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should, might, or could have said. [ 127 ] Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law. It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially. In 1857, for example, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision. [ 128 ] At the same time, the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations. [ citation needed ] The congressional inquiry into St. Clair's Defeat of 1791 was the first congressional investigation of the executive branch. [ 129 ] Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches. Committees may hold hearings, and, if necessary, subpoena people to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public (the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception); important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards. [ 131 ] Congress, in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters, generates an incredible amount of information in various forms, and can be described as a publisher. [ 132 ] Indeed, it publishes House and Senate reports [ 132 ] and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats. [ 132 ] Congress also plays a role in presidential elections. Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes, and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority. [ 4 ] The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws, [ 133 ] most of which are contained in the United States Code, arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws "in a concise and usable form". [ 4 ] Structure Congress is split into two chambers – House and Senate – and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas. Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees. Further, Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information, and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well. In addition, a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests. Committees Specializations The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely. It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress. [ 134 ] As time goes by, members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects. Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade-offs. The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member's constituency, important regional issues, prior background and experience. [ 135 ] Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap. [ 136 ] Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation; for example, the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs. [ 137 ] Power Committees write legislation. While procedures, such as the House discharge petition process, can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input, they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action. Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information, evaluate alternatives, and identify problems. [ 138 ] They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber. [ 138 ] In addition, they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing. [ 138 ] Officer At the start of each two-year session, the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party's leader. In the Senate, the vice president is the ex officio president of the Senate. In addition, the Senate elects an officer called the president pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there is a change in party control. Accordingly, the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress. In the House and Senate, the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber. [ citation needed ] Support services Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) was established by an act of Congress in 1800. It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites: the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington, D.C.; the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper, Virginia ; a large book storage facility located in Fort Meade, Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices. The Library had mostly law books when it was burnt by British forces in 1814 during the War of 1812 , but the library's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library. One of the library's missions is to serve Congress and its staff as well as the American public. It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books, films, maps, photographs, music, manuscripts, graphics, and materials in 470 languages. [ 139 ] Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS), part of the Library of Congress, provides detailed, up-to-date and non-partisan research for senators, representatives, and their staff to help them carry out their official duties. It provides ideas for legislation, helps members analyze a bill, facilitates public hearings, makes reports, consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure, and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements. It has been called the "House's think tank" and has a staff of about 900 employees. [ 140 ] Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress. [ 141 ] It was created as an independent non-partisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process. It makes projections about such matters as the national debt [ 142 ] as well as likely costs of legislation. It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate's Appropriations Committee . The speaker of the House and the Senate's president pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO director for a four-year term. [ citation needed ] Government Accountability Office The Government Accountability Office (GAO), is a federal agency within the legislative branch that provides auditing , evaluative , and investigative services for the United States Congress in an independent and nonpartisan capacity. [ 143 ] The GAO is the supreme audit institution of the federal government of the United States . It identifies its core "mission values" as: accountability, integrity, and reliability. [ 144 ] It is also known as the "congressional watchdog". [ 145 ] Architect of the Capitol The Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is a federal agency within the legislative branch that is responsible for the maintenance , operation, development, construction , building preservation , and property management of the United States Capitol Complex [ 146 ] and is accountable directly to the United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States . [ 147 ] United States Capitol Police Lobbying Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients' needs. Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills. In 2007, there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington, D.C. [ 148 ] They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations. Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested. [ citation needed ] Partisanship versus bipartisanship Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties, known as bipartisanship , and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting, known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship, as is the case today. It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible. Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades, but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies, as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution. [ 149 ] Procedures Sessions A term of Congress is divided into two " sessions ", one for each year; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently. The Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house. Joint sessions Joint sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from House and Senate. These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president's State of the Union address. The constitutionally mandated report , normally given as an annual speech, is modeled on Britain's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913. Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the speaker of the House, except when counting presidential electoral votes when the vice president (acting as the president of the Senate) presides. [ citation needed ] Bills and resolutions Ideas for legislation can come from members, lobbyists, state legislatures, constituents, legislative counsel, or executive agencies. Anyone can write a bill, but only members of Congress may introduce bills. Most bills are not written by Congress members, but originate from the Executive branch; interest groups often draft bills as well. The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review. [ 4 ] A proposal is usually in one of these forms: Bills are laws in the making. A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it progresses. [ 133 ] Joint resolutions. There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly; a joint resolution originating from the House, for example, begins "H.J.Res." followed by its number. [ 133 ] Concurrent Resolutions affect only the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president. In the House, they begin with "H.Con.Res." [ 133 ] Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with "H.Res." or "S.Res." [ 133 ] Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk's desk. [ 133 ] It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage. [ 133 ] Drafting statutes requires "great skill, knowledge, and experience" and sometimes take a year or more. [ 4 ] Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction. Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war. On the other hand, concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house. The Constitution states: "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." While the Senate cannot originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has the power to amend or reject them. Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels. [ 4 ] Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law. In the House, a Rules Committee guides legislation; in the Senate, a Standing Rules committee is in charge. Each branch has its own traditions; for example, the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting "unanimous consent" for noncontroversial matters. [ 4 ] House and Senate rules can be complex, sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before a bill can become a law. [ 5 ] Members sometimes turn to outside experts to learn about proper congressional procedures. [ 150 ] Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . [ 4 ] Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. Standing committees meet at least once each month. [ 4 ] Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes, publicly, to close the meeting. [ 4 ] A committee might call for public hearings on important bills. [ 4 ] Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party. Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill. [ 133 ] Then, a bill may go to what is called a mark-up session, where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions. [ 133 ] Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After debate, the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house. If a bill is tabled then it is rejected. If amendments are extensive, sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number. [ 133 ] Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used. Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power. [ 151 ] A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex [ 133 ] and begins with an enacting formula such as "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled ..." Consideration of a bill requires, itself, a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate – time limits, possibility of further amendments, and such. [ 133 ] Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak. [ 133 ] Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it. [ 133 ] Generally, discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives, before discussion can begin, although there are exceptions. [ 152 ] The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows. Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other which may pass, reject, or amend it. For the bill to become law, both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill. [ 133 ] If the second house amends the bill, then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes senators and representatives [ 133 ] sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills. [ 4 ] Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay-as-you-go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts that increase budget deficits. [ 4 ] If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee, the bill passes, otherwise it fails. [ citation needed ] The Constitution specifies that a majority of members (a quorum ) be present before doing business in each house. The rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary and debate often continues despite the lack of a majority. [ citation needed ] Voting within Congress can take many forms, including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting. [ 4 ] Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto. If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually happens. The Senate uses roll-call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced. In the Senate, the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the senators are equally divided. [ citation needed ] The House reserves roll-call votes for the most formal matters, as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time; normally, members vote by using an electronic device. In the case of a tie, the motion in question fails. Most votes in the House are done electronically, allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . [ 4 ] Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose; in addition, paper ballots are used occasionally ( yea indicated by green and nay by red). [ 4 ] One member cannot cast a proxy vote for another. [ 4 ] Congressional votes are recorded on an online database. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] After passage by both houses, a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval. [ 133 ] The president may sign it making it law or veto it, perhaps returning it to Congress with the president's objections. A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the president may do nothing neither signing nor vetoing the bill and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days (not counting Sundays) according to the Constitution. But if Congress is adjourned during this period, presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and cannot be overridden by the adjourned Congress. [ citation needed ] Public interaction Advantage of incumbency Citizens and representatives Senators face reelection every six years, and representatives every two. Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts. [ 64 ] Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing, according to some critics. [ 155 ] Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters. [ citation needed ] Incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers. [ 53 ] They raise more money [ 58 ] because donors fund incumbents over challengers, perceiving the former as more likely to win, [ 56 ] [ 156 ] and donations are vital for winning elections. [ 157 ] One critic compared election to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university. [ 156 ] Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . [ 158 ] [ 159 ] After each ten-year census, states are allocated representatives based on population, and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party. As a result, reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent, [ 9 ] causing some critics to call them a privileged class. [ 8 ] Academics such as Princeton's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering in the U.S. Senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges, called franking privileges ; while these are not intended for electioneering, this rule is often skirted by borderline election-related mailings during campaigns. [ citation needed ] Expensive campaigns In 1971, the cost of running for Congress in Utah was $70,000 [ 160 ] but costs have climbed. [ 161 ] The biggest expense is television advertisements. [ 57 ] [ 156 ] [ 160 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Today's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat, and six million or more for a Senate seat. [ 8 ] [ 57 ] [ 162 ] [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Since fundraising is vital, "members of Congress are forced to spend ever-increasing hours raising money for their re-election", according to the Fair Elections Now coalition. [ 166 ] The Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue. [ 161 ] Some see money as a good influence in politics since it "enables candidates to communicate with voters". [ 161 ] Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection. [ 8 ] Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens. [ 8 ] Elections are influenced by many variables. Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect (when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by "riding on the president's coattails"), although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s. [ 53 ] Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected, and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent. If a seat becomes vacant in an open district, then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races; in California in 1992, only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive. [ 169 ] Television and negative advertising Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television, this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent's character without focusing on the issues. [ 170 ] Negative advertising is seen as effective because "the messages tend to stick." [ 171 ] These advertisements sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame. [ 172 ] One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election, which leads to a culture of risk avoidance, a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors, [ 172 ] [ 173 ] and concentrating publicity efforts in the members' home districts. [ 64 ] Perceptions Prominent Founding Fathers , writing in The Federalist Papers , felt that elections were essential to liberty, that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential, [ 174 ] and that "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured." [ 174 ] In 2009, few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since, although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election. [ 178 ] Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have, in the last few decades, hovered around 25% with some variation. [ 8 ] [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the "size, messiness, virtues, and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency, Congress is difficult to conceptualize." [ 185 ] Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism, "Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources" and that most members behave ethically. [ 6 ] They contend that "Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend" and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress, which is an "old form of American politics" that further undermines Congress's reputation with the public: [ 8 ] The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. — Smith, Roberts & Wielen [ 8 ] An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science, engineering and economics. [ 8 ] As a result, Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch. [ 8 ] Since 2006, Congress has dropped ten points in the Gallup confidence poll with only nine percent having "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in their legislators. [ 186 ] Since 2011, Gallup poll has reported Congress's approval rating among Americans at 10% or below three times. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5% in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed 'nonessential government' shut down. [ 72 ] Smaller states and bigger states When the Constitution was ratified in 1787, the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one. The Connecticut Compromise gave every state, large and small, an equal vote in the Senate. [ 187 ] Since each state has two senators, residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states. But since 1787, the population disparity between large and small states has grown; in 2006, for example, California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . [ 188 ] Critics, such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson , have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from "large states to small states". [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Others argue that the Connecticut Compromise was deliberately intended by the Founding Fathers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population, [ 187 ] and contend that the result works well on balance. Members and constituents A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . [ 192 ] Constituents request assistance with problems. [ 193 ] Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections [ 158 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] and can make a difference in close races. [ 196 ] Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies. [ 5 ] One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . [ 197 ] : 8 Motivation One way to categorize lawmakers, according to former University of Rochester political science professor Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation: Reelection: These are lawmakers who "never met a voter they didn't like" and provide excellent constituent services. Good public policy: Legislators who "burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership". Power in the chamber: Lawmakers who spend serious time along the "rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues". Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an "issue entrepreneur" who looked for issues to serve his ambitions. [ 197 ] : 34 Privileges Outside income and gifts Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on their future careers as lobbyists after serving – that Congress was a " Farm League for K Street ". [ 198 ] [ 199 ] Family members of active legislators have also been hired by lobbying firms, which while not allowed to lobby their family member, has drawn criticism as a conflict of interest. [ 200 ] Members of congress have been accused of insider trading , such as in the 2020 congressional insider trading scandal , where members of Congress or their family members have traded on stocks related to work on their committees. [ 201 ] One 2011 study concluded that portfolios of members of Congress outperformed both the market and hedge funds, which the authors suggested as evidence of insider trading. [ 202 ] Proposed solutions include putting stocks in blind trusts to prevent future insider trading. [ 203 ] Some members of Congress have gone on lavish trips paid for by outside groups, sometimes bringing family members, which are often legal even if in an ethical gray area. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Pay Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income . [ 206 ] Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . [ 179 ] Another criticism is that members of Congress are insulated from the health care market due to their coverage. [ 207 ] Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress. [ 160 ] [ 163 ] In January 2014, it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires. [ 208 ] Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute. [ 209 ] Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds. [ 210 ] The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2018, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was $75,528, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $41,208. [ 211 ] Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed, but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing. For example, The Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas, $300-per-night extra unused rooms, and shopping excursions. [ 212 ] Some lawmakers responded that "traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington" and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations. [ 212 ] By the Twenty-seventh Amendment , changes to congressional pay may not take effect before the next election to the House of the Representatives. [ 213 ] In Boehner v. Anderson , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the amendment does not affect cost-of-living adjustments . [ 214 ] [ 213 ] Postage The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense. Though they are not permitted to send election materials, borderline material is often sent, especially in the run-up to an election by those in close races. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers. [ 9 ] [ failed verification ] [ 217 ] Protection Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace , and freedom of speech in debate. This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions. [ 218 ] The term "arrest" has been interpreted broadly, and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege; a member may not waive the privilege on their own but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so. Senate rules are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose. [ 219 ] The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses, providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place." Accordingly, a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house, although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches, and may punish members who transgress. [ 220 ] Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite people for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation – the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case. If convicted in court of contempt of Congress, a person may be imprisoned for up to one year. [ 221 ] See also Caucuses of the United States Congress Congressional archives – Records documenting the history and activities of the United States Congress Congressional Baseball Game – Annual baseball game played by members of the United States Congress Divided government in the United States – Divided control of the US government between political parties Elections in the United States § Congressional elections List of current United States representatives List of current United States senators List of United States Congresses Oath of office § United States Radio and Television Correspondents' Association United States congressional hearing Notes ^ Independent Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party. [ 1 ] ^ Before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. ^ Congress does not take a grammatical article , except when referring to an individual Congress. [ 3 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats" . Politico . November 14, 2012. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020 . Retrieved November 28, 2020 . Angus King of Maine, who cruised to victory last week running as an independent, said Wednesday that he will caucus with Senate Democrats. [...] The Senate's other independent, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, also caucuses with the Democrats. ^ Manning, Jennifer E. (December 17, 2020). Membership of the 116th Congress: A Profile (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service . p. 4. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Congress is composed of 541 individuals from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Rico. ^ Garner, Bryan A. (2011). Garner's Dictionary of Legal Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780195384208 . Retrieved October 22, 2023 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v John V. Sullivan (July 24, 2007). "How Our Laws Are Made" . U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on May 5, 2020 . Retrieved November 27, 2016 . ^ a b c d e f g Lee H. Hamilton (2004). How Congress works and why you should care . Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34425-5 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ a b Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). "The American Congress (Fourth Edition)" . Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9781139446990 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ a b c Julian E. Zelizer; Joanne Barrie Freeman; Jack N. Rakove; Alan Taylor, eds. (2004). "The American Congress: The Building of Democracy" . Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. xiii– xiv. ISBN 0-618-17906-2 . Archived from the original on October 19, 2017 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). 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"Confident Clinton Lends Hand to Congress Candidates" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 1, 2009 . ^ "References about diffname". "The Congress: Makings of the 72nd (Cont.)" . Time . September 22, 1930. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013 . Retrieved October 1, 2009 . Maki Becker (June 17, 1994). "Informed Opinions on Today's Topics – Looking for Answers to Voter Apathy" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 1, 2009 . Daniel Brumberg (October 30, 2008). "America's Re-emerging Democracy" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 10, 2017 . Retrieved October 1, 2009 . Karen Tumulty (July 8, 1986). "Congress Must Now Make Own Painful Choices" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 1, 2009 . Janet Hook (December 22, 1997). "As U.S. Economy Flows, Voter Vitriol Ebbs" . Los Angeles Times . 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Clapp, The Congressman, His Work as He Sees It (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1963), p. 55; cf. pp. 50–55, 64–66, 75–84. ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 35 (September 3, 1977): 1855. English, op. cit ., pp. 48–49, notes that members will also regularly appear at local events in their home district, and will maintain offices in the home congressional district or state. ^ Robert Preer (August 15, 2010). "Two Democrats in Senate race stress constituent services" . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Daniel Malloy (August 22, 2010). "Incumbents battle association with stimulus, Obama" . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Amy Gardner (November 27, 2008). "Wolf's Decisive Win Surprised Even the GOP" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ a b William T. Blanco, ed. (2000). "Congress on display, Congress at work" . University of Michigan. ISBN 0-472-08711-8 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Lessig, Lawrence (February 8, 2010). "How to Get Our Democracy Back" . CBS News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013 . Retrieved December 14, 2011 . ^ Lessig, Lawrence (November 16, 2011). "Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress – and a Plan to Stop It" . Google, YouTube, The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013 . Retrieved December 13, 2011 . (see 30:13 minutes into the video) ^ Attkisson, Sharyl (June 25, 2010). "Family Ties Bind Federal Lawmakers to Lobbyists - CBS News" . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ Parlapiano, Alicia; Playford, Adam; Kelly, Kate; Uz, Ege (September 13, 2022). "These 97 Members of Congress Reported Trades in Companies Influenced by Their Committees" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . 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Retrieved December 17, 2009 . ^ a b "Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 27 – "Financial Compensation for the Congress" " . Ronald Reagan . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ 30 F.3d 156 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ^ English (2003), pp. 24–25. ^ Simpson, G. R. (October 22, 1992). "Surprise! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges". Roll Call. ^ Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). "The American Congress (Fourth Edition)" . Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781139446990 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Davidson (2006), p. 17. ^ "Rules Of The Senate" . U.S. Senate Committee on Rules & Administration . Archived from the original on December 30, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2022 . ^ Brewer, F. M. (1952). "Congressional Immunity" . CQ Press . doi : 10.4135/cqresrre1952042500 . Archived from the original on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved January 16, 2021 . ^ "Contempt of Congress" . HeinOnline . The Jurist . January 1, 1957. ProQuest 1296619169 . Retrieved September 7, 2020 . References "How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea – And A Plan – To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too" . Newsweek . October 28, 1996. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . "The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise" . PBS. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Alexander Hamilton (1788). "Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union" . FoundingFathers.info. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Bacon, Donald C.; Davidson, Roger H.; Keller, Morton, eds. (1995). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.) . Simon & Schuster. Collier, Christopher & Collier, James Lincoln (1986). Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-394-52346-6 . Davidson, Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek (2006). Congress and Its Members (10th ed.). Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press. ISBN 0-87187-325-7 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) English, Ross M. (2003). The United States Congress . Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6309-4 . Francis-Smith, Janice (October 22, 2008). "Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma" . The Oklahoma City Journal Record. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Herrnson, Paul S. (2004). Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-826-1 . Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 1-59033-509-0 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2020 . Huckabee, David C. – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division (March 8, 1995). "Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2)" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Maier, Pauline (book reviewer) (November 18, 2007). "HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Oleszek, Walter J. (2004). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press. ISBN 0-87187-477-6 . Polsby, Nelson W. (2004). How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516195-5 . Price, David E. (2000). The Congressional Experience . Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1157-8 . Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020). "Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress" . Daedalus . 149 : 40– 55. doi : 10.1162/daed_a_01772 . ISSN 0011-5266 . S2CID 209487865 . Archived from the original on April 24, 2021 . Retrieved April 6, 2021 . Struble, Robert Jr. (2007). Chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-17906-2 . Further reading Ritchie, Donald A. (2022). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction . (History, representation, and legislative procedure) Smith, Steven S.; Roberts, Jason M.; Vander Wielen, Ryan (2007). The American Congress (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19704-5 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) Hamilton, Lee H. (2004) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press. Lee, Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer. (1999). Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press: Chicago. (Equal representation in the Senate) Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Act of Congress list list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider 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special Standing Subcommittees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) 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Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Articles related to the United States Congress v t e United States congresses (and year convened) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e United States History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Transport Aviation Driving Public transportation Rail transportation Transportation policy Transportation safety Trucking industry Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal v t e National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Related Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses v t e National legislative bodies of the Americas Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Greenland Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands v t e United States congresses (and year convened) v t e 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations v t e States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Alabama H S H S Alaska H S H S Arizona H S H S Arkansas H S H S California H S H S Colorado H S H S Connecticut H S H S Delaware H S H S Florida H S H S Georgia H S H S Hawaii H S H S Idaho H S H S Illinois H S H S Indiana H S H S Iowa H S H S Kansas H S H S Kentucky H S H S Louisiana H S H S Maine H S H S Maryland H S H S Massachusetts H S H S Michigan H S H S Minnesota H S H S Mississippi H S H S Missouri H S H S Montana H S H S Nebraska H S H S Nevada H S H S New Hampshire H S H S New Jersey H S H S New Mexico H S H S New York H S H S North Carolina H S H S North Dakota H S H S Ohio H S H S Oklahoma H S H S Oregon H S H S Pennsylvania H S H S Rhode Island H S H S South Carolina H S H S South Dakota H S H S Tennessee H S H S Texas H S H S Utah H S H S Vermont H S H S Virginia H S H S Washington H S H S West Virginia H S H S Wisconsin H S H S Wyoming H S H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress v t e By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures v t e United States v t e History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy President of the United States powers Executive Office powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office House of Representatives current members Speaker current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Bill of Rights civil liberties civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Governor list list Lieutenant governor list list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Supreme courts Chief justices Chief justices District attorney list list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Township Town meeting Special district School district list School district list list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Transport Aviation Driving Public transportation Rail transportation Transportation policy Transportation safety Trucking industry By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs 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Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Capital punishment Crime incarceration incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal illegal National security Terrorism Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal Outline Index Category Portal v t e National bicameral legislatures v t e Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Somaliland Historical Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Related Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses v t e National legislative bodies of the Americas v t e Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Greenland Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Greenland Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND ISNI VIAF GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Latvia Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Latvia Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Academics CiNii CiNii Artists ULAN MusicBrainz ULAN MusicBrainz Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX United States Law Politics Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel guides from Wikivoyage .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 38°53′23″N 77°0′32″W / 38.88972°N 77.00889°W / 38.88972; -77.00889 Legislative branch of the United States government 1789 establishments in the United States Bicameral legislatures National legislatures Webarchive template wayback links Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description is different from 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Late 1970s and 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s 2.5 2020s 2.1 Late 1970s and 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s 2.5 2020s 3 Acting style and reception 4 Public image 5 Other ventures Toggle Other ventures subsection 5.1 Product and endorsements 5.2 Philanthropy 5.1 Product and endorsements 5.2 Philanthropy 6 Personal life 7 Acting credits and accolades 8 References 9 External links Michelle Pfeiffer Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Michelle Pfeiffer Pfeiffer in 2018 Born Michelle Marie Pfeiffer ( 1958-04-29 ) April 29, 1958 (age 67) Santa Ana, California , U.S. Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Actress producer Actress producer Years active 1977–present Works Full list Spouses .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Peter Horton ( m. 1981; div. 1988) David E. Kelley ( m. 1993) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Peter Horton ( m. 1981; div. 1988) David E. Kelley ( m. 1993) Children 2 Relatives Dedee Pfeiffer (sister) Awards Full list Signature Michelle Marie Pfeiffer ( / ˈ f aɪ f ər / FY -fər ; born April 29, 1958) is an American actress and producer. One of the most bankable stars in Hollywood during the 1980s and 1990s, her performances have earned her various accolades , including a Golden Globe Award and a British Academy Film Award , as well as nominations for three Academy Awards and one Primetime Emmy Award . Pfeiffer began her acting career with minor appearances in television and film, and secured her first leading role in Grease 2 (1982). She achieved widespread recognition for her breakthrough performance as Elvira Hancock in Scarface (1983), followed by mainstream success with The Witches of Eastwick (1987) and Tequila Sunrise (1988). Pfeiffer received her first of six consecutive Golden Globe Award nominations for Married to the Mob (1988). She earned consecutive Academy Award nominations, Best Supporting Actress for Dangerous Liaisons (1988) and Best Actress for The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), winning a Golden Globe Award for the latter. Established as one of the highest-paid actresses of the 1990s, Pfeiffer played Catwoman in Batman Returns (1992) and received her third Academy Award nomination for Love Field (1992). She continued to appear in prominent films throughout the decade, including The Age of Innocence (1993) and Wolf (1994). Through her production company, Via Rosa Productions, she produced and starred in several films, including Dangerous Minds (1995). In the 2000s, Pfeiffer reduced her acting workload to focus on her family, appearing in select projects such as What Lies Beneath (2000), White Oleander (2002), Hairspray and Stardust (both 2007). Following a hiatus, Pfeiffer returned to prominence in 2017 with roles in Where Is Kyra? , Mother! , and Murder on the Orient Express . That same year, she received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for portraying Ruth Madoff in the television film The Wizard of Lies . In 2020, she earned her eighth Golden Globe Award nomination for French Exit . Since 2018, Pfeiffer has portrayed Janet van Dyne in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , beginning with Ant-Man and the Wasp . Early life Michelle Marie Pfeiffer was born on April 29, 1958, in Santa Ana, California , to Richard Pfeiffer, an air-conditioning contractor, and Donna Jean (née Taverna), a housewife. [ 1 ] She has an older brother, Rick, and two younger sisters, Dedee [ 2 ] and Lori. [ 3 ] Her parents were both originally from North Dakota . [ 4 ] Her paternal grandfather was of German ancestry and her paternal grandmother was of English, Welsh, French, Irish, and Dutch descent, while her maternal grandfather was of Swiss-German-Italian descent and her maternal grandmother of Swedish ancestry. [ 5 ] The family moved to Midway City , another Orange County community around seven miles (11 km) away, where Pfeiffer spent her early years. [ 6 ] Pfeiffer attended Fountain Valley High School , graduating in 1976. [ 7 ] She worked as a check-out girl at Vons supermarket, and attended Golden West College [ 8 ] where she was a member of Alpha Delta Pi sorority. After a short stint training to be a court stenographer , she pursued an acting career. [ 9 ] Pfeiffer won the Miss Orange County beauty pageant in 1978 and finished sixth in the Miss California contest the same year. [ 10 ] After her appearances in these pageants, Pfeiffer acquired an agent and began to audition for television and film roles. [ 11 ] Career Late 1970s and 1980s Pfeiffer made her acting debut in 1978, in a one-episode appearance of Fantasy Island . [ 7 ] Other roles on television series followed, including Delta House , CHiPs , Enos and B.A.D. Cats , as well as in the made-for-CBS film The Solitary Man (1979). [ 12 ] Pfeiffer transitioned to film with the comedy The Hollywood Knights (1980), with Tony Danza , appearing as high school sweethearts. She subsequently played supporting roles in Falling in Love Again (1980) with Susannah York and Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen (1981), none of which met with much critical or box office success. She appeared in a television commercial for Lux soap , [ 13 ] and took acting lessons at the Beverly Hills Playhouse , [ 14 ] before appearing in three 1981 television movies – Callie and Son , with Lindsay Wagner , The Children Nobody Wanted and Splendor in the Grass . Pfeiffer obtained her first starring film role as the female lead in Grease 2 (1982), [ 15 ] the sequel to the smash-hit musical film Grease (1978). [ 16 ] With only a few television roles and small film appearances, the 23-year-old Pfeiffer was an unknown actress when she attended the casting call audition for the role, but according to director Patricia Birch , she won the part because she "has a quirky quality you don't expect". [ 17 ] The film was a critical and commercial failure but Pfeiffer's performance was noted as a standout. [ 18 ] The New York Times remarked: "[A]lthough she is a relative screen newcomer, Miss Pfeiffer manages to look much more insouciant and comfortable than anyone else in the cast." [ 19 ] Despite escaping the critical mauling, her agent later admitted that her association with the film meant that "she couldn't get any jobs. Nobody wanted to hire her." [ 16 ] On her early screen roles, she asserted: "I needed to learn how to act ... in the meantime, I was playing bimbos and cashing in on my looks." [ 7 ] Director Brian De Palma , having seen Grease 2 , refused to audition Pfeiffer for Scarface (1983), but relented at the insistence of Martin Bregman , the film's producer. She was cast as cocaine-addicted trophy wife Elvira Hancock . [ 20 ] The film was considered excessively violent by most critics, but became a commercial hit and gained a large cult following in subsequent years. [ 21 ] Pfeiffer received positive reviews for her supporting turn; Richard Corliss of Time Magazine wrote, "most of the large cast is fine: Michelle Pfeiffer is better ..." [ 22 ] while Dominick Dunne , in an article for Vanity Fair titled "Blonde Ambition", wrote, "[s]he is on the verge of stardom. In the parlance of the industry, she is hot." [ 23 ] Following Scarface , she played Diana in John Landis ' comedy Into the Night (1985), with Jeff Goldblum ; Isabeau d'Anjou in Richard Donner 's fantasy film Ladyhawke (1985), with Rutger Hauer and Matthew Broderick ; Faith Healy in Alan Alda 's Sweet Liberty (1986), with Michael Caine ; and Brenda Landers in a segment of the 1950s sci-fi parody Amazon Women on the Moon (1987), all of which, despite achieving only modest commercial success, helped to establish her as an actress. She finally scored a major box-office hit as Sukie Ridgemont in the 1987 adaptation of John Updike 's novel The Witches of Eastwick , with Jack Nicholson , Cher , and Susan Sarandon . The film received positive reviews and grossed over $63.7 million domestically, equivalent to $176 million in 2024 dollars, [ 24 ] [ 25 ] becoming one of her earliest critical and commercial successes. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Praising their comic timing, Roger Ebert wrote that Pfeiffer and her female co-stars each "have a delicious good time with their roles", [ 28 ] while the Los Angeles Times film critic Sheila Benson said Pfeiffer makes her character "a warm, irresistible character." [ 29 ] Pfeiffer was cast against type, as a murdered gangster's widow, in Jonathan Demme 's mafia comedy Married to the Mob (1988), with Matthew Modine , Dean Stockwell and Mercedes Ruehl . For the role of Angela de Marco, she donned a curly brunette wig and a Brooklyn accent, [ 3 ] and received her first Golden Globe Award nomination as Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , beginning a six-year streak of consecutive Best Actress nominations at the Golden Globes. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Pfeiffer then appeared as chic restaurateuse Jo Ann Vallenari in Tequila Sunrise (1988) with Mel Gibson and Kurt Russell , but experienced creative and personal differences with director Robert Towne , who later described her as the "most difficult" actress he has ever worked with. [ 32 ] At Demme's personal recommendation, [ 16 ] Pfeiffer joined the cast of Stephen Frears 's Dangerous Liaisons (1988), with Glenn Close and John Malkovich , playing Madame Marie de Tourvel, the virtuous victim of seduction. Hal Hinson of The Washington Post saw Pfeiffer's role as "the least obvious and the most difficult. Nothing is harder to play than virtue, and Pfeiffer is smart enough not to try. Instead, she embodies it. Her porcelain-skinned beauty, in this regard, is a great asset, and the way it's used makes it seem an aspect of her spirituality." [ 33 ] She won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role [ 34 ] and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . [ 35 ] Pfeiffer then accepted the role of Susie Diamond , a hard-edged former call girl turned lounge singer, in The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), which also starred Jeff Bridges and Beau Bridges as the eponymous Baker Boys. She underwent intense voice training for the role for four months, and performed all of her character's vocals. [ 36 ] The film was a modest success, grossing $18.4 million in the US and Canada (equivalent to $47 million in 2024 dollars [ 24 ] ). [ 37 ] Her portrayal of Susie, however, drew unanimous acclaim from critics. Critic Roger Ebert compared her to Rita Hayworth in Gilda and to Marilyn Monroe in Some Like It Hot , adding that the film was "one of the movies they will use as a document, years from now, when they begin to trace the steps by which Pfeiffer became a great star". [ 38 ] During the 1989–1990 awards season, Pfeiffer won as Best Actress at the Golden Globes , the National Board of Review , the National Society of Film Critics , the New York Film Critics Circle , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and the Chicago Film Critics Association . Pfeiffer's performance as Susie is considered to be the most critically acclaimed of her career. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] The scene in which her character seductively performs " Makin' Whoopee " atop a grand piano is considered to be a memorable scene in modern cinema. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] 1990s In 1990, Pfeiffer formed her own film production company, Via Rosa Productions, with business partner Kate Guinzburg, whom she had met on the set of Sweet Liberty (1986). The company was under a picture deal with Touchstone Pictures , a film label of The Walt Disney Studios . That year, Pfeiffer began earning $1 million per film, [ 45 ] and took on the part of the Soviet book editor Katya Orlova in the film adaptation of John le Carré 's The Russia House , with Sean Connery , a role that required her to adopt a Russian accent. For her efforts, she was rewarded with a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. [ 46 ] Pfeiffer then landed the role of damaged waitress Frankie in Garry Marshall 's Frankie and Johnny (1991), a film adaptation of Terrence McNally 's Broadway play Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune , which reunited her with her Scarface co-star, Al Pacino . The casting was seen as controversial by many, as Pfeiffer was considered far too beautiful to play an "ordinary" waitress; [ 47 ] Kathy Bates , the original Frankie on Broadway, also expressed disappointment over the producers' choice. [ 48 ] Pfeiffer herself stated that she took the role because it "wasn't what people would expect of [her]". [ 49 ] Pfeiffer was once again nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama for her performance. Pfeiffer took on the role of Selina Kyle–Catwoman in Tim Burton 's superhero film Batman Returns (1992), opposite Michael Keaton and Danny DeVito , after Annette Bening dropped out because of her pregnancy. For the role, she trained in martial arts and kickboxing . Pfeiffer received unanimous critical acclaim for her portrayal, which is often referred to as the greatest performance of Catwoman of all time by critics and fans. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Premiere retrospectively stated: "Arguably the outstanding villain of the Tim Burton era, Michelle Pfeiffer's deadly kitten with a whip brought sex to the normally neutered franchise. Her stitched-together, black patent leather costume, based on a sketch of Burton's, remains the character's most iconic look. And Michelle Pfeiffer overcomes Batman Returns ' heavy-handed feminist dialogue to deliver a growling, fierce performance." [ 55 ] Batman Returns was a big box office success, grossing over $267 million worldwide. [ 56 ] The first film her company produced was the independent drama Love Field , which was released in 1992. Reviewers embraced the film and The New York Times felt that Pfeiffer was "again demonstrating that she is as subtle and surprising as she is beautiful". [ 57 ] For her portrayal of an eccentric Dallas, Texas housewife, she earned nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe for Best Actress – Drama and won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In Martin Scorsese 's period drama The Age of Innocence (1993), a film adaptation of Edith Wharton 's 1920 novel , Pfeiffer starred with Daniel Day-Lewis and Winona Ryder , portraying a Countess in upper-class New York City in the 1870s. For her role, she received the Elvira Notari Prize at the Venice Film Festival , and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture. [ 60 ] That year, she was awarded the Women in Film Los Angeles' Crystal Award . [ 61 ] Following the formation of her producing company, Via Rosa Productions, Pfeiffer saw a professional expansion as a producer. While she continued to act steadily throughout the decade, she and her producing partner Guinzburg experienced a winning streak of producing back to back films next under their header. She starred with Jack Nicholson in the 1994 horror film Wolf , portraying the sardonic and willful interest of a writer who becomes a wolf-man at night after being bitten by a creature. The film was released to a mixed critical reception; [ 62 ] The New York Times wrote: "Ms. Pfeiffer's role is underwritten, but her performance is expert enough to make even diffidence compelling." [ 63 ] Wolf was a commercial success, grossing $65 million (equivalent to $138 million in 2024) at the domestic box office and $131 million worldwide (equivalent to $278 million). [ 64 ] Pfeiffer's next role was that of high school teacher and former United States Marine LouAnne Johnson in the drama Dangerous Minds (1995), [ 65 ] co-produced by her company. She appeared as her character in the music video for the soundtrack's lead single, " Gangsta's Paradise " by Coolio , featuring L.V. ; the song won the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance , [ 66 ] and the video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video . [ 67 ] While Dangerous Minds received negative reviews, it was a box office success, grossing $179.5 million around the globe. [ 68 ] In 1996, Pfeiffer portrayed Sally Atwater in the romantic drama Up Close & Personal , with Robert Redford , [ 69 ] took on the titular role in the drama To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday , which was adapted by her husband David Kelley from Michael Brady's play of the same name, [ 70 ] and served as an executive producer and starred as the divorced single mother architect Melanie Parker in the romantic comedy One Fine Day , with George Clooney . [ 71 ] Subsequent performances included Rose Cook Lewis in the film adaptation of Jane Smiley 's Pulitzer Prize -winning novel A Thousand Acres (1997) with Jessica Lange and Jennifer Jason Leigh ; [ 72 ] Beth Cappadora in The Deep End of the Ocean (1998) about a married couple who found their son who was kidnapped nine years ago; [ 73 ] Titania the Queen of the Fairies in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999) with Kevin Kline , Rupert Everett and Stanley Tucci ; [ 74 ] and Katie Jordan in Rob Reiner 's comedy drama The Story of Us (1999) with Bruce Willis . [ 75 ] A Thousand Acres and The Deep End of the Ocean were also produced by Via Rosa Productions. Pfeiffer voiced Tzipporah , a shepherdess who becomes the wife of Moses (voiced by Val Kilmer ), in DreamWorks Animation 's The Prince of Egypt (1998), a musical adaptation based on the Book of Exodus . [ 76 ] [ 77 ] She also recorded the film's theme song " When You Believe ", [ 78 ] for which songwriter Stephen Schwartz won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . [ 79 ] The Prince of Egypt was released to critical and commercial success, [ 80 ] but Kenneth Turan found the film's modernization of Pfeiffer's character into a "feisty protofeminist " to be problematic. [ 81 ] 2000s Pfeiffer began to dissolve her film production company, Via Rosa Productions, in 1999, and moved into semi-retirement to spend more quality time with her children and family. Pfeiffer handed her producing partner Guinzburg one final film to produce under the Via Rosa Productions header. The film was called Original Sin (2001). It was originally intended to star Pfeiffer, who later changed her mind as she was looking to work less for a while. The film was produced by her company, but instead starred Angelina Jolie and Antonio Banderas . In What Lies Beneath (2000), a Hitchcockian thriller directed by Robert Zemeckis , Pfeiffer and Harrison Ford starred as a well-to-do couple who experience a strange haunting that uncovers secrets about their past. While critical response towards the film was mixed, it opened atop at the box office, [ 82 ] and went on to gross $291 million worldwide. [ 83 ] She then accepted the role of Rita Harrison, a highly strung lawyer helping a father with a developmental disability , in the drama I Am Sam (2001), with Sean Penn . [ 84 ] Despite grossing $97.8 million worldwide, [ 85 ] the film was unfavorably reviewed by critics; [ 86 ] Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote: "Pfeiffer, apparently stymied by the bland clichés that prop up her screechy role, delivers her flattest, phoniest performance ever." [ 87 ] Meanwhile, SF Gate observed: "In one scene, she breaks down in tears as she unburdens herself to him about her miserable life. It's hard not to cringe, watching this emotionally ready actress fling herself headlong into false material." [ 88 ] Pfeiffer took on the role of a murderous artist, named Ingrid Magnussen, in the drama White Oleander (2002), with Alison Lohman (in her film debut), Renée Zellweger and Robin Wright . The film was a critical and commercial success in its arthouse release. Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that "Ms. Pfeiffer, giving the most complex screen performance of her career, makes her Olympian seductress at once irresistible and diabolical." [ 89 ] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described her as "incandescent", bringing "power and unshakable will to her role as mother-master manipulator" in a "riveting, impeccable performance". [ 90 ] She earned Best Supporting Actress Awards from the San Diego Film Critics Society and the Kansas City Film Critics Circle, as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. In 2003, Pfeiffer lent her voice for the character of goddess of chaos Eris in Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas , an animated film featuring Brad Pitt as the voice of Sinbad the Sailor . She had struggles with finding the character's villainies. Initially the character was "too sexual", then she lacked fun. After a third rewrite, Pfeiffer called producer Jeffrey Katzenberg and told him "You know, you really can fire me," but he assured her that this was just part of the process. [ 91 ] Following the release of the film, she took a four-year hiatus from acting, during which she remained largely out of the public eye to devote time to her husband and children. [ 92 ] During this time, she turned down the role of the White Witch in the fantasy film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (2005), which went to Tilda Swinton . [ 93 ] Pfeiffer returned to cinemas in 2007 with villainous roles in two summer blockbusters, Hairspray and Stardust , which was hailed as a successful comeback by the media. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 92 ] In the former, a film adaptation of the Broadway musical of the same name , she starred alongside John Travolta , Christopher Walken and Queen Latifah as Velma Von Tussle, [ 97 ] the racist manager of a television station. [ 98 ] Although a fan of Pfeiffer's work in the musicals Grease 2 and The Fabulous Baker Boys , director Adam Shankman cast Pfeiffer largely based on her performance in Batman Returns , [ 99 ] claiming she was his first and only choice for Velma. [ 100 ] Although she had fun with the part, Pfeiffer described Velma as the most difficult role she had played at the time, because of her character's racism; but she was drawn to the film's important message of anti-bigotry, accepting that "in order to do a movie about racism, somebody has got to be the racist". [ 94 ] Released to widely positive reviews, Hairspray grossed $202.5 million worldwide. [ 101 ] Pfeiffer's performance was also critically acclaimed, [ 102 ] [ 103 ] with film critic David Edelstein of NPR calling her "sublime". [ 104 ] The cast of Hairspray was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture , and won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast , the Hollywood Film Festival Award for Ensemble of the Year, and the Palm Springs International Film Festival Award for Ensemble Cast. In the fantasy adventure Stardust , Pfeiffer plays Lamia , an ancient witch who hunts a fallen star ( Claire Danes ) in search of eternal youth. [ 105 ] The film received mostly positive reviews but performed moderately at the box office, [ 106 ] [ 107 ] earning $135.5 million globally. [ 108 ] The New York Times film critic Stephen Holden described Pfeiffer as "as deliciously evil a witch as the movies have ever invented", writing that she "goes for broke with the relish of a star who figures she has nothing to lose." [ 109 ] Pfeiffer starred in Amy Heckerling 's romantic comedy I Could Never Be Your Woman (2007), with Paul Rudd and Saoirse Ronan , [ 110 ] portraying Rosie, a forty-year-old divorced mother working as a scriptwriter and producer for a television show who falls in love with a much younger man (Rudd). Her reported salary was $1 million, with an advance on fifteen percent of the gross. However, the film was only distributed on home video markets domestically. [ 111 ] Reviews for I Could Never Be Your Woman were moderately positive, [ 112 ] with critic James Berardinelli finding Pfeiffer and Rudd to "have adequate chemistry to pull off the romance," in what he described as an "enjoyable romantic comedy that has enough going for it to make it worth a recommendation." [ 113 ] Pfeiffer starred in Personal Effects , with Ashton Kutcher , playing two grieving people coping with the pain and frustration of their loss whose bond spawns an unlikely romance. The drama premiered at Iowa City 's Englert Theatre in December 2008. [ 114 ] Her next film, an adaptation of Colette 's Chéri , reunited her with the director ( Stephen Frears ) and screenwriter ( Christopher Hampton ) of Dangerous Liaisons (1988). Pfeiffer played the role of aging retired courtesan Léa de Lonval, with Rupert Friend in the title role, with Kathy Bates as his mother. Chéri premiered at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival , where it received a nomination for the Golden Bear award. [ 115 ] The Times of London reviewed the film favorably, describing Hampton's screenplay as a "steady flow of dry quips and acerbic one-liners" and Pfeiffer's performance as "magnetic and subtle, her worldly nonchalance a mask for vulnerability and heartache". [ 116 ] Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that it was "fascinating to observe how Pfeiffer controls her face and voice during times of painful hurt". [ 117 ] Kenneth Turan in the Los Angeles Times praised the "wordless scenes that catch Léa unawares, with the camera alone seeing the despair and regret that she hides from the world. It's the kind of refined, delicate acting Pfeiffer does so well, and it's a further reminder of how much we've missed her since she's been away." [ 118 ] 2010s Following a two-year sabbatical from acting, Pfeiffer made part of a large ensemble cast in Garry Marshall 's ensemble romantic comedy New Year's Eve (2011), her second collaboration with Marshall after Frankie and Johnny . The film, also starring Halle Berry , Jessica Biel , Robert De Niro , Josh Duhamel , Zac Efron , Sarah Jessica Parker , and Sofía Vergara , among many others, saw her take on the supporting role of Ingrid Withers, an overwhelmed secretary befriending a deliveryman (Efron). While the film was panned by critics, it made $142 million worldwide. [ 119 ] In 2012, she appeared with Chris Pine and Elizabeth Banks in the drama People Like Us , as the mother of a struggling New York City corporate trader (Pine). Rolling Stone found her to be "luminous" in the film, [ 120 ] and The New York Times , positively pointing out Pfeiffer and Banks, noted that their performances "partly compensate for the holes in a story whose timing is hard to swallow". [ 121 ] People Like Us debuted to $4.26 million, described as "meager" by Box Office Mojo , and only made $12 million in North America. [ 122 ] Pfieffer reunited with Tim Burton, her Batman Returns director, in Dark Shadows (2012), based on the gothic television soap opera of the same name . In the film, co-starring Johnny Depp , Eva Green , Helena Bonham Carter and Chloë Grace Moretz , she played Elizabeth Collins Stoddard , the matriarch of the Collins family. Critical response towards the film was mixed, but writers acclaimed the actors' performances—most notably Depp and Pfeiffer's. IGN found her to be "commanding" in her role and felt that the main characters were "played by one of Burton's best ensemble casts yet". [ 123 ] While Dark Shadows grossed a modest $79.7 million in North America, it ultimately made $245.5 million globally. [ 124 ] In Luc Besson 's mob-comedy The Family (2013), co-starring Robert De Niro, Tommy Lee Jones , Dianna Agron and John D'Leo , she played the "tough mother" in a Mafia family wanting to change their lives under the witness protection program . [ 125 ] Although reviews for the film were mixed, THV11 said on the cast's portrayals: "The core actors of The Family were really solid, and the whole film comes together to make a solid movie." [ 126 ] An article in HuffPost said that "De Niro, Pfieffer and Jones all brought 100% to their roles." [ 127 ] The film grossed $78.4 million worldwide. [ 128 ] The only trepidation was I think I took for granted how nice it was to not be under the spotlight and just having a life. I remember thinking, "Do I really want to step back into this?" And I just realized that I'm not done. I have a lot more to do, and a lot more to say. I'm never going to be one that retires. The only trepidation was I think I took for granted how nice it was to not be under the spotlight and just having a life. I remember thinking, "Do I really want to step back into this?" And I just realized that I'm not done. I have a lot more to do, and a lot more to say. I'm never going to be one that retires. Pfeiffer stated that her lack of acting throughout the 2000s was due to several reasons, including family matters and her approach to choosing roles. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] She stated she was intending to "work a lot" once her children left for college, [ 132 ] mentioning that she felt her best performance was "still in her", saying how that's what she felt kept her going. [ 133 ] In the independent drama Where Is Kyra? (2017), Pfeiffer starred as a sensitive and fragile woman who loses her mother and "faces a crisis in which she must find a means for survival, all the while hiding her struggles from her new lover". The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2017, and received a limited release on April 6, 2018, [ 134 ] to critical acclaim; [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Her role as Kyra was called the "performance of her life" by Village Voice ' s Bilge Ebiri, [ 138 ] and "the performance of her career", by Rolling Stone . [ 139 ] Pfeiffer landed the role of Ruth Madoff for the HBO Films drama The Wizard of Lies (2017), based on the book of the same name. The film, directed by Barry Levinson , reunites her with actor Robert De Niro, who played her husband, disgraced financier Bernard Madoff . [ 140 ] The Wizard of Lies premiered on HBO on May 20, 2017, garnering favorable reviews from critics and an audience of 1.5 million viewers, HBO's largest premiere viewership for a film in four years. [ 141 ] Tolucan Times remarked that Pfeiffer "steals the show as Madoff's wife, Ruth, and is a remarkable lookalike", [ 142 ] while Los Angeles Times asserted: "As Ruth, Pfeiffer convincingly portrays a pampered woman left with utterly nothing —she's lost her homes, status and, most important, her relationship with her sons." [ 143 ] She received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Movie , in addition to a Golden Globe Award nomination. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] In Darren Aronofsky 's psychological horror film Mother! (2017), Pfeiffer portrayed one of the mysterious guests who interrupt the tranquil life of a couple, played by Jennifer Lawrence and Javier Bardem . [ 146 ] Although Mother! divided critics and audiences, [ 147 ] [ 148 ] reviewers praised Pfeiffer unanimously, [ 149 ] [ 150 ] and some found her performance worthy of an Oscar nomination. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Vulture remarked: "Out of the main actors, it's Pfeiffer who is able to root the character in meaning — she bracingly marries the exploration of Biblical creation, mythological overtones, and hellish domestic commentary. There's a gravity to Pfeiffer's performance that allows her to succeed where the other main actors fail, save for brief spurts — she straddles the boundaries between embodying a symbol and granting the character enough interiority to feel like a flesh and blood woman, too." [ 153 ] Pfeiffer played a widowed socialite in Kenneth Branagh 's Murder on the Orient Express (2017), the fourth screen adaptation of Agatha Christie 's 1934 novel of the same name . Featuring an ensemble cast , the mystery film follows world-renowned detective Hercule Poirot (Branagh) attempting to solve a murder, while stranded with several suspects on the Orient Express during the 1930s. [ 154 ] She also recorded the original song "Never Forget" for the film's soundtrack. The film grossed $351.7 million worldwide and received decent reviews from critics, with praise for the performances, but criticism for not adding anything new to previous adaptations. [ 155 ] Although some critics found its large cast underused, Pfeiffer's performance was praised, with Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times saying she delivered the film's best performance. [ 156 ] The New Yorker ' s Anthony Lane found that only Pfeiffer appears to be enjoying their material, [ 157 ] while Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle credited the film with reminding audiences that she is one of the industry's best actresses. [ 158 ] David Edelstein of Vulture described the actress as "a hoot and a half ... stealing every scene". [ 159 ] Pfeiffer debuted in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Janet van Dyne , the original Wasp , in the Ant-Man (2015) sequel Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018). [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Variety ' s Owen Gleiberman described her performance as "lovely" and "wistful", [ 162 ] while Josh Spiegel of /Film believed the film suffers from a lack of the actress. [ 163 ] In 2019, Pfeiffer briefly reprised the role in Avengers: Endgame , [ 164 ] and starred alongside Angelina Jolie and Elle Fanning in the dark fantasy sequel Maleficent: Mistress of Evil , playing the villainous Queen Ingrith. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Despite the film earning mixed reviews, [ 168 ] [ 169 ] The Plain Dealer 's Laura DeMarco felt that both Jolie and Pfeiffer "clearly relish their roles." [ 170 ] 2020s Pfeiffer headlined the dark comedy French Exit (2020), based on the acclaimed novel of the same name by Patrick deWitt , directed by Azazel Jacobs . [ 171 ] [ 172 ] In the film, which co-stars Lucas Hedges and Tracy Letts , Pfeiffer played a widow who moves to Paris, France , with her son (Hedges) and cat, who happens to be her reincarnated husband (Letts). [ 173 ] The film premiered at the New York Film Festival , to a positive reception. [ 174 ] Peter Debruge of Variety remarked that she gave a performance "for which she'll be remembered." [ 175 ] [ 176 ] Pfeiffer received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for her performance. [ 177 ] Pfeiffer portrayed former First Lady Betty Ford in the anthology drama television series The First Lady , which premiered on Showtime in April 2022. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] The following year, she reprised the role of Janet van Dyne in Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania . [ 180 ] Manohla Dargis declared her the film's M.V.P. [ 181 ] Pfeiffer is attached to star alongside Annette Bening in the psychological thriller, Turn of Mind , set to be directed by Gideon Raff . [ 182 ] In 2022, she was cast in Wild Four O'Clocks , penned and directed by Peter Craig , and produced by Marc Platt and Adam Siegel . [ 183 ] On August 8, 2024, it was announced that she would star in, as well as executive produce, the Yellowstone spin-off The Madison . [ 184 ] On September 23, 2024, it was announced that Pfeiffer would star alongside Nicole Kidman and Elle Fanning in the Apple TV+ television series, Margo's Got Money Troubles . [ 185 ] In 2025, she starred in the Christmas comedy Oh. What. Fun. as a Texan housewife whose feelings of being taken for granted by her family drive her to appear on a morning talk show. [ 186 ] The film received negative reviews, [ 187 ] with reviewers agreeing that Pfeiffer's performance was failed by the script. [ 188 ] [ 186 ] [ 189 ] Acting style and reception Pfeiffer said she sometimes feels fraudulent as an untrained actor due to her lack of conventional schooling. [ 152 ] She credits director Milton Katselas with teaching her the difference between how an actor and their character would behave during the same scene. [ 190 ] Essayist Angelica Jade Bastién said Pfeiffer's talent disproves any argument that untrained actors are lesser than their trained peers. [ 191 ] Several film critics have described her as "a character actress in a screen siren's body", [ 190 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] with Bastién profiling her as "a character actress reluctantly placed in Hollywood’s lineage of blonde bombshells ". [ 54 ] Journalist James Kaplan reported that some critics feel Pfeiffer has undersold herself by choosing character roles instead of capitalizing on her beauty. [ 195 ] In 1993, film critic Ty Burr argued that her "unshowy performances work because they don’t call attention to themselves", although her attractiveness prevents her from being seriously considered "one of today’s best screen actresses". [ 196 ] Pfeiffer claims she rarely accepts glamorous roles because she finds few of them compelling. [ 192 ] Although she prefers acting in dramas over comedies, [ 197 ] she does not have a favorite genre to perform in. [ 198 ] During the 1980s, Pfeiffer typically played smart, funny, and independent women, [ 199 ] and pursued a wider range of roles in the 1990s. [ 27 ] Early in her career, she mostly played relatable working class women, aside from the occasional upper class character. [ 194 ] She has admitted she enjoys playing imperfect, evil, and "slightly trashy" women. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 7 ] In a 2021 profile, journalist Lynn Hirschberg said Pfeiffer excels in emotionally conflicted roles, [ 200 ] while Adam Platt of New Woman and journalist Bilge Ebiri agreed that she often plays emotionally detached women. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] Backstage contributor Manuel Betancourt observed parallels between Pfeiffer's characters and her own determination to subvert expectations, [ 204 ] with the actress confirming that she searches new projects for relatability. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] However, Town & Country senior editor Adam Rathe finds Pfeiffer dissimilar to most of her characters. [ 207 ] Known to be highly selective about potential projects, [ 205 ] Pfeiffer, according to IndieWire contributor Kate Erbland, carefully chooses unconventional roles to avoid being typecast. [ 50 ] Pfeiffer's colleagues have described her as extremely committed, competent, and prepared, [ 192 ] [ 202 ] although she refuses to watch her own performances. [ 208 ] Pfeiffer has been called one of the greatest actresses of her generation. [ 209 ] However, she has also been described as one of Hollywood's most underrated, [ 152 ] [ 210 ] [ 211 ] with The Hollywood Reporter saying she "is too seldom ranked among the best of her generation". [ 212 ] In 2009, journalist Brian D. Johnson argued that Pfeiffer had yet to demonstrate her true range, believing she could potentially be as revered as Meryl Streep if afforded the same acting opportunities, [ 213 ] while film critic Mick LaSalle remarked that Pfeiffer's humility sometimes causes the public to overlook her as one of the industry's finest actresses. [ 158 ] Film critic Pauline Kael named Pfeiffer one of her favorite actresses, [ 214 ] saying she always tried to see her work. [ 215 ] Pfeiffer is particularly renowned for her versatility, [ 193 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] having accrued a filmography that spans period, romance, fantasy, musical, comedy, and drama. [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] By 2016, Salon 's Charles Taylor declared that no actor of the previous decade had rivaled Pfeiffer's versatility. [ 217 ] Summarizing her career as eclectic, Erbland believes she has rarely repeated acting choices, with the actress confirming she had always aspired to play the widest possible range of characters, even when her options were limited. [ 50 ] As the biggest female movie star at one point, [ 223 ] Pfeiffer was one of the highest-paid actresses of the 1980s and 1990s, [ 224 ] [ 225 ] typically earning $9–$10 million per film during the latter decade. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Aside from The Witches of Eastwick , few of her films during the 1980s were major box office successes. [ 192 ] In 1995, The New York Times journalist Bernard Weinraub said Pfeiffer belongs to a group of respected actresses who are "not considered a big box-office draw". [ 225 ] However, several critics reported that her performances were consistently acclaimed, despite some mediocre films and box office returns. [ 50 ] [ 192 ] [ 229 ] [ 230 ] Regardless, Pfeiffer was the sixth highest-grossing domestic box office star of 1990, [ 231 ] and one of the few actresses whose salary corresponded with their box office appeal as of 1996, according to UPI . [ 226 ] In 1996, Entertainment Weekly ranked her the 67th greatest movie star of all time. [ 232 ] By 1999, Variety named Pfeiffer "the female movie star most likely to improve a film's box-office appeal". [ 233 ] In 2004, People ranked her among The 100 Greatest Movie Stars of Our Time, naming her 20th in the "icons" category. [ 234 ] Pfeiffer was awarded a motion picture star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007. [ 235 ] She was honored by TCL Chinese Theater on April 25, 2025, with a hand and footprints ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] Public image Pfeiffer has been described as one of the world's most beautiful and talented actresses. [ 224 ] [ 238 ] [ 239 ] [ 240 ] After being typecast in early roles based on her appearance, [ 241 ] she initially struggled to convince directors to take her seriously as an actor, [ 190 ] and thus sought out more challenging opportunities. [ 192 ] Critics regularly undermined Pfeiffer's work by focusing on her appearance instead of her acting. [ 194 ] [ 241 ] Pfeiffer was considered one of the defining sex symbols of the 1980s and 1990s, [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] as well as one of the era's " It girls ". [ 201 ] [ 246 ] [ 247 ] In 1990, Pfeiffer appeared on the inaugural cover of People magazine's annual " 50 Most Beautiful People in the World " issue. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] She has been featured in the "Most Beautiful" issue a record-breaking six times throughout the decade. [ 249 ] [ 223 ] In 2004, the magazine named her one of the most beautiful women of all time. [ 250 ] In 2020, Vogue Paris listed Pfeiffer as one of the 21 most beautiful American actresses of all time. [ 251 ] Men's Health ranked Pfeiffer 45th and 67th on their all-time hottest women and sex symbol rankings, respectively. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] According to several plastic surgeons, Pfeiffer possesses some of the most sought-after celebrity features among clients. [ 197 ] In 2001, plastic surgeon Stephen R. Marquardt declared her the most anatomically beautiful face in Hollywood. [ 27 ] [ 254 ] Nicknamed the "golden ratio", Pfeiffer's face, Marquardt claims, adheres to a mathematical formula in which he determined a person's ideal mouth is 1.618 times as wide as their nose. [ 254 ] [ 255 ] Several outlets have commented on Pfeiffer's perceived ability to physically age slowly. [ 256 ] Famously private like the characters she plays, [ 257 ] [ 221 ] [ 258 ] Matthew Jacobs of HuffPost believes Pfeiffer's aversion to movie stardom allows her to play authentic characters uncompromised by her own fame. [ 210 ] Analyzing her public profile for Metograph , Luke Goodsell said Pfeiffer maintained an elusiveness during the 1990s that made her difficult to categorize, unlike her peers. [ 259 ] Notorious for disliking giving press interviews, [ 257 ] [ 260 ] [ 261 ] she believes it is not an actor's responsibility to promote their films. [ 192 ] Film critic Michael Sragow observed that the actress can appear "flustered or elusive" during interviews, [ 205 ] and journalist Timothy Egan compared profiling her to covering geology . [ 7 ] Vikram Murthi of The Nation believes Pfeiffer's aversion to publicity "has lent her an air of gravitas, of someone who directs a spotlight rather than chases after it". [ 260 ] Commentators noted that Pfeiffer had unexpectedly become a "pop-music muse" in 2014. Her name is mentioned in two of the year's most popular songs: " Uptown Funk " by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars , and " Riptide " by Vance Joy , [ 262 ] [ 263 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] with both artists expressing admiration for her work. [ 262 ] [ 266 ] In 2021, singer-songwriter Ethel Cain named her debut single " Michelle Pfeiffer " after the actress because "I've always ... thought she was a picture perfect bombshell". [ 267 ] Australian cricketers speak of "getting a Michelle" when they take five wickets in an innings . In cricketing parlance, this is referred to as a "five for", a near-homophone for "Pfeiffer", which resulted in the nickname "Michelle". [ 268 ] M3GAN 2.0 (2025) director, Gerard Johnstone , revealed that Pfeiffer was the original inspiration behind the film's counterpoint robot, AMELIA. [ 269 ] Other ventures Product and endorsements In 2005, Pfeiffer served as the face of Giorgio Armani 's spring campaign; the designer has often dressed her for public appearances. [ 270 ] [ 208 ] In 2019, she launched a collection of fine fragrances called Henry Rose. [ 271 ] It is the first fine fragrance line to be both Cradle to Cradle Certified and EWG Verified . [ 272 ] In 2025, Pfeiffer fronted fashion house Yves Saint Laurent 's Summer 2025 collection. [ 273 ] Philanthropy Having been a smoker for ten years (she quit in 1992), and having a niece who suffered from leukemia for ten years, Pfeiffer decided to support the American Cancer Society . [ 274 ] She also supports the Humane Society . [ 20 ] In 2016, she attended the Healthy Child Healthy World's L.A. Gala for people who lead organizations for children's environmental health . [ 275 ] In December that year, Pfeiffer, who was vegan at the time, joined the board of directors for Environmental Working Group , an advocacy group based in Washington. D.C. [ 276 ] Personal life Soon after coming to Hollywood at age twenty, Pfeiffer was taken in by a seemingly friendly couple who ran a metaphysics and vegetarian cult . They helped her to cease drinking, smoking, and doing drugs. Over time, they took control of her entire life. Much of her money went to the group. "I was brainwashed," she said, "I gave them an enormous amount of money." [ 277 ] At an acting class taught by Milton Katselas in Los Angeles, she met fellow budding actor Peter Horton , and they began dating. They married in Santa Monica in 1981; it was on their honeymoon that she discovered she had won the lead role in Grease 2 . [ 278 ] Horton directed Pfeiffer in a 1985 ABC TV special, One Too Many , where she played the high school girlfriend of an alcoholic student ( Val Kilmer ). [ 279 ] In 1987, the real-life couple played an on-screen couple in the 'Hospital' segment of John Landis 's comedy skit compilation Amazon Women on the Moon . In 1988, Pfeiffer had an affair with John Malkovich , her co-star in Dangerous Liaisons , who at the time was married to Glenne Headly . [ 280 ] [ 281 ] [ 282 ] [ 283 ] [ 284 ] [ 285 ] Pfeiffer and Horton decided to separate in 1988, and were divorced two years later. Horton later blamed the split on their devotion to their work rather than their marriage. [ 20 ] Pfeiffer then had a three-year relationship with actor/producer Fisher Stevens , whom Pfeiffer met when she was starring as Olivia in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Twelfth Night , where Stevens played Sir Andrew Aguecheek . [ 286 ] [ 287 ] In 1993, Pfeiffer married television writer and producer David E. Kelley . [ 288 ] She made a brief uncredited cameo appearance in one episode of Kelley's television series Picket Fences and played the title character in To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday , for which Kelley wrote the screenplay. [ 289 ] She had entered into private adoption proceedings before she met Kelley, [ 290 ] and in March 1993 adopted a newborn daughter, Claudia Rose, [ 291 ] who was christened on Pfeiffer's and Kelley's wedding day. [ 292 ] In 1994, Pfeiffer gave birth to a son, John Henry Kelley II, named for his grandfather and Pfeiffer's father-in-law, United States Hockey Hall of Fame coach John Henry "Jack" Kelley . [ 293 ] In September 2025, Pfeiffer revealed that she had become a grandmother in 2024. [ 294 ] Pfeiffer experimented with a plant-based diet for a few years but later added meat to her diet and advocated a " paleoish " diet. [ 295 ] [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Acting credits and accolades According to review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Pfeiffer's most acclaimed films include The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), Dangerous Liaisons (1988), Hairspray (2007), Married to the Mob (1988), The Age of Innocence (1993), Batman Returns (1992), Scarface (1983), Where Is Kyra? (2017), The Prince of Egypt (1998), and Stardust (2007). [ 298 ] Pfeiffer has received three Academy Award nominations: Best Supporting Actress for Dangerous Liaisons (1988); and Best Actress for The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989) and Love Field (1992). She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama for The Fabulous Baker Boys , and has been nominated seven more times for her performances in Married to the Mob (1988), The Russia House (1990), Frankie and Johnny (1991), Love Field , The Age of Innocence (1993), The Wizard of Lies (2017), and French Exit (2020). [ 299 ] For Dangerous Liaisons , she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . She also received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for The Wizard of Lies . References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The Unstoppable Michelle Pfeiffer" . 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September's mother! may have been the most divisive movie of the year, but it seems the one thing we all could agree on was, 'You know, it's really nice to have Michelle Pfeiffer back.' ^ Appelo, Tim (April 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: 'I Don't Need to Look Younger' " . AARP . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . [Pfeiffer] earned A-plus reviews in a baffling flick that got an F on Cinemascore. ^ Donnelly, Matt (February 6, 2017). "Paramount Pulls Brad Pitt's 'World War Z 2,' 'Friday the 13th' Reboot From Schedule" . TheWrap . ^ a b c Krizanovich, Karen (September 11, 2017). "Hollywood's most underrated actress makes a sensational return" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved February 10, 2020 . Talk on the film circuit is that Pfeiffer's star-blasting turn in mother! is a stand-out – and could even get the 59 year-old an Oscar win. ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer is the MVP of Mother!" . September 18, 2017. ^ Emery, Dawn (November 2, 2017). " 'Murder on the Orient Express': Kenneth Branagh, Michelle Pfeiffer Dish on All-Star Remake at London Premiere" . Variety . Retrieved May 22, 2019 . ^ Giles, Jeff (November 9, 2017). "Murder on the Orient Express Mostly Stays on Track" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 9, 2017 . ^ Roeper, Richard (November 8, 2018). "Others sent to back of train in Branagh's 'Murder on Orient Express' " . Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved August 6, 2018 . ^ Lane, Anthony (November 20, 2017). " "Murder on the Orient Express" and "Thelma" " . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ a b LaSalle, Mick (November 9, 2017). "A successful new stab at 'Murder on the Orient Express' " . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 5, 2018 . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ Edelstein, David (November 10, 2017). "Murder on the Orient Express Is a Mild Ride" . Vulture . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ "Ant-Man and the Wasp" . Box Office Mojo . July 12, 2018 . Retrieved July 12, 2018 . ^ Couch, Aaron (July 2, 2018). " 'Ant-Man and the Wasp' Director on Wooing Michelle Pfeiffer and His Marvel Future" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6, 2021 . ^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 27, 2018). "Film Review: 'Ant-Man and the Wasp' " . Variety . Retrieved June 25, 2019 . ^ Spiegel, Josh (June 27, 2018). " 'Ant-Man and the Wasp' Review: Marvel Delivers a Fun and Funny Palate Cleanser" . /Film . Retrieved January 25, 2019 . ^ Allen, Ben (May 4, 2019). "All of the cameos in Avengers: Endgame" . Radio Times . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer in Talks to Join Angelina Jolie in 'Maleficent 2' (Exclusive)" . Variety . April 27, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2018 . ^ Levack, Chandler (October 17, 2019). "Disney's Meet the Fockers-esque Maleficent: Mistress of Evil casts the laziest kind of spell" . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Zoller Seitz, Matt (October 18, 2019). "Maleficent: Mistress of Evil" . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Mendelson, Scott (October 15, 2019). "Review: 'Maleficent: Mistress Of Evil' Resembles The Offspring Of An Unholy Union Between 'Gargoyles,' 'Aquaman' And 'Avatar' " . Forbes.com . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Travers, Peter (October 17, 2019). " 'Maleficent: Mistress of Evil' Is a Melted, Wannabe 'Frozen' " . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Laura, DeMarco (October 16, 2019). "Angelina Jolie and Michelle Pfeiffer magnificent in 'Maleficent: Mistress of Evil' (review)" . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer to Star in Azazel Jacobs' Dark Comedy 'French Exit' " . Variety . April 9, 2019 . Retrieved April 9, 2019 . ^ "Sony Pictures Classics Acquires Azazel Jacobs' 'French Exit' Starring Michelle Pfeiffer & Lucas Hedges" . Deadline . September 7, 2019 . Retrieved September 7, 2019 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, Lucas Hedges, Tracy Letts Join 'French Exit' Comedy" . Deadline . May 3, 2019 . Retrieved May 11, 2019 . ^ "Interview: Michelle Pfeiffer on 'French Exit,' her new business and what she hated about the Catwoman costume" . The Morning Call . December 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 16, 2021 . ^ Lang, Brent (August 11, 2020). " 'French Exit' With Michelle Pfeiffer, Lucas Hedges to Close New York Film Festival" . Variety . Retrieved February 21, 2021 . ^ Debruge, Peter (October 10, 2020). " 'French Exit' Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Makes a Clean Break, Delivering a Role for Which She'll Be Remembered" . Variety . Retrieved February 21, 2021 . ^ "Nominations for the 78th Golden Globe Awards (2021) Announced" . Golden Globe Awards . February 3, 2021 . Retrieved February 4, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer To Star As Betty Ford In 'The First Lady', Susanne Bier To Direct Showtime Anthology Series" . Deadline . January 21, 2021 . Retrieved January 21, 2021 . ^ Baumgartner, Drew (August 24, 2021). "Showtime's Anthology Series 'The First Lady,' About Three Iconic White House Women, Will Premiere in 2022" . Collider . Retrieved August 24, 2021 . ^ "Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Star Michelle Pfeiffer Posts Intense Training Video" . Comicbook.com . May 30, 2021 . Retrieved May 16, 2022 . ^ Dargis, Manohla (February 17, 2023). " 'Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' Review: Splat" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 13, 2024 . Retrieved January 16, 2025 . ^ "Annette Bening & Michelle Pfeiffer Team For Feature Adaptation Of Alice LaPlante's 'Turn Of Mind' – Cannes" . Deadline . May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019 . Retrieved May 11, 2019 . ^ Ritman, Alex (May 6, 2022). "Michelle Pfeiffer to Lead 'Wild Four O'Clocks' for 'The Batman' Writer Peter Craig and 'La La Land,' 'Drive' Producers" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . ^ Petski, Denise (August 8, 2024). "Michelle Pfeiffer Confirmed To Headline Taylor Sheridan's 'Yellowstone' Spinoff 'Madison' " . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 8, 2024 . ^ Otterson, Joe (September 23, 2024). "Michelle Pfeiffer Joins Elle Fanning, Nicole Kidman in Apple TV+ Series 'Margo's Got Money Troubles' " . Variety . Retrieved September 23, 2024 . ^ a b Howard, Courtney (December 5, 2025). " 'Oh. What. Fun.' Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Spreads Holiday Jeers in an Uninspired Ode to Underappreciated Moms" . Variety . Retrieved December 8, 2025 . ^ Agar, Chris (December 9, 2025). "Prime Video's New Movie With Batman & Star Wars Franchise Stars Is an Instant Hit (Despite Bad Reviews)" . ComicBook.com . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ Lee, Benjamin (December 3, 2025). "Oh. What. Fun. review – Michelle Pfeiffer leads Amazon's underbaked Christmas turkey" . The Guardian . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ Schager, Nick (December 5, 2025). " 'Oh. What. Fun.': Someone Save Michelle Pfeiffer From This Soggy Holiday Comedy" . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ a b c Brown, Mick (April 20, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: interview" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on October 11, 2021 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . an actress who could portray inner conflict with her eyes and face better than any other film star of her generation ^ Bastién, Angelica Jade (June 26, 2017). "The 10 Essential Roles of Michelle Pfeiffer" . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 29, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2017 . ^ a b c d e f g Hirshey, Gerri (September 3, 1992). "Michelle Pfeiffer: The Bat's Meow" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 24, 2017 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ a b Clifton, Anthony (March 12, 2023). "10 Great Supporting Performances by Leading Actors" . Collider . Archived from the original on July 18, 2023 . Retrieved April 21, 2023 . 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Retrieved September 4, 2024 . ^ Kaye, Elizabeth (April 2, 2016). "The Stacks: Why It's So Hard to Be Michelle Pfeiffer" . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on April 20, 2017 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ a b Hirschberg, Lynn (February 23, 2021). "When It Comes to Acting, Michelle Pfeiffer Would Prefer Not To" . W . Archived from the original on June 26, 2022 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ a b Berk, Philip (August 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer makes a comeback after a 10-year hiatus" . The Jakarta Post . Archived from the original on April 11, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ a b Platt, Adam (May 1, 1997). "Pfeiffer and Clooney get close – The real life of Michelle Pfeiffer" . New Woman . Archived from the original on April 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 29, 2017 – via Gorgeous Pfeiffer. ^ Ebiri, Bilge (April 13, 2018). "Is Where Is Kyra? the Best Michelle Pfeiffer Has Ever Been?" . Miami New Times . Archived from the original on May 17, 2018 . Retrieved May 16, 2018 . ^ Betancourt, Manuel (January 13, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Isn't Done Defying Our Expectations" . Backstage . Archived from the original on December 23, 2023 . Retrieved February 3, 2021 . ^ a b c Sragow, Michael (August 5, 2007). "What Lies Beneath" . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 . ^ Tapan, Barbaros (December 25, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: A successful actress, mother and businesswoman" . Daily Sabah . Archived from the original on April 30, 2023 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation ^ Rathe, Adam (February 17, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Playing the Long Game" . Town & Country . Archived from the original on March 31, 2023 . Retrieved April 27, 2021 . ^ a b Haskell, Robert (February 7, 2019). "Michelle Pfeiffer is Back (as if She Ever Left)" . InStyle . Archived from the original on April 6, 2023 . Retrieved February 7, 2019 . ^ Various sources and publications citing Pfeiffer among the greatest or most talented actresses of her generation: Syme, Rachel (January 31, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Chooses Carefully" . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . proved herself to be one of the great actors of her generation Clifton, Anthony (March 12, 2023). "10 Great Supporting Performances by Leading Actors" . Collider . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer is undoubtedly one of the most talented of her time "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer was critically regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Gregory Dunne, John (2012). Monster: Living Off the Big Screen . United States: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 143. ISBN 9780307817648 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 – via Google Books . perhaps the best film actress of her generation Tapan, Barbaros (December 25, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: A successful actress, mother and businesswoman" . Daily Sabah . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation "Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer is widely recognized as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Ians (June 12, 2018). "Evangeline Lilly: Michelle Pfeiffer is the most beautiful woman on planet" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer, an American actress and producer is considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation. Nepales, Ruben V. (April 21, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer back after making herself 'unhirable' " . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . One of the finest actresses of her generation Various sources and publications citing Pfeiffer among the greatest or most talented actresses of her generation: Syme, Rachel (January 31, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Chooses Carefully" . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . proved herself to be one of the great actors of her generation Clifton, Anthony (March 12, 2023). "10 Great Supporting Performances by Leading Actors" . Collider . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer is undoubtedly one of the most talented of her time "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer was critically regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Gregory Dunne, John (2012). Monster: Living Off the Big Screen . United States: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 143. ISBN 9780307817648 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 – via Google Books . perhaps the best film actress of her generation Tapan, Barbaros (December 25, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: A successful actress, mother and businesswoman" . Daily Sabah . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation "Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer is widely recognized as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Ians (June 12, 2018). "Evangeline Lilly: Michelle Pfeiffer is the most beautiful woman on planet" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer, an American actress and producer is considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation. Nepales, Ruben V. (April 21, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer back after making herself 'unhirable' " . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . One of the finest actresses of her generation ^ a b Jacobs, Matthew (February 9, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer, Unheralded Comedy Maven" . HuffPost . Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. ^ Jacobs, Matthew (December 7, 2017). "What Lies Beneath The Comeback Of Michelle Pfeiffer And The Decline Of Julia Roberts" . HuffPost . Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. ^ Feinberg, Scott; Rooney, David (February 25, 2021). "Golden Globes Film Predictions: Who Will Win, Who Should Win" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26, 2023 . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ Johnson, Brian D. (June 26, 2009). "Courtesans gone wild in 'Cheri' and 'The Girlfriend Experience' " . Maclean's . Archived from the original on May 17, 2018 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ Gelder, Lawrence Van (September 4, 2001). "Pauline Kael, Provocative and Widely Imitated New Yorker Film Critic, Dies at 82" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 . Retrieved April 29, 2025 . ^ Goodman, Susan (1998). "Interview with Pauline Kael (Modern Maturity)" . Modern Maturity . Retrieved April 29, 2025 . ^ Wittmer, Carrie (March 29, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer explains why she 'disappeared' from Hollywood" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on June 18, 2018 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ a b Taylor, Charles (May 25, 1999). "The dazzling versatility of Michelle Pfeiffer" . Salon . Archived from the original on October 28, 2016 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ Patterson, Adreon (February 4, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer On Why Getting Noticed For Your Looks Is 'No-Win' In Hollywood" . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 29, 2023 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ Miller, Julie (March 28, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Reveals Why She 'Disappeared' from Hollywood" . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Michelle Pfeiffer! Celebrates the Star's Milestone Birthday With Photos Through the Years" . Parade . April 12, 2012. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ a b Goldstein, Gary (February 19, 2010). "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23, 2021 . Retrieved February 11, 2021 . She has proven as adept in comedies ("Married to the Mob") and musicals ("Hairspray") as she has in serious dramas ("White Oleander", "The Deep End of the Ocean") and period pieces ("The Age of Innocence"). ^ Acosta, Carmenlucia (April 28, 2021). "Looking Back at Michelle Pfeiffer's Most Iconic Movie Roles" . L'Officiel . Archived from the original on February 25, 2024 . Retrieved June 3, 2021 . ^ a b Feinberg, Scott (March 4, 2021). " 'Awards Chatter' Podcast — Michelle Pfeiffer ('French Exit')" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ a b Rivas, Irene (April 21, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer turns 63: the photos that show how the passage of time has affected the sex symbol of Hollywood par excellence" . Mujer Hoy (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 7, 2021 . Retrieved November 24, 2022 . Known as one of the most beautiful (and talented) actresses in Hollywood ^ a b Weinraub, Bernard (September 18, 1995). "Skyrocketing Star Salaries" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ a b "Study: Film stars are overpaid" . UPI . April 8, 1996. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ Hacker, Andrew (1999). Money: Who Has How Much and Why . United States: Simon and Schuster . p. 74. ISBN 9780684864501 . Citing a survey conducted by Entertainment Weekly , Hacker named Pfeiffer the fourth highest-paid actress of the time, after Demi Moore , Julia Roberts and Sandra Bullock . Archived from the original on April 6, 2023 – via Google Books . ^ LaSalle, Mick (July 16, 1996). "Why Overpaid Hollywood Stars Aren't Worth It" . Deseret News . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved November 11, 2021 . ^ Lindsey, Robert (January 13, 1989). "Hard Work Is Moving Michelle Pfeiffer Closer To Stardom" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on August 10, 2018 . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . ^ Lindsey, Robert (January 1, 1989). "For Michelle Pfeiffer, It Was a Very Good Year" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 1, 2021 . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ^ "Highest Grossing Stars of 1990 at the Domestic Box Office" . The Numbers . Archived from the original on January 6, 2023 . Retrieved December 19, 2023 . ^ Scott, Vernon (October 29, 1996). "Entertainment Weekly Magazine's - 'The 100 Greatest Movie Stars of all Time' " . United Press International . Archived from the original on March 1, 2024 . Retrieved July 9, 2024 . ^ Longsdorf, Amy (March 7, 1999). " 'Deep' Thoughts Chic Michelle Pfeiffer Explains Attraction Of Flawed Character" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ Lo, Ricky (July 29, 2006). "The 100 Greatest Movie Stars of Our Time" . Philstar.com . Retrieved July 10, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Hollywood Walk of Fame . August 6, 2007. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . She rose to prominence during the late 1980s and early 1990s, during which time she gave a series of critically-acclaimed performances ^ Barnes, Mike (March 6, 2025). "TCM Classic Film Festival to Honor Michelle Pfeiffer with Hand and Footprint Ceremony" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7, 2025 . ^ Thayer, Colson; Juneau, Jen (April 25, 2025). "Michelle Pfeiffer Beams at Hollywood Handprint Ceremony as She's Joined by Former Costars Dakota and Elle Fanning" . People . Retrieved April 25, 2025 . ^ Various sources expressing similar sentiments about Pfeiffer's perceived beauty and talent: Wills, Dominic. "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Tiscali . Archived from the original on September 26, 2008 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Michelle, renowned as the most beautiful actress in the world Moore, Roger (August 9, 2007). "Pfeiffer wins acclaim in return to films" . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of the most beautiful women in the movies Karasyov, Caroline Doyle (October 2022). "Michelle Pfeiffer Tells All" . Harper’s Bazaar . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via Gorgeous Pfeiffer. generally regarded as one of the most beautiful and talented women in Hollywood Longsdorf, Amy (January 19, 2002). "Legally Mean" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of Hollywood's most beautiful and talented actresses Saltman, Jennifer (July 16, 2010). "Michelle Pfeiffer: the actress for whom ageing holds no fear" . The National . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Regularly cited as one of the world's most beautiful women Sieczkowski, Cavan (September 16, 2013). "Michelle Pfeiffer On Aging In Hollywood: 'It Can Wreak Havoc On Your Psyche' " . HuffPost . The 55-year-old has been referred to as one of the world's most beautiful women over the course of her career. White, Donna (March 4, 2001). "Michelle's the Perfect 1.618; Screen star measures up to doc's beauty test" . Sunday Mail . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via The Free Library . Michelle Pfeiffer is officially the most beautiful woman in the world. "I'm all for Botox, admits Michelle" . Independent Online . October 7, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . considered one of the beautiful actresses of her generation Berk, Philip (August 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer makes a comeback after a 10-year hiatus" . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Once considered the most beautiful actress in Hollywood Canby, Vincent (April 12, 1985). "Film: Ladyhawke , A Medieval Tale" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Miss Pfeiffer, who may well be the most beautiful woman in movies today Various sources expressing similar sentiments about Pfeiffer's perceived beauty and talent: Wills, Dominic. "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Tiscali . Archived from the original on September 26, 2008 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Michelle, renowned as the most beautiful actress in the world Moore, Roger (August 9, 2007). "Pfeiffer wins acclaim in return to films" . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of the most beautiful women in the movies Karasyov, Caroline Doyle (October 2022). "Michelle Pfeiffer Tells All" . Harper’s Bazaar . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via Gorgeous Pfeiffer. generally regarded as one of the most beautiful and talented women in Hollywood Longsdorf, Amy (January 19, 2002). "Legally Mean" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of Hollywood's most beautiful and talented actresses Saltman, Jennifer (July 16, 2010). "Michelle Pfeiffer: the actress for whom ageing holds no fear" . The National . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Regularly cited as one of the world's most beautiful women Sieczkowski, Cavan (September 16, 2013). "Michelle Pfeiffer On Aging In Hollywood: 'It Can Wreak Havoc On Your Psyche' " . HuffPost . The 55-year-old has been referred to as one of the world's most beautiful women over the course of her career. White, Donna (March 4, 2001). "Michelle's the Perfect 1.618; Screen star measures up to doc's beauty test" . Sunday Mail . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via The Free Library . Michelle Pfeiffer is officially the most beautiful woman in the world. "I'm all for Botox, admits Michelle" . Independent Online . October 7, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . considered one of the beautiful actresses of her generation Berk, Philip (August 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer makes a comeback after a 10-year hiatus" . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Once considered the most beautiful actress in Hollywood Canby, Vincent (April 12, 1985). "Film: Ladyhawke , A Medieval Tale" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Miss Pfeiffer, who may well be the most beautiful woman in movies today ^ Siegler, Bonnie (October 2, 2023). "Michelle Pfeiffer Young: A Look Back Through Her Glamorous Hollywood Evolution" . First for Women . Archived from the original on July 27, 2024 . Retrieved July 26, 2024 . Michelle Pfeiffer has been one of Hollywood's most talented and stunning stars since the early '80s. ^ "The 50 Most Beautiful Women in Film" . Los Angeles Times Magazine . 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 . Retrieved March 27, 2024 . ^ a b Russell, Candice (March 25, 1990). "Flirting with Oscar" . Sun-Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer wears her years with pride in 'Cheri' " . Orlando Sentinel . June 17, 2009 . Retrieved August 22, 2024 . one of the screen's leading sex symbols of the '80s and '90s. ^ "Looking great for my age is ok now, says Michelle Pfeiffer" . Business Standard . September 5, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023 . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, 55, On Aging: 'Looking Great For My Age is OK Now' " . ABC News . September 4, 2013. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024 . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Still Smoldering Hot" . Vanity Fair . June 17, 2019. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023 . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ Berk, Philip (February 15, 2021). "Nominee Profile 2021: Michelle Pfeiffer, "French Exit" " . Golden Globes . Archived from the original on November 19, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ Pieri, Kerry (April 29, 2015). "7 Standouts of Michelle Pfeiffer's Cinematic Style" . Harper's Bazaar . Archived from the original on November 20, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ "People's Annual 'Most Beautiful' List – 1990 - Michelle Pfeiffer" . Entertainment Tonight Canada . April 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021 . Retrieved February 10, 2021 . ^ a b "The Unstoppable Michelle Pfeiffer – Most Beautiful, Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . May 10, 1999. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018 . Retrieved October 23, 2008 . ^ "All-Time Most Beautiful Women – Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . April 13, 2004. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021 . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . ^ Garrigues, Manon (July 3, 2020). "The most beautiful American actresses of all time" . Vogue Paris . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved April 1, 2021 . ^ "The 100 Hottest Women of All Time" . Men's Health . November 22, 2013. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ "The 100 Hottest Sex Symbols of All Time" . Men's Health . July 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018 . Retrieved February 15, 2021 . ^ a b Todd, Stephen (August 20, 2018). "Perfection exhibition: how far we will go to look good in this Instagram age?" . Australian Financial Review . Archived from the original on December 8, 2023 . Retrieved August 8, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, scientifically, the most beautiful woman in the world" . ABC (in Spanish). March 7, 2001. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021 . Retrieved August 8, 2021 . ^ Various sources describing Pfeiffer as "ageless": Finn, Jessica (January 14, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer shares ageless photo as she enjoys special reunion" . Hello! Canada . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Tracy, Brianne (March 28, 2017). "Wow! Michelle Pfeiffer, 58, Proves She's an Ageless Beauty on Interview Magazine Cover" . People . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Paris, Calin Van (September 17, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Impossibly Ageless on the 2017 Emmys Red Carpet" . Vogue . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Barlow, Helen (June 29, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Jones, Zoe (December 7, 2008). "The Cast of Scarface , Then and Now" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . Michelle Pfeiffer is hailed not only for her acting but also for her seeming ability not to age Various sources describing Pfeiffer as "ageless": Finn, Jessica (January 14, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer shares ageless photo as she enjoys special reunion" . Hello! Canada . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Tracy, Brianne (March 28, 2017). "Wow! Michelle Pfeiffer, 58, Proves She's an Ageless Beauty on Interview Magazine Cover" . People . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Paris, Calin Van (September 17, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Impossibly Ageless on the 2017 Emmys Red Carpet" . Vogue . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Barlow, Helen (June 29, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Jones, Zoe (December 7, 2008). "The Cast of Scarface , Then and Now" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . Michelle Pfeiffer is hailed not only for her acting but also for her seeming ability not to age Tracy, Brianne (March 28, 2017). "Wow! Michelle Pfeiffer, 58, Proves She's an Ageless Beauty on Interview Magazine Cover" . People . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Paris, Calin Van (September 17, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Impossibly Ageless on the 2017 Emmys Red Carpet" . Vogue . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Barlow, Helen (June 29, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Jones, Zoe (December 7, 2008). "The Cast of Scarface , Then and Now" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . Michelle Pfeiffer is hailed not only for her acting but also for her seeming ability not to age ^ a b Stone, Peter; Kelsey, Colleen (May 9, 2012). "New Again: Michelle Pfeiffer" . Interview . Archived from the original on April 30, 2023 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on February 3, 2024 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ Goodsell, Luke (2024). "Cracked Actor: Michelle Pfeiffer" . Metrograph . Archived from the original on August 22, 2024 . Retrieved August 22, 2024 . ^ a b Murthi, Vikram (April 29, 2021). "The Caustic Grace of French Exit" . The Nation . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . ^ Aronofsky, Darren (March 28, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Interview . Archived from the original on March 5, 2024 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ a b Mallenbaum, Carly (December 2, 2014). "Michelle Pfeiffer is the pop-music muse of the moment" . USA Today . ^ "Why Michelle Pfeiffer is Name-Dropped in Two Cool New Songs" . WZOK . February 5, 2015 . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ Thompson, Clay (February 23, 2015). "How is Catwoman slinking her way into song lyrics?" . The Arizona Republic . ^ Smith, Katherine Snow (February 19, 2015). "How to look like Uptown Funk muse Michelle Pfeiffer for free" . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ "Q&A: Mark Ronson Talks 'Uptown Funk,' Old New York City and Michelle Pfeiffer" . radio.com . December 4, 2014. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015 . Retrieved December 1, 2018 . ^ Kent, Matthew (February 11, 2021). "Ethel Cain reflects on the freedom of LA with revelatory new single "Michelle Pfeiffer" " . The Line of Best Fit . Retrieved September 9, 2024 . ^ "Cricket diary: The bowler who bats and keeps wicket" . The Independent . September 12, 1998. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. ^ Collins, Rance (June 28, 2025). "Michelle Pfeiffer Was Inspiration for M3GAN's Rival, but Director Says She Ended Up More Like Another '80s Icon" . Indiewire . Retrieved July 3, 2025 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: Then and Now" . InStyle . Retrieved March 23, 2019 . ^ "Henry Rose: 100% Transparent Fine Fragrances" . Henry Rose . Retrieved March 22, 2019 . ^ "Discover Henry Rose" . Henry Rose . Retrieved November 22, 2022 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Stars In The Saint Laurent Summer 2025 Ad Campaign" . RCFA . February 21, 2025 . Retrieved February 25, 2025 . ^ "Star Portrait: Michelle Pfeiffer" . GQ Magazine (in German). Nast Digital Network. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011 . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, Bob Breech, David E. Kelley attend Healthy Child Healthy World's L.A. Gala" . guestofaguest . November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016 . Retrieved November 25, 2016 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: Why I became a vegan" . CNN . June 4, 2012. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021 . Retrieved June 16, 2012 . ^ Duffin, Claire (November 2, 2013). "Michelle Pfeiffer: The day I realised I was part of a cult" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 7, 2022 . ^ Brown, Mick (April 20, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: interview" . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved May 8, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: interview" . Turner Classic Movies . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved May 8, 2011 . [ dead link ] ^ Sastry, Keertana (March 30, 2012). "Scandals Onscreen: Celebrities Who Had Affairs Right In Front Of Our Eyes" . Business Insider . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ "Being John Malkovich" . The Age . Melbourne. April 26, 2003 . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ Hind, John (December 5, 2009). "Did I say that?" . The Guardian . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ "Right for the part" . The Daily Telegraph . London. June 1, 2003. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ Akbar, Arifa (January 8, 2011). "John Malkovich: 'I don't need to be liked' " . The Independent . London. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022 . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Barber, Lynn (July 9, 2006). "Life and taxes" . The Guardian . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Lipton, Michael A. "The Two Lives of Catwoman – Couples, Batman Returns, Fisher Stevens, Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . Retrieved February 15, 2024 . ^ Frank Rich (July 10, 1989). "Review/Theater; Night of Stars, and Also Shakespeare" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 15, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer | Biography, Films, Batman, Catwoman, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . December 25, 2023. ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer biography and filmography" . Tribune.ca . Tribute Entertainment Media Group . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ "Hello!" . Hello . Retrieved October 23, 2008 . ^ Pringle, Gill (July 13, 2007). "Michelle Pfeiffer: The former beauty queen is back after a five-year break" . The Independent . London: Independent Print Limited . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Tiscali.co.uk . October 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008 . Retrieved October 23, 2008 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Opens Up About Why She 'Disappeared' from Hollywood" . Woman's Day . September 8, 2017. ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Shares She's a Grandmother" . E! News . September 29, 2025 . Retrieved September 30, 2025 . ^ Walters, Meg (June 24, 2023). "The Complete Evolution Of Michelle Pfeiffer" . The List . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ Hargrove, Hannah (December 9, 2020). "Michelle Pfeiffer wows with swimsuit selfie inside garden of $22million mansion" . Hello Magazine . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ "Forever Young" . Woman's Way . October 21, 2021 . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 21, 2022 . ^ "Person: Michelle Pfeiffer" . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved August 21, 2022 . External links Michelle Pfeiffer at IMDb Michelle Pfeiffer at the TCM Movie Database Michelle Pfeiffer on Instagram Michelle Pfeiffer at Rotten Tomatoes Michelle Pfeiffer in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory Michelle Pfeiffer discography at Discogs Awards for Michelle Pfeiffer .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 1968–2000 Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) 2001–present Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) v t e Canadian Screen Award for Best Lead Performance in a Film Actor (1968–2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Actress (1968–2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Lead Performance in a Film (2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lead Performance in a Comedy Film (2023–present) Jay Baruchel (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Lead Performance in a Drama Film (2023–present) Amrit Kaur (2023) Sebastian Stan (2024) Canadian Film Awards 1968–1978, Genie Awards 1980-2011, Canadian Screen Awards 2012–present. Separate awards were presented by gender prior to 2022; a single unified category for best performance regardless of gender has been presented since. v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Barbara Hershey (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Joan Allen (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Natalie Portman (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Toni Collette (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Kristen Stewart (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama 1943–1975 Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) v t e Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year 1951–1975 Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) 1976–2000 Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) 2001–present Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Florinda Bolkan (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Shelley Duvall (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Sandrine Bonnaire (1986) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland (1987) Christine Lahti (1988) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Naomi Watts (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Vera Farmiga (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Kim Hye-ja (2010) Yoon Jeong-hee (2011) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actress 1945–1975 Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) 1976–present Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Nicole Kidman (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Greta Garbo (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Greta Garbo (1937) Margaret Sullavan (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Katharine Hepburn (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Agnes Moorehead (1942) Ida Lupino (1943) Tallulah Bankhead (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Celia Johnson (1946) Deborah Kerr (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Bette Davis (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Deborah Kerr (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Deborah Kerr (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) No Award (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Jane Fonda (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Joanne Woodward (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Norma Aleandro (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Meryl Streep (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Joanne Woodward (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Cameron Diaz (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Hope Davis (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Rachel Weisz (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Saoirse Ronan (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Regina Hall (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Lady Gaga (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Lauren Bacall (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Thora Birch (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Michelle Pfeiffer (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Natalie Portman (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Lili Taylor (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Marisa Tomei (2008) Samantha Morton (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Emma Watson (2012) Shailene Woodley (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Allison Janney / Laurie Metcalf (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Zhao Shu-zhen (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Rachel McAdams (2023) Ariana Grande (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Silver Bear for Best Actress 1956–1975 Elsa Martinelli (1956) Yvonne Mitchell (1957) Anna Magnani (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Juliette Mayniel (1960) Anna Karina (1961) Rita Gam / Viveca Lindfors (1962) Bibi Andersson (1963) Sachiko Hidari (1964) Madhur Jaffrey (1965) Lola Albright (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Stéphane Audran (1968) Shirley MacLaine / Simone Signoret (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Kinuyo Tanaka (1975) 1976–2000 Jadwiga Barańska (1976) Lily Tomlin (1977) Gena Rowlands (1978) Hanna Schygulla (1979) Renate Krößner (1980) Barbara Grabowska (1981) Katrin Sass (1982) Yevgeniya Glushenko (1983) Inna Churikova (1984) Jo Kennedy (1985) Marcélia Cartaxo / Charlotte Valandrey (1986) Ana Beatriz Nogueira (1987) Holly Hunter (1988) Isabelle Adjani (1989) Victoria Abril (1991) Maggie Cheung (1992) Michelle Pfeiffer (1993) Crissy Rock (1994) Josephine Siao (1995) Anouk Grinberg (1996) Juliette Binoche (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Juliane Köhler / Maria Schrader (1999) Bibiana Beglau / Nadja Uhl (2000) 2001–2020 Kerry Fox (2001) Halle Berry (2002) Nicole Kidman / Julianne Moore / Meryl Streep (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno / Charlize Theron (2004) Julia Jentsch (2005) Sandra Hüller (2006) Nina Hoss (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Birgit Minichmayr (2009) Shinobu Terajima (2010) Sareh Bayat / Sarina Farhadi / Leila Hatami / Kimia Hosseini (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Paulina García (2013) Haru Kuroki (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Trine Dyrholm (2016) Kim Min-hee (2017) Ana Brun (2018) Yong Mei (2019) Paula Beer (2020) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role v t e 1968–2000 Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) 2001–present Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) v t e Canadian Screen Award for Best Lead Performance in a Film v t e Actor (1968–2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Actress (1968–2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Lead Performance in a Film (2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lead Performance in a Comedy Film (2023–present) Jay Baruchel (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Jay Baruchel (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Lead Performance in a Drama Film (2023–present) Amrit Kaur (2023) Sebastian Stan (2024) Amrit Kaur (2023) Sebastian Stan (2024) Canadian Film Awards 1968–1978, Genie Awards 1980-2011, Canadian Screen Awards 2012–present. Separate awards were presented by gender prior to 2022; a single unified category for best performance regardless of gender has been presented since. v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress v t e Barbara Hershey (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Joan Allen (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Natalie Portman (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Toni Collette (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Kristen Stewart (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Barbara Hershey (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Joan Allen (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Natalie Portman (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Toni Collette (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Kristen Stewart (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama v t e 1943–1975 Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) v t e Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year v t e 1951–1975 Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) 1976–2000 Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) 2001–present Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress v t e Florinda Bolkan (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Shelley Duvall (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Sandrine Bonnaire (1986) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland (1987) Christine Lahti (1988) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Naomi Watts (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Vera Farmiga (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Kim Hye-ja (2010) Yoon Jeong-hee (2011) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Florinda Bolkan (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Shelley Duvall (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Sandrine Bonnaire (1986) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland (1987) Christine Lahti (1988) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Naomi Watts (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Vera Farmiga (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Kim Hye-ja (2010) Yoon Jeong-hee (2011) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actress v t e 1945–1975 Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) 1976–present Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Nicole Kidman (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Nicole Kidman (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress v t e Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress v t e Greta Garbo (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Greta Garbo (1937) Margaret Sullavan (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Katharine Hepburn (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Agnes Moorehead (1942) Ida Lupino (1943) Tallulah Bankhead (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Celia Johnson (1946) Deborah Kerr (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Bette Davis (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Deborah Kerr (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Deborah Kerr (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) No Award (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Jane Fonda (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Joanne Woodward (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Norma Aleandro (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Meryl Streep (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Joanne Woodward (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Cameron Diaz (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Hope Davis (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Rachel Weisz (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Saoirse Ronan (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Regina Hall (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Lady Gaga (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Greta Garbo (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Greta Garbo (1937) Margaret Sullavan (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Katharine Hepburn (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Agnes Moorehead (1942) Ida Lupino (1943) Tallulah Bankhead (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Celia Johnson (1946) Deborah Kerr (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Bette Davis (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Deborah Kerr (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Deborah Kerr (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) No Award (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Jane Fonda (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Joanne Woodward (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Norma Aleandro (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Meryl Streep (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Joanne Woodward (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Cameron Diaz (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Hope Davis (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Rachel Weisz (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Saoirse Ronan (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Regina Hall (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Lady Gaga (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e Lauren Bacall (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Thora Birch (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Michelle Pfeiffer (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Natalie Portman (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Lili Taylor (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Marisa Tomei (2008) Samantha Morton (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Emma Watson (2012) Shailene Woodley (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Allison Janney / Laurie Metcalf (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Zhao Shu-zhen (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Rachel McAdams (2023) Ariana Grande (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) Lauren Bacall (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Thora Birch (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Michelle Pfeiffer (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Natalie Portman (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Lili Taylor (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Marisa Tomei (2008) Samantha Morton (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Emma Watson (2012) Shailene Woodley (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Allison Janney / Laurie Metcalf (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Zhao Shu-zhen (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Rachel McAdams (2023) Ariana Grande (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Silver Bear for Best Actress v t e 1956–1975 Elsa Martinelli (1956) Yvonne Mitchell (1957) Anna Magnani (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Juliette Mayniel (1960) Anna Karina (1961) Rita Gam / Viveca Lindfors (1962) Bibi Andersson (1963) Sachiko Hidari (1964) Madhur Jaffrey (1965) Lola Albright (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Stéphane Audran (1968) Shirley MacLaine / Simone Signoret (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Kinuyo Tanaka (1975) Elsa Martinelli (1956) Yvonne Mitchell (1957) Anna Magnani (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Juliette Mayniel (1960) Anna Karina (1961) Rita Gam / Viveca Lindfors (1962) Bibi Andersson (1963) Sachiko Hidari (1964) Madhur Jaffrey (1965) Lola Albright (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Stéphane Audran (1968) Shirley MacLaine / Simone Signoret (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Kinuyo Tanaka (1975) 1976–2000 Jadwiga Barańska (1976) Lily Tomlin (1977) Gena Rowlands (1978) Hanna Schygulla (1979) Renate Krößner (1980) Barbara Grabowska (1981) Katrin Sass (1982) Yevgeniya Glushenko (1983) Inna Churikova (1984) Jo Kennedy (1985) Marcélia Cartaxo / Charlotte Valandrey (1986) Ana Beatriz Nogueira (1987) Holly Hunter (1988) Isabelle Adjani (1989) Victoria Abril (1991) Maggie Cheung (1992) Michelle Pfeiffer (1993) Crissy Rock (1994) Josephine Siao (1995) Anouk Grinberg (1996) Juliette Binoche (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Juliane Köhler / Maria Schrader (1999) Bibiana Beglau / Nadja Uhl (2000) Jadwiga Barańska (1976) Lily Tomlin (1977) Gena Rowlands (1978) Hanna Schygulla (1979) Renate Krößner (1980) Barbara Grabowska (1981) Katrin Sass (1982) Yevgeniya Glushenko (1983) Inna Churikova (1984) Jo Kennedy (1985) Marcélia Cartaxo / Charlotte Valandrey (1986) Ana Beatriz Nogueira (1987) Holly Hunter (1988) Isabelle Adjani (1989) Victoria Abril (1991) Maggie Cheung (1992) Michelle Pfeiffer (1993) Crissy Rock (1994) Josephine Siao (1995) Anouk Grinberg (1996) Juliette Binoche (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Juliane Köhler / Maria Schrader (1999) Bibiana Beglau / Nadja Uhl (2000) 2001–2020 Kerry Fox (2001) Halle Berry (2002) Nicole Kidman / Julianne Moore / Meryl Streep (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno / Charlize Theron (2004) Julia Jentsch (2005) Sandra Hüller (2006) Nina Hoss (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Birgit Minichmayr (2009) Shinobu Terajima (2010) Sareh Bayat / Sarina Farhadi / Leila Hatami / Kimia Hosseini (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Paulina García (2013) Haru Kuroki (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Trine Dyrholm (2016) Kim Min-hee (2017) Ana Brun (2018) Yong Mei (2019) Paula Beer (2020) Kerry Fox (2001) Halle Berry (2002) Nicole Kidman / Julianne Moore / Meryl Streep (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno / Charlize Theron (2004) Julia Jentsch (2005) Sandra Hüller (2006) Nina Hoss (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Birgit Minichmayr (2009) Shinobu Terajima (2010) Sareh Bayat / Sarina Farhadi / Leila Hatami / Kimia Hosseini (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Paulina García (2013) Haru Kuroki (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Trine Dyrholm (2016) Kim Min-hee (2017) Ana Brun (2018) Yong Mei (2019) Paula Beer (2020) Authority control databases International ISNI 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Function 2 Examples Toggle Examples subsection 2.1 Legislatures 2.1 Legislatures 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Rubber stamp (politics) العربية فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Suomi Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) The political neutrality of this article is disputed . This article may contain biased or partisan political opinions about a political party, event, person, or government stated as facts. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until the conditions to do so have been met . ( April 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Rubber stamp" politics – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The political neutrality of this article is disputed . This article may contain biased or partisan political opinions about a political party, event, person, or government stated as facts. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until the conditions to do so have been met . ( April 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Rubber stamp" politics – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A rubber stamp is a political metaphor , referring to a person or institution with considerable de jure power but little de facto power—this can be by force, or be one that legitimately rarely or never disagrees with more powerful organizations. [ 1 ] Function In situations where this superior official's signature may frequently be required for routine paperwork, a literal rubber stamp is used, with a likeness of their hand-written signature. In essence, the term is meant to convey an endorsement without careful thought or personal investment in the outcome, especially since it is usually expected as the stamper's duty to do so. In the situation where a dictator's legislature is a "rubber stamp", the orders they are meant to endorse are formalities they are expected to legitimize, and are usually done to create the superficial appearance of legislative and dictatorial harmony rather than because they have actual power. In a constitutional monarchy or parliamentary republic , heads of state are typically "rubber stamps" (or figureheads ) to an elected parliament, even if they legally possess considerable reserve powers or disagree with the parliament's decisions. Rubber-stamp legislatures may occur even in democratic countries if the institutional arrangement allows for it. Examples In many instances, the refusal of a constitutional monarch to rubber stamp laws passed by parliament can set off a constitutional crisis . For example, when then-king Baudouin of Belgium refused to sign a bill legalizing abortions in April 1990, the Belgian Federal Parliament declared him temporarily unable to reign. That effectively transferred his powers to the Cabinet for a single day, overriding his veto . [ 2 ] Legislatures One of the most famous examples of a rubber stamp institution is the Reichstag of Nazi Germany , which unanimously confirmed all decisions already made by Adolf Hitler and the highest-ranking members of the Nazi Party . [ citation needed ] Many legislatures of authoritarian and totalitarian countries are considered [ by whom? ] as rubber stamps, such as communist parliaments like the Chinese National People's Congress , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] or the Italian Chamber of Fasces and Corporations during the Fascist regime . [ citation needed ] Since the 2003 elections , Russia's Federal Assembly has been similarly referred to as a rubber stamp institution. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Russia's State Duma (the lower house of the Federal Assembly ) quickly adopted a number of laws proposed by the government without delay. [ 9 ] The annexation of Crimea was quickly approved in 2014 with only one deputy, Ilya Ponomarev , voting against. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the legislative approvals of the annexation of occupied territories in late 2022 did not meet any resistance, giving the government full control. [ 12 ] Other suggested examples of rubber stamp legislatures include: Reichstag – Nazi Germany Chamber of Deputies , Chamber of Fasces and Corporations – Fascist Italy (1925–1943) General Assembly – Ottoman Empire Congress of Soviets , Supreme Soviet – Soviet Union Volkskammer – German Democratic Republic [ 13 ] National Consultative Assembly – Imperial State of Iran after the 1953 coup [ 14 ] [ better source needed ] Federal Senate – Brazil under military dictatorship between 1977 and 1985 [ 15 ] People's Assembly – Ba'athist Syria [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] People's Parliaments – in the Baltic states in the early Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) Federal Assembly – Russia [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 12 ] Parliament – Egypt [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Islamic Consultative Assembly and the Assembly of Experts (not a parliamentary chamber but a deliberative body) – Iran [ 23 ] [ unreliable source? ] [ 24 ] [ additional citation(s) needed ] Supreme People's Assembly – North Korea [ 25 ] National People's Congress – China [ a ] Legislative Council of Hong Kong – Hong Kong [ 31 ] Legislative Assembly – Macau [ 32 ] Legislative Council of Hong Kong – Hong Kong [ 31 ] Legislative Assembly – Macau [ 32 ] Chamber of Deputies – Rwanda [ 33 ] [ 34 ] National Assembly – Nigeria [ 35 ] [ additional citation(s) needed ] [ better source needed ] House of Assembly – Eswatini [ 36 ] [ better source needed ] National Assembly of Vietnam – Vietnam [ 37 ] See also Kangaroo court Notes ^ See references: [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] References ^ Webster's New World Dictionary, Second College Edition, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 0-671-41809-2 - page 1242 - "*rubber-stamp 2. [Colloq.] to approve or endorse in a routine manner, without thought - *rubber stamp - 2. [Colloq.] a) a person, bureau, legislature, etc., that approves or endorses something in a routine manner, without thought, b) any routine approval" ^ Montgomery, Paul (5 April 1990). "Belgian King, Unable to Sign Abortion Law, Takes Day Off" . New York Times . Retrieved 12 March 2022 . ^ Martin, Shane; Saalfeld, Thomas; Strøm, Kaare W.; Schuler, Paul; Malesky, Edmund J. (1 January 2014), Martin, Shane; Saalfeld, Thomas; Strøm, Kaare W. (eds.), "Authoritarian Legislatures", The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0004 , ISBN 978-0-19-965301-0 ^ "Nothing to see but comfort for Xi at China's annual parliament" . Reuters . 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . ^ Wee, Sui-Lee (1 March 2018). "China's Parliament Is a Growing Billionaires' Club" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . ^ a b Rosefielde, Steven; Hedlund, Stefan (2009). Russia Since 1980 . Cambridge University Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780521849135 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . Duma election of 2003, reducing the legislature to a rubber stamp. ^ a b Troianovski, Anton ; Nechepurenko, Ivan (19 September 2021). "Russian Election Shows Declining Support for Putin's Party" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . Russian elections are not free and fair, and Parliament's role in recent years has mainly been to rubber-stamp the Kremlin's initiatives while providing a veneer of democratic legitimacy to Mr. Putin's rule. ^ a b Rutland, Peter (June 2009). "Post-socialist states and the evolution of a new development model: Russia and China compared" (PDF) . Polis (3). Moscow: 165– 176. ^ "Duma Ends in Rubber-Stamp Ruling Frenzy" . The Moscow Times . 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2023 . ^ Gorelova, Anastasia (25 March 2014). "Russian deputy isolated after opposing Crimea annexation" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . ^ Williams, Stuart (7 March 2014). "Russian Parliament Will Vote Crimea Referendum 'Into Law' " . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 October 2023 . ^ a b Berlinger, Joshua; Voitovych, Olga (3 October 2022). "Russian Parliament begins process to rubber-stamp annexations as Moscow struggles to define borders" . CNN . Retrieved 23 October 2023 . ^ "Deutscher Bundestag: 1949-89: DDR-Volkskammer" . webarchiv.bundestag.de . Retrieved 2025-01-24 . ^ Townson, Duncan (2001). The New Penguin Dictionary of Modern History: 1789-1945 (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 459. ISBN 0140514902 . Retrieved 7 August 2022. ^ "Anos 60 e 70: ditadura, bipartidarismo e biônicos - Notícias" . Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Brazilian Portuguese) . Retrieved 24 September 2021 . ^ Coughlin, Con (2023). "2: The Velvet Glove". Assad: The Triumph of Tyranny . London, UK: Pan Macmillan. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-5290-7490-1 . ^ Ziadeh, Radwan (2011). "2: Inheriting Syria from Father to Son: Hafez al-Asad's Last Days". Power and Policy in Syria . 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010, USA: I.B. Tauris. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-84885-434-5 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location ( link ) ^ "Syria holds parliamentary election amid pandemic and new US sanctions" . ABC News . 20 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. ^ "Syria's Least Passive Parliament in More Than Half a Century" . 21 July 2020. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. ^ "Critics decry 'rubber-stamp' role of Egypt parliament" . The Arab Weekly . 9 October 2016. ^ "Standing in Agreement: Egypt's Parliament Risks Becoming Rubber Stamp" . The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy . 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2024 . ^ "Egypt starts voting in first stage of parliament elections" . Al Jazeera . 24 October 2020 . Retrieved 31 January 2024 . Egyptians are voting to elect a new parliament which critics say will just replicate a "rubber-stamp" body in place since 2015 under hardline President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. ^ "The Assembly of Experts" . The Iran Primer . United States Institute of Peace . 13 June 2011. Archived from the original on June 25, 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2023 . ^ Vatanka, Alex (26 May 2020). "A new session for Iran's rubber-stamp Parliament" . Middle East Institute . Retrieved 23 October 2023 . ^ "N Korea holds parliamentary poll" . BBC News . Retrieved 8 March 2009. ^ "What makes a rubber stamp?" . The Economist . March 5, 2012. ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 2024-03-04 . ^ "China scraps premier's annual news conference a day before rubber-stamp parliament opens in Beijing" . The Globe and Mail . 2024-03-04. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024 . Retrieved 2024-03-04 . ^ "China's rubber-stamp parliament at a glance" . France 24 . 2019-03-05. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024 . Retrieved 2024-03-04 . ^ "Two sessions: Can a rubberstamp parliament help China's economy?" . BBC News . 2024-03-04. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024 . Retrieved 2024-03-04 . ^ Truex, Rory (28 April 2014). "The Returns to Office in a "Rubber Stamp" Parliament". American Political Science Review . 108 (2): 235– 251. doi : 10.1017/S0003055414000112 . ISSN 0003-0554 . JSTOR 43654370 . S2CID 203545462 . ^ "Hong Kong's new security law confirms a changed city" . Tortoise Media . 3 March 2024. ^ "The Macau Precedent" . Wall Street Journal . 16 March 2009. ^ "Rwanda: Beneath the facade of Consensus Democracy" . 15 September 2024. ^ "Rwanda Bill becomes law: but what was really going on behind the scenes in Parliament? - Parliament Matters podcast, Episode 31" . 26 April 2024. ^ "The dangers of a rubber-stamp legislature" . BusinessDay . 22 April 2021. ^ "Eswatini, one of the world's last monarchies, holds largely ceremonial elections" . Fox News . 29 September 2023. ^ "Vietnam lawmakers approve merging provinces, slashing nearly 80,000 jobs" . straitstimes.com . Agence France-Presse via The Straits Times . 12 June 2025. Archived from the original on 13 June 2025 . Retrieved 15 November 2025 . In the June 12 vote, the assembly – a rubber-stamp body in a one-party system – approved the government's plans by 461 ballots to one, with three abstentions. Political metaphors Metaphors referring to objects CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) CS1 maint: location Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from April 2023 All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2023 Articles needing additional references from October 2023 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023 Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2023 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023 Articles needing additional references from April 2025 Articles lacking reliable references from November 2025 This page was last edited on 1 January 2026, at 22:42 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January Toggle January subsection 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 2 References 3 External links Deaths in 2026 العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano کٲشُر Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The following notable deaths occurred in 2026. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. January 17 16 Olena Grechanina , 90, Ukrainian scientist. [ 1 ] Ratbek hadji Nysanbayev , 85, Kazakh religious figure, supreme mufti of Kazakhstan (1990–2000). [ 2 ] (death announced on this date) 15 Abdullahi Abubakar , 90, Nigerian Islamic cleric and humanitarian. [ 3 ] Ante Grgurević , 50, Croatian basketball player ( Split , Lugano Tigers ) and coach (Split). [ 4 ] Rafael Gvaladze , 78, Azerbaijani jurist, judge of the Constitutional Court (1998–2025). [ 5 ] Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark , 83, Greek-Spanish royal. [ 6 ] Kim Sin-yong , 80, South Korean writer. [ 7 ] Mutumwa Mawere , 66, Zimbabwean-South African mining industry executive. [ 8 ] Kenny Morris , 68, English drummer ( Siouxsie and the Banshees ). [ 9 ] (death announced on this date) Edgar Salvé , 79, Belgian Olympic middle-distance runner ( 1968 , 1972 ). [ 10 ] Ajay Varma , 62, Indian cricketer ( Bengal ). [ 11 ] Gagik Yeganyan , 69, Armenian politician. [ 12 ] 14 Layonel Adams , 31, Russian footballer ( Banants , Cerceda , Isloch Minsk Raion ), fall. [ 13 ] Dmitri Akimov , 45, Russian footballer ( Metallurg Lipetsk , Sibir Novosibirsk , Rostov ). [ 14 ] Aroha Awarau , 49, New Zealand playwright and journalist. [ 15 ] Namirembe Bitamazire , 84, Ugandan academic and politician, MP (2001–2011). [ 16 ] Alfonso Castellanos , 91, Colombian radio broadcaster and journalist. [ 17 ] Jean-Hugues Colonna , 91, French politician, deputy (1981–1988). [ 18 ] (death announced on this date) Valeria Fedeli , 76, Italian politician, minister of education (2016–2018) and senator (2013–2022). [ 19 ] Oleksandr Kabanov , 52, Ukrainian politician, deputy (since 2019). [ 20 ] Kim Min-jae , 53, South Korean baseball player ( Lotte Giants , Hanwha Eagles ) and coach ( Doosan Bears ), cancer. [ 21 ] Rick Link , 66, American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter. [ 22 ] Nie Weiping , 73, Chinese Go player. [ 23 ] Melania Pérez [ es ] , 76, Argentine singer. [ 24 ] Ricard Pérez Casado , 80, Spanish politician, mayor of Valencia (1979–1988) and deputy (2000–2004). [ 25 ] Seppo Reijonen , 81, Finnish Olympic ski jumper ( 1968 ). [ 26 ] Jean Rossier , 81, Belgian biologist and academic. [ 27 ] (death announced on this date) Ernestine Russell , 87, Canadian Olympic gymnast ( 1956 , 1960 ). [ 28 ] Ado Schlier , 90, German radio personality ( Radio Salzburg , Bayerischer Rundfunk ). [ 29 ] Vera Valdez , 89, Brazilian model. [ 30 ] Quemil Yambay , 87, Paraguayan musician and composer. [ 31 ] Igor Zolotovitskiy , 64, Russian actor ( Taxi Blues , Luna Park , Composition for Victory Day ), academic and television director, cancer. [ 32 ] 13 Scott Adams , 68, American cartoonist ( Dilbert ), prostate cancer. [ 33 ] Iqbal Athas , 81, Sri Lankan journalist ( The Sunday Times , Jane's Defence Weekly ). [ 34 ] Lina Bernardi [ it ] , 87, Italian actress ( The Story of Piera , The Last Kiss , The Embalmer ). [ 35 ] Alfred Blumstein , 95, American scientist. [ 36 ] Mark Brnovich , 59, American politician and attorney, Arizona attorney general (2015–2023), heart attack. [ 37 ] Paola Cardia [ it ] , 73, Italian footballer ( national team ). [ 38 ] David Collier , 70, English sports administrator, chief executive of the England and Wales Cricket Board (2004–2014). [ 39 ] Claudette Colvin , 86, American civil rights activist ( Browder v. Gayle ). [ 40 ] Indira Devi Dhanrajgir , 95, Indian poet and socialite. [ 41 ] Catherine Duprat , 89, French historian. [ 42 ] Barbara Eustachiewicz , 87, Polish Olympic gymnast ( 1960 , 1964 ). [ 43 ] Jesse Flis , 92, Canadian politician, MP (1979–1984, 1988–1997). [ 44 ] Bir Bhadra Hagjer , 75, Indian politician, Assam MLA (2016–2021). [ 45 ] Ali Hassan , 61, Mozambican footballer ( Sporting , Vitória de Setúbal , national team ), cancer. [ 46 ] Hun Yuan , 81, Taiwanese religious leader, founder of Weixinism . [ 47 ] Heiki Kranich , 64, Estonian politician, twice MP , minister of finance (1994) and environment (1999–2003). [ 48 ] Jason Lafreniere , 59, Canadian ice hockey player ( Quebec Nordiques , Tampa Bay Lightning , New York Rangers ). [ 49 ] (death announced on this date) Blanche Marvin , 100, American-born British theatre critic, producer and writer. [ 50 ] Doug McConnell , 80, American television journalist. [ 51 ] Bruce McLeod , 96, Canadian clergyman, moderator of the United Church of Canada (1972–1974). [ 52 ] Rolando Nannicini , 79, Italian politician, deputy (2001–2013). [ 53 ] Seán Ó Sé , 89, Irish tenor singer. [ 54 ] Ivan Onufriyev , 58, Russian footballer ( Geolog Tyumen , MTsOP-Metallurg Verkhnyaya Pyshma , Dynamo Stavropol ). [ 55 ] Annemarie Prins , 93, Dutch actress ( Accused , Memory Lane ), director and writer. [ 56 ] Renzo Ragonesi [ it ] , 82, Italian footballer ( Venezia , Reggiana , Modena ). [ 57 ] Jean-Loup Trassard , 92, French photographer. [ 58 ] (death announced on this date) Rudolf Urc [ sk ] , 88, Slovak director of documentary and animated films and academic. [ 59 ] George Vassiliou , 94, Cypriot politician, president (1988–1993) and MP (1996–2001), respiratory infection. [ 60 ] David Webb , 60, British-born Hong Kong activist investor, prostate cancer. [ 61 ] Hans Wiktorsson [ sv ] , 75, Swedish actor ( The Painter , Kurt Olssons julkalender ), complications from a brain injury. [ 62 ] Brian Wilshire , 81, Australian radio broadcaster ( 2GB ). [ 63 ] Razmik Zohrabyan , 75, Armenian politician, MP (2007–2017). [ 64 ] 12 Oba C. D. Akran , 89, Nigerian politician and traditional ruler. [ 65 ] Mahmoud Al-Astal , Palestinian police chief, shot. [ 66 ] Sheila Bernette , 94, English singer ( The Good Old Days , The Black and White Minstrel Show ) and actress ( The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ). [ 67 ] Paul Clauson , 76, Australian politician, Queensland MP (1985–1989), attorney-general (1986–1989). [ 68 ] Rolland Courbis , 72, French football player ( Monaco ) and manager ( Bordeaux , Marseille ). [ 69 ] Bill Courtney , 55, American college basketball coach ( Cornell Big Red , Miami Hurricanes , Temple Owls ). [ 70 ] Mochammad Djamhari , 82, Indonesian military officer and politician, Regent of Bekasi Regency (1993–1998). [ 71 ] John Forté , 50, American rapper ( Refugee Camp All-Stars ) and producer ( The Score ). [ 72 ] Rick Garcia , 69, American LGBTQ activist. [ 73 ] Mohammad Ilyas , 79, Pakistani cricketer ( Lahore , Pakistan International Airlines , national team ), cancer. [ 74 ] Asda Jayanama , 84, Thai diplomat. [ 75 ] Robert Jensen , 52, Dutch television personality ( Jensen! ), cardiac arrest. [ 76 ] Jayashree Kabir , 73, Indian actress ( Pratidwandi , Simana Periye , Rupali Saikate ). [ 77 ] Robert V. Kohn , 72, American mathematician, cancer. [ 78 ] Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin , 26, British guitarist ( Black Midi ). [ 79 ] (death announced on this date) Jan Mårtenson , 92, Swedish author and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (1993–1995). [ 80 ] Eddie McCreadie , 85, Scottish football player ( Chelsea , national team ) and manager (Chelsea). [ 81 ] Luigi Nicolais , 83, Italian engineer and politician, minister for public administration (2006–2008), deputy (2008–2012), and president of the National Research Council (2012–2016). [ 82 ] Alain Orsoni , 71, French politician, Corsican independence militant ( FLNC ) and football executive ( AC Ajaccio ), shot. [ 83 ] Mario Rigutti , 99, Italian astronomer. [ 84 ] Roland Riz , 98, Italian politician, deputy (1958–1963, 1968–1987), senator (1987–1996). [ 85 ] Catherine Samie , 92, French actress ( Lovers of Paris , The Old Maid , They Came Back ). [ 86 ] Michel Tombereau , 80, French painter, complications from influenza. [ 87 ] Karen Vold , 86, American Hall of Fame trick rider. [ 88 ] Martin Willich , 80, German politician, member of the Hamburg Parliament (1974–1995). [ 89 ] Isaac Witz , 91, Austrian-born Israeli immunologist. [ 90 ] Benjaminas Zelkevičius , 81, Lithuanian football player ( Žalgiris Vilnius , Shakhtar Donetsk ) and manager ( national team ). [ 91 ] 11 Pavel Akishev , 42, Russian baseball player ( national team ). [ 92 ] (death announced on this date) Gabriel Barkay , 81, Israeli archaeologist. [ 93 ] Alberto Benzoni , 90, Italian journalist and politician. [ 94 ] Louis E. Brus , 82, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (2023). [ 95 ] Thomas Causey , 76, American sound engineer ( Dick Tracy , Star Trek Generations , Escape from New York ). [ 96 ] Giancarlo Cauteruccio , 69, Italian theatre actor and director. [ 97 ] Richard Codey , 79, American politician, governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), member of the New Jersey Senate (1982–2024). [ 98 ] Marcus Gilbert , 67, British actor ( Army of Darkness , The Masks of Death , Rambo III ), throat cancer. [ 99 ] Dave Giusti , 86, American baseball player ( Houston Astros , Pittsburgh Pirates ), World Series champion ( 1971 ). [ 100 ] Robert Hopkins , 64, English footballer ( Birmingham City , West Bromwich Albion , Shrewsbury Town ). [ 101 ] Bennie Carlton Keel , 91, American archaeologist. [ 102 ] Ueli Kestenholz , 50, Swiss snowboarder, Olympic bronze medallist ( 1998 ), avalanche. [ 103 ] Mukharby Kirzhinov , 77, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion ( 1972 ). [ 104 ] Kōtarō Kodama , 91, Japanese politician, mayor of Akitakata (1980–2008). [ 105 ] Nelson Manrique , 78, Peruvian historian and sociologist. [ 106 ] Titina Medeiros , 48, Brazilian actress ( Cheias de Charme , A Lei do Amor , Now Generation ), pancreatic cancer. [ 107 ] Ahmad Melli , 76–77, Syrian actor. [ 108 ] Miquel Naudí , 77, Andorran politician, member of the General Council (1981–1983). [ 109 ] Takashi Ono , 97, Japanese-born American mathematician. [ 110 ] Park Soon-yong , 81, South Korean lawyer, prosecutor general (1999–2001). [ 111 ] Miroslava Pešíková , 79, Czech dancer and ballet master. [ 112 ] Clarence Pierce , 97, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1952–1984). [ 113 ] Eugen Pojoni , 84, Romanian footballer ( Viitorul București , Crișul Oradea , UTA Arad ). [ 114 ] Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell , Samoan politician, MLA (2021–2025). [ 115 ] Samir Putatundu , 73, Indian politician. [ 116 ] Nasser bin Radan Al Rashid Al Wadaei , Saudi longevity claimant. [ 117 ] Grete Salomonsen , 74, Norwegian film director ( Kamilla and the Thief , Yohan: The Child Wanderer ). [ 118 ] Robert G. Shulman , 101, American biophysicist. [ 119 ] Aniceto Sobrepeña , 77, Filipino banker and public servant. [ 120 ] Prashant Tamang , 43, Indian singer ( Indian Idol ) and actor ( Paatal Lok ), cardiac arrest. [ 121 ] Sergio Tarquinio , 100, Italian painter. [ 122 ] Trevor A. Toussaint , 65, British actor ( Hollyoaks ). [ 123 ] John Wallace , 76, Scottish trumpeter, composer and arts educator. [ 124 ] Herman Wouters , 85, Belgian politician, mayor of Grobbendonk (1989–1997). [ 125 ] 10 Sturla Böðvarsson , 80, Icelandic politician, minister of communications and transportation (1999–2007), president of the Althing (2007–2009). [ 126 ] Manoel Carlos , 92, Brazilian television writer ( Por Amor , Laços de Família , Mulheres Apaixonadas ). [ 127 ] Daniel Colson , 82, French sociologist and academic. [ 128 ] Yolande Viviane Compaoré , Burkinabe politician, governor of Nord Region . [ 129 ] Erich von Däniken , 90, Swiss author and ufologist ( Chariots of the Gods? ). [ 130 ] Distorted Humor , 32, American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanized. [ 131 ] Sergey Galkov , 60, Russian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 1988 ). [ 132 ] Richard Hynes , 81, British biologist. [ 133 ] (death announced on this date) Jim Hartung , 65, American gymnast, Olympic champion ( 1984 ), and coach. [ 134 ] Mario Jacquet [ es ] , 79, Paraguayan footballer ( Cerro Porteño , Real Oviedo , Real Valladolid ). [ 135 ] Włodzimierz Jakubowski , 86, Polish football player ( Lech Poznań ) and manager ( Mieszko Gniezno , Bałtyk Gdynia ). [ 136 ] Kathy Javner , 52, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (since 2018), breast cancer. [ 137 ] Yeison Jiménez , 34, Colombian singer, plane crash . [ 138 ] Václav Klučka , 72, Czech politician, deputy (1992–1996, 2006–2017). [ 139 ] Robert Kostelka , 92, American politician, member of the Louisiana State Senate (2003–2016). [ 140 ] Derek Martin , 92, British actor ( Law & Order , Eldorado , EastEnders ). [ 141 ] Marco Proaño Maya , 80, Ecuadorian politician, three-time deputy . [ 142 ] Davinder Singh , 73, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion ( 1980 ). [ 143 ] Ivan Štampach , 79, Czech religionist and theologian. [ 144 ] Thierry Steimetz , 42, French footballer ( Amnéville , Metz , Homburg ), cancer. [ 145 ] Orazio Svelto , 89, Italian physicist. [ 146 ] Isabel Veloso , 19, Brazilian social media influencer, complications from bone marrow transplant. [ 147 ] Manolo Villaverde , 91, Cuban-American actor ( ¿Qué Pasa, USA? , Taina , Wiseguy ). [ 148 ] Prawase Wasi , 93, Thai hematologist. [ 149 ] Bob Weir , 78, American Hall of Fame musician ( Grateful Dead ) and songwriter (" Sugar Magnolia ", " One More Saturday Night "), complications from cancer. [ 150 ] Robert Wolgemuth , 77, American author, chairman of the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association . [ 151 ] 9 Ai , 49, Japanese Western chimpanzee , subject of cognition studies, multiple organ failure. [ 152 ] Zeno Bianu , 75, French writer. [ 153 ] Andrés Caniulef , 48, Chilean journalist, heart attack. [ 154 ] T. K. Carter , 69, American actor ( The Thing , Punky Brewster , Runaway Train ). [ 155 ] Robert Croft , 91, American freediver. [ 156 ] Jean-Louis Duplat , 88, Belgian magistrate. [ 157 ] Beatriz González , 93, Colombian painter, sculptor and art historian. [ 158 ] Ulf Granberg , 80, Swedish comics creator and editor ( The Phantom ). [ 159 ] Jitka Gruntová , 80, Czech politician, deputy (2002–2006). [ 160 ] Hans Herrmann , 97, German racing driver ( Formula One ). [ 161 ] Sandra Hester , 68, American socio-political activist. [ 162 ] Pirkko Ikonen , 98, Finnish politician, MP (1983–1991). [ 163 ] Heber Jentzsch , 90, American Scientology executive ( Church of Scientology International ), actor and journalist ( Los Angeles Free Press ). [ 164 ] (death announced on this date) Manfred Kuhmichel , 82, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1990–2012). [ 165 ] Lê Văn Dũng , 80, Vietnamese military officer and politician, chief of the general staff (1998–2001). [ 166 ] Khawlhring Lalremruata , 38, Indian cricketer ( Mizoram ), heart attack. [ 167 ] Diane Munday , 94, British political activist, co-founder of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service . [ 168 ] Valery Noskov [ ru ] , 59, Russian biathlete. [ 169 ] Tina Packer , 87, British actress ( David Copperfield , Doctor Who ) and stage director, co-founder of Shakespeare & Company . [ 170 ] Zelico Petrovic [ it ] , 77, Yugoslav-born Italian footballer ( Taranto , Rimini , Catania ). [ 171 ] Larry Snook , 84, American politician. [ 172 ] Terry Sullivan , 87, British drummer ( Renaissance ). [ 173 ] Josep Maria Triginer , 82, Spanish politician. [ 174 ] Eleni Varikas , 76, Greek-born French political philosopher and academic, lung cancer. [ 175 ] Yao Chiang-lin [ zh ] , 75, Taiwanese politician. [ 176 ] Vincenzo Zarri , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Bologna (1976–1988) and bishop of Forlì-Bertinoro (1988–2005). [ 177 ] 8 Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki , 96, British occult writer. [ 178 ] Musa Gibril Bala Gaye , 79, Gambian economist and politician, minister of finance (2003–2009) and foreign affairs (2005). [ 179 ] Murat Bisembin , 53, Kazakh actor, cancer. [ 180 ] Loraine Braham , 87, Australian politician, member (1994–2008) and speaker (1997–1999, 2001–2005) of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly . [ 181 ] Günther Brendel , 95, German painter, graphic artist and academic. [ 182 ] Heloísa de Carvalho , 56, Brazilian writer and political activist. [ 183 ] Václav Cigler , 96, Czech sculptor and visual artist. [ 184 ] Conrado Corsalette , 47, Brazilian journalist. [ 185 ] Mieczysław Czerniawski , 77, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991, 1993–2005). [ 186 ] Nelly Chatué Diop , 41, Cameroonian computer scientist. [ 187 ] Jean-Luc Domenach , 80, French historian, sinologist and political scientist. [ 188 ] Jim Furlong , 85, Canadian football player ( Calgary Stampeders ). [ 189 ] Sergio Goizauskas , 69, Argentine-born French cartoonist. [ 190 ] Vijay Singh Gond , 68, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–2007, since 2024), kidney failure. [ 191 ] Dave Hitchcock , 76, English record producer ( In the Land of Grey and Pink , Foxtrot , The Snow Goose ) and accountant. [ 192 ] Jian Shuisheng [ zh ] , 96, Chinese academic. [ 193 ] Philippe Junot , 85, French venture capitalist and property developer. [ 194 ] Madalitso Kazombo , 46, Malawian politician, first deputy speaker of the National Assembly (2019–2025), asthma attack. [ 195 ] Dieudonné Larose , 80, Haitian singer. [ 196 ] Rhoda Levine , 93, American opera director and choreographer. [ 197 ] (death announced on this date) Elisa Lisboa [ pt ] , 81, Portuguese actress ( Sabor da Paixão , Morangos com Açúcar , A Impostora ). [ 198 ] Evgeny Lyubivyi , 51, Russian politician. [ 199 ] Antonino Mangano [ it ] , 75, Italian marathon and middle-distance runner. [ 200 ] Guy Moon , 63, American composer ( The Fairly OddParents , Big Time Rush , Danny Phantom ), traffic collision. [ 201 ] Jafar Nainggolan , 79, Indonesian politician, MP (2009–2014). [ 202 ] Hiroshi Nakamura , 93, Japanese surrealist painter, pancreatic cancer. [ 203 ] Álvaro Peña-Rojas , 82, Chilean-German singer and songwriter. [ 204 ] Howard Riley , 87, English footballer ( Leicester City , Walsall , Barrow ). [ 205 ] Astrid Roemer , 78, Surinamese-Dutch writer and teacher. [ 206 ] Kjersti Scheen , 82, Norwegian journalist and writer. [ 207 ] Uljana Semjonova , 73, Latvian basketball player, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1980 ). [ 208 ] Sir Tim Shadbolt , 78, New Zealand politician, mayor of Waitemata City (1983–1989) and Invercargill (1993–1995, 1998–2022). [ 209 ] Meinam Bhorot Singh , 75, Indian politician, Manipur MLA (2002–2007). [ 210 ] Mojtaba Tarshiz , 47, Iranian footballer ( Shahr Khodro F.C. , Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. , Gostaresh Foulad F.C. ), shot . [ 211 ] Matthew Taylor , 57–58, American musician ( Bellini ) and artist, heart attack. [ 212 ] Wim Van Belleghem , 62, Belgian Olympic rower ( 1988 , 1992 ), world champion ( 1987 ). [ 213 ] Paul Calvin Visser , 89, American politician, mayor of Flint, Michigan (1973–1975). [ 214 ] Terry Yorath , 75, Welsh football player ( Leeds United , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 215 ] 7 Ali Ardestani , Iranian convicted spy, execution by hanging. [ 216 ] Madjoulba Batocfetou , Togolese agronomic engineer. [ 217 ] James Bernard , American music journalist and magazine editor ( The Source , XXL ). [ 218 ] (death announced on this date) Ihor Blazhkov , 89, Ukrainian conductor. [ 219 ] Albert Bourgi , 90, French jurist. [ 220 ] Raffaella Bragazzi , 66, Italian television presenter and radio host. [ 221 ] Frank S. Cerveny , 92, American Episcopalian clergyman, bishop of Florida (1974–1992). [ 222 ] Camilo Isaac Chavarría , 27, Panamanian model ( Mister Panamá ) and reality show contestant ( Calle 7 ), heart attack. [ 223 ] Martin Chivers , 80, English footballer ( Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , national team ). [ 224 ] Ángel Coerezza , 92, Argentine football referee ( AFA ). [ 225 ] John W. Derr , 84, American politician, member of the Maryland Senate (1983–1999), cancer. [ 226 ] Hiroya Ebina , 67, Japanese politician, mayor of Kushiro (2008–2024), member of the Hokkaido Legislative Assembly (1999–2008), cardiac arrest. [ 227 ] Tony Field , 79, English footballer ( Blackburn Rovers , Southport , Memphis Rogues ). [ 228 ] Vera Frances , 95, English actress ( Back-Room Boy , King Arthur Was a Gentleman , It's That Man Again ). [ 229 ] Madhav Gadgil , 83, Indian ecologist. [ 230 ] Renee Good , 37, American poet and writer, shot . [ 231 ] Domenico Graziani , 81, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Cassano all'Jonio (1999–2006) and archbishop of Crotone-Santa Severina (2006–2019). [ 232 ] Glenn Hall , 94, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , St. Louis Blues ), Stanley Cup champion ( 1952 , 1961 ). [ 233 ] Sidney de Jong , 46, Dutch Olympic baseball player ( 2004 , 2008 ). [ 234 ] Rebecca Kilgore , 76, American jazz vocalist. [ 235 ] Jon Lindsay , 90, American politician, member of the Texas Senate (1997–2007). [ 236 ] Uri Lupolianski , 74, Israeli politician, mayor of Jerusalem (2003–2008) and founder of Yad Sarah . [ 237 ] Ian McCrae , 84, Scottish rugby union player ( Gordonians , national team ). [ 238 ] Randy McMillan , 67, American football player ( Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ). [ 239 ] Roberto Mondragón , 85, American politician, lieutenant governor of New Mexico (1971–1975, 1979–1983). [ 240 ] Kabindra Purkayastha , 94, Indian politician, MP (1991–2014). [ 241 ] Howard Sanderford , 90, American politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1989–2022). [ 242 ] Dietrich Stratmann , 88, German politician, member of the Landtag of Lower Saxony (1982–2003). [ 243 ] Seydou Madani Sy , 92, Senegalese jurist and politician, minister of justice (1986–1990). [ 244 ] Kim Thorson , 93, Canadian politician, Saskatchewan MLA (1956–1960, 1971–1975). [ 245 ] Billy Truax , 82, American football player ( Los Angeles Rams , Dallas Cowboys ). [ 246 ] Chiara Valentini , 84, Italian journalist and writer. [ 247 ] Murad Wahba , 99, Egyptian writer, philosopher and academic. [ 248 ] Athol Webb , 90, Australian footballer ( Melbourne ). [ 249 ] 6 Ang Ziming [ zh ] , 65, Chinese academic. [ 250 ] Joe Arlooktoo , 86, Canadian visual artist and politician, Northwest Territories MLA (1979–1991). [ 251 ] (death announced on this date) Odette Bergoffen , 101, French resistance fighter. [ 252 ] Andrzej Bogusławski , 94, Polish philologist and semanticist. [ 253 ] Ron Boswell , 85, Australian politician, senator (1983–2014). [ 254 ] John Cunningham , 93, American actor ( Titanic , Company , Mystic Pizza ). [ 255 ] Dick Dull , 80, American athletic director ( Maryland Terrapins ). [ 256 ] V. K. Ebrahimkunju , 73, Indian politician, Kerala MLA (2011–2021). [ 257 ] Anna Eder [ de ] , 75, German politician, mayor of Deggendorf (2000–2012). [ 258 ] Johannes Fabian , 88, German anthropologist. [ 259 ] Alex Felipe , 32, Brazilian futsal player ( Sporting CP , Norilsk Nickel , national team ). [ 260 ] Angella D. Ferguson , 100, American pediatrician. [ 261 ] Edith M. Flanigen , 96, American chemist. [ 262 ] Robert Goebbels , 81, Luxembourgish politician, minister for the economy (1989–1999) and energy (1994–1999), signatory of the Schengen Agreement . [ 263 ] Suresh Kalmadi , 81, Indian politician and sports administrator, MP (1982–2014) and president of the IOA (1996–2011). [ 264 ] Doug LaMalfa , 65, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 2013), heart attack. [ 265 ] József Láyer , 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1998–2006). [ 266 ] Jim McBride , 78, American country music songwriter (" Chasing That Neon Rainbow ", " (Who Says) You Can't Have It All ", " Chattahoochee "). [ 267 ] Jack McGregor , 91, American politician and sports team owner, member of the Pennsylvania State Senate (1963–1970) and founder of the Pittsburgh Penguins . [ 268 ] Kathleen Muxel , 54, German politician, member of the Landtag of Brandenburg (since 2019). [ 269 ] Raffaele Nogaro , 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Sessa Aurunca (1982–1990) and of Caserta (1990–2009). [ 270 ] James E. O'Grady , 96, American law enforcement officer, Cook County sheriff (1986–1990). [ 271 ] Saeid Pirdoost , 85, Iranian actor ( Snake Fang , Son of Adam, Daughter of Eve , Great Award ), cancer. [ 272 ] Claude Pivi , 66, Guinean military officer, complications from diabetes. [ 273 ] Jaap Pop , 84, Dutch politician, mayor of Haarlem (1995–2006). [ 274 ] David Quail , 88, South African politician and educator, member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature (1999–2009). [ 275 ] Nihal Seneviratne , 91, Sri Lankan civil servant, secretary general of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1981–1994). [ 276 ] Baghir Suleimanov , 66, Azerbaijani petroleum scientist. [ 277 ] Béla Tarr , 70, Hungarian film director ( Sátántangó , Werckmeister Harmonies , The Turin Horse ). [ 278 ] Jerry Thomas , 90, American baseball player ( Minnesota Golden Gophers ). [ 279 ] Gianpaolo Tosel [ it ] , 85, Italian magistrate. [ 280 ] Robert Vicot , 94, French football player ( SC Toulon ) and manager ( Paris Saint-Germain FC , Gabon national team ). [ 281 ] Anatoly Yevtushenko , 91, Russian handball coach, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1988 ). [ 282 ] Zhang Shaokang [ zh ] , 90, Chinese scholar. [ 283 ] Zhou Liwei [ zh ] , 94, Chinese electro-optics professor. [ 284 ] 5 Ahn Sung-ki , 74, South Korean actor ( Silmido , Two Cops , Radio Star ), blood cancer. [ 285 ] Aldrich Ames , 84, American counterintelligence officer ( CIA ) and convicted Soviet-era spy. [ 286 ] Bonifacio Ávila , 75, Colombian Olympic boxer ( 1972 ). [ 287 ] Herbert Beck , 84, German art historian. [ 288 ] Andrew Bodnar , 71, English bass guitarist ( The Rumour ) and songwriter (" I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass "). [ 289 ] (death announced on this date) Andrew Carter , 86, English composer ( Benedicite ) and conductor. [ 290 ] Tom Cherones , 86, American television director ( Seinfeld , NewsRadio , Ellen ), complications from Alzheimer's disease. [ 291 ] Beatriz de Lenclós [ es ] , 102, Spanish dancer. [ 292 ] Jim Dennison , 87, American football coach ( Akron Zips , Walsh Cavaliers ). [ 293 ] Marian Diamond , 89, English actress ( Subterfuge , Goodbye Gemini , The Lord of the Rings ). [ 294 ] Miklós Dudás , 34, Hungarian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 2012 ), world champion ( 2014 ). [ 295 ] Mike Embro , 63, Canadian drummer ( Razor ). [ 296 ] (death announced on this date) Aoi Fujino , 27, Japanese gravure idol , rhabdomyosarcoma . [ 297 ] Paolo Gillet , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Albano (1993–2005). [ 298 ] Pier Francesco Guarguaglini , 88, Italian defense industry executive, chairman of Finmeccanica (2002–2011). [ 299 ] Bruce Hammock , 78, American entomologist. [ 300 ] Ad van Kempen , 81, Dutch actor ( 1-900 , 'n Beetje Verliefd , Winter in Wartime ), prostate cancer. [ 301 ] Wiktor Kinecki , 96, Polish politician, MP (1976–1980). [ 302 ] José Mingorance , 87, Spanish football player ( Espanyol , national team ) and manager ( Granada ). [ 303 ] Reza Moradi Abdolvand , 18, Iranian protester, shot. [ 304 ] Jawann Oldham , 68, American basketball player ( Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , New York Knicks ). [ 305 ] Induratana Paribatra , 103, Thai royal. [ 306 ] Molly Parkin , 93, Welsh painter, novelist and journalist. [ 307 ] Christos Politis [ el ] , 83, Greek actor ( Lampsi ). [ 308 ] Bob Pulford , 89, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Toronto Maple Leafs , Los Angeles Kings ), coach ( Chicago Blackhawks ), and executive, NHLPA president (1967–1972), four-time Stanley Cup champion. [ 309 ] Cosimo Scaglioso , 89, Italian politician, senator (1994–1996). [ 310 ] Elle Simone , 49, American chef ( America's Test Kitchen ) and food stylist. [ 311 ] Miroslav Stárek [ cs ] , 77, Czech footballer ( Sparta Prague , Slavia Prague , Mladá Boleslav ). [ 312 ] Elsje de Wijn , 82, Dutch actress ( De stille Oceaan , For a Lost Soldier , Het 14e kippetje ) and singer. [ 313 ] Ken Wilcock , 91, British sprinter. [ 314 ] (death announced on this date) Mike Wilson , 66, British kart racer, six-time world champion . [ 315 ] Jiří Witzany [ cs ] , 84, Czech academic and rector of ČVUT (2000–2006). [ 316 ] Wu Lintao [ zh ] , 105, Chinese politician. [ 317 ] 4 Forest Able , 93, American basketball player ( Syracuse Nationals ). [ 318 ] Ali Abu al-Ragheb , 79, Jordanian politician, prime minister (2000–2003). [ 319 ] Fazl-ur-Raheem Ashrafi , 81, Pakistani Islamic scholar, patron of Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia . [ 320 ] Céline Bellot , 55, Canadian criminologist and academic, breast cancer. [ 321 ] Mario Blasone [ it ] , 85, Italian basketball player. [ 322 ] Bob Boyer , 93, Canadian professional wrestler. [ 323 ] David Branch , 77, Canadian ice hockey administrator, commissioner of the OHL (1979–2024) and president of the CHL (1996–2019). [ 324 ] Calbo , 52, French rapper ( Ärsenik ). [ 325 ] Germaine Cousin-Zermatten , 100, Swiss herbalist. [ 326 ] Kamiel Dierckx [ nl ] , 84, Belgian basketball player ( Belgian Lions ). [ 327 ] Frank Dunlop , 98, British theatre director. [ 328 ] Manuel Fernández Ilarraza , 85, Spanish gynaecologist and politician, president of the Parliament of La Rioja (1987–1988). [ 329 ] Miloslav Fiala , 97, Czech Roman Catholic priest. [ 330 ] Andy Friendly , 74, American television producer ( Entertainment Tonight ). [ 331 ] L. Ganesan , 91, Indian politician, MP (1980–1986, 2004–2009). [ 332 ] Anne-Claire Goulon , 51, French businesswoman, breast cancer. [ 333 ] Vicki L. Gregory , 75, American academic and librarian. [ 334 ] Michel Griffon , 77, French agronomist. [ 335 ] Roger Guesnerie , 82–83, French economist and academic. [ 336 ] Denise Harlow , 55, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (2010–2018), cancer. [ 337 ] Bobby Holmes , 93, Scottish footballer ( St Mirren ). [ 338 ] (death announced on this date) Nora Ikstena , 56, Latvian writer and cultural manager. [ 339 ] Klaus Keitel , 86, German politician, member (1990–2002) and president (1990–1998) of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt . [ 340 ] Kim Young-in [ ko ] , 85, South Korean actor ( Dachimawa Lee , No Blood No Tears , Arahan ). [ 341 ] Milorad Kosanović , 75, Serbian football player ( Proleter Zrenjanin , Vojvodina ) and manager ( Malta national team ). [ 342 ] Bernard Lemoux , 83, French businessman, president of Stade Rennais FC (1973–1977). [ 343 ] George C. Lodge , 98, American politician. [ 344 ] Oscar Lofton , 87, American football player ( Boston Patriots ) and coach ( Southeastern Louisiana Lions ). [ 345 ] Naser Toure Mahama , 60, Ghanaian politician, MP (since 2012). [ 346 ] Miloslav Masopust , 101, Czech general. [ 347 ] Giorgos Papadakis [ el ] , 74, Greek journalist and television presenter, heart attack. [ 348 ] Daniel Pelletti , 77, Belgian painter. [ 349 ] Jules Radich , 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2022–2025), heart attack. [ 350 ] Michael Reagan , 80, American political commentator. [ 351 ] Marissa Sanchez , 69, Filipino tennis player. [ 352 ] Jacqueline Schaeffer , 91, French psychoanalyst. [ 353 ] Steve Sheetz , 77, American convenience store operator, CEO and president of Sheetz, Inc. (1984–1995). [ 354 ] Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo , 79, Indian historian and archaeologist. [ 355 ] Ralph L. Thomas , 86, Brazilian-born Canadian film director ( The Terry Fox Story , Apprentice to Murder , Ticket to Heaven ) and screenwriter, complications from heart disease. [ 356 ] Horacio Usandizaga , 85, Argentine politician, senator (1995–2003) and mayor of Rosario (1983–1989), complications from multiple strokes. [ 357 ] Mary White , 81, Irish businesswoman and politician, senator (2002–2016). [ 358 ] Xiao Zhuang , 92–93, Chinese photographer. [ 359 ] Teresa Zalewska , 83, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991). [ 360 ] 3 Hushang Ansary , 98, Iranian-American diplomat and politician, minister of finance (1974–1977) and information (1971–1974), ambassador to the United States (1967–1969), cardiac arrest. [ 361 ] Joan Costa Armengol [ es ] , 91, Spanish journalist. [ 362 ] Jamil Azar , 89, Jordanian journalist and broadcaster, founder of Al Jazeera . [ 363 ] Dietmar Bachmann , 91, Austrian politician, member of the Landtag of Tyrol (1965–1994). [ 364 ] Claude-Inga Barbey , 64, Swiss comedian, writer, and actress ( The Death of Mario Ricci ). [ 365 ] Stephen E. Braude , 80, American philosopher. [ 366 ] Natale Carlotto , 94, Italian politician, senator (1987–1994) and deputy (1976–1987). [ 367 ] Francesco Paolo Casavola , 94, Italian jurist, president of the Constitutional Court (1992–1995). [ 368 ] Frédéric Cerdal , 81, French actor and stage director. [ 369 ] Maria Eugènia Cuenca , 78, Spanish politician, member of the Catalan parliament (1999–2006) and the Congress of Deputies (1986–1992). [ 370 ] Tony Dennis , 63, Canadian football player ( Saskatchewan Roughriders ), multiple organ failure. [ 371 ] Dong Xiaoping [ zh ] , 75, Chinese folklorist. [ 372 ] Gerry Gable , 88, British political activist and magazine editor ( Searchlight ). [ 373 ] Bret Hanna-Shuford , 46, American actor ( Paramour , Amazing Grace , The Wolf of Wall Street ), cancer. [ 374 ] Franz Herre , 99, German journalist and biographer. [ 375 ] Marvalene Hughes , 88, American educator and academic administrator. [ 376 ] Mesut İktu , 78, Turkish operatic baritone. [ 377 ] Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo , 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Pereira (1984–1987), bishop of Málaga–Soatá (1987–2001) and of Buga (2001–2012). [ 378 ] Nalani Kanakaʻole , 79, American kumu hula . [ 379 ] Latif Karimi , Iranian protester, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier general, shot . [ 380 ] Michael Kemner , 72, German bass guitarist ( Fehlfarben ), cancer. [ 381 ] David M. Maddox , 87, American army general. [ 382 ] Guðmundur Oddur Magnússon , 70, Icelandic artist and academic. [ 383 ] Sir Graham McCamley , 93, Australian beef producer. [ 384 ] John Meredith , 85, English footballer ( Doncaster Rovers , Chesterfield , Gillingham ). [ 385 ] Errol Moorcroft , 85, South African politician, member of the House of Assembly (1981–1987, 1989–1994) and National Assembly (1999–2004). [ 386 ] Dastagir Hossain Nira , 60, Bangladeshi footballer ( Dhaka Abahani , Mohammedan , national team ), cardiac arrest. [ 387 ] Pa O'Dwyer , 40, Irish strongman. [ 388 ] Sverre Anker Ousdal , 81, Norwegian actor ( Insomnia , Flight of the Eagle , The Last Place on Earth ). [ 389 ] Andrzej Paczkowski , 87, Polish historian. [ 390 ] Dimitar Penev , 80, Bulgarian football player ( CSKA Sofia , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 391 ] Jenny Plocki , 100, French women's rights activist. [ 392 ] Rolf Riehm , 88, German composer ( Sirenen ), oboist and academic ( Musikhochschule Frankfurt ). [ 393 ] Randy Riley , 63, American librarian. [ 394 ] Eva Schloss , 96, Austrian-British Holocaust survivor and memoirist. [ 395 ] Robert K. Tanenbaum , 83, American trial attorney and novelist, mayor of Beverly Hills, California (1988–1989, 1992–1993), cancer. [ 396 ] Nam Singh Thapa , 79, Nepali Olympic boxer ( 1964 ), cancer. [ 397 ] Samuel O. Thier , 88, American doctor and academic, president of Brandeis University (1991–1994). [ 398 ] Ivan Varshavsky , 87, Russian engineer and railway track foreman. [ 399 ] Wang Zheng , 64, Chinese vice admiral. [ 400 ] Terry Wharton , 83, English footballer ( Wolverhampton Wanderers , Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace ). [ 401 ] William H. Yohn Jr. , 90, American jurist and politician, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (since 1991), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1968–1980). [ 402 ] Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi , 76, Indonesian Muslim scholar. [ 403 ] Mirosław Zdanowicz [ pl ] , 88, Polish social activist. [ 404 ] Zhang Kerang [ zh ] , 78, Chinese Peking opera actor. [ 405 ] 2 Ritva Auvinen , 93, Finnish opera singer. [ 406 ] Ian Balding , 87, British horse trainer. [ 407 ] Sukumar Barua , 87, Bangladeshi poet. [ 408 ] Shyam Bihari Lal , 60, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), heart attack. [ 409 ] Carmen Arnold Biucchi , Swiss numismatist and archaeologist. [ 410 ] Dominique Bucchini , 82, French politician, MEP (1979–1984) and mayor of Sartène (1977–2001). [ 411 ] Tony Carr , 98, Maltese session drummer and percussionist ( CCS , Hot Chocolate ). [ 412 ] Jean-Max Causse , 85, French actor ( I Stand Alone ). [ 413 ] Bohdan Chufus , 75, Ukrainian journalist, actor and singer. [ 414 ] Jenny Collins , 83, English radio presenter ( BBC Radio Merseyside ). [ 415 ] (death announced on this date) Miquel Contestí , 92, Spanish football executive, president of RCD Mallorca (1978–1992). [ 416 ] Sir Patrick Duffy , 105, British politician, MP (1963–1966, 1970–1992) and president of the NATO Assembly (1988–1990). [ 417 ] Toshio Fujii , 83, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (1998–2004), heart failure. [ 418 ] Francis Grant , 101, British marine and World War II veteran. [ 419 ] Stephen E. Haggerty , 87, American geophysicist. [ 420 ] Evan Hammond , 45, Canadian radio host and sports broadcaster ( CJAV-FM ), stroke. [ 421 ] Sidney Kibrick , 97, American actor ( Our Gang ). [ 422 ] Kristi Kiick , 58, American academic. [ 423 ] Elbert Kimbrough , 87, American football player ( San Francisco 49ers , Los Angeles Rams , New Orleans Saints ). [ 424 ] Anna Kurek , 96, Polish nurse and Warsaw Uprising participant. [ 425 ] Paul C. Lambert , 97, American diplomat, ambassador to Ecuador (1990–1992). [ 426 ] Johnny Legend , 77, American rockabilly musician, film producer and wrestling manager, stroke and heart failure. [ 427 ] Vladimir Lukić , 92, Bosnian Serb politician, prime minister of Republika Srpska (1993–1994). [ 428 ] Ashok Gajanan Modak , 85, Indian politician and academic, Maharashtra MLC (1994–2006). [ 429 ] Con Pederson , 91, American visual effects artist ( 2001: A Space Odyssey , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Garfield: The Movie ). [ 430 ] Valery Fyodorovich Plotnikov , 82, Russian photographer. [ 431 ] Tim Robertson , 81, English-born Australian actor ( Chances , Australia You're Standing In It , Stingers ). [ 432 ] (death announced on this date) Lajos Rovátkay , 92, Hungarian-born German harpsichordist and musicologist. [ 433 ] Saleh Rusheidat , 80, Jordanian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1993–1997) and Senate (since 2009). [ 434 ] Edith Renfrow Smith , 111, American supercentenarian. [ 435 ] Phoenix Spicer , 23, Australian footballer ( North Melbourne ). [ 436 ] Ivanne Trebbi , 97, Italian partisan and politician, deputy (1979–1987). [ 437 ] Jim Willis , 98, American baseball player ( Chicago Cubs ). [ 438 ] Robert Wolski , 43, Polish Olympic high jumper ( 2004 ), traffic collision. [ 439 ] Nellie Wong , 91, American poet. [ 440 ] 1 Marat Amankulov , 55, Kyrgyz politician, MP (2015–2021). [ 441 ] Yvan Aumont , 87, French engineer and journalist ( Lys rouge ). [ 442 ] Alan Baker , 81, English footballer ( Aston Villa ). [ 443 ] Allyn Bromley , 97, American visual artist and art educator. [ 444 ] Xesús Cañedo [ es ] , 67, Spanish politician, co-founder of the Partíu Asturianista . [ 445 ] Lana Chornohorska , 26, Ukrainian soldier. [ 446 ] Diane Crump , 77, American jockey and horse trainer, glioblastoma. [ 447 ] Nexhat Daci , 81, Kosovan politician, acting president (2006) and chairman of the Assembly (2001–2006). [ 448 ] Brian Doyle , 90, Canadian writer. [ 449 ] Yehezkel Dror , 97, Austrian-born Israeli political scientist. [ 450 ] Imants Freibergs , 91, Latvian computer scientist, first gentleman (1999–2007). [ 451 ] James Grauerholz , 72, American writer, pneumonia. [ 452 ] Mohamed Harbi , 92, Algerian historian. [ 453 ] Huang Dongbi , 86, Chinese diplomat. [ 454 ] Jeon Jun-ho [ ko ] , 50, South Korean baseball player ( Hyundai Unicorns , Woori Heroes , SK Wyverns ), lung cancer. [ 455 ] Victoria Jones , 34, American actress. [ 456 ] Morris Kahn , 95, South African-born Israeli telecommunications industry executive, founder of Golden Pages , Amdocs and the Aurec Group . [ 457 ] Andrey Khoroshev [ ru ] , 66, Russian actor and screenwriter ( Engineering Red , 8 ½ $ , Admiral ). [ 458 ] Harvey C. Krautschun , 76, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1985–1996). [ 459 ] Hiroshi Kume , 81, Japanese television host, lung cancer. [ 460 ] John Langdon , 79, American typographer and graphic designer. [ 461 ] Arno Liiver , 71, Estonian actor ( Spring , Summer , Autumn ). [ 462 ] Lin Chaoqiang , 92, Chinese aerodynamicist. [ 463 ] Arnold Long , 85, British cricketer ( Sussex , MCC , Surrey ), cancer. [ 464 ] Volodymyr Marchenko , 103, Ukrainian mathematician ( Marchenko equation , Marchenko–Pastur distribution ). [ 465 ] Hélio Mauro , 83, Brazilian politician, deputy (1975–1978), mayor of Goiânia (1978–1979), cardiac arrest. [ 466 ] Paul McCullagh Jr. , 25, Northern Irish boxer, bone cancer. [ 467 ] Colin McDonald , 95, English footballer ( Burnley , Headington United , national team ). [ 468 ] Enric Mestre , 89, Spanish sculptor. [ 469 ] Mukhsin Mukhamadiev , 59, Tajik-Russian football player ( Tajikistan national team , Russia national team ) and manager (Tajikistan national team). [ 470 ] Sir James Munby , 77, English judge, president of the Family Division (2013–2018). [ 471 ] Hubertus von Pilgrim , 94, German sculptor. [ 472 ] Gregory de Polnay , 82, English actor ( Dixon of Dock Green , Doctor Who , Howards' Way ). [ 473 ] Dame Karen Poutasi , 76, New Zealand public health official, director general of health (1995–2006). [ 474 ] Candy Raymond , 75, Australian actress ( Don's Party , Number 96 , Prisoner ). [ 475 ] (death announced on this date) Amit Saar , 47, Israeli intelligence officer, head of the Military Intelligence Research Department (2020–2024), brain cancer. [ 476 ] Roland Schäfer , 76, German politician, mayor of Bergkamen (1998–2020). [ 477 ] Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo , 80, Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Luanda (1990–1992) and bishop of Mbanza Congo (1992–2008). [ 478 ] Margaret Anne Staggers , 79, American politician, member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (2007–2014). [ 479 ] Hessy Levinsons Taft , 91, German chemist and child model. [ 480 ] Ruben Yesayan , 79, Russian-Armenian test pilot. [ 481 ] Yuen Cheung-yan , 68, Hong Kong actor ( The Miracle Fighters , Drunken Tai Chi , Flying Dagger ), director, and martial arts choreographer. [ 482 ] Valentin Zakharov , 92, Russian figure skater. [ 483 ] References ^ На 91-му році життя померла фахівчиня у галузі медичної генетики Олена Гречаніна ^ First mufti of Kazakhstan passes away ^ Plateau Imam who shielded 262 Christians during attack is dead ^ Preminuo je Ante Grgurević (51), jedan od najomiljenijih splitskih košarkaša i trenera! Bio je sinonim za borbenost (in Croatian) ^ Rafael Qvaladze vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Muere Irene de Grecia, hermana y fiel escudera de la reina Sofía (in Spanish) ^ '한국의 장 주네' 김신용 시인 별세…향년 81세 (in Korean) ^ Zimbabwean Tycoon Mutumwa Mawere Dies in SA Days After 66th Birthday ^ Siouxsie And the Banshees Drummer Kenny Morris Has Died ^ Athlétisme : décès d’Edgar Salvé, ex-champion d’Europe indoor du 1.500 m (in French) ^ বাংলার প্রাক্তন ক্রিকেটার অজয় ভার্মা প্রয়াত, শোকের ছায়া ময়দানে (in Bengali) ^ Մահացել է Գագիկ Եգանյանը (in Armenian) ^ Воспитанник ЦСКА найден мертвым в Подмосковье (in Russian) ^ Умер Дмитрий Акимов (in Russian) ^ Queer Māori Playwright Aroha Awarau Passes Away Peacefully in Ponsonby ^ Uganda mourns loss of education pioneer Namirembe Bitamazire ^ Murió el periodista colombiano Alfonso Castellanos (in Spanish) ^ Ancien député et père d'Yvan Colonna, Jean-Hugues Colonna est mort (in French) ^ È morta Valeria Fedeli, ex ministra dell’Istruzione (in Italian) ^ Помер народний депутат від "Слуги народу" Олександр Кабанов: перші подробиці (in Ukrainian) ^ Former Lotte Coach Kim Min-jae, National Team Shortstop, Dies ^ Rick Link Passes Away ^ Chinese Go legend Nie Weiping passes away ^ Adiós a Melania Pérez, voz emblema de la música argentina y del Festival de Cosquín (in Spanish) ^ Fallece el exalcalde de València Ricard Pérez Casado a los 80 años (in Spanish) ^ Jyväskylässä vaikuttanut olympiaurheilija Seppo Reijonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Décès de Jean Rossier, président de Parole et Musique (in French) ^ Ernestine Russell Weaver, two-time Canadian Olympian and legendary U.S. coach, passes away at age 87 ^ Radio-Legende Ado Schlier mit 90 Jahren in Würzburg gestorben (in German) ^ Morre a atriz e modelo Vera Barreto Leite Valdez aos 89 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Fallece el músico Quemil Yambay, ícono del folclore paraguayo (in Spanish) ^ Умер Игорь Золотовицкий (in Russian) ^ Scott Adams, Creator of the ‘Dilbert’ Comic Strip, Dies at 68 ^ Veteran journalist Iqbal Athas passes away ^ Addio a Lina Bernardi, l’attrice di Latina aveva lavorato con i più grandi registi (in Italian) ^ Alfred Blumstein ^ Former Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich dies at age 59 ^ Capoterra, addio alla calciatrice Paola Cardia, 74 anni, nota Paoletta: il centrocampo era il suo mondo (in Italian) ^ Former ECB chief executive David Collier dies aged 70 ^ Claudette Colvin, US civil rights pioneer, dies at 86 ^ Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away ^ Mort de Catherine Duprat, historienne de la Révolution française (in French) ^ Nie żyje Barbara Eustachiewicz-Kowal, wybitna polska gimnastyczka sportowa (in Polish) ^ Odszedł Jesse Philip Flis (1933–2026) – rozmowa z 2018 r. (in Polish) ^ Assam: Retired IAS officer Bir Bhadra Hagjer passes away at 75 ^ Mozambique: Footballer Ali Hassan passes away at 61 ^ 混元禪師圓寂！曾腎臟萎縮病危、長期糖尿病 醫示警6徵兆快就醫 (in Chinese) ^ Suri endine poliitik Heiki Kranich (in Estonian) ^ 97 Play Off Champion Jason Lafreniere Passes Away, aged 59 ^ Theatre world pays tribute to Blanche Marvin, who has died aged 100 ^ Doug McConnell, longtime host of OpenRoad with Doug McConnell and Friends, dies ^ Bruce McLeod, 25th Moderator of The United Church of Canada, Dies at Age 97 ^ Addio a Rolando Nannicini, il cordoglio del mondo politico (in Italian) ^ Renowned Cork singer Seán Ó Sé dies aged 89 ^ Ушёл из жизни бывший футболист тюменского «Геолога» Иван Онуфриев (in Russian) ^ Voor theatermaker Annemarie Prins was maatschappijkritiek en engagement tweede natuur (in Dutch) ^ Lutto nel calcio, si è spento l'ex calciatore della Spal: vinse un campionato di Serie C (in Italian) ^ « Écrivain de l’agriculture » et photographe, le Mayennais Jean-Loup Trassard est décédé (in French) ^ Zomrel režisér, dramaturg a publicista Rudolf Urc, významná osobnosť slovenskej kinematografie (in Slovak) ^ Former Cyprus President George Vassiliou, who put the country on the path to EU membership, has died ^ Hong Kong corporate governance activist David Webb dies at 60 ^ ”Arne” i Kurt Olsson död (in Swedish) ^ Veteran 2GB radio announcer Bruce Wilshire has died aged 81 ^ Մահացել է հայ քաղաքական գործիչ, ՀՀԿ առանցքային ներկայացուցիչ Ռազմիկ Զոհրաբյանը (in Armenian) ^ Oba Babatunde Akran of Badagry dies at 89 ^ Israeli-backed group kills a senior Hamas police officer in Gaza, threatens more attacks ^ BBC's Good Old Days and Coronation Street star and singer Sheila Bernette dies aged 94 ^ Clauson, Paul John ^ Entraîneur français emblématique, Rolland Courbis est mort (in French) ^ George Mason Athletics Mourns The Loss of Longtime Assistant Bill Courtney ^ Mantan Bupati Bekasi Mochammad Djamhari Tutup Usia di Bandung (in Indonesian) ^ John Forté, celebrated recording artist, dies suddenly at 50 ^ Rick Garcia, activist and leader in Chicago's LGBTQ+ civil rights movement, dies at 69 ^ Ex-cricketer Mohammad Ilyas passes away in Lahore ^ สิ้น “อัษฎา ชัยนาม” อดีตเอกอัครราชทูตและผู้แทนถาวรไทยประจำUN ถึงแก่อนิจกรรม (in Thai) ^ Presentator Robert Jensen (52) overleden aan hartstilstand (in Dutch) ^ Renowned actress Jayasree Kabir passes away in London ^ Professor Emeritus Robert Kohn (1953-2026) ^ Black Midi Co-Founder Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin Dies at 26 ^ Author Jan Mårtenson dies at 92 ^ Eddie McCreadie – 1940-2026 ^ Morto Luigi Nicolais, è stato presidente della fondazione Reggia di Carditello (in Italian) ^ Alain Orsoni, ancien dirigeant nationaliste, abattu lors des obsèques de sa mère en Corse (in French) ^ Mario Rigutti (in Italian) ^ Südtirol trauert um Roland Riz (in German) ^ Décès de Catherine Samie, pilier de la Comédie-Française (in French) ^ e peintre nîmois Michel Tombereau est mort (in French) ^ Hall of Fame Trick Rider and Wife of Hall of Fame Stock Contractor Passes Away ^ „Einer der besten Debattenredner": Martin Willich ist tot (in German) ^ הפקולטה למדעי החיים מרכינה ראשה בצער על פטירתו של פרופ' יצחק (איציק) ויץ ז"ל (in Hebrew) ^ Mirė legendinis Lietuvos futbolo treneris Benjaminas Zelkevičius (in Lithuanian) ^ Умер бывший бейсболист сборной России Павел Акишев (in Russian) ^ The Passing of Dr. Gabriel Barkay ^ Addio Alberto Benzoni. Socialista di valore dallo sguardo acuto (in Italian) ^ Brus, Rice alumnus and Nobel laureate, passes away at 82 ^ Thomas Causey, Sound Mixer on ‘Dick Tracy,’ ‘Broadcast News’ and ‘Defending Your Life,’ Dies at 76 ^ [1] (in Italian) ^ Richard Codey, former governor of New Jersey, dies at 79 ^ Marcus Gilbert 1958 - 2026 RIP ^ Pirates World Series champion Dave Giusti dies at age 86 ^ Clubs pay tribute to former player Hopkins ^ Bernie Carlton Keel ^ Ueli Kestenholz, snowboarder e sportivo estremo svizzero, è morto travolto da una valanga (in Italian) ^ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике (in Russian) ^ 児玉更太郎さん（こだま・こうたろう＝元安芸高田市長) (in Japanese) (subscription required) ^ Falleció el huancaíno Nelson Manrique, referente de las ciencias sociales del Perú (in Spanish) ^ Morre a atriz Titina Medeiros, aos 48 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Veteran Syrian Actor Ahmad Melli dies at 80 ^ Mor als 77 anys Miquel Naudí, qui va ser conseller general entre 1981 i 1983 i conseller comunal de Canillo (in Catalan) ^ Takashi Ono, 1928–2026 ^ 박순용(전 검찰총장)씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Zemřela Miroslava Pešíková, osobnost našeho baletu a sólistka Národního divadla (in Czech) ^ Clarence Pierce ^ Doliu la UTA Arad » Eugen Pojoni, dublu campion al României, a murit la 84 de ani (in Romanian) ^ Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell passes away ^ Veteran Left leader Samir Putatundu dies following prolonged illness ^ Saudi Arabia’s oldest man dies at 142, leaves 134 children and grandchildren ^ Filmskaper Grete Salomonsen Hynnekleiv er død (in Norwegian) ^ Robert G. Shulman, Yale biophysicist and pioneer of spectroscopy ^ Aniceto “Chito” Sobrepeña, veteran public servant and corporate leader, dies at 77 ^ Singer-actor Prashant Tamang passes away at 43 in Delhi ^ Addio a Sergio Tarquinio, una vita lunga un secolo tra fumetto e arte (in Italian) ^ ‘Enigmatic’ Hollyoaks star Trevor A Toussaint dies aged 65 ^ Tributes paid to 'extraordinary musician' John Wallace ^ Oud-burgemeester van Grobbendonk Herman Wouters overleden in ziekenhuis (in Dutch) ^ Andlát: Sturla Böðvarsson (in Icelandic) ^ Manoel Carlos, autor de grandes novelas da TV brasileira, morre aos 92 anos no Rio (in Portuguese) ^ Daniel Colson (1943-2026) ^ Former Burkinabe minister Viviane Compaoré found murdered ^ Schweizer Autor und Publizist Erich von Däniken ist gestorben (in German) ^ Leading Sire Distorted Humor Dies at 33 ^ Умер призер чемпионатов мира по гребле на байдарках Сергей Галков (in Russian) ^ In Memoriam: Richard Hynes ^ Husker Legend Jim Hartung Passes Away ^ Fallece el exblanquivioleta Mario Jacquet a los 79 años (in Spanish) ^ Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski (in Polish) ^ Sitting Maine representative Kathy Javner dies of cancer ^ Atención: en accidente de avioneta esta tarde en Paipa (Boyacá) muere el cantante Yeison Jiménez y sus músicos (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel opavský politik, bývalý poslanec Václav Klučka (in Czech) ^ Former Louisiana State Senator Robert Kostelka dies at 92 ^ EastEnders actor Derek Martin dies aged 92 ^ Fallece Marco Proaño Maya, exvicepresidente del Congreso Nacional (in Spanish) ^ Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away ^ Zemřel religionista Ivan Štampach. Spojoval křesťanství s otevřeností a dialogem (in Czech) ^ Monsieur Thierry STEINMETZ footballeur professionnel (in French) ^ Addio a Orazio Svelto, pioniere della ricerca sui laser in Italia (in Italian) ^ Isabel Veloso Dead: Influencer Dies at Age 19 After Battling Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ^ Fallece el actor cubano Manolo Villaverde, el querido Pepe en "¿Qué pasa USA? (in Spanish) ^ Honoured health reformer Prawase dies aged 93 ^ Bob Weir, co-founder of rock group the Grateful Dead, dies at age 78 ^ Robert Wolgemuth, Best-Selling Christian Author and Husband of Nancy DeMoss, Dies at 77 ^ Genius Chimpanzee Ai Dies at Age 49, Primate Known for Enthusiastic Role in Research on Learning, Memory ^ Zéno Bianu (1950-2025) (in French) ^ Muere el periodista Andrés Caniulef a los 48 años de edad - Chilevisión (in Spanish) ^ 'The Thing' Actor T.K. Carter Dead at 69 ^ Father of American Freediving Bob Croft Dies Aged 91 ^ Décès de Jean-Louis Duplat, ancien président de la Commission bancaire (in French) ^ Murió la maestra Beatriz González, ícono del arte colombiano (in Spanish) ^ Serieskaparen Ulf Granberg död (in Swedish) ^ Zemřela PaedDr. Jitka Gruntová (in Czech) ^ Porsche mourns the loss of Hans Herrmann ^ Longtime New Orleans activist Sandra Wheeler Hester dies ^ Entinen keskisuomalainen kansanedustaja Pirkko Ikonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Heber Jentzsch Dead at 90: Scientology's Longtime 'President' Dies Years After Being Transferred to a Nursing Home ^ CDU Essen trauert um Manfred Kuhmichel (in German) ^ Đại tướng, Anh hùng LLVT nhân dân Lê Văn Dũng – Một cuộc đời trọn vẹn với non sông (in Vietnamese) ^ Former Ranji Trophy Cricketer from Mizoram Dies After Collapsing During Match ^ Humanists UK mourns Diane Munday, leading campaigner for the Abortion Act (1931-2026) ^ Ушел из жизни Валерий Носков (in Russian) ^ Shakespeare and Company Founding Artistic Director Tina Packer dies ^ Ci lascia Zelico Petrovic, stagioni meravigliose a Taranto (in Italian) ^ Larry Snook ^ Renaissance drummer Terry Sullivan has died ^ Muere Josep Maria Triginer, fundador del PSC y firmante de los Pactos de la Moncloa (in Spanish) ^ Eleni Varikas: the years with the FI in Greece ^ 前中常委「姚董」姚江臨辭世 國民黨工感念：他永遠走在第一線 (in Chinese) ^ Bishop Vincenzo Zarri † ^ Farewell to a great lady ^ Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Musa Gibril Bala Gaye ^ Танымал қазақстандық актер Мұрат Бисенбин өмірден өтті (in Kazakh) ^ Loraine Braham, trailblazing Northern Territory politician dies, aged 87 ^ Maler Günther Brendel gestorben (in German) ^ Filha de Olavo de Carvalho é encontrada morta (in Portuguese) ^ Zemřel sochař Václav Cigler, bylo mu 96 let. Poprvé v historii použil optické sklo k tvorbě uměleckého díla (in Czech) ^ Jornalista Conrado Corsalette morre em São Paulo aos 47 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Nie żyje były poseł i prezydent Łomży. Mieczysław Czerniawski miał 77 lat (in Polish) ^ Nelly Chatue-Diop, pionnière de la crypto pour tous en Afrique, est morte (in French) ^ La disparition de Jean-Luc Domenach (in French) ^ Former all-star linebacker, Grey Cup champion with Stamps, Jim Furlong, dead at 85 ^ Serguei, dessinateur au « Monde » depuis quarante-cinq ans, est mort (in French) ^ Veteran SP Leader, Eight-Time MLA Vijay Singh Gond Passes Away at 68 ^ Foxtrot producer David Hitchcock has passed away ^ 痛别！简水生院士逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Mort de l’ex-mari de Caroline de Monaco, le déchirant message de sa fille Victoria Junot : "À mon papa légendaire…" (in French) ^ Malawi Mourns Former Deputy Speaker Madalitso Kazombo ^ Larose, whose signature voice helped shape Haitian music, dies at 80 ^ Obituary: Opera Director Rhoda Levine Dies at 93 ^ Atriz Elisa Lisboa morreu aos 81 anos (in Portuguese) ^ В Кургане погиб экс-глава Калининграда Евгений Любивый (in Russian) ^ Padova piange Antonino Mangano, il maestro dell’atletica veneta (in Italian) ^ Guy Moon Dies: Emmy-Nominated ‘Fairly OddParents’ Composer Was 63 ^ Politikus Demokrat dan Mantan Ketua Komisi IV DPR RI, Kolonel (Purn) Jafar Nainggolan Wafat (in Indonesian) ^ 画家・中村宏さん死去 砂川闘争描いた「ルポルタージュ絵画」：朝日新聞 (in Japanese) ^ El Punk está de luto: falleció el gran músico Álvaro Peña Rojas (1943-2026) (in Spanish) ^ Howard Riley: 1938–2026 ^ Schrijfster Astrid Roemer overleden (in Dutch) ^ Kjersti Scheen (in Norwegian) ^ Sēru vēsts: mūžībā devusies Latvijas un pasaules basketbola leģenda Uļjana Semjonova (in Latvian) ^ Sir Tim Shadbolt has died at age 78 ^ Manipur BJP leader Meinam Bhorot Singh dies after prolonged illness in Imphal ^ جمهوری اسلامی مجتبی ترشیز، بازیکن پیشین تراکتور و همسرش را به قتل رساند (in Persian) ^ Matthew Taylor RIP ^ Le sport belge en deuil : le rameur Wim Van Belleghem, le seul Belge champion du monde en aviron, est décédé (in French) ^ Paul Visser ^ Terry Yorath obituary ^ Iran executes a man convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad ^ Madjoulba Batocfetou, patron de l'ICAT s'est éteint (in French) ^ James Bernard, founding editor of ‘The Source’ and co-founder of ‘XXL,’ dies ^ Помер український композитор Блажков, Гордон, 8.1.2026, автор - Ельчін Садаєв (in Ukrainian) ^ Mort d'Albert Bourgi, professeur de droit et figure du socialisme en Afrique (in French) ^ È morta Raffaella Bragazzi, storica voce di «Ok, il prezzo è giusto», aveva 66 anni (in Italian) ^ Frank Stanley Cerveny ^ Muere "El Chiri", excompetidor de Calle y beisbolista chiricano (in Spanish) ^ Obituary | Martin Chivers ^ Falleció Ángel Coerezza, uno de los mejores árbitros argentinos y ejemplo de persona (in Spanish) ^ John Witt Derr ^ 北海道・前釧路市長の蝦名大也さん（67）死去 議員秘書や北海道議などを経て4期16年釧路市長 防災インフラの整備に尽力 関係者からも悼む声 (in Japanese) ^ Former Memphis Rogues soccer star Tony Field dies at 79 ^ Vera Frances dead: Child star dies surrounded by family as tributes pour in ^ Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026) ^ Woman killed by ICE in Minneapolis identified ^ Morto monsignor Domenico Graziani, fu vescovo di Cassano e arcivescovo di Crotone (in Italian) ^ Hall, ironman goaltender with record 502 consecutive starts, dies at 94 ^ Sidney de Jong ^ Rebecca, Becky, Roo: Missing Miss Kilgore ^ Jon Lindsay, the longest-serving Harris County judge, dies at 90 ^ Former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski dies at 74 ^ Obituary: Ian McCrae ^ Former Colts RB Randy McMillan dies at 67 ^ New Mexico remembers former lieutenant governor, musician ^ Kabindra Purkayastha, the Patriarch of Assam BJP Passes Away at 94 ^ Former State Rep. Howard Sanderford dies at 90 ^ Dietrich Stratmann (in German) ^ Death of Seydou Madani Sy, former Minister of Justice and first Senegalese rector of UCAD ^ Kim Thorson ^ Hall of Fame tight end Billy Truax dies at 82 ^ Muore a 84 anni la giornalista parmigiana Chiara Valentini, è stata la biografa di Berlinguer (in Italian) ^ وفاة المفكر والفيلسوف المصري مراد وهبة عن 100 عام (in Arabic) ^ Vale Athol Webb | Melbourne mourns premiership hero ^ 云南省民间文艺家协会第六届副主席昂自明逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Former MLA and mayor Joe Arlooktoo passes away at 86 ^ Elle avait risqué sa vie pour en sauver d'autres : Odette Bergoffen, Juste parmi les Nations, est morte à 101 ans (in French) ^ Odszedł Profesor Andrzej Bogusławski (in Polish) ^ Former Queensland senator Ron 'Bozzie' Boswell dies aged 85 ^ John Cunningham, Veteran Broadway Actor, Dies at 93 ^ Former Maryland AD Dick Dull Passes Away ^ V.K. Ebrahim Kunju, IUML leader and former Kerala Minister, passes away ^ Deggendorfs frühere Oberbürgermeisterin Anna Eder ist gestorben (in German) ^ Johannes Fabian (in Dutch) ^ В Ухте скончался 32-летний нападающий МФК «Норильский никель» Алекс Фелипе (in Russian) ^ Angella Ferguson ^ Edith Flanigen ^ Schengen signatory Robert Goebbels passes away at 81 ^ Former Union minister Suresh Kalmadi passes away at 81 after prolonged illness ^ Doug LaMalfa, California Republican congressman, dies aged 65 ^ Elhunyt Láyer József volt országgyűlési képviselő (in Hungarian) ^ Alabama Music Hall of Famer, Huntsville native Jim McBride, dies at 78 ^ Jack McGregor, original founder of Pittsburgh Penguins, dies at 91 ^ AfD-Landtagsabgeordnete Muxel gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Raffaele Nogaro † ^ James E. O'Grady ^ Veteran Iranian actor Saeid Pirdoost passes away ^ Guinea ex-security chief convicted over crimes against humanity dies ^ Oud-burgemeester Jaap Pop overleden (in Dutch) ^ DA Gauteng mourns passing of former MPL David Quail ^ Obituary: Nihal Seneviratne ^ Bağır Süleymanov vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Meghalt Tarr Béla (in Hungarian) ^ Jerry Thomas, MVP of 1956 College World Series with Gophers, dies at 90 ^ Morto Gianpaolo Tosel, è stato per anni giudice sportivo della Serie A: aveva 85 anni (in Italian) ^ Le PSG en deuil, une figure historique du club s'est éteinte (in French) ^ Не стало Анатолия Евтушенко (in Russian) ^ 著名文艺理论家、北大中文系教授张少康逝世 (in Chinese) ^ 周立伟院士逝世：他“创立了自己的科学学派” (in Chinese) ^ South Korean Film Legend Ahn Sung-ki Dies at 75 ^ Aldrich Ames, CIA officer convicted of spying for Russia, dies at age 84 ^ Luto en el boxeo colombiano por la muerte del legendario 'Bony' Ávila (in Spanish) ^ Mustergültiger Aufklärer (in German) ^ Bassist Andrew Bodnar (o.a. Graham Parker & The Rumour) overleden (in Dutch) ^ Andrew Carter - In Memoriam ^ Tom Cherones, Emmy-Winning ‘Seinfeld’ Director and Producer, Dies at 86 ^ Fallece Beatriz de Lenclós, la gran vedette vitoriana que marcó época (in Spanish) ^ Jim Dennison, winningest football coach at Akron and Walsh, dies ^ Marian Diamond: Miriam Margolyes pays tribute to 'dear friend' after Jackanory star's death aged 89 ^ Meghalt Dudás Miki (in Hungarian) ^ Razor – Former Drummer Mike Embro Dead At 63 ^ 元グラドル藤乃あおいさんが死去、27歳 親族が発表 23年に希少がんを公表 闘病続けていた (in Japanese) ^ Bishop Paolo Gillet † ^ Morto Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, Crosetto: uomo di intelligenza e visione (in Italian) ^ Bruce Hammock: 1947-2026 ^ Acteur Ad van Kempen overleden op 81-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Odszedł na Wieczną Wartę Druh harcmistrz Wiktor Kinecki (in Polish) ^ Fallece José Mingorance, leyenda de la época dorada del Córdoba CF en Primera División (in Spanish) ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن رضا مرادی عبدالوند ششمین جانباخته اعتراضات شهر ازنا (in Persian) ^ Jawann Oldham, a basketball star at Cleveland High, Seattle U, dies at 68 ^ “พระองค์หญิงอินทุรัตนา บริพัตร” (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าอินทุรัตนา) สิ้นพระชนม์ สิริพระชันษา ๑๐๓ ปี (in Thai) ^ Artist and fashion writer Molly Parkin dies ^ Χρήστος Πολίτης: Πέθανε τη Δευτέρα και τον βρήκε ο αδελφός του νεκρό μια μέρα αργότερα (in Greek) ^ Pulford, 4-time Stanley Cup champion with Maple Leafs, dies at 89 ^ La città piange Cosimo Scaglioso. Fu docente emerito e senatore (in Italian) ^ Chef and food stylist Elle Simone Scott dies at 49 ^ Zemřel specialista na pokutové kopy. Brankář si zachytal za Slavii i Spartu (in Czech) ^ Karel-zangeres Elsje de Wijn overleden op 82-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Tribute to Sutton Harrier Ken Wilcock, who has died aged 91 ^ Mike Wilson (1959-2026): The King of Karting takes his final bow ^ Po těžké nemoci zemřel bývalý rektor ČVUT Jiří Witzany, bylo mu 84 let (in Czech) ^ 105岁东北妇运工作开拓者之一、黑龙江省妇联原主任吴琳涛逝世 (in Chinese) ^ WKU Athletics Hall of Famer Forest "Frosty" Able Passes Away ^ رئيس الوزراء الأسبق علي ابو الراغب في ذمة الله (in Arabic) ^ Jamia Ashrafia head Maulana Ashrafi passes away ^ Pionnière du travail social sur l’itinérance et le profilage, la chercheuse Céline Bellot s’éteint (in French) ^ Ci ha lasciati coach Mario Blasone. Le condoglianze del presidente Petrucci. Disposto minuto di silenzio (in Italian) ^ Robert Gerald Boyer ^ OHL, CHL Mourn the Loss of David Branch, Transformative Commissioner and Hockey Visionary ^ Le rappeur Calbo, membre du duo emblématique Ärsenik, est mort à l’âge de 52 ans (in French) ^ Gardienne des remèdes d'antan, la Valaisanne Germaine Cousin-Zermatten s'est éteinte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Le magicien de bal Kamiel Dierckx est décédé à l’âge de 84 ans (in French) ^ Edinburgh's last star director has died, at 97 ^ Muere Manuel Fernández Ilarraza, expresidente del Parlamento (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel kněz Miloslav Fiala (in Czech) ^ Andy Friendly Dies: First ‘Entertainment Tonight’ Producer, Son Of Legendary CBS Newsman Fred Friendly Was 74 ^ Veteran Dravidian ideologue L. Ganesan no more ^ Anne-Claire Goulon, ex-dirigeante du groupe Livio, s'est éteinte à 51 ans (in French) ^ Vicki Gregory ^ Hommage à Michel Griffon (in French) ^ Hommage à Roger Guesnerie (in French) ^ Former Portland lawmaker Denise Harlow dies at 55 ^ Bobby Holmes ^ Mūžībā devusies rakstniece Nora Ikstena (in Latvian) ^ Erster Landtagspräsident von Sachsen-Anhalt ist verstorben (in German) ^ '원조 스턴트맨'…60년간 배우 활동한 김영인씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Na svoj rođendan preminuo Milorad Kosanović (in Serbian) ^ Stade Rennais : l'ancien président du club Bernard Lemoux est décédé (in French) ^ George Lodge ^ Oscar Warren Lofton ^ Ayawaso East MP Mahama Naser Toure dies after short illness ^ Zemřel válečný veterán Miloslav Masopust (in Czech) ^ Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο Γιώργος Παπαδάκης ύστερα από έμφραγμα (in Greek) ^ La Louvière perd l'un de ses artistes emblématiques : Daniel Pelletti a tiré sa révérence à l'âge de 77 ans (in French) ^ Former mayor of Dunedin Jules Radich dies ^ Michael Reagan, Eldest Son Of Ronald Reagan, Has Died ^ ‘70s PHL tennis star Marissa Sanchez dies at 69 ^ Décès de Jacqueline Schaeffer (1934-2026) (in French) ^ Former Sheetz president and CEO Steve Sheetz dies at age 77 ^ Khadial King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80 ^ Ralph L. Thomas, ‘The Terry Fox Story’ Director and Journalist, Dies at 86 ^ Murió Horacio Usandizaga, histórico dirigente de la UCR y primer intendente de Rosario tras el regreso de la democracia (in Spanish) ^ ‘She was a force of nature’ – Mary White, former senator and founder of Lir Chocolates, dies aged 81 ^ 著名摄影家、新中国第一批女摄影记者晓庄逝世，享年94岁 (in Chinese) ^ Zmarła Pani Teresa Zalewska (in Polish) ^ Hushang Ansary (98) overleden (in Dutch) ^ S’ha mort el periodista Joan Armengol a 91 anys (in Catalan) ^ وفاة الإعلامي الأردني جميل عازر أحد مؤسسي قناة “الجزيرة” القطرية (in Arabic) ^ Langjähriger Tiroler ÖVP-Mandatar Bachmann 91-jährig verstorben (in German) ^ La comédienne genevoise Claude-Inga Barbey s'en est allée (in French) ^ Stephen Edward Braude ^ Morto a 94 anni l'ex senatore Natale Carlotto (in Italian) ^ Morto Francesco Paolo Casavola, il diritto come missione (in Italian) ^ Il prêtait sa voix à une légende du cinéma : le comédien français Frédéric Cerdal nous a quittés à l'âge de 81 ans (in French) ^ Mor Maria Eugènia Cuenca, la primera dona que va ser consellera de la Generalitat (in Catalan) ^ Obit: Former Windsor CFL receiver Tony Dennis dies after multiple organ failure ^ 著名民俗学家、教育家、北京师大教授董晓萍逝世，享年75岁 (in Chinese) ^ Gerry Gable (1937–2026) ^ Broadway Alum Bret Hanna-Shuford Passes Away at 46 ^ Franz Herre (in German) ^ Marvalene Hughes ^ Opera sanatçısı Prof. Dr. Mesut İktu vefat etti (in Turkish) ^ Bishop Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo † ^ Nālani Kanakaʻole, revered Kumu Hula and cultural matriarch, passes at 79 ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن لطیف کریمی با شلیک مستقیم نیروهای حکومتی/ تلاش حکومت برای مصادره و وارونهسازی واقعیت (in Persian) ^ Zum Tod des Fehlfarben-Bassisten Michael Kemner: Ohne Atempause Rockgeschichte gemacht (in German) ^ E-News — January 2026 ^ Goddur er látinn (in Icelandic) ^ Tributes flow for founding father of Australian beef industry, Sir Graham McCamley ^ John Meredith (1940 – 2026) ^ Former DA Federal Chairperson Errol Moorcroft Has Passed Away ^ Former Bangladesh footballer Golam Dostogir no more ^ Strongman turned hilarious Instagram star dies aged 40 ^ Sverre Anker Ousdal er død (in Norwegian) ^ Zmarł prof. Andrzej Paczkowski, jeden z najwybitniejszych polskich historyków (in Polish) ^ The great coach and football player Dimitar Penev has passed away ^ Jenny Plocki, rescapée de la rafle du Vél' d'Hiv et témoin du siècle, est morte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Komponist Rolf Riehm ist gestorben: Immer mit Einspruch (in German) ^ Randy Joseph Riley ^ In memoriam – Eva Schloss-Geiringer ^ Former Deputy Chief Counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Robert K. Tanenbaum, has died at the age of 83 ^ Nam Singh Thapa, Nepal's first Olympian, dies ^ Remembering Samuel O. Thier, IOM President (1985-1991) ^ В Тынде умер легендарный строитель БАМа Иван Варшавский (in Russian) ^ 海军原副政委王征中将逝世，享年64岁 (in Chinese) ^ Terry Wharton | 1942-2026 ^ Yohn, William Hendricks, Jr. ^ Pimpinan PMDG Gontor KH Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi wafat (in Indonesian) ^ Zmarł Mirosław Zdanowicz - przedsiębiorca i legenda sportu (in Polish) ^ 著名京剧表演艺术家、马连良先生入室弟子张克让逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Ihana ja ihmeellinen karjalainen, muistelee Sinikka Sokka tätiään Ritva Auvista (in Finnish) ^ Ian Balding, legendary trainer of Mill Reef, dies aged 87 ^ Rhymester Sukumar Barua passes away ^ Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief ^ In memoriam: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, respected numismatist and educator ^ Ancien président de l'Assemblée de Corse et maire de Sartène, Dominique Bucchini est décédé (in French) ^ Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies aged 98 ^ Jean-Max Causse, exploitant de cinémas et grand nom de la cinéphilie parisienne, est mort (in French) ^ Odesa reports the death of artist Bohdan Chufus ^ BBC Radio Merseyside founding member dies as tributes paid ^ Mor Miquel Contestí, històric expresident del RCE Mallorca (in Catalan) ^ Sir Patrick Duffy, Britain’s oldest living former MP, passes away at the age of 105 ^ 藤井俊男さん死去 元民主党参院議員 (in Japanese) ^ D-Day veteran who escorted allied troops landing in Normandy dies aged 101 ^ Diamond legend Steve Haggerty has died ^ 'He was awesome': Fans grieve death of beloved Island radio host ^ Sidney Kibrick, Last of the 'Our Gang' Kids, Dies at 97 ^ Kristi L. Kiick ^ Elbert Leon Kimbrough ^ Anna Kurek, medic of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, has died ^ Paul Lambert ’46, Former Trustee, Dies at 97 ^ Daily Update: NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20, CMLL Sin Salida, Johnny Legend ^ Преминуо проф. Владимир Лукић (in Serbian) ^ Former MLC Ashok Modak passes away at 85 ^ Con Pederson, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Special Effects Supervisor, Dies at 91 ^ В Петербурге умер снимавший Высоцкого фотограф Валерий Плотников (in Russian) ^ Vale: Tim Robertson ^ Rovátkay Lajostól búcsúzunk (in Hungarian) ^ PM Mourns Former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister Saleh Irshaidat ^ Edith Renfrow Smith, a 'memory keeper' and living link to history, dies at 111 ^ Former AFL player Phoenix Spicer dies as heartbroken family and football figures pay tribute ^ Ivonne Trebbi è morta, addio alla partigiana Bruna. Aveva 97 anni (in Italian) ^ James Gladden Willis ^ Tragiczna śmierć polskiego olimpijczyka. Robert Wolski nie żyje (in Polish) ^ Remembering Nellie Wong ^ Former Speaker of Bishkek City Council Marat Amankulov passes away ^ Communiqué d'Action française – Un camelot du roi exemplaire (in French) ^ Walsall confirm death of former Saddlers and Aston Villa creative favourite Alan Baker ^ Allyn Bromley-Baron ^ Fallece Xesús Cañedo, referente del asturianismo político y cultural (in Spanish) ^ "Це велика втрата": на фронті загинула операторка дронів і мисткиня Лана Чорногорська (in Ukrainian) ^ Diane Crump, the first female jockey to race in the Kentucky Derby, dies at 77 ^ Figura e shquar e politikës dhe shkencës - liderët politikë shprehin dhimbjen dhe mirënjohjen për Nexhat Dacin (in Albanian) ^ Brian Doyle, celebrated Ottawa author, dies at age 90 ^ פרופסור יחזקאל דרור, חתן פרס ישראל, מת בגיל 98 (in Hebrew) ^ Ex-president Vīķe-Freiberga's husband Imants Freibergs dies ^ Obituary #8: James Grauerholz ^ وفاة مؤرخ الثورة الجزائرية محمد حربي (in Arabic) ^ 中国驻瓦努阿图原大使、驻美国芝加哥原总领事黄东璧逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Hyundai Dynasty's 2006 Win Rate King Jeon Joon-ho Dies ^ Victoria Jones, daughter of Tommy Lee Jones, found dead in San Francisco ^ Billionaire philanthropist Morris Kahn dies at 95 ^ Умер известный телеведущий Андрей Хорошев (in Russian) ^ Harvey C. Krautschun ^ Famed TV presenter Hiroshi Kume passes away at 81 ^ Remembering John Langdon ^ Suri Arno Talit kehastanud näitleja Arno Liiver (in Estonian) ^ 我国空气动力学界先驱、西北工业大学资深教授林超强逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Arnold Long (1940-2026) - Obituary ^ З глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 1 січня ц.р. на 104-му році пішов із життя видатний український математик та організатор науки академік НАН України Володимир Олександрович Марченко (in Ukrainian) ^ Ex-prefeito de Goiânia na década de 1970, Hélio Mauro Umbelino Lobo morre em Anápolis (in Portuguese) ^ Paul McCullagh Jr: Boxer dies age 25 as father confirms heartbreaking cause of death ^ Burnley pay tribute to their former great and England goalkeeper Colin McDonald ^ Fallece a los 89 años Enric Mestre, referente mundial de la cerámica (in Spanish) ^ Умер бывший футболист "Спартака" Мухсин Мухамадиев (in Russian) ^ Death of Sir James Munby ^ Skulpteur der Erinnerung (in German) ^ Monsieur Gregory, Peter de Polnay ^ Dame Karen Poutasi, first female director-general of health, dies aged 76 ^ Tributes paid to Australian actor Candy Raymond who has died aged 75 ^ Amit Saar, top IDF intelligence officer on Oct. 7, dies of cancer at 47 ^ 31 Jahre für Bergkamen: Früherer Bürgermeister Roland Schäfer gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo, O.F.M. Cap. † ^ Former Fayette County delegate and physician Dr. Margaret Staggers has passed away ^ Jewish woman whose baby photo was chosen by Goebbels as Aryan exemplar dies at 91 ^ Умер заслуженный летчик-испытатель Рубен Есаян, критиковавший «Сухой суперджет» (in Russian) ^ 港星病逝！享壽69歲 妻證實噩耗 (in Chinese) ^ Ушел из жизни первый советский фигурист – участник чемпионатов Европы и мира Захаров Валентин Дмитриевич (in Russian) External links The Guardian (UK) obituaries The Telegraph (UK) obituaries The Irish Times obituaries Obituaries, Irish Examiner Obituaries, Chicago Tribune Obituaries, Los Angeles Times The New York Times , obituaries The Washington Post obituaries The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) obituaries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Education and early career 2 Home of the Daughters of Jacob 3 Jewish centers Toggle Jewish centers subsection 3.1 86th Street Jewish Center 3.2 Brooklyn Jewish Center 3.3 Young Israel of Flatbush 3.4 Astoria Center of Israel 3.1 86th Street Jewish Center 3.2 Brooklyn Jewish Center 3.3 Young Israel of Flatbush 3.4 Astoria Center of Israel 4 116 John Street 5 Restaurants 6 World's Fair 7 Riviera nightclub 8 Other buildings Toggle Other buildings subsection 8.1 New Israel Hospital 8.2 210 West 78th Street 8.3 Harlem branch library 8.4 Personal residence 8.1 New Israel Hospital 8.2 210 West 78th Street 8.3 Harlem branch library 8.4 Personal residence 9 Later life 10 References 11 Further reading Louis Abramson العربية Español فارسی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Louis Abramson Born August 1, 1887 New York City, U.S. Died January 15, 1985 (1985-01-15) (aged 97) Manhattan , New York, U.S. Other names Louis Abrahamson Occupation Architect Buildings Daughters of Jacob Geriatric Center Louis Allen Abramson (August 1, 1887 – January 15, 1985) was an American architect who practiced mostly in New York City , specializing in hospitals, nursing homes, and restaurants. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] He is best known for designing the Daughters of Jacob Geriatric Center in the Bronx . Early in his career, he designed several Jewish Centers, a new type of building which filled the religious, cultural, educational, and often fitness needs of the community in a single structure. Later commissions included several restaurants for the Horn & Hardart , Longchamps , and Brass Rail chains, a nightclub, and a large office building. Abramson had little formal schooling in architecture; he took courses at Cooper Union , the Mechanics Institute , and Columbia University but did not complete a degree. Most of his training was on-the-job in junior positions at well-known New York City architecture firms, after which he started his own firm. He employed a variety of styles, including Neo-Renaissance , Moorish Revival , Neo-Classical , Tudor , Art Deco , and Art Moderne . Several of his buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Education and early career Louis Allen Abramson (also known as Louis Abrahamson [ 3 ] ) was born in New York City on August 1, 1887. He and his wife Pearl had two daughters, Anita Claire and Judith, but little else is known about his personal life. [ 1 ] Abramson did not have a traditional architecture education; he attended Cooper Union (where civil engineering failed to hold his interest) and then the Mechanics Institute but did not graduate from either. [ 4 ] His introduction to architecture came when he took a job as an office boy and later a draftsman for John H. Duncan , a New York City architect. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] : 1176 After leaving Duncan's employ, Abramson moved to Seattle but only stayed there for a few years. Upon his return to New York, he took extension courses at Columbia University and was hired to work in Louis Gerard's office as a draftsman where he learned to appreciate the Beaux-Arts style. [ 4 ] Between c. 1908 and c. 1910 he worked in the practice of John Galen Howard and also that of Louis E. Jallade. [ 6 ] Jallade specialized in buildings for the Young Men's Christian Association , which influenced Abramson's 1913 design of a building for the Young Woman's Hebrew Association . [ 7 ] Abramson started his own firm in 1912 and was issued an architectural license in 1914. [ 6 ] In 1915, he had an office at 220 Fifth Avenue [ 8 ] and later moved to 25 West 45th Street, both in Manhattan . [ 6 ] Early in his career, Abramson developed an appreciation of the work of McKim, Mead & White , being especially fond of the University Club and Penn Station . When interviewed in 1980, Abramson said that each time he went by the University Club, he would spend some time looking at it and "figuratively bow". He also expressed sadness over Penn Station's destruction, saying that he admired Grand Central Terminal , but considered Penn Station to be perfect and "felt meek in [its] presence." He was particularly impressed with the spacing of the bronze letters on the Seventh Avenue side of the building, which inspired him to study architectural lettering. In the same interview, Abramson also said that although he admired the work of Cass Gilbert , especially "his modernity ... his breakaway from the classical school," and Stanford White influenced his early work, his later designs were done to his own tastes and inclinations. [ 4 ] In 1935, Abramson was appointed by Mayor Fiorello La Guardia to be one of 50 architects eligible to bid on municipal projects which would cost more than $100,000 (equivalent to $1.8 million in 2024). The selection criteria included using firms from all the boroughs as well as providing opportunities for some of the newer firms in the city. The selection jury had initially contacted approximately 2,000 firms, of which about 500 expressed interest in being chosen. [ 9 ] Home of the Daughters of Jacob In 1916, Abramson designed the Home of the Daughters of Jacob , an institution serving elderly Orthodox Jews , on 167th Street between Findlay and Teller Avenues in the Bronx. The building is wheel-shaped, with eight wings arranged radially around a central core. The land consists of 36 lots which were previously part of American founding father Gouverneur Morris 's estate; at the time of purchase by the Daughters of Jacob, it was still occupied by Morris's 1812 house, which was demolished to make room for the new building. [ 10 ] The central core contained administrative offices and was topped by a tower, which at the time of its construction was the highest point in the Bronx. The eight wings were residences for more than 1,000 elderly men and women. This new building replaced the existing home run by the Daughters of Jacob at 301 East Broadway , about 9 miles (14 km) to the south, on Manhattan's Lower East Side , which could house only 200 people. [ 10 ] The plans for the new building included a synagogue with seating for 1,000 people, a 600-seat dining room, as well as a hospital, library, and a Turkish bath , with construction costs for the four-story building estimated to be $300,000 (equivalent to $6 million in 2024). [ 11 ] A fifth story added to the building in 1938 provided further hospital space for operating rooms along with X-ray, cardiological, physiotherapy, and dental facilities at a cost of $180,000 (equivalent to $3.1 million in 2024). [ 12 ] By 1973, the building was deemed no longer fit for its original purpose, owing to new health codes. Abramson, then 84 years old, was part of the design team that modernized the building, connecting it by pedestrian bridges to new buildings on the opposite sides of Findlay and Teller Avenues. Abramson told The New York Times that the philosophy of how to house the elderly had changed over the years; previously it was felt that providing meals and a bed in a ward was acceptable, but modern practice was to offer greater privacy, individual dignity, and opportunities to remain active. [ 13 ] Jewish centers Abramson designed several Jewish Centers, including the first one in Manhattan. Sometimes called a " shul with a pool", this style of building evolved to serve both the religious and secular needs of American congregations. In addition to a sanctuary, there would be classrooms and social halls. Larger examples might include a gymnasium and a swimming pool. [ 14 ] Jewish historian David Kaufman used "Shul With a Pool" as the title of his 1999 book, in which he called Abramson "a leading architect of the synagogue-center building boom," noting that he also worked on the fundraising, running a campaign for the Young Women's Hebrew Association in 1912 that raised $200,000 (equivalent to $4.69 million in 2024). [ 15 ] : 79–80 According to Jewish historian Jacob J. Schacter , the Jewish Center was an invention of wealthy Jews living in New York 's fashionable Upper West Side and Yorkville neighborhoods in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [ 16 ] : 211–212 New York Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan envisioned transforming the synagogue "from solely a place of prayer to also a place of recreation: from a congregation to a Jewish center ... a place for Bible and basketball, Gemara and games, learning and luncheons, prayer and ping-pong." [ 16 ] : 215–216 Abramson's influence can be seen in the Ocean Parkway Jewish Center , designed by Samuel Malkind and Martyn Weinsten. One aspect of Abramson's work was using traditional Judaic symbols in the ornamentation of neo-Classical design. Malkind had worked as the head draftsman in Abramson's office early in his career, and followed Abramson's lead in this respect. [ 14 ] [ 5 ] : 1290 86th Street Jewish Center Abramson designed the Jewish Center at 131 West 86th Street in Manhattan. Built in 1917–1920, this 10-story brick and stone building is part of the Upper West Side / Central Park West Historic District [ 17 ] and has been variously described as being in the Neo-Renaissance style or Italian Renaissance styles. [ 18 ] [ 17 ] As the center included an Orthodox synagogue, the seating areas for men and women were to be separated from each other. The arrangement commonly used at the time had women seated in an upstairs gallery; in this case, the men and women were on the same level, separated by a partition known as a mehitza . [ 16 ] : 236 As well as a large synagogue, the building was to include a second smaller one, an auditorium, clubrooms, handball and squash courts, a swimming pool on the sixth floor, and space for a possible Turkish bath to be installed later. [ 18 ] In February 1917, the building was described as being planned to be 8 stories tall (a 1919 report says 10 [ 19 ] ), 66 by 100 feet (20 m × 30 m) on a 77 by 100.8 feet (23.5 m × 30.7 m) lot which had been purchased the previous April. At that time, the structure was estimated to cost $350,000 ($5.6 million in 2024) after purchase of the land. [ 18 ] The cornerstone was laid on August 5. [ 20 ] By February 1918, when the building was almost finished up to the fourth floor, construction costs were said to have been $150,000 ($2.4 million in 2024), and the lot as being 60 by 100 feet (18 m × 30 m). Planned future work included the addition of the gymnasium, pool, baths, sleeping accommodations, as well as a banquet hall and associated kitchens and pantries. [ 21 ] A temporary certificate of occupancy was issued on March 1, 1918, noting that the remaining construction was to be completed within five years. The first services were held on March 22–23, 1918, and the building was officially dedicated on March 24. [ 16 ] : 236–238 The expansion to 10 stories was announced in July 1919, with six additional stories to be added at a cost of approximately $175,000 ($2.4 million in 2024). [ 19 ] Brooklyn Jewish Center The Brooklyn Jewish Center at 667 Eastern Parkway between New York and Brooklyn Avenues was built in 1922, designed by Abramson in collaboration with Margon & Glasser . Francis Morrone , an architectural historian , describes it as being a long building, suitable to the site: [ 22 ] The lower portion is fully rusticated, as are the end bays of the upper portion, creating exactly the kind of rhythm that is so necessary along a wide, long boulevard [...] As a building tailored to its location, it could hardly be improved. The lower portion is fully rusticated, as are the end bays of the upper portion, creating exactly the kind of rhythm that is so necessary along a wide, long boulevard [...] As a building tailored to its location, it could hardly be improved. Morrone compares the design to the nearby Bishop McDonnell Memorial High School, which he says similarly fits into the Eastern Parkway environment. [ 22 ] The building, which included a synagogue, gymnasium, catering facilities, classrooms, and a swimming pool, was built on 11 lots. [ 23 ] Young Israel of Flatbush Built in 1923, Abramson's Young Israel of Flatbush building at 1012 Avenue I in Brooklyn incorporated both Jewish and Moorish elements, using a Moorish revival style. [ 14 ] Architectural historian Anthony Robbins referred to this style of architecture, which originated in mid-19th century Europe, as "Semitic". According to Robbins, the style reflected a belief that the Moorish influences expressed Judaism's eastern cultural origins better than previous styles based on churches. This style was also used for contemporary Jewish buildings in Brooklyn by Shampan & Shampan in their 1920 Temple Beth-El of Borough Park at 4802 15th Avenue, and by Tobias Goldstone in his 1928 Kol Israel at 603 St. Johns Place. [ 14 ] The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. [ 24 ] : cover sheet Moorish details in Abramson's design included slender minarets , arches in both ogival and horseshoe styles, and polychromatic tile and brick. The Avenue I façade uses purple, red, and brown brick laid in irregular geometric patterns. In addition to these Moorish details are more traditional Jewish motifs including the Magen David (six-pointed star of David ) and Hebrew inscriptions. [ 14 ] An entrance vestibule and the synagogue office are on the first floor. The second floor includes a public space and classrooms. The main sanctuary on the third floor is two stories tall with large polychromatic leaded glass windows including both geometric patterns and the names of the twelve tribes from Jewish tradition to provide light. The basement was built as a gymnasium and in later years doubled as an auditorium. [ 24 ] : 4 Astoria Center of Israel Abramson designed the Astoria Center of Israel , a synagogue located at 27–35 Crescent Street in Astoria, Queens . The two-story building was built in 1925–1926 as a religious school and community center associated with the adjacent Congregation Mishkan Israel synagogue and continues to be used for its original purpose. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. It is two stories high with a façade of Flemish-bond striated red brick trimmed in cast stone designed to look like limestone, sitting on a masonry foundation . As with many American synagogues built in the 1920s, the design incorporates classical detailing along with Judaic symbols: the Magen David, a menorah , a kiddush cup , and hands in the traditional blessing gesture of the Kohanim . [ 25 ] 116 John Street In 1930, developer Julian Kovacs purchased adjacent lots at 1 Platt Street and 114 John Place in a sub-section of Manhattan's Financial District where many insurance companies have their offices. The lots totaled 11,000 square feet (1,000 m 2 ) with existing low-rise structures. Kovacs hired Abramson to design an office tower which was ultimately constructed as 116 John Street ; the Art Deco 35-story office building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Despite the stock market crash a year earlier, real estate development was ongoing in this area, Art Deco designs being popular, as an elegant expression of the Modernist style. Abramson's design included elements of Cubism and Futurism such as chevron patterns in the metal spandrels between the first and second stories, with setbacks as required by New York City's 1916 zoning code . [ 27 ] Shortly after construction began, a lawsuit was filed by the owners of the adjacent 111 John Street claiming that the setbacks were insufficient. Based on the width of the street, the suit claimed that the first setback should be at approximately 130 feet (40 m) instead of the planned 250 feet (76 m). The developers of 116 John Street claimed that the setbacks were appropriate based on proximity to the wider public space at Burling Slip. By this time, the foundation had already been completed, contracts for 90% of the required steel had already been issued, and several leases had been signed. The suit was dismissed on the basis that it had not been filed soon enough and the cost to correct the problem would be excessive, but the judge did comment that the law should be clarified to prevent future disputes of a similar nature. [ 27 ] A 1988 lawsuit during the construction of 108 East 96th Street cited similar concerns. [ 28 ] Restaurants Abramson designed two restaurants for Horn & Hardart in 1931, both Automats done in a modern style to meet Horn & Hardart's preference. [ 4 ] The first, at 155 West 33rd Street in midtown Manhattan , described by New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission historian Jay Shockley as "fanciful", [ 29 ] had a two-story façade finished in terra-cotta with abstract grillework, floral ornamentation, and indirect lighting. The interiors were relatively simple, but picked up many of these decorative elements. In a 1980 interview with Anthony Robbins, Abramson said he had not understood what the client was asking for, so he "simply designed what he liked". [ 4 ] The second, at 611 West 181st Street in Washington Heights , followed the design concept used by Charles Platt in his Horn & Hardart at 2710–2714 Broadway [ 29 ] and was described by Robbins as "one of the most extravagant of all New York's Automats". The interior was adorned with scenes of modern New York; of particular note were panels in the colored glass ceilings in which "the [recently constructed] Chrysler and Empire State Buildings [...] rose towards each other, their spires meeting electrically over a central schematic diagram of the Manhattan street grid ." [ 4 ] Starting in 1934, Abramson designed six restaurants for the Longchamps chain in collaboration with artist Winold Reiss . Abramson worked on the exteriors, with Reiss producing images related to New York City for the interiors. [ 4 ] American Architect and Architecture magazine wrote of the collaboration: [ 30 ] For the past two years the happily collaborative talents of an architect and a painter have resulted in better appearance and better business for a well-established chain of New York restaurants. Fairly standard in basic elements of form, each restaurant is decorated around a different theme. The most recent in this group uses as its central motif the historical contrasts of New York City. The façade, mainly of plate glass and satin-finished chromium, has its structural parts decorated with glass mosaics in blue, silver, and off-white. For the past two years the happily collaborative talents of an architect and a painter have resulted in better appearance and better business for a well-established chain of New York restaurants. Fairly standard in basic elements of form, each restaurant is decorated around a different theme. The most recent in this group uses as its central motif the historical contrasts of New York City. The façade, mainly of plate glass and satin-finished chromium, has its structural parts decorated with glass mosaics in blue, silver, and off-white. Abramson designed the Brass Rail restaurant at Idlewild Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport), located in the Temporary Terminal Building, a quonset hut type structure. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Jerry Spampanato of the Metro Airport News described it as "a restaurant ahead of its time", with the carving station visible as you entered the building. [ 31 ] World's Fair In collaboration with Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker , Abramson designed the Brass Rail concessions at the 1939 New York World's Fair . [ 1 ] There were several of these on the fair grounds, offering service at either a food bar or tables. [ 33 ] Although the Brass Rail design was successful, [ 1 ] not all of Abramson's designs were as well received. In 1936, he submitted a sketch to an design competition for the fair. The competition asked for building designs which could be used for applied arts exhibits, with limits on interior and exterior dimensions, to be sited with two other exhibit buildings grouped in a three-sided plot. In a review of the submissions, Pencil Points editor Kenneth Reid criticized Abramson's work, saying that it forced visitors to either retrace their steps in opposition to the overall traffic flow or make two passes through the gallery to see all the exhibits. Reid also said that Abramson tried too hard to make the design modern, resulting in simple elevations. [ 34 ] Riviera nightclub A 1937 commission was the Riviera nightclub in Fort Lee, New Jersey , built for entertainment entrepreneur Ben Marden. The club was atop the Palisades , with views of the Hudson River , the George Washington Bridge , and Manhattan. [ 4 ] Seating capacity was almost 1000 people. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Despite the engineering difficulties presented by the solid rock of the Palisades, and contrary to Abramson's advice, Marden insisted on the building having a full basement, requiring the use of dynamite to excavate a hole approximately 200 by 150 feet (61 m × 46 m) and 13 feet (4.0 m) deep, which was finished with reinforced concrete. [ 37 ] The basement was required for the mechanical and hydraulic equipment which operated a revolving stage and bandstand on the floor above. It also housed a large kitchen with extensive refrigerated storage space, a wine cellar, a barber shop, a massage parlor, and a tailor shop. [ 37 ] Construction costs were estimated at $250,000 ($4.3 million in 2024). [ 35 ] In Bill Miller's Riviera , Tom Austin and Ron Kase describe the main floor of the building as having been designed with a nautical theme, resembling the bridge of an ocean liner. [ 37 ] According to Anthony Robbins, Marden had wanted a traditional design based on George Washington 's home in Mount Vernon, Virginia , but Abramson didn't like this idea so designed a modern structure instead and hid the details from Marden until construction was too far along to do anything about it. [ 4 ] The exterior walls were reinforced block and concrete covered in stucco with the front at the edge of the Palisades cliff, and an Art Deco entrance at the rear, elevated five steps above a sweeping driveway. [ 37 ] The semi-circular building included unbroken expanses of glass to take advantage of the views, and the roof of the building could be opened to the sky on clear nights. [ 4 ] A year after the club opened, Abramson added a series of abstract murals widely attributed to Arshile Gorky . [ 4 ] Austin and Kase note that the oils, watercolors, and murals were actually done by Saul Schary , who shared Gorky's abstract style. Gorky had done some paintings for Marden's previous club, also called the Riviera, which was lost in a fire. Marden had asked Gorky to paint the murals for his new club, and Gorky produced some drawings, [ 37 ] but it was Schary who ultimately did the work. [ 38 ] The building was rumored to contain an illegal hidden gambling parlor. [ 39 ] According to Austin and Kase, those in on the secret would enter through a janitor's closet; a mechanism therein would retract a wall , exposing a winding staircase leading to another level of the building where the casino was located. [ 37 ] The club was closed in 1953 [ 40 ] and demolished in 1954 when the Palisades Interstate Parkway was built. [ 36 ] [ 35 ] Other buildings New Israel Hospital In 1919 (by which time he had acquired a reputation for designing hospital buildings) Abramson designed a four-story building for the Israel Hospital in Brooklyn, to be located on Tenth Avenue, occupying the entire 200-foot (61 m) block between 48th and 49th Streets. [ 41 ] With a capacity for 200 patients, [ 42 ] this building was to provide expansion space for the New Utrecht Dispensary (which later became Maimonides Medical Center ). [ 41 ] Construction cost was originally estimated in May 1919 to be about $250,000 ($3.4 million in 2024) [ 43 ] which grew to $400,000 ($5.4 million in 2024) by September of that year. [ 44 ] 210 West 78th Street Built in 1926, Abramson designed a nine-story apartment building at 210 West 78th Street. The building was in the Tudor style , with a façade of irregular brick with stucco panels framed by wooden strips and a roof featuring peaked gables. [ 45 ] It was built at a time when Manhattan's West Side was undergoing extensive development and replaced houses previously numbered 206–212. The previous year, Schwartz & Gross had designed another nine-story building facing it across the street at number 215, which similarly replaced houses at 211–217. Both of these buildings were set back 5 feet (1.5 m) from the standard building line, complying with a covenant dating back to 1887. [ 45 ] Harlem branch library In 1941, Abramson designed an Art Moderne addition to 103 West 135th Street, which at the time was known as the West 135th Street branch [ 46 ] [ 47 ] or Harlem branch of the New York Public Library . [ 48 ] This doubled the size of the original 1905 McKim, Mead & White building, extending it to 104 West 136th Street, occupying the site of two townhouses previously owned by Madam C. J. Walker . The cornerstone was laid on October 28, 1941, with construction expected to be completed in early 1942 at a cost of approximately $200,000 ($3.3 million in 2024). [ 46 ] [ 49 ] As of 2024 [update] this is known as the Countee Cullen Library, honoring American writer Countee Cullen , and is part of the larger Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture , which was designated a New York City landmark in 1981. [ 46 ] [ 50 ] As well as the usual library spaces such as book stacks and reading rooms, the design included a lecture hall for community events, an art gallery on the mezzanine floor, and a dedicated acoustically corrected room for listening to the library's music collection. The modern style with lack of adornment was intended to entice people into the building; in a 1946 review, Abramson wrote "The exterior was conceived to express the building's function in terms of stark simplicity, to the end that it might allay shyness and dispel reluctance to enter the building". [ 48 ] Personal residence Abramson bought a property on Indian Hill Road in Yorktown, New York , in 1945 for his personal use as a country retreat. The property came with an undistinguished Cape Cod –style house, which he incrementally expanded to include stone walls, stairways, and porches to provide better views of the surrounding area. Abramson sold the property in 1984. In 2017, the house was listed as a Home of Historic Distinction by the Yorktown Landmarks Preservation Commission. [ 51 ] Later life Abramson retired in 1973. [ 1 ] He was described in that year as still being active at the age of 84, tall, well-built, and giving the appearance of being in his 50s. [ 13 ] He died on January 15, 1985, at St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center in Manhattan at the age of 97. He is survived by his wife Pearl and two daughters, Anita Claire from Coconut Creek, Florida, and Judith Abramson of Manhattan as well as two grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. [ 1 ] References ^ a b c d e f .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Louis A. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2024 . Retrieved November 12, 2024 . ^ a b Spampanato, Jerry (April 17, 2024). "Before JFK, There Was Idlewild" . Metropolitan Airport News . Archived from the original on December 29, 2024 . Retrieved December 22, 2024 . ^ Abramson, Louis Allen (Spring 2018). "Art Deco Automats in 1930: An Interview with Louis Allen Abramson" . Journal of the Art Deco Society of New York (Interview). Interviewed by Anthony W. Robins. pp. 7– 9. Archived from the original on November 12, 2024 . Retrieved November 12, 2024 . ^ "Food Price Trend High at Fair" . The New York Times . May 3, 1939. p. 16 . Retrieved August 6, 2025 . ^ Reid, Kenneth (December 1936). "World's Fair Competition" (PDF) . Pencil Points : 653– 677. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2025. ^ a b c Klara, Robert (May 1995). "Exit Ramp: The Riviera of Dreams" (PDF) . New Jersey Monthly . pp. 114– 116. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2024 . Retrieved March 6, 2025 . ^ a b "Riviera, at Top of Coin-Making Career, Fades Away, Victim of New Highway" . Variety . October 7, 1953. pp. 2, 70. ^ a b c d e f Austin, Tom; Kase, Ron (2011). Bill Miller's Riviera: America's Showplace in Fort Lee, New Jersey . Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press . pp. 40– 46. ISBN 978-1-60949-456-8 . ^ "Saul Schary, Illustrator and Daniel Group Painter" . The New York Times . May 31, 1978. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018 . Retrieved March 26, 2025 . ^ Nelson, Eric (January 2006). "Remembering "America's Showplace" " . Palisades Interstate Park in New Jersey . Palisades Interstate Park Commission. Archived from the original on May 23, 2025 . Retrieved March 26, 2025 . ^ Kelley, Tina (December 12, 2002). "Bill Miller, 98, an Impresario in the Golden Age of Las Vegas" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11, 2023 . Retrieved March 6, 2025 . ^ a b "To Start Work Next Week on New Israel Hospital" . Times Union . Brooklyn. May 11, 1919. p. 12 . Retrieved November 10, 2024 . ^ "Break Ground this Afternoon for New Israel Hospital" . The Brooklyn Daily Times . May 18, 1919. p. 4. Archived from the original on November 11, 2024 . Retrieved November 10, 2024 . ^ "New Israel Hospital" . Brooklyn Eagle . September 28, 1919. p. 6. Archived from the original on November 11, 2024 . Retrieved November 10, 2024 . ^ "Israel Hospital Plans Raise Cost to $400,000" . September 28, 1919. Archived from the original on November 11, 2024 . Retrieved November 10, 2024 . ^ a b Gray, Christopher (October 5, 1997). "78th Street Between Amsterdam Avenue and Broadway; 1887 Property Restriction Gives Block a Rare Charm" . The New York Times . p. 5 (section 9). Archived from the original on December 28, 2017 . Retrieved December 12, 2024 . ^ a b c "About the Countee Cullen Library" . The New York Public Library . Archived from the original on March 21, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2024 . ^ "Virtual Tour of Malcolm X Boulevard" (PDF) (pdf). New York City Department of City Planning. Site 51: Countee Cullen Branch, New York Public Library. ^ a b "Harlem Branch, N. Y. Public Library" (PDF) . Pencil Points : 56– 59. August 1946. ^ "Cornerstone for Extension to 135th Street Branch Public Library" . The New York Age . November 1, 1941. p. 1 . Retrieved December 13, 2024 . ^ "Manhattan Carnegie Library, Schomburg Collection for Research in Black Culture" . Historic Districts Council . June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on December 19, 2024 . Retrieved December 12, 2024 . ^ "Home of architect Louis A. Abramson" (PDF) . Yorktown News . April 27, 2017. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2024 . Retrieved November 10, 2024 . Further reading Scarr, Cindy (November 30, 2021). "When Zaidy Was No Longer Young: The Story of the Home of the Daughters of Jacob –" . Mishpacha . Retrieved November 11, 2024 . "Louis A. Abramson's 1926 210 West 78th Street" . daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com . June 22, 2021 . Retrieved December 12, 2024 . 210 West 78th Street "The Jewish Center – 131 West 86th Street" . daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com . May 2, 2023 . Retrieved December 29, 2024 . "Louis Allen Abramson" . New York Streets: Jews in Monuments and Names (in Russian). "Museum of the City of New York – New York World's Fair 1939" . collections.mcny.org . Retrieved December 22, 2024 . 1887 births 1985 deaths Architects from New York City 20th-century American architects Cooper Union alumni CS1: long volume value Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Use American English from March 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2026 Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:15 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Critical reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Last Chance Harvey العربية Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Last Chance Harvey Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Hopkins Written by Joel Hopkins Produced by Tim Perell Nicola Usborne Starring Dustin Hoffman Emma Thompson Kathy Baker James Brolin Cinematography John de Borman Edited by Robin Sales Music by Dickon Hinchliffe Distributed by Overture Films (United States) Paramount Vantage (International) [ 1 ] Release date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} December 25, 2008 ( 2008-12-25 ) December 25, 2008 ( 2008-12-25 ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5 million [ 2 ] Box office $32.5 million [ 3 ] Last Chance Harvey is a 2008 American romantic drama film written and directed by Joel Hopkins . The screenplay focuses on two lonely people who tentatively forge a relationship during two days. Dustin Hoffman plays the title character, Harvey Shine, an American television commercial jingles composer who travels to England for his estranged daughter's wedding and promptly loses his job. Emma Thompson plays an airport hospitality worker with a jaundiced view of relationships. Plot Divorced American Harvey Shine writes television commercial jingles despite being a jazz pianist and composer . As he departs for his daughter Susan's wedding in London , his job is tenuous. On arrival at Heathrow Airport , he encounters single Londoner Kate Walker, who collects statistics from passengers as they pass through the terminals. Harvey brusquely dismisses her, for he is eager to get to his hotel. At the hotel, Harvey finds he is the only wedding guest booked there, as the house his ex-wife Jean has rented is for all the US guests, except him. At the rehearsal dinner, Harvey is clearly an outsider to his daughter's life, and is excluded from Jean's new husband Brian's clan. Their insincere politeness makes him uncomfortable. Harvey tells Susan that he can attend the ceremony but not the reception, for he has to urgently return to the States. She replies that, as Brian has been more of a father to her recently than he, she prefers that Brian walk her down the aisle. Meanwhile, Kate is on an unsuccessful blind date . After a call from her neurotic mother, Maggie, she returns to the table to find her date has invited some of his friends to join them. Feeling excluded, she goes home. The next morning, Harvey is slighted when he is seated at the back of the church, rather than near his daughter. He leaves for the airport immediately after the ceremony, but heavy London traffic causes him to miss his flight. Calling his boss about the delay, he is fired. Drinking in the airport bar, he recognizes Kate from the day before. He apologizes for his rude behavior, and she initially resists his attention. Soon, they are both glad to finally have an honest, genuine conversation. Harvey does not want to stay in an airport hotel, so he follows Kate, joining her on the train to Paddington station . He walks with her to her writing class on the South Bank . Kate is pleased when he meets her afterwards. As they stroll along the River Thames , Harvey mentions he is missing the wedding reception, and Kate urges him to go. Harvey relents, but only if Kate accompanies him. Insisting she is not properly dressed, Harvey buys her a dress. At the Grosvenor House Hotel , they are welcomed by Susan and placed at the children's table, the only seats still available. When the "father of the bride" is called to make a toast , Brian starts to speak, but Harvey interrupts, for he is her biological father. His touching, eloquent speech redeems him with Susan, and endears him to Kate. After the couple's first dance as husband and wife, the groom calls Harvey to dance with Susan. He happily does so; and everyone joins them on the dance floor. As Harvey is enjoying himself, Kate is left alone at the children's table. Feeling out of place and seemingly forgotten, Kate quietly leaves, but Harvey realizes she has gone. Harvey sees her at the elevator, ducks into a nearby room, and begins to softly play jazz. Hearing the music, Kate finds Harvey smiling and waiting for her. He asks her to return to the reception so he can "dance her socks off". She agrees, and they have a great time. Afterwards, they walk and talk through London until dawn. On parting, they exchange a single, gentle kiss, agreeing to meet at noon that day. Back at his hotel, Harvey has serious heart palpitations after faulty lifts force him to use the stairs. In the hospital, he is forced to stay for treatment and misses the appointment with Kate, who turns up and waits for him. When Harvey is discharged the next day, his boss calls and asks him to return immediately, for they've been unable to handle an important account without him. He declines, preferring to stay to try to make amends with Kate. He calls Kate at work to explain, but she refuses to take the call. He looks for her at the airport, and finally tracks her down at her writing class. Explaining why he missed their rendezvous, he says he wants them to pursue a relationship. Fearing emotional pain, she resists, but finally agrees to try. As they stroll along the South Bank, Harvey suggests she ask him the questions she originally had for him at the airport. When she asks him for his place of residence, he says it is "in transition". Cast Dustin Hoffman as Harvey Shine Emma Thompson as Kate Walker Eileen Atkins as Maggie Walker Kathy Baker as Jean James Brolin as Brian Liane Balaban as Susan Shine Daniel Lapaine as Scott Wright Richard Schiff as Marvin Dennis Gimes as Bus Driver Adam Astill as Businessman Bronagh Gallagher as Oonagh Production According to interviews with stars Emma Thompson and Dustin Hoffman in An Unconventional Love Story: The Making of Last Chance Harvey , a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, the two had wanted to collaborate again since working together in Stranger Than Fiction in 2006. When screenwriter and director Joel Hopkins approached her with the script, Thompson suggested he tailor it to accommodate Hoffman, who agreed to portray Harvey if Hopkins would allow his actors the leeway to improvise some of their scenes. Hopkins complied, and several of Harvey and Kate's conversations were ad-libbed while keeping within the dictates of the plot. London locations in the film include Willesden Green , Belsize Park , Green Park , Maida Vale , the Millennium Dome on the Greenwich peninsula , the east Golden Jubilee Bridge , the Royal National Theatre at Southbank Centre , Paddington station , Somerset House , St. John's Wood , Waterloo Bridge and Heathrow Airport in Greater London . Critical reception The film received mainly positive reviews, and has a 72% rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 153 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads, " Last Chance Harvey is an above-average story that graduates to potent romantic drama based on the chemistry and charm of its top-notch performers." [ 4 ] The film has a Metacritic score of 57 out of 100, based on 27 reviews. [ 5 ] Manohla Dargis , film critic for The New York Times , admitted, "There's something irresistible about watching two people fall in love, even in contrived, sniffle- and sometimes gag-inducing films like Last Chance Harvey. I reluctantly gave in to this imperfect movie, despite the cornball dialogue, pedestrian filmmaking, some wincing physical comedy and Mr. Hoffman’s habit of trying to win the audience over by simply staring at the camera with a hapless deadpan that says: Look at me, I’m still cute as a button, still cute as Benjamin in The Graduate , and I’m still kind of lost and still very much in need of your love." [ 6 ] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called the film a "tremendously appealing love story surrounded by a movie not worthy of it. For Dustin Hoffman, it provides a rare chance to play an ordinary guy. For Emma Thompson, there is an opportunity to use her gifts for tact and insecurity. When Last Chance Harvey gets out of their way and leaves them alone to relate with each other, it's sort of magical. Then the lumber of the plot apparatus is trundled on, and we wish it were a piece for two players... [W]hat's good is very good... Pitch perfect. But then the dialogue fades down, and the camera pulls back and shows them talking and smiling freely, and the music gets happier, and there is a montage showing them walking about London with lots and lots of scenery in the frame. Last Chance Harvey has everything it needs but won't stop there. It needs the nerve to push all the way. It is a pleasure to look upon the faces of Hoffman and Thompson, so pleasant, so real. Their dialogue together finds the right notes for crossing an emotional minefield. They never descend into tear-jerking or cuteness. They are all grown up and don't trust love nearly as much as straight talk. Hopkins deserves credit for creating these characters. Then he should have stood back and let them keep right on talking. Their pillow talk would have been spellbinding." [ 7 ] According to film reviewer Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle , "One's enjoyment of Last Chance Harvey will depend on how suitable one considers the pairing of these characters and how felicitous one considers the pairing of these performers. The latter is most important, because if you enjoy Hoffman and Thompson together, you might be able to overlook the ghastly prospect of poor Kate's throwing her life away on this guy. To be sure, Thompson and Hoffman are watchable and engaging, and that counts for something. But they don't look right as a couple, and each is more interesting in his or her scenes apart than they are together." [ 8 ] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film B−, calling it "a losers-in-love comedy with no big surprises, but in the age of Internet dating, the prospect of two strangers trying this valiantly to connect in public carries a dash of romantic heroism... These two deserved the intimate incandescence of their own Before Sunrise , rather than the slightly generic sentimentality of a cross-Atlantic Marty . But Hoffman and Thompson are each good enough to bring out a glow in the other." [ 9 ] Marjorie Baumgarten of the Austin Chronicle said, "With its thin plot and its title character an American abroad in London, Last Chance Harvey comes across as something like a Before Sunrise for the less-than-nubile set. Were that writer/director Hopkins' dialogue and visualization as scintillating as Richard Linklater 's is in his Sunrise / Sunset romances. Of course, the combined acting brilliance of Hoffman and Thompson could elevate the hoariest of clichés and turn almost anything they touch golden – and that is most often the case with Last Chance Harvey . But no one's skills can transcend the kooky banality of a trying-on-dresses montage or burnish the somewhat creepy way in which Harvey first comes on to Kate. Still, these two prove a pleasure to watch, and their conversations are realistic troves of give and take. ...Middle-aged romances are, sadly, hard to find on the silver screen, so it's with some hesitation I pronounce Last Chance Harvey not up to snuff. Yet if we are to see any more romances starring characters old enough to have witnessed both Hoffman and Thompson winning Oscars, it's our responsibility to go out and support this one." [ 10 ] Claudia Puig of USA Today noted, "The film's biggest asset is the pitch-perfect performances of the two stars. They have a gentle rapport that unfolds convincingly after some initial testiness. It takes two consummate actors to make quickly escalating chemistry feel so natural. We find ourselves heartily rooting for them. Hoffman and Thompson rise above the sometimes obvious story arc, and the result is a surprisingly tender and appealing love story." [ 11 ] Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out New York rated the film three stars out of five, and commented, "If anything can be said to be wrong with so benign an affair, it’s simply that Last Chance Harvey doesn’t feel much like cinema. Little excites the material visually; the film’s dully lensed Blighty lends nothing to the drama. But to watch Hoffman and Thompson work the lines is to witness two extremely unlikely stars recapture the essence of their appeal: The tiny neurotic is suddenly Romeo again, while the cool Brit melts in the light of affection. For some, that will be enough." [ 12 ] Awards and nominations Dustin Hoffman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , but lost to Colin Farrell for In Bruges . Emma Thompson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , but lost to Sally Hawkins for Happy-Go-Lucky . Home media Anchor Bay Entertainment released the film on a two-disc DVD set May 5, 2009. On the first disc, the film is presented in an anamorphic widescreen format, with an audio track in English, and subtitles in English and Spanish. Bonus features include commentary with Joel Hopkins, Dustin Hoffman and Emma Thompson, the featurette An Unconventional Love Story: The Making of Last Chance Harvey , and the theatrical trailer. The second disc presents the film in fullscreen format. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Goodridge, Mike (10 November 2008). "Last Chance Harvey" . Screen International . Retrieved 4 November 2021 . ^ "Last Chance Harvey (2008)" . The Wrap . Archived from the original on December 3, 2016 . Retrieved December 2, 2016 . ^ BoxOfficeMojo.com ^ "Last Chance Harvey | Rotten Tomatoes" . www.rottentomatoes.com . 2009-01-16 . Retrieved 2025-04-08 . ^ "Metacritic.com" . Archived from the original on 2009-03-04 . Retrieved 2009-08-14 . ^ Dargis, Manohla (December 24, 2008). "The Clock You Hear? It's Not Big Ben, Buddy" . The New York Times . Retrieved August 14, 2009 . ^ Ebert, Roger (January 14, 2009). "Last Chance Harvey Movie Review" . Chicago Sun-Times . Sun-Times Media Group . Retrieved August 14, 2009 . ^ LaSalle, Mick (January 16, 2009). "Movie review: 'Last Chance Harvey' " . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved August 14, 2009 . ^ Gleiberman, Owen (January 12, 2009). " Last Chance Harvey " . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009 . Retrieved August 14, 2009 . ^ Austin Chronicle review ^ Puig, Claudia (December 24, 2008). " 'Last Chance Harvey' is a risk well worth taking" . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 14, 2009 . ^ Rothkopf, Joshua (December 31, 2008). "Last Chance Harvey Review" . Time Out . New York: Time Out Group . Archived from the original on January 4, 2009 . Retrieved August 14, 2009 . External links Last Chance Harvey at IMDb Last Chance Harvey at Rotten Tomatoes .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Films directed by Joel Hopkins v t e Jump Tomorrow (2001) Last Chance Harvey (2008) The Love Punch (2013) Hampstead (2017) Jump Tomorrow (2001) Last Chance Harvey (2008) The Love Punch (2013) Hampstead (2017) v t e AARP Movies for Grownups Award for Best Grownup Love Story v t e 2000s Albert Finney and Vanessa Redgrave – The Gathering Storm (2002) Jack Nicholson and Diane Keaton – Something's Gotta Give (2003) James Garner and Gena Rowlands – The Notebook (2004) Craig T. Nelson and Diane Keaton – The Family Stone (2005) Tom Wilkinson and Blythe Danner – The Last Kiss (2006) John Travolta and Christopher Walken – Hairspray (2007) Dustin Hoffman and Emma Thompson – Last Chance Harvey (2008) Stanley Tucci and Meryl Streep – Julie & Julia (2009) Albert Finney and Vanessa Redgrave – The Gathering Storm (2002) Jack Nicholson and Diane Keaton – Something's Gotta Give (2003) James Garner and Gena Rowlands – The Notebook (2004) Craig T. Nelson and Diane Keaton – The Family Stone (2005) Tom Wilkinson and Blythe Danner – The Last Kiss (2006) John Travolta and Christopher Walken – Hairspray (2007) Dustin Hoffman and Emma Thompson – Last Chance Harvey (2008) Stanley Tucci and Meryl Streep – Julie & Julia (2009) 2010s Annette Bening and Julianne Moore – The Kids Are All Right (2010) Jim Broadbent and Meryl Streep – The Iron Lady (2011) Anthony Hopkins and Helen Mirren – Hitchcock (2012) James Gandolfini and Julia Louis-Dreyfus – Enough Said (2013) John Lithgow and Alfred Molina – Love Is Strange (2014) Morgan Freeman and Diane Keaton – 5 Flights Up (2015) Richard Jenkins and Margo Martindale – The Hollars (2016) Hugh Jackman and Michelle Williams – The Greatest Showman (2017) Robert Forster and Blythe Danner – What They Had (2018) No Award (2019) Annette Bening and Julianne Moore – The Kids Are All Right (2010) Jim Broadbent and Meryl Streep – The Iron Lady (2011) Anthony Hopkins and Helen Mirren – Hitchcock (2012) James Gandolfini and Julia Louis-Dreyfus – Enough Said (2013) John Lithgow and Alfred Molina – Love Is Strange (2014) Morgan Freeman and Diane Keaton – 5 Flights Up (2015) Richard Jenkins and Margo Martindale – The Hollars (2016) Hugh Jackman and Michelle Williams – The Greatest Showman (2017) Robert Forster and Blythe Danner – What They Had (2018) No Award (2019) 2020s Colin Firth and Stanley Tucci – Supernova (2020) Peter Dinklage and Haley Bennett – Cyrano (2021) Daryl McCormack and Emma Thompson – Good Luck to You, Leo Grande (2022) Colin Firth and Stanley Tucci – Supernova (2020) Peter Dinklage and Haley Bennett – Cyrano (2021) Daryl McCormack and Emma Thompson – Good Luck to You, Leo Grande (2022) 2008 films 2008 romantic drama films 2008 American films 2000s English-language films English-language romantic drama films American romantic drama films Films scored by Dickon Hinchliffe Films set in London Overture Films films Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Template film date with 1 release date Commons category link from Wikidata Rotten Tomatoes ID same as Wikidata Rotten Tomatoes template using name parameter This page was last edited on 28 December 2025, at 15:57 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Description 2 Attack Toggle Attack subsection 2.1 Defensive response 2.1 Defensive response 3 Attribution 4 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 4.1 Affected organisations 4.1 Affected organisations 5 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 5.1 United Kingdom 5.1 United Kingdom 6 See also 7 References 8 External links WannaCry ransomware attack Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Lombard Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item WannaCry Screenshot of the ransom note left on an infected system Malware details Technical name WORM_WCRY.[letter] (Trend Micro) Win32/Exploit.CVE-2017-0147.[letter] (ESET-NOD32) Ransom:Win32/WannaCrypt (Microsoft) Ransom.Wannacry (Symantec) Trojan.Ransom.WannaCryptor.[letter] (BitDefender) W32/Wanna.D!tr (Fortinet) WORM_WCRY.[letter] (Trend Micro) Win32/Exploit.CVE-2017-0147.[letter] (ESET-NOD32) Ransom:Win32/WannaCrypt (Microsoft) Ransom.Wannacry (Symantec) Trojan.Ransom.WannaCryptor.[letter] (BitDefender) W32/Wanna.D!tr (Fortinet) Aliass Transformations: Wanna → Wana Cryptor → Crypt0r Cryptor → Decryptor Cryptor → Crypt → Cry Addition of "2.0" Short names: Wanna → WN → W Cry → CRY Wanna → Wana Cryptor → Crypt0r Cryptor → Decryptor Cryptor → Crypt → Cry Addition of "2.0" Short names: Wanna → WN → W Cry → CRY Type Worm Subtype Ransomware Origin Pyongyang , North Korea (unconfirmed) Cyberattack event Date 12 May 2017 – 15 May 2017 (initial outbreak) Location Worldwide Theme Ransomware encrypting files with US$300–600 demand (via Bitcoin ) Outcome 300,000+ computers infected [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Losses Up to US$4 billion Suspect Lazarus Group Convicted None Technical details Platform Microsoft Windows Filename mssecsvc.exe Size 3.64 MB Ports used Server Message Block Abused exploits CVE-2017-0145 Written in Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 The WannaCry ransomware attack was a worldwide cyberattack in May 2017 by the WannaCry ransomware cryptoworm , which targeted computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system by encrypting data and demanding ransom payments in the form of bitcoin cryptocurrency . [ 4 ] It was propagated using EternalBlue , an exploit developed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) for Microsoft Windows systems. EternalBlue was stolen and leaked by a group called The Shadow Brokers (TSB) a month prior to the attack. While Microsoft had released patches previously to close the exploit , much of WannaCry's spread was from organizations that had not applied these patches, or were using older Windows systems that were past their end of life . These patches were imperative to cyber security, but many organizations did not apply them, citing a need for 24/7 operation, the risk of formerly working applications breaking because of the changes, lack of personnel or time to install them, or other reasons. The attack began at 07:44 UTC on 12 May 2017 and was halted a few hours later at 15:03 UTC by the registration of a kill switch discovered by Marcus Hutchins . The kill switch prevented already infected computers from being encrypted or further spreading WannaCry. [ 5 ] The attack was estimated to have affected more than 300,000 computers [ 6 ] across 150 countries, [ 6 ] with total damages ranging from hundreds of millions to billions of dollars . At the time, security experts believed from preliminary evaluation of the worm that the attack originated from North Korea or agencies working for the country. In December 2017, the United States and United Kingdom formally asserted that North Korea was behind the attack, although North Korea has denied any involvement with the attack. [ 7 ] A new variant of WannaCry forced Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) to temporarily shut down several of its chip-fabrication factories in August 2018. The worm spread onto 10,000 machines in TSMC's most advanced facilities. [ 8 ] Description WannaCry is a ransomware crypto worm , which targets computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system by encrypting (locking) data and demanding ransom payments in the Bitcoin cryptocurrency . The worm is also known as WannaCrypt, [ 9 ] Wana Decrypt0r 2.0, [ 10 ] WanaCrypt0r 2.0, [ 11 ] and Wanna Decryptor. [ 12 ] It is considered a network worm because it also includes a transport mechanism to automatically spread itself. This transport code scans for vulnerable systems, then uses the EternalBlue exploit to gain access, and the DoublePulsar tool to install and execute a copy of itself. [ 13 ] WannaCry versions 0, 1 and 2 were created using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 . [ 14 ] EternalBlue is an exploit of Microsoft's implementation of their Server Message Block (SMB) protocol released by The Shadow Brokers . Much of the attention and comment around the event was occasioned by the fact that the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) (from whom the exploit was likely stolen) had already discovered the vulnerability, but used it to create an exploit for its own offensive work , rather than report it to Microsoft. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Microsoft eventually discovered the vulnerability, and on Tuesday , 14 March 2017, they issued security bulletin MS17-010, which detailed the flaw and announced that patches had been released for all Windows versions that were currently supported at that time, these being Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8.1 , Windows 10 , Windows Server 2008 , Windows Server 2008 R2 , Windows Server 2012 , Windows Server 2012 R2 , and Windows Server 2016 . [ 17 ] DoublePulsar is a backdoor tool, also released by The Shadow Brokers on 14 April 2017. Starting from 21 April 2017, security researchers reported that there were tens of thousands of computers with the DoublePulsar backdoor installed. [ 18 ] By 25 April, reports estimated that the number of infected computers could be up to several hundred thousand, with numbers increasing every day. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The WannaCry code can take advantage of any existing DoublePulsar infection, or installs it itself. [ 13 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] On 9 May 2017, private cybersecurity company RiskSense released code on GitHub with the stated purpose of allowing legal white hat penetration testers to test the CVE-2017-0144 exploit on unpatched systems. [ 23 ] When executed, the WannaCry malware first checks the kill switch domain name (iuqerfsodp9ifjaposdfjhgosurijfaewrwergwea.com); if it is not found, then the ransomware encrypts the computer's data, [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] then attempts to exploit the SMB vulnerability to spread out to random computers on the Internet, [ 27 ] and laterally to computers on the same network. [ 28 ] On the local system, the WannaCry executable file extracts and installs binary and configuration files from its resource section. It also hides the extracted directory, modifies security descriptors, creates an encryption key, deletes shadow copies, and so on. As with other modern ransomware, the payload displays a message informing the user that their files have been encrypted, and demands a payment of around US$300 in bitcoin within three days, or US$600 within seven days, [ 25 ] [ 29 ] warning that "you have not so enough time. [ sic ]" Three hardcoded bitcoin addresses, or wallets, are used to receive the payments of victims. As with all such wallets, their transactions and balances are publicly accessible even though the cryptocurrency wallet owners remain unknown. [ 30 ] Several organizations released detailed technical write-ups of the malware, including a senior security analyst at RiskSense, [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Microsoft , [ 33 ] Cisco , [ 13 ] Malwarebytes , [ 27 ] Symantec , and McAfee . [ 28 ] Attack The attack began on Friday, 12 May 2017, [ 34 ] [ 35 ] with evidence pointing to an initial infection in Asia at 07:44 UTC. [ 34 ] [ 36 ] The initial infection was likely through an exposed vulnerable SMB port, [ 37 ] rather than email phishing as initially assumed. [ 34 ] Within a day the code was reported to have infected more than 230,000 computers in over 150 countries. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Organizations that had not installed Microsoft's security update from March were affected by the attack. [ 40 ] Those still running unsupported versions of Microsoft Windows , such as Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 [ 41 ] [ 42 ] were at particularly high risk because no security patches had been released since April 2014 for Windows XP and July 2015 for Windows Server 2003. [ 9 ] A Kaspersky Lab study reported, however, that less than 0.1 percent of the affected computers were running Windows XP, and that 98 percent of the affected computers were running Windows 7. [ 9 ] [ 43 ] In a controlled testing environment, the cybersecurity firm Kryptos Logic found that it was unable to infect a Windows XP system with WannaCry using just the exploits, as the payload failed to load, or caused the operating system to crash rather than actually execute and encrypt files. However, when executed manually, WannaCry could still operate on Windows XP. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Defensive response Experts quickly advised affected users against paying the ransom due to no reports of people getting their data back after payment and as high revenues would encourage more of such campaigns. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] As of 14 June 2017, after the attack had subsided, a total of 327 payments totaling US$130,634.77 (51.62396539 BTC) had been transferred (worth approximately US$6,027,738.10 as of 15 July 2025). [ 50 ] The day after the initial attack in May, Microsoft released out-of-band security updates for end-of-life products Windows XP , Windows Server 2003 and Windows 8 ; these patches had been created in February, but were previously only available to those who paid for a custom support plan. [ 42 ] [ 51 ] Organizations were advised to patch Windows and plug the vulnerability in order to protect themselves from the cyber attack. [ 52 ] The head of Microsoft's Cyber Defense Operations Center, Adrienne Hall, said that "Due to the elevated risk for destructive cyber-attacks at this time, we made the decision to take this action because applying these updates provides further protection against potential attacks with characteristics similar to WannaCrypt [alternative name to WannaCry]". [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Researcher Marcus Hutchins [ 55 ] [ 56 ] discovered the kill switch domain hardcoded in the malware. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Registering a domain name for a DNS sinkhole stopped the attack spreading as a worm, because the ransomware only encrypted the computer's files if it was unable to connect to that domain, which all computers infected with WannaCry before the website's registration had been unable to do. While this did not help already infected systems, it severely slowed the spread of the initial infection and gave time for defensive measures to be deployed worldwide, particularly in North America and Asia, which had not been attacked to the same extent as elsewhere. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] On 14 May, a first variant of WannaCry appeared with a new and second [ 65 ] kill-switch registered by Matt Suiche on the same day. This was followed by a second variant with the third and last kill-switch on 15 May, which was registered by Check Point threat intelligence analysts. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] A few days later, a new version of WannaCry was detected that lacked the kill switch altogether. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On 19 May, it was reported that hackers were trying to use a Mirai botnet variant to effect a distributed denial-of-service attack on WannaCry's kill-switch domain with the intention of knocking it offline. [ 72 ] On 22 May, Hutchins protected the domain by switching to a cached version of the site, capable of dealing with much higher traffic loads than the live site. [ 73 ] Separately, researchers from University College London and Boston University reported that their PayBreak system could defeat WannaCry and several other families of ransomware by recovering the keys used to encrypt the user's data. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] It was discovered that Windows encryption APIs used by WannaCry may not completely clear the prime numbers used to generate the payload's private keys from the memory, making it potentially possible to retrieve the required key if they had not yet been overwritten or cleared from resident memory. The key is kept in the memory if the WannaCry process has not been killed and the computer has not been rebooted after being infected. [ 76 ] This behaviour was used by a French researcher to develop a tool known as WannaKey, which automates this process on Windows XP systems. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] This approach was iterated upon by a second tool known as Wanakiwi, which was tested to work on Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 as well. [ 80 ] Within four days of the initial outbreak, new infections had slowed to a trickle due to these responses. [ 81 ] Attribution Linguistic analysis of the ransom notes suggested the authors were likely fluent in Chinese and proficient in English, as the versions of the notes in those languages appeared to be human-written while the rest seemed to be machine-translated . [ 82 ] [ 83 ] According to an analysis by the FBI's Cyber Behavioral Analysis Center, the computer that created the ransomware language files had Hangul language fonts installed, as indicated by the presence of the "\fcharset129" Rich Text Format tag. [ 14 ] Metadata in the language files also showed that the computers used to create the ransomware were set to UTC+09:00 , a time zone used in Korea . [ 14 ] A security researcher [ 84 ] [ 85 ] initially posted a tweet [ 86 ] referencing code similarities between WannaCry and previous malware. The cybersecurity companies [ 87 ] Kaspersky Lab and Symantec stated that the code shares some similarities with malware previously used by the Lazarus Group , [ 88 ] which has been linked to North Korea and is believed to have carried out the cyberattack on Sony Pictures in 2014 and a Bangladesh bank heist in 2016. [ 88 ] However, these similarities could result from either code reuse by another group [ 89 ] or an attempt to misattribute responsibility—as in a cyber false flag operation. [ 88 ] A leaked internal NSA memo is also alleged to have linked the creation of the worm to North Korea. [ 90 ] Brad Smith , the president of Microsoft, stated he believed North Korea was behind the WannaCry attack, [ 91 ] and the UK's National Cyber Security Centre reached the same conclusion. [ 92 ] On 18 December 2017, the United States Government formally announced that it considers North Korea to be the main culprit behind the WannaCry attack. [ 93 ] President Donald Trump 's Homeland Security Advisor , Tom Bossert , wrote an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal stating, "We do not make this allegation lightly. It is based on evidence." [ 94 ] In a press conference the following day, Bossert stated that the evidence indicated that Kim Jong-un had given the order to launch the malware attack. [ 95 ] Bossert stated that Canada, New Zealand, and Japan agreed with the United States' assessment of the evidence linking the attack to North Korea, [ 96 ] while the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office expressed support for the United States' assertion. [ 97 ] North Korea denied responsibility for the cyberattack. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] On 6 September 2018, the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) announced formal charges against Park Jin-hyok for his alleged involvement in the Sony Pictures hack of 2014. The DoJ stated that Park was a North Korean hacker working as part of a team affiliated with the North Korean Reconnaissance General Bureau . The Department of Justice further claimed this team was also involved in the WannaCry attack, among other activities. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Impact The ransomware campaign was unprecedented in scale according to Europol , [ 38 ] which estimates that around 200,000 computers were infected across 150 countries. According to Kaspersky Lab , the four most affected countries were Russia , Ukraine , India and Taiwan . [ 103 ] One of the largest agencies struck by the attack was the National Health Service hospitals in England and Scotland, [ 104 ] [ 105 ] and up to 70,000 devices—including computers, MRI scanners , blood-storage refrigerators and theatre equipment—may have been affected. [ 106 ] On 12 May, some NHS services had to turn away non-critical emergencies, and some ambulances were diverted. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] In 2016, thousands of computers in 42 separate NHS trusts in England were reported to be still running Windows XP. [ 41 ] In 2018 a report by Members of Parliament concluded that all 200 NHS hospitals or other organisations checked in the wake of the WannaCry attack still failed cybersecurity checks. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] NHS hospitals in Wales and Northern Ireland were unaffected by the attack. [ 107 ] [ 111 ] Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK in Tyne and Wear , England, halted production after the ransomware infected some of their systems. Renault also stopped production at several sites in an attempt to stop the spread of the ransomware. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Spain's Telefónica , FedEx and Germany's Deutsche Bahn were hit, along with many other countries and companies worldwide. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] [ 116 ] The attack's impact is said to be relatively low compared to other potential attacks of the same type and could have been much worse had Hutchins not discovered that a kill switch had been built in by its creators [ 117 ] [ 118 ] or if it had been specifically targeted on highly critical infrastructure , like nuclear power plants , dams or railway systems. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] According to cyber-risk-modeling firm Cyence, economic losses from the cyber attack could reach up to US$4 billion, with other groups estimating the losses to be in the hundreds of millions. [ 121 ] Affected organisations The following is an alphabetical list of organisations confirmed to have been affected: Andhra Pradesh Police , India [ 122 ] Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Greece [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Automobile Dacia , Romania [ 125 ] Boeing Commercial Airplanes [ 126 ] Cambrian College , Canada [ 127 ] Chinese public security bureau [ 128 ] CJ CGV (a cinema chain) [ 129 ] Dalian Maritime University [ 130 ] Deutsche Bahn [ 131 ] Dharmais Hospital , Indonesia [ 132 ] Faculty Hospital, Nitra , Slovakia [ 133 ] FedEx [ 134 ] Garena Blade and Soul [ 135 ] Guilin University of Aerospace Technology [ 130 ] Guilin University of Electronic Technology [ 130 ] Harapan Kita Hospital, Indonesia [ 132 ] Hezhou University [ 130 ] Hitachi [ 136 ] Honda [ 137 ] Instituto Nacional de Salud, Colombia [ 138 ] Lakeridge Health , Canada [ 139 ] LAKS, Netherlands [ 140 ] LATAM Airlines Group [ 141 ] MegaFon [ 142 ] Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation [ 143 ] National Health Service (England) [ 107 ] [ 111 ] [ 144 ] NHS Scotland [ 107 ] [ 111 ] Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK [ 144 ] O2 , Germany [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Petrobrás [ 147 ] PetroChina [ 114 ] [ 128 ] Portugal Telecom [ 148 ] Pulse FM [ 149 ] Q-Park [ 150 ] Renault [ 151 ] Russian Railways [ 152 ] Sandvik [ 132 ] Justice Court of São Paulo [ 147 ] Sberbank [ 153 ] Shandong University [ 130 ] State Governments of India Government of Gujarat [ 154 ] Government of Kerala [ 154 ] Government of Maharashtra [ 155 ] Government of West Bengal [ 154 ] Government of Gujarat [ 154 ] Government of Kerala [ 154 ] Government of Maharashtra [ 155 ] Government of West Bengal [ 154 ] Suzhou Vehicle Administration [ 130 ] Sun Yat-sen University , China [ 132 ] Telefónica , Spain [ 156 ] Yettel Hungary , Hungary [ 157 ] Telkom (South Africa) [ 158 ] Timrå Municipality , Sweden [ 159 ] TSMC , Taiwan [ 160 ] Universitas Jember , Indonesia [ 161 ] University of Milano-Bicocca , Italy [ 162 ] University of Montreal , Canada [ 163 ] Vivo , Brazil [ 147 ] Reactions A number of experts highlighted the NSA 's non-disclosure of the underlying vulnerability, and their loss of control over the EternalBlue attack tool that exploited it. Edward Snowden said that if the NSA had " privately disclosed the flaw used to attack hospitals when they found it, not when they lost it, the attack may not have happened". [ 108 ] British cybersecurity expert Graham Cluley also sees "some culpability on the part of the U.S. intelligence services". According to him and others "they could have done something ages ago to get this problem fixed, and they didn't do it". He also said that despite obvious uses for such tools to spy on people of interest , they have a duty to protect their countries' citizens. [ 164 ] Others have also commented that this attack shows that the practice of intelligence agencies to stockpile exploits for offensive purposes rather than disclosing them for defensive purposes may be problematic. [ 118 ] Microsoft president and chief legal officer Brad Smith wrote, "Repeatedly, exploits in the hands of governments have leaked into the public domain and caused widespread damage. An equivalent scenario with conventional weapons would be the U.S. military having some of its Tomahawk missiles stolen." [ 165 ] [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Russian President Vladimir Putin placed the responsibility of the attack on U.S. intelligence services for having created EternalBlue. [ 153 ] On 17 May 2017, United States bipartisan lawmakers introduced the PATCH Act [ 168 ] that aims to have exploits reviewed by an independent board to "balance the need to disclose vulnerabilities with other national security interests while increasing transparency and accountability to maintain public trust in the process". [ 169 ] On 15 June 2017, the United States Congress was to hold a hearing on the attack. [ 170 ] Two subpanels of the House Science Committee were to hear the testimonies from various individuals working in the government and non-governmental sector about how the U.S. can improve its protection mechanisms for its systems against similar attacks in the future. [ 170 ] Marcus Hutchins , a cybersecurity researcher, working in loose collaboration with UK's National Cyber Security Centre , [ 171 ] [ 172 ] researched the malware and discovered a "kill switch". [ 56 ] Later globally dispersed security researchers collaborated online to develop open-source tools [ 173 ] [ 174 ] that allow for decryption without payment under some circumstances. [ 175 ] Snowden states that when " NSA -enabled ransomware eats the Internet, help comes from researchers, not spy agencies" and asks why this is the case. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Adam Segal , director of the digital and cyberspace policy program at the Council on Foreign Relations , stated that "the patching and updating systems are broken, basically, in the private sector and in government agencies". [ 118 ] In addition, Segal said that governments' apparent inability to secure vulnerabilities "opens a lot of questions about backdoors and access to encryption that the government argues it needs from the private sector for security". [ 118 ] Arne Schönbohm , president of Germany's Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), stated that "the current attacks show how vulnerable our digital society is. It's a wake-up call for companies to finally take IT security [seriously]". [ 178 ] United Kingdom The effects of the attack also had political implications; in the United Kingdom , the impact on the National Health Service quickly became political, with claims that the effects were exacerbated by government underfunding of the NHS; in particular, the NHS ceased its paid Custom Support arrangement to continue receiving support for unsupported Microsoft software used within the organization, including Windows XP. [ 179 ] Home Secretary Amber Rudd refused to say whether patient data had been backed up , and Shadow Health Secretary Jon Ashworth accused Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt of refusing to act on a critical note from Microsoft, the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) and the National Crime Agency that had been received two months previously. [ 180 ] Others argued that hardware and software vendors often fail to account for future security flaws, selling systems that—due to their technical design and market incentives—eventually won't be able to properly receive and apply patches. [ 181 ] The NHS denied that it was still using XP, claiming only 4.7% of devices within the organization ran Windows XP. [ 44 ] [ 182 ] The cost of the attack to the NHS was estimated as £92 million in disruption to services and IT upgrades. [ 183 ] After the attack, NHS Digital refused to finance the estimated £1 billion to meet the Cyber Essentials Plus standard, an information security certification organized by the UK NCSC, saying this would not constitute "value for money", and that it had invested over £60 million and planned "to spend a further £150 [million] over the next two years" to address key cyber security weaknesses. [ 184 ] See also BlueKeep Computer security § Medical systems Conficker CryptoLocker Cyber self-defense Cyberweapon § Control Health Service Executive cyberattack International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats List of NSA controversies Proactive cyber defence § Measures Security engineering Software versioning SQL Slammer Timeline of computer viruses and worms Vault 7 Windows Update 2016 Dyn cyberattack 2017 Petya cyberattack 2026 Belgian hospital cyberattack References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ransomware attack still looms in Australia as Government warns WannaCry threat not over" . 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Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ "The ransomware attack is all about the insufficient funding of the NHS" . The Guardian . 13 May 2017. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ "Jeremy Hunt 'ignored warning signs' before cyber-attack hit NHS" . The Guardian . 13 May 2017. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ Larson, Selena (17 May 2017). "Why WannaCry ransomware took down so many businesses" . CNN Money . CNN. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . ^ "UPDATED Statement on reported NHS cyber-attack (13 May)" . National Health Service. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . ^ "Cyber-attack cost NHS £92m – DHSC" . Health Service Journal. 11 October 2018. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018 . Retrieved 13 November 2018 . ^ "Health chiefs refuse to foot £1bn bill to improve NHS cyber security" . Building Better Healthcare. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018 . Retrieved 27 November 2018 . External links Ransom:Win32/WannaCrypt at Microsoft Malware Protection Center @actual_ransom on Twitter , a Twitterbot tracking the ransom payments .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Hacking in the 2010s v t e ← 2000s Timeline 2020s → Major incidents 2010 Operation Aurora (publication of 2009 events) Australian cyberattacks Operation Olympic Games Operation ShadowNet Operation Payback 2011 Canadian government DigiNotar DNSChanger HBGary Federal Operation AntiSec PlayStation network outage RSA SecurID compromise 2012 LinkedIn hack Stratfor email leak Operation High Roller 2013 South Korea cyberattack Snapchat hack Cyberterrorism attack of June 25 2013 Yahoo! data breach Singapore cyberattacks 2014 Anthem medical data breach Operation Tovar 2014 celebrity nude photo leak 2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach 2014 Sony Pictures hack Russian hacker password theft 2014 Yahoo! data breach 2015 Office of Personnel Management data breach HackingTeam Ashley Madison data breach TalkTalk data breach VTech data breach Ukrainian Power Grid Cyberattack SWIFT banking hack 2016 Bangladesh Bank robbery Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center ransomware incident Commission on Elections data breach Democratic National Committee cyber attacks Vietnam Airport Hacks DCCC cyber attacks Indian Bank data breaches Surkov leaks Dyn cyberattack Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections 2016 Bitfinex hack 2017 SHAttered 2017 Macron e-mail leaks WannaCry ransomware attack Westminster data breach Petya and NotPetya 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks Equifax data breach Deloitte breach Disqus breach 2018 Trustico Atlanta cyberattack British Airways data breach SingHealth data breach 2019 Sri Lanka cyberattack Baltimore ransomware attack Bulgarian revenue agency hack WhatsApp snooping scandal Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident 2010 Operation Aurora (publication of 2009 events) Australian cyberattacks Operation Olympic Games Operation ShadowNet Operation Payback Operation Aurora (publication of 2009 events) Australian cyberattacks Operation Olympic Games Operation ShadowNet Operation Payback 2011 Canadian government DigiNotar DNSChanger HBGary Federal Operation AntiSec PlayStation network outage RSA SecurID compromise Canadian government DigiNotar DNSChanger HBGary Federal Operation AntiSec PlayStation network outage RSA SecurID compromise 2012 LinkedIn hack Stratfor email leak Operation High Roller LinkedIn hack Stratfor email leak Operation High Roller 2013 South Korea cyberattack Snapchat hack Cyberterrorism attack of June 25 2013 Yahoo! data breach Singapore cyberattacks South Korea cyberattack Snapchat hack Cyberterrorism attack of June 25 2013 Yahoo! data breach Singapore cyberattacks 2014 Anthem medical data breach Operation Tovar 2014 celebrity nude photo leak 2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach 2014 Sony Pictures hack Russian hacker password theft 2014 Yahoo! data breach Anthem medical data breach Operation Tovar 2014 celebrity nude photo leak 2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach 2014 Sony Pictures hack Russian hacker password theft 2014 Yahoo! data breach 2015 Office of Personnel Management data breach HackingTeam Ashley Madison data breach TalkTalk data breach VTech data breach Ukrainian Power Grid Cyberattack SWIFT banking hack Office of Personnel Management data breach HackingTeam Ashley Madison data breach TalkTalk data breach VTech data breach Ukrainian Power Grid Cyberattack SWIFT banking hack 2016 Bangladesh Bank robbery Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center ransomware incident Commission on Elections data breach Democratic National Committee cyber attacks Vietnam Airport Hacks DCCC cyber attacks Indian Bank data breaches Surkov leaks Dyn cyberattack Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections 2016 Bitfinex hack Bangladesh Bank robbery Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center ransomware incident Commission on Elections data breach Democratic National Committee cyber attacks Vietnam Airport Hacks DCCC cyber attacks Indian Bank data breaches Surkov leaks Dyn cyberattack Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections 2016 Bitfinex hack 2017 SHAttered 2017 Macron e-mail leaks WannaCry ransomware attack Westminster data breach Petya and NotPetya 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks Equifax data breach Deloitte breach Disqus breach SHAttered 2017 Macron e-mail leaks WannaCry ransomware attack Westminster data breach Petya and NotPetya 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks Equifax data breach Deloitte breach Disqus breach 2018 Trustico Atlanta cyberattack British Airways data breach SingHealth data breach Trustico Atlanta cyberattack British Airways data breach SingHealth data breach 2019 Sri Lanka cyberattack Baltimore ransomware attack Bulgarian revenue agency hack WhatsApp snooping scandal Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident Sri Lanka cyberattack Baltimore ransomware attack Bulgarian revenue agency hack WhatsApp snooping scandal Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident Hacktivism Anonymous associated events CyberBerkut GNAA Goatse Security Lizard Squad LulzRaft LulzSec New World Hackers NullCrew OurMine PayPal 14 RedHack Teamp0ison TDO UGNazi Ukrainian Cyber Alliance Anonymous associated events associated events CyberBerkut GNAA Goatse Security Lizard Squad LulzRaft LulzSec New World Hackers NullCrew OurMine PayPal 14 RedHack Teamp0ison TDO UGNazi Ukrainian Cyber Alliance Groups Appin Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers Bureau 121 Charming Kitten Cozy Bear Dark Basin DarkMatter Elfin Team Equation Group Fancy Bear GOSSIPGIRL (confederation) Guccifer 2.0 Hacking Team Helix Kitten Iranian Cyber Army Islamic State Hacking Division Lazarus Group BlueNorOff AndAriel Lords of Dharmaraja NSO Group Numbered Panda PLA Unit 61398 PLA Unit 61486 PLATINUM Pranknet Red Apollo Rocket Kitten Stealth Falcon Syrian Electronic Army Tailored Access Operations The Shadow Brokers xDedic Yemen Cyber Army Appin Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers Bureau 121 Charming Kitten Cozy Bear Dark Basin DarkMatter Elfin Team Equation Group Fancy Bear GOSSIPGIRL (confederation) Guccifer 2.0 Hacking Team Helix Kitten Iranian Cyber Army Islamic State Hacking Division Lazarus Group BlueNorOff AndAriel BlueNorOff AndAriel Lords of Dharmaraja NSO Group Numbered Panda PLA Unit 61398 PLA Unit 61486 PLATINUM Pranknet Red Apollo Rocket Kitten Stealth Falcon Syrian Electronic Army Tailored Access Operations The Shadow Brokers xDedic Yemen Cyber Army Individuals Ryan Ackroyd Mustafa Al-Bassam Kim Anh Vo George Hotz Guccifer Elliott Gunton Jeremy Hammond Sam Hocevar Junaid Hussain MLT Sabu Track2 Topiary The Jester Ryan Ackroyd Mustafa Al-Bassam Kim Anh Vo George Hotz Guccifer Elliott Gunton Jeremy Hammond Sam Hocevar Junaid Hussain MLT Sabu Track2 Topiary The Jester Major vulnerabilities publicly disclosed Evercookie (2010) iSeeYou (2013) Heartbleed (2014) Shellshock (2014) POODLE (2014) Rootpipe (2014) Row hammer (2014) SS7 vulnerabilities (2014) WinShock (2014) JASBUG (2015) Stagefright (2015) DROWN (2016) Badlock (2016) Dirty COW (2016) Cloudbleed (2017) Broadcom Wi-Fi (2017) EternalBlue (2017) DoublePulsar (2017) Silent Bob is Silent (2017) KRACK (2017) ROCA vulnerability (2017) BlueBorne (2017) Meltdown (2018) Spectre (2018) EFAIL (2018) Exactis (2018) Speculative Store Bypass (2018) Lazy FP state restore (2018) TLBleed (2018) SigSpoof (2018) Foreshadow (2018) Dragonblood (2019) Microarchitectural Data Sampling (2019) BlueKeep (2019) Kr00k (2019) Evercookie (2010) iSeeYou (2013) Heartbleed (2014) Shellshock (2014) POODLE (2014) Rootpipe (2014) Row hammer (2014) SS7 vulnerabilities (2014) WinShock (2014) JASBUG (2015) Stagefright (2015) DROWN (2016) Badlock (2016) Dirty COW (2016) Cloudbleed (2017) Broadcom Wi-Fi (2017) EternalBlue (2017) DoublePulsar (2017) Silent Bob is Silent (2017) KRACK (2017) ROCA vulnerability (2017) BlueBorne (2017) Meltdown (2018) Spectre (2018) EFAIL (2018) Exactis (2018) Speculative Store Bypass (2018) Lazy FP state restore (2018) TLBleed (2018) SigSpoof (2018) Foreshadow (2018) Dragonblood (2019) Microarchitectural Data Sampling (2019) BlueKeep (2019) Kr00k (2019) Malware 2010 Bad Rabbit Black Energy 2 SpyEye Stuxnet 2011 Coreflood Alureon Duqu Kelihos Metulji botnet Stars 2012 Carna Dexter FBI Flame Mahdi Red October Shamoon 2013 CryptoLocker DarkSeoul 2014 Brambul Black Energy 3 Carbanak Careto DarkHotel Duqu 2.0 FinFisher Gameover ZeuS Regin 2015 Dridex Hidden Tear Rombertik TeslaCrypt Project Sauron 2016 Hitler Jigsaw KeRanger Necurs MEMZ Mirai Pegasus Petya and NotPetya X-Agent 2017 BrickerBot Kirk LogicLocker Rensenware Triton WannaCry XafeCopy 2018 Annabelle VPNFilter 2019 Grum Joanap NetTraveler R2D2 Tinba Titanium ZeroAccess botnet 2010 Bad Rabbit Black Energy 2 SpyEye Stuxnet Bad Rabbit Black Energy 2 SpyEye Stuxnet 2011 Coreflood Alureon Duqu Kelihos Metulji botnet Stars Coreflood Alureon Duqu Kelihos Metulji botnet Stars 2012 Carna Dexter FBI Flame Mahdi Red October Shamoon Carna Dexter FBI Flame Mahdi Red October Shamoon 2013 CryptoLocker DarkSeoul CryptoLocker DarkSeoul 2014 Brambul Black Energy 3 Carbanak Careto DarkHotel Duqu 2.0 FinFisher Gameover ZeuS Regin Brambul Black Energy 3 Carbanak Careto DarkHotel Duqu 2.0 FinFisher Gameover ZeuS Regin 2015 Dridex Hidden Tear Rombertik TeslaCrypt Project Sauron Dridex Hidden Tear Rombertik TeslaCrypt Project Sauron 2016 Hitler Jigsaw KeRanger Necurs MEMZ Mirai Pegasus Petya and NotPetya X-Agent Hitler Jigsaw KeRanger Necurs MEMZ Mirai Pegasus Petya and NotPetya X-Agent 2017 BrickerBot Kirk LogicLocker Rensenware Triton WannaCry XafeCopy BrickerBot Kirk LogicLocker Rensenware Triton WannaCry XafeCopy 2018 Annabelle VPNFilter Annabelle VPNFilter 2019 Grum Joanap NetTraveler R2D2 Tinba Titanium ZeroAccess botnet Grum Joanap NetTraveler R2D2 Tinba Titanium ZeroAccess botnet Law Internet 2017 in computing Cyberattacks Cybercrime Hacking in the 2010s May 2017 crimes in Asia Ransomware Computer security exploits Windows malware 2010s internet outages Cyberwarfare in North Korea Cybercrime in India CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk) CS1 Thai-language sources (th) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2021 Use British English from February 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 07:16 (UTC) . 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[ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Events January January 1 – Istanbul nightclub shooting : A gunman dressed as Santa Claus opens fire at the Reina nightclub in Istanbul , Turkey, killing 39 people and injuring 79 others. [ 2 ] January 8 – 2017 Jerusalem truck attack : A Palestinian assailant entered the road where the Israeli defense forces were located with a truck, killing 4 people and injuring 15 others. January 16 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 , a cargo flight en route from Hong Kong to Istanbul via Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan, crashes in a residential area while attempting to land at Manas International Airport , Bishkek, killing all four crew members on board and 35 people on the ground. [ 3 ] January 19 – 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) launches a military intervention in the Gambia after Yahya Jammeh refuses to cede power following the 2016 presidential elections . [ 4 ] January 21 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : Following the military intervention of ECOWAS , President Yahya Jammeh resigns from office after 23 years in power and flees into exile to Equatorial Guinea ; the democratically elected Adama Barrow assumes office as President of The Gambia. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Millions of people worldwide join the Women's March following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President of the United States . 420 marches were reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries, becoming the largest single-day protest in American history. [ 7 ] 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : Following the military intervention of ECOWAS , President Yahya Jammeh resigns from office after 23 years in power and flees into exile to Equatorial Guinea ; the democratically elected Adama Barrow assumes office as President of The Gambia. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Millions of people worldwide join the Women's March following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President of the United States . 420 marches were reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries, becoming the largest single-day protest in American history. [ 7 ] January 27 – U.S. President Donald Trump issues executive order banning travel and immigration from seven Muslim-majority nations . Protests against the immigration order erupt nationwide for about two weeks . January 29 – A gunman opens fire at a mosque in Quebec City , Canada , killing 6 and injuring 19 others. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] January 30 – Morocco rejoins the African Union . [ 10 ] February February 11 – North Korea prompts international condemnation by test firing a ballistic missile across the Sea of Japan . [ 11 ] February 13 – Assassination of Kim Jong-nam : Kim Jong-nam , the eldest son of deceased North Korean leader Kim Jong-il and the half-brother of current North Korean leader Kim Jong-un , is killed after being attacked by two women with VX nerve agent at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia. [ 12 ] February 26 – An annular solar eclipse is visible from Pacific, Chile, Argentina, Atlantic, Africa. It is the 29th eclipse of the 140th saros cycle (descending node) , which started with a partial solar eclipse visible in the Southern Hemisphere on April 16, 1512, and will conclude with another partial solar eclipse visible in the Northern Hemisphere on June 1, 2774. [ 13 ] March March 3 – Nintendo releases the Switch worldwide. [ 14 ] March 10 – The UN warns that the world is facing the largest humanitarian crisis since World War II, with up to 20 million people at risk of starvation and famine in Yemen , Somalia , South Sudan and Nigeria . [ 15 ] March 14 – March 2017 North American blizzard : A major late-season blizzard affects the Northeastern United States, New England and Canada , dumping up to three feet of snow in the hardest hit areas. [ 16 ] March 29 – The United Kingdom triggers Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty , starting the Brexit negotiations, the talks for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union . [ 17 ] March 30 – SpaceX conducts the world's first reflight of an orbital-class rocket. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] March 31 – Horacio Cartes presents to Congress his plans of allowing the re-election of the president of Paraguay for a second term, going against the Constitution of Paraguay , leading to a political crisis which ended in the storm of Congress by liberal activists and in the assassination of Rodrigo Quintana by the police. After this, the Congress votes against the re-election project. [ 20 ] April April 7 – In response to a suspected chemical weapons attack on a rebel-held town, the U.S. military launches 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at an air base in Syria . Russia describes the strikes as an "aggression", adding they significantly damage U.S.–Russia ties. [ 21 ] April 13 – In the 2017 Nangarhar airstrike , the U.S. drops the GBU-43/B MOAB , the world's largest non-nuclear weapon, at an ISIL base in the Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan. [ 22 ] April 15 – Emma Morano , an Italian supercentenarian, becomes the last known person born in the 19th century to die. April 27 – The 2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament occurs. May May 9 – 13 – The Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Kyiv , Ukraine, and is won by Portuguese entrant Salvador Sobral with the song " Amar Pelos Dois ". [ 23 ] May 12 – WannaCry ransomware attack : Computers around the world are hit by a large-scale ransomware cyberattack, which goes on to affect at least 150 countries. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] May 22 – An ISIL terrorist bombing attack at an Ariana Grande concert in Manchester, England , kills 22 people and injures more than 500 others. [ 26 ] June June 1 – Amidst widespread criticism, the U.S. government announces its decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement in due time. [ 27 ] June 3 London Bridge attack : Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists. Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police. ISIS claims responsibility for the attack. [ 28 ] 2017 Turin stampede : During a screening of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final , pepper spray is discharged by individuals attempting to rob soccer fans in the square, causing the crowd to panic. There are 3 deaths and 1,672 people wounded. [ 29 ] London Bridge attack : Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists. Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police. ISIS claims responsibility for the attack. [ 28 ] 2017 Turin stampede : During a screening of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final , pepper spray is discharged by individuals attempting to rob soccer fans in the square, causing the crowd to panic. There are 3 deaths and 1,672 people wounded. [ 29 ] June 5 Montenegro joins NATO as the 29th member. [ 30 ] The Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017–18 starts, as Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries block Qatari access to their seas and air. [ 31 ] Montenegro joins NATO as the 29th member. [ 30 ] The Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017–18 starts, as Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries block Qatari access to their seas and air. [ 31 ] June 7 – Two terrorist attacks are simultaneously carried out by five Islamic State (ISIL) terrorists against the Iranian Parliament building and the Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini , both in Tehran , leaving 17 civilians dead and 43 more wounded. June 8 – A snap general election is held in the United Kingdom, three years before the next was due, resulting in a hung parliament , with the Conservative Party , led by Prime Minister Theresa May , losing their majority in Parliament. The Labour Party , led by Jeremy Corbyn , makes gains for the first time since 1997 . Days later, the Conservative Party , now lacking a majority, enters a confidence-and-supply deal with the Northern Ireland loyalist party DUP . [ 32 ] June 10 – The 2017 World Expo is opened in Astana, Kazakhstan . [ 33 ] June 14 – The Grenfell Tower Fire in West London claims the lives of 72 residents, making it the worst UK residential fire since World War II. June 18 – Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) fire six surface-to-surface mid-range ballistic missiles from domestic bases targeting ISIL forces in the Syrian Deir ez-Zor Governorate in response to the terrorist attacks in Tehran earlier this month. June 21 – The Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul , Iraq, is destroyed by ISIL . [ 34 ] June 22 – The African and Caribbean War Memorial unveiled in Brixton , London. [ 35 ] June 24 – The Goodwin Fire , a wildfire, starts in Yavapai County , Arizona near Mayer and forces evacuations of more than a hundred people. [ 36 ] June 25 – The World Health Organization estimates that the 2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreak has over 200,000 cases. June 26 – The 2017 America's Cup yacht race, sailed in Bermuda, is won by New Zealand 's Aotearoa . June 27 – 2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine : A series of cyberattacks using the Petya malware begins, affecting organizations in Ukraine . [ 37 ] July July 4 – Russia and China urge North Korea to halt its missile and nuclear programs after it successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] July 7 The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is voted for by 122 states. [ 40 ] ISIL affiliated insurgents attacked an Egyptian military checkpoint in Northern Sinai's Rafah which resulted in the deaths of 26 Egyptian personnel including colonel Ahmed Mansi and 44 other insurgents. The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is voted for by 122 states. [ 40 ] ISIL affiliated insurgents attacked an Egyptian military checkpoint in Northern Sinai's Rafah which resulted in the deaths of 26 Egyptian personnel including colonel Ahmed Mansi and 44 other insurgents. July 10 – Iraqi Civil War : Mosul is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . [ 41 ] August August 5 The UN Security Council unanimously approves fresh sanctions on North Korean trade and investment. [ 42 ] Mauritania holds a constitutional referendum for approval of proposed amendments to the constitution. The UN Security Council unanimously approves fresh sanctions on North Korean trade and investment. [ 42 ] Mauritania holds a constitutional referendum for approval of proposed amendments to the constitution. August 12 – The Unite the Right rally is held in Charlottesville, Virginia , United States, by a variety of white nationalist and other far-right groups; Heather Heyer, a counter-protester, is killed after being hit by a car . August 17 The first observation of a collision of two neutron stars ( GW170817 ) [ 43 ] is hailed as a breakthrough in multi-messenger astronomy [ 44 ] when both gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the event are detected. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Data from the event provided confirmatory evidence for the r-process theory of the origin of heavy elements like gold. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 2017 Barcelona attacks : 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drives a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona , killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others. The first observation of a collision of two neutron stars ( GW170817 ) [ 43 ] is hailed as a breakthrough in multi-messenger astronomy [ 44 ] when both gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the event are detected. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Data from the event provided confirmatory evidence for the r-process theory of the origin of heavy elements like gold. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 2017 Barcelona attacks : 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drives a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona , killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others. August 18 – The first terrorist attack ever sentenced as a crime in Finland kills two people and injures eight others. Islamic terrorist Abderrahman Bouanane, a Moroccan man carried out the ISIS-inspired attack in southwest Finland. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] August 21 – A total solar eclipse (nicknamed " The Great American Eclipse ") [ 51 ] is visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States of America, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. The moon was just 3 days past perigee , making it relatively large. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] August 25 –ongoing – A military operation targeting Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar "seems a textbook example of ethnic cleansing", according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . [ 55 ] August 25 – 30 – Hurricane Harvey strikes the United States as a Category 4 hurricane , causing catastrophic damage to the Houston metropolitan area , mostly due to record-breaking floods. At least 108 deaths are recorded, and total damage reaches $125 billion (2017 USD ), making Harvey the costliest natural disaster in United States history, tied with Hurricane Katrina in 2005. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] September September 1 – Russian President Vladimir Putin expels 755 diplomats in response to United States sanctions . [ 58 ] United States Passports become invalid to travel to North Korea , in response to the death of Otto Warmbier . September 3 – North Korea conducts its sixth and most powerful nuclear test . [ 59 ] September 6 – Hurricane Irma , at peak intensity, would make the first of many powerful landfalls along the Caribbean islands and the United States. Damages would total $77.2 billion (2017 USD), and 134 would be killed by the storm. [ 60 ] September 13 – The International Olympic Committee awards Paris and Los Angeles the right to host the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics , respectively. [ 61 ] September 15 – Cassini–Huygens ends its 13-year mission by plunging into Saturn , becoming the first spacecraft to enter the planet's atmosphere. [ 62 ] September 19 – Twelve days after another powerful earthquake , and on the 32nd anniversary of the deadly 1985 Mexico City earthquake , a 7.1 M w earthquake strikes central Mexico, killing 370, leaving up to 6,000 injured [ 63 ] and thousands more homeless. [ 64 ] September 19 – 20 – Just two weeks after Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean, Hurricane Maria strikes similar areas, making landfall on Dominica as a Category 5 hurricane, and Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane. Maria caused over 3,000 deaths and damages estimated in excess of $91.6 billion (2017 USD). [ 57 ] [ 65 ] September 25 – Kurdistan Region votes in a referendum to become an independent state, in defiance of Iraq ; [ 66 ] by October 15, the crisis escalates into a short-lived armed conflict over disputed territories. September 26 – Fortnite Battle Royale releases, becoming one of the biggest video games in the world and a cultural phenomenon. October October 1 – 60 people are killed and 867 more injured when Stephen Paddock opens fire on a crowd in Las Vegas , surpassing the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting as the deadliest mass shooting perpetrated by a lone gunman in U.S. history. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] October 12 – The United States announces its decision to withdraw from UNESCO , [ 69 ] and is immediately followed by Israel . [ 70 ] October 14 – A massive blast caused by a truck bombing in Mogadishu , Somalia kills at least 587 people and injures 316 others. [ 71 ] October 17 – Syrian Civil War : Raqqa is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . October 25 – At the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party , Xi Jinping assumes his second term as General Secretary ( China 's paramount leader ), and the political theory Xi Jinping Thought is written into the party's constitution . [ 72 ] October 26 – At the level crossing of the Hanko–Hyvinkää railway line, a passenger train collided with an off-road truck of the Nyland Brigade in Raseborg , Finland; four people died and 11 were injured. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] October 27 – Based on the results of a previously held referendum , Catalonia declares independence from Spain , [ 75 ] but the Catalan Republic is not recognised by the Spanish government or any other sovereign nation. [ 76 ] November November 2 – A new species of orangutan is identified in Indonesia , becoming the third known species of orangutan as well as the first great ape to be described for almost a century. [ 77 ] November 3 – Syrian Civil War : both Deir ez-Zor in Syria and Al-Qa'im in Iraq are declared liberated from ISIL on the same day. [ 78 ] November 5 The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publishes 13.4 million documents leaked from the offshore law firm Appleby , along with business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions that reveal offshore financial activities on behalf of politicians, celebrities, corporate giants and business leaders. The newspaper shared the documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and asked it to lead the investigation. [ 79 ] Sutherland Springs church shooting : A gunman opens fire in a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas , United States, killing 26 people and injuring 20 more. It was the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship in modern history, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 [ 80 ] and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991. [ 81 ] The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publishes 13.4 million documents leaked from the offshore law firm Appleby , along with business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions that reveal offshore financial activities on behalf of politicians, celebrities, corporate giants and business leaders. The newspaper shared the documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and asked it to lead the investigation. [ 79 ] Sutherland Springs church shooting : A gunman opens fire in a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas , United States, killing 26 people and injuring 20 more. It was the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship in modern history, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 [ 80 ] and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991. [ 81 ] November 12 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake strikes the border region between Iraq and Iran leaving at least 530 dead and over 70,000 homeless. [ 82 ] November 15 Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe is placed under house arrest , as the military take control of the country. [ 83 ] He resigns six days later, after 37 years of rule. [ 84 ] A Leonardo da Vinci painting, Salvator Mundi , sells for US$450 million at Christie's in New York, a new record price for any work of art. [ 85 ] The Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan suddenly vanished with 44 crew members on board whilst on a routine patrol in the South Atlantic. It would be found one year later wrecked 907 metres (2,976 ft) below the Atlantic Ocean . [ 86 ] Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe is placed under house arrest , as the military take control of the country. [ 83 ] He resigns six days later, after 37 years of rule. [ 84 ] A Leonardo da Vinci painting, Salvator Mundi , sells for US$450 million at Christie's in New York, a new record price for any work of art. [ 85 ] The Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan suddenly vanished with 44 crew members on board whilst on a routine patrol in the South Atlantic. It would be found one year later wrecked 907 metres (2,976 ft) below the Atlantic Ocean . [ 86 ] November 20 – Nature publishes an article recognising the high-velocity asteroid ʻOumuamua as originating from outside the Solar System , i.e. the first known interstellar object . November 22 – The International Court of Justice finds Ratko Mladić guilty of genocide committed in Srebrenica during the 1990s Bosnian War , the worst massacre in Europe since World War II . He is sentenced to life in prison. [ 87 ] November 24 – A mosque attack in Sinai, Egypt kills 305 worshippers and leaves hundreds more wounded. [ 88 ] November 27 – Start of the Honduran protests . [ 89 ] December December 5 – Russia is banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang by the International Olympic Committee , following an investigation into state-sponsored doping . [ 90 ] December 6 – The United States officially recognizes Jerusalem as Israel 's capital. [ 91 ] December 9 – The Iraqi military announces that it has "fully liberated" all of Iraq's territory from " ISIS terrorist gangs" and retaken full control of the Iraqi-Syrian border. [ 92 ] December 14 – The Walt Disney Company announces that it will acquire most of 21st Century Fox , including the 20th Century Fox film studio, for $66 billion. [ 93 ] December 22 – The UN Security Council votes 15–0 in favor of additional sanctions on North Korea , including measures to slash the country's petroleum imports by up to 90%. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] December 24 – Guatemala follows in the footsteps of the United States by announcing that they will also move their Israeli embassy to Jerusalem , followed by Honduras and Panama two days later. [ 96 ] Births and deaths Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Jacques Dubochet , Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson Economics – Richard Thaler Literature – Sir Kazuo Ishiguro Peace – International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Physics – Barry Barish , Kip Thorne and Rainer Weiss Physiology or Medicine – Jeffrey C. Hall , Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young See also List of International observances § Years 2010s portal References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "United Nations Observances: International Years" . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Site 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Private residence 2.2 Ukrainian Institute 2.1 Private residence 2.2 Ukrainian Institute 3 Architecture Toggle Architecture subsection 3.1 Facade 3.2 Interior 3.1 Facade 3.2 Interior 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References Toggle References subsection 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 6.3 Sources 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 6.3 Sources 7 External links Harry F. Sinclair House Deutsch Español Français Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Harry F. Sinclair House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark New York State Register of Historic Places The main entrance on East 79th Street in 2010 Interactive map of Harry F. Sinclair House Location Manhattan , New York, U.S. Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 40°46′36″N 73°57′49″W / 40.77667°N 73.96361°W / 40.77667; -73.96361 Built 1897–1899 Architect C. P. H. Gilbert [ a ] Architectural style French Renaissance , eclectic NRHP reference No. 78001882 NYSRHP No. 06101.001767 Significant dates Added to NRHP June 2, 1978 Designated NHL June 2, 1978 Designated NYSRHP June 23, 1980 The Harry F. Sinclair House is a mansion at the southeast corner of East 79th Street and Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City , New York, U.S. The house was built between 1897 and 1899. Over the first half of the 20th century, the house was successively the residence of businessmen Isaac D. Fletcher and Harry F. Sinclair , and then the descendants of Peter Stuyvesant , the last Director of New Netherland . The Ukrainian Institute of America acquired the home in 1955, and the institute renovated the building in the 1990s. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and was named a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The mansion was designed in an eclectic French Renaissance style by C. P. H. Gilbert and built by foreman Harvey Murdock. The building largely retains its original design, except for a tankhouse on the roof. Gilbert and Murdock constructed the bulk of the house with brick, which was then faced with limestone ashlar . The northern facade on 79th Street, containing the main entrance, is characterized by multiple windows in square recesses or semi-elliptical and fully Gothic arches . The western facade on Fifth Avenue is symmetrical and dominated by a curved, projecting pavilion . The interior of the mansion comprises 27 rooms on six floors, for a total floor space of 20,000 square feet (1,900 m 2 ). Critical reviews of the house's architecture over its history have been largely positive. Site The Harry F. Sinclair House is at 2 East 79th Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City , New York, U.S. [ b ] It is at the southwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 79th Street , directly across from Central Park . [ 2 ] The Sinclair House stands on a lot measuring 100 feet (30 m) by 32.2 feet (9.8 m). [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ c ] The dimensions of the building itself are 96 feet (29 m), along East 79th Street, and 30 feet (9.1 m) on Fifth Avenue. [ 4 ] The Sinclair House abuts the James B. Duke House and Payne Whitney House immediately to the south. [ 2 ] The building is surrounded by a lawn, sunk into the ground, [ 3 ] [ 5 ] that is itself enclosed by a wrought iron fence, broken only by a stair and balustrade approaching the main entrance, on the north side. [ 6 ] The city block between Fifth Avenue, Madison Avenue , and 78th and 79th Streets was part of the Lenox family farm until 1877, when Marcellus Hartley bought the block for $420,000. [ 7 ] The railroad magnate Henry H. Cook acquired the site for $500,000 in 1880. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] and owned it for the remainder of the 19th century. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Cook built a house on the southwest corner of the block in 1883. [ 8 ] [ 11 ] Cook intended the block to house first-class residences, not high-rises , and only sold lots for the construction of private dwellings. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] By the early 1910s, the value of the land had increased to $6 million. [ 8 ] Through the early 2000s, the block of Fifth Avenue remained largely intact, compared to other parts of Fifth Avenue's " Millionaire's Row ". [ 14 ] History Private residence Isaac D. Fletcher was an industrialist and art collector during the late 19th century, [ 15 ] [ 16 ] who was the president of the New York Coal Tar Company and the Barrett Manufacturing Company. [ 7 ] Fletcher purchased a land lot at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 79th Street from Henry H. Cook for $200,000 (equivalent to $7,559,200 in 2024) in 1897. [ 17 ] [ 7 ] Fletcher, who was planning a house on the block, hired architect C. P. H. Gilbert to design the abode. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ a ] At the time, Fletcher resided at the Astoria Hotel . [ 7 ] The new house's design so impressed Fletcher that he commissioned a painting of the finished residence from Jean-François Raffaëlli in 1899. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ d ] Construction was undertaken by stonemason Harvey Murdock and was completed in 1899 at a total cost of $200,000 (equivalent to $7,559,200 in 2024). [ 16 ] [ 3 ] After taking ownership of the house, the Fletcher family moved their large art collection there, including paintings by Jacques-Louis David , Thomas Gainsborough , Rembrandt van Rijn , Joshua Reynolds , and Peter Paul Rubens . [ 24 ] Fletcher died at the house in 1917, [ 25 ] and in his will bequeathed the property to the Metropolitan Museum of Art . [ 15 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] The museum also received the house's collection of 251 paintings. [ 24 ] The museum sold the house the next year to oil magnate Harry F. Sinclair , [ 26 ] who sold the house in 1930 to Augustus Stuyvesant Jr. and Anne van Horne Stuyvesant, [ 18 ] the last direct descendants of Peter Stuyvesant , the final Dutch governor of New Netherland . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The siblings resided in the mansion until their deaths in 1953 and 1938 respectively. [ 28 ] [ 1 ] [ 29 ] A skylight above the staircase in the middle of the house was covered in the late 1940s. [ 30 ] Ukrainian Institute The executors of the Stuyvesant estate sold the Sinclair House in 1954 to a group of investors, [ 21 ] who sold it in 1955 to the Ukrainian Institute of America (UIA), [ 31 ] [ 32 ] a nonprofit founded by Ukrainian businessman William Dzus in 1948 to promote Ukrainian culture. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] The UIA's purchase of the Sinclair House gave the structure a "temporary reprieve" from demolition, as described by Newsday ; at the time, several other mansions on Fifth Avenue were being demolished. [ 35 ] The mortgage on the building was repaid in 1962. [ 22 ] In 1977, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as part of the Metropolitan Museum Historic District, [ 16 ] a collection of 19th- and early 20th-century mansions around Fifth Avenue between 78th and 86th Streets. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] That June, the American Association for State and Local History filed paperwork with the National Park Service to nominate the Sinclair House for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). [ 38 ] The next year, on June 2, 1978, it was added to the NRHP. [ 39 ] The UIA began repair work on the roof of the Sinclair House in late 1996 at an estimated cost of $250,000 (equivalent to $501,220 in 2024). [ 22 ] [ 1 ] In an interview with The New York Times that year, a member of the board described this work as an interim measure, as the building was in a poor state. [ 1 ] At the time, the UIA was spending an estimated $150,000 (equivalent to $300,732 in 2024) annually on upkeep. [ 22 ] [ 1 ] During the renovation, one-fourth of the slate tiles were replaced and some drainage systems around the dormers were replaced. [ 40 ] In November 2003, the US government made a matched grant of $270,000 (equivalent to $461,510 in 2024) to the UIA through the Save America's Treasures initiative to cover the costs of modernizing the building's electrical wiring and plumbing. [ 41 ] The state government's Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation granted the UIA another $70,000 (equivalent to $116,531 in 2024) for restoration in June 2004. Because these were matched grants, the UIA was required to raise $340,000 (equivalent to $566,008 in 2024) on its own before accepting them. [ 42 ] By July 2009, the UIA had completed improvements to the electrical wiring, installed a security system, replaced windows, and restored design elements. The skylight above the central stairs was also restored. [ 30 ] Architecture The mansion was one of several ornate residences on the south side of 79th Street, which had been undeveloped until the end of the 19th century. [ 43 ] It was designed in an eclectic French Renaissance style by C. P. H. Gilbert, [ 15 ] [ 21 ] [ a ] who built several other mansions along Fifth Avenue. [ 44 ] The foreman , Harvey Murdock, was also prolific both in the construction of private residences in Manhattan and Brooklyn, and had worked with Gilbert several times prior to the Sinclair House. [ 16 ] The only additions to the building since its construction – a tankhouse on the roof and concrete arches to support a new roof for the penthouse – were made by Gilbert in the 1920s. [ 21 ] The mansion has a height of about 71 feet (22 m). [ 4 ] An areaway , or dry moat, surrounds the mansion. [ 7 ] Facade Gilbert and Murdock constructed the bulk of the mansion with brick, which was then faced with limestone ashlar . The north facade is characterized by multiple windows, housed in either square recesses or semi-elliptical and fully Gothic arches , [ 6 ] and adorned variously with colonettes , ogee arches , and foliate reliefs around the glass. The main entrance is a frontispiece , a staple of French Renaissance homes, placed just to the left of the facade's center. It is made up of a portal [ 5 ] that contains six wrought iron and glass doors, [ 3 ] [ 6 ] all fashioned in the Gothic Revival style . [ 5 ] Within the portal is a set of Renaissance Revival doors. [ 7 ] On top of the portal is a balcony, in front of a second-story window in a rectangular recess embellished with hanging crockets . The balustrades flanking the entrance and the balcony above it are decorated with images of seahorses . [ 5 ] A string course runs horizontally across the facade above the first story, and another string course runs above the second story. [ 45 ] At the top of the facade are wall dormers , topped with pinnacles , upon a cornice that frames a mansard roof shingled in slate. At each corner on the cornice are small turrets ornamented with crockets and finials . [ 6 ] To the left, or east, of the entrance is a three-sided bay window rising from the basement to the third floor. On the first and second stories, the bay window is divided into two window panes at the center and one smaller pane on either side. There are carved panels underneath the second-story windows, giving the impression of a false parapet . [ 46 ] Further left of the bay window is a copper conservatory in a corner recess. [ 7 ] [ 46 ] There is a recessed service entrance at the first story, under the conservatory. The service entrance consists of an ogee arch , a transom window with finials , and a false parapet above the entrance (a continuation of the parapet below the bay window). [ 46 ] The western elevation of the facade is symmetrical and dominated by a curved, projecting pavilion , rising from the basement to the cornice. Every floor on the project has three windows, which again mix square frames and elliptical arches. Belt courses run along the entire facade, separating the floors and terminating at the corners with sculpted gargoyle heads. [ 47 ] Interior The interior of the Sinclair House comprises 27 rooms on six floors, for a total floor area of 20,000 square feet (1,900 m 2 ). [ 6 ] The first three floors retain their original appearance, but not their original furnishings. [ 31 ] [ 6 ] At the center of the first floor is a reception hall or lobby which measures 33 by 16 feet (10.1 by 4.9 m) across. There are two bathrooms next to the lobby [ 48 ] The reception hall separates the main entrance from the main staircase, [ 6 ] [ 49 ] the latter of which occupies the south wall. [ 6 ] [ 48 ] The grand staircase is designed in the Francis I style . [ 7 ] Also on the first floor was a kitchen, a smaller and more enclosed staircase, and a pantry . [ 6 ] Gilbert also added an elevator because, as he reasoned, a lift was a useful amenity within any house that cost more than $25,000. [ 7 ] After the Ukrainian Institute took over the house, the westernmost room became a board room measuring 29 by 25 feet (8.8 by 7.6 m). The eastern part of the house is used as a coat room, an office, and a service entrance leading to the secondary stairway. [ 48 ] The second floor is delineated into a ballroom and a dining hall. [ 6 ] The ballroom (also the drawing room) occupied the western half of the house, and the dining room occupied the eastern half. [ 7 ] [ e ] The pantry connected with the dining room, and there was originally a dumbwaiter leading from the pantry to the basement. Although the second floor had three sinks for the service staff, it had no restroom for visitors when the mansion was used as a residence. [ 7 ] After the Ukrainian Institute acquired the house, the western room became the concert hall, measuring 42 by 28 feet (12.8 by 8.5 m) across, and the eastern room became the chandelier room, measuring 23 by 27 feet (7.0 by 8.2 m) across. The pantry and a conservatory abut the chandelier's room. A stair landing measuring 22 by 15 feet (6.7 by 4.6 m) connects the concert hall and chandelier rooms. [ 50 ] The third floor has a library, master bedroom (originally Fletcher's wife's room), [ 3 ] and a dressing room. [ 6 ] These spaces are connected by a hallway running through the southern half of the house, which also connects with the stairs. [ 51 ] The library is located at the western end of the house, and there is an oval music room at the center. [ 7 ] [ 51 ] The library measures 31 by 29 feet (9.4 by 8.8 m) across and is accessed via an entryway leading to the central hallway. To the northeast of the library is a small room used as a bar, which in turn leads to the oval room. The oval room measures 23 by 13 feet (7.0 by 4.0 m) across and occupies the center of the northern half of the third floor. [ 51 ] Mrs. Fletcher's room was the easternmost room. [ 7 ] The east room measures 23 by 20 feet (7.0 by 6.1 m) across and connects with a bathroom. [ 51 ] The fourth floor was formerly occupied by Fletcher's bedroom and guest rooms. [ 7 ] [ 49 ] There was also a den overlooking Central Park, as well as a sewing room, on that story. [ 7 ] The fourth story is exhibit space but still contains two original marble bathtubs. [ 6 ] The top two floors, within the mansard roof, [ 46 ] have been transformed from servants' quarters into office space for the UIA's staff. [ 27 ] [ 6 ] Reception An 1899 article in the Real Estate Record and Guide generally praised the composition of the Sinclair House but noted that it had a rather ecclesiastical appearance and did not much resemble other, then-contemporary New York manors. [ 15 ] Two years later, however, the same magazine characterized the house as being part of "the two best-developed blocks on upper Fifth Avenue", namely between 77th and 79th Streets, [ 52 ] and by 1918 the magazine described the house as "one of the finest on the avenue". [ 26 ] John Strausbaugh , writing for The New York Times in 2007, described the Sinclair House as a "fairy-tale palace". [ 53 ] The 2010 AIA Guide to New York City characterized the house as "a miniature French-Gothic chateau squeezed into the urban context". [ 20 ] Architectural historian Andrew Dolkart said of the Sinclair House in 2020, "The corner chateau, for example, both fits in and stands out." [ 54 ] He praised the "whimsical details", including what he described as "the carved dragon fish in the railings and those figures in funny hats holding up the windows". [ 54 ] See also List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets References Notes ^ a b c Following the Sinclair House's purchase by the UIA in 1955, New York newspapers attributed its design to Stanford White , but the research of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission found that Gilbert was the architect. [ 21 ] ^ According to the 1905 New York Census, the building's first owner, Isaac D. Fletcher, decided against using a Fifth Avenue address and instead used the address 2 East 79th Street; his neighbor, the apparel merchant Isaac Vail Brokaw , did likewise with his manor, across the street at 1 East 79th Street, in 1891. [ 1 ] ^ According to the New York City Department of City Planning (DCP), the lot has 32.17 feet (9.81 m) of frontage on Fifth Avenue and extends 100 feet (30 m) deep along 79th Street. The DCP cites the lot area as being 3,217 sq ft (298.9 m 2 ). [ 2 ] ^ The work, entitled The Fletcher Mansion, New York City , is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . According to Charles Sterling, who wrote about the painting for the museum, "Raffaëlli must have painted it in 1895 or 1899". [ 23 ] ^ Tauranac 1985 , p. 181, describes these rooms as being on the first floor, using European floor numbering , while Ukrainian Institute of America , p. 3, refers to these spaces as being on the second floor, using American floor numbering. Citations ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Gray, Christopher (November 3, 1996). "Limestone Remnant of Fifth Avenue's Chateau Days" . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7, 2008 . ^ a b c "2 East 79 Street, 10019" . New York City Department of City Planning . Retrieved March 3, 2021 . ^ a b c d e Kathrens 2005 , p. 93. ^ a b c National Park Service 1977 , pp. 2, 4. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1977 , p. 29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m National Park Service 1977 , p. 5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Tauranac 1985 , p. 181. ^ a b c "New Architecture in Upper Fifth Ave.; the Thoroughfare Above Fifty-ninth Street Undergoing Many Building Changes" (PDF) . The New York Times . June 30, 1912. p. X7. ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2021 . Retrieved July 29, 2021 . ^ Kathrens 2005 , p. 92. ^ "H. F. Sinclair Sells Home on Fifth Avenue: Oil Man Parts With Residence at 79th Street Corner; East 52d St. Realty Sold". New York Herald Tribune . January 10, 1930. p. 33. ProQuest 1113096534 . ^ Tauranac 1985 , p. 193. ^ Kathrens 2005 , pp. 92–93. ^ "Fifth Avenue Block Most Rigidly Restricted in City; Cook Block History. Bought for 500,000. Early Sales by Captain Cook. Well Known Residents" (PDF) . The New York Times . January 19, 1930. p. 153. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved July 30, 2021 . ^ Malbin, Peter (August 11, 2002). "If You're Thinking of Living On/Fifth Avenue; Culture, Convenience and Central Park" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on July 30, 2021 . Retrieved July 30, 2021 . ^ a b c d e Gray & Braley 2003 , p. 257. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1977 , p. 28. ^ Kathrens 2005 , pp. 91–92. ^ a b "H. F. Sinclair Sells Home on Fifth Avenue: Oil Man Parts With Residence at 79th Street Corner; East 52d St. Realty Sold". New York Herald Tribune . January 10, 1930. p. 33. ProQuest 1113096534 . ^ "Building News" . The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide . Vol. 60, no. 1544. October 16, 1897. p. 546. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021 . Retrieved September 3, 2021 – via columbia.edu . ^ a b White, Willensky & Leadon 2010 , p. 449. ^ a b c d National Park Service 1977 , p. 2. ^ a b c d "Ukrainian jewel on 'Museum Mile' is preparing for the 21st century". The Ukrainian Weekly . January 19, 1997. p. 6. ProQuest 367357241 . ^ a b Sterling 1966 , p. 218. ^ a b c Tauranac 1985 , p. 183. ^ "Isaac Dudley Fletcher" . The New York Times . April 29, 1917. p. 19. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021 . Retrieved March 3, 2021 – via newspapers.com. ^ a b c "Museum of Art Sells" . The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide . Vol. 101, no. 24. June 15, 1918. p. 762. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021 . Retrieved September 3, 2021 – via columbia.edu . ^ a b Kathrens 2005 , p. 94. ^ "Deaths" . The New York Times . May 6, 1938. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018 . Retrieved March 3, 2021 . ^ Gray & Braley 2003 , pp. 257–58. ^ a b "UIA completes major restoration work, elects new leadership". The Ukrainian Weekly . July 19, 2009. p. 5. ProQuest 368065652 . ^ a b Gray & Braley 2003 , p. 258. ^ Foley, Maurice (August 21, 1955). "Ukrainians Take Fifth Ave. Mansion" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 19, 2021 . Retrieved March 3, 2021 . ^ "Ukrainian Institute of America (UIA)" . NYC Arts . Archived from the original on June 11, 2012 . Retrieved June 14, 2012 . ^ "William Dzus, 69, Inventor, Is Dead; Made Self-locking Meta Fasteners of Many Uses" . The New York Times . June 20, 1964. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021 . Retrieved March 3, 2021 . ^ Duncan, Val (October 13, 1961). "The Glamor Is Fading on Fifth Avenue: Changing Face of 'Glamor Avenue' ". Newsday . p. 1. ProQuest 898982773 . ^ Ranzal, Edward (September 21, 1977). "Museum Area a Historic District" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 29, 2021 . Retrieved March 4, 2021 . ^ Miele, Al (September 21, 1977). "Art Museum Area Named as Historic" . New York Daily News . p. 290. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021 . Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via newspapers.com. ^ National Park Service 1977 , p. 4. ^ "Sinclair, Harry F., House" . National Park Service ; National Register of Historic Places . Archived from the original on August 12, 2021 . Retrieved February 28, 2021 . ^ Smindak, Helen (July 27, 1997). "Dateline New York: a Landmark Spruces Up". The Ukrainian Weekly . p. 11. ProQuest 367390728 . ^ "Ukrainian Institute of America awarded federal grant for preservation" (PDF) . The Ukrainian Weekly . November 23, 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 8, 2020 . Retrieved March 1, 2021 . ^ Nynka, Andrew (June 27, 2004). "Ukrainian Institute of America receives $70,000 state grant". The Ukrainian Weekly . p. 4. ProQuest 367722880 . ^ Gray, Christopher (July 18, 2004). "Streetscapes/79th Between Fifth and Madison; A Block That Evokes London and Paris" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 28, 2015 . Retrieved March 3, 2021 . ^ Stern, Gilmartin & Massengale 1983 , p. 321. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1977 , pp. 29–30. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1977 , p. 30. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1977 , pp. 29–31. ^ a b c Ukrainian Institute of America , p. 2. ^ a b Kathrens 2005 , pp. 93–94. ^ Ukrainian Institute of America , p. 3. ^ a b c d Ukrainian Institute of America , p. 4. ^ "An Epoch Making Mansion" . The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide . Vol. 67, no. 1167. March 9, 1901. p. 1721. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021 . Retrieved September 3, 2021 – via columbia.edu . ^ Strausbaugh, John (December 14, 2007). "In the Mansion Land of the 'Fifth Avenoodles' " . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved March 4, 2021 . ^ a b Kimmelman, Michael (April 1, 2020). "Take a Virtual Tour of New York's Museum District" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved March 4, 2021 . Sources "Fletcher-Sinclair Mansion" (PDF) . Ukrainian Institute of America. Gray, Christopher ; Braley, Suzanne (2003). New York Streetscapes: Tales of Manhattan's Significant Buildings and Landmarks . Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 9780810944411 . "Harry F. Sinclair–Augustus Van Horne Stuyvesant Jr. House" (National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination) (PDF) (Report). National Park Service . June 1977. Kathrens, Michael C. (2005). Great Houses of New York, 1880–1930 . Acanthus Press. ISBN 9780926494343 . Metropolitan Museum Historic District Designation Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . 1977. Sterling, Charles (1966). French Paintings: A Catalogue of the Collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Vol. 2, Nineteenth Century. Metropolitan Museum of Art . Stern, Robert A. M. ; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915 . New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5 . OCLC 9829395 . Tauranac, John (1985). Elegant New York . New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-89659-458-6 . OCLC 12314472 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) White, Norval ; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7 . External links Ukrainian Institute of America Architecture National Register of Historic Places New York City Media from Commons .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Upper East Side (including Carnegie Hill , Lenox Hill , and Yorkville ) v t e Manhattan , New York City Buildings 59th–72nd Sts 19 East 64th Street 36 East 72nd Street 45 East 66th Street 57 East 66th Street 131 East 66th Street 520 Park Avenue 535 Park Avenue 550 Park Avenue 620 Park Avenue 625 Park Avenue 655 Park Avenue 720 Park Avenue 730 Park Avenue 737 Park Avenue 740 Park Avenue 810 Fifth Avenue 820 Fifth Avenue 825 Fifth Avenue 834 Fifth Avenue 880 Fifth Avenue 907 Fifth Avenue Barbizon 63 Bloomingdale's Edward J. Berwind House Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House Harold Pratt House Henry Clay Frick House Herbert N. Straus House Imperial House Manhattan House Marshall Orme Wilson House Millan House Park Avenue Armory Park Avenue Houses Henry P. Davison House Oliver D. Filley House Percy R. Pyne House William Sloane House Park Cinq The Pierre Rowhouses at 322–344 East 69th Street Sara Delano Roosevelt Memorial House Trump Palace Condominiums Trump Park Avenue Trump Plaza United States Post Office–Lenox Hill Station 72nd–86th Sts 10 Gracie Square 20 East End Avenue 74th Street Generating Station 778 Park Avenue 903 Park Avenue 927 Fifth Avenue 930 Fifth Avenue 945 Madison Avenue 960 Fifth Avenue 970 Park Avenue 980 Madison Avenue 995 Fifth Avenue 998 Fifth Avenue 1000 Park Avenue 1020 Fifth Avenue 1040 Fifth Avenue 1049 Fifth Avenue Belaire Apartments Benjamin N. Duke House Casa 74 The Charles Cherokee Apartments Clarence Whitman Mansion Consulate General of France, New York City East 73rd Street Historic District East 80th Street Houses Edward S. Harkness House The Forum at 343 East 74th Street Harry F. Sinclair House Henry T. Sloane House Houses at 157–165 East 78th Street Houses at 208–218 East 78th Street James B. Duke House Joseph Pulitzer House Lewis G. Morris House Nathaniel L. McCready House Oliver Gould Jennings House Payne Whitney House Raymond C. and Mildred Kramer House Stuyvesant Fish House William Starr Miller House Yorkville Bank Building 86th–96th Sts 1261 Madison Avenue Andrew Carnegie Mansion Carnegie Hill Tower Edith Fabbri House Felix M. Warburg House George F. Baker Jr. Houses Gracie Mansion Holmes Towers Isaacs Houses James A. Burden House John Henry Hammond House Lucy Drexel Dahlgren House Mrs. Graham Fair Vanderbilt House Municipal Asphalt Plant Ogden Codman House Otto H. Kahn House Ruppert Yorkville Towers Willard D. Straight House William Goadby Loew House Yorkville Bank Building Former Arthur Curtiss James House C. Ledyard Blair House Elbridge T. Gerry Mansion George Blumenthal House George J. Gould House Henry Phipps House Hotel New Netherland Isaac Stern House James Speyer House Jay Gould House Lenox Library Mrs. William B. Astor House Ogden Mills House William A. Clark House William C. Whitney House William Salomon House William Ziegler House Buildings 59th–72nd Sts 19 East 64th Street 36 East 72nd Street 45 East 66th Street 57 East 66th Street 131 East 66th Street 520 Park Avenue 535 Park Avenue 550 Park Avenue 620 Park Avenue 625 Park Avenue 655 Park Avenue 720 Park Avenue 730 Park Avenue 737 Park Avenue 740 Park Avenue 810 Fifth Avenue 820 Fifth Avenue 825 Fifth Avenue 834 Fifth Avenue 880 Fifth Avenue 907 Fifth Avenue Barbizon 63 Bloomingdale's Edward J. Berwind House Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House Harold Pratt House Henry Clay Frick House Herbert N. Straus House Imperial House Manhattan House Marshall Orme Wilson House Millan House Park Avenue Armory Park Avenue Houses Henry P. Davison House Oliver D. Filley House Percy R. Pyne House William Sloane House Park Cinq The Pierre Rowhouses at 322–344 East 69th Street Sara Delano Roosevelt Memorial House Trump Palace Condominiums Trump Park Avenue Trump Plaza United States Post Office–Lenox Hill Station 72nd–86th Sts 10 Gracie Square 20 East End Avenue 74th Street Generating Station 778 Park Avenue 903 Park Avenue 927 Fifth Avenue 930 Fifth Avenue 945 Madison Avenue 960 Fifth Avenue 970 Park Avenue 980 Madison Avenue 995 Fifth Avenue 998 Fifth Avenue 1000 Park Avenue 1020 Fifth Avenue 1040 Fifth Avenue 1049 Fifth Avenue Belaire Apartments Benjamin N. Duke House Casa 74 The Charles Cherokee Apartments Clarence Whitman Mansion Consulate General of France, New York City East 73rd Street Historic District East 80th Street Houses Edward S. Harkness House The Forum at 343 East 74th Street Harry F. Sinclair House Henry T. Sloane House Houses at 157–165 East 78th Street Houses at 208–218 East 78th Street James B. Duke House Joseph Pulitzer House Lewis G. Morris House Nathaniel L. McCready House Oliver Gould Jennings House Payne Whitney House Raymond C. and Mildred Kramer House Stuyvesant Fish House William Starr Miller House Yorkville Bank Building 86th–96th Sts 1261 Madison Avenue Andrew Carnegie Mansion Carnegie Hill Tower Edith Fabbri House Felix M. Warburg House George F. Baker Jr. Houses Gracie Mansion Holmes Towers Isaacs Houses James A. Burden House John Henry Hammond House Lucy Drexel Dahlgren House Mrs. Graham Fair Vanderbilt House Municipal Asphalt Plant Ogden Codman House Otto H. Kahn House Ruppert Yorkville Towers Willard D. Straight House William Goadby Loew House Yorkville Bank Building Former Arthur Curtiss James House C. Ledyard Blair House Elbridge T. Gerry Mansion George Blumenthal House George J. Gould House Henry Phipps House Hotel New Netherland Isaac Stern House James Speyer House Jay Gould House Lenox Library Mrs. William B. Astor House Ogden Mills House William A. Clark House William C. Whitney House William Salomon House William Ziegler House 59th–72nd Sts 19 East 64th Street 36 East 72nd Street 45 East 66th Street 57 East 66th Street 131 East 66th Street 520 Park Avenue 535 Park Avenue 550 Park Avenue 620 Park Avenue 625 Park Avenue 655 Park Avenue 720 Park Avenue 730 Park Avenue 737 Park Avenue 740 Park Avenue 810 Fifth Avenue 820 Fifth Avenue 825 Fifth Avenue 834 Fifth Avenue 880 Fifth Avenue 907 Fifth Avenue Barbizon 63 Bloomingdale's Edward J. Berwind House Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House Harold Pratt House Henry Clay Frick House Herbert N. Straus House Imperial House Manhattan House Marshall Orme Wilson House Millan House Park Avenue Armory Park Avenue Houses Henry P. Davison House Oliver D. Filley House Percy R. Pyne House William Sloane House Park Cinq The Pierre Rowhouses at 322–344 East 69th Street Sara Delano Roosevelt Memorial House Trump Palace Condominiums Trump Park Avenue Trump Plaza United States Post Office–Lenox Hill Station 19 East 64th Street 36 East 72nd Street 45 East 66th Street 57 East 66th Street 131 East 66th Street 520 Park Avenue 535 Park Avenue 550 Park Avenue 620 Park Avenue 625 Park Avenue 655 Park Avenue 720 Park Avenue 730 Park Avenue 737 Park Avenue 740 Park Avenue 810 Fifth Avenue 820 Fifth Avenue 825 Fifth Avenue 834 Fifth Avenue 880 Fifth Avenue 907 Fifth Avenue Barbizon 63 Bloomingdale's Edward J. Berwind House Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House Harold Pratt House Henry Clay Frick House Herbert N. Straus House Imperial House Manhattan House Marshall Orme Wilson House Millan House Park Avenue Armory Park Avenue Houses Henry P. Davison House Oliver D. Filley House Percy R. Pyne House William Sloane House Henry P. Davison House Oliver D. Filley House Percy R. Pyne House William Sloane House Park Cinq The Pierre Rowhouses at 322–344 East 69th Street Sara Delano Roosevelt Memorial House Trump Palace Condominiums Trump Park Avenue Trump Plaza United States Post Office–Lenox Hill Station 72nd–86th Sts 10 Gracie Square 20 East End Avenue 74th Street Generating Station 778 Park Avenue 903 Park Avenue 927 Fifth Avenue 930 Fifth Avenue 945 Madison Avenue 960 Fifth Avenue 970 Park Avenue 980 Madison Avenue 995 Fifth Avenue 998 Fifth Avenue 1000 Park Avenue 1020 Fifth Avenue 1040 Fifth Avenue 1049 Fifth Avenue Belaire Apartments Benjamin N. Duke House Casa 74 The Charles Cherokee Apartments Clarence Whitman Mansion Consulate General of France, New York City East 73rd Street Historic District East 80th Street Houses Edward S. Harkness House The Forum at 343 East 74th Street Harry F. Sinclair House Henry T. Sloane House Houses at 157–165 East 78th Street Houses at 208–218 East 78th Street James B. Duke House Joseph Pulitzer House Lewis G. Morris House Nathaniel L. McCready House Oliver Gould Jennings House Payne Whitney House Raymond C. and Mildred Kramer House Stuyvesant Fish House William Starr Miller House Yorkville Bank Building 10 Gracie Square 20 East End Avenue 74th Street Generating Station 778 Park Avenue 903 Park Avenue 927 Fifth Avenue 930 Fifth Avenue 945 Madison Avenue 960 Fifth Avenue 970 Park Avenue 980 Madison Avenue 995 Fifth Avenue 998 Fifth Avenue 1000 Park Avenue 1020 Fifth Avenue 1040 Fifth Avenue 1049 Fifth Avenue Belaire Apartments Benjamin N. Duke House Casa 74 The Charles Cherokee Apartments Clarence Whitman Mansion Consulate General of France, New York City East 73rd Street Historic District East 80th Street Houses Edward S. Harkness House The Forum at 343 East 74th Street Harry F. Sinclair House Henry T. Sloane House Houses at 157–165 East 78th Street Houses at 208–218 East 78th Street James B. Duke House Joseph Pulitzer House Lewis G. Morris House Nathaniel L. McCready House Oliver Gould Jennings House Payne Whitney House Raymond C. and Mildred Kramer House Stuyvesant Fish House William Starr Miller House Yorkville Bank Building 86th–96th Sts 1261 Madison Avenue Andrew Carnegie Mansion Carnegie Hill Tower Edith Fabbri House Felix M. Warburg House George F. Baker Jr. Houses Gracie Mansion Holmes Towers Isaacs Houses James A. Burden House John Henry Hammond House Lucy Drexel Dahlgren House Mrs. Graham Fair Vanderbilt House Municipal Asphalt Plant Ogden Codman House Otto H. Kahn House Ruppert Yorkville Towers Willard D. Straight House William Goadby Loew House Yorkville Bank Building 1261 Madison Avenue Andrew Carnegie Mansion Carnegie Hill Tower Edith Fabbri House Felix M. Warburg House George F. Baker Jr. Houses Gracie Mansion Holmes Towers Isaacs Houses James A. Burden House John Henry Hammond House Lucy Drexel Dahlgren House Mrs. Graham Fair Vanderbilt House Municipal Asphalt Plant Ogden Codman House Otto H. Kahn House Ruppert Yorkville Towers Willard D. Straight House William Goadby Loew House Yorkville Bank Building Former Arthur Curtiss James House C. Ledyard Blair House Elbridge T. Gerry Mansion George Blumenthal House George J. Gould House Henry Phipps House Hotel New Netherland Isaac Stern House James Speyer House Jay Gould House Lenox Library Mrs. William B. Astor House Ogden Mills House William A. Clark House William C. Whitney House William Salomon House William Ziegler House Arthur Curtiss James House C. Ledyard Blair House Elbridge T. Gerry Mansion George Blumenthal House George J. Gould House Henry Phipps House Hotel New Netherland Isaac Stern House James Speyer House Jay Gould House Lenox Library Mrs. William B. Astor House Ogden Mills House William A. Clark House William C. Whitney House William Salomon House William Ziegler House Culture Shops, restaurants A La Vieille Russie Albertine Books Bemelmans Bar Brasserie Julien Café Boulud Caravaggio Carlyle Restaurant Daniel Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant Galerie Chalette J.G. Melon JoJo King's Carriage House La Goulue Lexington Candy Shop Lusardi's Kappo Masa Restaurant Orwashers Bakery Sasabune Serendipity 3 Sfoglia Sushi of Gari Sushi Noz Sushi Seki Le Veau d'Or Museums Bernard Museum of Judaica Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum Frick Collection Jewish Museum Metropolitan Museum of Art The Met Fifth Avenue Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Neue Galerie New York Solomon R. 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Melon JoJo King's Carriage House La Goulue Lexington Candy Shop Lusardi's Kappo Masa Restaurant Orwashers Bakery Sasabune Serendipity 3 Sfoglia Sushi of Gari Sushi Noz Sushi Seki Le Veau d'Or Museums Bernard Museum of Judaica Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum Frick Collection Jewish Museum Metropolitan Museum of Art The Met Fifth Avenue Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Neue Galerie New York Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Theaters/performing arts 59E59 Theaters Bohemian National Hall East 74th Street Theater Galleries Acquavella Galleries Anita Shapolsky Gallery Di Donna Galleries Doyle New York Florian Papp Gagosian Gallery Jane Kahan Gallery Katharina Rich Perlow Gallery Kraushaar Galleries Venus Over Manhattan Hotels Bentley Hotel Carlyle Hotel Lowell Hotel The Mark Hotel Hotel Plaza Athénée The Sherry-Netherland Social clubs 92nd Street Y Cosmopolitan Club Harmonie Club Knickerbocker Club Lotos Club Metropolitan Club Former Bodley Gallery Brasserie Julien Buck House NYC Cachaça The Colony Dangerfield's Elaine's Etats-Unis Magic Towne House Maxwell's Plum Met Breuer Quo Vadis Regine's Salon 94 The Sign of the Dove Stable Gallery Shops, restaurants A La Vieille Russie Albertine Books Bemelmans Bar Brasserie Julien Café Boulud Caravaggio Carlyle Restaurant Daniel Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant Galerie Chalette J.G. Melon JoJo King's Carriage House La Goulue Lexington Candy Shop Lusardi's Kappo Masa Restaurant Orwashers Bakery Sasabune Serendipity 3 Sfoglia Sushi of Gari Sushi Noz Sushi Seki Le Veau d'Or A La Vieille Russie Albertine Books Bemelmans Bar Brasserie Julien Café Boulud Caravaggio Carlyle Restaurant Daniel Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant Galerie Chalette J.G. Melon JoJo King's Carriage House La Goulue Lexington Candy Shop Lusardi's Kappo Masa Restaurant Orwashers Bakery Sasabune Serendipity 3 Sfoglia Sushi of Gari Sushi Noz Sushi Seki Le Veau d'Or Museums Bernard Museum of Judaica Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum Frick Collection Jewish Museum Metropolitan Museum of Art The Met Fifth Avenue Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Neue Galerie New York Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Bernard Museum of Judaica Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum Frick Collection Jewish Museum Metropolitan Museum of Art The Met Fifth Avenue The Met Fifth Avenue Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Neue Galerie New York Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Theaters/performing arts 59E59 Theaters Bohemian National Hall East 74th Street Theater 59E59 Theaters Bohemian National Hall East 74th Street Theater Galleries Acquavella Galleries Anita Shapolsky Gallery Di Donna Galleries Doyle New York Florian Papp Gagosian Gallery Jane Kahan Gallery Katharina Rich Perlow Gallery Kraushaar Galleries Venus Over Manhattan Acquavella Galleries Anita Shapolsky Gallery Di Donna Galleries Doyle New York Florian Papp Gagosian Gallery Jane Kahan Gallery Katharina Rich Perlow Gallery Kraushaar Galleries Venus Over Manhattan Hotels Bentley Hotel Carlyle Hotel Lowell Hotel The Mark Hotel Hotel Plaza Athénée The Sherry-Netherland Bentley Hotel Carlyle Hotel Lowell Hotel The Mark Hotel Hotel Plaza Athénée The Sherry-Netherland Social clubs 92nd Street Y Cosmopolitan Club Harmonie Club Knickerbocker Club Lotos Club Metropolitan Club 92nd Street Y Cosmopolitan Club Harmonie Club Knickerbocker Club Lotos Club Metropolitan Club Former Bodley Gallery Brasserie Julien Buck House NYC Cachaça The Colony Dangerfield's Elaine's Etats-Unis Magic Towne House Maxwell's Plum Met Breuer Quo Vadis Regine's Salon 94 The Sign of the Dove Stable Gallery Bodley Gallery Brasserie Julien Buck House NYC Cachaça The Colony Dangerfield's Elaine's Etats-Unis Magic Towne House Maxwell's Plum Met Breuer Quo Vadis Regine's Salon 94 The Sign of the Dove Stable Gallery Green spaces/recreation Andrew Haswell Green Park Carl Schurz Park Central Park John Jay Park Green spaces/recreation Andrew Haswell Green Park Carl Schurz Park Central Park John Jay Park Andrew Haswell Green Park Carl Schurz Park Central Park John Jay Park Education Libraries Frick Art Reference Library Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive New York Society Library Robert Goldwater Library Thomas J. 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Watson Library Yorkville Library Primary and secondary Allen-Stevenson School Brearley School Birch Wathen Lenox School Buckley School Caedmon School * Chapin School Dalton School Eleanor Roosevelt High School Hewitt School Hunter College Elementary School Hunter College High School Julia Richman Education Complex Talent Unlimited High School Urban Academy Laboratory High School La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi Loyola School Lycée Français de New York Marymount School of New York Nightingale-Bamford School PS 6 PS 158 Ramaz School Regis High School St. Jean Baptiste High School St. Vincent Ferrer High School Sephardic Academy of Manhattan Spence School The Town School Trevor Day School Post-secondary Hunter College Assembly Hall Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Marymount Manhattan College New York School of Interior Design Rockefeller University Nurses Residence Welch Hall Other institutions Cornell School of Nursing Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance National Academy of Design Libraries Frick Art Reference Library Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive New York Society Library Robert Goldwater Library Thomas J. Watson Library Yorkville Library Frick Art Reference Library Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive New York Society Library Robert Goldwater Library Thomas J. Watson Library Yorkville Library Primary and secondary Allen-Stevenson School Brearley School Birch Wathen Lenox School Buckley School Caedmon School * Chapin School Dalton School Eleanor Roosevelt High School Hewitt School Hunter College Elementary School Hunter College High School Julia Richman Education Complex Talent Unlimited High School Urban Academy Laboratory High School La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi Loyola School Lycée Français de New York Marymount School of New York Nightingale-Bamford School PS 6 PS 158 Ramaz School Regis High School St. Jean Baptiste High School St. Vincent Ferrer High School Sephardic Academy of Manhattan Spence School The Town School Trevor Day School Allen-Stevenson School Brearley School Birch Wathen Lenox School Buckley School Caedmon School * Chapin School Dalton School Eleanor Roosevelt High School Hewitt School Hunter College Elementary School Hunter College High School Julia Richman Education Complex Talent Unlimited High School Urban Academy Laboratory High School Talent Unlimited High School Urban Academy Laboratory High School La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi Loyola School Lycée Français de New York Marymount School of New York Nightingale-Bamford School PS 6 PS 158 Ramaz School Regis High School St. Jean Baptiste High School St. Vincent Ferrer High School Sephardic Academy of Manhattan Spence School The Town School Trevor Day School Post-secondary Hunter College Assembly Hall Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Marymount Manhattan College New York School of Interior Design Rockefeller University Nurses Residence Welch Hall Hunter College Assembly Hall Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College Assembly Hall Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Marymount Manhattan College New York School of Interior Design Rockefeller University Nurses Residence Welch Hall Nurses Residence Welch Hall Other institutions Cornell School of Nursing Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance National Academy of Design Cornell School of Nursing Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance National Academy of Design Religion Churches, chapels Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Brick Presbyterian Church Central Presbyterian Church Christ Church United Methodist Church of the Epiphany Church of the Heavenly Rest Church of Our Lady of Peace Church of St. Ignatius Loyola Church of St. Vincent Ferrer Holy Trinity Church, St. Christopher House and Parsonage Jan Hus Presbyterian Church Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church Our Lady of Good Counsel Church Park Avenue Christian Church St. Catherine of Siena Church St. Elizabeth of Hungary Church St. James' Episcopal Church St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church St. Joseph Church St. Mary Church St. Monica Church St. Stephen of Hungary Church St. Thomas More Church Unitarian Church of All Souls Zion-St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church Synagogues Altneu Congregation Emanu-El of New York Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun Congregation Or Zarua Edmond J. Safra Synagogue Fifth Avenue Synagogue Park Avenue Synagogue Park East Synagogue Temple Beth-El Temple Israel of the City of New York Temple Shaaray Tefila Other New York Zendo Shobo-Ji Religion Churches, chapels Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Brick Presbyterian Church Central Presbyterian Church Christ Church United Methodist Church of the Epiphany Church of the Heavenly Rest Church of Our Lady of Peace Church of St. Ignatius Loyola Church of St. Vincent Ferrer Holy Trinity Church, St. Christopher House and Parsonage Jan Hus Presbyterian Church Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church Our Lady of Good Counsel Church Park Avenue Christian Church St. Catherine of Siena Church St. Elizabeth of Hungary Church St. James' Episcopal Church St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church St. Joseph Church St. Mary Church St. Monica Church St. Stephen of Hungary Church St. Thomas More Church Unitarian Church of All Souls Zion-St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church Synagogues Altneu Congregation Emanu-El of New York Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun Congregation Or Zarua Edmond J. Safra Synagogue Fifth Avenue Synagogue Park Avenue Synagogue Park East Synagogue Temple Beth-El Temple Israel of the City of New York Temple Shaaray Tefila Other New York Zendo Shobo-Ji Churches, chapels Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Brick Presbyterian Church Central Presbyterian Church Christ Church United Methodist Church of the Epiphany Church of the Heavenly Rest Church of Our Lady of Peace Church of St. Ignatius Loyola Church of St. Vincent Ferrer Holy Trinity Church, St. Christopher House and Parsonage Jan Hus Presbyterian Church Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church Our Lady of Good Counsel Church Park Avenue Christian Church St. Catherine of Siena Church St. Elizabeth of Hungary Church St. James' Episcopal Church St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church St. Joseph Church St. Mary Church St. Monica Church St. Stephen of Hungary Church St. Thomas More Church Unitarian Church of All Souls Zion-St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Brick Presbyterian Church Central Presbyterian Church Christ Church United Methodist Church of the Epiphany Church of the Heavenly Rest Church of Our Lady of Peace Church of St. Ignatius Loyola Church of St. Vincent Ferrer Holy Trinity Church, St. Christopher House and Parsonage Jan Hus Presbyterian Church Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church Our Lady of Good Counsel Church Park Avenue Christian Church St. Catherine of Siena Church St. Elizabeth of Hungary Church St. James' Episcopal Church St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church St. Joseph Church St. Mary Church St. Monica Church St. Stephen of Hungary Church St. Thomas More Church Unitarian Church of All Souls Zion-St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church Synagogues Altneu Congregation Emanu-El of New York Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun Congregation Or Zarua Edmond J. Safra Synagogue Fifth Avenue Synagogue Park Avenue Synagogue Park East Synagogue Temple Beth-El Temple Israel of the City of New York Temple Shaaray Tefila Altneu Congregation Emanu-El of New York Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun Congregation Or Zarua Edmond J. Safra Synagogue Fifth Avenue Synagogue Park Avenue Synagogue Park East Synagogue Temple Beth-El Temple Israel of the City of New York Temple Shaaray Tefila Other New York Zendo Shobo-Ji New York Zendo Shobo-Ji Health Gracie Square Hospital Hospital for Special Surgery Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery Lenox Hill Hospital Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Weill Cornell Medical Center Defunct James Ewing Hospital Madison Avenue Hospital Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic Trafalgar Hospital Health Gracie Square Hospital Hospital for Special Surgery Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery Lenox Hill Hospital Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Weill Cornell Medical Center Defunct James Ewing Hospital Madison Avenue Hospital Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic Trafalgar Hospital Gracie Square Hospital Hospital for Special Surgery Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery Lenox Hill Hospital Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Weill Cornell Medical Center Defunct James Ewing Hospital Madison Avenue Hospital Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic Trafalgar Hospital James Ewing Hospital Madison Avenue Hospital Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic Trafalgar Hospital Transportation Subway stations Fifth Avenue/59th Street Lexington Avenue/59th Street Lexington Avenue/63rd Street Lexington Avenue/68th Street Lexington Avenue/77th Street Lexington Avenue/86th Street Lexington Avenue/96th Street Second Avenue/72nd Street Second Avenue/86th Street Second Avenue/96th Street Streets 66th Street 72nd Street 74th Street 79th Street 85th Street 86th Street 89th Street 93rd Street 95th Street 96th Street FDR Drive East End Avenue York Avenue First Avenue Second Avenue Third Avenue Lexington Avenue Park Avenue Madison Avenue Fifth Avenue Transportation Subway stations Fifth Avenue/59th Street Lexington Avenue/59th Street Lexington Avenue/63rd Street Lexington Avenue/68th Street Lexington Avenue/77th Street Lexington Avenue/86th Street Lexington Avenue/96th Street Second Avenue/72nd Street Second Avenue/86th Street Second Avenue/96th Street Streets 66th Street 72nd Street 74th Street 79th Street 85th Street 86th Street 89th Street 93rd Street 95th Street 96th Street FDR Drive East End Avenue York Avenue First Avenue Second Avenue Third Avenue Lexington Avenue Park Avenue Madison Avenue Fifth Avenue Subway stations Fifth Avenue/59th Street Lexington Avenue/59th Street Lexington Avenue/63rd Street Lexington Avenue/68th Street Lexington Avenue/77th Street Lexington Avenue/86th Street Lexington Avenue/96th Street Second Avenue/72nd Street Second Avenue/86th Street Second Avenue/96th Street Fifth Avenue/59th Street Lexington Avenue/59th Street Lexington Avenue/63rd Street Lexington Avenue/68th Street Lexington Avenue/77th Street Lexington Avenue/86th Street Lexington Avenue/96th Street Second Avenue/72nd Street Second Avenue/86th Street Second Avenue/96th Street Streets 66th Street 72nd Street 74th Street 79th Street 85th Street 86th Street 89th Street 93rd Street 95th Street 96th Street FDR Drive East End Avenue York Avenue First Avenue Second Avenue Third Avenue Lexington Avenue Park Avenue Madison Avenue Fifth Avenue 66th Street 72nd Street 74th Street 79th Street 85th Street 86th Street 89th Street 93rd Street 95th Street 96th Street FDR Drive East End Avenue York Avenue First Avenue Second Avenue Third Avenue Lexington Avenue Park Avenue Madison Avenue Fifth Avenue Other 107th Infantry Memorial Richard Morris Hunt Memorial Other 107th Infantry Memorial Richard Morris Hunt Memorial 107th Infantry Memorial Richard Morris Hunt Memorial Related topics East 73rd Street Historic District Hardenbergh/Rhinelander Historic District Treadwell Farm Historic District Upper East Side Historic District Related topics East 73rd Street Historic District Hardenbergh/Rhinelander Historic District Treadwell Farm Historic District Upper East Side Historic District East 73rd Street Historic District Hardenbergh/Rhinelander Historic District Treadwell Farm Historic District Upper East Side Historic District See also: Manhattan Community Board 8 v t e Structures on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan v t e Below 34th Street 1 47 (Salmagundi Club) 110 (Judge) 153 (Scribner) 159–161 170 (Sohmer Piano) 173 (Flatiron) 200 (Toy Center) 255 (Grand Madison) 272 (Marble Collegiate Church) 276 (Holland House) 277 284 (The Wilbraham) 339 (Demarest) 350 (Empire State) Below 34th Street 1 47 (Salmagundi Club) 110 (Judge) 153 (Scribner) 159–161 170 (Sohmer Piano) 173 (Flatiron) 200 (Toy Center) 255 (Grand Madison) 272 (Marble Collegiate Church) 276 (Holland House) 277 284 (The Wilbraham) 339 (Demarest) 350 (Empire State) 1 47 (Salmagundi Club) 110 (Judge) 153 (Scribner) 159–161 170 (Sohmer Piano) 173 (Flatiron) 200 (Toy Center) 255 (Grand Madison) 272 (Marble Collegiate Church) 276 (Holland House) 277 284 (The Wilbraham) 339 (Demarest) 350 (Empire State) 34th– 59th Streets 355 (B. Altman and Company) 390 (Gorham) 390 (Russeks) 400 (The Langham, New York) 401 (Tiffany and Company) 404 (Stewart & Company) 424 (Lord & Taylor) 425 452 (HSBC) 453 (Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library) 461 476 (New York Public Library) 500 510 (Manufacturers Trust Company) 520 551 (Fred F. French) 556 (Philippine Center) 597 (Charles Scribner's Sons) 608 (Goelet/Swiss Center) 617–623 (Saks Fifth Avenue/Swiss Bank Tower) St. Patrick's Cathedral Rockefeller Center British Empire Building La Maison Francaise International Building 641 (Olympic Tower) 647 650 653 (Cartier) 660 Saint Thomas Church University Club of New York 689 (Aeolian) 693 (St. Regis) 696 (The Peninsula) Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church 712 714 (Coty) 721 (Trump Tower) 727 (Tiffany & Co.) 730 (Crown) 745 754 (Bergdorf Goodman Bldg) 767 (General Motors) Apple Fifth Avenue 768 (Plaza Hotel) 34th– 59th Streets 355 (B. Altman and Company) 390 (Gorham) 390 (Russeks) 400 (The Langham, New York) 401 (Tiffany and Company) 404 (Stewart & Company) 424 (Lord & Taylor) 425 452 (HSBC) 453 (Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library) 461 476 (New York Public Library) 500 510 (Manufacturers Trust Company) 520 551 (Fred F. French) 556 (Philippine Center) 597 (Charles Scribner's Sons) 608 (Goelet/Swiss Center) 617–623 (Saks Fifth Avenue/Swiss Bank Tower) St. Patrick's Cathedral Rockefeller Center British Empire Building La Maison Francaise International Building 641 (Olympic Tower) 647 650 653 (Cartier) 660 Saint Thomas Church University Club of New York 689 (Aeolian) 693 (St. Regis) 696 (The Peninsula) Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church 712 714 (Coty) 721 (Trump Tower) 727 (Tiffany & Co.) 730 (Crown) 745 754 (Bergdorf Goodman Bldg) 767 (General Motors) Apple Fifth Avenue 768 (Plaza Hotel) 355 (B. Altman and Company) 390 (Gorham) 390 (Russeks) 400 (The Langham, New York) 401 (Tiffany and Company) 404 (Stewart & Company) 424 (Lord & Taylor) 425 452 (HSBC) 453 (Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library) 461 476 (New York Public Library) 500 510 (Manufacturers Trust Company) 520 551 (Fred F. French) 556 (Philippine Center) 597 (Charles Scribner's Sons) 608 (Goelet/Swiss Center) 617–623 (Saks Fifth Avenue/Swiss Bank Tower) St. Patrick's Cathedral Rockefeller Center British Empire Building La Maison Francaise International Building British Empire Building La Maison Francaise International Building 641 (Olympic Tower) 647 650 653 (Cartier) 660 Saint Thomas Church University Club of New York 689 (Aeolian) 693 (St. Regis) 696 (The Peninsula) Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church 712 714 (Coty) 721 (Trump Tower) 727 (Tiffany & Co.) 730 (Crown) 745 754 (Bergdorf Goodman Bldg) 767 (General Motors) Apple Fifth Avenue 768 (Plaza Hotel) 59th– 96th Streets 781 (The Sherry-Netherland) 785 (Park Cinq) Metropolitan Club The Pierre Knickerbocker Club 810 820 825 Edward J. Berwind House Temple Emanu-El of New York 834 Mrs. William B. Astor House 880 Henry Clay Frick House Frick Collection 907 927 930 Edward S. Harkness House 960 James B. Duke House 972 (Payne Whitney House) 974 (Harry F. Sinclair House) 995 998 1000 (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 1009 (Benjamin N. Duke House) 1020 1040 1048 Neue Galerie New York 1049 1067 1071 (Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum) 1085 (Church of the Heavenly Rest) Andrew Carnegie Mansion Cooper Hewitt Otto H. Kahn House 1109 (Felix M. Warburg House) Jewish Museum 1130 (Willard D. Straight House) 59th– 96th Streets 781 (The Sherry-Netherland) 785 (Park Cinq) Metropolitan Club The Pierre Knickerbocker Club 810 820 825 Edward J. Berwind House Temple Emanu-El of New York 834 Mrs. William B. Astor House 880 Henry Clay Frick House Frick Collection 907 927 930 Edward S. Harkness House 960 James B. Duke House 972 (Payne Whitney House) 974 (Harry F. Sinclair House) 995 998 1000 (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 1009 (Benjamin N. Duke House) 1020 1040 1048 Neue Galerie New York 1049 1067 1071 (Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum) 1085 (Church of the Heavenly Rest) Andrew Carnegie Mansion Cooper Hewitt Otto H. Kahn House 1109 (Felix M. Warburg House) Jewish Museum 1130 (Willard D. Straight House) 781 (The Sherry-Netherland) 785 (Park Cinq) Metropolitan Club The Pierre Knickerbocker Club 810 820 825 Edward J. Berwind House Temple Emanu-El of New York 834 Mrs. William B. Astor House 880 Henry Clay Frick House Frick Collection Frick Collection 907 927 930 Edward S. Harkness House 960 James B. Duke House 972 (Payne Whitney House) 974 (Harry F. Sinclair House) 995 998 1000 (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 1009 (Benjamin N. Duke House) 1020 1040 1048 Neue Galerie New York Neue Galerie New York 1049 1067 1071 (Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum) 1085 (Church of the Heavenly Rest) Andrew Carnegie Mansion Cooper Hewitt Cooper Hewitt Otto H. Kahn House 1109 (Felix M. Warburg House) Jewish Museum Jewish Museum 1130 (Willard D. Straight House) Above 96th Street Mount Sinai Hospital 1220 (Museum of the City of New York) 1230 (El Museo del Barrio) 1280 (The Africa Center) 2067 (St. Andrew's Episcopal Church) 2366 (369th Regiment Armory) Above 96th Street Mount Sinai Hospital 1220 (Museum of the City of New York) 1230 (El Museo del Barrio) 1280 (The Africa Center) 2067 (St. Andrew's Episcopal Church) 2366 (369th Regiment Armory) Mount Sinai Hospital 1220 (Museum of the City of New York) 1230 (El Museo del Barrio) 1280 (The Africa Center) 2067 (St. Andrew's Episcopal Church) 2366 (369th Regiment Armory) Parks and park features Bryant Park Central Park Arsenal Central Park Zoo Conservatory Garden Harlem Meer Grand Army Plaza William Tecumseh Sherman Pulitzer Fountain Madison Square Park Marcus Garvey Park Harlem Fire Watchtower Washington Square Park Arch Parks and park features Bryant Park Central Park Arsenal Central Park Zoo Conservatory Garden Harlem Meer Grand Army Plaza William Tecumseh Sherman Pulitzer Fountain Madison Square Park Marcus Garvey Park Harlem Fire Watchtower Washington Square Park Arch Bryant Park Central Park Arsenal Central Park Zoo Conservatory Garden Harlem Meer Arsenal Central Park Zoo Conservatory Garden Harlem Meer Grand Army Plaza William Tecumseh Sherman Pulitzer Fountain William Tecumseh Sherman Pulitzer Fountain Madison Square Park Marcus Garvey Park Harlem Fire Watchtower Harlem Fire Watchtower Washington Square Park Arch Arch Subway stations 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue Fifth Avenue/53rd Street Fifth Avenue–59th Street Subway stations 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue Fifth Avenue/53rd Street Fifth Avenue–59th Street 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue Fifth Avenue/53rd Street Fifth Avenue–59th Street Former 200 (Fifth Avenue Hotel) Hotel Victoria Fifth Avenue Hotel (28th Street) Caspar Samler farm 316 (Kaskel and Kaskel) 350 (Waldorf–Astoria) 391 (Gunther) West Presbyterian Church Temple Emanu-El Vanderbilt Triple Palace William K. Vanderbilt House 767 (Savoy-Plaza Hotel) Elbridge T. Gerry Mansion 840 (Mrs. William B. Astor House) 857 (Jay Gould House) 857 (George J. Gould House) 858 (Isaac Stern House) 871 (William C. Whitney House) Ogden Mills House Lenox Library 962 (William A. Clark House) 1020 (William Salomon House) 1058 (James Speyer House) 1063 (Henry Phipps House) 1115 (Jacob Ruppert Sr. House) 2122 (Jordan L. Mott House) Temple Beth-El Former 200 (Fifth Avenue Hotel) Hotel Victoria Fifth Avenue Hotel (28th Street) Caspar Samler farm 316 (Kaskel and Kaskel) 350 (Waldorf–Astoria) 391 (Gunther) West Presbyterian Church Temple Emanu-El Vanderbilt Triple Palace William K. Vanderbilt House 767 (Savoy-Plaza Hotel) Elbridge T. Gerry Mansion 840 (Mrs. William B. Astor House) 857 (Jay Gould House) 857 (George J. Gould House) 858 (Isaac Stern House) 871 (William C. Whitney House) Ogden Mills House Lenox Library 962 (William A. Clark House) 1020 (William Salomon House) 1058 (James Speyer House) 1063 (Henry Phipps House) 1115 (Jacob Ruppert Sr. House) 2122 (Jordan L. Mott House) Temple Beth-El 200 (Fifth Avenue Hotel) Hotel Victoria Fifth Avenue Hotel (28th Street) Caspar Samler farm 316 (Kaskel and Kaskel) 350 (Waldorf–Astoria) 391 (Gunther) West Presbyterian Church Temple Emanu-El Vanderbilt Triple Palace William K. Vanderbilt House 767 (Savoy-Plaza Hotel) Elbridge T. Gerry Mansion 840 (Mrs. William B. Astor House) 857 (Jay Gould House) 857 (George J. Gould House) 858 (Isaac Stern House) 871 (William C. Whitney House) Ogden Mills House Lenox Library 962 (William A. Clark House) 1020 (William Salomon House) 1058 (James Speyer House) 1063 (Henry Phipps House) 1115 (Jacob Ruppert Sr. House) 2122 (Jordan L. Mott House) Temple Beth-El v t e New York City historic sites v t e National Register Manhattan below 14th St 14th–59th Sts 59th–110th Sts above 110th St smaller islands Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx National Historic Landmarks New York City Manhattan below 14th St 14th–59th Sts 59th–110th Sts above 110th St smaller islands below 14th St 14th–59th Sts 59th–110th Sts above 110th St smaller islands Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx National Historic Landmarks New York City New York City City Landmarks Manhattan below 14th St 14th–59th Sts 59th–110th Sts above 110th St smaller islands Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx Scenic landmarks Manhattan below 14th St 14th–59th Sts 59th–110th Sts above 110th St smaller islands Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx Scenic landmarks v t e National Historic Landmarks in New York v t e Albany County Harmony Mills Fort Orange James Hall Office New York State Canal System New York State Capitol St. Peter's Episcopal Church Schuyler Flatts Schuyler Mansion USS Slater Watervliet Arsenal Harmony Mills Fort Orange James Hall Office New York State Canal System New York State Capitol St. Peter's Episcopal Church Schuyler Flatts Schuyler Mansion USS Slater Watervliet Arsenal Erie County Buffalo History Museum Edward M. Cotter Darwin D. Martin House Fillmore House Kleinhans Music Hall New York State Canal System Prudential (Guaranty) Building Richardson Olmsted Complex Roycroft SS Columbia St. Paul's Cathedral USS The Sullivans Buffalo History Museum Edward M. Cotter Darwin D. Martin House Fillmore House Kleinhans Music Hall New York State Canal System Prudential (Guaranty) Building Richardson Olmsted Complex Roycroft SS Columbia St. Paul's Cathedral USS The Sullivans Long Island Christeen Fire Fighter Fort Corchaug Archaeological Site Fort Massapeag Archeological Site John Philip Sousa House Modesty Montauk Point Light Old House Pollock-Krasner House and Study Center Priscilla Rudolph Oyster House Thomas Moran House William Sidney Mount House Christeen Fire Fighter Fort Corchaug Archaeological Site Fort Massapeag Archeological Site John Philip Sousa House Modesty Montauk Point Light Old House Pollock-Krasner House and Study Center Priscilla Rudolph Oyster House Thomas Moran House William Sidney Mount House Manhattan 1 Hanover Square 280 Broadway 330 West 42nd Street 55 Wall Street 555 Edgecombe Avenue 69th Regiment Armory African Burial Ground National Monument Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House Alfred E. Smith House American Stock Exchange Building Andrew Carnegie Mansion Bayard–Condict Building Bell Laboratories Building Brooklyn Bridge Brown Building Carnegie Hall Central Park Central Synagogue Chamber of Commerce Building Chester A. Arthur Home Chrysler Building Church of the Ascension, Episcopal Cooper Union Croton Aqueduct Daily News Building Duke Ellington House Dyckman House Eldridge Street Synagogue Empire State Building Equitable Building Flatiron Building Founder's Hall General Winfield Scott House Governors Island National Monument Grace Church Grand Central Terminal Hamilton Fish House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Harlem YMCA Harry F. Sinclair House Henry Clay Frick House Henry Street Settlement Hispanic Society of America Holland Tunnel James Weldon Johnson Residence Jefferson Market Library Lettie G. Howard Low Memorial Library Lower East Side Tenement Museum Macy's Herald Square Margaret Sanger Clinic Matthew Henson Residence Merchant's House Museum Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower Morgan Library & Museum Morris–Jumel Mansion New York Amsterdam News Building New York City Hall New York Life Building New York Public Library Main Branch New York Stock Exchange Building New York Yacht Club Building Park Avenue Armory Philosophy Hall Plaza Hotel Pupin Hall Rockefeller Center Samuel J. Tilden House Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture SoHo Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church St. George's Episcopal Church St. Patrick's Cathedral St. Paul's Chapel Stonewall Inn Surrogate's Courthouse The Dakota The Met Fifth Avenue The Players The Town Hall Tiffany and Company Building Trinity Church Tweed Courthouse Union Square United Charities Building United States lightship Ambrose USS Intrepid Whitney Museum of American Art Will Marion Cook House Woolworth Building 1 Hanover Square 280 Broadway 330 West 42nd Street 55 Wall Street 555 Edgecombe Avenue 69th Regiment Armory African Burial Ground National Monument Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House Alfred E. Smith House American Stock Exchange Building Andrew Carnegie Mansion Bayard–Condict Building Bell Laboratories Building Brooklyn Bridge Brown Building Carnegie Hall Central Park Central Synagogue Chamber of Commerce Building Chester A. Arthur Home Chrysler Building Church of the Ascension, Episcopal Cooper Union Croton Aqueduct Daily News Building Duke Ellington House Dyckman House Eldridge Street Synagogue Empire State Building Equitable Building Flatiron Building Founder's Hall General Winfield Scott House Governors Island National Monument National Monument Grace Church Grand Central Terminal Hamilton Fish House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Harlem YMCA Harry F. Sinclair House Henry Clay Frick House Henry Street Settlement Hispanic Society of America Holland Tunnel James Weldon Johnson Residence Jefferson Market Library Lettie G. Howard Low Memorial Library Lower East Side Tenement Museum Macy's Herald Square Margaret Sanger Clinic Matthew Henson Residence Merchant's House Museum Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower Morgan Library & Museum Morris–Jumel Mansion New York Amsterdam News Building New York City Hall New York Life Building New York Public Library Main Branch New York Stock Exchange Building New York Yacht Club Building Park Avenue Armory Philosophy Hall Plaza Hotel Pupin Hall Rockefeller Center Samuel J. Tilden House Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture SoHo Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church St. George's Episcopal Church St. Patrick's Cathedral St. Paul's Chapel Stonewall Inn Surrogate's Courthouse The Dakota The Met Fifth Avenue The Players The Town Hall Tiffany and Company Building Trinity Church Tweed Courthouse Union Square United Charities Building United States lightship Ambrose USS Intrepid Whitney Museum of American Art Will Marion Cook House Woolworth Building New York City outside Manhattan Admiral David Glasgow Farragut Gravesite Alice Austen House Bartow–Pell Mansion Bronx Community College Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Historic District Center for Brooklyn History Conference House Croton Aqueduct Green-Wood Cemetery Jackie Robinson House King Manor Lorillard Snuff Mill Louis Armstrong House New York Botanical Garden Old Quaker Meeting House Plymouth Church Protestant Reformed Dutch Church of Flushing Quarters A Ralph Johnson Bunche House Sailors' Snug Harbor St. Ann & the Holy Trinity Church United Workers Cooperatives Van Cortlandt House Voorlezer's House Ward's Point Woodlawn Cemetery Wyckoff House Wyckoff-Bennett Homestead Admiral David Glasgow Farragut Gravesite Alice Austen House Bartow–Pell Mansion Bronx Community College Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Historic District Historic District Center for Brooklyn History Conference House Croton Aqueduct Green-Wood Cemetery Jackie Robinson House King Manor Lorillard Snuff Mill Louis Armstrong House New York Botanical Garden Old Quaker Meeting House Plymouth Church Protestant Reformed Dutch Church of Flushing Quarters A Ralph Johnson Bunche House Sailors' Snug Harbor St. Ann & the Holy Trinity Church United Workers Cooperatives Van Cortlandt House Voorlezer's House Ward's Point Woodlawn Cemetery Wyckoff House Wyckoff-Bennett Homestead Westchester County Aaron Copland House Armour–Stiner House Boston Post Road Historic District Croton Aqueduct Elephant Hotel Henry Draper Observatory John Hartford House Kykuit Lyndhurst Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow Philipsburg Manor House Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site Playland Thomas Paine Cottage Stepping Stones Sunnyside Van Cortlandt Manor Villa Lewaro Winged Foot Golf Club Aaron Copland House Armour–Stiner House Boston Post Road Historic District Croton Aqueduct Elephant Hotel Henry Draper Observatory John Hartford House Kykuit Lyndhurst Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow Philipsburg Manor House Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site Playland Thomas Paine Cottage Stepping Stones Sunnyside Van Cortlandt Manor Villa Lewaro Winged Foot Golf Club Rest of the state Adams Power Plant Transformer House Adirondack Park Arden Bennington Battlefield State Historic Site Bronck House Camp Pine Knot Camp Uncas Canfield Casino and Congress Park Chautauqua Institution Clermont State Historic Site Cobblestone Historic District Davis-Ferris Organ DeWint House Delaware and Hudson Canal Dutch Reformed Church Eagle Island Camp Elihu Root House Elizabeth Cady Stanton House Elkanah Watson House Fort Crailo Fort Crown Point Fort Klock Fort Montgomery Fort Niagara Fort Saint-Frédéric Fort Stanwix Fort Ticonderoga Franklin B. Hough House Ganondagan State Historic Site Gen. William Floyd House General Electric Research Laboratory Geneseo Historic District George Eastman Museum Gerrit Smith Estate Grant Cottage State Historic Site Great Camp Sagamore Harriet Tubman National Historical Park Historic Track Holland Land Office Hudson River Historic District Hudson River State Hospital Huguenot Street Historic District Hurley Historic District Hyde Hall Irving Langmuir House Jean Hasbrouck House Jethro Wood House John Brown Farm State Historic Site John Jay Homestead State Historic Site Johnson Hall State Historic Site Kate Mullany House Knox's Headquarters State Historic Site Lamoka site Land Tortoise Lemuel Haynes House Lewis Miller Cottage Locust Grove Main Building Manitoga Martin Van Buren National Historic Site Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District Mohonk Mountain House Montgomery Place Morrill Hall Nash New York State Canal System New York State Inebriate Asylum Newtown Battlefield State Park Niagara Falls State Park Nott Memorial Olana State Historic Site Old Dutch Church Old Fort Johnson Old Whaler's Church Oliver Bronson House Oneida Community Mansion House Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site Owl's Nest Palisades Interstate Park Commission Petrified Sea Gardens Plattsburgh Bay Riverby Roscoe Conkling House Rose Hill Mansion Santanoni Preserve Saratoga Spa State Park Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site Slabsides Springside Steepletop Stony Point Battlefield Susan B. Anthony House Thomas Cole National Historic Site Top Cottage Troy Savings Bank Music Hall United States Military Academy Utica Psychiatric Center Valcour Bay Van Alen House Vassar College Observatory W. & L. E. Gurley Building Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site West Point Foundry Willard Memorial Chapel-Welch Memorial Hall William H. Seward House Woodchuck Lodge Yaddo Adams Power Plant Transformer House Adirondack Park Arden Bennington Battlefield State Historic Site Bronck House Camp Pine Knot Camp Uncas Canfield Casino and Congress Park Chautauqua Institution Clermont State Historic Site Cobblestone Historic District Davis-Ferris Organ DeWint House Delaware and Hudson Canal Dutch Reformed Church Eagle Island Camp Elihu Root House Elizabeth Cady Stanton House Elkanah Watson House Fort Crailo Fort Crown Point Fort Klock Fort Montgomery Fort Niagara Fort Saint-Frédéric Fort Stanwix Fort Ticonderoga Franklin B. Hough House Ganondagan State Historic Site Gen. William Floyd House General Electric Research Laboratory Geneseo Historic District George Eastman Museum Gerrit Smith Estate Grant Cottage State Historic Site Great Camp Sagamore Harriet Tubman National Historical Park Historic Track Holland Land Office Hudson River Historic District Hudson River State Hospital Huguenot Street Historic District Hurley Historic District Hyde Hall Irving Langmuir House Jean Hasbrouck House Jethro Wood House John Brown Farm State Historic Site John Jay Homestead State Historic Site Johnson Hall State Historic Site Kate Mullany House Knox's Headquarters State Historic Site Lamoka site Land Tortoise Lemuel Haynes House Lewis Miller Cottage Locust Grove Main Building Manitoga Martin Van Buren National Historic Site Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District Mohonk Mountain House Montgomery Place Morrill Hall Nash New York State Canal System New York State Inebriate Asylum Newtown Battlefield State Park Niagara Falls State Park Nott Memorial Olana State Historic Site Old Dutch Church Old Fort Johnson Old Whaler's Church Oliver Bronson House Oneida Community Mansion House Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site Owl's Nest Palisades Interstate Park Commission Petrified Sea Gardens Plattsburgh Bay Riverby Roscoe Conkling House Rose Hill Mansion Santanoni Preserve Saratoga Spa State Park Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site Slabsides Springside Steepletop Stony Point Battlefield Susan B. Anthony House Thomas Cole National Historic Site Top Cottage Troy Savings Bank Music Hall United States Military Academy Utica Psychiatric Center Valcour Bay Van Alen House Vassar College Observatory W. & L. E. Gurley Building Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site West Point Foundry Willard Memorial Chapel-Welch Memorial Hall William H. Seward House Woodchuck Lodge Yaddo Historic sites Castle Clinton National Monument Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site Federal Hall National Memorial General Grant National Memorial Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site Sagamore Hill National Historic Site Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site Saratoga National Historical Park Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site Women's Rights National Historical Park Castle Clinton National Monument Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site Federal Hall National Memorial General Grant National Memorial Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site Sagamore Hill National Historic Site Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site Saratoga National Historical Park Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site Women's Rights National Historical Park Former Relocated Nantucket (LV-112) USCGC Fir (WLM-212) USS Edson Delisted Edwin H. Armstrong House Florence Mills House Old Blenheim Bridge Relocated Nantucket (LV-112) USCGC Fir (WLM-212) USS Edson Nantucket (LV-112) USCGC Fir (WLM-212) USS Edson Delisted Edwin H. Armstrong House Florence Mills House Old Blenheim Bridge Edwin H. Armstrong House Florence Mills House Old Blenheim Bridge v t e National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan v t e Historic districts 322–344 East 69th Street Audubon Terrace Bowery Central Park West Charlton–King–Vandam Chelsea Chinatown and Little Italy East 73rd Street Fort Tryon Park Fulton–Nassau Gramercy Park Greenwich Village Hamilton Heights Jumel Terrace Lower East Side MacDougal–Sullivan Gardens Manhattan Avenue–West 120th–123rd Streets Meatpacking District Mount Morris Park Residences at 5-15 West 54th Street St. Nicholas Sniffen Court SoHo South Street Seaport St. Mark's Stuyvesant Square Sugar Hill Tudor City Turtle Bay Gardens Upper East Side Wall Street West 147th–149th Streets Historic districts 322–344 East 69th Street Audubon Terrace Bowery Central Park West Charlton–King–Vandam Chelsea Chinatown and Little Italy East 73rd Street Fort Tryon Park Fulton–Nassau Gramercy Park Greenwich Village Hamilton Heights Jumel Terrace Lower East Side MacDougal–Sullivan Gardens Manhattan Avenue–West 120th–123rd Streets Meatpacking District Mount Morris Park Residences at 5-15 West 54th Street St. Nicholas Sniffen Court SoHo South Street Seaport St. Mark's Stuyvesant Square Sugar Hill Tudor City Turtle Bay Gardens Upper East Side Wall Street West 147th–149th Streets 322–344 East 69th Street Audubon Terrace Bowery Central Park West Charlton–King–Vandam Chelsea Chinatown and Little Italy East 73rd Street Fort Tryon Park Fulton–Nassau Gramercy Park Greenwich Village Hamilton Heights Jumel Terrace Lower East Side MacDougal–Sullivan Gardens Manhattan Avenue–West 120th–123rd Streets Meatpacking District Mount Morris Park Residences at 5-15 West 54th Street St. Nicholas Sniffen Court SoHo South Street Seaport St. Mark's Stuyvesant Square Sugar Hill Tudor City Turtle Bay Gardens Upper East Side Wall Street West 147th–149th Streets Cemeteries African Burial Ground National Monument First Shearith Israel Graveyard Harlem African Burial Ground New York City Marble Cemetery New York Marble Cemetery Trinity Church Cemetery Cemeteries African Burial Ground National Monument First Shearith Israel Graveyard Harlem African Burial Ground New York City Marble Cemetery New York Marble Cemetery Trinity Church Cemetery African Burial Ground National Monument First Shearith Israel Graveyard Harlem African Burial Ground New York City Marble Cemetery New York Marble Cemetery Trinity Church Cemetery Clubhouses American Fine Arts Society Casa Italiana Century Association Civic Club / Estonian House Colony Club Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building Engineering Societies' Building Engineers' Club Building Grolier Club Harvard Club of New York City Henry Street Settlement Lambs Club The Level Club New York City Bar Association New York City Center New York Yacht Club Norwood Club Odd Fellows Hall The Players Racquet and Tennis Club Salmagundi Club University Club of New York University Settlement Society of New York Women's Liberation Center Women's National Republican Club Clubhouses American Fine Arts Society Casa Italiana Century Association Civic Club / Estonian House Colony Club Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building Engineering Societies' Building Engineers' Club Building Grolier Club Harvard Club of New York City Henry Street Settlement Lambs Club The Level Club New York City Bar Association New York City Center New York Yacht Club Norwood Club Odd Fellows Hall The Players Racquet and Tennis Club Salmagundi Club University Club of New York University Settlement Society of New York Women's Liberation Center Women's National Republican Club American Fine Arts Society Casa Italiana Century Association Civic Club / Estonian House Colony Club Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building Engineering Societies' Building Engineers' Club Building Grolier Club Harvard Club of New York City Henry Street Settlement Lambs Club The Level Club New York City Bar Association New York City Center New York Yacht Club Norwood Club Odd Fellows Hall The Players Racquet and Tennis Club Salmagundi Club University Club of New York University Settlement Society of New York Women's Liberation Center Women's National Republican Club Commercial buildings Office buildings 1 Broadway 1 Hanover Square 1 Wall Street Court 108 Leonard 116 John Street 23 Wall Street 254–260 Canal Street 330 West 42nd Street 361 Broadway 40 Wall Street 48 Wall Street 488 Madison Avenue 49 Chambers 56 Pine Street 63 Wall Street 90 West Street American Radiator Building Bayard–Condict Building Bell Laboratories Building Broad Exchange Building Candler Building Cary Building Century Building Chamber of Commerce Building Chanin Building Chrysler Building Church Missions House Corbin Building Daily News Building Decker Building Empire Building Empire State Building Equitable Building Film Center Building Flatiron Building Fred F. French Building General Electric Building House of the New York City Bar Association Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building Lever House Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower New York County Lawyers' Association Building New York Evening Post Building New York Life Building Old New York Evening Post Building Park Row Building Puck Building Rockefeller Center Schermerhorn Row Block Scribner Building Seagram Building W New York Union Square Woolworth Building Drinking establishments Fraunces Tavern Julius Minton's Playhouse Stonewall Inn Stores, other commercial 170–176 John Street 280 Broadway 287 Broadway 452 Fifth Avenue 55 Wall Street 75 Murray Street American Bank Note Company Building American Stock Exchange Building Apple Bank Building Bank of the Metropolis Barclay–Vesey Building Bowery Savings Bank Building Chelsea Market David S. Brown Store De Vinne Press Building E. V. Haughwout Building Greenwich Savings Bank Building Kitchen, Montross & Wilcox Store Lincoln Building Macy's Herald Square Metropolitan Savings Bank Building Mount Morris Bank Building New York Amsterdam News Building New York Savings Bank Building New York Stock Exchange Building Park and Tilford Building R. C. Williams Warehouse Robbins & Appleton Building Schermerhorn Building Sheffield Farms Stable Tiffany and Company Building United Charities Building Van Tassell and Kearney Horse Auction Mart Commercial buildings Office buildings 1 Broadway 1 Hanover Square 1 Wall Street Court 108 Leonard 116 John Street 23 Wall Street 254–260 Canal Street 330 West 42nd Street 361 Broadway 40 Wall Street 48 Wall Street 488 Madison Avenue 49 Chambers 56 Pine Street 63 Wall Street 90 West Street American Radiator Building Bayard–Condict Building Bell Laboratories Building Broad Exchange Building Candler Building Cary Building Century Building Chamber of Commerce Building Chanin Building Chrysler Building Church Missions House Corbin Building Daily News Building Decker Building Empire Building Empire State Building Equitable Building Film Center Building Flatiron Building Fred F. French Building General Electric Building House of the New York City Bar Association Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building Lever House Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower New York County Lawyers' Association Building New York Evening Post Building New York Life Building Old New York Evening Post Building Park Row Building Puck Building Rockefeller Center Schermerhorn Row Block Scribner Building Seagram Building W New York Union Square Woolworth Building Drinking establishments Fraunces Tavern Julius Minton's Playhouse Stonewall Inn Stores, other commercial 170–176 John Street 280 Broadway 287 Broadway 452 Fifth Avenue 55 Wall Street 75 Murray Street American Bank Note Company Building American Stock Exchange Building Apple Bank Building Bank of the Metropolis Barclay–Vesey Building Bowery Savings Bank Building Chelsea Market David S. Brown Store De Vinne Press Building E. V. Haughwout Building Greenwich Savings Bank Building Kitchen, Montross & Wilcox Store Lincoln Building Macy's Herald Square Metropolitan Savings Bank Building Mount Morris Bank Building New York Amsterdam News Building New York Savings Bank Building New York Stock Exchange Building Park and Tilford Building R. C. Williams Warehouse Robbins & Appleton Building Schermerhorn Building Sheffield Farms Stable Tiffany and Company Building United Charities Building Van Tassell and Kearney Horse Auction Mart Office buildings 1 Broadway 1 Hanover Square 1 Wall Street Court 108 Leonard 116 John Street 23 Wall Street 254–260 Canal Street 330 West 42nd Street 361 Broadway 40 Wall Street 48 Wall Street 488 Madison Avenue 49 Chambers 56 Pine Street 63 Wall Street 90 West Street American Radiator Building Bayard–Condict Building Bell Laboratories Building Broad Exchange Building Candler Building Cary Building Century Building Chamber of Commerce Building Chanin Building Chrysler Building Church Missions House Corbin Building Daily News Building Decker Building Empire Building Empire State Building Equitable Building Film Center Building Flatiron Building Fred F. French Building General Electric Building House of the New York City Bar Association Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building Lever House Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower New York County Lawyers' Association Building New York Evening Post Building New York Life Building Old New York Evening Post Building Park Row Building Puck Building Rockefeller Center Schermerhorn Row Block Scribner Building Seagram Building W New York Union Square Woolworth Building 1 Broadway 1 Hanover Square 1 Wall Street Court 108 Leonard 116 John Street 23 Wall Street 254–260 Canal Street 330 West 42nd Street 361 Broadway 40 Wall Street 48 Wall Street 488 Madison Avenue 49 Chambers 56 Pine Street 63 Wall Street 90 West Street American Radiator Building Bayard–Condict Building Bell Laboratories Building Broad Exchange Building Candler Building Cary Building Century Building Chamber of Commerce Building Chanin Building Chrysler Building Church Missions House Corbin Building Daily News Building Decker Building Empire Building Empire State Building Equitable Building Film Center Building Flatiron Building Fred F. French Building General Electric Building House of the New York City Bar Association Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building Lever House Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower New York County Lawyers' Association Building New York Evening Post Building New York Life Building Old New York Evening Post Building Park Row Building Puck Building Rockefeller Center Schermerhorn Row Block Scribner Building Seagram Building W New York Union Square Woolworth Building Drinking establishments Fraunces Tavern Julius Minton's Playhouse Stonewall Inn Fraunces Tavern Julius Minton's Playhouse Stonewall Inn Stores, other commercial 170–176 John Street 280 Broadway 287 Broadway 452 Fifth Avenue 55 Wall Street 75 Murray Street American Bank Note Company Building American Stock Exchange Building Apple Bank Building Bank of the Metropolis Barclay–Vesey Building Bowery Savings Bank Building Chelsea Market David S. Brown Store De Vinne Press Building E. V. Haughwout Building Greenwich Savings Bank Building Kitchen, Montross & Wilcox Store Lincoln Building Macy's Herald Square Metropolitan Savings Bank Building Mount Morris Bank Building New York Amsterdam News Building New York Savings Bank Building New York Stock Exchange Building Park and Tilford Building R. C. Williams Warehouse Robbins & Appleton Building Schermerhorn Building Sheffield Farms Stable Tiffany and Company Building United Charities Building Van Tassell and Kearney Horse Auction Mart 170–176 John Street 280 Broadway 287 Broadway 452 Fifth Avenue 55 Wall Street 75 Murray Street American Bank Note Company Building American Stock Exchange Building Apple Bank Building Bank of the Metropolis Barclay–Vesey Building Bowery Savings Bank Building Chelsea Market David S. Brown Store De Vinne Press Building E. V. Haughwout Building Greenwich Savings Bank Building Kitchen, Montross & Wilcox Store Lincoln Building Macy's Herald Square Metropolitan Savings Bank Building Mount Morris Bank Building New York Amsterdam News Building New York Savings Bank Building New York Stock Exchange Building Park and Tilford Building R. C. Williams Warehouse Robbins & Appleton Building Schermerhorn Building Sheffield Farms Stable Tiffany and Company Building United Charities Building Van Tassell and Kearney Horse Auction Mart Educational buildings Colleges and schools Barnard Hall Brown Building City College Quadrangle Claremont Riding Academy Cooper Union Earl Hall Founder's Hall Fourteenth Ward Industrial School Marymount School of New York Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls New York School of Applied Design for Women P.S. 9 P.S. 135 P.S. 157 Philosophy Hall Pupin Hall St. Walburga's Academy Union Theological Seminary Libraries 115th Street Library General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York Hamilton Grange Library Jefferson Market Library Low Memorial Library Morgan Library & Museum New York Public Library Main Branch New York Society Library Ottendorfer Public Library and Stuyvesant Polyclinic Hospital Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Yorkville Library Educational buildings Colleges and schools Barnard Hall Brown Building City College Quadrangle Claremont Riding Academy Cooper Union Earl Hall Founder's Hall Fourteenth Ward Industrial School Marymount School of New York Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls New York School of Applied Design for Women P.S. 9 P.S. 135 P.S. 157 Philosophy Hall Pupin Hall St. Walburga's Academy Union Theological Seminary Libraries 115th Street Library General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York Hamilton Grange Library Jefferson Market Library Low Memorial Library Morgan Library & Museum New York Public Library Main Branch New York Society Library Ottendorfer Public Library and Stuyvesant Polyclinic Hospital Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Yorkville Library Colleges and schools Barnard Hall Brown Building City College Quadrangle Claremont Riding Academy Cooper Union Earl Hall Founder's Hall Fourteenth Ward Industrial School Marymount School of New York Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls New York School of Applied Design for Women P.S. 9 P.S. 135 P.S. 157 Philosophy Hall Pupin Hall St. Walburga's Academy Union Theological Seminary Barnard Hall Brown Building City College Quadrangle Claremont Riding Academy Cooper Union Earl Hall Founder's Hall Fourteenth Ward Industrial School Marymount School of New York Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls New York School of Applied Design for Women P.S. 9 P.S. 135 P.S. 157 Philosophy Hall Pupin Hall St. Walburga's Academy Union Theological Seminary Libraries 115th Street Library General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York Hamilton Grange Library Jefferson Market Library Low Memorial Library Morgan Library & Museum New York Public Library Main Branch New York Society Library Ottendorfer Public Library and Stuyvesant Polyclinic Hospital Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Yorkville Library 115th Street Library General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York Hamilton Grange Library Jefferson Market Library Low Memorial Library Morgan Library & Museum New York Public Library Main Branch New York Society Library Ottendorfer Public Library and Stuyvesant Polyclinic Hospital Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Yorkville Library Government buildings Post office buildings Canal Street Station Church Street Station Cooper Station Inwood Station James A. Farley Building Knickerbocker Station Lenox Hill Station Madison Square Station Old Chelsea Station Courthouse Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State Harlem Courthouse Surrogate's Courthouse Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse Tweed Courthouse Other governmental 1st Police Precinct Station House 240 Centre Street Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House Blackwell Island Light Block House New York City Hall City Pier A Federal Hall Federal Office Building Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building Firehouse, Engine Company 31 Firehouse, Engine Company 33 and Ladder Company 9 Gracie Mansion Harlem Fire Watchtower Little Red Lighthouse Manhattan Municipal Building Municipal Asphalt Plant Government buildings Post office buildings Canal Street Station Church Street Station Cooper Station Inwood Station James A. Farley Building Knickerbocker Station Lenox Hill Station Madison Square Station Old Chelsea Station Courthouse Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State Harlem Courthouse Surrogate's Courthouse Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse Tweed Courthouse Other governmental 1st Police Precinct Station House 240 Centre Street Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House Blackwell Island Light Block House New York City Hall City Pier A Federal Hall Federal Office Building Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building Firehouse, Engine Company 31 Firehouse, Engine Company 33 and Ladder Company 9 Gracie Mansion Harlem Fire Watchtower Little Red Lighthouse Manhattan Municipal Building Municipal Asphalt Plant Post office buildings Canal Street Station Church Street Station Cooper Station Inwood Station James A. Farley Building Knickerbocker Station Lenox Hill Station Madison Square Station Old Chelsea Station Canal Street Station Church Street Station Cooper Station Inwood Station James A. Farley Building Knickerbocker Station Lenox Hill Station Madison Square Station Old Chelsea Station Courthouse Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State Harlem Courthouse Surrogate's Courthouse Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse Tweed Courthouse Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State Harlem Courthouse Surrogate's Courthouse Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse Tweed Courthouse Other governmental 1st Police Precinct Station House 240 Centre Street Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House Blackwell Island Light Block House New York City Hall City Pier A Federal Hall Federal Office Building Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building Firehouse, Engine Company 31 Firehouse, Engine Company 33 and Ladder Company 9 Gracie Mansion Harlem Fire Watchtower Little Red Lighthouse Manhattan Municipal Building Municipal Asphalt Plant 1st Police Precinct Station House 240 Centre Street Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House Blackwell Island Light Block House New York City Hall City Pier A Federal Hall Federal Office Building Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building Firehouse, Engine Company 31 Firehouse, Engine Company 33 and Ladder Company 9 Gracie Mansion Harlem Fire Watchtower Little Red Lighthouse Manhattan Municipal Building Municipal Asphalt Plant Hospital buildings City Hospital Gouverneur Health Mount Sinai Morningside The Octagon R & S Building Smallpox Hospital Society for the Lying-In Hospital Strecker Memorial Laboratory Hospital buildings City Hospital Gouverneur Health Mount Sinai Morningside The Octagon R & S Building Smallpox Hospital Society for the Lying-In Hospital Strecker Memorial Laboratory City Hospital Gouverneur Health Mount Sinai Morningside The Octagon R & S Building Smallpox Hospital Society for the Lying-In Hospital Strecker Memorial Laboratory Hotel buildings Barbizon 63 The Chatwal New York George Washington Hotel Gilsey House Grand Hotel Hotel Albert Hotel Chelsea Hotel Gerard Hotel Seville NoMad Hotel Theresa The Knickerbocker Hotel Martinique Hotel Plaza Hotel Times Square Hotel Webster Hotel Westchester House Hotel buildings Barbizon 63 The Chatwal New York George Washington Hotel Gilsey House Grand Hotel Hotel Albert Hotel Chelsea Hotel Gerard Hotel Seville NoMad Hotel Theresa The Knickerbocker Hotel Martinique Hotel Plaza Hotel Times Square Hotel Webster Hotel Westchester House Barbizon 63 The Chatwal New York George Washington Hotel Gilsey House Grand Hotel Hotel Albert Hotel Chelsea Hotel Gerard Hotel Seville NoMad Hotel Theresa The Knickerbocker Hotel Martinique Hotel Plaza Hotel Times Square Hotel Webster Hotel Westchester House Military facilities 69th Regiment Armory 369th Regiment Armory Castle Clinton Castle Williams First Battery Armory Fort Jay Fort Washington Avenue Armory Park Avenue Armory Fort Washington Military facilities 69th Regiment Armory 369th Regiment Armory Castle Clinton Castle Williams First Battery Armory Fort Jay Fort Washington Avenue Armory Park Avenue Armory Fort Washington 69th Regiment Armory 369th Regiment Armory Castle Clinton Castle Williams First Battery Armory Fort Jay Fort Washington Avenue Armory Park Avenue Armory Fort Washington Museums and memorials American Museum of Natural History Castle Clinton Castle Williams Dyckman House Eldridge Street Synagogue Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern Gracie Mansion Grant's Tomb Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant's House Museum Morgan Library & Museum Morris–Jumel Mansion Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site South Street Seaport Statue of Liberty The Met Fifth Avenue Whitney Museum of American Art Museums and memorials American Museum of Natural History Castle Clinton Castle Williams Dyckman House Eldridge Street Synagogue Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern Gracie Mansion Grant's Tomb Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant's House Museum Morgan Library & Museum Morris–Jumel Mansion Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site South Street Seaport Statue of Liberty The Met Fifth Avenue Whitney Museum of American Art American Museum of Natural History Castle Clinton Castle Williams Dyckman House Eldridge Street Synagogue Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern Gracie Mansion Grant's Tomb Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant's House Museum Morgan Library & Museum Morris–Jumel Mansion Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site South Street Seaport Statue of Liberty The Met Fifth Avenue Whitney Museum of American Art Parks and recreation Asser Levy Recreation Center Bowling Green Bryant Park Central Park Duffy Square Fort Tryon Park Governors Island National Monument Greenacre Park Marcus Garvey Park Riverside Park Statue of Liberty National Monument Union Square Verdi Square Parks and recreation Asser Levy Recreation Center Bowling Green Bryant Park Central Park Duffy Square Fort Tryon Park Governors Island National Monument Greenacre Park Marcus Garvey Park Riverside Park Statue of Liberty National Monument Union Square Verdi Square Asser Levy Recreation Center Bowling Green Bryant Park Central Park Duffy Square Fort Tryon Park Governors Island National Monument Greenacre Park Marcus Garvey Park Riverside Park Statue of Liberty National Monument Union Square Verdi Square Religious buildings Churches Chapel of the Good Shepherd Church of Notre Dame Church of St. Ignatius Loyola Church of St. Mary the Virgin Church of St. Vincent Ferrer Church of Sweden in New York Church of the Ascension, Episcopal Church of the Heavenly Rest Church of the Holy Apostles Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings Church of the Immaculate Conception and Clergy Houses Church of the Incarnation, Episcopal Church of the Intercession Church of the Transfiguration, Episcopal Church of the Transfiguration, Roman Catholic Eleventh Street Methodist Episcopal Chapel Elmendorf Reformed Church First Hungarian Reformed Church of New York First Roumanian-American Congregation Fort Washington Presbyterian Church German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Mark Grace Church Holy Trinity Church Holyrood Episcopal Church John Street Methodist Church Judson Memorial Church Marble Collegiate Church Mariner's Temple Metropolitan Baptist Church Riverside Church Saint Luke's Lutheran Church Saint Thomas Church Sea and Land Church Second Church of Christ, Scientist St. Andrew's Episcopal Church St. Augustine's Church St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church St. Cecilia Church and Convent St. George's Episcopal Church St. Ignatius of Antioch Church St. James Roman Catholic Church St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery St. Michael's Episcopal Church St. Patrick's Cathedral St. Patrick's Old Cathedral St. Paul the Apostle Church St. Paul's Chapel St. Peter's Church St. Peter's Lutheran Church St. Philip's Episcopal Church Trinity Chapel Complex Trinity Church Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church of Manhattan West End Collegiate Church Zion-St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church Synagogues The Actors' Temple B'nai Jeshurun Beth Hamedrash Hagodol Bialystoker Synagogue Central Synagogue Congregation Ohab Zedek Eldridge Street Synagogue Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights Kehila Kedosha Janina Old Broadway Synagogue Park East Synagogue Ramath Orah Stanton Street Synagogue Temple Israel of the City of New York Religious buildings Churches Chapel of the Good Shepherd Church of Notre Dame Church of St. Ignatius Loyola Church of St. Mary the Virgin Church of St. Vincent Ferrer Church of Sweden in New York Church of the Ascension, Episcopal Church of the Heavenly Rest Church of the Holy Apostles Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings Church of the Immaculate Conception and Clergy Houses Church of the Incarnation, Episcopal Church of the Intercession Church of the Transfiguration, Episcopal Church of the Transfiguration, Roman Catholic Eleventh Street Methodist Episcopal Chapel Elmendorf Reformed Church First Hungarian Reformed Church of New York First Roumanian-American Congregation Fort Washington Presbyterian Church German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Mark Grace Church Holy Trinity Church Holyrood Episcopal Church John Street Methodist Church Judson Memorial Church Marble Collegiate Church Mariner's Temple Metropolitan Baptist Church Riverside Church Saint Luke's Lutheran Church Saint Thomas Church Sea and Land Church Second Church of Christ, Scientist St. Andrew's Episcopal Church St. Augustine's Church St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church St. Cecilia Church and Convent St. George's Episcopal Church St. Ignatius of Antioch Church St. James Roman Catholic Church St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery St. Michael's Episcopal Church St. Patrick's Cathedral St. Patrick's Old Cathedral St. Paul the Apostle Church St. Paul's Chapel St. Peter's Church St. Peter's Lutheran Church St. Philip's Episcopal Church Trinity Chapel Complex Trinity Church Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church of Manhattan West End Collegiate Church Zion-St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church Synagogues The Actors' Temple B'nai Jeshurun Beth Hamedrash Hagodol Bialystoker Synagogue Central Synagogue Congregation Ohab Zedek Eldridge Street Synagogue Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights Kehila Kedosha Janina Old Broadway Synagogue Park East Synagogue Ramath Orah Stanton Street Synagogue Temple Israel of the City of New York Churches Chapel of the Good Shepherd Church of Notre Dame Church of St. Ignatius Loyola Church of St. Mary the Virgin Church of St. Vincent Ferrer Church of Sweden in New York Church of the Ascension, Episcopal Church of the Heavenly Rest Church of the Holy Apostles Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings Church of the Immaculate Conception and Clergy Houses Church of the Incarnation, Episcopal Church of the Intercession Church of the Transfiguration, Episcopal Church of the Transfiguration, Roman Catholic Eleventh Street Methodist Episcopal Chapel Elmendorf Reformed Church First Hungarian Reformed Church of New York First Roumanian-American Congregation Fort Washington Presbyterian Church German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Mark Grace Church Holy Trinity Church Holyrood Episcopal Church John Street Methodist Church Judson Memorial Church Marble Collegiate Church Mariner's Temple Metropolitan Baptist Church Riverside Church Saint Luke's Lutheran Church Saint Thomas Church Sea and Land Church Second Church of Christ, Scientist St. Andrew's Episcopal Church St. Augustine's Church St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church St. Cecilia Church and Convent St. George's Episcopal Church St. Ignatius of Antioch Church St. James Roman Catholic Church St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery St. Michael's Episcopal Church St. Patrick's Cathedral St. Patrick's Old Cathedral St. Paul the Apostle Church St. Paul's Chapel St. Peter's Church St. Peter's Lutheran Church St. Philip's Episcopal Church Trinity Chapel Complex Trinity Church Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church of Manhattan West End Collegiate Church Zion-St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church Chapel of the Good Shepherd Church of Notre Dame Church of St. Ignatius Loyola Church of St. Mary the Virgin Church of St. Vincent Ferrer Church of Sweden in New York Church of the Ascension, Episcopal Church of the Heavenly Rest Church of the Holy Apostles Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings Church of the Immaculate Conception and Clergy Houses Church of the Incarnation, Episcopal Church of the Intercession Church of the Transfiguration, Episcopal Church of the Transfiguration, Roman Catholic Eleventh Street Methodist Episcopal Chapel Elmendorf Reformed Church First Hungarian Reformed Church of New York First Roumanian-American Congregation Fort Washington Presbyterian Church German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Mark Grace Church Holy Trinity Church Holyrood Episcopal Church John Street Methodist Church Judson Memorial Church Marble Collegiate Church Mariner's Temple Metropolitan Baptist Church Riverside Church Saint Luke's Lutheran Church Saint Thomas Church Sea and Land Church Second Church of Christ, Scientist St. Andrew's Episcopal Church St. Augustine's Church St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church St. Cecilia Church and Convent St. George's Episcopal Church St. Ignatius of Antioch Church St. James Roman Catholic Church St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery St. Michael's Episcopal Church St. Patrick's Cathedral St. Patrick's Old Cathedral St. Paul the Apostle Church St. Paul's Chapel St. Peter's Church St. Peter's Lutheran Church St. Philip's Episcopal Church Trinity Chapel Complex Trinity Church Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church of Manhattan West End Collegiate Church Zion-St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church Synagogues The Actors' Temple B'nai Jeshurun Beth Hamedrash Hagodol Bialystoker Synagogue Central Synagogue Congregation Ohab Zedek Eldridge Street Synagogue Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights Kehila Kedosha Janina Old Broadway Synagogue Park East Synagogue Ramath Orah Stanton Street Synagogue Temple Israel of the City of New York The Actors' Temple B'nai Jeshurun Beth Hamedrash Hagodol Bialystoker Synagogue Central Synagogue Congregation Ohab Zedek Eldridge Street Synagogue Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights Kehila Kedosha Janina Old Broadway Synagogue Park East Synagogue Ramath Orah Stanton Street Synagogue Temple Israel of the City of New York Residential buildings Houses 51 Market Street 83 and 85 Sullivan Street 131 Charles Street 146 East 38th Street 203 East 29th Street 203 Prince Street 311 and 313 East 58th Street 647 Fifth Avenue Adelaide L. T. Douglas House Admiral's House Alfred E. Smith House Andrew Carnegie Mansion Benjamin N. Duke House Blackwell House Cartier Building Charlie Parker Residence Chester A. Arthur Home Daniel LeRoy House Duke Ellington House Dyckman House East 80th Street Houses Edward Mooney House Felix M. Warburg House General Winfield Scott House George F. Baker Jr. Houses Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House Governor's House Gracie Mansion Hamilton Fish House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Harry F. Sinclair House Henry Clay Frick House Houses at 157–165 East 78th Street Houses at 208–218 East 78th Street Isaac L. Rice Mansion Isaac T. Hopper House James A. Burden House James B. Duke House James Bailey House James Brown House James F. D. Lanier Residence James Watson House Joseph Raphael De Lamar House Langston Hughes House Lescaze House Lewis G. Morris House Lucy Drexel Dahlgren House Margaret Sanger Clinic Merchant's House Museum Morris–Jumel Mansion Mrs. Graham Fair Vanderbilt House New York Amsterdam News Building Otto H. Kahn House Park Avenue Houses Pomander Walk Samuel J. Tilden House Sara Delano Roosevelt Memorial House Schinasi Mansion St. Mark's Historic District Stephen Van Rensselaer House Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Villard Houses Will Marion Cook House William Goadby Loew House William H. Moore House Apartments, other residential 1 Wall Street Court 21 West Street 45 East 66th Street 49 Chambers 88 Greenwich Street 90 West Street 108 Leonard 240 Central Park South 240 Centre Street 287 Broadway 555 Edgecombe Avenue 1261 Madison Avenue Alwyn Court American Thread Building Association Residence Nursing Home Bank of the Metropolis Barbizon 63 Barclay–Vesey Building Brooks and Hewitt Halls Cherokee Apartments Christodora House Colonnade Row Dunbar Apartments First Houses Harlem River Houses Harlem YMCA Hudson View Gardens International House of New York Ivey Delph Apartments James Weldon Johnson Residence Liberty Tower Lower East Side Tenement Museum Master Apartments Metro North Plaza New York Cancer Hospital Penn South Puck Building Red House The Ansonia The Apthorp The Belnord The Dakota The Dorilton The Octagon The Osborne The Sofia The Wilbraham Westbeth Artists Community Residential buildings Houses 51 Market Street 83 and 85 Sullivan Street 131 Charles Street 146 East 38th Street 203 East 29th Street 203 Prince Street 311 and 313 East 58th Street 647 Fifth Avenue Adelaide L. T. Douglas House Admiral's House Alfred E. Smith House Andrew Carnegie Mansion Benjamin N. Duke House Blackwell House Cartier Building Charlie Parker Residence Chester A. Arthur Home Daniel LeRoy House Duke Ellington House Dyckman House East 80th Street Houses Edward Mooney House Felix M. Warburg House General Winfield Scott House George F. Baker Jr. Houses Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House Governor's House Gracie Mansion Hamilton Fish House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Harry F. Sinclair House Henry Clay Frick House Houses at 157–165 East 78th Street Houses at 208–218 East 78th Street Isaac L. Rice Mansion Isaac T. Hopper House James A. Burden House James B. Duke House James Bailey House James Brown House James F. D. Lanier Residence James Watson House Joseph Raphael De Lamar House Langston Hughes House Lescaze House Lewis G. Morris House Lucy Drexel Dahlgren House Margaret Sanger Clinic Merchant's House Museum Morris–Jumel Mansion Mrs. Graham Fair Vanderbilt House New York Amsterdam News Building Otto H. Kahn House Park Avenue Houses Pomander Walk Samuel J. Tilden House Sara Delano Roosevelt Memorial House Schinasi Mansion St. Mark's Historic District Stephen Van Rensselaer House Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Villard Houses Will Marion Cook House William Goadby Loew House William H. Moore House Apartments, other residential 1 Wall Street Court 21 West Street 45 East 66th Street 49 Chambers 88 Greenwich Street 90 West Street 108 Leonard 240 Central Park South 240 Centre Street 287 Broadway 555 Edgecombe Avenue 1261 Madison Avenue Alwyn Court American Thread Building Association Residence Nursing Home Bank of the Metropolis Barbizon 63 Barclay–Vesey Building Brooks and Hewitt Halls Cherokee Apartments Christodora House Colonnade Row Dunbar Apartments First Houses Harlem River Houses Harlem YMCA Hudson View Gardens International House of New York Ivey Delph Apartments James Weldon Johnson Residence Liberty Tower Lower East Side Tenement Museum Master Apartments Metro North Plaza New York Cancer Hospital Penn South Puck Building Red House The Ansonia The Apthorp The Belnord The Dakota The Dorilton The Octagon The Osborne The Sofia The Wilbraham Westbeth Artists Community Houses 51 Market Street 83 and 85 Sullivan Street 131 Charles Street 146 East 38th Street 203 East 29th Street 203 Prince Street 311 and 313 East 58th Street 647 Fifth Avenue Adelaide L. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–9 of 9 results for author: Mak, R Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] cs.AI cs.CV cs.ET cs.LG cs.SE MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2509.26153 [ pdf ] cs.AI A Field Guide to Deploying AI Agents in Clinical Practice Authors: Jack Gallifant , Katherine C. Kellogg , Matt Butler , Amanda Centi , Shan Chen , Patrick F. Doyle , Sayon Dutta , Joyce Guo , Matthew J. Hadfield , Esther H. Kim , David E. Kozono , Hugo JWL Aerts , Adam B. Landman , Raymond H. Mak , Rebecca G. Mishuris , Tanna L. Nelson , Guergana K. Savova , Elad Sharon , Benjamin C. Silverman , Umit Topaloglu , Jeremy L. Warner , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) integrated into agent-driven workflows hold immense promise for healthcare, yet a significant gap exists between their potential and practical implementation within clinical settings. To address this, we present a practitioner-oriented field manual for deploying generative agents that use electronic health record (EHR) data. This guide is informed by our experience dep… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) integrated into agent-driven workflows hold immense promise for healthcare, yet a significant gap exists between their potential and practical implementation within clinical settings. To address this, we present a practitioner-oriented field manual for deploying generative agents that use electronic health record (EHR) data. This guide is informed by our experience deploying the "irAE-Agent", an automated system to detect immune-related adverse events from clinical notes at Mass General Brigham, and by structured interviews with 21 clinicians, engineers, and informatics leaders involved in the project. Our analysis reveals a critical misalignment in clinical AI development: less than 20% of our effort was dedicated to prompt engineering and model development, while over 80% was consumed by the sociotechnical work of implementation. We distill this effort into five "heavy lifts": data integration, model validation, ensuring economic value, managing system drift, and governance. By providing actionable solutions for each of these challenges, this field manual shifts the focus from algorithmic development to the essential infrastructure and implementation work required to bridge the "valley of death" and successfully translate generative AI from pilot projects into routine clinical care. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; v1 submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: Under review. 7 Tables, 2 Figures arXiv:2509.26153 [ pdf ] A Field Guide to Deploying AI Agents in Clinical Practice Authors: Jack Gallifant , Katherine C. Kellogg , Matt Butler , Amanda Centi , Shan Chen , Patrick F. Doyle , Sayon Dutta , Joyce Guo , Matthew J. Hadfield , Esther H. Kim , David E. Kozono , Hugo JWL Aerts , Adam B. Landman , Raymond H. Mak , Rebecca G. Mishuris , Tanna L. Nelson , Guergana K. Savova , Elad Sharon , Benjamin C. Silverman , Umit Topaloglu , Jeremy L. Warner , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) integrated into agent-driven workflows hold immense promise for healthcare, yet a significant gap exists between their potential and practical implementation within clinical settings. To address this, we present a practitioner-oriented field manual for deploying generative agents that use electronic health record (EHR) data. This guide is informed by our experience dep… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) integrated into agent-driven workflows hold immense promise for healthcare, yet a significant gap exists between their potential and practical implementation within clinical settings. To address this, we present a practitioner-oriented field manual for deploying generative agents that use electronic health record (EHR) data. This guide is informed by our experience deploying the "irAE-Agent", an automated system to detect immune-related adverse events from clinical notes at Mass General Brigham, and by structured interviews with 21 clinicians, engineers, and informatics leaders involved in the project. Our analysis reveals a critical misalignment in clinical AI development: less than 20% of our effort was dedicated to prompt engineering and model development, while over 80% was consumed by the sociotechnical work of implementation. We distill this effort into five "heavy lifts": data integration, model validation, ensuring economic value, managing system drift, and governance. By providing actionable solutions for each of these challenges, this field manual shifts the focus from algorithmic development to the essential infrastructure and implementation work required to bridge the "valley of death" and successfully translate generative AI from pilot projects into routine clinical care. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; v1 submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: Under review. 7 Tables, 2 Figures arXiv:2506.14909 [ pdf ] eess.IV cs.AI cs.CV Foundation Artificial Intelligence Models for Health Recognition Using Face Photographs (FAHR-Face) Authors: Fridolin Haugg , Grace Lee , John He , Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Danielle S. Bitterman , Paul Catalano , Vasco Prudente , Dmitrii Glubokov , Andrew Warrington , Suraj Pai , Dirk De Ruysscher , Christian Guthier , Benjamin H. Kann , Vadim N. Gladyshev , Hugo JWL Aerts , Raymond H. Mak Abstract : Background: Facial appearance offers a noninvasive window into health. We built FAHR-Face, a foundation model trained on >40 million facial images and fine-tuned it for two distinct tasks: biological age estimation (FAHR-FaceAge) and survival risk prediction (FAHR-FaceSurvival). Methods: FAHR-FaceAge underwent a two-stage, age-balanced fine-tuning on 749,935 public images; FAHR-FaceSurvival was… ▽ More Background: Facial appearance offers a noninvasive window into health. We built FAHR-Face, a foundation model trained on >40 million facial images and fine-tuned it for two distinct tasks: biological age estimation (FAHR-FaceAge) and survival risk prediction (FAHR-FaceSurvival). Methods: FAHR-FaceAge underwent a two-stage, age-balanced fine-tuning on 749,935 public images; FAHR-FaceSurvival was fine-tuned on 34,389 photos of cancer patients. Model robustness (cosmetic surgery, makeup, pose, lighting) and independence (saliency mapping) was tested extensively. Both models were clinically tested in two independent cancer patient datasets with survival analyzed by multivariable Cox models and adjusted for clinical prognostic factors. Findings: For age estimation, FAHR-FaceAge had the lowest mean absolute error of 5.1 years on public datasets, outperforming benchmark models and maintaining accuracy across the full human lifespan. In cancer patients, FAHR-FaceAge outperformed a prior facial age estimation model in survival prognostication. FAHR-FaceSurvival demonstrated robust prediction of mortality, and the highest-risk quartile had more than triple the mortality of the lowest (adjusted hazard ratio 3.22; P<0.001). These findings were validated in the independent cohort and both models showed generalizability across age, sex, race and cancer subgroups. The two algorithms provided distinct, complementary prognostic information; saliency mapping revealed each model relied on distinct facial regions. The combination of FAHR-FaceAge and FAHR-FaceSurvival improved prognostic accuracy. Interpretation: A single foundation model can generate inexpensive, scalable facial biomarkers that capture both biological ageing and disease-related mortality risk. The foundation model enabled effective training using relatively small clinical datasets. △ Less Submitted 17 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.14909 [ pdf ] Foundation Artificial Intelligence Models for Health Recognition Using Face Photographs (FAHR-Face) Authors: Fridolin Haugg , Grace Lee , John He , Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Danielle S. Bitterman , Paul Catalano , Vasco Prudente , Dmitrii Glubokov , Andrew Warrington , Suraj Pai , Dirk De Ruysscher , Christian Guthier , Benjamin H. Kann , Vadim N. Gladyshev , Hugo JWL Aerts , Raymond H. Mak Abstract : Background: Facial appearance offers a noninvasive window into health. We built FAHR-Face, a foundation model trained on >40 million facial images and fine-tuned it for two distinct tasks: biological age estimation (FAHR-FaceAge) and survival risk prediction (FAHR-FaceSurvival). Methods: FAHR-FaceAge underwent a two-stage, age-balanced fine-tuning on 749,935 public images; FAHR-FaceSurvival was… ▽ More Background: Facial appearance offers a noninvasive window into health. We built FAHR-Face, a foundation model trained on >40 million facial images and fine-tuned it for two distinct tasks: biological age estimation (FAHR-FaceAge) and survival risk prediction (FAHR-FaceSurvival). Methods: FAHR-FaceAge underwent a two-stage, age-balanced fine-tuning on 749,935 public images; FAHR-FaceSurvival was fine-tuned on 34,389 photos of cancer patients. Model robustness (cosmetic surgery, makeup, pose, lighting) and independence (saliency mapping) was tested extensively. Both models were clinically tested in two independent cancer patient datasets with survival analyzed by multivariable Cox models and adjusted for clinical prognostic factors. Findings: For age estimation, FAHR-FaceAge had the lowest mean absolute error of 5.1 years on public datasets, outperforming benchmark models and maintaining accuracy across the full human lifespan. In cancer patients, FAHR-FaceAge outperformed a prior facial age estimation model in survival prognostication. FAHR-FaceSurvival demonstrated robust prediction of mortality, and the highest-risk quartile had more than triple the mortality of the lowest (adjusted hazard ratio 3.22; P<0.001). These findings were validated in the independent cohort and both models showed generalizability across age, sex, race and cancer subgroups. The two algorithms provided distinct, complementary prognostic information; saliency mapping revealed each model relied on distinct facial regions. The combination of FAHR-FaceAge and FAHR-FaceSurvival improved prognostic accuracy. Interpretation: A single foundation model can generate inexpensive, scalable facial biomarkers that capture both biological ageing and disease-related mortality risk. The foundation model enabled effective training using relatively small clinical datasets. △ Less Submitted 17 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2501.09001 [ pdf ] eess.IV cs.CV Vision Foundation Models for Computed Tomography Authors: Suraj Pai , Ibrahim Hadzic , Dennis Bontempi , Keno Bressem , Benjamin H. Kann , Andriy Fedorov , Raymond H. Mak , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts Abstract : Foundation models (FMs) have shown transformative potential in radiology by performing diverse, complex tasks across imaging modalities. Here, we developed CT-FM, a large-scale 3D image-based pre-trained model designed explicitly for various radiological tasks. CT-FM was pre-trained using 148,000 computed tomography (CT) scans from the Imaging Data Commons through label-agnostic contrastive learni… ▽ More Foundation models (FMs) have shown transformative potential in radiology by performing diverse, complex tasks across imaging modalities. Here, we developed CT-FM, a large-scale 3D image-based pre-trained model designed explicitly for various radiological tasks. CT-FM was pre-trained using 148,000 computed tomography (CT) scans from the Imaging Data Commons through label-agnostic contrastive learning. We evaluated CT-FM across four categories of tasks, namely, whole-body and tumor segmentation, head CT triage, medical image retrieval, and semantic understanding, showing superior performance against state-of-the-art models. Beyond quantitative success, CT-FM demonstrated the ability to cluster regions anatomically and identify similar anatomical and structural concepts across scans. Furthermore, it remained robust across test-retest settings and indicated reasonable salient regions attached to its embeddings. This study demonstrates the value of large-scale medical imaging foundation models and by open-sourcing the model weights, code, and data, aims to support more adaptable, reliable, and interpretable AI solutions in radiology. △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2025; v1 submitted 15 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. Comments: 6 figures, followed by 9 Extended Data Figures and a Supplementary Information document arXiv:2501.09001 [ pdf ] Vision Foundation Models for Computed Tomography Authors: Suraj Pai , Ibrahim Hadzic , Dennis Bontempi , Keno Bressem , Benjamin H. Kann , Andriy Fedorov , Raymond H. Mak , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts Abstract : Foundation models (FMs) have shown transformative potential in radiology by performing diverse, complex tasks across imaging modalities. Here, we developed CT-FM, a large-scale 3D image-based pre-trained model designed explicitly for various radiological tasks. CT-FM was pre-trained using 148,000 computed tomography (CT) scans from the Imaging Data Commons through label-agnostic contrastive learni… ▽ More Foundation models (FMs) have shown transformative potential in radiology by performing diverse, complex tasks across imaging modalities. Here, we developed CT-FM, a large-scale 3D image-based pre-trained model designed explicitly for various radiological tasks. CT-FM was pre-trained using 148,000 computed tomography (CT) scans from the Imaging Data Commons through label-agnostic contrastive learning. We evaluated CT-FM across four categories of tasks, namely, whole-body and tumor segmentation, head CT triage, medical image retrieval, and semantic understanding, showing superior performance against state-of-the-art models. Beyond quantitative success, CT-FM demonstrated the ability to cluster regions anatomically and identify similar anatomical and structural concepts across scans. Furthermore, it remained robust across test-retest settings and indicated reasonable salient regions attached to its embeddings. This study demonstrates the value of large-scale medical imaging foundation models and by open-sourcing the model weights, code, and data, aims to support more adaptable, reliable, and interpretable AI solutions in radiology. △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2025; v1 submitted 15 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. Comments: 6 figures, followed by 9 Extended Data Figures and a Supplementary Information document arXiv:2402.16619 [ pdf ] eess.IV cs.CV physics.med-ph Magnetic resonance delta radiomics to track radiation response in lung tumors receiving stereotactic MRI-guided radiotherapy Authors: Yining Zha , Benjamin H. Kann , Zezhong Ye , Anna Zapaishchykova , John He , Shu-Hui Hsu , Jonathan E. Leeman , Kelly J. Fitzgerald , David E. Kozono , Raymond H. Mak , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts Abstract : Introduction: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has become a standard treatment for early-stage lung cancer. However, the heterogeneous response to radiation at the tumor level poses challenges. Currently, standardized dosage regimens lack adaptation based on individual patient or tumor characteristics. Thus, we explore the potent… ▽ More Introduction: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has become a standard treatment for early-stage lung cancer. However, the heterogeneous response to radiation at the tumor level poses challenges. Currently, standardized dosage regimens lack adaptation based on individual patient or tumor characteristics. Thus, we explore the potential of delta radiomics from on-treatment magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to track radiation dose response, inform personalized radiotherapy dosing, and predict outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study of 47 MR-guided lung SBRT treatments for 39 patients was conducted. Radiomic features were extracted using Pyradiomics, and stability was evaluated temporally and spatially. Delta radiomics were correlated with radiation dose delivery and assessed for associations with tumor control and survival with Cox regressions. Results: Among 107 features, 49 demonstrated temporal stability, and 57 showed spatial stability. Fifteen stable and non-collinear features were analyzed. Median Skewness and surface to volume ratio decreased with radiation dose fraction delivery, while coarseness and 90th percentile values increased. Skewness had the largest relative median absolute changes (22%-45%) per fraction from baseline and was associated with locoregional failure (p=0.012) by analysis of covariance. Skewness, Elongation, and Flatness were significantly associated with local recurrence-free survival, while tumor diameter and volume were not. Conclusions: Our study establishes the feasibility and stability of delta radiomics analysis for MR-guided lung SBRT. Findings suggest that MR delta radiomics can capture short-term radiographic manifestations of intra-tumoral radiation effect. △ Less Submitted 23 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. arXiv:2402.16619 [ pdf ] Magnetic resonance delta radiomics to track radiation response in lung tumors receiving stereotactic MRI-guided radiotherapy Authors: Yining Zha , Benjamin H. Kann , Zezhong Ye , Anna Zapaishchykova , John He , Shu-Hui Hsu , Jonathan E. Leeman , Kelly J. Fitzgerald , David E. Kozono , Raymond H. Mak , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts Abstract : Introduction: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has become a standard treatment for early-stage lung cancer. However, the heterogeneous response to radiation at the tumor level poses challenges. Currently, standardized dosage regimens lack adaptation based on individual patient or tumor characteristics. Thus, we explore the potent… ▽ More Introduction: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has become a standard treatment for early-stage lung cancer. However, the heterogeneous response to radiation at the tumor level poses challenges. Currently, standardized dosage regimens lack adaptation based on individual patient or tumor characteristics. Thus, we explore the potential of delta radiomics from on-treatment magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to track radiation dose response, inform personalized radiotherapy dosing, and predict outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study of 47 MR-guided lung SBRT treatments for 39 patients was conducted. Radiomic features were extracted using Pyradiomics, and stability was evaluated temporally and spatially. Delta radiomics were correlated with radiation dose delivery and assessed for associations with tumor control and survival with Cox regressions. Results: Among 107 features, 49 demonstrated temporal stability, and 57 showed spatial stability. Fifteen stable and non-collinear features were analyzed. Median Skewness and surface to volume ratio decreased with radiation dose fraction delivery, while coarseness and 90th percentile values increased. Skewness had the largest relative median absolute changes (22%-45%) per fraction from baseline and was associated with locoregional failure (p=0.012) by analysis of covariance. Skewness, Elongation, and Flatness were significantly associated with local recurrence-free survival, while tumor diameter and volume were not. Conclusions: Our study establishes the feasibility and stability of delta radiomics analysis for MR-guided lung SBRT. Findings suggest that MR delta radiomics can capture short-term radiographic manifestations of intra-tumoral radiation effect. △ Less Submitted 23 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. arXiv:2310.17703 [ pdf ] cs.CL The impact of responding to patient messages with large language model assistance Authors: Shan Chen , Marco Guevara , Shalini Moningi , Frank Hoebers , Hesham Elhalawani , Benjamin H. Kann , Fallon E. Chipidza , Jonathan Leeman , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts , Timothy Miller , Guergana K. Savova , Raymond H. Mak , Maryam Lustberg , Majid Afshar , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Documentation burden is a major contributor to clinician burnout, which is rising nationally and is an urgent threat to our ability to care for patients. Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, such as ChatGPT, could reduce clinician burden by assisting with documentation. Although many hospitals are actively integrating such systems into electronic medical record systems, AI chatbots utility and i… ▽ More Documentation burden is a major contributor to clinician burnout, which is rising nationally and is an urgent threat to our ability to care for patients. Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, such as ChatGPT, could reduce clinician burden by assisting with documentation. Although many hospitals are actively integrating such systems into electronic medical record systems, AI chatbots utility and impact on clinical decision-making have not been studied for this intended use. We are the first to examine the utility of large language models in assisting clinicians draft responses to patient questions. In our two-stage cross-sectional study, 6 oncologists responded to 100 realistic synthetic cancer patient scenarios and portal messages developed to reflect common medical situations, first manually, then with AI assistance. We find AI-assisted responses were longer, less readable, but provided acceptable drafts without edits 58% of time. AI assistance improved efficiency 77% of time, with low harm risk (82% safe). However, 7.7% unedited AI responses could severely harm. In 31% cases, physicians thought AI drafts were human-written. AI assistance led to more patient education recommendations, fewer clinical actions than manual responses. Results show promise for AI to improve clinician efficiency and patient care through assisting documentation, if used judiciously. Monitoring model outputs and human-AI interaction remains crucial for safe implementation. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2023; v1 submitted 26 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: 4 figures and tables in main, submitted for review arXiv:2310.17703 [ pdf ] The impact of responding to patient messages with large language model assistance Authors: Shan Chen , Marco Guevara , Shalini Moningi , Frank Hoebers , Hesham Elhalawani , Benjamin H. Kann , Fallon E. Chipidza , Jonathan Leeman , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts , Timothy Miller , Guergana K. Savova , Raymond H. Mak , Maryam Lustberg , Majid Afshar , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Documentation burden is a major contributor to clinician burnout, which is rising nationally and is an urgent threat to our ability to care for patients. Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, such as ChatGPT, could reduce clinician burden by assisting with documentation. Although many hospitals are actively integrating such systems into electronic medical record systems, AI chatbots utility and i… ▽ More Documentation burden is a major contributor to clinician burnout, which is rising nationally and is an urgent threat to our ability to care for patients. Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, such as ChatGPT, could reduce clinician burden by assisting with documentation. Although many hospitals are actively integrating such systems into electronic medical record systems, AI chatbots utility and impact on clinical decision-making have not been studied for this intended use. We are the first to examine the utility of large language models in assisting clinicians draft responses to patient questions. In our two-stage cross-sectional study, 6 oncologists responded to 100 realistic synthetic cancer patient scenarios and portal messages developed to reflect common medical situations, first manually, then with AI assistance. We find AI-assisted responses were longer, less readable, but provided acceptable drafts without edits 58% of time. AI assistance improved efficiency 77% of time, with low harm risk (82% safe). However, 7.7% unedited AI responses could severely harm. In 31% cases, physicians thought AI drafts were human-written. AI assistance led to more patient education recommendations, fewer clinical actions than manual responses. Results show promise for AI to improve clinician efficiency and patient care through assisting documentation, if used judiciously. Monitoring model outputs and human-AI interaction remains crucial for safe implementation. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2023; v1 submitted 26 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: 4 figures and tables in main, submitted for review arXiv:2308.06354 [ pdf ] cs.CL cs.AI doi 10.1038/s41746-023-00970-0. Large Language Models to Identify Social Determinants of Health in Electronic Health Records Authors: Marco Guevara , Shan Chen , Spencer Thomas , Tafadzwa L. Chaunzwa , Idalid Franco , Benjamin Kann , Shalini Moningi , Jack Qian , Madeleine Goldstein , Susan Harper , Hugo JWL Aerts , Guergana K. Savova , Raymond H. Mak , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Social determinants of health (SDoH) have an important impact on patient outcomes but are incompletely collected from the electronic health records (EHR). This study researched the ability of large language models to extract SDoH from free text in EHRs, where they are most commonly documented, and explored the role of synthetic clinical text for improving the extraction of these scarcely documente… ▽ More Social determinants of health (SDoH) have an important impact on patient outcomes but are incompletely collected from the electronic health records (EHR). This study researched the ability of large language models to extract SDoH from free text in EHRs, where they are most commonly documented, and explored the role of synthetic clinical text for improving the extraction of these scarcely documented, yet extremely valuable, clinical data. 800 patient notes were annotated for SDoH categories, and several transformer-based models were evaluated. The study also experimented with synthetic data generation and assessed for algorithmic bias. Our best-performing models were fine-tuned Flan-T5 XL (macro-F1 0.71) for any SDoH, and Flan-T5 XXL (macro-F1 0.70). The benefit of augmenting fine-tuning with synthetic data varied across model architecture and size, with smaller Flan-T5 models (base and large) showing the greatest improvements in performance (delta F1 +0.12 to +0.23). Model performance was similar on the in-hospital system dataset but worse on the MIMIC-III dataset. Our best-performing fine-tuned models outperformed zero- and few-shot performance of ChatGPT-family models for both tasks. These fine-tuned models were less likely than ChatGPT to change their prediction when race/ethnicity and gender descriptors were added to the text, suggesting less algorithmic bias (p<0.05). At the patient-level, our models identified 93.8% of patients with adverse SDoH, while ICD-10 codes captured 2.0%. Our method can effectively extracted SDoH information from clinic notes, performing better compare to GPT zero- and few-shot settings. These models could enhance real-world evidence on SDoH and aid in identifying patients needing social support. △ Less Submitted 5 March, 2024; v1 submitted 11 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023. Comments: Peer-reviewed version published at NPJ Digital Medicine: Journal ref: NPJ Digit Med. 2024 Jan 11;7(1):6 arXiv:2308.06354 [ pdf ] Large Language Models to Identify Social Determinants of Health in Electronic Health Records Authors: Marco Guevara , Shan Chen , Spencer Thomas , Tafadzwa L. Chaunzwa , Idalid Franco , Benjamin Kann , Shalini Moningi , Jack Qian , Madeleine Goldstein , Susan Harper , Hugo JWL Aerts , Guergana K. Savova , Raymond H. Mak , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Social determinants of health (SDoH) have an important impact on patient outcomes but are incompletely collected from the electronic health records (EHR). This study researched the ability of large language models to extract SDoH from free text in EHRs, where they are most commonly documented, and explored the role of synthetic clinical text for improving the extraction of these scarcely documente… ▽ More Social determinants of health (SDoH) have an important impact on patient outcomes but are incompletely collected from the electronic health records (EHR). This study researched the ability of large language models to extract SDoH from free text in EHRs, where they are most commonly documented, and explored the role of synthetic clinical text for improving the extraction of these scarcely documented, yet extremely valuable, clinical data. 800 patient notes were annotated for SDoH categories, and several transformer-based models were evaluated. The study also experimented with synthetic data generation and assessed for algorithmic bias. Our best-performing models were fine-tuned Flan-T5 XL (macro-F1 0.71) for any SDoH, and Flan-T5 XXL (macro-F1 0.70). The benefit of augmenting fine-tuning with synthetic data varied across model architecture and size, with smaller Flan-T5 models (base and large) showing the greatest improvements in performance (delta F1 +0.12 to +0.23). Model performance was similar on the in-hospital system dataset but worse on the MIMIC-III dataset. Our best-performing fine-tuned models outperformed zero- and few-shot performance of ChatGPT-family models for both tasks. These fine-tuned models were less likely than ChatGPT to change their prediction when race/ethnicity and gender descriptors were added to the text, suggesting less algorithmic bias (p<0.05). At the patient-level, our models identified 93.8% of patients with adverse SDoH, while ICD-10 codes captured 2.0%. Our method can effectively extracted SDoH information from clinic notes, performing better compare to GPT zero- and few-shot settings. These models could enhance real-world evidence on SDoH and aid in identifying patients needing social support. △ Less Submitted 5 March, 2024; v1 submitted 11 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023. Comments: Peer-reviewed version published at NPJ Digital Medicine: Journal ref: NPJ Digit Med. 2024 Jan 11;7(1):6 arXiv:2303.13722 [ pdf ] cs.CL doi 10.1200/CCI.23.00048 Natural language processing to automatically extract the presence and severity of esophagitis in notes of patients undergoing radiotherapy Authors: Shan Chen , Marco Guevara , Nicolas Ramirez , Arpi Murray , Jeremy L. Warner , Hugo JWL Aerts , Timothy A. Miller , Guergana K. Savova , Raymond H. Mak , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Radiotherapy (RT) toxicities can impair survival and quality-of-life, yet remain under-studied. Real-world evidence holds potential to improve our understanding of toxicities, but toxicity information is often only in clinical notes. We developed natural language processing (NLP) models to identify the presence and severity of esophagitis from notes of patients treated with thoracic RT. We fine-tu… ▽ More Radiotherapy (RT) toxicities can impair survival and quality-of-life, yet remain under-studied. Real-world evidence holds potential to improve our understanding of toxicities, but toxicity information is often only in clinical notes. We developed natural language processing (NLP) models to identify the presence and severity of esophagitis from notes of patients treated with thoracic RT. We fine-tuned statistical and pre-trained BERT-based models for three esophagitis classification tasks: Task 1) presence of esophagitis, Task 2) severe esophagitis or not, and Task 3) no esophagitis vs. grade 1 vs. grade 2-3. Transferability was tested on 345 notes from patients with esophageal cancer undergoing RT. Fine-tuning PubmedBERT yielded the best performance. The best macro-F1 was 0.92, 0.82, and 0.74 for Task 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Selecting the most informative note sections during fine-tuning improved macro-F1 by over 2% for all tasks. Silver-labeled data improved the macro-F1 by over 3% across all tasks. For the esophageal cancer notes, the best macro-F1 was 0.73, 0.74, and 0.65 for Task 1, 2, and 3, respectively, without additional fine-tuning. To our knowledge, this is the first effort to automatically extract esophagitis toxicity severity according to CTCAE guidelines from clinic notes. The promising performance provides proof-of-concept for NLP-based automated detailed toxicity monitoring in expanded domains. △ Less Submitted 23 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023. Comments: 17 pages, 6 tables, 1figure, submiting to JCO-CCI for review arXiv:2303.13722 [ pdf ] Natural language processing to automatically extract the presence and severity of esophagitis in notes of patients undergoing radiotherapy Authors: Shan Chen , Marco Guevara , Nicolas Ramirez , Arpi Murray , Jeremy L. Warner , Hugo JWL Aerts , Timothy A. Miller , Guergana K. Savova , Raymond H. Mak , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Radiotherapy (RT) toxicities can impair survival and quality-of-life, yet remain under-studied. Real-world evidence holds potential to improve our understanding of toxicities, but toxicity information is often only in clinical notes. We developed natural language processing (NLP) models to identify the presence and severity of esophagitis from notes of patients treated with thoracic RT. We fine-tu… ▽ More Radiotherapy (RT) toxicities can impair survival and quality-of-life, yet remain under-studied. Real-world evidence holds potential to improve our understanding of toxicities, but toxicity information is often only in clinical notes. We developed natural language processing (NLP) models to identify the presence and severity of esophagitis from notes of patients treated with thoracic RT. We fine-tuned statistical and pre-trained BERT-based models for three esophagitis classification tasks: Task 1) presence of esophagitis, Task 2) severe esophagitis or not, and Task 3) no esophagitis vs. grade 1 vs. grade 2-3. Transferability was tested on 345 notes from patients with esophageal cancer undergoing RT. Fine-tuning PubmedBERT yielded the best performance. The best macro-F1 was 0.92, 0.82, and 0.74 for Task 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Selecting the most informative note sections during fine-tuning improved macro-F1 by over 2% for all tasks. Silver-labeled data improved the macro-F1 by over 3% across all tasks. For the esophageal cancer notes, the best macro-F1 was 0.73, 0.74, and 0.65 for Task 1, 2, and 3, respectively, without additional fine-tuning. To our knowledge, this is the first effort to automatically extract esophagitis toxicity severity according to CTCAE guidelines from clinic notes. The promising performance provides proof-of-concept for NLP-based automated detailed toxicity monitoring in expanded domains. △ Less Submitted 23 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023. Comments: 17 pages, 6 tables, 1figure, submiting to JCO-CCI for review arXiv:2110.08424 [ pdf ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG Deep learning-based detection of intravenous contrast in computed tomography scans Authors: Zezhong Ye , Jack M. Qian , Ahmed Hosny , Roman Zeleznik , Deborah Plana , Jirapat Likitlersuang , Zhongyi Zhang , Raymond H. Mak , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts , Benjamin H. Kann Abstract : Purpose: Identifying intravenous (IV) contrast use within CT scans is a key component of data curation for model development and testing. Currently, IV contrast is poorly documented in imaging metadata and necessitates manual correction and annotation by clinician experts, presenting a major barrier to imaging analyses and algorithm deployment. We sought to develop and validate a convolutional neu… ▽ More Purpose: Identifying intravenous (IV) contrast use within CT scans is a key component of data curation for model development and testing. Currently, IV contrast is poorly documented in imaging metadata and necessitates manual correction and annotation by clinician experts, presenting a major barrier to imaging analyses and algorithm deployment. We sought to develop and validate a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep learning (DL) platform to identify IV contrast within CT scans. Methods: For model development and evaluation, we used independent datasets of CT scans of head, neck (HN) and lung cancer patients, totaling 133,480 axial 2D scan slices from 1,979 CT scans manually annotated for contrast presence by clinical experts. Five different DL models were adopted and trained in HN training datasets for slice-level contrast detection. Model performances were evaluated on a hold-out set and on an independent validation set from another institution. DL models was then fine-tuned on chest CT data and externally validated on a separate chest CT dataset. Results: Initial DICOM metadata tags for IV contrast were missing or erroneous in 1,496 scans (75.6%). The EfficientNetB4-based model showed the best overall detection performance. For HN scans, AUC was 0.996 in the internal validation set (n = 216) and 1.0 in the external validation set (n = 595). The fine-tuned model on chest CTs yielded an AUC: 1.0 for the internal validation set (n = 53), and AUC: 0.980 for the external validation set (n = 402). Conclusion: The DL model could accurately detect IV contrast in both HN and chest CT scans with near-perfect performance. △ Less Submitted 19 October, 2021; v1 submitted 15 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. arXiv:2110.08424 [ pdf ] Deep learning-based detection of intravenous contrast in computed tomography scans Authors: Zezhong Ye , Jack M. Qian , Ahmed Hosny , Roman Zeleznik , Deborah Plana , Jirapat Likitlersuang , Zhongyi Zhang , Raymond H. Mak , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts , Benjamin H. Kann Abstract : Purpose: Identifying intravenous (IV) contrast use within CT scans is a key component of data curation for model development and testing. Currently, IV contrast is poorly documented in imaging metadata and necessitates manual correction and annotation by clinician experts, presenting a major barrier to imaging analyses and algorithm deployment. We sought to develop and validate a convolutional neu… ▽ More Purpose: Identifying intravenous (IV) contrast use within CT scans is a key component of data curation for model development and testing. Currently, IV contrast is poorly documented in imaging metadata and necessitates manual correction and annotation by clinician experts, presenting a major barrier to imaging analyses and algorithm deployment. We sought to develop and validate a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep learning (DL) platform to identify IV contrast within CT scans. Methods: For model development and evaluation, we used independent datasets of CT scans of head, neck (HN) and lung cancer patients, totaling 133,480 axial 2D scan slices from 1,979 CT scans manually annotated for contrast presence by clinical experts. Five different DL models were adopted and trained in HN training datasets for slice-level contrast detection. Model performances were evaluated on a hold-out set and on an independent validation set from another institution. DL models was then fine-tuned on chest CT data and externally validated on a separate chest CT dataset. Results: Initial DICOM metadata tags for IV contrast were missing or erroneous in 1,496 scans (75.6%). The EfficientNetB4-based model showed the best overall detection performance. For HN scans, AUC was 0.996 in the internal validation set (n = 216) and 1.0 in the external validation set (n = 595). The fine-tuned model on chest CTs yielded an AUC: 1.0 for the internal validation set (n = 53), and AUC: 0.980 for the external validation set (n = 402). Conclusion: The DL model could accurately detect IV contrast in both HN and chest CT scans with near-perfect performance. △ Less Submitted 19 October, 2021; v1 submitted 15 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Projects and initiatives Toggle Projects and initiatives subsection 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 3 Technology Toggle Technology subsection 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 4 Corporate identity 5 Finances Toggle Finances subsection 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 6 Board of trustees 7 Staff Toggle Staff subsection 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 8 Disputes Toggle Disputes subsection 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 9 References 10 External links Toggle External links subsection 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community Wikimedia Foundation Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Tyap Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Kumoring ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item Abbreviation WMF Founded June 20, 2003 ; 22 years ago ( 2003-06-20 ) , St. Petersburg, Florida , U.S. Founder Jimmy Wales Type 501(c)(3) , charitable organization Tax ID no. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} EIN 200049703 Focus Free, open-content , multilingual , wiki -based Internet projects Location .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. Area served Worldwide (banned in some territories) Products Wikipedia , MediaWiki , Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wikifunctions , Wikimedia Commons , Wikinews , Wikiquote , Wikisource , Wikispecies , Wikiversity , Wikivoyage , Wiktionary Membership Board-only CEO Maryana Iskander Revenue $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) Expenses $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) Endowment > $100 million (2021) Employees 650 (2025) [ 1 ] Volunteers 277,000 (2024) Website wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) ASNs 14907 , 11820 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. ( WMF ) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in San Francisco , California, and registered there as a charitable foundation . [ 7 ] The Foundation is most known for being the host of Wikipedia , one of the most visited websites in the world. It also hosts fourteen related open collaboration projects, and supports the development of MediaWiki , the wiki software which underpins them all. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The foundation was established in 2003 in St. Petersburg , Florida by Jimmy Wales , as a non-profit way to fund Wikipedia and other wiki projects [ 2 ] which had previously been hosted by Bomis , Wales' for-profit company. [ 2 ] The Wikimedia Foundation provides the technical and organizational infrastructure to enable members of the public to develop wiki-based content in languages across the world. [ 11 ] The foundation does not write or curate any of the content on the projects themselves. [ 12 ] Instead, this is done by volunteer editors, such as the Wikipedians . However, it does collaborate with a network of individual volunteers and affiliated organizations, such as Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, user groups and other partners. The foundation finances itself mainly through millions of small donations from readers and editors, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia and its sister projects. [ 13 ] These are complemented by grants from philanthropic organizations and tech companies, and starting in 2022, by services income from Wikimedia Enterprise . As of 2023, it has employed over 700 staff and contractors, with net assets of $255 million and an endowment which has surpassed $100 million. History Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger founded Wikipedia in 2001 as a feeder project to supplement Nupedia . The project was originally funded by Bomis , Wales's for-profit business, and edited by a rapidly growing community of volunteer editors. The early community discussed a variety of ways to support the ongoing costs of upkeep, and was broadly opposed to running ads on the site, [ 14 ] so the idea of setting up a charitable foundation gained prominence. [ 15 ] That addressed an open question of what entity should hold onto trademarks for the project. The Wikimedia Foundation was incorporated in St. Petersburg, Florida , on June 20, 2003. [ 2 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] A small fundraising campaign to keep the servers running was run in October 2003. [ 18 ] In 2005, the foundation was granted section 501(c)(3) status by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a public charity, making donations to the foundation tax-deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. [ 19 ] Its National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) code is B60 ( Adult , Continuing education ). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The foundation filed an application to trademark the name Wikipedia in the US to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences on September 14, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded also by Japan on December 16, 2004, and by the European Union on January 20, 2005. Subsets of Wikipedia were already being distributed in book and DVD form, and there were discussions about licensing the logo and wordmark. [ 22 ] On December 11, 2006, the foundation's board noted that it could not become a membership organization , as initially planned but not implemented, due to an inability to meet the registration requirements of Florida statutory law. The bylaws were accordingly amended to remove all references to membership rights and activities. [ 23 ] In 2007, the foundation decided to move its headquarters from Florida to the San Francisco Bay Area . Considerations cited for choosing San Francisco were proximity to like-minded organizations and potential partners, a better talent pool, as well as cheaper and more convenient international travel. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The move was completed by January 31, 2008, into a headquarters on Stillman Street in San Francisco. [ 27 ] It later moved to New Montgomery Street, and then in 2017 to One Montgomery Tower . [ 28 ] On October 25, 2021, the foundation launched Wikimedia Enterprise , a commercial Wikimedia content delivery service aimed at groups that want to use high-volume APIs, starting with Big Tech enterprises. [ 9 ] [ 29 ] In June 2022, Google and the Internet Archive were announced as the service's first customers, though only Google will pay for the service. [ 30 ] The same announcement noted a shifting focus towards smaller companies with similar data needs, supporting the service through "a lot paying a little". Projects and initiatives Content projects The foundation operates 12 wiki-based content projects that are written and governed by volunteer editors. They include, by launch date: Wikipedia – online encyclopedia Wiktionary – online dictionary and thesaurus Wikibooks – a collection of books , mostly textbooks Wikiquote – a collection of quotations Wikivoyage – travel guide Wikisource – digital library Wikimedia Commons – repository of images, sounds, videos, and general media Wikispecies – taxonomic catalog of species Wikinews – online newspaper Wikiversity – a collection of tutorials and courses, also a hosting point to coordinate research Wikidata – knowledge base Wikifunctions – a catalog of computer functions The foundation also operates wikis and services that provide infrastructure or coordination of the content projects. These include: Meta-Wiki – a central wiki for coordinating all projects and the Wikimedia community Wikimedia Incubator – a wiki for drafting the core pages of new language editions in development MediaWiki.org – a wiki for coordinating work on the MediaWiki software Wikitech – a wiki for hosting technical documentation for Wikimedia infrastructure and other projects Wikimedia Cloud Services — hosting provider for tools Wikimedia Phabricator – a global ticketing system for tracking issues and feature requests powered by Phorge, a fork of the open-source development collaboration tool Phabricator Wikimedia Enterprise Wikimedia Enterprise is a commercial product by the Wikimedia Foundation to provide, in a more easily consumable way, the data of the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia . [ 31 ] It allows customers to retrieve data at large scale and high availability through different formats like Web APIs , data snapshots or streams . It was announced in March 2021, [ 9 ] [ 32 ] and launched on October 26, 2021. [ 30 ] [ 33 ] Google and the Internet Archive were its first customers, although Internet Archive is not paying for the product. [ 30 ] A New York Times Magazine article was reporting that Wikimedia Enterprise made $3.1 million in total revenue in 2022. [ 31 ] Affiliates Wikimedia affiliates are independent and formally recognized groups of people working together to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement. The Wikimedia Foundation officially recognizes three types of affiliates: chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups. Affiliates organize and engage in activities to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement, such as regional conferences, outreach, edit-a-thons , hackathons , public relations , public policy advocacy, GLAM engagement, and Wikimania . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] While many of these things are also done by individual contributors or less formal groups, they are not referred to as affiliates. Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations are incorporated non-profit organizations. They are recognized by the foundation as affiliates officially when its board does so. The board's decisions are based on recommendations of an Affiliations Committee (AffCom), composed of Wikimedia community members, which reports regularly to the board. The Affiliations Committee directly approves the recognition of unincorporated user groups. Affiliates are formally recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, but are independent of it, with no legal control of or responsibility for Wikimedia projects and their content. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The foundation began recognizing chapters in 2004. [ 38 ] In 2012, the foundation approved, finalized and adopted the thematic organization and user group recognition models. An additional model for movement partners, was also approved, but as of May 19, 2022 [update] has not yet been finalized or adopted. [ 36 ] [ 39 ] Wikimania Wikimania is an annual global conference for Wikimedians and Wikipedians, started in 2005. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt , Germany, in 2005. Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the local national chapter, with support from local institutions (such as a library or university) and usually from the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimania has been held in cities such as Buenos Aires , [ 40 ] Cambridge , [ 41 ] Haifa , [ 42 ] Hong Kong , [ 43 ] Taipei , London , [ 44 ] Mexico City , [ 45 ] Esino Lario , Italy , [ 46 ] Montreal , Canada, Cape Town , Stockholm , and Nairobi . [ 47 ] The 2020 conference scheduled to take place in Bangkok was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic , along with those of 2021 and 2022, which were held online as a series of virtual, interactive presentations. The in-person conference returned in 2023 when it was held in Singapore, at which UNESCO joined as a partner organization. [ 48 ] In 2024, Wikimania was held in Katowice , Poland. Technology The Wikimedia Foundation maintains the hardware that runs its projects in its own servers. It also maintains the MediaWiki platform and many other software libraries that run its projects. [ 49 ] Hardware Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture . [ 50 ] Server downtime in 2003 led to the first fundraising drive. By December 2009, Wikimedia ran on co-located servers, with 300 servers in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam . [ 51 ] In 2008, it also switched from multiple different Linux operating system vendors to Ubuntu Linux . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] In 2019, it switched to Debian . [ 54 ] By January 2013, Wikimedia transitioned to newer infrastructure in an Equinix facility in Ashburn , Virginia, citing reasons of "more reliable connectivity" and "fewer hurricanes ". [ 55 ] [ 56 ] In years prior, the hurricane seasons had been a cause of distress. [ 57 ] In October 2013, Wikimedia Foundation started looking for a second facility that would be used side by side with the main facility in Ashburn, citing reasons of redundancy (e.g. emergency fallback ) and to prepare for simultaneous multi-datacenter service. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] This followed a year in which a fiber cut caused the Wikimedia projects to be unavailable for one hour in August 2012. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The result of this was another datacenter being added in 2014 at a CyrusOne facility in Carrollton, Texas , to further improve reliability. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 64 ] Apart from the second facility for redundancy coming online in 2014, [ 65 ] [ 66 ] the number of servers needed to run the infrastructure in a single facility has been mostly stable since 2009. As of November 2015, the main facility in Ashburn hosts 520 servers in total which includes servers for newer services besides Wikimedia project wikis , such as cloud services (Toolforge) [ 67 ] [ 68 ] and various services for metrics, monitoring, and other system administration. [ 69 ] In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation deployed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ 70 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ 71 ] Software The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MariaDB database since 2013; [ 72 ] previously the MySQL database was used. [ 73 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Some MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, an Apache Lucene extension [ 74 ] [ 75 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene and later switched to CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch for searching. [ 76 ] The Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM [ 77 ] and WordPress . [ 78 ] The foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user-friendly features. [ 79 ] Corporate identity The Wikimedia Foundation was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales so that there would be an independent charitable entity responsible for company domains and trademarks, and so that Wikipedia and its sister projects could be funded through non-profit means in the future. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] The name "Wikimedia", a compound of wiki and media , was coined by American author Sheldon Rampton in a post to the English Wikipedia mailing list in March 2003, [ 82 ] three months after Wiktionary became the second wiki-based project hosted on the original server. The foundation's mission is collection and distribution of educational knowledge under free licenses or public domain and promised to keep these projects free of charge. [ 11 ] All intellectual property rights and domain names about Wikipedia were moved to the foundation after its inception, [ 83 ] and it currently owns the domain names and maintains most of the Wikimedia movement 's websites. [ 84 ] WMF is now the registrant of the domain wikipedia.org , owner of the trademark and operator of the wiki platform. It runs projects like Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons ; it raises money, distributes grants, controls the servers, develops and deploys software, and does outreach to support Wikimedia projects, including the English Wikipedia . It also engages in political advocacy regarding copyright, press freedom and legal protection of websites from liability related to user content. [ 85 ] Finances The Wikimedia Foundation mainly finances itself through donations from the public, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia, as well as grants from various tech companies and philanthropic organizations. [ 13 ] [ 87 ] Campaigns for the Wikimedia Endowment have included emails asking donors to leave Wikimedia money in their will. [ 88 ] As a 501(c)(3) charity, the foundation is exempt from federal and state income tax. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions. [ 87 ] In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of four out of four possible stars, [ 91 ] increased from three to four stars in 2010. [ 92 ] As of January 2020 [update] , the rating was still four stars (overall score 98.14 out of 100), based on data from FY2018. [ 93 ] The foundation also increases its revenue through federal grants , sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, was a source of revenue for a number of years. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge. [ 96 ] An expanded version of data feeds and content services was launched in 2021 as Wikimedia Enterprise, an LLC subsidiary of the foundation. [ 97 ] In July 2014, the foundation announced it would accept Bitcoin donations. [ 98 ] In 2021, cryptocurrencies accounted for just 0.08% of all donations [ 99 ] [ 100 ] and on May 1, 2022, the foundation stopped accepting cryptocurrency donations, following a Wikimedia community vote. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The foundation's net assets grew from an initial $57,000 at the end of its first fiscal year, ending June 30, 2004, [ 102 ] to $53.5 million in mid-2014 [ 103 ] [ 104 ] and $231 million (plus a $100 million endowment) by the end of June 2021; that year, the foundation also announced plans to launch Wikimedia Enterprise, to let large organizations pay by volume for high-volume access to otherwise rate-limited APIs. [ 105 ] In 2020, the foundation donated $4.5 million to Tides Advocacy to create a "Knowledge Equity Fund", to provide grants to organizations whose work would not otherwise be covered by Wikimedia grants but addresses racial inequities in accessing and contributing to free knowledge resources. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Wikimedia Endowment In January 2016, the foundation announced the creation of an endowment to safeguard its future. [ 108 ] The Wikimedia Endowment was established as a donor-advised fund at the Tides Foundation , with a stated goal to raise $100 million in the next 10 years. [ 109 ] Craig Newmark was one of the initial donors, giving $1 million. [ 110 ] Peter Baldwin and Lisbet Rausing , of Arcadia Fund , donated $5 million in 2017. [ 111 ] In 2018, major donations to the endowment were received from Amazon and Facebook ($1 million each) and George Soros ($2 million). [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] In 2019, donations included $2 million from Google, [ 115 ] $3.5 million more from Baldwin and Rausing, [ 111 ] $2.5 million more from Newmark, [ 116 ] and another $1 million from Amazon in October 2019 and again in September 2020. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] As of 2023, [update] the advisory board consists of Jimmy Wales , Peter Baldwin , former Wikimedia Foundation Trustees Patricio Lorente and Phoebe Ayers , former Wikimedia Foundation Board Visitor Doron Weber of the Sloan Foundation , investor Annette Campbell-White , venture capitalist Michael Kim, portfolio manager Alexander M. Farman-Farmaian, and strategist Lisa Lewin. [ 111 ] The foundation itself has provided annual grants of $5 million to its Endowment since 2016. [ 119 ] These amounts have been recorded as part of the foundation's "awards and grants" expenses. [ 120 ] The Endowment pays the foundation for expenses the foundation incurs on behalf of the Endowment, mostly salaries of staff; in 2022–2023, this payment was 1.8 million. [ 121 ] In September 2021, the foundation announced that the Wikimedia Endowment had reached its initial $100 million fundraising goal in June 2021, five years ahead of its initial target. [ 5 ] In January 2024, the endowment was reported to have a value of $140 million. [ 122 ] Financial development The foundation summarizes its assets in the "Statements of Activities" in its audited reports. These do not include funds in the Wikimedia Endowment, however expenses from the 2015–16 financial year onward include payments to the Wikimedia Endowment. [ 123 ] Year Source Revenue Expenses Asset rise Net assets at end of year 2023/2024 PDF $185,383,511 $178,471,109 $16,584,053 $271,555,390 2022/2023 PDF $180,174,103 $169,095,381 $15,619,804 $254,971,336 2021/2022 PDF $154,686,521 $145,970,915 $8,173,996 $239,351,532 2020/2021 PDF $162,886,686 $111,839,819 $50,861,811 $231,177,536 2019/2020 PDF $129,234,327 $112,489,397 $14,674,300 $180,315,725 2018/2019 PDF $120,067,266 $91,414,010 $30,691,855 $165,641,425 2017/2018 PDF $104,505,783 $81,442,265 $21,619,373 $134,949,570 2016/2017 PDF $91,242,418 $69,136,758 $21,547,402 $113,330,197 2015/2016 PDF $81,862,724 $65,947,465 $13,962,497 $91,782,795 2014/2015 PDF $75,797,223 $52,596,782 $24,345,277 $77,820,298 2013/2014 PDF $52,465,287 $45,900,745 $8,285,897 $53,475,021 2012/2013 PDF $48,635,408 $35,704,796 $10,260,066 $45,189,124 2011/2012 PDF $38,479,665 $29,260,652 $10,736,914 $34,929,058 2010/2011 PDF $24,785,092 $17,889,794 $9,649,413 $24,192,144 2009/2010 PDF $17,979,312 $10,266,793 $6,310,964 $14,542,731 2008/2009 PDF $8,658,006 $5,617,236 $3,053,599 $8,231,767 2007/2008 PDF $5,032,981 $3,540,724 $3,519,886 $5,178,168 2006/2007 PDF $2,734,909 $2,077,843 $654,066 $1,658,282 2005/2006 PDF $1,508,039 $791,907 $736,132 $1,004,216 2004/2005 PDF $379,088 $177,670 $211,418 $268,084 2003/2004 PDF $80,129 $23,463 $56,666 $56,666 Expenses (2004–2020) A plurality of Wikimedia Foundation expenses are salaries and wages, followed by community and affiliate grants, contributions to the endowment, and other professional operating expenses and services. [ 124 ] [ 86 ] Wikimedia Foundation's expenses evolution by type in USD Wikimedia Foundation's expenses as a percentage of the whole Grants The Wikimedia Foundation has received a steady stream of grants from other foundations throughout its history. In 2008, the foundation received a $40,000 grant from the Open Society Institute to create a printable version of Wikipedia. [ 125 ] It also received a $262,000 grant from the Stanton Foundation to purchase hardware , [ 126 ] a $500,000 unrestricted grant from Vinod and Neeru Khosla , [ 127 ] who later that year joined the foundation advisory board, [ 128 ] and $177,376 from the historians Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin ( Arcadia Fund ), among others. [ 126 ] In March 2008, the foundation announced what was then its largest donation yet: a three-year, $3 million grant from the Sloan Foundation . [ 129 ] In 2009, the foundation received four grants. The first was a $890,000 Stanton Foundation grant to help study and simplify the user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia. [ 130 ] The second was a $300,000 Ford Foundation grant in July 2009 for Wikimedia Commons , to improve the interface for uploading multimedia files. [ 131 ] In August 2009, the foundation received a $500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation . [ 132 ] Also in August 2009, the Omidyar Network committed up to $2 million over two years to Wikimedia. [ 133 ] In 2010, Google donated $2 million [ 134 ] and the Stanton Foundation granted $1.2 million to fund the Public Policy Initiative, a pilot program for what later became the Wikipedia Education Program (and the spin-off Wiki Education Foundation ). [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] In March 2011, the Sloan Foundation authorized another $3 million grant, to be funded over three years, with the first $1 million to come in July 2011 and the remaining $2 million to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. As a donor, Doron Weber from the Sloan Foundation gained Board Visitor status at the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. [ 138 ] In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a $3.6 million grant of which $1.8 million was funded and the remainder was to come in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant the Wikimedia Foundation had ever received. [ 139 ] In November 2011, the foundation received a $500,000 donation from the Brin Wojcicki Foundation . [ 140 ] [ 141 ] In 2012, the foundation was awarded a grant of $1.25 million from Lisbet Rausing [ 140 ] and Peter Baldwin through the Charities Aid Foundation , scheduled to be funded in five equal installments from 2012 through 2015. In 2014, the foundation received the largest single gift in its history, a $5 million unrestricted donation from an anonymous donor supporting $1 million worth of expenses annually for the next five years. [ 142 ] In March 2012, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation , established by the Intel co-founder and his wife, awarded the Wikimedia Foundation a $449,636 grant to develop Wikidata . [ 143 ] This was part of a larger grant, much of which went to Wikimedia Germany, which took on ownership of the development effort. [ 144 ] Between 2014 and 2015, the foundation received $500,000 from the Monarch Fund, $100,000 from the Arcadia Fund and an undisclosed amount from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation to support the Wikipedia Zero initiative. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] In 2015, a grant agreement was reached with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to build a search engine called the " Knowledge Engine ", a project that proved controversial . [ 148 ] [ 149 ] In 2017, the Sloan Foundation awarded another $3 million grant for a three-year period, [ 138 ] and Google donated another $1.1 million to the foundation in 2019. [ 150 ] The following have donated $500,000 or more each (2008–2019, not including gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment): Total ($000s) Donor Years 9,000 Sloan Foundation .mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "} 2008–2013 2017–2019 2008–2013 2017–2019 5,952 Stanton Foundation 2009–2012 5,000 (anonymous) 2014–2018 3,100 Google 2010, 2019 2,000 Omidyar Network 2009–2010 1,527 Rausing, Baldwin via Arcadia, Charities Aid 2008 2012–2015 2008 2012–2015 1,300 Hewlett 2009–2010 500 Sergey Brin & Anne Wojcicki 2010 500 Monarch Fund 2014–2015 Board of trustees The foundation's board of trustees supervises the activities of the foundation. The founding board had three members, to which two community-elected trustees were added. Starting in 2008 it was composed of ten members: three selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects; two selected by Wikimedia chapters; four appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat, reserved for Jimmy Wales. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Over time, the size of the board and details of the selection processes have evolved. As of 2020, the board may have up to 16 trustees: [ 153 ] eight seats sourced from the wider Wikimedia community (affiliates and volunteer community); seven appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat reserved for Wales. In 2015, James Heilman , a trustee recently elected to the board by the community, [ 154 ] was removed from his position by a vote of the rest of the board. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] This decision generated dispute among members of the Wikipedia community. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Heilman later said that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me." [ 159 ] He subsequently added that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's Knowledge Engine project and its financing, [ 160 ] and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal. [ 161 ] Heilman was reelected to the board by the community in 2017. [ 162 ] In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri joined the board before stepping down amid community controversy about a " no poach " agreement he executed when at Google , which violated United States antitrust law and for which the participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] As of January 2024, the board comprised six community-and-affiliate-selected trustees (Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak , Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight , Victoria Doronina, Mike Peel and Lorenzo Losa); [ 165 ] five Board-appointed trustees ( McKinsey & Company director Raju Narisetti , [ 166 ] Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei , [ 167 ] technology officer Luis Bitencourt-Emilio, Nataliia Tymkiv, and financial expert Kathy Collins); and Wales. [ 152 ] Tymkiv chairs the board, with Al Shafei and Sigalov as vice chairs. [ 168 ] As of March 2024 there are six committees of the Board of Trustees: the executive committee (Chair: Nataliia Tymkiv, as the chair of the board), the Audit Committee (Chair: Kathy Collins, appointed in 2023), the Governance Committee (Chair: Dariusz Jemielniak, appointed in 2021), the Talent and Culture Committee (Chair: Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, appointed in 2023), the Community Affairs Committee (Chair: Shani Evenstein Sigalov, appointed in 2021), and the Product and Technology Committee (Chair: Lorenzo Losa, appointed in 2023). [ 169 ] Staff History In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer ( finance , budgeting , and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Möller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments. [ 170 ] In January 2006, the foundation created a number of committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities somewhat handled by volunteers at that time. [ 171 ] As of October 4, 2006 [update] , the foundation had five paid employees: [ 172 ] two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director , [ 173 ] Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel . Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007 and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007 [ 174 ] to 2010. In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications . [ 175 ] Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency . Doran, found to have had a criminal record, [ 176 ] left the foundation in July 2007 and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor; she became the executive director in December 2007. [ 177 ] Florence Devouard cited Doran's departure from the organization as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit. [ 178 ] Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator and also involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. He accused Wales of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes and said that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied. [ 179 ] In February 2007, the foundation added a position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Ménard, [ 180 ] who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development and Jay Walsh as head of communications. In March 2013, Gardner announced she would be leaving her position at the foundation. [ 181 ] Lila Tretikov was appointed executive director in May 2014; [ 182 ] [ 183 ] she resigned in March 2016. Former chief communications officer Katherine Maher (joined Wikimedia in 2014 [ 122 ] ) was appointed the interim executive director, a position made permanent in June 2016. [ 184 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021 [ 185 ] [ 186 ] and is credited with building the foundation endowment in her tenure. [ 122 ] Present department structure As of October 23, 2023, [update] there were over 700 people working at the foundation. [ 187 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. [ 188 ] In May 2025, Iskander told Axios that she would be leaving her position and would remain with the foundation until her replacement was filled by early 2026. [ 189 ] As of August 2024, the WMF has the following department structure: [ 190 ] Office of the chief executive officer : supports the work of the Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer. Advancement : responsible for fundraising, strategic partnerships, and grantmaking programs. Communications : responsible for Wikimedia brand development, marketing, social media, public relations, and global awareness efforts. Finance and Administration : responsible for ensuring responsible management of Wikimedia Foundation funds and resources. Legal : responsible for mounting opposition to government surveillance and censorship, defending volunteer communities, facilitating policy discussions, and advocating for privacy. Product and Technology : builds, improves, and maintains the infrastructure of Wikimedia sites. Talent and Culture : responsible for recruitment and training. Disputes A number of disputes have resulted in litigation [ 191 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] while others have not. [ 195 ] Attorney Matt Zimmerman has said, "Without strong liability protection, it would be difficult for Wikipedia to continue to provide a platform for user-created encyclopedia content." [ 196 ] In December 2011, the foundation hired Washington, D.C., lobbyist Dow Lohnes Government Strategies LLC to lobby Congress . [ 197 ] At the time of the hire, the foundation was concerned about a bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act . [ 198 ] The communities were as well, organizing some of the most visible protest against the bill on the Internet alongside other popular websites. In October 2013, a German court ruled that the Wikimedia Foundation can be held liable for content added to Wikipedia when there has been a specific complaint; otherwise, the Wikimedia Foundation does not check the content Wikipedia publishes and has no duty to do so. [ 199 ] In June 2014, Bildkonst Upphovsrätt i Sverige filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Wikimedia Sweden . [ 200 ] On June 20, 2014, a defamation lawsuit (Law Division civil case No. L-1400-14) involving Wikipedia editors was filed with the Mercer County Superior Court in New Jersey seeking, inter alia, compensatory and punitive damages. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In a March 10, 2015, op-ed for The New York Times , Wales and Tretikov announced the foundation was filing a lawsuit against the National Security Agency and five other government agencies and officials, including DOJ , calling into question its practice of mass surveillance , which they argued infringed the constitutional rights of the foundation's readers, editors and staff. They were joined in the suit by eight additional plaintiffs, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On October 23, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the suit Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA on grounds of standing . U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis III ruled that the plaintiffs could not plausibly prove they were subject to upstream surveillance , and that their argument is "riddled with assumptions", "speculations" and "mathematical gymnastics". [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016. [ 208 ] In September 2020, WMF's application to become an observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was blocked after objections from the government of China [ 209 ] over the existence of a Wikimedia Foundation affiliate in Taiwan . [ 210 ] In October 2021, WMF's second application was blocked by the government of China for the same reason. [ 211 ] In May 2022, six Wikimedia movement affiliate chapters were blocked from being accredited to WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) by China, claiming that the chapters were spreading disinformation. [ 212 ] In July 2022, China blocked an application by seven Wikimedia chapters to be accredited as permanent observers to WIPO; [ 213 ] China's position was supported by a number of other countries, including Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Algeria, Zimbabwe and Venezuela. [ 214 ] Spending and fundraising practices In 2014, Jimmy Wales was confronted with allegations that WMF had "a miserable cost/benefit ratio and for years now has spent millions on software development without producing anything that actually works". He acknowledged that he had "been frustrated as well about the endless controversies about the rollout of inadequate software not developed with sufficient community consultation and without proper incremental rollout to catch show-stopping bugs". [ 215 ] During the 2015 fundraising campaign, members of the community voiced their concerns about the fundraising banners. They argued that they were obtrusive and could deceive potential donors by giving the impression that Wikipedia had immediate financial problems, which was not true. The Wikimedia Foundation vowed to improve wording on further fundraising campaigns to avoid these issues. [ 216 ] Despite this, the foundation has continued to come under criticism for running campaigns seemingly designed to "make its readers feel guilty." Such campaigns have additionally been condemned for, in 2021, being run in countries that had been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic , such as Argentina and Brazil , [ 217 ] as well as for sparking fears in India that Wikipedia might be "dying". [ 218 ] This is despite the foundation being in ownership of "vast money reserves", in 2021 reaching its 10-year goal of compiling a $100 million endowment fund in only 5 years. [ 217 ] In February 2017, an op-ed published by The Signpost , the English Wikipedia 's online newspaper, titled "Wikipedia has Cancer", [ 219 ] [ 220 ] produced a debate in both the Wikipedian community and the wider public. The author criticized the Wikimedia Foundation for its ever-increasing annual spending, which, he argued, could put the project at financial risk should an unexpected event happen. The author proposed to cap spending, build up the endowment, and restructure the endowment so that WMF cannot dip into the principal when times get bad. [ 221 ] As of June 2022, the WMF reported $239 million in net assets. It is expected to raise $174 million in revenue in the 2023. [ 222 ] Despite expenses on the foundation staff's salaries, there's a significant surplus left. To manage these funds, the WMF has created an endowment composed of investments and cash. This is managed not by the WMF but by the Tides Foundation. [ 222 ] The endowment aims to grow this capital to $130.4 million in the next fiscal year. However, there has been controversy over the administration of the funds. While the Tides Foundation has promised to become a more transparent 501(c)(3) organization to reveal how it manages funds, details on expenses and salaries are still lacking seven years later. Additionally, the WMF's salary costs have risen from $7 million in 2010/11 to $88 million in 2021/22. [ 222 ] Knowledge Engine project Knowledge Engine was a search engine project initiated in 2015 by WMF to locate and display verifiable and trustworthy information on the Internet. [ 223 ] The KE's goal was to be less reliant on traditional search engines. It was funded with a $250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation . [ 224 ] Some perceived the project as a scandal, mainly because it was conceived in secrecy, and the project proposal was even a surprise to some staff, in contrast with a general culture of transparency in the organization and on the projects. Some of the information available to the community was received through leaked documents published by The Signpost in 2016. [ 225 ] [ 223 ] Following this dispute, Executive Director Lila Tretikov resigned. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References ^ "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . November 9, 2025. ^ a b c d Wales, Jimmy (June 20, 2003). "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation" . mail:wikipedia-l . 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Anasayfa Hakkımızda İçindekiler Rastgele madde Seçkin içerik Yakınımdakiler Deneme tahtası Köy çeşmesi Son değişiklikler Dosya yükle Topluluk portali Wikimedia dükkânı Yardım Özel sayfalar Bağış yapın Hesap oluştur Oturum aç Bağış yapın Hesap oluştur Oturum aç Anasayfa Anasayfa Tartışma Oku Kaynağı gör Geçmişi gör Oku Kaynağı gör Geçmişi gör Sayfaya bağlantılar İlgili değişiklikler Kalıcı bağlantı Sayfa bilgisi Bu sayfayı kaynak göster Kısaltılmış URL'yi al Karekodu indir Bir kitap oluştur PDF olarak indir Basılmaya uygun görünüm Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Vakfı MediaWiki Meta Viki Wikimedia Girişim Çokdilli Vikikaynak Vikitür Vikikitap Vikiveri Vikişlev Wikimania Vikihaber Vikisöz Vikikaynak Vikigezgin Vikisözlük Vikiveri ögesi .mw-parser-output .main-top{font-size:1rem;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding:0.25rem}.mw-parser-output .main-top-left>p{font-size:0.875em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .main-top-right{font-size:0.875em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .main-top-right>ul{margin-top:0.5rem}.mw-parser-output .main-top-right .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet{padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .main-top-header{border-bottom:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .main-top-articleCount{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .main-top-mobileSearch{display:none;margin-top:1rem}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .main-top-mobileSearch{display:block}.mw-parser-output .main-top-mobileSearchButton{background:#fff;border:none;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);color:#72777d;font-weight:normal;max-width:none;text-align:left;width:100%}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .main-top{background-color:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.15);margin-bottom:0.5rem;padding:1rem}.mw-parser-output .main-top-right>ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .main-top-articleCount{margin-bottom:0.5rem}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .main-top-articleCount{display:block}}@media(min-width:1000px){.mw-parser-output .main-top{align-items:center;background-image:url(" .main-top-left{background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#f8f9fa 0%,#f8f9fa 70%,rgba(248,249,250,0)100%);flex:3;padding:2rem 0 2rem 1.5rem}.mw-parser-output .main-top-right{flex:2;margin-top:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .main-top-right>ul{align-items:center;flex-direction:row-reverse;justify-content:right;margin-top:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .main-top-createArticle+li .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet{padding-right:1em}} Vikipedi 'ye hoş geldiniz ! Herkesin katkıda bulunabildiği özgür ansiklopedi Türkçe Vikipedi'deki madde sayısı: 660.535 Madde oluştur Danış Nasıl? Cesur ol! Vikipedi 'ye hoş geldiniz ! Herkesin katkıda bulunabildiği özgür ansiklopedi Türkçe Vikipedi'deki madde sayısı: 660.535 Haftanın seçkin maddesi Charles Domery veya ilerleyen dönemde bilinen adıyla Charles Domerz ( y. 1778 - 1800'den sonra), Prusya ve Fransız ordularında görev yapan ve olağanüstü derecede büyük iştahı ile tanınan Polonyalı askerdir. Birinci Koalisyon Savaşı sırasında Fransa 'ya karşı Prusya Ordusu'nda hizmet verdiği sırada, Prusyalıların erzaklarının yetersiz olmasından ötürü yiyecek karşılığında Fransız Ordusu'na geçti. Genel olarak sağlıklı olmasına rağmen, Fransız hizmetinde geçirdiği süre boyunca ciddi bir şekilde aç kaldı ve mevcut olan tüm yiyecekleri yedi. Paris yakınlarında konuşlandırıldığı dönemde, bir yılda 174 kedi yediği kaydedilen Domery, sebzeleri tercih etmese de başka bir yiyecek bulamadığı durumlarda her gün 1,8 ila 2,3 kg arasında çimen yerdi. Fransız gemisi Hoche 'deki hizmeti sırasında, bir mürettebat üyesinin top atışı nedeniyle kopan bacağını yemeye çalışırken mürettebatın diğer üyeleri kopan bacağı ondan alıp denize atmıştı. ( Devamı... ) Arşiv Daha fazla seçkin madde Günün kaliteli maddesi "Exposé" , ABD'de American Broadcasting Company (ABC) kanalında yayınlanan televizyon dizisi Lost 'un üçüncü sezonunun on dördüncü bölümüdür. Bölüm, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 'nde ABC; Kanada'da ise CTV kanalında 28 Mart 2007 tarihinde yayınlandı. Bölümün senaristleri Edward Kitsis ve Adam Horowitz , yönetmeni Stephen Williams 'dır. Bölümün merkezinde Nikki Fernandez ( Kiele Sanchez ) ve Paulo ( Rodrigo Santoro ) yer alırken, "Exposé" adı ise Nikki Fernandez'in konuk oyuncu olarak katıldığı bir televizyon dizisinden gelmektedir. Flashbacklerde adaya düşmeden önceki hayatları ve adaya düştükten sonraki ilk gün ile seksen birinci gün anlatıldı. Bu bölümle birlikte ikinci sezonda ölen Shannon Rutherford ( Maggie Grace ) karakteri üçüncü sezonda ilk kez görünmüş oldu. Boone Carlyle ( Ian Somerhalder ) ise ilk sezonda ölümünden bu yana beşinci kez dizide görünmüş oldu. Ayrıca, Ethan ( William Mapother ) ve Dr. Arzt ( Daniel Roebuck ) flashbacklerde tekrar göründüler. ( Devamı... ) Arşiv Daha fazla kaliteli madde Haftanın seçkin maddesi Charles Domery veya ilerleyen dönemde bilinen adıyla Charles Domerz ( y. 1778 - 1800'den sonra), Prusya ve Fransız ordularında görev yapan ve olağanüstü derecede büyük iştahı ile tanınan Polonyalı askerdir. Birinci Koalisyon Savaşı sırasında Fransa 'ya karşı Prusya Ordusu'nda hizmet verdiği sırada, Prusyalıların erzaklarının yetersiz olmasından ötürü yiyecek karşılığında Fransız Ordusu'na geçti. Genel olarak sağlıklı olmasına rağmen, Fransız hizmetinde geçirdiği süre boyunca ciddi bir şekilde aç kaldı ve mevcut olan tüm yiyecekleri yedi. Paris yakınlarında konuşlandırıldığı dönemde, bir yılda 174 kedi yediği kaydedilen Domery, sebzeleri tercih etmese de başka bir yiyecek bulamadığı durumlarda her gün 1,8 ila 2,3 kg arasında çimen yerdi. Fransız gemisi Hoche 'deki hizmeti sırasında, bir mürettebat üyesinin top atışı nedeniyle kopan bacağını yemeye çalışırken mürettebatın diğer üyeleri kopan bacağı ondan alıp denize atmıştı. ( Devamı... ) Arşiv Daha fazla seçkin madde Arşiv Daha fazla seçkin madde Günün kaliteli maddesi "Exposé" , ABD'de American Broadcasting Company (ABC) kanalında yayınlanan televizyon dizisi Lost 'un üçüncü sezonunun on dördüncü bölümüdür. Bölüm, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 'nde ABC; Kanada'da ise CTV kanalında 28 Mart 2007 tarihinde yayınlandı. Bölümün senaristleri Edward Kitsis ve Adam Horowitz , yönetmeni Stephen Williams 'dır. Bölümün merkezinde Nikki Fernandez ( Kiele Sanchez ) ve Paulo ( Rodrigo Santoro ) yer alırken, "Exposé" adı ise Nikki Fernandez'in konuk oyuncu olarak katıldığı bir televizyon dizisinden gelmektedir. Flashbacklerde adaya düşmeden önceki hayatları ve adaya düştükten sonraki ilk gün ile seksen birinci gün anlatıldı. Bu bölümle birlikte ikinci sezonda ölen Shannon Rutherford ( Maggie Grace ) karakteri üçüncü sezonda ilk kez görünmüş oldu. Boone Carlyle ( Ian Somerhalder ) ise ilk sezonda ölümünden bu yana beşinci kez dizide görünmüş oldu. Ayrıca, Ethan ( William Mapother ) ve Dr. Arzt ( Daniel Roebuck ) flashbacklerde tekrar göründüler. ( Devamı... ) Arşiv Daha fazla kaliteli madde Arşiv Daha fazla kaliteli madde Tarihte bugün 16 Ocak : 1547 - Rus Çarı Korkunç İvan taç giydi. 1556 - II. Felipe , İspanya Kralı oldu. 1605 - Miguel de Cervantes 'in Don Kişot eserinin ilk baskısı yayımlandı. 1920 - Milletler Cemiyeti , ilk toplantısını Paris 'te yaptı. 1945 - Adolf Hitler , Führerbunker 'e taşındı. III. Murad ( ö. 1595) Amilcare Ponchielli ( ö. 1886) Kate Moss ( d. 1974) 15 Ocak 16 Ocak 17 Ocak ( Arşiv Yılın günleri listesi ) Biliyor muydunuz? 1877'de yayımlanan Ahmed Midhat Efendi romanı , Miguel de Cervantes 'in Don Kişot 'una öykünerek yazılmıştır. NASA , Apollo 14 ile Ay 'a farklı türlerde 500 ağaç tohumu göndermiş, tohumlar Ay yörüngesi etrafında 34 kez dolaştırılıp Dünya'ya getirildikten sonra ABD , İsviçre ve Japonya gibi ülkelere dikilmiştir. Türkiye 'nin ilk fili, Hindistan Başbakanı Nehru 'nun 1950'de Türk çocuklarına armağan ettiği ve 45 yıl Gazi Hayvanat Bahçesi 'nde yaşayan Mohini adlı erkek fildir. Andromeda Gökadası'nın kızılötesi görünümü, Spitzer Uzay Teleskobu Andromeda Galaksisi , bir trilyon (10 12 ) yıldıza ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Köln Katedrali 'nde, Yahudilerin domuz sütü içtiğini gösteren gravür bulunmaktadır. Tarihte bugün 16 Ocak : 1547 - Rus Çarı Korkunç İvan taç giydi. 1556 - II. Felipe , İspanya Kralı oldu. 1605 - Miguel de Cervantes 'in Don Kişot eserinin ilk baskısı yayımlandı. 1920 - Milletler Cemiyeti , ilk toplantısını Paris 'te yaptı. 1945 - Adolf Hitler , Führerbunker 'e taşındı. III. Murad ( ö. 1595) Amilcare Ponchielli ( ö. 1886) Kate Moss ( d. 1974) 15 Ocak 16 Ocak 17 Ocak ( Arşiv Yılın günleri listesi ) 16 Ocak : 1547 - Rus Çarı Korkunç İvan taç giydi. 1556 - II. Felipe , İspanya Kralı oldu. 1605 - Miguel de Cervantes 'in Don Kişot eserinin ilk baskısı yayımlandı. 1920 - Milletler Cemiyeti , ilk toplantısını Paris 'te yaptı. 1945 - Adolf Hitler , Führerbunker 'e taşındı. III. Murad ( ö. 1595) Amilcare Ponchielli ( ö. 1886) Kate Moss ( d. 1974) 15 Ocak 16 Ocak 17 Ocak ( Arşiv Yılın günleri listesi ) Biliyor muydunuz? 1877'de yayımlanan Ahmed Midhat Efendi romanı , Miguel de Cervantes 'in Don Kişot 'una öykünerek yazılmıştır. NASA , Apollo 14 ile Ay 'a farklı türlerde 500 ağaç tohumu göndermiş, tohumlar Ay yörüngesi etrafında 34 kez dolaştırılıp Dünya'ya getirildikten sonra ABD , İsviçre ve Japonya gibi ülkelere dikilmiştir. Türkiye 'nin ilk fili, Hindistan Başbakanı Nehru 'nun 1950'de Türk çocuklarına armağan ettiği ve 45 yıl Gazi Hayvanat Bahçesi 'nde yaşayan Mohini adlı erkek fildir. Andromeda Gökadası'nın kızılötesi görünümü, Spitzer Uzay Teleskobu Andromeda Galaksisi , bir trilyon (10 12 ) yıldıza ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Köln Katedrali 'nde, Yahudilerin domuz sütü içtiğini gösteren gravür bulunmaktadır. 1877'de yayımlanan Ahmed Midhat Efendi romanı , Miguel de Cervantes 'in Don Kişot 'una öykünerek yazılmıştır. NASA , Apollo 14 ile Ay 'a farklı türlerde 500 ağaç tohumu göndermiş, tohumlar Ay yörüngesi etrafında 34 kez dolaştırılıp Dünya'ya getirildikten sonra ABD , İsviçre ve Japonya gibi ülkelere dikilmiştir. Türkiye 'nin ilk fili, Hindistan Başbakanı Nehru 'nun 1950'de Türk çocuklarına armağan ettiği ve 45 yıl Gazi Hayvanat Bahçesi 'nde yaşayan Mohini adlı erkek fildir. Andromeda Gökadası'nın kızılötesi görünümü, Spitzer Uzay Teleskobu Andromeda Galaksisi , bir trilyon (10 12 ) yıldıza ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Köln Katedrali 'nde, Yahudilerin domuz sütü içtiğini gösteren gravür bulunmaktadır. Günün seçkin resmi Pi Pi sayısı Üreten: John Reid Arşiv – Diğer seçkin resimler için... 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Pi Pi sayısı Üreten: John Reid Üreten: John Reid Arşiv – Diğer seçkin resimler için... Diğer dillerde Vikipedi 4 milyondan fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: Cebuano English 2 milyondan fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Svenska Русский 1 milyondan fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: مصرى العربية فارسی Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 500 binden fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: Нохчийн Čeština Bahasa Indonesia Suomi Català 한국어 Magyar Norsk Bokmål Română Српски/Srpski Татарча Türkçe 250 binden fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: Simple English Беларуская Български Dansk Eestikeelne Esperanto Euskara עברית Հայերեն Cymraeg Bahasa Melayu Oʻzbekcha Srpskohrvatski Slovenská Bân‑lâm‑gú Tam liste 4 milyondan fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: Cebuano English Cebuano English 2 milyondan fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Svenska Русский Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Svenska Русский 1 milyondan fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: مصرى العربية فارسی Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 مصرى العربية فارسی Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 500 binden fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: Нохчийн Čeština Bahasa Indonesia Suomi Català 한국어 Magyar Norsk Bokmål Română Српски/Srpski Татарча Türkçe Нохчийн Čeština Bahasa Indonesia Suomi Català 한국어 Magyar Norsk Bokmål Română Српски/Srpski Татарча Türkçe 250 binden fazla maddeye sahip dil sürümleri: Simple English Беларуская Български Dansk Eestikeelne Esperanto Euskara עברית Հայերեն Cymraeg Bahasa Melayu Oʻzbekcha Srpskohrvatski Slovenská Bân‑lâm‑gú Tam liste Simple English Беларуская Български Dansk Eestikeelne Esperanto Euskara עברית Հայերեն Cymraeg Bahasa Melayu Oʻzbekcha Srpskohrvatski Slovenská Bân‑lâm‑gú Wikimedia Vakfı projeleri Vikisöz Söz dizini Vikikaynak Kaynak metinler Wikimedia Commons Çoklu ortam paylaşım Vikisözlük Sözlük Vikiveri Bilgi tabanı Vikikitap Ders ve el kitapları Vikiversite Öğrenim araçları MediaWiki Viki yazılımı geliştirme Vikigezgin Gezi rehberi Vikitür Türler dizini Meta-Viki Viki proje koordinasyonu Vikişlev İşlevler Vikisöz Söz dizini Vikikaynak Kaynak metinler Wikimedia Commons Çoklu ortam paylaşım Vikisözlük Sözlük Vikiveri Bilgi tabanı Vikikitap Ders ve el kitapları Vikiversite Öğrenim araçları MediaWiki Viki yazılımı geliştirme Vikigezgin Gezi rehberi Vikitür Türler dizini Meta-Viki Viki proje koordinasyonu Vikişlev İşlevler Anasayfa Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն İnterlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska İtaliano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Prehispanic or Native Peru (Ancient Peru) 2 Era of the Conquistadors 3 Era of the Viceregency 4 Era of Emancipation 5 Republican and Independent Peru (19th Century) 6 Republican and Independent Peru (20th Century) 7 Republican and Independent Peru (21st Century) 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 External links Timeline of Peruvian history Español Français ქართული Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Timeline of Peruvian history" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This is a timeline of Peruvian history , comprising important legal & territorial changes and political events in Peru and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Peru . See also the list of presidents of Peru Prehispanic or native era ( 40.000 BC - 1432 AD ) This begins with the fourth millennium before Christ (first appearance of humans in Peru) It is the longest era of Peruvian history. Inca era ( 1432 - 1533 ) This begins with the emergence of the Inca Empire or Tawantinsuyo by the Inca Pachacuti and ends with the year of 1532 ( Battle of Cajamarca ). Hispanic and viceroyal era ( 1532 - 1824 ) Starting with the year of 1532 (seizure of Atahualpa ) and ending with the year of 1824 ( Battle of Ayacucho ). Republican and independent era ( 1821 - Now ) Starting with the 28th of July 1821 , with the Peruvian War of Independence , until the current day. Prehispanic or Native Peru (Ancient Peru) Year Date Event 20.000 - 13.000 BC The first humans arrive on what is currently Peruvian territory. The first settlement in Peru takes place about 20.000 years ago. 13.000 - 7000 BC Nomadic hunter-gatherer communities were established, including the Paccaicasa, Chivateros, Toquepala , Lauricocha and Paiján . 7000 - 4000 BC Semi-nomadic horticulturist communities are established, such as the Guitarrero , Pikimachay , Chilca , Telamarchay and Jayhuamachay. 4000 - 2000 BC Sedentary lifestyles emerged, accompanied by agriculture and livestock farming, with it the people of Tablada de Lurin , Cerro Paloma, Huaca Prieta and Kotosh . First societies develop in the region of Norte Chico ; amongst them the Caral , the oldest civilization in the Americas. 2000 BC Ceramics are found in Peru . 1800 BC The Caral people disappear, but the Cupisnique culture starts to develop. 1500 BC Chavin culture emerges in the Andes , and the Pucara people appear in the South. 700 BC The farming and fishing town of Paracas emerges on the Southern coast. 400 - 200 BC The cultures of the Salinar , Gallinazo , Cajamarca and Vicus people are founded. 150 BC The Chavin culture collapsed, parallel to the first emergence of militarized cultures, such as Moche in the North, Nazca in the South and Tihuanaco in the Highlands . 1260 Sinchi Roca was succeeded by his son Lloque Yupanqui . 1290 Lloque Yupanqui was succeeded by his son Mayta Cápac . 1320 Mayta Cápac was succeeded by his son Cápac Yupanqui . 1350 Cápac Yupanqui was succeeded by his son Inca Roca . 1380 Inca Roca died. His heir Quispe Yupanqui was killed in a coup, and the throne went to Yáhuar Huácac , another son. 1410 Yáhuar Huácac was succeeded by his son Viracocha . 1438 Viracocha was succeeded by his son Pachacuti , who would expand Cuzco into the Inca Empire . 1471 Pachacuti died. His son Tupac Inca Yupanqui succeeded him. 1493 Tupac Inca Yupanqui died and was succeeded by Huayna Capac . 1527 Huayna Capac died and was succeeded by his heir Ninan Cuyochi . 1532 May 13th Francisco Pizarro , a conquistador , arrives with a troop of Spaniards at the Northern coast of Peru . April Atahualpa's army , led by Quizquiz and Chalcuchimac , captures Huáscar at the Battle of Quipaipan . Atahualpa proclaims himself Inca, thus ending the Civil War . April 30th The Spanish founded the port of San Francisco de la Buenaesperanza , now Paita, considered the oldest port in Peru. July 14th (approx) Atalhualpa's army, led by Quizquiz, captures Cuzco . August 15th Pizarro founds the city of San Miguel, now Piura , considered the first city the Spanish founded in Peru. November 15th Pizarro arrives at Cajamarca , with the intention of meeting Atahualpa. Era of the Conquistadors Year Date Event 1532 November 16th At the Battle of Cajamarca , the Spanish army took the Inca emperor Atahualpa prisoner, marking the end of his empire. 1535 January 18th Spaniards founded the city of Lima . 1542 November 20th The Viceroyalty of Peru was established. 1572 End of the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba . 1586 April 20th Birth of Isabel Flores de Oliva, later Saint Rose of Lima . Era of the Viceregency Year Date Event 1579 December 9th Birth of Saint Martin de Porres . 1656 Pedro Bohórquez announced to the Calchaqui Indians that he was the last living descendant of the Inca emperors. 1659 December 15th Bohórquez led the Calchaqui in an uprising against the Spanish crown. 1667 January 3rd Bohórquez was executed and displayed in Lima . 1717 The New Kingdom of Granada became an independent viceroyalty under the Spanish crown. 1742 Juan Santos Atahualpa led a failed uprising against the Spanish colonial government. 1776 The Governorate of the Río de la Plata was spun off as an independent viceroyalty . 1780 November 18th Battle of Sangarará : Indigenous rebels led by Túpac Amaru II soundly defeated a numerically inferior Spanish force while they attended church. 1781 May 18th Túpac Amaru II was drawn and quartered in Cuzco . 1810 May 25th Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa sent troops to Córdoba , Potosí , La Paz and Charcas and reincorporated them into the Viceroyalty of Peru . Era of Emancipation Year Date Event 1815 October 15th By royal order, Joaquín de la Pezuela was named viceroy of Peru to replace Abascal . 1816 San Martin's Argentina had declared its independence. 1820 September 20th An Argentine army led by José de San Martín landed at Paracas . 1821 January 29th Pezuela was deposed. José de la Serna was proclaimed viceroy . July 6th De la Serna moved the capital to Cuzco . Republican and Independent Peru (19th Century) Year Date Event 1821 28 July Peruvian War of Independence : San Martín declared the independence of Peru. 1824 9 December Battle of Ayacucho : The Spanish army was defeated, marking the end of Spanish rule in South America. 1837 9 May The Peru-Bolivian Confederacy was established. 1839 25 August The Peru-Bolivian Confederacy was officially dissolved. 1866 2 May A Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez besieged the port city of Callao . 1879 5 April War of the Pacific : Chile declared war on Peru and Bolivia . 1883 20 October War of the Pacific : Under the Treaty of Ancón , the war ended with the cession of Peru's Tarapacá Province to Chile . Republican and Independent Peru (20th Century) Year Date Event 1948 29 October A military coup de armando the 2nd 1956 Odría allowed free elections. 1968 3 October General Juan Velasco Alvarado seized power in a military coup . 1975 29 August A number of prominent military commanders overthrew the Alvarado government and installed General Francisco Morales Bermúdez in the presidency. 1979 12 July A new constitution came into force. 1985 14 April Alan García won election to the Presidency. 1990 8 April Alberto Fujimori defeated Mario Vargas Llosa in a presidential election. 1992 5 April Fujimori declares a self-coup and dissolves the Congress . 12 September The Maoist leader Abimael Guzmán was arrested in Lima . 1995 26 January Cenepa War : The war broke out. Yared is smart 9 April 1995 Peruvian general election : Fujimori was re-elected president of Perú. 1996 17 December The terrorist group Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) took hostage hundreds of high-level diplomats, government and military officials and business executives who were attending a party at the official residence of Japan 's ambassador to Peru. 1997 22 April The Peruvian army mounted a dramatic raid on the residence. Fourteen members of the MRTA were killed, crippling the organization, and the hostages were freed. 2000 24 June Alberto Fujimori wins reelection for a third term, later resigning at the threat of impeachment. Republican and Independent Peru (21st Century) Year Date Event 2001 8 April 2001 Peruvian general election : Possible Peru won a plurality of APRA. June 3rd Peruvian general election, 2001 : Toledo won the presidency. December 29th The Mesa Redonda fire broke out in Lima, resulting in 277 casualties and leaving more than 500 missing, caused by the explosion of a fireworks device. 2003 26 May Toledo declared a state of emergency in response to a series of paralyzing strikes. 14 July Birth of Jose Diego Salazar in Trujillo, Peru . 2006 9 April 2006 Peruvian general election : Union for Peru won a plurality of seats in the Congress . Their presidential candidate, Ollanta Humala , went into a runoff against García . 4 June García won the presidency. 2007 15 August 2007 Peru earthquake : A 7.9 earthquake hit Pisco Province . 2010 1 Peru celebrates Peruvian novelist Mario Varga Llosa's achievement in receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature . 2011 28 July Ollanta Humala is inaugurated, winning the presidency over Keiko Fujimori. 2016 28 July Pedro Pablo Kuczynski is inaugurated as President of Peru , prevailing over former President Alberto Fujimori 's daughter, Keiko Fujimori . 2017 24 December Kuczynski pardons former President Alberto Fujimori , who was sentenced for 25 years with manslaughter , corruption , bribery , and violation of human rights. 2018 21 March Amidst a political crisis, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski resigns the presidency in the threat of impeachment for corruption and bribery. First Vice President Martin Vizcarra assumes the presidency until the remainder of Kuczynski's term in 20 First Vice President Martin Vizcarra assumes the presidency until the remainder of Kuczynski's term in 20 See also Timeline of Lima history Further reading .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Peru" , Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl : 2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776 – via Hathi Trust Calendario histórico del Perú (in Spanish). 1939. OCLC 23370783 . Christine Hunefeldt (2004). "Chronology" . A Brief History of Peru . Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-0828-5 . Historia cronológica del Perú (in Spanish). Departamento de Relaciones Corporativas de Petróleos del Perú-PETROPERÚ. 2006. ISBN 9972606538 . External links "Peru Profile: Timeline" . BBC News . 16 October 2012. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Years in Peru ( 1821 –present) v t e 19th century 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Timelines by country Peru history-related lists Years in Peru Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Use dmy dates from June 2023 Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Dynamic lists CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) This page was last edited on 12 December 2025, at 04:21 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Common traits 2 Ecology 3 Gallery 4 Etymology 5 See also 6 References Toggle References subsection 6.1 Sources 6.1 Sources Graminoid العربية Català Eesti Español Français 한국어 Malagasy Русский Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item In botany and ecology , a graminoid refers to a herbaceous plant with a grass-like morphology, [ 1 ] i.e., elongated culms with long, blade-like leaves. They are contrasted with forbs , herbaceous plants without grass-like features. The plants most often referred to include the families Poaceae (grasses in the strict sense), Cyperaceae (sedges), and Juncaceae (rushes). These are not closely related but belong to different clades in the order Poales . The grasses (Poaceae) are by far the largest family, with some 12,000 species. Common traits A graminoid is a plant that has a simple structure of repeated parts that have their meristems , growing parts, within their stems. They frequently have well-developed ways of reproducing vegetatively , without needing to grow from pollinated seeds. As a group, the graminoids produce fewer toxins than other plants and instead rely on physical defenses against being eaten by herbivores . Their evolution has been in response to grazing by both mammals and insects. [ 2 ] Ecology Besides their similar morphology, graminoids share a widespread occurrence and often dominance in open habitats such as grasslands or marshes . They can, however, also be found in the understory of forests. Sedges and rushes tend to prefer wetter habitats than grasses. Gallery Examples of graminoid plants Common rush ( Juncus effusus ), Juncaceae Nutsedge ( Cyperus capitatus ), Cyperaceae Festuca cinerea , Poaceae Etymology The word graminoid is derived from Latin grāmen ' grass ; herb ', with the suffix -oid denoting '-like; resembling, characteristic of'. [ 3 ] The Latin grāmen may be related to the English grass through a common word in the Proto-Indo-European language . However, grass is a Germanic word comparable to the Old Frisian gres or Old High German gras . In Old English it was gærsum which changed over time into the modern word. It was first spelled grass in 1393, but continued to be spelled variously through at least 1637. [ 4 ] See also Reed Seagrass References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Park, Chris; Allaby, Michael (2017). A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acref/9780191826320.001.0001 . ISBN 9780191826320 . ^ Jefferies 1988 , p. 342. ^ Grove 1981 , p. 986. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrove1981 ( help ) ^ OED 2025 . Sources Gove, Philip Babcock , ed. (1981). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English language, Unabridged . Vol. I: A to G. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co. ISBN 978-0-87779-201-7 . OCLC 8838804 . Retrieved 3 July 2025 . Jefferies, R.L. (1988). "13 : Vegetational mosaics, plant-animal interactions and resources for plant growth". In Gottlieb, Leslie D. ; Jain, Subodh K. (eds.). Plant Evolutionary Biology (First ed.). London; New York: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-29290-3 . OCLC 17233777 . Retrieved 3 July 2025 . "grass (n.1)" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/OED/6956138275 . (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Plant morphology Plants by habit Plant life-forms Harv and Sfn no-target errors Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles containing Old Frisian-language text Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text CS1: long volume value This page was last edited on 15 November 2025, at 01:03 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Historical origins of Nazi racial theories and policies 2 Basis of Nazi policies and the constitution of the Aryan Master Race 3 Racial policies regarding the Jews, 1933–1939 Toggle Racial policies regarding the Jews, 1933–1939 subsection 3.1 Nuremberg Laws 3.2 Jewish responses to the Nuremberg Laws 3.3 Influence of American segregationist laws 3.1 Nuremberg Laws 3.2 Jewish responses to the Nuremberg Laws 3.3 Influence of American segregationist laws 4 Sinti and Roma 5 Afro-Germans 6 Policies regarding Poles, Russians, and other Slavs 7 Other "non-Aryans" 8 Iranians 9 Turks and Turkics Toggle Turks and Turkics subsection 9.1 Turks 9.2 Crimean Karaites 9.1 Turks 9.2 Crimean Karaites 10 Norwegians 11 Finno-Ugrics 12 East Asians 13 Germanization between 1939 and 1945 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links Racial policy of Nazi Germany العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano پښتو Português Română Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Part of a series on Nazism Organizations Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Literature The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903) The Passing of the Great Race (1916) Prussianism and Socialism (1919) " 25-point Program " (1920) The International Jew (1920s) Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (1922) Mein Kampf (1925) Hitlers zweites Buch (1928) Michael (1929) The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft (1933) I Fight (1942) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903) The Passing of the Great Race (1916) Prussianism and Socialism (1919) " 25-point Program " (1920) The International Jew (1920s) Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (1922) Mein Kampf (1925) Hitlers zweites Buch (1928) Michael (1929) The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft (1933) I Fight (1942) Religion Ariosophy Thule Society Aspects Catholic Church persecution Germany Poland Christmas Esotericism German Evangelical Church German Christians movement German Faith Movement Germanic paganism Heathenry Gottgläubig Kirchenkampf Positive Christianity Hitler's views Symbolism Ariosophy Thule Society Thule Society Aspects Catholic Church persecution Germany Poland persecution Germany Poland Germany Poland Christmas Esotericism German Evangelical Church German Christians movement German Christians movement German Faith Movement Germanic paganism Heathenry Heathenry Gottgläubig Kirchenkampf Positive Christianity Hitler's views Hitler's views Symbolism Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Germany portal Politics portal Germany portal Politics portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The racial policy of Nazi Germany was a set of policies and laws implemented in Nazi Germany under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler , based on pseudoscientific and racist doctrines asserting the superiority of the putative " Aryan race ", which claimed scientific legitimacy . This was combined with a eugenics program that aimed for " racial hygiene " by compulsory sterilization and extermination of those whom they saw as Untermenschen ("sub-humans"), which culminated in the Holocaust . Nazi policies labeled centuries-long residents in German territory who were not ethnic Germans such as Jews (which in Nazi racial theory were emphasized as a Semitic people of Levantine origins), Romani (an Indo-Aryan people originating from the Indian subcontinent ), along with the vast majority of Slavs (mainly ethnic Poles , Serbs , Ukrainians , Russians , Belarusians , etc.), and most non-Europeans as inferior non-Aryan subhumans (under the Nazi appropriation of the term " Aryan ") in a racial hierarchy that placed the Herrenvolk (" master race ") of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community") at the top. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The racial policy of the Nazi Party and the German state was organized through the State of Racial Policy , which published circulars and directives to relevant administrative organs, newspapers, and educational institutes. [ 5 ] Historical origins of Nazi racial theories and policies Adolf Hitler himself along with other members of the Nazi Party in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933) were greatly influenced by several 19th- and early 20th-century thinkers and proponents of philosophical, onto-epistemic, and theoretical perspectives on ecological anthropology , scientific racism , holistic science , and organicism regarding the constitution of complex systems and the theorization of organic-racial societies. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In particular, one of the most significant ideological influences on the Nazis was the 19th-century German nationalist philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte , whose works had served as an inspiration to Hitler and other Nazi Party members, and whose ideas were implemented among the philosophical and ideological foundations of Nazi-oriented Völkisch nationalism . [ 7 ] Basis of Nazi policies and the constitution of the Aryan Master Race The Aryan master race conceived by Adolf Hitler and the other Nazis graded humans on a scale of pure Aryans to non-Aryans (who were viewed as subhumans ). [ 10 ] At the top of the scale of pure Aryans were Nordic-type Germans and other Nordic-Aryan Germanic and Northern European peoples, including the Dutch , Scandinavians , and the English . [ 10 ] Latins were held to be somewhat inferior, but were tolerated; and the French were thought to have a suitable admixture of Germanic blood. [ 11 ] The feeling that Germans were the Aryan Herrenvolk (Aryan master race) was widely spread among the German public through Nazi propaganda and among Nazi officials throughout the ranks, in particular when the Reichskommissar of Ukraine Erich Koch said: We are a master race, which must remember that the lowliest German worker is racially and biologically a thousand times more valuable than the population here. We are a master race, which must remember that the lowliest German worker is racially and biologically a thousand times more valuable than the population here. — Erich Koch, 5 March 1943 [ 12 ] The Nazis considered the Slavs as Non-Aryan Untermenschen ("sub-humans") who were to be enslaved and exterminated by Germans. [ 4 ] In countries where these people lived, there were according to Nazis small groups of non-Slavic German descendants. These people underwent a "racial selection" process to determine whether or not they were "racially valuable", if the individual passed they would be re- Germanised and forcefully taken from their families in order to be raised as Germans. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] This secret plan Generalplan Ost ("Master Plan East") aimed at expulsion, enslavement and extermination of most Slavic people. Nazi policy towards them changed during World War II as a pragmatic means to resolve military manpower shortages: they were allowed, with certain restrictions, to serve in the Waffen-SS , in spite of being considered subhumans. [ 15 ] Nazi propaganda portrayed people in Eastern Europe with an Asiatic appearance to be the result of intermingling between the native Slavic populations and Asiatic or Mongolian races as sub-humans dominated by the Jews with the help of Bolshevism . [ 16 ] At the bottom of the racial scale of non-Aryans were Jews , ethnic Poles , ethnic Serbs and other Slavic people, Romani , and black people . [ 17 ] The Nazis originally sought to rid the German state of Jews and Romani by means of deportation (and later extermination), while black people were to be segregated and eventually eliminated through compulsory sterilization . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Volkisch theorists believed that Germany's Teutonic ancestors had spread out from Germany throughout Europe. [ 19 ] Of the Germanic tribes that spread through Europe, the theorists identified that the Burgundians , Franks , and Western Goths joined with the Gauls to make France ; the Lombards moved south and joined with the Italians; the Jutes made Denmark ; the Angles and Saxons made England ; the Flemings made Belgium ; and other tribes made the Netherlands . [ 19 ] Nazi racial beliefs of the superiority of an Aryan master race arose from earlier proponents of a supremacist conception of race such as the French novelist and diplomat Arthur de Gobineau , who published a four-volume work titled An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (translated into German in 1897). [ 20 ] Gobineau proposed that the Aryan race was superior, and urged the preservation of its cultural and racial purity . [ 21 ] Gobineau later came to use and reserve the term Aryan only for the "German race" and described the Aryans as 'la race germanique'. [ 22 ] By doing so he presented a racist theory in which Aryans—that is Germans—were all that was positive. [ 23 ] Houston Stewart Chamberlain 's work The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1900), one of the first to combine Social Darwinism with antisemitism, describes history as a struggle for survival between the Germanic peoples and the Jews, whom he characterized as an inferior and dangerous group. [ 24 ] The two-volume book Foundations of Human Hereditary Teaching and Racial Hygiene (1920–21) by Eugen Fischer , Erwin Baur , and Fritz Lenz , used pseudoscientific studies to conclude that the Germans were superior to the Jews intellectually and physically, and recommended eugenics as a solution. [ 25 ] Madison Grant 's work The Passing of the Great Race (1916) advocated Nordicism and proposed using a eugenic program to preserve the Nordic race . After reading the book, Hitler called it "my Bible". [ 26 ] Racist author and Nordic supremacist [ 27 ] Hans F. K. Günther , who influenced Nazi ideology, wrote in his "Race Lore of German People" ( Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes ) about the danger of "Slavic blood of Eastern race" mixing with the German [ 28 ] and combined virulent nationalism with Antisemitism . [ 29 ] Günther became an epitome of corrupt and politicized pseudo-science in post-war Germany. [ 30 ] Among the topics of his research were attempts to prove that Jews had an unpleasant "hereditary smell". [ 31 ] While one of the most prominent Nazi writers, Günther still was not considered the most "cutting edge" by Nazis. [ 32 ] The July 1933 Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring —written by Ernst Rüdin and other theorists of "racial hygiene"—established " Genetic Health Courts " which decided on compulsory sterilization of "any person suffering from a hereditary disease." These included, for the Nazis, those suffering from " Congenital Mental Deficiency ", schizophrenia , " Manic-Depressive Insanity ", " Hereditary Epilepsy ", " Hereditary Chorea " (Huntington's), Hereditary Blindness , Hereditary Deafness , "any severe hereditary deformity", as well as "any person suffering from severe alcoholism ". [ 33 ] Further modifications of the law enforced sterilization of the " Rhineland bastards " (children of mixed German and African parentage). The Nazi Party wanted to increase birthrates of those who were classified as racially elite. When the Party gained power in 1933, one of their first actions was to pass the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage. This law stated that all newly married couples of the Aryan race could receive a government loan. This loan was not simply paid back, rather a portion of it would be forgiven after the birth of each child. The purpose of this law was very clear and simple: to encourage newlyweds to have as many children as they could, so that the Aryan population would grow. [ 34 ] Racial policies regarding the Jews, 1933–1939 Approximately 525,000 Jews were living in Germany in 1933 (0.75% of the entire German population). [ 35 ] Discrimination against Jews began immediately after the national seizure of power in 1933. [ 36 ] The Nazi Party used populist antisemitic views to gain votes. Using the " stab-in-the-back legend ", they blamed poverty, the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic , unemployment, and the loss of World War I and surrender by the " November Criminals " all on the Jews and "cultural Bolsheviks", the latter considered to be in a conspiracy with the Jews . German woes were attributed to the effects of the Treaty of Versailles . In 1933, persecution of the Jews became active Nazi policy. This was at first hindered by the lack of agreement on who qualified as a Jew as opposed to an Aryan ; this caused legislators to balk at an antisemitic law for its ill-defined terms. [ 37 ] Bernhard Lösener described it as "total chaos", with local authorities regarding anything from full Jewish background to .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 1 ⁄ 8 Jewish blood as defining a Jew; Achim Gercke urged 1 ⁄ 16 Jewish blood. [ 38 ] Those of mixed descent ( Mischlinge ) were especially problematic in their eyes. [ 39 ] The first antisemitic law was promulgated with no clear definition of a Jew. [ 40 ] Finally, the criterion was set at three or four Jewish grandparents; two or one rendered a person a Mischling . [ 41 ] On April 1, 1933, the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses was observed throughout Germany. Only six days later, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, banning Jews from government jobs . It is notable that the proponents of this law, and the several thousand more that were to follow, most frequently explained them as necessary to prevent the infiltration of damaging, "alien-type" ( Artfremd ) hereditary traits into the German national or racial community ( Volksgemeinschaft ). [ 42 ] These laws meant that Jews were now indirectly and directly dissuaded or banned from privileged and superior positions reserved for "Aryan Germans". From then on, Jews were forced to work in more menial positions, becoming second-class citizens or to the point that they were "illegally residing" in Nazi Germany . In the early years of Nazi rule, there were efforts to secure the elimination of Jews by expulsion; later, a more explicit commitment was made to extermination. On August 25, 1933, the Nazis signed the Haavara Agreement with Zionists to allow German Jews to emigrate to Palestine in exchange for a portion of their economic assets. The agreement offered a way to leave an increasingly hostile environment in Nazi Germany; by 1939, 60,000 German Jews (about 10% of the Jewish population) had emigrated there. Thereafter, Nazi policy eventually changed to one of total extermination. Nazi doctrine culminated in the Holocaust , or so-called " Final Solution ", which was made official at the January 1942 Wannsee Conference . Nuremberg Laws This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Between 1935 and 1936, persecution of the Jews increased apace while the process of " Gleichschaltung " ( lit. ' standardisation ' , the process by which the Nazis achieved complete control over German society) was implemented. In May 1935, Jews were forbidden to join the Wehrmacht (the armed forces), and in the summer of the same year, antisemitic propaganda appeared in shops and restaurants. The Nuremberg Laws were passed around the time of the great Nazi rallies at Nuremberg ; on September 15, 1935, the " Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor " was passed. At first this criminalized sexual relations and marriage only between Germans and Jews, as well as the employment of German women by Jews. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] The law was later extended to "Gypsies, Negroes and their bastard offspring"; it became punishable by law as Rassenschande or racial pollution. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] After this, the " Reich Citizenship Law " was passed, and was reinforced in November by a decree; it included only people of "German or related blood", which meant that all Jews were stripped of their citizenship and their official title became "subjects of the state". This meant that they were deprived of basic citizens' rights, e.g. the right to vote. [ 47 ] This removal of citizens' rights was instrumental in the process of antisemitic persecution: the process of denaturalization allowed the Nazis to exclude— de jure —Jews from the " Volksgemeinschaft " ("national community"), thus granting judicial legitimacy to their persecution and opening the way to harsher laws and, eventually, extermination of the Jews. Philosopher Hannah Arendt pointed out this important judicial aspect of the Holocaust in The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), where she demonstrated that to violate human rights , Nazi Germany first deprived human beings of their citizenship. Arendt underlined that in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , citizens' rights actually preceded human rights, as the latter needed the protection of a determinate state to be actually respected. The drafting of the Nuremberg Laws has often been attributed to Hans Globke . Globke co-authored several aspects of the laws, such as the ordinance which legally required Jews with non-Jewish names to take on the additional first names Israel or Sara, along with the official legal commentary on the Reich Citizenship Law. [ 47 ] In 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from having any influence in education, politics, higher education, and industry. There was now nothing to stop the anti-Jewish actions that spread across the German economy. Between 1937 and 1938, new laws were implemented, and the segregation of Jews from the "German Aryan" population was completed. In particular, Jews were punished financially for being Jewish. From March 1, 1938, government contracts could not be awarded to Jewish businesses. On September 30, "Aryan" doctors could only treat "Aryan" patients. Provision of medical care to Jews was already hampered because Jews were banned from being doctors. On August 17, Jews with first names of non-Jewish origin were legally required to add "Israel" (males) or "Sara" (females) to their names, and a large letter "J" was to be printed on their passports on October 5. [ 47 ] On November 15, Jewish children were banned from going to state-run schools. By April 1939, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or been persuaded to sell out to the government, further reducing their rights as human beings; they were, in many ways, effectively separated from the German populace. The increasingly totalitarian regime that Hitler imposed on Germany allowed him to control the actions of the military. On November 7, 1938, a young Polish Jew named Herschel Grynszpan attacked and shot German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in the German embassy in Paris. Grynszpan's family, together with more than 12,000 Polish-born Jews, had been expelled by the Nazi government from Germany to Poland in the so-called " Polenaktion " on October 28, 1938. Joseph Goebbels ordered retaliation. On the night of November 9, the SS and SA conducted "the Night of Broken Glass" (" Kristallnacht "), in which at least 91 Jews were killed and a further 30,000 arrested and incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps . After the start of the war, and the conquest of numerous European countries, the Jewish population was put into ghettos , from which they were shipped to death camps where they were murdered. Jewish responses to the Nuremberg Laws After the promulgation of the Nuremberg Laws, the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden (Representation of the German Jews) announced the following: The Laws decided upon by the Reichstag in Nuremberg have come as the heaviest of blows for the Jews in Germany . But they must create a basis on which a tolerable relationship becomes possible between the German and the Jewish people. The "Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden" is willing to contribute to this end with all its powers. A precondition for such a tolerable relationship is the hope that the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany will be enabled to keep a moral and economic means of existence by the halting of defamation and boycott. The organization of the life of the Jews in Germany requires governmental recognition of an autonomous Jewish leadership. The Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland is the agency competent to undertake this. The most urgent tasks for the "Reichsvertretung" , which it will press energetically and with full commitment, following the avenues it has previously taken, are: Our own Jewish educational system must serve to prepare the youth to be upright Jews, secure in their faith, who will draw the strength to face the onerous demands which life will make on them from conscious solidarity with the Jewish community, from work for the Jewish present and faith in the Jewish future. In addition to transmitting knowledge, the Jewish schools must also serve in the systematic preparation for future occupations. With regard to preparation for emigration, particularly to Palestine , emphasis will be placed on guidance toward manual work and the study of the Hebrew language. The education and vocational training of girls must be directed to preparing them to carry out their responsibilities as upholders of the family and mothers of the next generation. [ 48 ] The Laws decided upon by the Reichstag in Nuremberg have come as the heaviest of blows for the Jews in Germany . But they must create a basis on which a tolerable relationship becomes possible between the German and the Jewish people. The "Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden" is willing to contribute to this end with all its powers. A precondition for such a tolerable relationship is the hope that the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany will be enabled to keep a moral and economic means of existence by the halting of defamation and boycott. The organization of the life of the Jews in Germany requires governmental recognition of an autonomous Jewish leadership. The Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland is the agency competent to undertake this. The most urgent tasks for the "Reichsvertretung" , which it will press energetically and with full commitment, following the avenues it has previously taken, are: Our own Jewish educational system must serve to prepare the youth to be upright Jews, secure in their faith, who will draw the strength to face the onerous demands which life will make on them from conscious solidarity with the Jewish community, from work for the Jewish present and faith in the Jewish future. In addition to transmitting knowledge, the Jewish schools must also serve in the systematic preparation for future occupations. With regard to preparation for emigration, particularly to Palestine , emphasis will be placed on guidance toward manual work and the study of the Hebrew language. The education and vocational training of girls must be directed to preparing them to carry out their responsibilities as upholders of the family and mothers of the next generation. [ 48 ] Influence of American segregationist laws The Nazis had already barred Jews from having a role in Germany society as Lawyers, Civil Servants and Teachers with the 1933 Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service and led a systemic boycott of Jewish businesses (in addition to expulsion or exclusion from other professions, or the right to own stocks) before the 1935 Nuremberg Laws were proposed but were looking for a means of codifying in a legal sense the exclusion of Jews (and other "non-Aryan" minorities) from both citizenship of the Reich, and therefore strip fundamental protections from the population. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] James Q. Whitman , Professor of Law at Yale University, stated in his book "Hitler’s American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law" that both historic US precedence and Jim Crow Era laws were openly discussed by Nazi party officials and lawyers as examples of how to legislate for racial segregation and against miscegenation that ultimately resulted in the Nuremberg Laws and the stripping of citizenship from German Jews with the Reich Citizenship Law . [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Sinti and Roma Nazi Germany began persecution of the Romani as early as 1936 when they began to transfer the people to municipal internment camps on the outskirts of cities, a prelude to the deportation of 23,000 Gypsies to concentration camps. "Pure-blooded" Gypsies were considered by the Nazis to be Aryan. [ 54 ] Roughly ten percent of Gypsies were considered to be racially pure. [ 55 ] Heinrich Himmler suggested creating a "Gypsy Law" to separate Gypsies from the German people: The aim of measures taken by the State to defend the homogeneity of the German nation must be the physical separation of Gypsydom from the German nation, the prevention of miscegenation , and finally, the regulation of the way of life of pure and part-Gypsies. The necessary legal foundation can only be created through a Gypsy Law, which prevents further intermingling of blood, and which regulates all the most pressing questions which go together with the existences of Gypsies in the living space of the German nation. [ 56 ] The aim of measures taken by the State to defend the homogeneity of the German nation must be the physical separation of Gypsydom from the German nation, the prevention of miscegenation , and finally, the regulation of the way of life of pure and part-Gypsies. The necessary legal foundation can only be created through a Gypsy Law, which prevents further intermingling of blood, and which regulates all the most pressing questions which go together with the existences of Gypsies in the living space of the German nation. [ 56 ] However, although many laws during Nazi Germany persecuted the Gypsies, a specific "Gypsy Law", although talked about often, was never enacted by the Nazis. [ 57 ] Afro-Germans In Mein Kampf , Hitler described children resulting from marriages to African occupation soldiers as a contamination of the Aryan race "by Negro blood on the Rhine in the heart of Europe." [ 58 ] He thought that "Jews were responsible for bringing Negroes into the Rhineland , with the ultimate idea of bastardizing the white race which they hate and thus lowering its cultural and political level so that the Jew might dominate." [ 59 ] He also implied that this was a plot on the part of the French, saying the population of France was being increasingly "negrified". [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The number of black people in Germany when the Nazis came to power is variously estimated at 5,000 to 25,000. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ; "While there was no centralized, systematic program targeting Black people in Germany for murder, many were imprisoned, forcibly sterilized, and murdered by the Nazis. An unknown number of them, perhaps hundreds, were killed." [ 63 ] Prior to Hitler coming to power, black entertainers were popular in Germany, but the Nazis banned jazz as "corrupt negro music ". [ 60 ] Of particular concern to the Nazi scientist Eugen Fischer were the " Rhineland Bastards ": mixed-race offspring of Senegalese soldiers who had been stationed in the Rhineland as part of the French army of occupation. He believed that these people should be sterilized in order to protect the racial purity of the German population. At least 400 mixed-race children were forcibly sterilized in the Rhineland by 1938. This order only applied in the Rhineland. Other African Germans were unaffected. Despite this policy, there was never any systematic attempt to eliminate the black population in Germany, though some black people were used in medical experiments, and others mysteriously disappeared. [ 60 ] According to Susan Samples, the Nazis went to great lengths to conceal their sterilization and abortion program in the Rhineland. [ 64 ] Hans Massaquoi describes his experience as a half-African in Hamburg , unaware of the Rhineland sterilizations until long after the war. [ 65 ] Samples also points to the paradoxical fact that African-Germans actually had a better chance of surviving the war than the average German. They were excluded from military activity because of their non-Aryan status, but were not considered a threat and so were unlikely to be incarcerated. Samples and Massaquoi also note that African-Germans were not subjected to the segregation they would have experienced in the United States, nor excluded from facilities such as expensive hotels. However, they both state that downed black American pilots were more likely to become victims of violence and murder from German citizens than white pilots. [ 60 ] Policies regarding Poles, Russians, and other Slavs As early as 1925, Hitler suggested in Mein Kampf that the German people needed Lebensraum ("living space") to achieve German expansion eastwards ( Drang nach Osten ) at the expense of the "inferior Slavs". Hitler believed that "the organization of a Russian state formation was not the result of the political abilities of the Slavs in Russia , but only a wonderful example of the state-forming efficacity of the German element in an inferior race." [ 66 ] After the invasion of the Soviet Union , Hitler expressed his future plans for the Slavs: As for the ridiculous hundred million Slavs, we will mould the best of them as we see fit, and we will isolate the rest of them in their own pig-styes; and anyone who talks about cherishing the local inhabitants and civilising them, goes straight off into a concentration camp! [ 67 ] As for the ridiculous hundred million Slavs, we will mould the best of them as we see fit, and we will isolate the rest of them in their own pig-styes; and anyone who talks about cherishing the local inhabitants and civilising them, goes straight off into a concentration camp! [ 67 ] Nazi ideology viewed the Slavic peoples as non-Aryan Untermenschen ("sub-humans"), who were targeted for enslavement, expulsion and extermination. [ 68 ] The racial status of Slavs during the Third Reich was inconsistent over time. [ 69 ] Hitler viewed the Slavs as "a mass of born slaves who feel the need of a master". [ 70 ] Nazi propaganda portrayed the Germanic peoples as "heroes" in contrast to the Jewish and Slavic "sub-humans". [ 71 ] Nazi propaganda depicted Eastern Europe as racially mixed "Asiatic" that was dominated by the Jews with the aid of Bolshevism. [ 16 ] The Nazis considered some people in Eastern Europe to be suitable for Germanization (they were presumed to be of German descent); if they were considered racially valuable they were to be re-Germanized and forcefully taken from their families to Germany and raised as Germans. [ 13 ] The final version of Generalplan Ost , essentially a grand plan for ethnic cleansing , was divided into two parts: the Kleine Planung ("Small Plan"), which covered actions which were to be taken during the war, and the Grosse Planung ("Big Plan"), which covered actions to be undertaken after the war was won (to be carried into effect gradually over a period of 25–30 years). The Small Plan was to be put into practice as the Germans conquered the areas to the east of their pre-war borders. The individual stages of this plan would then be worked out in greater detail. In this way, the plan for Poland was drawn up at the end of November 1939. The plan envisaged removal of the majority of the population of conquered counties, with very small and varied percentages of the various conquered nations undergoing Germanisation , expulsion into the depths of Russia, and other fates, the net effect of which would be to ensure that the conquered territories would be Germanized. [ 68 ] Himmler declared during the Germanization process that no drop of German blood would be lost or left behind to mingle with any "alien races". [ 72 ] The Wehrbauer ("soldier-peasants") would settle in a fortified line to prevent civilization arising beyond and threatening Germany. [ 73 ] The Nazis issued the Polish decrees on 8 March 1940 which regulated the working and living conditions of Polish laborers ( Zivilarbeiter ) used during World War II in Germany. The decrees set out that any Pole "who has sexual relations with a German man or woman, or approaches them in any other improper manner, will be punished by death." [ 76 ] The Gestapo were extremely vigilant about sexual relations between Germans and Poles and pursued any case relentlessly where this was suspected. [ 77 ] There were similar regulations used against the other ethnic groups brought in from Eastern Europe, including the death penalty for sexual relations with a German person. [ 77 ] During the war, hundreds of Polish and Russian men were executed for their relations with German women. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Heinrich Himmler, in his secret memorandum "Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East" dated 25 May 1940, expressed his own thoughts and the future plans for the populations in the East. [ 80 ] Himmler stated that it was in the German interest to discover as many ethnic groups in the East and splinter them as much as possible, find and select racially valuable children to be sent to Germany to assimilate them and restrict non-Germans in the General Government and conquered territories to four-grade elementary school which would only teach them how to write their own name, to count up to 500 and to obey Germans. [ 80 ] Himmler believed the Germanization process in Eastern Europe would be complete when "in the East dwell only men with truly German, Germanic blood". [ 81 ] After the launch of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, Nazi Germany officially described the military invasion as a "European crusade against Bolshevism" in the international arena. On the other hand, Nazi propaganda targeting domestic audiences vigorously depicted the war against Soviet Union as a racial struggle of Aryans against "Jewish and Slavic untermenschen " to annihilate " Judeo-Bolsheivism ". [ 82 ] Reich Security Main Office (RSHM) proliferated conspiratorial, racist propaganda themes that identified "Jewishness with Bolshevism" and vilifiied Slavs as " untermenschen ". These tropes were key elements of Nazi ideology and propaganda throughout World War II . [ 74 ] Other "non-Aryans" Though the laws primarily targeted Jews, [ 83 ] other "non-Aryan" people were subject to the laws, and to other legislation concerned with racial hygiene . The term "Aryan" was never fully defined—it was too imprecise and ambiguous; a number of judicial and executive decisions made attempts over time to clarify the concept. Outside of Europe, North African Arabs were by definition non-Aryan because of their " African origins ", but according to Alfred Rosenberg 's racial theories ( The Myth of the Twentieth Century ), some of the Berbers , particularly the Kabyles and the Rif , were to be classified as Aryans. [ 84 ] The Nazis portrayed Swedes , the Afrikaners – who are white European descendants of Dutch-speaking Boers in South Africa – and higher-degree Northern/Western Europeans of South America (mainly from Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina) as ideal "Aryans" along with the German-speaking peoples of Greater Germany and Switzerland (the country was neutral during the war). The Roma (Gypsies), who, while considered originally Aryan, were deemed a threat to the Aryan race because of their racial mingling. [ 85 ] Iranians Beginning in 1933, Nazi leadership made efforts to increase their influence in Iran, and they financed and managed a racist journal, Iran-e Bastan , co-edited by a pro-Nazi Iranian, Abdulrahman Saif Azad. This and other chauvinistic publications in the 1930s were popular among Iranian elites, as they "highlighted the past and the pre-Islamic glories of the Persian nation and blamed the supposedly 'savage Arabs and Turks' for the backwardness of Iran." [ 86 ] The Nazis advocated the common Aryan ancestry of Iranians and Germans. As a result, in 1936 the Reich Cabinet issued a special decree exempting Iranians from any restrictions to the Nuremberg Racial Laws on the grounds that they were "pure" Aryans. Various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, also drew parallels between Reza Shah , Hitler, and Mussolini to emphasize the charismatic resemblance among these leaders. [ 86 ] Nazi ideology was most common among Persian officials, elites, and intellectuals, but "even some members of non-Persian groups were eager to identify themselves with the Nazis" [ attribution needed ] and a supposed Aryan race. [ 86 ] In 1934, the Nazis celebrated the Ferdowsi millennial celebration in Berlin , in which the Nazi government declared that the German and Persian people share membership in a common Indo-Germanic race. Hitler declared Iran to be an "Aryan country"; the changing of Persia's international name to Iran in 1935 was done by the Shah at the suggestion of the German ambassador to Iran as an act of "Aryan solidarity". [ 87 ] Even in 1939, Germany provided Iran with the so-called German Scientific Library. The library contained over 7,500 books selected "to convince Iranian readers... of the kinship between the National Socialist Reich and the Aryan culture of Iran". [ 88 ] In 1936, the Nazi Office of Racial Politics , in response to a question from the German Foreign Ministry, classified non-Jewish Turks as Europeans, but "left unanswered the question of how to think about the obviously non-European Arabs, Persians, and Muslims." [ 89 ] Later that year, ahead of the Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, the Nazis responded to questions from the Egyptians by saying that the Nuremberg racial laws did not apply to them, and after the Iranian ambassador to Berlin "assured German officials that 'there was no doubt that the Iranian, as an Aryan,' was 'racially kindred ( artverwandt ) with the Germans," the German Foreign Ministry "assured the Iranian Embassy in Berlin that the correct distinction between was not between "Aryans and non-Aryans" but rather between "persons of German and related blood on one hand and Jews as well as racially alien on the other." [ 89 ] Iranians were classified as "pure-blooded Aryans" and thus were excluded from the Nuremberg Laws . [ 86 ] Following the passage of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, the Expert Advisor for Population and Racial Policy redefined "Aryan" as someone who is "tribally" related to "German blood". [ 90 ] Therefore, the official declaration by the Nazi state of Iranians being Aryans effectively rendered them as being "of kindred blood" to the Germans. Turks and Turkics Turks In 1935, a half-Turkish half-German man named "Johannes Ruppert" was forced to leave the Hitler Youth , due to the belief that as the son of a Turkish man he was not a full Aryan as required by the Reich Citizenship Law . [ 91 ] Ruppert sought assistance from the Turkish Embassy in Berlin to clarify how “the Aryan question” affected his case. The Turkish Embassy brought the matter to the attention of the German Foreign Ministry. In a note of December 20, 1935, a Foreign Ministry official wrote that "opening up the Aryan question in relation to Turkey is extraordinarily undesirable as well as dangerous for our relations with Turkey". [ 91 ] However, in January 1936, Foreign Ministry wrote a memo to the Nazi Party Office of Racial Policy , writing that it was "essential that determination of whether the Turks are Aryan be decided as soon as possible", so that the Foreign Ministry could give "a satisfactory answer" to the Turkish Embassy's repeated questions about the issue, since there had been individual cases, that is, others in addition to Ruppert, in which "German citizens with Turkish mixed-blood had run into difficulties with the state and the [Nazi] Party due to their origins". [ 91 ] The classification of Turks as "non-Aryans", in keeping with Nazi racial theories , led to foreign policy complications, because the Nazis considered the Turkish government as a potential ally. Consequently, the racial theories had to be "modified" to some degree in accordance with foreign policy requirements. [ 92 ] On April 30, 1936, Nazi Office for Racial Policy released a circular which stated that the Turks were "Europeans" while explaining that Turkish citizens of Jewish background would still be considered Jews and Turks of "colored origin" would be considered non-European. [ 93 ] [ 91 ] Some Turkish and international newspapers, such as the Swiss Le Temps and the Turkish Republique , reported at the time that the Turks had been recognized as an "Aryan nation" and that they were exempt from the Nuremberg laws . [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Turkish newspaper Akşam published an article with the headline "The Turks are Aryans!". [ 96 ] Such reports were picked up by other international newspapers, as well as by some modern scholarship, however the claim that the Turks had been recognized as an "Aryan nation" and that they were exempt from the Nuremberg laws was a hoax. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Nazi officials themselves disputed these reports by publishing a press release which stated that they were unfounded. [ 95 ] The Nazis classified some Turks as "European" and not as "Aryans" and the decision had no practical consequences. [ 94 ] In addition, this decision was designed to appease Turkey from a foreign policy standpoint, although, from a racial standpoint, Nazi officials did not believe that the Turks were either European or Aryan. [ 91 ] In May 1942, a writer in the official journal of the Nazi Office for Racial Policy, Neues Volk , replied to a father's question caused by his daughter's relationship with a Turkish man, about whether racial differences between Germans and Turks meant that a marriage should not take place. [ 91 ] [ 97 ] The reply read: [ 91 ] A marriage or similar connection between your daughter with a Turk is out of the question. A Near Eastern blood element [Bluteinschlag] predominates among the Turks, among whom, alongside Oriental and Western racial components, mongoloid racial elements also enter. The Near Eastern and Oriental races are alien [artfremde] races. The same is true of the mongoloid [Mongolide] races. Moreover, in such cases, even when such racial considerations are not present, marriages of German young women with foreigners are not desirable. If your daughter does not want to listen to you, she faces the danger of being placed in protective custody. We emphatically point out to you and to your daughter the serious consequences of this behavior, one that obviously does not possess the slightest feeling for the honor of the Volk [ nicht das geringste völkische Ehregefühl besitzt ]. [ 98 ] A marriage or similar connection between your daughter with a Turk is out of the question. A Near Eastern blood element [Bluteinschlag] predominates among the Turks, among whom, alongside Oriental and Western racial components, mongoloid racial elements also enter. The Near Eastern and Oriental races are alien [artfremde] races. The same is true of the mongoloid [Mongolide] races. Moreover, in such cases, even when such racial considerations are not present, marriages of German young women with foreigners are not desirable. If your daughter does not want to listen to you, she faces the danger of being placed in protective custody. We emphatically point out to you and to your daughter the serious consequences of this behavior, one that obviously does not possess the slightest feeling for the honor of the Volk [ nicht das geringste völkische Ehregefühl besitzt ]. [ 98 ] Although the Nazi leadership agreed with the content of the reply, they criticized the journal for publishing it, because, in a foreign policy point of view, it was really clumsy ("denkbar ungeschickt") to publish before defeating the British in Middle East . [ 91 ] [ 97 ] For example, Franz von Papen , the German ambassador to Turkey, informed the German Foreign Ministry that the publication of this text "has serious foreign policy considerations". He noted that such statements could aid "our Anglo-Saxon opponents" in their "propaganda against us" and asked the Office of Racial Politics not to publish such things in the future. [ 91 ] On May 16, 1942, Franz Rademacher , director of the Office of Jewish Affairs in the German Foreign Ministry, wrote to Walter Gross , the founder and editor of the magazine, that he "had no objection to the content of the information from a racial-political viewpoint but that it was "from a foreign policy standpoint, really clumsy” and "a political blunder" that would have "embarrassing and awkward foreign policy implications". [ 91 ] Nazi officials sought to prevent miscegenation between Turks and Germans and, if necessary, sought to imprison or deport the "offending" Turkish man. [ 91 ] Crimean Karaites The Crimean Karaites , Turkic speakers following Karaite Judaism , managed to get a declaration from the Reich Agency for the Investigation of Families that they were not to be considered of Jewish religion and their racial classification should be done individually. [ 99 ] However, not every Nazi officer or soldier were aware of the official position and a small number Karaites were murdered by German troops in Russia, as if they were Jews. The majority of the Karaites fared much better than the Turkic-speaking Jews, the Krymchaks . [ 100 ] Norwegians In Norway , the Nazis favored and promoted children between Germans and Norwegians , in an attempt to raise the birth rate of Nordic Aryans. Around 10,000–12,000 war children ( Krigsbarn ) were born from these unions during the war. Some of them were separated from their mothers and cared for in so-called " Lebensborn " clinics ("Fountain of Life" clinics). [ 101 ] [ 102 ] Finno-Ugrics The Finns had a debatable position in the Nazi racial policies, as they were considered a part of the "Eastern Mongol race" with the Sámi people in traditional racial hierarchies. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Finland did not have Lebensborn centres, unlike Norway , although Finland had tens of thousands of German soldiers in the country. Archival research however has found out that 26 Finnish women were in contact with the Lebensborn program for unspecified reasons. [ 105 ] In 1941 Nazi Germany established the Reichskommissariat Ostland to administer the conquered territories of the Baltic region . The colonial department in Berlin under Minister Alfred Rosenberg (born in Tallinn in 1893) looked on Estonians favorably as Finno-Ugrics and thus as "Aryans", Generalkommissar Karl-Siegmund Litzmann authorized a Landeseigene Verwaltung , or local national administration. [ 106 ] As Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , Finland participated in the invasion primarily to recover the territories it was forced to cede to the USSR after the Moscow Peace Treaty which ended the Winter War between the Finns and the Soviets. Owing to Finland's substantial military contribution on the northern flank of the Eastern Front of World War II , Hitler decreed in November 1942 that "from now on Finland and the Finnish people be treated and designated as a Nordic state and a Nordic people", which he considered one of the highest compliments that the Nazi government could bestow upon another country. [ 107 ] Hitler stated in private conversation that: After their first conflict with the Russians, the Finns applied to me, proposing that their country should become a German protectorate. I don't regret having rejected this offer. As a matter of fact, the heroic attitude of this people, which has spent a hundred of the six hundred years of its history in fighting, deserves the greatest respect. It is infinitely better to have this people of heroes as allies than to incorporate it in the Germanic Reich—which, in any case, would not fail to provoke complications in the long run. The Finns cover one of our flanks, Turkey covers the other. That's an ideal solution for me as far as our political protective system is concerned. [ 108 ] After their first conflict with the Russians, the Finns applied to me, proposing that their country should become a German protectorate. I don't regret having rejected this offer. As a matter of fact, the heroic attitude of this people, which has spent a hundred of the six hundred years of its history in fighting, deserves the greatest respect. It is infinitely better to have this people of heroes as allies than to incorporate it in the Germanic Reich—which, in any case, would not fail to provoke complications in the long run. The Finns cover one of our flanks, Turkey covers the other. That's an ideal solution for me as far as our political protective system is concerned. [ 108 ] East Asians In Mein Kampf , Hitler expressed his praise for the Japanese's acceptance of Western civilization and his rejection of the assimilation of Chinese into Germany: The foundation of actual life is no longer the special Japanese culture, although it determines the color of life-because outwardly, in consequence of its inner difference, it is more conspicuous to the European-but the gigantic scientific-technical achievements of Europe and America; that is, of Aryan peoples. Only on the basis of these achievements can the Orient follow general human progress. They furnish the basis of the struggle for daily bread, create weapons and implements for it, and only the outward form is gradually adapted to Japanese character. [ 109 ] The foundation of actual life is no longer the special Japanese culture, although it determines the color of life-because outwardly, in consequence of its inner difference, it is more conspicuous to the European-but the gigantic scientific-technical achievements of Europe and America; that is, of Aryan peoples. Only on the basis of these achievements can the Orient follow general human progress. They furnish the basis of the struggle for daily bread, create weapons and implements for it, and only the outward form is gradually adapted to Japanese character. [ 109 ] What they mostly meant by Germanization was a process of forcing other people to speak the German language. But it is almost inconceivable how such a mistake could be made as to think that a Negro or a Chinaman will become a German because he has learned the German language and is willing to speak German for the future, and even to cast his vote for a German political party. [ 109 ] What they mostly meant by Germanization was a process of forcing other people to speak the German language. But it is almost inconceivable how such a mistake could be made as to think that a Negro or a Chinaman will become a German because he has learned the German language and is willing to speak German for the future, and even to cast his vote for a German political party. [ 109 ] The need to maintain working relations with Japan and China forced the Nazis to back off from some of their previous racial rhetoric. In his "Political Testament" of 1945, Hitler claimed that "I have never regarded the Chinese or the Japanese as being inferior to ourselves. They belong to ancient civilisations, and I admit freely that their past history is superior to our own. They have the right to be proud of their past, just as we have the right to be proud of the civilisation to which we belong." [ 110 ] Since 1926, Germany had supported the Republic of China militarily and industrially . Germany had also sent advisers such as Alexander von Falkenhausen and Hans von Seeckt to assist the Chinese, most notably in the Chinese Civil War and China's anti-communist campaigns . Max Bauer was sent to China and served as one of Chiang Kai-shek 's advisers. Around this time, Hsiang-hsi Kung , the Republic of China Minister of Finance , visited Nazi Germany and was warmly welcomed by Hitler on June 13, 1937. During this meeting, Hitler, Hermann Göring , and Hjalmar Schacht bestowed upon Kung an honorary doctorate degree, and attempted to open China's market to German exports. In order to attract more Chinese students to study in Germany, Hitler, Göring, and Schacht earmarked for 100,000 reichsmarks for Chinese students studying in the universities and military academies of Nazi Germany after they persuaded a German industrialist to set aside the money for that purpose. Moreover, Kung, in favor of commercial credits, politely refused a generous international loan offer by Adolf Hitler. [ 111 ] The most famous of these Nazi-trained Chinese officers was Chiang Wei-kuo , the son of Republic of China President Chiang Kai-shek , who studied military strategy and tactics at a Kriegsschule in Munich , and subsequently achieved the rank of lieutenant and served as an officer in the Wehrmacht on active combat duty in Europe until his return to the Republic of China during the later years of World War II. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ 115 ] [ 116 ] In fact, in the early days, the Nazis did not persecute the Chinese and allowed the Chinese to go to Germany to study or become military officers. This was because China did not become a warring country with Germany, and the countries still maintained normal exchanges, and the two sides had trade and military cooperation. And Germany can obtain cheap raw materials from China. However, during World War II, after China joined the Allies , Nazi Germany also oppressed and harmed the Chinese living in Germany. The Gestapo launched the Chinesenaktion (China action) on May 13, 1944. 129 Chinese citizens were arrested, of which at least 17 Chinese died from Gestapo shooting or forced labor. Due to Nazi Germany's recognition of Japanese as " Aryans of the East " [ 116 ] Hitler had allowed Japanese soldiers to study in Nazi German military academies and serve in the Nazi German Wehrmacht as part of their combat training. Hitler had supported the Empire of Japan as early as 1904, when during the Russo-Japanese War it had defeated the Russians, which he considered a defeat for Austro-Slavism . [ 117 ] [ 118 ] He made a number of other statements expressing his respect and admiration for the Japanese in his book Mein Kampf . [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Although of a separate and different evolutionary race, the Imperial Japanese were considered by Nazi ideologists such as Himmler as having sufficiently superior qualities as did German-Nordic blood to warrant an alliance. Himmler, who possessed a great interest in, and was influenced by, the anthropology , philosophies and pantheistic religions of East Asia , mentioned how his friend Hiroshi Ōshima , the Japanese Ambassador to Germany , believed that the noble castes in Japan, the daimyo and the samurai , were descended from gods of celestial origin, which was similar to Himmler's own belief that "the Nordic race did not evolve, but came directly down from heaven to settle on the Atlantic continent ." [ 121 ] Initially, the Japanese were still subject to Germany's racial laws, which – with the exception of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws that specifically mentioned Jews – generally applied to all "non-Aryans". However, since Japanese were given "Aryans of the East" status, these racial laws were applied to them in a lenient manner as compared to other "non-Aryans" who were not granted "Aryan" status by Adolf Hitler. The Nazi German government began enacting the laws after taking power in 1933, and the Japanese government initially protested several racial incidents involving Japanese or Japanese-Germans that year which were then resolved by the Nazi high command by treating their Japanese allies leniently in these disputes. Especially after the collapse of Sino-German cooperation and Chinese declaration of war on Germany, Chinese nationals faced prosecution in Germany . Influential Nazi antisemite Johann von Leers favored excluding Japanese from the laws due both to the alleged Japanese-Aryan racial link and to improve diplomatic relations with Japan. The Foreign Ministry agreed with von Leers and sought several times between 1934 and 1937 to change the laws, but other government agencies, including the Racial Policy Office , opposed the change. [ 122 ] Then in October 1933, German Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath issued an exemption to and Japanese from the racial laws. Additionally, in April 1935 another Nazi decree stated that racial discrimination cases involving Aryans of the East (aka Japanese) that might jeopardize German diplomatic relations—i.e., Japanese—would be dealt with individually. Decisions on some cases sometimes took years, with those affected unable to obtain jobs or interracially marry, primarily because the German government preferred as much as possible to avoid giving exemptions. The German government often exempted more German-Japanese than it preferred in order to avoid a repeat of the 1933 controversies, and in 1934 it prohibited the German press from discussing the race laws when Japanese were involved to avoid any diplomatic problems with China or Japan. [ 122 ] Germanization between 1939 and 1945 Nazi policy stressed the superiority of the Nordic race , a sub-race of the white European population defined by the measurement of the size and proportions of the human body models of racial difference. [ 123 ] From 1940 the Nazi authorities in the General Government (occupied Poland) divided the population into different groups. [ 72 ] Each group had different rights, food rations, allowed strips in the cities, separated residential areas, special schooling systems, public transportation and restricted restaurants. Later adapted in all Nazi-occupied countries by 1942, the Germanization program used the racial caste system of reserving certain rights to one group and barred privileges to another. Ethnic Poles were believed by Hitler to be "biologically inferior race" that could never be educated or elevated through Germanization. [ 124 ] In 1940, Hitler approved of a plan regarding the Germanization of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , he estimated around half of the Czech population were suitable for Germanization but made clear that the "mongoloid" types and Czech intelligentsia were not allowed to be Germanized. [ 125 ] During the occupation of Poland, the Nazi government kidnapped children with Nordic racial characteristics. Those classified as "racially valuable" were sent from to the German Reich to be adopted and raised as Germans, while those who failed the tests would be used in slave labor or murdered in medical experiments. [ 126 ] Nordicist anthropometrics was used to "improve" the racial make-up of the Germanized section of the population, by absorbing individuals into the German population who were deemed suitably Nordic. [ 68 ] Germanization also affected the Sorbs , the minority Slav community living in Saxony and Brandenburg , whose Slavic culture and language was suppressed to absorb them into German identity. [ 127 ] Tens of thousands suffered internment and imprisonment as well, to become lesser-known victims of Nazi racial laws. [ 128 ] Similarly, the Nazis considered the people living in the Goralenvolk area to be descended from ethnic Germans and were therefore classified as Aryans. [ 129 ] See also Ahnenerbe Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany Anti-Romani sentiment Antisemitism Antisemitism in Europe Antisemitism in 21st century Germany Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan certificate Aryan paragraph Aryanization Badge of shame Consequences of German Nazism Eugenics Greater Germanic Reich Honorary Aryan Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics Kaiser Wilhelm Society Master race Josef Mengele Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen Nazi eugenics Nazi racial theories Nordicism Office of Racial Policy Romani Holocaust Racial hierarchy Racial discrimination Racial segregation Racism Racism in Europe Racism in Germany Racism in Palestine White nationalism White supremacy Yellow badge Renordification References ^ Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics against Human Dignity , by André Mineau, (Rodopi, 2004) p. 180 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Mastný, Vojtěch (1971). The Czechs under Nazi Rule: The Failure of National Resistance, 1939–1942 . Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231033036 . [ page needed ] ^ Hitler's Home Front: Wurttemberg Under the Nazis , Jill Stephenson p. 135, Other non-'Aryans' included Slavs, Blacks and Roma . ^ a b The Politics of Fertility in Twentieth-Century Berlin p. 118 Annette F. Timm – 2010 The Nazis' singleminded desire to "purify" the German race through the elimination of non-Aryans (particularly Jews, Gypsies, and Slavs) ^ Ihrig, pp. 90–135. ^ Harrington, Anne (2021). "Six: Life Science, Nazi Wholeness, and the 'Machine' in Germany's Midst" . Reenchanted Science: Holism in German Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler . Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 175– 206. doi : 10.1515/9780691218083-009 . ISBN 9780691218083 . JSTOR j.ctv14163kf.11 . S2CID 162490363 . When Hans Shemm in 1935 declared National Socialism to be "politically applied biology," things began to look up, not only for holism , but for the life sciences in general. After all, if the good National Socialist citizen was now seen as the man or woman who understood and revered what were called "Life's laws," then it seemed clear that the life scientists had a major role to play in defining a National Socialist educational program that would transmit the essence of these laws to every family in every village in the country. [...] So much seemed familiar: the calls among the National Socialists to return to authentic "German" values and "ways of knowing," to "overcome" the materialism and mechanism of the "West" and the "Jewish-international lie" of scientific objectivity; the use of traditional volkisch tropes that spoke of the German people ( Volk ) as a mystical, pseudobiological whole and the state as an "organism" in which the individual was subsumed in the whole ("You are nothing, your Volk is everything"); the condemnation of Jews as an alien force representing chaos, mechanism, and inauthenticity. Hitler himself had even used the stock imagery of conservative holism in Mein Kampf when he spoke of the democratic state as "a dead mechanism which only lays claim to existence for its own sake" and contrasted this with his vision of statehood for Germany in which "there must be formed a living organism with the exclusive aim of serving a higher idea." ^ a b Deichmann, Ute (2020). "Science and political ideology: The example of Nazi Germany" . Mètode Science Studies Journal . 10 (Science and Nazism. The unconfessed collaboration of scientists with National Socialism). Universitat de València : 129– 137. doi : 10.7203/metode.10.13657 . hdl : 10550/89369 . ISSN 2174-9221 . S2CID 203335127 . Although in their basic framework Nazi anti-Semitic and racist ideology and policies were not grounded in science, scientists not only supported them in various ways, but also took advantage of them, for example by using the new possibilities of unethical experimentation in humans that these ideologies provided. Scientists' complicity with Nazi ideology and politics does, however, not mean that all sciences in Nazi Germany were ideologically tainted. I argue, rather, that despite the fact that some areas of science continued at high levels, science in Nazi Germany was most negatively affected not by the imposition of Nazi ideology on the conduct of science but by the enactment of legal measures that ensured the expulsion of Jewish scientists . The anti-Semitism of young faculty and students was particularly virulent. Moreover, I show that scientists supported Nazi ideologies and policies not only through so-called reductionist science such as eugenics and race-hygiene , but also by promoting organicist and holistic ideologies of the racial state. [...] The ideology of leading Nazi party ideologues was strongly influenced by the Volkish movement which, in the wake of the writings of philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte and other nineteenth century authors, promoted the idea of Volk (people) as an organic unity. They did not base their virulent anti-Semitism and racism on anthropological concepts. ^ Anker, Peder (2021). "The Politics of Holism, Ecology, and Human Rights" . Imperial Ecology: Environmental Order in the British Empire, 1895–1945 . Cambridge, Massachusetts and London : Harvard University Press . p. 157. doi : 10.4159/9780674020221-008 . ISBN 9780674020221 . S2CID 142173094 . The paradoxical character of the politics of holism is the theme of this chapter, which focuses on the mutually shaping relationship between John William Bews , John Phillips , and the South African politician Jan Christian Smuts . Smuts was a promoter of international peace and understanding through the League of Nations, but also a defender of racial suppression and white supremacy in his own country. His politics, I will argue, were fully consistent with his holistic philosophy of science. Smuts was guided by the efforts of ecologists such as Bews and Phillips, who provided him with a day-to-day update of the latest advances in scientific knowledge of natural laws governing Homo sapiens . A substantial part of this chapter will thus return to their research on human ecology to explore the mutual field of inspiration linking them and Smuts. Two aspects of this human ecological research were particularly important: the human gradualism or ecological "succession" of human personalities researched by Bews, and the concept of an ecological biotic community explored by Phillips. Smuts transformed this research into a policy of racial gradualism that respected local ways of life in different (biotic) communities, a policy he tried to morally sanctify and promote as author of the famous 1945 Preamble of the United Nation Charter about human rights. ^ Scheid, Volker (June 2016). "Chapter 3: Holism, Chinese Medicine, and Systems Ideologies: Rewriting the Past to Imagine the Future" . In Whitehead, A.; Woods, A.; Atkinson, S.; Macnaughton, J.; Richards, J. (eds.). The Edinburgh Companion to the Critical Medical Humanities . Vol. 1. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . doi : 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0003 . ISBN 9781474400046 . S2CID 13333626 . Bookshelf ID:NBK379258 – via NCBI . Common Roots: Holism Before and During the Interwar Years : This chapter cannot explore in detail the complex entanglements between these different notions of holism, or how they reflect Germany's troubled path towards modernity. My starting point, instead, is the interwar years . By then, holism had become an important resource for people across Europe, the US and beyond—but once again specifically in Germany—for dealing with what Max Weber , in 1918, had famously analysed as a widely felt disenchantment with the modern world . The very word 'holism' (as opposed to ideas or practices designated as such today), as well as related words like 'emergence' or 'organicism', date from this time. It was coined in 1926 by Jan Smuts to describe a perceived tendency of evolutionary processes towards the formation of wholes, granting these wholes a special onto-epistemic significance that parts lack. This was cultural holism now underpinned by evolutionary science and deployed by Smuts not only as a tool for grasping the coming into being of the world but also as an ideological justification for the development of Apartheid in South Africa . In Weimar Germany and then under Nazism , holistic science became a mainstream academic endeavour, once more intermingling cultural politics and serious scientific research. Holistic perspectives also became popular in the interwar years among academics and the wider public throughout the UK and US. In France, it was associated with vitalist philosophies and the emergence of neo-Hippocratic thinking in medicine, manifesting the unease many people felt about the shifts that biomedicine was undergoing at the time. ^ a b Davies 2006 , p. 167. ^ Davies 2006 , p. 44. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 939. ^ a b Bendersky, Joseph W. (2013). A Concise History of Nazi Germany . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4422-2270-0 . ^ Gellately, Robert; Stoltzfus, Nathan (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany . Princeton University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2 . ^ a b Davies 2006 , pp. 167, 209. ^ a b Longerich 2010 , p. 241. ^ a b Simone Gigliotti, Berel Lang . The Holocaust: A Reader . Malden, Massachusetts, US; Oxford, England, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. pp. 14. ^ "Hitler's Home Front: Wurttemberg Under the Nazis" Jill Stephenson p. 113 " Other non-'Aryans' included Slavs, Blacks and Roma and Sinti (Romanies)" ^ a b George Victor. Hitler: The Pathology of Evil . Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc, 2007. p. 117. ^ Aly 2014 , p. 154. ^ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich , p. 33 ^ The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus. p. 294 A. J. Woodman – 2009 The white race was defined as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule; as 'cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble'.74 Originally a linguistic term synonymous with Indo-European,7S 'Aryan' became, not least because of the Essai, the designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as 'la race germanique' ^ So that the reader not be left in ignorance as to who the Aryans are, Gobineau stated: "La race germanique était pourvue de toute l'énergie de la variété ariane." We see, then, that Gobineau presents a racist theory in which the Aryans, or Germans, are all that is good Comparative literature by American Comparative Literature Association.; Modern Language Association of America. Comparative Literature Section.; University of Oregon. 1967, p. 342 ^ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York, p. 33–34 ^ Aly 2014 , p. 157. ^ Kühl 2002 , p. 85. ^ Kohn, Marek (1996). The Race Gallery: The Return of Racial Science . Vintage. p. 48. ^ Hund, Wulf D.; Koller, Christian; and Zimmerman, Moshe (2011) Racisms Made in Germany LT Verlag. p. 19 ISBN 9783643901255 ^ Wegner, Gregory (2002) Anti-Semitism and Schooling Under the Third Reich . New York: Routledge. p. 14 ISBN 9780815339434 ^ Race, Color, Identity: Rethinking Discourses about "Jews" in the Twenty-first Century Efraim Sicher Berghahn Books, 2013 ^ Oisteanu, Andrei (2009) Inventing the Jew: Antisemitic Stereotypes in Romanian and Other Central-East European Cultures . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 68 ISBN 9780803220980 ^ Steinweis, Alan E. (2006) Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 26 ISBN 9780674022058 ^ The law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring. (Approved translation of the "Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses"). Enacted on July 14, 1933. Published by Reichsausschuss für Volksgesundheitsdienst. (Berlin: Reichsdruckerei, 1935). (Official translation of the law into English) ^ Maynes, Mary Jo., and Ann Beth. Waltner (2012) "Powers of Life and Death": The Family: A World History Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 103 ^ "Jewish Population of Europe in 1933: Population Data by Country" . encyclopedia.ushmm.org . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 203. ^ Koonz 2003 , p. 170. ^ Koonz 2003 , p. 171. ^ Koonz 2003 , p. 174. ^ Koonz 2003 , p. 184. ^ Koonz 2003 , p. 187. ^ Ehrenreich 2007 , pp. 1, 165–167. ^ Whitman, James (2017). Hitler's American Model : the United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law . Princeton. ^ Brown, Kellie D. (2020). The sound of hope: Music as solace, resistance and salvation during the holocaust . McFarland. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4766-7056-0 . ^ S. H. Milton (2001). " "Gypsies" as social outsiders in Nazi Germany". In Robert Gellately and Nathan Stoltzfus (ed.). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany . Princeton University Press. pp. 216, 231. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2 . ^ Burleigh & Wippermann 1991 , p. 49. ^ a b c Wistrich, Robert (2002). Who's Who in Nazi Germany . Routledge . ISBN 0-415-26038-8 . ^ Yahil, Leni (1998). The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945 . Oxford University Press. p. 79 . ISBN 0-19-504523-8 . ^ Bradsher, Greg (2010). "The Nuremberg Laws" . www.archives.gov . ^ Lindley, Robin (2023-02-07). "How the US influenced the creation of Nazi race laws under Hitler" . ABA Journal . Retrieved 2025-02-07 . ^ Little, Becky (August 16, 2017). "How the Nazis Were Inspired by Jim Crow" . History.com . ^ Thomas Christie Williams (2017-08-25). "Long Read Review: Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law by James Q. Whitman" . lse.ac.uk . Retrieved 2025-02-07 . ^ Al-Arshani, Sarah (2022-09-21). "The Nazis studied US eugenics and Jim Crow laws as a model for their policies. When they were criticized, one historian says, 'they pointed to Mississippi.' " . Business Insider . Retrieved 2025-02-07 . ^ Lewy 2000 , p. 139. ^ Lewy 2000 , pp. 49, 137. ^ Burleigh & Wippermann 1991 , p. 121. ^ Lewy 2000 , p. 86. ^ Mein Kampf , volume 1, chapter XIII. ^ Mein Kampf , volume 1, chapter XI. ^ a b c d e "The forgotten black victims of Nazi Germany" . Voice Online . GV Media Group Ltd. 16 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . ^ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Vol. II, chapter XIII ^ "Black people in Nazi Germany" . Anne Frank Guide . Anne Frank House. 28 September 2018. ^ "What Groups of People Did The Nazis Target?" . Holocaust Encyclopedia: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 28 April 2025 . ^ Samples, S., "African Germans in the Third Reich", The African German Experience , Carol Aisha Blackshire-Belay ed. ^ Massaquoi, Hans J., Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany , Harper Perennial, 2001. He mistakenly states that they were later murdered in the Holocaust, p. 2 ^ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf , 1925 [ page needed ] ^ H. R. Trevor-Roper; Gerhard L. Weinberg (2013). Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944: Secret Conversations . Enigma Books. p. 466. ISBN 978-1-936274-93-2 . ^ a b c Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz; Robert, Edward (1961). "Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe". Poland Under Nazi Occupation (First ed.). Polonia Pub. House. p. 219. ASIN B0006BXJZ6 . Archived from the original (Paperback) on 9 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . ^ Ehrenreich 2007 , p. 10. ^ David Welch (2013). Hitler: Profile of a Dictator . Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-136-40156-5 . ^ Longerich 2010 , p. 83. ^ a b Overy 2004 , p. 543. ^ Robert Cecil , The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 190 ISBN 0-396-06577-5 ^ a b Müller & Ueberschär 2009 , p. 245. ^ "Der Untermensch" . Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection . January 1942. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. ^ Robert Gellately (8 March 2001). Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany . Oxford University Press. p. 155 . ISBN 978-0-19-160452-2 . ^ a b Robert Gellately (1990). The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945 . Clarendon Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-19-820297-4 . ^ Nazi Ideology and the Holocaust . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. January 2007. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-89604-712-9 . ^ Diemut Majer, "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich , p. 855 ^ a b Himmler, Heinrich (25 May 1940). "Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East". Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10 . US Government Printing Office, District of Columbia. pp. 147– 150, Vol. 13. ^ Mark Mazower, Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe, p. 181 ^ Müller & Ueberschär 2009 , pp. 243, 244. ^ "The Concept "Jew" in Nazi German "Race" Legislation" . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . ^ (a)" The Berbers, among whom even today one finds light skins and blue eyes, do not go back to the Vandal invasions of the fifth century A.D., but to the prehistoric Atlantic Nordic human wave. The Kabyle huntsmen, for example, are to no small degree still wholly Nordic (thus the blond Berbers in the region of Constantine form 10 % of the population; at Djebel Sheshor they are even more numerous). ", Alfred Rosenberg , The Myth of the Twentieth Century , 1930; (b) " Among the Berbers a Nordic strain shows itself clearly ", Hans F.K. Günther , The racial elements of European History , 1927 ^ "Gypsies in the Holocaust" . ^ a b c d Asgharzadeh 2007 , pp. 91–94. ^ Hiro 1987 , p. 296. ^ Lenczowski. 1944, p. 161 ^ a b Herf 2011 , pp. 18–24. ^ Ehrenreich 2007 , pp. 9 , 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Herf, Jeffrey (2009). Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World . Yale University Press. pp. 17– 18, 151– 152. ISBN 978-0-300-14579-3 . JSTOR j.ctt1npq5k . ^ Nicosia, Francis R.; Ergene, Boğaç A. (2018). Nazism, the Holocaust, and the Middle East: Arab and Turkish Responses . Berghahn Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-78533-785-7 . ^ A 1378/36 (June 19, 1936), Political Archives of German Foreign Office. The circular: Ankara 539, doc. 82–35.B 8/4 (April 30, 1936), Political Archives of German Foreign Office. ^ a b c Motadel, David (2014) Iran and the Aryan myth. In: Ansari, Ali, (ed.) Perceptions of Iran: history, myths and nationalism from medieval Persia to the Islamic Republic. International library of Iranian studies (37). I.B. Tauris, London, p. 134. ISBN 9781848858305 ^ a b c Motadel, David (2014). Islam and Nazi Germany's War . Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-674-74495-0 . ^ Ihrig, Stefan (2014). Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination . Harvard University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-674-36837-8 . ^ a b Jeffrey Herf (2008). "Nazi Germany and the Arab and Muslim World: Old and New Scholarship" (PDF) . Boston University . Retrieved 1 June 2023 . ^ “Völkische Lebensfragen: Das Rassenpolitische Amt gibt Auskunft,” Neues Volk: Blatter des Rassenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP, vol. 10, no. 5, PAAA R99175, Inland Partei Akten, Umgang fremdrassiger Ausländer mit deutschen Mädchen, 1941–43. ^ YIVO archives, Berlin Collection, Occ E, 3, Box 100, letter dated January 5, 1939. ^ "Somewhat Jewish, Fully Russian: Crimea Karaites Recall Past Glory" . Haaretz . Retrieved 2 March 2022 . ^ BBC , 4 February 2003, Norway's Nazi legacy (in English) ^ Le Figaro , 8 March 2007, Les enfants des nazis traînent la Norvège devant les tribunaux (Children of Nazis bring Norway before the Courts) (in French) ^ Evjen, Bjørg (2019-05-09). "Mo birget soadis (how to cope with war): Adaptation and resistance in Sámi relations to Germans in wartime Sápmi, Norway and Finland". Scandinavian Journal of History . 45 (1): 25– 47. doi : 10.1080/03468755.2019.1607774 . hdl : 10037/17966 . S2CID 164636406 . ^ Holmila, Antero (2009-12-01). "Finland and the Holocaust: A Reassessment". Holocaust and Genocide Studies . 23 (3): 413– 440. doi : 10.1093/hgs/dcp041 . ^ Kerola, Päivi (2018-04-22). "Sota vei Suoman natsien äitiyskotiin" (in Finnish). Yle . Retrieved 2022-08-01 . ^ Historical dictionary of Estonia (2nd edition), by Toivo Miljan, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015 ^ Rich, Norman (1974). Hitler's War Aims: the Establishment of the New Order , pp. 400–401. W.W. Norton & Company Inc., New York. ^ Trevor-Roper, H.R. (2000). Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944 . New York: Enigma Books ^ a b Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler, Volume One – A Reckoning, Chapter XI: Nation and Race Archived 2023-05-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ Christian Leitz (2004). Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933–1941 The Road to Global War . Taylor & Francis. pp. 125– 126. ISBN 978-1-134-68736-7 . ^ "Business: Kung's Credits", Time ^ "That One Time the Nazis Helped China Fight Japan" . 22 June 2017. ^ Yeung, Norton (28 September 2016). "An Unexpected Partnership in WW2: Nazi Germany and the Republic of China" . Warhistoryonline . ^ "A Chinese in the German Wehrmacht | Shanghai 1937" . ^ "How Did East Asians Become Yellow?" . Archived from the original on 2019-05-12 . Retrieved 2019-05-15 . ^ a b "Hitler saw China and Japan as equals to Germany and even wrote admiringly: "I admit freely that their history is superior to our own" " . 18 March 2017. ^ Adolf Hitler (1925). "The World War". Mein Kampf . When the Russo-Japanese War came I was older and better able to judge for myself. For national reasons I then took the side of the Japanese in our discussions. I looked upon the defeat of the Russians as a blow to Austrian Slavism. ^ O'Neill, Robert (1993). "Churchill, Japan, and British Security in the Pacific 1904–1942" . In Blake, Robert B.; Louis, William Roger (eds.). Churchill . Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 275. ISBN 0-19-820626-7 . ^ pp. 141, 158, 274, 290-291, 637-640, Ralph Manheim Translation, Mariner paperback edition ^ "Mein Kampf – Volume I, Chapter V" . Archived from the original on 2013-11-21 . Retrieved 2019-05-15 . ^ The Activities of Dr. Ernst Schaefer , OI – Final Interrogation Report (OI-FIR) No. 32, Secret – United States Forces European Theater Military Intelligence Service Center APO 757, February 12, 1946, p. 4. ^ a b Furuya, Harumi (2000). "Japan's Racial Identity in the Second World War: The Cultural Context of the Japanese Treatment of POWs" . In Towle, Philip ; Kosuge, Margaret; Kibata, Yōichi (eds.). Japanese Prisoners of War . Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 123– 124, 126– 130, 132– 134. ISBN 1-85285-192-9 . ^ Hutton 2005 , pp. 9–10, 36–38, 101–105. ^ Weikart 2011 , p. 73. ^ Weikart 2011 , p. 67. ^ Stackelberg, Roderick; Winkle, Sally A. (2013). The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts . Routledge. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-134-59693-5 . ^ Hutton 2005 , p. 159. ^ Burleigh & Wippermann 1991 , pp. 131–135. ^ Wendt 2010 , p. 85. This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: inconsistent citation style (e.g. page vs. p. ); probably further copy-editing required. Please help improve this section if you can. ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Bibliography Aly, Götz (2014). Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Envy, Race Hatred, and the Prehistory of the Holocaust . Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9780805097047 . Asgharzadeh, Ailreza (2007). Iran and the Challenge of Diversity: Islamic Fundamentalism, Aryanist Racism, and Democratic Struggles . Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-1349538850 . Burleigh, Michael ; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 . Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521398022 . Davies, Norman (2006). Europe at War: 1939-1945 : No Simple Victory . Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69285-1 . Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34945-3 . Herf, Jeffrey (2011). Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World: With a New Preface . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300168051 . Hiro, Dilip (1987). Iran Under the Ayatollahs . Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc. ISBN 9780710211231 . Hutton, Christopher (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk . Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-74563-177-6 . Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience . Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap. ISBN 0-674-01172-4 . Kühl, Stefan (2002). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514978-5 . Lewy, Guenter (2000). The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies . Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0195142403 . Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5 . Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R. (2009). Hitler's War in the East, 1941-1945: A Critical Assessment . New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-501-9 . Overy, Richard (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-02030-4 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Weikart, Richard (2011). Hitler's ethic: the Nazi pursuit of evolutionary progress . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-11273-5 . Wendt, Anton Weiss (2010). Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-dominated Europe . Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1443823685 . Further reading Aly, Götz , Susanne Heim. Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction , London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002, 514pp, ISBN 978-0-297-84278-1 Bauer, Yehuda . A History Of The Holocaust , New York: F. Watts, 1982 ISBN 0-531-09862-1 . Black, Peter; Gutmann, Martin (2017) [2016]. "Racial theory and realities of conquest in the Occupied East: The Nazi leadership and non-German nationals in the SS and police". In Böhler, Jochen; Gerwarth, Robert (eds.). The Waffen-SS: A European History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198790556.003.0002 . ISBN 9780198790556 . OCLC 970401339 . S2CID 157309772 . Browning, Christopher . The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy , University of Nebraska Press, 2004, 616pp, ISBN 0-8032-1327-1 Friedländer, Saul . Nazi Germany and the Jews. Vol. 1: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939 , New York : HarperCollins, 1997 ISBN 0-06-019042-6 König, Malte. Racism within the Axis: Sexual Intercourse and Marriage Plans between Italians and Germans, 1940–3 , in: Journal of Contemporary History 54.3, 2019, pp. 508–526. Peukert, Detlev . Inside Nazi Germany: conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life London: Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X . Proctor, Robert. Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-674-74578-7 Schafft, Gretchen E. From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the Third Reich . Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-25207-453-0 Weindling, Paul. Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945 . Cambridge University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-521-42397-X External links Nazi Racial Laws in English translation Nazi Racial Laws in the German original "Images of a 1938 German "J" Jewish passport from www.passportland.com" . Archived from the original on 2011-04-02 . 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Bergen-Belsen Buchenwald Dachau Flossenbürg Gross-Rosen Herzogenbusch Hinzert Kaiserwald Kauen Kraków-Płaszów Majdanek Mauthausen and Gusen Mittelbau-Dora Natzweiler-Struthof Neuengamme Poniatowa Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen Stutthof Vaivara Warsaw Extermination Auschwitz II-Birkenau Belzec Chełmno Majdanek Sobibor Treblinka Transit be Breendonk Mechelen fr Gurs Drancy it Bolzano Risiera di San Sabba nl Amersfoort Schoorl Westerbork sk Sereď Methods Einsatzgruppen Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Human experimentation Death marches Nazi units SS- Totenkopfverbände Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitätswesen Ghettos ( list ) Poland Białystok Kraków Łódź Lublin Lwów Radom Warsaw Elsewhere Budapest Kovno Minsk Riga Theresienstadt Vilna Judenrat Jewish Ghetto Police Reich Association of Jews in Germany Ústredňa Židov Concentration Auschwitz Bergen-Belsen Buchenwald Dachau Flossenbürg Gross-Rosen Herzogenbusch Hinzert Kaiserwald Kauen Kraków-Płaszów Majdanek Mauthausen and Gusen Mittelbau-Dora Natzweiler-Struthof Neuengamme Poniatowa Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen Stutthof Vaivara Warsaw Auschwitz Bergen-Belsen Buchenwald Dachau Flossenbürg Gross-Rosen Herzogenbusch Hinzert Kaiserwald Kauen Kraków-Płaszów Majdanek Mauthausen and Gusen Mittelbau-Dora Natzweiler-Struthof Neuengamme Poniatowa Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen Stutthof Vaivara Warsaw Extermination Auschwitz II-Birkenau Belzec Chełmno Majdanek Sobibor Treblinka Auschwitz II-Birkenau Belzec Chełmno Majdanek Sobibor Treblinka Transit be Breendonk Mechelen fr Gurs Drancy it Bolzano Risiera di San Sabba nl Amersfoort Schoorl Westerbork sk Sereď be Breendonk Mechelen fr Gurs Drancy it Bolzano Risiera di San Sabba nl Amersfoort Schoorl Westerbork sk Sereď Methods Einsatzgruppen Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Human experimentation Death marches Einsatzgruppen Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Human experimentation Death marches Nazi units SS- Totenkopfverbände Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitätswesen SS- Totenkopfverbände Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitätswesen Ghettos ( list ) Poland Białystok Kraków Łódź Lublin Lwów Radom Warsaw Elsewhere Budapest Kovno Minsk Riga Theresienstadt Vilna Judenrat Jewish Ghetto Police Reich Association of Jews in Germany Ústredňa Židov Poland Białystok Kraków Łódź Lublin Lwów Radom Warsaw Białystok Kraków Łódź Lublin Lwów Radom Warsaw Elsewhere Budapest Kovno Minsk Riga Theresienstadt Vilna Budapest Kovno Minsk Riga Theresienstadt Vilna Judenrat Jewish Ghetto Police Reich Association of Jews in Germany Ústredňa Židov Jewish Ghetto Police Reich Association of Jews in Germany Ústredňa Židov Victims Jews Roundups Izieu Marseille Vel' d'Hiv Pogroms Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland Jedwabne Lviv in Lithuania Kaunas " Final Solution " Wannsee Conference Operation Reinhard Holocaust trains Mass executions Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Harvest Festival Kamianets-Podilskyi Maly Trostenets Ninth Fort Odessa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Resistance Jewish partisans Bielski partisans Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Częstochowa Rescue Aid and Rescue Committee Attack on the twentieth convoy Kastner train Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Danish underground Working Group Żegota Others Soviet POWs Soviet urban residents Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare People with disabilities Romani people Polish leaders and intellectuals Homosexuals Jehovah's Witnesses Victims Jews Roundups Izieu Marseille Vel' d'Hiv Pogroms Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland Jedwabne Lviv in Lithuania Kaunas " Final Solution " Wannsee Conference Operation Reinhard Holocaust trains Mass executions Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Harvest Festival Kamianets-Podilskyi Maly Trostenets Ninth Fort Odessa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Resistance Jewish partisans Bielski partisans Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Częstochowa Rescue Aid and Rescue Committee Attack on the twentieth convoy Kastner train Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Danish underground Working Group Żegota Others Soviet POWs Soviet urban residents Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare People with disabilities Romani people Polish leaders and intellectuals Homosexuals Jehovah's Witnesses Jews Roundups Izieu Marseille Vel' d'Hiv Pogroms Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland Jedwabne Lviv in Lithuania Kaunas " Final Solution " Wannsee Conference Operation Reinhard Holocaust trains Mass executions Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Harvest Festival Kamianets-Podilskyi Maly Trostenets Ninth Fort Odessa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Resistance Jewish partisans Bielski partisans Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Częstochowa Rescue Aid and Rescue Committee Attack on the twentieth convoy Kastner train Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Danish underground Working Group Żegota Roundups Izieu Marseille Vel' d'Hiv Izieu Marseille Vel' d'Hiv Pogroms Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland Jedwabne Lviv in Lithuania Kaunas Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland Jedwabne Lviv Jedwabne Lviv in Lithuania Kaunas Kaunas " Final Solution " Wannsee Conference Operation Reinhard Holocaust trains Wannsee Conference Operation Reinhard Holocaust trains Mass executions Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Harvest Festival Kamianets-Podilskyi Maly Trostenets Ninth Fort Odessa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Harvest Festival Kamianets-Podilskyi Maly Trostenets Ninth Fort Odessa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Resistance Jewish partisans Bielski partisans Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Częstochowa Jewish partisans Bielski partisans Bielski partisans Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Częstochowa Warsaw Białystok Częstochowa Rescue Aid and Rescue Committee Attack on the twentieth convoy Kastner train Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Danish underground Working Group Żegota Aid and Rescue Committee Attack on the twentieth convoy Kastner train Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Danish underground Working Group Żegota Others Soviet POWs Soviet urban residents Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare People with disabilities Romani people Polish leaders and intellectuals Homosexuals Jehovah's Witnesses Soviet POWs Soviet urban residents Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare People with disabilities Romani people Polish leaders and intellectuals Homosexuals Jehovah's Witnesses Responsibility List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust Organizations Nazi Party Schutzstaffel (SS) Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Referat IV B4 Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) Waffen-SS Wehrmacht Units Einsatzgruppen Police Regiments Order Police battalions Collaborators Arajs Kommando Lithuanian Security Police Nederlandsche SS Rollkommando Hamann Special Brigades Topf and Sons Trawnikis Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ypatingasis būrys Responsibility List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust Organizations Nazi Party Schutzstaffel (SS) Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Referat IV B4 Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) Waffen-SS Wehrmacht Units Einsatzgruppen Police Regiments Order Police battalions Collaborators Arajs Kommando Lithuanian Security Police Nederlandsche SS Rollkommando Hamann Special Brigades Topf and Sons Trawnikis Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ypatingasis būrys List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust Organizations Nazi Party Schutzstaffel (SS) Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Referat IV B4 Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) Waffen-SS Wehrmacht Nazi Party Schutzstaffel (SS) Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Referat IV B4 Referat IV B4 Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) Waffen-SS Wehrmacht Units Einsatzgruppen Police Regiments Order Police battalions Einsatzgruppen Police Regiments Order Police battalions Collaborators Arajs Kommando Lithuanian Security Police Nederlandsche SS Rollkommando Hamann Special Brigades Topf and Sons Trawnikis Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ypatingasis būrys Arajs Kommando Lithuanian Security Police Nederlandsche SS Rollkommando Hamann Special Brigades Topf and Sons Trawnikis Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ypatingasis būrys Early elements Aftermath Remembrance Early elements Nazi racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Hitler's prophecy Jewish war conspiracy theory Jewish emigration Kindertransport Madagascar Plan Nisko Plan Forced euthanasia (Action T4) Aftermath Depopulated shtetls Holocaust survivors Sh'erit ha-Pletah Bricha List Postwar violence Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law Nuremberg trials Eichmann trial Holocaust restitution Reparations Agreement Holocaust denial trivialization History and memory Academia Books and other resources Days of remembrance Education Films Lessons Memorials and museums Uniqueness Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Humor Righteous Among the Nations Yad Vashem Yizkor books " Never again " Early elements Aftermath Remembrance Early elements Aftermath Remembrance Early elements Nazi racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Hitler's prophecy Jewish war conspiracy theory Jewish emigration Kindertransport Madagascar Plan Nisko Plan Forced euthanasia (Action T4) Aftermath Depopulated shtetls Holocaust survivors Sh'erit ha-Pletah Bricha List Postwar violence Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law Nuremberg trials Eichmann trial Holocaust restitution Reparations Agreement Holocaust denial trivialization History and memory Academia Books and other resources Days of remembrance Education Films Lessons Memorials and museums Uniqueness Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Humor Righteous Among the Nations Yad Vashem Yizkor books " Never again " Early elements Nazi racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Hitler's prophecy Jewish war conspiracy theory Jewish emigration Kindertransport Madagascar Plan Nisko Plan Forced euthanasia (Action T4) Nazi racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Hitler's prophecy Jewish war conspiracy theory Jewish emigration Kindertransport Kindertransport Madagascar Plan Nisko Plan Forced euthanasia (Action T4) Aftermath Depopulated shtetls Holocaust survivors Sh'erit ha-Pletah Bricha List Postwar violence Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law Nuremberg trials Eichmann trial Holocaust restitution Reparations Agreement Holocaust denial trivialization Depopulated shtetls Holocaust survivors Sh'erit ha-Pletah Bricha List Sh'erit ha-Pletah Bricha List Postwar violence Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law Nuremberg trials Eichmann trial Holocaust restitution Reparations Agreement Reparations Agreement Holocaust denial trivialization trivialization History and memory Academia Books and other resources Days of remembrance Education Films Lessons Memorials and museums Uniqueness Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Humor Righteous Among the Nations Yad Vashem Yizkor books " Never again " Academia Books and other resources Days of remembrance Education Films Films Lessons Memorials and museums Uniqueness Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Humor Righteous Among the Nations Yad Vashem Yizkor books " Never again " v t e Antisemitism v t e See also: Massacres or pogroms against Jews Core topics Canards Geography History Persecution of Jews Antisemitism studies Nazism Adolf Hitler Americas Propaganda New antisemitism Three Ds Working definition Rootless cosmopolitan Stereotypes of Jews Timeline 19th C. 20th 21st Canards Geography History Persecution of Jews Antisemitism studies Nazism Adolf Hitler Americas Propaganda Adolf Hitler Americas Propaganda New antisemitism Three Ds Working definition Three Ds Working definition Rootless cosmopolitan Stereotypes of Jews Timeline 19th C. 20th 21st 19th C. 20th 21st Types Economic Eliminationist Racial Religious Secondary Economic Eliminationist Racial Religious Secondary Antisemitism and Christianity New Testament Healthcare 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . 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"Exclusive: Evidence emerges of Russia's Wagner arming militia leader battling Sudan's army" . CNN . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ Schmitt, Eric; Wong, Edward (23 April 2023). "United States Says Wagner Has Quietly Picked Sides in Sudan" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . Yevgeny Prigozhin, the founder of the notorious private military company Wagner, has offered weapons to the paramilitaries fighting for control of Sudan, according to American officials. ^ a b Butenko, Victoria; Elbagir, Nima; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Qiblawi, Tamara; Goodwin, Allegra; Carey, Andrew; Munsi, Pallabi; Zene, Mahamat Tahir; Arvanitidis, Barbara; Platt, Alex; Baron, Mark; Lauren, Kent (19 September 2023). "Exclusive: Ukraine's special services 'likely' behind strikes on Wagner-backed forces in Sudan, a Ukrainian military source says" . CNN . Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . 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Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ Altman, Howard (22 September 2023). "Exclusive Interview With Ukraine's Spy Boss From His D.C. Hotel Room" . The War Zone . Archived from the original on 24 September 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . TWZ: (...) Were you guys involved with the attack on a Wagner-backed militia in Sudan? CNN reported that Ukrainians were likely involved in the attack on the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) forces with FPV drones. KB: I will only say the following: About two to three months ago I was giving an interview to one of the media, I don't remember which specific one. I answered them back then that anywhere across the world we will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals, and sooner or later that time will come whenever they are. That is why we shouldn't be surprised when in any territory, something happens to Russian military criminals. Then speaking about your specific question about Sudan, regretfully I cannot confirm or deny it. ^ Fenbert, Abbey (24 September 2023). "Budanov responds to CNN reports about Ukrainian drone strikes in Sudan" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 13 October 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Videos Show Ukrainian Special Forces 'Cleaning Up' Wagner Fighters in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023 . Retrieved 9 November 2023 . ^ "Ukrainian Drones 'Destroy Russian Mercenaries' in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 30 January 2024 . Retrieved 31 January 2024 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Ukrainian Special Forces Interrogate Wagner Mercenaries in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024 . Retrieved 5 February 2024 . ^ "Port Sudan protesters demand expulsion of UAE ambassador" . Sudan Tribune . 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 . 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"How Disinformation Campaigns Endanger Lives in Sudan" . SMEX . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Malashenko, Uliana (27 April 2023). "Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Sudan Rapid Support Force' In Control Of 'Khartoum International Airport And Military Base' On April 15, 2023" . Lead Stories . Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 4 May 2023 . ^ "The Very Sophisticated Disinformation War in Sudan" . International Policy Digest . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Momanyi, Kevin Philips. "Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked" . TRT Afrika . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Don't fall for these misleading images and claims" . Euronews. 27 April 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Rickett, Oscar (2 June 2023). "Sudan's RSF raids museum and declares ancient skeletons murder victims" . Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "wahdat altahaquq bialjazirat mubashir takshif haqiqat maqatie fidyu nasharaha aljaysh alsuwdaniu wawasayil 'iielam (fidyu)" وحدة التحقق بالجزيرة مباشر تكشف حقيقة مقاطع فيديو نشرها الجيش السوداني ووسائل إعلام (فيديو) [The Al-Jazeera Mubasher Verification Unit reveals the truth about video clips published by the Sudanese army and media (video)]. Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Partly False: Two of these photos are not from the April 2023 Sudan unrest" . Medium . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "ما حقيقة وجود حميدتي بالمستشفى الرئاسي بالعاصمة الكينية نيروبي؟" . جهينة (in Arabic). 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Battles continue around SAF General Command in Khartoum" . Radio Dabanga . 21 September 2023 . Retrieved 22 September 2023 . ^ " 'Downed Sudan jet' video fake" . Radio Dabanga . 30 November 2023 . 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External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah 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Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) Egypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) West Africa Nigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Nigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Central Africa Angola Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) DR Congo First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) Republic of the Congo Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Angola Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) DR Congo First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) Republic of the Congo Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) East Africa Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category Outline Category Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2020s conflicts 2020s in Sudan Civil wars in Sudan Coup-based civil wars Sudanese revolution Attempted coups d'état in Sudan Wars involving Ukraine CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 3,472 results for author: Li, B Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.LG A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09299 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GT On the Fair Allocation to Asymmetric Agents with Binary XOS Valuations Authors: Ziheng Chen , Bo Li , Zihan Luo , Jialin Zhang Abstract : We study the problem of allocating $m$ indivisible goods among $n$ agents, where each agent's valuation is fractionally subadditive (XOS). With respect to AnyPrice Share (APS) fairness, Kulkarni et al. (2024) showed that, when agents have binary marginal values, a $0.1222$-APS allocation can be found in polynomial time, and there exists an instance where no allocation is better than $0.5$-approxim… ▽ More We study the problem of allocating $m$ indivisible goods among $n$ agents, where each agent's valuation is fractionally subadditive (XOS). With respect to AnyPrice Share (APS) fairness, Kulkarni et al. (2024) showed that, when agents have binary marginal values, a $0.1222$-APS allocation can be found in polynomial time, and there exists an instance where no allocation is better than $0.5$-approximate APS. Very recently, Feige and Grinberg (2025) extended the problem to the asymmetric case, where agents may have different entitlements, and improved the approximation ratio to $1/6$ for general XOS valuations. In this work, we focus on the asymmetric setting with binary XOS valuations, and further improve the approximation ratio to $1/2$, which matches the known upper bound. We also present a polynomial-time algorithm to compute such an allocation. Beyond APS fairness, we also study the weighted maximin share (WMMS) fairness. Farhadi et al. (2019) showed that, a $1/n$-WMMS allocation always exists for agents with general additive valuations, and that this approximation ratio is tight. We extend this result to general XOS valuations, where a $1/n$-WMMS allocation still exists, and this approximation ratio cannot be improved even when marginal values are binary. This shows a sharp contrast to binary additive valuations, where an exact WMMS allocation exists and can be found in polynomial time. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAMAS 2026 arXiv:2601.09299 [ pdf , ps , other ] On the Fair Allocation to Asymmetric Agents with Binary XOS Valuations Authors: Ziheng Chen , Bo Li , Zihan Luo , Jialin Zhang Abstract : We study the problem of allocating $m$ indivisible goods among $n$ agents, where each agent's valuation is fractionally subadditive (XOS). With respect to AnyPrice Share (APS) fairness, Kulkarni et al. (2024) showed that, when agents have binary marginal values, a $0.1222$-APS allocation can be found in polynomial time, and there exists an instance where no allocation is better than $0.5$-approxim… ▽ More We study the problem of allocating $m$ indivisible goods among $n$ agents, where each agent's valuation is fractionally subadditive (XOS). With respect to AnyPrice Share (APS) fairness, Kulkarni et al. (2024) showed that, when agents have binary marginal values, a $0.1222$-APS allocation can be found in polynomial time, and there exists an instance where no allocation is better than $0.5$-approximate APS. Very recently, Feige and Grinberg (2025) extended the problem to the asymmetric case, where agents may have different entitlements, and improved the approximation ratio to $1/6$ for general XOS valuations. In this work, we focus on the asymmetric setting with binary XOS valuations, and further improve the approximation ratio to $1/2$, which matches the known upper bound. We also present a polynomial-time algorithm to compute such an allocation. Beyond APS fairness, we also study the weighted maximin share (WMMS) fairness. Farhadi et al. (2019) showed that, a $1/n$-WMMS allocation always exists for agents with general additive valuations, and that this approximation ratio is tight. We extend this result to general XOS valuations, where a $1/n$-WMMS allocation still exists, and this approximation ratio cannot be improved even when marginal values are binary. This shows a sharp contrast to binary additive valuations, where an exact WMMS allocation exists and can be found in polynomial time. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAMAS 2026 arXiv:2601.09250 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL When to Invoke: Refining LLM Fairness with Toxicity Assessment Authors: Jing Ren , Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Renqiang Luo , Shuo Yu , Xin Ye , Haytham Fayek , Xiaodong Li , Feng Xia Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for toxicity assessment in online moderation systems, where fairness across demographic groups is essential for equitable treatment. However, LLMs often produce inconsistent toxicity judgements for subtle expressions, particularly those involving implicit hate speech, revealing underlying biases that are difficult to correct through standard train… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for toxicity assessment in online moderation systems, where fairness across demographic groups is essential for equitable treatment. However, LLMs often produce inconsistent toxicity judgements for subtle expressions, particularly those involving implicit hate speech, revealing underlying biases that are difficult to correct through standard training. This raises a key question that existing approaches often overlook: when should corrective mechanisms be invoked to ensure fair and reliable assessments? To address this, we propose FairToT, an inference-time framework that enhances LLM fairness through prompt-guided toxicity assessment. FairToT identifies cases where demographic-related variation is likely to occur and determines when additional assessment should be applied. In addition, we introduce two interpretable fairness indicators that detect such cases and improve inference consistency without modifying model parameters. Experiments on benchmark datasets show that FairToT reduces group-level disparities while maintaining stable and reliable toxicity predictions, demonstrating that inference-time refinement offers an effective and practical approach for fairness improvement in LLM-based toxicity assessment systems. The source code can be found at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by Findings of WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.09250 [ pdf , ps , other ] When to Invoke: Refining LLM Fairness with Toxicity Assessment Authors: Jing Ren , Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Renqiang Luo , Shuo Yu , Xin Ye , Haytham Fayek , Xiaodong Li , Feng Xia Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for toxicity assessment in online moderation systems, where fairness across demographic groups is essential for equitable treatment. However, LLMs often produce inconsistent toxicity judgements for subtle expressions, particularly those involving implicit hate speech, revealing underlying biases that are difficult to correct through standard train… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for toxicity assessment in online moderation systems, where fairness across demographic groups is essential for equitable treatment. However, LLMs often produce inconsistent toxicity judgements for subtle expressions, particularly those involving implicit hate speech, revealing underlying biases that are difficult to correct through standard training. This raises a key question that existing approaches often overlook: when should corrective mechanisms be invoked to ensure fair and reliable assessments? To address this, we propose FairToT, an inference-time framework that enhances LLM fairness through prompt-guided toxicity assessment. FairToT identifies cases where demographic-related variation is likely to occur and determines when additional assessment should be applied. In addition, we introduce two interpretable fairness indicators that detect such cases and improve inference consistency without modifying model parameters. Experiments on benchmark datasets show that FairToT reduces group-level disparities while maintaining stable and reliable toxicity predictions, demonstrating that inference-time refinement offers an effective and practical approach for fairness improvement in LLM-based toxicity assessment systems. The source code can be found at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by Findings of WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.09241 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL When to Trust: A Causality-Aware Calibration Framework for Accurate Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Jing Ren , Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Xinkun Zhang , Haytham Fayek , Xiaodong Li Abstract : Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While KG-RAG improves factual accuracy in complex tasks, existing KG-RAG models are often severely overconfident, producing high-confidence predictions even when retriev… ▽ More Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While KG-RAG improves factual accuracy in complex tasks, existing KG-RAG models are often severely overconfident, producing high-confidence predictions even when retrieved sub-graphs are incomplete or unreliable, which raises concerns for deployment in high-stakes domains. To address this issue, we propose Ca2KG, a Causality-aware Calibration framework for KG-RAG. Ca2KG integrates counterfactual prompting, which exposes retrieval-dependent uncertainties in knowledge quality and reasoning reliability, with a panel-based re-scoring mechanism that stabilises predictions across interventions. Extensive experiments on two complex QA datasets demonstrate that Ca2KG consistently improves calibration while maintaining or even enhancing predictive accuracy. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.09241 [ pdf , ps , other ] When to Trust: A Causality-Aware Calibration Framework for Accurate Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Jing Ren , Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Xinkun Zhang , Haytham Fayek , Xiaodong Li Abstract : Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While KG-RAG improves factual accuracy in complex tasks, existing KG-RAG models are often severely overconfident, producing high-confidence predictions even when retriev… ▽ More Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While KG-RAG improves factual accuracy in complex tasks, existing KG-RAG models are often severely overconfident, producing high-confidence predictions even when retrieved sub-graphs are incomplete or unreliable, which raises concerns for deployment in high-stakes domains. To address this issue, we propose Ca2KG, a Causality-aware Calibration framework for KG-RAG. Ca2KG integrates counterfactual prompting, which exposes retrieval-dependent uncertainties in knowledge quality and reasoning reliability, with a panel-based re-scoring mechanism that stabilises predictions across interventions. Extensive experiments on two complex QA datasets demonstrate that Ca2KG consistently improves calibration while maintaining or even enhancing predictive accuracy. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.09112 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY Seeking Human Security Consensus: A Unified Value Scale for Generative AI Value Safety Authors: Ying He , Baiyang Li , Yule Cao , Huirun Xu , Qiuxian Chen , Shu Chen , Shangsheng Ren Abstract : The rapid development of generative AI has brought value- and ethics-related risks to the forefront, making value safety a critical concern while a unified consensus remains lacking. In this work, we propose an internationally inclusive and resilient unified value framework, the GenAI Value Safety Scale (GVS-Scale): Grounded in a lifecycle-oriented perspective, we develop a taxonomy of GenAI value… ▽ More The rapid development of generative AI has brought value- and ethics-related risks to the forefront, making value safety a critical concern while a unified consensus remains lacking. In this work, we propose an internationally inclusive and resilient unified value framework, the GenAI Value Safety Scale (GVS-Scale): Grounded in a lifecycle-oriented perspective, we develop a taxonomy of GenAI value safety risks and construct the GenAI Value Safety Incident Repository (GVSIR), and further derive the GVS-Scale through grounded theory and operationalize it via the GenAI Value Safety Benchmark (GVS-Bench). Experiments on mainstream text generation models reveal substantial variation in value safety performance across models and value categories, indicating uneven and fragmented value alignment in current systems. Our findings highlight the importance of establishing shared safety foundations through dialogue and advancing technical safety mechanisms beyond reactive constraints toward more flexible approaches. Data and evaluation guidelines are available at This paper includes examples that may be offensive or harmful. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09112 [ pdf , ps , other ] Seeking Human Security Consensus: A Unified Value Scale for Generative AI Value Safety Authors: Ying He , Baiyang Li , Yule Cao , Huirun Xu , Qiuxian Chen , Shu Chen , Shangsheng Ren Abstract : The rapid development of generative AI has brought value- and ethics-related risks to the forefront, making value safety a critical concern while a unified consensus remains lacking. In this work, we propose an internationally inclusive and resilient unified value framework, the GenAI Value Safety Scale (GVS-Scale): Grounded in a lifecycle-oriented perspective, we develop a taxonomy of GenAI value… ▽ More The rapid development of generative AI has brought value- and ethics-related risks to the forefront, making value safety a critical concern while a unified consensus remains lacking. In this work, we propose an internationally inclusive and resilient unified value framework, the GenAI Value Safety Scale (GVS-Scale): Grounded in a lifecycle-oriented perspective, we develop a taxonomy of GenAI value safety risks and construct the GenAI Value Safety Incident Repository (GVSIR), and further derive the GVS-Scale through grounded theory and operationalize it via the GenAI Value Safety Benchmark (GVS-Bench). Experiments on mainstream text generation models reveal substantial variation in value safety performance across models and value categories, indicating uneven and fragmented value alignment in current systems. Our findings highlight the importance of establishing shared safety foundations through dialogue and advancing technical safety mechanisms beyond reactive constraints toward more flexible approaches. Data and evaluation guidelines are available at This paper includes examples that may be offensive or harmful. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08900 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG Comprehensive Machine Learning Benchmarking for Fringe Projection Profilometry with Photorealistic Synthetic Data Authors: Anush Lakshman S , Adam Haroon , Beiwen Li Abstract : Machine learning approaches for fringe projection profilometry (FPP) are hindered by the lack of large, diverse datasets and comprehensive benchmarking protocols. This paper introduces the first open-source, photorealistic synthetic dataset for FPP, generated using NVIDIA Isaac Sim with 15,600 fringe images and 300 depth reconstructions across 50 diverse objects. We benchmark four neural network a… ▽ More Machine learning approaches for fringe projection profilometry (FPP) are hindered by the lack of large, diverse datasets and comprehensive benchmarking protocols. This paper introduces the first open-source, photorealistic synthetic dataset for FPP, generated using NVIDIA Isaac Sim with 15,600 fringe images and 300 depth reconstructions across 50 diverse objects. We benchmark four neural network architectures (UNet, Hformer, ResUNet, Pix2Pix) on single-shot depth reconstruction, revealing that all models achieve similar performance (58-77 mm RMSE) despite substantial architectural differences. Our results demonstrate fundamental limitations of direct fringe-to-depth mapping without explicit phase information, with reconstruction errors approaching 75-95\% of the typical object depth range. This resource provides standardized evaluation protocols enabling systematic comparison and development of learning-based FPP approaches. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08900 [ pdf , ps , other ] Comprehensive Machine Learning Benchmarking for Fringe Projection Profilometry with Photorealistic Synthetic Data Authors: Anush Lakshman S , Adam Haroon , Beiwen Li Abstract : Machine learning approaches for fringe projection profilometry (FPP) are hindered by the lack of large, diverse datasets and comprehensive benchmarking protocols. This paper introduces the first open-source, photorealistic synthetic dataset for FPP, generated using NVIDIA Isaac Sim with 15,600 fringe images and 300 depth reconstructions across 50 diverse objects. We benchmark four neural network a… ▽ More Machine learning approaches for fringe projection profilometry (FPP) are hindered by the lack of large, diverse datasets and comprehensive benchmarking protocols. This paper introduces the first open-source, photorealistic synthetic dataset for FPP, generated using NVIDIA Isaac Sim with 15,600 fringe images and 300 depth reconstructions across 50 diverse objects. We benchmark four neural network architectures (UNet, Hformer, ResUNet, Pix2Pix) on single-shot depth reconstruction, revealing that all models achieve similar performance (58-77 mm RMSE) despite substantial architectural differences. Our results demonstrate fundamental limitations of direct fringe-to-depth mapping without explicit phase information, with reconstruction errors approaching 75-95\% of the typical object depth range. This resource provides standardized evaluation protocols enabling systematic comparison and development of learning-based FPP approaches. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08699 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL RAGShaper: Eliciting Sophisticated Agentic RAG Skills via Automated Data Synthesis Authors: Zhengwei Tao , Bo Li , Jialong Wu , Guochen Yan , Huanyao Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Haitao Mi , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers large language models to autonomously plan and retrieve information for complex problem-solving. However, the development of robust agents is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality training data that reflects the noise and complexity of real-world retrieval environments. Conventional manual annotation is unscalable and often fails to capture… ▽ More Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers large language models to autonomously plan and retrieve information for complex problem-solving. However, the development of robust agents is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality training data that reflects the noise and complexity of real-world retrieval environments. Conventional manual annotation is unscalable and often fails to capture the dynamic reasoning strategies required to handle retrieval failures. To bridge this gap, we introduce RAGShaper, a novel data synthesis framework designed to automate the construction of RAG tasks and robust agent trajectories. RAGShaper incorporates an InfoCurator to build dense information trees enriched with adversarial distractors spanning Perception and Cognition levels. Furthermore, we propose a constrained navigation strategy that forces a teacher agent to confront these distractors, thereby eliciting trajectories that explicitly demonstrate error correction and noise rejection. Comprehensive experiments confirm that models trained on our synthesized corpus significantly outperform existing baselines, exhibiting superior robustness in noise-intensive and complex retrieval tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08699 [ pdf , ps , other ] RAGShaper: Eliciting Sophisticated Agentic RAG Skills via Automated Data Synthesis Authors: Zhengwei Tao , Bo Li , Jialong Wu , Guochen Yan , Huanyao Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Haitao Mi , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers large language models to autonomously plan and retrieve information for complex problem-solving. However, the development of robust agents is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality training data that reflects the noise and complexity of real-world retrieval environments. Conventional manual annotation is unscalable and often fails to capture… ▽ More Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers large language models to autonomously plan and retrieve information for complex problem-solving. However, the development of robust agents is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality training data that reflects the noise and complexity of real-world retrieval environments. Conventional manual annotation is unscalable and often fails to capture the dynamic reasoning strategies required to handle retrieval failures. To bridge this gap, we introduce RAGShaper, a novel data synthesis framework designed to automate the construction of RAG tasks and robust agent trajectories. RAGShaper incorporates an InfoCurator to build dense information trees enriched with adversarial distractors spanning Perception and Cognition levels. Furthermore, we propose a constrained navigation strategy that forces a teacher agent to confront these distractors, thereby eliciting trajectories that explicitly demonstrate error correction and noise rejection. Comprehensive experiments confirm that models trained on our synthesized corpus significantly outperform existing baselines, exhibiting superior robustness in noise-intensive and complex retrieval tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08108 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Debiasing Large Language Models via Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought Authors: Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Jing Ren , Renqiang Luo , Xikun Zhang , Xiuzhen Zhang , Yongli Ren , Feng Xia Abstract : Despite notable advancements in prompting methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), existing strategies still suffer from excessive token usage and limited generalisability across diverse reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, we propose an Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought (ACPS) framework, which leverages structural causal models to infer th… ▽ More Despite notable advancements in prompting methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), existing strategies still suffer from excessive token usage and limited generalisability across diverse reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, we propose an Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought (ACPS) framework, which leverages structural causal models to infer the causal effect of a query on its answer and adaptively select an appropriate intervention (i.e., standard front-door and conditional front-door adjustments). This design enables generalisable causal reasoning across heterogeneous tasks without task-specific retraining. By replacing verbose CoT with concise Sketch-of-Thought, ACPS enables efficient reasoning that significantly reduces token usage and inference cost. Extensive experiments on multiple reasoning benchmarks and LLMs demonstrate that ACPS consistently outperforms existing prompting baselines in terms of accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by Findings of EACL 2026 arXiv:2601.08108 [ pdf , ps , other ] Debiasing Large Language Models via Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought Authors: Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Jing Ren , Renqiang Luo , Xikun Zhang , Xiuzhen Zhang , Yongli Ren , Feng Xia Abstract : Despite notable advancements in prompting methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), existing strategies still suffer from excessive token usage and limited generalisability across diverse reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, we propose an Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought (ACPS) framework, which leverages structural causal models to infer th… ▽ More Despite notable advancements in prompting methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), existing strategies still suffer from excessive token usage and limited generalisability across diverse reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, we propose an Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought (ACPS) framework, which leverages structural causal models to infer the causal effect of a query on its answer and adaptively select an appropriate intervention (i.e., standard front-door and conditional front-door adjustments). This design enables generalisable causal reasoning across heterogeneous tasks without task-specific retraining. By replacing verbose CoT with concise Sketch-of-Thought, ACPS enables efficient reasoning that significantly reduces token usage and inference cost. Extensive experiments on multiple reasoning benchmarks and LLMs demonstrate that ACPS consistently outperforms existing prompting baselines in terms of accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by Findings of EACL 2026 arXiv:2601.07632 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI GeoMotionGPT: Geometry-Aligned Motion Understanding with Large Language Models Authors: Zhankai Ye , Bofan Li , Yukai Jin , Shuoqiu Li , Wei Wang , Yanfu Zhang , Shangqian Gao , Xin Liu Abstract : Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embe… ▽ More Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embedding space, thereby hindering the LLM's capacity for nuanced motion reasoning. We argue that alignment is most effective when both modalities share a unified geometric basis. Therefore, instead of forcing the LLM to reconstruct the complex geometry among motion tokens from scratch, we present a novel framework that explicitly enforces orthogonality on both the motion codebook and the LLM embedding space, ensuring that their relational structures naturally mirror each other. Specifically, we employ a decoder-only quantizer with Gumbel-Softmax for differentiable training and balanced codebook usage. To bridge the modalities, we use a sparse projection that maps motion codes into the LLM embedding space while preserving orthogonality. Finally, a two-stage orthonormal regularization schedule enforces soft constraints during tokenizer training and LLM fine-tuning to maintain geometric alignment without hindering semantic adaptation. Extensive experiments on HumanML3D demonstrate that our framework achieves a 20% performance improvement over current state-of-the-art methods, validating that a unified geometric basis effectively empowers the LLM for nuanced motion reasoning. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07632 [ pdf , ps , other ] GeoMotionGPT: Geometry-Aligned Motion Understanding with Large Language Models Authors: Zhankai Ye , Bofan Li , Yukai Jin , Shuoqiu Li , Wei Wang , Yanfu Zhang , Shangqian Gao , Xin Liu Abstract : Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embe… ▽ More Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embedding space, thereby hindering the LLM's capacity for nuanced motion reasoning. We argue that alignment is most effective when both modalities share a unified geometric basis. Therefore, instead of forcing the LLM to reconstruct the complex geometry among motion tokens from scratch, we present a novel framework that explicitly enforces orthogonality on both the motion codebook and the LLM embedding space, ensuring that their relational structures naturally mirror each other. Specifically, we employ a decoder-only quantizer with Gumbel-Softmax for differentiable training and balanced codebook usage. To bridge the modalities, we use a sparse projection that maps motion codes into the LLM embedding space while preserving orthogonality. Finally, a two-stage orthonormal regularization schedule enforces soft constraints during tokenizer training and LLM fine-tuning to maintain geometric alignment without hindering semantic adaptation. Extensive experiments on HumanML3D demonstrate that our framework achieves a 20% performance improvement over current state-of-the-art methods, validating that a unified geometric basis effectively empowers the LLM for nuanced motion reasoning. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07248 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.HC DarwinTOD: LLM Driven Lifelong Self Evolution for Task Oriented Dialog Systems Authors: Shuyu Zhang , Yujie Liu , Xinru Wang , Cheng Zhang , Yanmin Zhu , Bin Li Abstract : Traditional task-oriented dialog systems are unable to evolve from ongoing interactions or adapt to new domains after deployment, that is a critical limitation in real-world dynamic environments. Continual learning approaches depend on episodic retraining with human curated data, failing to achieve autonomy lifelong improvement. While evolutionary computation and LLM driven self improvement offer… ▽ More Traditional task-oriented dialog systems are unable to evolve from ongoing interactions or adapt to new domains after deployment, that is a critical limitation in real-world dynamic environments. Continual learning approaches depend on episodic retraining with human curated data, failing to achieve autonomy lifelong improvement. While evolutionary computation and LLM driven self improvement offer promising mechanisms for dialog optimization, they lack a unified framework for holistic, iterative strategy refinement. To bridge this gap, we propose DarwinTOD, a lifelong self evolving dialog framework that systematically integrates these two paradigms, enabling continuous strategy optimization from a zero-shot base without task specific fine-tuning. DarwinTOD maintains an Evolvable Strategy Bank and operates through a dual-loop process: online multi-agent dialog execution with peer critique, and offline structured evolutionary operations that refine the strategy bank using accumulated feedback. This closed-loop design enables autonomous continuous improvement without human intervention. Extensive experiments show that DarwinTOD surpasses previous state-of-the-art methods and exhibits continuous performance gains throughout evolution. Our work provides a novel framework for building dialog systems with lifelong self evolution capabilities. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07248 [ pdf , ps , other ] DarwinTOD: LLM Driven Lifelong Self Evolution for Task Oriented Dialog Systems Authors: Shuyu Zhang , Yujie Liu , Xinru Wang , Cheng Zhang , Yanmin Zhu , Bin Li Abstract : Traditional task-oriented dialog systems are unable to evolve from ongoing interactions or adapt to new domains after deployment, that is a critical limitation in real-world dynamic environments. Continual learning approaches depend on episodic retraining with human curated data, failing to achieve autonomy lifelong improvement. While evolutionary computation and LLM driven self improvement offer… ▽ More Traditional task-oriented dialog systems are unable to evolve from ongoing interactions or adapt to new domains after deployment, that is a critical limitation in real-world dynamic environments. Continual learning approaches depend on episodic retraining with human curated data, failing to achieve autonomy lifelong improvement. While evolutionary computation and LLM driven self improvement offer promising mechanisms for dialog optimization, they lack a unified framework for holistic, iterative strategy refinement. To bridge this gap, we propose DarwinTOD, a lifelong self evolving dialog framework that systematically integrates these two paradigms, enabling continuous strategy optimization from a zero-shot base without task specific fine-tuning. DarwinTOD maintains an Evolvable Strategy Bank and operates through a dual-loop process: online multi-agent dialog execution with peer critique, and offline structured evolutionary operations that refine the strategy bank using accumulated feedback. This closed-loop design enables autonomous continuous improvement without human intervention. Extensive experiments show that DarwinTOD surpasses previous state-of-the-art methods and exhibits continuous performance gains throughout evolution. Our work provides a novel framework for building dialog systems with lifelong self evolution capabilities. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06781 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC cs.AI cs.CV AutoTour: Automatic Photo Tour Guide with Smartphones and LLMs Authors: Huatao Xu , Zihe Liu , Zilin Zeng , Baichuan Li , Mo Li Abstract : We present AutoTour, a system that enhances user exploration by automatically generating fine-grained landmark annotations and descriptive narratives for photos captured by users. The key idea of AutoTour is to fuse visual features extracted from photos with nearby geospatial features queried from open matching databases. Unlike existing tour applications that rely on pre-defined content or propri… ▽ More We present AutoTour, a system that enhances user exploration by automatically generating fine-grained landmark annotations and descriptive narratives for photos captured by users. The key idea of AutoTour is to fuse visual features extracted from photos with nearby geospatial features queried from open matching databases. Unlike existing tour applications that rely on pre-defined content or proprietary datasets, AutoTour leverages open and extensible data sources to provide scalable and context-aware photo-based guidance. To achieve this, we design a training-free pipeline that first extracts and filters relevant geospatial features around the user's GPS location. It then detects major landmarks in user photos through VLM-based feature detection and projects them into the horizontal spatial plane. A geometric matching algorithm aligns photo features with corresponding geospatial entities based on their estimated distance and direction. The matched features are subsequently grounded and annotated directly on the original photo, accompanied by large language model-generated textual and audio descriptions to provide an informative, tour-like experience. We demonstrate that AutoTour can deliver rich, interpretable annotations for both iconic and lesser-known landmarks, enabling a new form of interactive, context-aware exploration that bridges visual perception and geospatial understanding. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 21 arXiv:2601.06781 [ pdf , ps , other ] AutoTour: Automatic Photo Tour Guide with Smartphones and LLMs Authors: Huatao Xu , Zihe Liu , Zilin Zeng , Baichuan Li , Mo Li Abstract : We present AutoTour, a system that enhances user exploration by automatically generating fine-grained landmark annotations and descriptive narratives for photos captured by users. The key idea of AutoTour is to fuse visual features extracted from photos with nearby geospatial features queried from open matching databases. Unlike existing tour applications that rely on pre-defined content or propri… ▽ More We present AutoTour, a system that enhances user exploration by automatically generating fine-grained landmark annotations and descriptive narratives for photos captured by users. The key idea of AutoTour is to fuse visual features extracted from photos with nearby geospatial features queried from open matching databases. Unlike existing tour applications that rely on pre-defined content or proprietary datasets, AutoTour leverages open and extensible data sources to provide scalable and context-aware photo-based guidance. To achieve this, we design a training-free pipeline that first extracts and filters relevant geospatial features around the user's GPS location. It then detects major landmarks in user photos through VLM-based feature detection and projects them into the horizontal spatial plane. A geometric matching algorithm aligns photo features with corresponding geospatial entities based on their estimated distance and direction. The matched features are subsequently grounded and annotated directly on the original photo, accompanied by large language model-generated textual and audio descriptions to provide an informative, tour-like experience. We demonstrate that AutoTour can deliver rich, interpretable annotations for both iconic and lesser-known landmarks, enabling a new form of interactive, context-aware exploration that bridges visual perception and geospatial understanding. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 21 arXiv:2601.06460 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CL Tone Matters: The Impact of Linguistic Tone on Hallucination in VLMs Authors: Weihao Hong , Zhiyuan Jiang , Bingyu Shen , Xinlei Guan , Yangyi Feng , Meng Xu , Boyang Li Abstract : Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly used in safety-critical applications that require reliable visual grounding. However, these models often hallucinate details that are not present in the image to satisfy user prompts. While recent datasets and benchmarks have been introduced to evaluate systematic hallucinations in VLMs, many hallucination behaviors remain insufficiently characterized… ▽ More Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly used in safety-critical applications that require reliable visual grounding. However, these models often hallucinate details that are not present in the image to satisfy user prompts. While recent datasets and benchmarks have been introduced to evaluate systematic hallucinations in VLMs, many hallucination behaviors remain insufficiently characterized. In particular, prior work primarily focuses on object presence or absence, leaving it unclear how prompt phrasing and structural constraints can systematically induce hallucinations. In this paper, we investigate how different forms of prompt pressure influence hallucination behavior. We introduce Ghost-100, a procedurally generated dataset of synthetic scenes in which key visual details are deliberately removed, enabling controlled analysis of absence-based hallucinations. Using a structured 5-Level Prompt Intensity Framework, we vary prompts from neutral queries to toxic demands and rigid formatting constraints. We evaluate three representative open-weight VLMs: MiniCPM-V 2.6-8B, Qwen2-VL-7B, and Qwen3-VL-8B. Across all three models, hallucination rates do not increase monotonically with prompt intensity. All models exhibit reductions at higher intensity levels at different thresholds, though not all show sustained reduction under maximum coercion. These results suggest that current safety alignment is more effective at detecting semantic hostility than structural coercion, revealing model-specific limitations in handling compliance pressure. Our dataset is available at: △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 6 figures, WACV Workshop arXiv:2601.06460 [ pdf , ps , other ] Tone Matters: The Impact of Linguistic Tone on Hallucination in VLMs Authors: Weihao Hong , Zhiyuan Jiang , Bingyu Shen , Xinlei Guan , Yangyi Feng , Meng Xu , Boyang Li Abstract : Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly used in safety-critical applications that require reliable visual grounding. However, these models often hallucinate details that are not present in the image to satisfy user prompts. While recent datasets and benchmarks have been introduced to evaluate systematic hallucinations in VLMs, many hallucination behaviors remain insufficiently characterized… ▽ More Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly used in safety-critical applications that require reliable visual grounding. However, these models often hallucinate details that are not present in the image to satisfy user prompts. While recent datasets and benchmarks have been introduced to evaluate systematic hallucinations in VLMs, many hallucination behaviors remain insufficiently characterized. In particular, prior work primarily focuses on object presence or absence, leaving it unclear how prompt phrasing and structural constraints can systematically induce hallucinations. In this paper, we investigate how different forms of prompt pressure influence hallucination behavior. We introduce Ghost-100, a procedurally generated dataset of synthetic scenes in which key visual details are deliberately removed, enabling controlled analysis of absence-based hallucinations. Using a structured 5-Level Prompt Intensity Framework, we vary prompts from neutral queries to toxic demands and rigid formatting constraints. We evaluate three representative open-weight VLMs: MiniCPM-V 2.6-8B, Qwen2-VL-7B, and Qwen3-VL-8B. Across all three models, hallucination rates do not increase monotonically with prompt intensity. All models exhibit reductions at higher intensity levels at different thresholds, though not all show sustained reduction under maximum coercion. These results suggest that current safety alignment is more effective at detecting semantic hostility than structural coercion, revealing model-specific limitations in handling compliance pressure. Our dataset is available at: △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 6 figures, WACV Workshop arXiv:2601.06429 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.ML A Unified Shape-Aware Foundation Model for Time Series Classification Authors: Zhen Liu , Yucheng Wang , Boyuan Li , Junhao Zheng , Emadeldeen Eldele , Min Wu , Qianli Ma Abstract : Foundation models pre-trained on large-scale source datasets are reshaping the traditional training paradigm for time series classification. However, existing time series foundation models primarily focus on forecasting tasks and often overlook classification-specific challenges, such as modeling interpretable shapelets that capture class-discriminative temporal features. To bridge this gap, we pr… ▽ More Foundation models pre-trained on large-scale source datasets are reshaping the traditional training paradigm for time series classification. However, existing time series foundation models primarily focus on forecasting tasks and often overlook classification-specific challenges, such as modeling interpretable shapelets that capture class-discriminative temporal features. To bridge this gap, we propose UniShape, a unified shape-aware foundation model designed for time series classification. UniShape incorporates a shape-aware adapter that adaptively aggregates multiscale discriminative subsequences (shapes) into class tokens, effectively selecting the most relevant subsequence scales to enhance model interpretability. Meanwhile, a prototype-based pretraining module is introduced to jointly learn instance- and shape-level representations, enabling the capture of transferable shape patterns. Pre-trained on a large-scale multi-domain time series dataset comprising 1.89 million samples, UniShape exhibits superior generalization across diverse target domains. Experiments on 128 UCR datasets and 30 additional time series datasets demonstrate that UniShape achieves state-of-the-art classification performance, with interpretability and ablation analyses further validating its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted in AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.06429 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Unified Shape-Aware Foundation Model for Time Series Classification Authors: Zhen Liu , Yucheng Wang , Boyuan Li , Junhao Zheng , Emadeldeen Eldele , Min Wu , Qianli Ma Abstract : Foundation models pre-trained on large-scale source datasets are reshaping the traditional training paradigm for time series classification. However, existing time series foundation models primarily focus on forecasting tasks and often overlook classification-specific challenges, such as modeling interpretable shapelets that capture class-discriminative temporal features. To bridge this gap, we pr… ▽ More Foundation models pre-trained on large-scale source datasets are reshaping the traditional training paradigm for time series classification. However, existing time series foundation models primarily focus on forecasting tasks and often overlook classification-specific challenges, such as modeling interpretable shapelets that capture class-discriminative temporal features. To bridge this gap, we propose UniShape, a unified shape-aware foundation model designed for time series classification. UniShape incorporates a shape-aware adapter that adaptively aggregates multiscale discriminative subsequences (shapes) into class tokens, effectively selecting the most relevant subsequence scales to enhance model interpretability. Meanwhile, a prototype-based pretraining module is introduced to jointly learn instance- and shape-level representations, enabling the capture of transferable shape patterns. Pre-trained on a large-scale multi-domain time series dataset comprising 1.89 million samples, UniShape exhibits superior generalization across diverse target domains. Experiments on 128 UCR datasets and 30 additional time series datasets demonstrate that UniShape achieves state-of-the-art classification performance, with interpretability and ablation analyses further validating its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted in AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.05956 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG On the Robustness of Age for Learning-Based Wireless Scheduling in Unknown Environments Authors: Juaren Steiger , Bin Li Abstract : The constrained combinatorial multi-armed bandit model has been widely employed to solve problems in wireless networking and related areas, including the problem of wireless scheduling for throughput optimization under unknown channel conditions. Most work in this area uses an algorithm design strategy that combines a bandit learning algorithm with the virtual queue technique to track the throughp… ▽ More The constrained combinatorial multi-armed bandit model has been widely employed to solve problems in wireless networking and related areas, including the problem of wireless scheduling for throughput optimization under unknown channel conditions. Most work in this area uses an algorithm design strategy that combines a bandit learning algorithm with the virtual queue technique to track the throughput constraint violation. These algorithms seek to minimize the virtual queue length in their algorithm design. However, in networks where channel conditions change abruptly, the resulting constraints may become infeasible, leading to unbounded growth in virtual queue lengths. In this paper, we make the key observation that the dynamics of the head-of-line age, i.e. the age of the oldest packet in the virtual queue, make it more robust when used in algorithm design compared to the virtual queue length. We therefore design a learning-based scheduling policy that uses the head-of-line age in place of the virtual queue length. We show that our policy matches state-of-the-art performance under i.i.d. network conditions. Crucially, we also show that the system remains stable even under abrupt changes in channel conditions and can rapidly recover from periods of constraint infeasibility. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: technical report of conference paper arXiv:2601.05956 [ pdf , ps , other ] On the Robustness of Age for Learning-Based Wireless Scheduling in Unknown Environments Authors: Juaren Steiger , Bin Li Abstract : The constrained combinatorial multi-armed bandit model has been widely employed to solve problems in wireless networking and related areas, including the problem of wireless scheduling for throughput optimization under unknown channel conditions. Most work in this area uses an algorithm design strategy that combines a bandit learning algorithm with the virtual queue technique to track the throughp… ▽ More The constrained combinatorial multi-armed bandit model has been widely employed to solve problems in wireless networking and related areas, including the problem of wireless scheduling for throughput optimization under unknown channel conditions. Most work in this area uses an algorithm design strategy that combines a bandit learning algorithm with the virtual queue technique to track the throughput constraint violation. These algorithms seek to minimize the virtual queue length in their algorithm design. However, in networks where channel conditions change abruptly, the resulting constraints may become infeasible, leading to unbounded growth in virtual queue lengths. In this paper, we make the key observation that the dynamics of the head-of-line age, i.e. the age of the oldest packet in the virtual queue, make it more robust when used in algorithm design compared to the virtual queue length. We therefore design a learning-based scheduling policy that uses the head-of-line age in place of the virtual queue length. We show that our policy matches state-of-the-art performance under i.i.d. network conditions. Crucially, we also show that the system remains stable even under abrupt changes in channel conditions and can rapidly recover from periods of constraint infeasibility. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: technical report of conference paper arXiv:2601.05513 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR LEAPS: An LLM-Empowered Adaptive Plugin for Taobao AI Search Authors: Lei Wang , Jinhang Wu , Zhibin Wang , Biye Li , Haiping Hou Abstract : The rapid advancement of large language models has reshaped user search cognition, driving a paradigm shift from discrete keyword-based search to high-dimensional conversational interaction. However, existing e-commerce search architectures face a critical capability deficit in adapting to this change. Users are often caught in a dilemma: precise natural language descriptions frequently trigger ze… ▽ More The rapid advancement of large language models has reshaped user search cognition, driving a paradigm shift from discrete keyword-based search to high-dimensional conversational interaction. However, existing e-commerce search architectures face a critical capability deficit in adapting to this change. Users are often caught in a dilemma: precise natural language descriptions frequently trigger zero-result scenarios, while the forced simplification of queries leads to decision overload from noisy, generic results. To tackle this challenge, we propose LEAPS (LLM-Empowered Adaptive Plugin for Taobao AI Search), which seamlessly upgrades traditional search systems via a "Broaden-and-Refine" paradigm. Specifically, it attaches plugins to both ends of the search pipeline: (1) Upstream, a Query Expander acts as an intent translator. It employs a novel three-stage training strategy--inverse data augmentation, posterior-knowledge supervised fine-tuning, and diversity-aware reinforcement learning--to generate adaptive and complementary query combinations that maximize the candidate product set. (2) Downstream, a Relevance Verifier serves as a semantic gatekeeper. By synthesizing multi-source data (e.g., OCR text, reviews) and leveraging chain-of-thought reasoning, it precisely filters noise to resolve selection overload. Extensive offline experiments and online A/B testing demonstrate that LEAPS significantly enhances conversational search experiences. Crucially, its non-invasive architecture preserves established retrieval performance optimized for short-text queries, while simultaneously allowing for low-cost integration into diverse back-ends. Fully deployed on Taobao AI Search since August 2025, LEAPS currently serves hundreds of millions of users monthly. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05513 [ pdf , ps , other ] LEAPS: An LLM-Empowered Adaptive Plugin for Taobao AI Search Authors: Lei Wang , Jinhang Wu , Zhibin Wang , Biye Li , Haiping Hou Abstract : The rapid advancement of large language models has reshaped user search cognition, driving a paradigm shift from discrete keyword-based search to high-dimensional conversational interaction. However, existing e-commerce search architectures face a critical capability deficit in adapting to this change. Users are often caught in a dilemma: precise natural language descriptions frequently trigger ze… ▽ More The rapid advancement of large language models has reshaped user search cognition, driving a paradigm shift from discrete keyword-based search to high-dimensional conversational interaction. However, existing e-commerce search architectures face a critical capability deficit in adapting to this change. Users are often caught in a dilemma: precise natural language descriptions frequently trigger zero-result scenarios, while the forced simplification of queries leads to decision overload from noisy, generic results. To tackle this challenge, we propose LEAPS (LLM-Empowered Adaptive Plugin for Taobao AI Search), which seamlessly upgrades traditional search systems via a "Broaden-and-Refine" paradigm. Specifically, it attaches plugins to both ends of the search pipeline: (1) Upstream, a Query Expander acts as an intent translator. It employs a novel three-stage training strategy--inverse data augmentation, posterior-knowledge supervised fine-tuning, and diversity-aware reinforcement learning--to generate adaptive and complementary query combinations that maximize the candidate product set. (2) Downstream, a Relevance Verifier serves as a semantic gatekeeper. By synthesizing multi-source data (e.g., OCR text, reviews) and leveraging chain-of-thought reasoning, it precisely filters noise to resolve selection overload. Extensive offline experiments and online A/B testing demonstrate that LEAPS significantly enhances conversational search experiences. Crucially, its non-invasive architecture preserves established retrieval performance optimized for short-text queries, while simultaneously allowing for low-cost integration into diverse back-ends. Fully deployed on Taobao AI Search since August 2025, LEAPS currently serves hundreds of millions of users monthly. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05163 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL DocDancer: Towards Agentic Document-Grounded Information Seeking Authors: Qintong Zhang , Xinjie Lv , Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Zhengwei Tao , Guochen Yan , Huanyao Zhang , Bin Wang , Jiahao Xu , Haitao Mi , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Document Question Answering (DocQA) focuses on answering questions grounded in given documents, yet existing DocQA agents lack effective tool utilization and largely rely on closed-source models. In this work, we introduce DocDancer, an end-to-end trained open-source Doc agent. We formulate DocQA as an information-seeking problem and propose a tool-driven agent framework that explicitly models doc… ▽ More Document Question Answering (DocQA) focuses on answering questions grounded in given documents, yet existing DocQA agents lack effective tool utilization and largely rely on closed-source models. In this work, we introduce DocDancer, an end-to-end trained open-source Doc agent. We formulate DocQA as an information-seeking problem and propose a tool-driven agent framework that explicitly models document exploration and comprehension. To enable end-to-end training of such agents, we introduce an Exploration-then-Synthesis data synthesis pipeline that addresses the scarcity of high-quality training data for DocQA. Training on the synthesized data, the trained models on two long-context document understanding benchmarks, MMLongBench-Doc and DocBench, show their effectiveness. Further analysis provides valuable insights for the agentic tool design and synthetic data. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05163 [ pdf , ps , other ] DocDancer: Towards Agentic Document-Grounded Information Seeking Authors: Qintong Zhang , Xinjie Lv , Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Zhengwei Tao , Guochen Yan , Huanyao Zhang , Bin Wang , Jiahao Xu , Haitao Mi , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Document Question Answering (DocQA) focuses on answering questions grounded in given documents, yet existing DocQA agents lack effective tool utilization and largely rely on closed-source models. In this work, we introduce DocDancer, an end-to-end trained open-source Doc agent. We formulate DocQA as an information-seeking problem and propose a tool-driven agent framework that explicitly models doc… ▽ More Document Question Answering (DocQA) focuses on answering questions grounded in given documents, yet existing DocQA agents lack effective tool utilization and largely rely on closed-source models. In this work, we introduce DocDancer, an end-to-end trained open-source Doc agent. We formulate DocQA as an information-seeking problem and propose a tool-driven agent framework that explicitly models document exploration and comprehension. To enable end-to-end training of such agents, we introduce an Exploration-then-Synthesis data synthesis pipeline that addresses the scarcity of high-quality training data for DocQA. Training on the synthesized data, the trained models on two long-context document understanding benchmarks, MMLongBench-Doc and DocBench, show their effectiveness. Further analysis provides valuable insights for the agentic tool design and synthetic data. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04823 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL DR-LoRA: Dynamic Rank LoRA for Mixture-of-Experts Adaptation Authors: Guanzhi Deng , Bo Li , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang , Lijie Wen , Linqi Song Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a prominent paradigm for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs). Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT), such as LoRA, is widely adopted to adapt pretrained MoE LLMs to downstream tasks. However, existing approaches assign identical LoRA ranks to all experts, overlooking the intrinsic functional specialization within MoE LLMs. This uniform allocation leads to reso… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a prominent paradigm for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs). Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT), such as LoRA, is widely adopted to adapt pretrained MoE LLMs to downstream tasks. However, existing approaches assign identical LoRA ranks to all experts, overlooking the intrinsic functional specialization within MoE LLMs. This uniform allocation leads to resource mismatch, task-relevant experts are under-provisioned while less relevant ones receive redundant parameters. We propose a Dynamic Rank LoRA framework named DR-LoRA, which dynamically grows expert LoRA ranks during fine-tuning based on task-specific demands. DR-LoRA employs an Expert Saliency Scoring mechanism that integrates expert routing frequency and LoRA rank importance to quantify each expert's demand for additional capacity. Experts with higher saliency scores are prioritized for rank expansion, enabling the automatic formation of a heterogeneous rank distribution tailored to the target task. Experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that DR-LoRA consistently outperforms standard LoRA and static allocation strategies under the same parameter budget, achieving superior task performance with more efficient parameter utilization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04823 [ pdf , ps , other ] DR-LoRA: Dynamic Rank LoRA for Mixture-of-Experts Adaptation Authors: Guanzhi Deng , Bo Li , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang , Lijie Wen , Linqi Song Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a prominent paradigm for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs). Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT), such as LoRA, is widely adopted to adapt pretrained MoE LLMs to downstream tasks. However, existing approaches assign identical LoRA ranks to all experts, overlooking the intrinsic functional specialization within MoE LLMs. This uniform allocation leads to reso… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a prominent paradigm for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs). Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT), such as LoRA, is widely adopted to adapt pretrained MoE LLMs to downstream tasks. However, existing approaches assign identical LoRA ranks to all experts, overlooking the intrinsic functional specialization within MoE LLMs. This uniform allocation leads to resource mismatch, task-relevant experts are under-provisioned while less relevant ones receive redundant parameters. We propose a Dynamic Rank LoRA framework named DR-LoRA, which dynamically grows expert LoRA ranks during fine-tuning based on task-specific demands. DR-LoRA employs an Expert Saliency Scoring mechanism that integrates expert routing frequency and LoRA rank importance to quantify each expert's demand for additional capacity. Experts with higher saliency scores are prioritized for rank expansion, enabling the automatic formation of a heterogeneous rank distribution tailored to the target task. Experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that DR-LoRA consistently outperforms standard LoRA and static allocation strategies under the same parameter budget, achieving superior task performance with more efficient parameter utilization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04126 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CV InfiniteWeb: Scalable Web Environment Synthesis for GUI Agent Training Authors: Ziyun Zhang , Zezhou Wang , Xiaoyi Zhang , Zongyu Guo , Jiahao Li , Bin Li , Yan Lu Abstract : GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a system that automatically generates functional web environments at scale for GUI agent training. While LLMs perform well on generating a single webpage, buildi… ▽ More GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a system that automatically generates functional web environments at scale for GUI agent training. While LLMs perform well on generating a single webpage, building a realistic and functional website with many interconnected pages faces challenges. We address these challenges through unified specification, task-centric test-driven development, and a combination of website seed with reference design image to ensure diversity. Our system also generates verifiable task evaluators enabling dense reward signals for reinforcement learning. Experiments show that InfiniteWeb surpasses commercial coding agents at realistic website construction, and GUI agents trained on our generated environments achieve significant performance improvements on OSWorld and Online-Mind2Web, demonstrating the effectiveness of proposed system. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work In Progress arXiv:2601.04126 [ pdf , ps , other ] InfiniteWeb: Scalable Web Environment Synthesis for GUI Agent Training Authors: Ziyun Zhang , Zezhou Wang , Xiaoyi Zhang , Zongyu Guo , Jiahao Li , Bin Li , Yan Lu Abstract : GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a system that automatically generates functional web environments at scale for GUI agent training. While LLMs perform well on generating a single webpage, buildi… ▽ More GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a system that automatically generates functional web environments at scale for GUI agent training. While LLMs perform well on generating a single webpage, building a realistic and functional website with many interconnected pages faces challenges. We address these challenges through unified specification, task-centric test-driven development, and a combination of website seed with reference design image to ensure diversity. Our system also generates verifiable task evaluators enabling dense reward signals for reinforcement learning. Experiments show that InfiniteWeb surpasses commercial coding agents at realistic website construction, and GUI agents trained on our generated environments achieve significant performance improvements on OSWorld and Online-Mind2Web, demonstrating the effectiveness of proposed system. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work In Progress arXiv:2601.03905 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.LG Current Agents Fail to Leverage World Model as Tool for Foresight Authors: Cheng Qian , Emre Can Acikgoz , Bingxuan Li , Xiusi Chen , Yuji Zhang , Bingxiang He , Qinyu Luo , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Gokhan Tur , Yunzhu Li , Heng Ji Abstract : Agents built on vision-language models increasingly face tasks that demand anticipating future states rather than relying on short-horizon reasoning. Generative world models offer a promising remedy: agents could use them as external simulators to foresee outcomes before acting. This paper empirically examines whether current agents can leverage such world models as tools to enhance their cognitio… ▽ More Agents built on vision-language models increasingly face tasks that demand anticipating future states rather than relying on short-horizon reasoning. Generative world models offer a promising remedy: agents could use them as external simulators to foresee outcomes before acting. This paper empirically examines whether current agents can leverage such world models as tools to enhance their cognition. Across diverse agentic and visual question answering tasks, we observe that some agents rarely invoke simulation (fewer than 1%), frequently misuse predicted rollouts (approximately 15%), and often exhibit inconsistent or even degraded performance (up to 5%) when simulation is available or enforced. Attribution analysis further indicates that the primary bottleneck lies in the agents' capacity to decide when to simulate, how to interpret predicted outcomes, and how to integrate foresight into downstream reasoning. These findings underscore the need for mechanisms that foster calibrated, strategic interaction with world models, paving the way toward more reliable anticipatory cognition in future agent systems. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 36 Pages, 13 Figures, 17 Tables (Meta data updated) arXiv:2601.03905 [ pdf , ps , other ] Current Agents Fail to Leverage World Model as Tool for Foresight Authors: Cheng Qian , Emre Can Acikgoz , Bingxuan Li , Xiusi Chen , Yuji Zhang , Bingxiang He , Qinyu Luo , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Gokhan Tur , Yunzhu Li , Heng Ji Abstract : Agents built on vision-language models increasingly face tasks that demand anticipating future states rather than relying on short-horizon reasoning. Generative world models offer a promising remedy: agents could use them as external simulators to foresee outcomes before acting. This paper empirically examines whether current agents can leverage such world models as tools to enhance their cognitio… ▽ More Agents built on vision-language models increasingly face tasks that demand anticipating future states rather than relying on short-horizon reasoning. Generative world models offer a promising remedy: agents could use them as external simulators to foresee outcomes before acting. This paper empirically examines whether current agents can leverage such world models as tools to enhance their cognition. Across diverse agentic and visual question answering tasks, we observe that some agents rarely invoke simulation (fewer than 1%), frequently misuse predicted rollouts (approximately 15%), and often exhibit inconsistent or even degraded performance (up to 5%) when simulation is available or enforced. Attribution analysis further indicates that the primary bottleneck lies in the agents' capacity to decide when to simulate, how to interpret predicted outcomes, and how to integrate foresight into downstream reasoning. These findings underscore the need for mechanisms that foster calibrated, strategic interaction with world models, paving the way toward more reliable anticipatory cognition in future agent systems. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 36 Pages, 13 Figures, 17 Tables (Meta data updated) arXiv:2601.03714 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.CV Visual Merit or Linguistic Crutch? A Close Look at DeepSeek-OCR Authors: Yunhao Liang , Ruixuan Ying , Bo Li , Hong Li , Kai Yan , Qingwen Li , Min Yang , Okamoto Satoshi , Zhe Cui , Shiwen Ni Abstract : DeepSeek-OCR utilizes an optical 2D mapping approach to achieve high-ratio vision-text compression, claiming to decode text tokens exceeding ten times the input visual tokens. While this suggests a promising solution for the LLM long-context bottleneck, we investigate a critical question: "Visual merit or linguistic crutch - which drives DeepSeek-OCR's performance?" By employing sentence-level and… ▽ More DeepSeek-OCR utilizes an optical 2D mapping approach to achieve high-ratio vision-text compression, claiming to decode text tokens exceeding ten times the input visual tokens. While this suggests a promising solution for the LLM long-context bottleneck, we investigate a critical question: "Visual merit or linguistic crutch - which drives DeepSeek-OCR's performance?" By employing sentence-level and word-level semantic corruption, we isolate the model's intrinsic OCR capabilities from its language priors. Results demonstrate that without linguistic support, DeepSeek-OCR's performance plummets from approximately 90% to 20%. Comparative benchmarking against 13 baseline models reveals that traditional pipeline OCR methods exhibit significantly higher robustness to such semantic perturbations than end-to-end methods. Furthermore, we find that lower visual token counts correlate with increased reliance on priors, exacerbating hallucination risks. Context stress testing also reveals a total model collapse around 10,000 text tokens, suggesting that current optical compression techniques may paradoxically aggravate the long-context bottleneck. This study empirically defines DeepSeek-OCR's capability boundaries and offers essential insights for future optimizations of the vision-text compression paradigm. We release all data, results and scripts used in this study at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03714 [ pdf , ps , other ] Visual Merit or Linguistic Crutch? A Close Look at DeepSeek-OCR Authors: Yunhao Liang , Ruixuan Ying , Bo Li , Hong Li , Kai Yan , Qingwen Li , Min Yang , Okamoto Satoshi , Zhe Cui , Shiwen Ni Abstract : DeepSeek-OCR utilizes an optical 2D mapping approach to achieve high-ratio vision-text compression, claiming to decode text tokens exceeding ten times the input visual tokens. While this suggests a promising solution for the LLM long-context bottleneck, we investigate a critical question: "Visual merit or linguistic crutch - which drives DeepSeek-OCR's performance?" By employing sentence-level and… ▽ More DeepSeek-OCR utilizes an optical 2D mapping approach to achieve high-ratio vision-text compression, claiming to decode text tokens exceeding ten times the input visual tokens. While this suggests a promising solution for the LLM long-context bottleneck, we investigate a critical question: "Visual merit or linguistic crutch - which drives DeepSeek-OCR's performance?" By employing sentence-level and word-level semantic corruption, we isolate the model's intrinsic OCR capabilities from its language priors. Results demonstrate that without linguistic support, DeepSeek-OCR's performance plummets from approximately 90% to 20%. Comparative benchmarking against 13 baseline models reveals that traditional pipeline OCR methods exhibit significantly higher robustness to such semantic perturbations than end-to-end methods. Furthermore, we find that lower visual token counts correlate with increased reliance on priors, exacerbating hallucination risks. Context stress testing also reveals a total model collapse around 10,000 text tokens, suggesting that current optical compression techniques may paradoxically aggravate the long-context bottleneck. This study empirically defines DeepSeek-OCR's capability boundaries and offers essential insights for future optimizations of the vision-text compression paradigm. We release all data, results and scripts used in this study at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03670 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL DisastQA: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Question Answering in Disaster Management Authors: Zhitong Chen , Kai Yin , Xiangjue Dong , Chengkai Liu , Xiangpeng Li , Yiming Xiao , Bo Li , Junwei Ma , Ali Mostafavi , James Caverlee Abstract : Accurate question answering (QA) in disaster management requires reasoning over uncertain and conflicting information, a setting poorly captured by existing benchmarks built on clean evidence. We introduce DisastQA, a large-scale benchmark of 3,000 rigorously verified questions (2,000 multiple-choice and 1,000 open-ended) spanning eight disaster types. The benchmark is constructed via a human-LLM… ▽ More Accurate question answering (QA) in disaster management requires reasoning over uncertain and conflicting information, a setting poorly captured by existing benchmarks built on clean evidence. We introduce DisastQA, a large-scale benchmark of 3,000 rigorously verified questions (2,000 multiple-choice and 1,000 open-ended) spanning eight disaster types. The benchmark is constructed via a human-LLM collaboration pipeline with stratified sampling to ensure balanced coverage. Models are evaluated under varying evidence conditions, from closed-book to noisy evidence integration, enabling separation of internal knowledge from reasoning under imperfect information. For open-ended QA, we propose a human-verified keypoint-based evaluation protocol emphasizing factual completeness over verbosity. Experiments with 20 models reveal substantial divergences from general-purpose leaderboards such as MMLU-Pro. While recent open-weight models approach proprietary systems in clean settings, performance degrades sharply under realistic noise, exposing critical reliability gaps for disaster response. All code, data, and evaluation resources are available at △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03670 [ pdf , ps , other ] DisastQA: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Question Answering in Disaster Management Authors: Zhitong Chen , Kai Yin , Xiangjue Dong , Chengkai Liu , Xiangpeng Li , Yiming Xiao , Bo Li , Junwei Ma , Ali Mostafavi , James Caverlee Abstract : Accurate question answering (QA) in disaster management requires reasoning over uncertain and conflicting information, a setting poorly captured by existing benchmarks built on clean evidence. We introduce DisastQA, a large-scale benchmark of 3,000 rigorously verified questions (2,000 multiple-choice and 1,000 open-ended) spanning eight disaster types. The benchmark is constructed via a human-LLM… ▽ More Accurate question answering (QA) in disaster management requires reasoning over uncertain and conflicting information, a setting poorly captured by existing benchmarks built on clean evidence. We introduce DisastQA, a large-scale benchmark of 3,000 rigorously verified questions (2,000 multiple-choice and 1,000 open-ended) spanning eight disaster types. The benchmark is constructed via a human-LLM collaboration pipeline with stratified sampling to ensure balanced coverage. Models are evaluated under varying evidence conditions, from closed-book to noisy evidence integration, enabling separation of internal knowledge from reasoning under imperfect information. For open-ended QA, we propose a human-verified keypoint-based evaluation protocol emphasizing factual completeness over verbosity. Experiments with 20 models reveal substantial divergences from general-purpose leaderboards such as MMLU-Pro. While recent open-weight models approach proprietary systems in clean settings, performance degrades sharply under realistic noise, exposing critical reliability gaps for disaster response. All code, data, and evaluation resources are available at △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03236 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI MAGMA: A Multi-Graph based Agentic Memory Architecture for AI Agents Authors: Dongming Jiang , Yi Li , Guanpeng Li , Bingzhe Li Abstract : Memory-Augmented Generation (MAG) extends Large Language Models with external memory to support long-context reasoning, but existing approaches largely rely on semantic similarity over monolithic memory stores, entangling temporal, causal, and entity information. This design limits interpretability and alignment between query intent and retrieved evidence, leading to suboptimal reasoning accuracy.… ▽ More Memory-Augmented Generation (MAG) extends Large Language Models with external memory to support long-context reasoning, but existing approaches largely rely on semantic similarity over monolithic memory stores, entangling temporal, causal, and entity information. This design limits interpretability and alignment between query intent and retrieved evidence, leading to suboptimal reasoning accuracy. In this paper, we propose MAGMA, a multi-graph agentic memory architecture that represents each memory item across orthogonal semantic, temporal, causal, and entity graphs. MAGMA formulates retrieval as policy-guided traversal over these relational views, enabling query-adaptive selection and structured context construction. By decoupling memory representation from retrieval logic, MAGMA provides transparent reasoning paths and fine-grained control over retrieval. Experiments on LoCoMo and LongMemEval demonstrate that MAGMA consistently outperforms state-of-the-art agentic memory systems in long-horizon reasoning tasks. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03236 [ pdf , ps , other ] MAGMA: A Multi-Graph based Agentic Memory Architecture for AI Agents Authors: Dongming Jiang , Yi Li , Guanpeng Li , Bingzhe Li Abstract : Memory-Augmented Generation (MAG) extends Large Language Models with external memory to support long-context reasoning, but existing approaches largely rely on semantic similarity over monolithic memory stores, entangling temporal, causal, and entity information. This design limits interpretability and alignment between query intent and retrieved evidence, leading to suboptimal reasoning accuracy.… ▽ More Memory-Augmented Generation (MAG) extends Large Language Models with external memory to support long-context reasoning, but existing approaches largely rely on semantic similarity over monolithic memory stores, entangling temporal, causal, and entity information. This design limits interpretability and alignment between query intent and retrieved evidence, leading to suboptimal reasoning accuracy. In this paper, we propose MAGMA, a multi-graph agentic memory architecture that represents each memory item across orthogonal semantic, temporal, causal, and entity graphs. MAGMA formulates retrieval as policy-guided traversal over these relational views, enabling query-adaptive selection and structured context construction. By decoupling memory representation from retrieval logic, MAGMA provides transparent reasoning paths and fine-grained control over retrieval. Experiments on LoCoMo and LongMemEval demonstrate that MAGMA consistently outperforms state-of-the-art agentic memory systems in long-horizon reasoning tasks. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03001 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Towards Efficient 3D Object Detection for Vehicle-Infrastructure Collaboration via Risk-Intent Selection Authors: Li Wang , Boqi Li , Hang Chen , Xingjian Wu , Yichen Wang , Jiewen Tan , Xinyu Zhang , Huaping Liu Abstract : Vehicle-Infrastructure Collaborative Perception (VICP) is pivotal for resolving occlusion in autonomous driving, yet the trade-off between communication bandwidth and feature redundancy remains a critical bottleneck. While intermediate fusion mitigates data volume compared to raw sharing, existing frameworks typically rely on spatial compression or static confidence maps, which inefficiently trans… ▽ More Vehicle-Infrastructure Collaborative Perception (VICP) is pivotal for resolving occlusion in autonomous driving, yet the trade-off between communication bandwidth and feature redundancy remains a critical bottleneck. While intermediate fusion mitigates data volume compared to raw sharing, existing frameworks typically rely on spatial compression or static confidence maps, which inefficiently transmit spatially redundant features from non-critical background regions. To address this, we propose Risk-intent Selective detection (RiSe), an interaction-aware framework that shifts the paradigm from identifying visible regions to prioritizing risk-critical ones. Specifically, we introduce a Potential Field-Trajectory Correlation Model (PTCM) grounded in potential field theory to quantitatively assess kinematic risks. Complementing this, an Intention-Driven Area Prediction Module (IDAPM) leverages ego-motion priors to proactively predict and filter key Bird's-Eye-View (BEV) areas essential for decision-making. By integrating these components, RiSe implements a semantic-selective fusion scheme that transmits high-fidelity features only from high-interaction regions, effectively acting as a feature denoiser. Extensive experiments on the DeepAccident dataset demonstrate that our method reduces communication volume to 0.71\% of full feature sharing while maintaining state-of-the-art detection accuracy, establishing a competitive Pareto frontier between bandwidth efficiency and perception performance. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03001 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards Efficient 3D Object Detection for Vehicle-Infrastructure Collaboration via Risk-Intent Selection Authors: Li Wang , Boqi Li , Hang Chen , Xingjian Wu , Yichen Wang , Jiewen Tan , Xinyu Zhang , Huaping Liu Abstract : Vehicle-Infrastructure Collaborative Perception (VICP) is pivotal for resolving occlusion in autonomous driving, yet the trade-off between communication bandwidth and feature redundancy remains a critical bottleneck. While intermediate fusion mitigates data volume compared to raw sharing, existing frameworks typically rely on spatial compression or static confidence maps, which inefficiently trans… ▽ More Vehicle-Infrastructure Collaborative Perception (VICP) is pivotal for resolving occlusion in autonomous driving, yet the trade-off between communication bandwidth and feature redundancy remains a critical bottleneck. While intermediate fusion mitigates data volume compared to raw sharing, existing frameworks typically rely on spatial compression or static confidence maps, which inefficiently transmit spatially redundant features from non-critical background regions. To address this, we propose Risk-intent Selective detection (RiSe), an interaction-aware framework that shifts the paradigm from identifying visible regions to prioritizing risk-critical ones. Specifically, we introduce a Potential Field-Trajectory Correlation Model (PTCM) grounded in potential field theory to quantitatively assess kinematic risks. Complementing this, an Intention-Driven Area Prediction Module (IDAPM) leverages ego-motion priors to proactively predict and filter key Bird's-Eye-View (BEV) areas essential for decision-making. By integrating these components, RiSe implements a semantic-selective fusion scheme that transmits high-fidelity features only from high-interaction regions, effectively acting as a feature denoiser. Extensive experiments on the DeepAccident dataset demonstrate that our method reduces communication volume to 0.71\% of full feature sharing while maintaining state-of-the-art detection accuracy, establishing a competitive Pareto frontier between bandwidth efficiency and perception performance. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02857 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO Soft Responsive Materials Enhance Humanoid Safety Authors: Chunzheng Wang , Yiyuan Zhang , Annan Tang , Ziqiu Zeng , Haoran Chen , Quan Gao , Zixuan Zhuang , Boyu Li , Zhilin Xiong , Aoqian Zhang , Ce Hao , Siyuan Luo , Tongyang Zhao , Cecilia Laschi , Fan Shi Abstract : Humanoid robots are envisioned as general-purpose platforms in human-centered environments, yet their deployment is limited by vulnerability to falls and the risks posed by rigid metal-plastic structures to people and surroundings. We introduce a soft-rigid co-design framework that leverages non-Newtonian fluid-based soft responsive materials to enhance humanoid safety. The material remains compli… ▽ More Humanoid robots are envisioned as general-purpose platforms in human-centered environments, yet their deployment is limited by vulnerability to falls and the risks posed by rigid metal-plastic structures to people and surroundings. We introduce a soft-rigid co-design framework that leverages non-Newtonian fluid-based soft responsive materials to enhance humanoid safety. The material remains compliant during normal interaction but rapidly stiffens under impact, absorbing and dissipating fall-induced forces. Physics-based simulations guide protector placement and thickness and enable learning of active fall policies. Applied to a 42 kg life-size humanoid, the protector markedly reduces peak impact and allows repeated falls without hardware damage, including drops from 3 m and tumbles down long staircases. Across diverse scenarios, the approach improves robot robustness and environmental safety. By uniting responsive materials, structural co-design, and learning-based control, this work advances interact-safe, industry-ready humanoid robots. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 40 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2601.02857 [ pdf , ps , other ] Soft Responsive Materials Enhance Humanoid Safety Authors: Chunzheng Wang , Yiyuan Zhang , Annan Tang , Ziqiu Zeng , Haoran Chen , Quan Gao , Zixuan Zhuang , Boyu Li , Zhilin Xiong , Aoqian Zhang , Ce Hao , Siyuan Luo , Tongyang Zhao , Cecilia Laschi , Fan Shi Abstract : Humanoid robots are envisioned as general-purpose platforms in human-centered environments, yet their deployment is limited by vulnerability to falls and the risks posed by rigid metal-plastic structures to people and surroundings. We introduce a soft-rigid co-design framework that leverages non-Newtonian fluid-based soft responsive materials to enhance humanoid safety. The material remains compli… ▽ More Humanoid robots are envisioned as general-purpose platforms in human-centered environments, yet their deployment is limited by vulnerability to falls and the risks posed by rigid metal-plastic structures to people and surroundings. We introduce a soft-rigid co-design framework that leverages non-Newtonian fluid-based soft responsive materials to enhance humanoid safety. The material remains compliant during normal interaction but rapidly stiffens under impact, absorbing and dissipating fall-induced forces. Physics-based simulations guide protector placement and thickness and enable learning of active fall policies. Applied to a 42 kg life-size humanoid, the protector markedly reduces peak impact and allows repeated falls without hardware damage, including drops from 3 m and tumbles down long staircases. Across diverse scenarios, the approach improves robot robustness and environmental safety. By uniting responsive materials, structural co-design, and learning-based control, this work advances interact-safe, industry-ready humanoid robots. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 40 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2601.02211 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Unraveling MMDiT Blocks: Training-free Analysis and Enhancement of Text-conditioned Diffusion Authors: Binglei Li , Mengping Yang , Zhiyu Tan , Junping Zhang , Hao Li Abstract : Recent breakthroughs of transformer-based diffusion models, particularly with Multimodal Diffusion Transformers (MMDiT) driven models like FLUX and Qwen Image, have facilitated thrilling experiences in text-to-image generation and editing. To understand the internal mechanism of MMDiT-based models, existing methods tried to analyze the effect of specific components like positional encoding and att… ▽ More Recent breakthroughs of transformer-based diffusion models, particularly with Multimodal Diffusion Transformers (MMDiT) driven models like FLUX and Qwen Image, have facilitated thrilling experiences in text-to-image generation and editing. To understand the internal mechanism of MMDiT-based models, existing methods tried to analyze the effect of specific components like positional encoding and attention layers. Yet, a comprehensive understanding of how different blocks and their interactions with textual conditions contribute to the synthesis process remains elusive. In this paper, we first develop a systematic pipeline to comprehensively investigate each block's functionality by removing, disabling and enhancing textual hidden-states at corresponding blocks. Our analysis reveals that 1) semantic information appears in earlier blocks and finer details are rendered in later blocks, 2) removing specific blocks is usually less disruptive than disabling text conditions, and 3) enhancing textual conditions in selective blocks improves semantic attributes. Building on these observations, we further propose novel training-free strategies for improved text alignment, precise editing, and acceleration. Extensive experiments demonstrated that our method outperforms various baselines and remains flexible across text-to-image generation, image editing, and inference acceleration. Our method improves T2I-Combench++ from 56.92% to 63.00% and GenEval from 66.42% to 71.63% on SD3.5, without sacrificing synthesis quality. These results advance understanding of MMDiT models and provide valuable insights to unlock new possibilities for further improvements. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages arXiv:2601.02211 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unraveling MMDiT Blocks: Training-free Analysis and Enhancement of Text-conditioned Diffusion Authors: Binglei Li , Mengping Yang , Zhiyu Tan , Junping Zhang , Hao Li Abstract : Recent breakthroughs of transformer-based diffusion models, particularly with Multimodal Diffusion Transformers (MMDiT) driven models like FLUX and Qwen Image, have facilitated thrilling experiences in text-to-image generation and editing. To understand the internal mechanism of MMDiT-based models, existing methods tried to analyze the effect of specific components like positional encoding and att… ▽ More Recent breakthroughs of transformer-based diffusion models, particularly with Multimodal Diffusion Transformers (MMDiT) driven models like FLUX and Qwen Image, have facilitated thrilling experiences in text-to-image generation and editing. To understand the internal mechanism of MMDiT-based models, existing methods tried to analyze the effect of specific components like positional encoding and attention layers. Yet, a comprehensive understanding of how different blocks and their interactions with textual conditions contribute to the synthesis process remains elusive. In this paper, we first develop a systematic pipeline to comprehensively investigate each block's functionality by removing, disabling and enhancing textual hidden-states at corresponding blocks. Our analysis reveals that 1) semantic information appears in earlier blocks and finer details are rendered in later blocks, 2) removing specific blocks is usually less disruptive than disabling text conditions, and 3) enhancing textual conditions in selective blocks improves semantic attributes. Building on these observations, we further propose novel training-free strategies for improved text alignment, precise editing, and acceleration. Extensive experiments demonstrated that our method outperforms various baselines and remains flexible across text-to-image generation, image editing, and inference acceleration. Our method improves T2I-Combench++ from 56.92% to 63.00% and GenEval from 66.42% to 71.63% on SD3.5, without sacrificing synthesis quality. These results advance understanding of MMDiT models and provide valuable insights to unlock new possibilities for further improvements. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages arXiv:2601.01158 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AR A System Architecture for Low Latency Multiprogramming Quantum Computing Authors: Yilun Zhao , Yu Chen , Kaiyan Chang , He Li , Bing Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang Abstract : As quantum systems scale, Multiprogramming Quantum Computing (MPQC) becomes essential to improve device utilization and throughput. However, current MPQC pipelines rely on expensive online compilation to co-optimize concurrently running programs, because quantum executables are device-dependent, non-portable across qubit regions, and highly susceptible to noise and crosstalk. This online step domi… ▽ More As quantum systems scale, Multiprogramming Quantum Computing (MPQC) becomes essential to improve device utilization and throughput. However, current MPQC pipelines rely on expensive online compilation to co-optimize concurrently running programs, because quantum executables are device-dependent, non-portable across qubit regions, and highly susceptible to noise and crosstalk. This online step dominates runtime and impedes low-latency deployments for practical, real-world workloads in the future, such as repeatedly invoked Quantum Neural Network (QNN) services. We present FLAMENCO, a fidelity-aware multi-version compilation system that enables independent offline compilation and low-latency, high-fidelity multiprogramming at runtime. At the architecture level, FLAMENCO abstracts devices into compute units to drastically shrink the search space of region allocation. At compile time, it generates diverse executable versions for each program -- each bound to a distinct qubit region -- allowing dynamic region selection at runtime and overcoming non-portability. At runtime, FLAMENCO employs a streamlined orchestrator that leverages post-compilation fidelity metrics to avoid conflicts and mitigate crosstalk, achieving reliable co-execution without online co-optimization. Comprehensive evaluations against state-of-the-art MPQC baselines show that FLAMENCO removes online compilation overhead, achieves over 5$\times$ runtime speedup, improves execution fidelity, and maintains high utilization as concurrency increases. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01158 [ pdf , ps , other ] A System Architecture for Low Latency Multiprogramming Quantum Computing Authors: Yilun Zhao , Yu Chen , Kaiyan Chang , He Li , Bing Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang Abstract : As quantum systems scale, Multiprogramming Quantum Computing (MPQC) becomes essential to improve device utilization and throughput. However, current MPQC pipelines rely on expensive online compilation to co-optimize concurrently running programs, because quantum executables are device-dependent, non-portable across qubit regions, and highly susceptible to noise and crosstalk. This online step domi… ▽ More As quantum systems scale, Multiprogramming Quantum Computing (MPQC) becomes essential to improve device utilization and throughput. However, current MPQC pipelines rely on expensive online compilation to co-optimize concurrently running programs, because quantum executables are device-dependent, non-portable across qubit regions, and highly susceptible to noise and crosstalk. This online step dominates runtime and impedes low-latency deployments for practical, real-world workloads in the future, such as repeatedly invoked Quantum Neural Network (QNN) services. We present FLAMENCO, a fidelity-aware multi-version compilation system that enables independent offline compilation and low-latency, high-fidelity multiprogramming at runtime. At the architecture level, FLAMENCO abstracts devices into compute units to drastically shrink the search space of region allocation. At compile time, it generates diverse executable versions for each program -- each bound to a distinct qubit region -- allowing dynamic region selection at runtime and overcoming non-portability. At runtime, FLAMENCO employs a streamlined orchestrator that leverages post-compilation fidelity metrics to avoid conflicts and mitigate crosstalk, achieving reliable co-execution without online co-optimization. Comprehensive evaluations against state-of-the-art MPQC baselines show that FLAMENCO removes online compilation overhead, achieves over 5$\times$ runtime speedup, improves execution fidelity, and maintains high utilization as concurrency increases. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.24731 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV EchoFoley: Event-Centric Hierarchical Control for Video Grounded Creative Sound Generation Authors: Bingxuan Li , Yiming Cui , Yicheng He , Yiwei Wang , Shu Zhang , Longyin Wen , Yulei Niu Abstract : Sound effects build an essential layer of multimodal storytelling, shaping the emotional atmosphere and the narrative semantics of videos. Despite recent advancement in video-text-to-audio (VT2A), the current formulation faces three key limitations: First, an imbalance between visual and textual conditioning that leads to visual dominance; Second, the absence of a concrete definition for fine-grai… ▽ More Sound effects build an essential layer of multimodal storytelling, shaping the emotional atmosphere and the narrative semantics of videos. Despite recent advancement in video-text-to-audio (VT2A), the current formulation faces three key limitations: First, an imbalance between visual and textual conditioning that leads to visual dominance; Second, the absence of a concrete definition for fine-grained controllable generation; Third, weak instruction understanding and following, as existing datasets rely on brief categorical tags. To address these limitations, we introduce EchoFoley, a new task designed for video-grounded sound generation with both event level local control and hierarchical semantic control. Our symbolic representation for sounding events specifies when, what, and how each sound is produced within a video or instruction, enabling fine-grained controls like sound generation, insertion, and editing. To support this task, we construct EchoFoley-6k, a large-scale, expert-curated benchmark containing over 6,000 video-instruction-annotation triplets. Building upon this foundation, we propose EchoVidia a sounding-event-centric agentic generation framework with slow-fast thinking strategy. Experiments show that EchoVidia surpasses recent VT2A models by 40.7% in controllability and 12.5% in perceptual quality. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24731 [ pdf , ps , other ] EchoFoley: Event-Centric Hierarchical Control for Video Grounded Creative Sound Generation Authors: Bingxuan Li , Yiming Cui , Yicheng He , Yiwei Wang , Shu Zhang , Longyin Wen , Yulei Niu Abstract : Sound effects build an essential layer of multimodal storytelling, shaping the emotional atmosphere and the narrative semantics of videos. Despite recent advancement in video-text-to-audio (VT2A), the current formulation faces three key limitations: First, an imbalance between visual and textual conditioning that leads to visual dominance; Second, the absence of a concrete definition for fine-grai… ▽ More Sound effects build an essential layer of multimodal storytelling, shaping the emotional atmosphere and the narrative semantics of videos. Despite recent advancement in video-text-to-audio (VT2A), the current formulation faces three key limitations: First, an imbalance between visual and textual conditioning that leads to visual dominance; Second, the absence of a concrete definition for fine-grained controllable generation; Third, weak instruction understanding and following, as existing datasets rely on brief categorical tags. To address these limitations, we introduce EchoFoley, a new task designed for video-grounded sound generation with both event level local control and hierarchical semantic control. Our symbolic representation for sounding events specifies when, what, and how each sound is produced within a video or instruction, enabling fine-grained controls like sound generation, insertion, and editing. To support this task, we construct EchoFoley-6k, a large-scale, expert-curated benchmark containing over 6,000 video-instruction-annotation triplets. Building upon this foundation, we propose EchoVidia a sounding-event-centric agentic generation framework with slow-fast thinking strategy. Experiments show that EchoVidia surpasses recent VT2A models by 40.7% in controllability and 12.5% in perceptual quality. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24542 [ pdf ] eess.SY cs.LG A Graph Neural Network with Auxiliary Task Learning for Missing PMU Data Reconstruction Authors: Bo Li , Zijun Chen , Haiwang Zhong , Di Cao , Guangchun Ruan Abstract : In wide-area measurement systems (WAMS), phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurement is prone to data missingness due to hardware failures, communication delays, and cyber-attacks. Existing data-driven methods are limited by inadaptability to concept drift in power systems, poor robustness under high missing rates, and reliance on the unrealistic assumption of full system observability. Thus, this p… ▽ More In wide-area measurement systems (WAMS), phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurement is prone to data missingness due to hardware failures, communication delays, and cyber-attacks. Existing data-driven methods are limited by inadaptability to concept drift in power systems, poor robustness under high missing rates, and reliance on the unrealistic assumption of full system observability. Thus, this paper proposes an auxiliary task learning (ATL) method for reconstructing missing PMU data. First, a K-hop graph neural network (GNN) is proposed to enable direct learning on the subgraph consisting of PMU nodes, overcoming the limitation of the incompletely observable system. Then, an auxiliary learning framework consisting of two complementary graph networks is designed for accurate reconstruction: a spatial-temporal GNN extracts spatial-temporal dependencies from PMU data to reconstruct missing values, and another auxiliary GNN utilizes the low-rank property of PMU data to achieve unsupervised online learning. In this way, the low-rank properties of the PMU data are dynamically leveraged across the architecture to ensure robustness and self-adaptation. Numerical results demonstrate the superior offline and online performance of the proposed method under high missing rates and incomplete observability. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24542 [ pdf ] A Graph Neural Network with Auxiliary Task Learning for Missing PMU Data Reconstruction Authors: Bo Li , Zijun Chen , Haiwang Zhong , Di Cao , Guangchun Ruan Abstract : In wide-area measurement systems (WAMS), phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurement is prone to data missingness due to hardware failures, communication delays, and cyber-attacks. Existing data-driven methods are limited by inadaptability to concept drift in power systems, poor robustness under high missing rates, and reliance on the unrealistic assumption of full system observability. Thus, this p… ▽ More In wide-area measurement systems (WAMS), phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurement is prone to data missingness due to hardware failures, communication delays, and cyber-attacks. Existing data-driven methods are limited by inadaptability to concept drift in power systems, poor robustness under high missing rates, and reliance on the unrealistic assumption of full system observability. Thus, this paper proposes an auxiliary task learning (ATL) method for reconstructing missing PMU data. First, a K-hop graph neural network (GNN) is proposed to enable direct learning on the subgraph consisting of PMU nodes, overcoming the limitation of the incompletely observable system. Then, an auxiliary learning framework consisting of two complementary graph networks is designed for accurate reconstruction: a spatial-temporal GNN extracts spatial-temporal dependencies from PMU data to reconstruct missing values, and another auxiliary GNN utilizes the low-rank property of PMU data to achieve unsupervised online learning. In this way, the low-rank properties of the PMU data are dynamically leveraged across the architecture to ensure robustness and self-adaptation. Numerical results demonstrate the superior offline and online performance of the proposed method under high missing rates and incomplete observability. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24426 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO Counterfactual VLA: Self-Reflective Vision-Language-Action Model with Adaptive Reasoning Authors: Zhenghao "Mark" Peng , Wenhao Ding , Yurong You , Yuxiao Chen , Wenjie Luo , Thomas Tian , Yulong Cao , Apoorva Sharma , Danfei Xu , Boris Ivanovic , Boyi Li , Bolei Zhou , Yan Wang , Marco Pavone Abstract : Recent reasoning-augmented Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have improved the interpretability of end-to-end autonomous driving by generating intermediate reasoning traces. Yet these models primarily describe what they perceive and intend to do, rarely questioning whether their planned actions are safe or appropriate. This work introduces Counterfactual VLA (CF-VLA), a self-reflective VLA frame… ▽ More Recent reasoning-augmented Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have improved the interpretability of end-to-end autonomous driving by generating intermediate reasoning traces. Yet these models primarily describe what they perceive and intend to do, rarely questioning whether their planned actions are safe or appropriate. This work introduces Counterfactual VLA (CF-VLA), a self-reflective VLA framework that enables the model to reason about and revise its planned actions before execution. CF-VLA first generates time-segmented meta-actions that summarize driving intent, and then performs counterfactual reasoning conditioned on both the meta-actions and the visual context. This step simulates potential outcomes, identifies unsafe behaviors, and outputs corrected meta-actions that guide the final trajectory generation. To efficiently obtain such self-reflective capabilities, we propose a rollout-filter-label pipeline that mines high-value scenes from a base (non-counterfactual) VLA's rollouts and labels counterfactual reasoning traces for subsequent training rounds. Experiments on large-scale driving datasets show that CF-VLA improves trajectory accuracy by up to 17.6%, enhances safety metrics by 20.5%, and exhibits adaptive thinking: it only enables counterfactual reasoning in challenging scenarios. By transforming reasoning traces from one-shot descriptions to causal self-correction signals, CF-VLA takes a step toward self-reflective autonomous driving agents that learn to think before they act. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24426 [ pdf , ps , other ] Counterfactual VLA: Self-Reflective Vision-Language-Action Model with Adaptive Reasoning Authors: Zhenghao "Mark" Peng , Wenhao Ding , Yurong You , Yuxiao Chen , Wenjie Luo , Thomas Tian , Yulong Cao , Apoorva Sharma , Danfei Xu , Boris Ivanovic , Boyi Li , Bolei Zhou , Yan Wang , Marco Pavone Abstract : Recent reasoning-augmented Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have improved the interpretability of end-to-end autonomous driving by generating intermediate reasoning traces. Yet these models primarily describe what they perceive and intend to do, rarely questioning whether their planned actions are safe or appropriate. This work introduces Counterfactual VLA (CF-VLA), a self-reflective VLA frame… ▽ More Recent reasoning-augmented Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have improved the interpretability of end-to-end autonomous driving by generating intermediate reasoning traces. Yet these models primarily describe what they perceive and intend to do, rarely questioning whether their planned actions are safe or appropriate. This work introduces Counterfactual VLA (CF-VLA), a self-reflective VLA framework that enables the model to reason about and revise its planned actions before execution. CF-VLA first generates time-segmented meta-actions that summarize driving intent, and then performs counterfactual reasoning conditioned on both the meta-actions and the visual context. This step simulates potential outcomes, identifies unsafe behaviors, and outputs corrected meta-actions that guide the final trajectory generation. To efficiently obtain such self-reflective capabilities, we propose a rollout-filter-label pipeline that mines high-value scenes from a base (non-counterfactual) VLA's rollouts and labels counterfactual reasoning traces for subsequent training rounds. Experiments on large-scale driving datasets show that CF-VLA improves trajectory accuracy by up to 17.6%, enhances safety metrics by 20.5%, and exhibits adaptive thinking: it only enables counterfactual reasoning in challenging scenarios. By transforming reasoning traces from one-shot descriptions to causal self-correction signals, CF-VLA takes a step toward self-reflective autonomous driving agents that learn to think before they act. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24139 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.ME Colorful Pinball: Density-Weighted Quantile Regression for Conditional Guarantee of Conformal Prediction Authors: Qianyi Chen , Bo Li Abstract : While conformal prediction provides robust marginal coverage guarantees, achieving reliable conditional coverage for specific inputs remains challenging. Although exact distribution-free conditional coverage is impossible with finite samples, recent work has focused on improving the conditional coverage of standard conformal procedures. Distinct from approaches that target relaxed notions of condi… ▽ More While conformal prediction provides robust marginal coverage guarantees, achieving reliable conditional coverage for specific inputs remains challenging. Although exact distribution-free conditional coverage is impossible with finite samples, recent work has focused on improving the conditional coverage of standard conformal procedures. Distinct from approaches that target relaxed notions of conditional coverage, we directly minimize the mean squared error of conditional coverage by refining the quantile regression components that underpin many conformal methods. Leveraging a Taylor expansion, we derive a sharp surrogate objective for quantile regression: a density-weighted pinball loss, where the weights are given by the conditional density of the conformity score evaluated at the true quantile. We propose a three-headed quantile network that estimates these weights via finite differences using auxiliary quantile levels at \(1-α\pm δ\), subsequently fine-tuning the central quantile by optimizing the weighted loss. We provide a theoretical analysis with exact non-asymptotic guarantees characterizing the resulting excess risk. Extensive experiments on diverse high-dimensional real-world datasets demonstrate remarkable improvements in conditional coverage performance. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24139 [ pdf , ps , other ] Colorful Pinball: Density-Weighted Quantile Regression for Conditional Guarantee of Conformal Prediction Authors: Qianyi Chen , Bo Li Abstract : While conformal prediction provides robust marginal coverage guarantees, achieving reliable conditional coverage for specific inputs remains challenging. Although exact distribution-free conditional coverage is impossible with finite samples, recent work has focused on improving the conditional coverage of standard conformal procedures. Distinct from approaches that target relaxed notions of condi… ▽ More While conformal prediction provides robust marginal coverage guarantees, achieving reliable conditional coverage for specific inputs remains challenging. Although exact distribution-free conditional coverage is impossible with finite samples, recent work has focused on improving the conditional coverage of standard conformal procedures. Distinct from approaches that target relaxed notions of conditional coverage, we directly minimize the mean squared error of conditional coverage by refining the quantile regression components that underpin many conformal methods. Leveraging a Taylor expansion, we derive a sharp surrogate objective for quantile regression: a density-weighted pinball loss, where the weights are given by the conditional density of the conformity score evaluated at the true quantile. We propose a three-headed quantile network that estimates these weights via finite differences using auxiliary quantile levels at \(1-α\pm δ\), subsequently fine-tuning the central quantile by optimizing the weighted loss. We provide a theoretical analysis with exact non-asymptotic guarantees characterizing the resulting excess risk. Extensive experiments on diverse high-dimensional real-world datasets demonstrate remarkable improvements in conditional coverage performance. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23705 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Diffusion Knows Transparency: Repurposing Video Diffusion for Transparent Object Depth and Normal Estimation Authors: Shaocong Xu , Songlin Wei , Qizhe Wei , Zheng Geng , Hong Li , Licheng Shen , Qianpu Sun , Shu Han , Bin Ma , Bohan Li , Chongjie Ye , Yuhang Zheng , Nan Wang , Saining Zhang , Hao Zhao Abstract : Transparent objects remain notoriously hard for perception systems: refraction, reflection and transmission break the assumptions behind stereo, ToF and purely discriminative monocular depth, causing holes and temporally unstable estimates. Our key observation is that modern video diffusion models already synthesize convincing transparent phenomena, suggesting they have internalized the optical ru… ▽ More Transparent objects remain notoriously hard for perception systems: refraction, reflection and transmission break the assumptions behind stereo, ToF and purely discriminative monocular depth, causing holes and temporally unstable estimates. Our key observation is that modern video diffusion models already synthesize convincing transparent phenomena, suggesting they have internalized the optical rules. We build TransPhy3D, a synthetic video corpus of transparent/reflective scenes: 11k sequences rendered with Blender/Cycles. Scenes are assembled from a curated bank of category-rich static assets and shape-rich procedural assets paired with glass/plastic/metal materials. We render RGB + depth + normals with physically based ray tracing and OptiX denoising. Starting from a large video diffusion model, we learn a video-to-video translator for depth (and normals) via lightweight LoRA adapters. During training we concatenate RGB and (noisy) depth latents in the DiT backbone and co-train on TransPhy3D and existing frame-wise synthetic datasets, yielding temporally consistent predictions for arbitrary-length input videos. The resulting model, DKT, achieves zero-shot SOTA on real and synthetic video benchmarks involving transparency: ClearPose, DREDS (CatKnown/CatNovel), and TransPhy3D-Test. It improves accuracy and temporal consistency over strong image/video baselines, and a normal variant sets the best video normal estimation results on ClearPose. A compact 1.3B version runs at ~0.17 s/frame. Integrated into a grasping stack, DKT's depth boosts success rates across translucent, reflective and diffuse surfaces, outperforming prior estimators. Together, these results support a broader claim: "Diffusion knows transparency." Generative video priors can be repurposed, efficiently and label-free, into robust, temporally coherent perception for challenging real-world manipulation. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Project Page: Code: Dataset: arXiv:2512.23705 [ pdf , ps , other ] Diffusion Knows Transparency: Repurposing Video Diffusion for Transparent Object Depth and Normal Estimation Authors: Shaocong Xu , Songlin Wei , Qizhe Wei , Zheng Geng , Hong Li , Licheng Shen , Qianpu Sun , Shu Han , Bin Ma , Bohan Li , Chongjie Ye , Yuhang Zheng , Nan Wang , Saining Zhang , Hao Zhao Abstract : Transparent objects remain notoriously hard for perception systems: refraction, reflection and transmission break the assumptions behind stereo, ToF and purely discriminative monocular depth, causing holes and temporally unstable estimates. Our key observation is that modern video diffusion models already synthesize convincing transparent phenomena, suggesting they have internalized the optical ru… ▽ More Transparent objects remain notoriously hard for perception systems: refraction, reflection and transmission break the assumptions behind stereo, ToF and purely discriminative monocular depth, causing holes and temporally unstable estimates. Our key observation is that modern video diffusion models already synthesize convincing transparent phenomena, suggesting they have internalized the optical rules. We build TransPhy3D, a synthetic video corpus of transparent/reflective scenes: 11k sequences rendered with Blender/Cycles. Scenes are assembled from a curated bank of category-rich static assets and shape-rich procedural assets paired with glass/plastic/metal materials. We render RGB + depth + normals with physically based ray tracing and OptiX denoising. Starting from a large video diffusion model, we learn a video-to-video translator for depth (and normals) via lightweight LoRA adapters. During training we concatenate RGB and (noisy) depth latents in the DiT backbone and co-train on TransPhy3D and existing frame-wise synthetic datasets, yielding temporally consistent predictions for arbitrary-length input videos. The resulting model, DKT, achieves zero-shot SOTA on real and synthetic video benchmarks involving transparency: ClearPose, DREDS (CatKnown/CatNovel), and TransPhy3D-Test. It improves accuracy and temporal consistency over strong image/video baselines, and a normal variant sets the best video normal estimation results on ClearPose. A compact 1.3B version runs at ~0.17 s/frame. Integrated into a grasping stack, DKT's depth boosts success rates across translucent, reflective and diffuse surfaces, outperforming prior estimators. Together, these results support a broader claim: "Diffusion knows transparency." Generative video priors can be repurposed, efficiently and label-free, into robust, temporally coherent perception for challenging real-world manipulation. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Project Page: Code: Dataset: arXiv:2512.23647 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.IR cs.MA Nested Browser-Use Learning for Agentic Information Seeking Authors: Baixuan Li , Jialong Wu , Wenbiao Yin , Kuan Li , Zhongwang Zhang , Huifeng Yin , Zhengwei Tao , Liwen Zhang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Yong Jiang Abstract : Information-seeking (IS) agents have achieved strong performance across a range of wide and deep search tasks, yet their tool use remains largely restricted to API-level snippet retrieval and URL-based page fetching, limiting access to the richer information available through real browsing. While full browser interaction could unlock deeper capabilities, its fine-grained control and verbose page c… ▽ More Information-seeking (IS) agents have achieved strong performance across a range of wide and deep search tasks, yet their tool use remains largely restricted to API-level snippet retrieval and URL-based page fetching, limiting access to the richer information available through real browsing. While full browser interaction could unlock deeper capabilities, its fine-grained control and verbose page content returns introduce substantial complexity for ReAct-style function-calling agents. To bridge this gap, we propose Nested Browser-Use Learning (NestBrowse), which introduces a minimal and complete browser-action framework that decouples interaction control from page exploration through a nested structure. This design simplifies agentic reasoning while enabling effective deep-web information acquisition. Empirical results on challenging deep IS benchmarks demonstrate that NestBrowse offers clear benefits in practice. Further in-depth analyses underscore its efficiency and flexibility. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23647 [ pdf , ps , other ] Nested Browser-Use Learning for Agentic Information Seeking Authors: Baixuan Li , Jialong Wu , Wenbiao Yin , Kuan Li , Zhongwang Zhang , Huifeng Yin , Zhengwei Tao , Liwen Zhang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Yong Jiang Abstract : Information-seeking (IS) agents have achieved strong performance across a range of wide and deep search tasks, yet their tool use remains largely restricted to API-level snippet retrieval and URL-based page fetching, limiting access to the richer information available through real browsing. While full browser interaction could unlock deeper capabilities, its fine-grained control and verbose page c… ▽ More Information-seeking (IS) agents have achieved strong performance across a range of wide and deep search tasks, yet their tool use remains largely restricted to API-level snippet retrieval and URL-based page fetching, limiting access to the richer information available through real browsing. While full browser interaction could unlock deeper capabilities, its fine-grained control and verbose page content returns introduce substantial complexity for ReAct-style function-calling agents. To bridge this gap, we propose Nested Browser-Use Learning (NestBrowse), which introduces a minimal and complete browser-action framework that decouples interaction control from page exploration through a nested structure. This design simplifies agentic reasoning while enabling effective deep-web information acquisition. Empirical results on challenging deep IS benchmarks demonstrate that NestBrowse offers clear benefits in practice. Further in-depth analyses underscore its efficiency and flexibility. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23333 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV CME-CAD: Heterogeneous Collaborative Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning for CAD Code Generation Authors: Ke Niu , Haiyang Yu , Zhuofan Chen , Zhengtao Yao , Weitao Jia , Xiaodong Ge , Jingqun Tang , Benlei Cui , Bin Li , Xiangyang Xue Abstract : Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is essential in industrial design, but the complexity of traditional CAD modeling and workflows presents significant challenges for automating the generation of high-precision, editable CAD models. Existing methods that reconstruct 3D models from sketches often produce non-editable and approximate models that fall short of meeting the stringent requirements for precisio… ▽ More Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is essential in industrial design, but the complexity of traditional CAD modeling and workflows presents significant challenges for automating the generation of high-precision, editable CAD models. Existing methods that reconstruct 3D models from sketches often produce non-editable and approximate models that fall short of meeting the stringent requirements for precision and editability in industrial design. Moreover, the reliance on text or image-based inputs often requires significant manual annotation, limiting their scalability and applicability in industrial settings. To overcome these challenges, we propose the Heterogeneous Collaborative Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning (CME-CAD) paradigm, a novel training paradigm for CAD code generation. Our approach integrates the complementary strengths of these models, facilitating collaborative learning and improving the model's ability to generate accurate, constraint-compatible, and fully editable CAD models. We introduce a two-stage training process: Multi-Expert Fine-Tuning (MEFT), and Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning (MERL). Additionally, we present CADExpert, an open-source benchmark consisting of 17,299 instances, including orthographic projections with precise dimension annotations, expert-generated Chain-of-Thought (CoT) processes, executable CADQuery code, and rendered 3D models. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23333 [ pdf , ps , other ] CME-CAD: Heterogeneous Collaborative Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning for CAD Code Generation Authors: Ke Niu , Haiyang Yu , Zhuofan Chen , Zhengtao Yao , Weitao Jia , Xiaodong Ge , Jingqun Tang , Benlei Cui , Bin Li , Xiangyang Xue Abstract : Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is essential in industrial design, but the complexity of traditional CAD modeling and workflows presents significant challenges for automating the generation of high-precision, editable CAD models. Existing methods that reconstruct 3D models from sketches often produce non-editable and approximate models that fall short of meeting the stringent requirements for precisio… ▽ More Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is essential in industrial design, but the complexity of traditional CAD modeling and workflows presents significant challenges for automating the generation of high-precision, editable CAD models. Existing methods that reconstruct 3D models from sketches often produce non-editable and approximate models that fall short of meeting the stringent requirements for precision and editability in industrial design. Moreover, the reliance on text or image-based inputs often requires significant manual annotation, limiting their scalability and applicability in industrial settings. To overcome these challenges, we propose the Heterogeneous Collaborative Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning (CME-CAD) paradigm, a novel training paradigm for CAD code generation. Our approach integrates the complementary strengths of these models, facilitating collaborative learning and improving the model's ability to generate accurate, constraint-compatible, and fully editable CAD models. We introduce a two-stage training process: Multi-Expert Fine-Tuning (MEFT), and Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning (MERL). Additionally, we present CADExpert, an open-source benchmark consisting of 17,299 instances, including orthographic projections with precise dimension annotations, expert-generated Chain-of-Thought (CoT) processes, executable CADQuery code, and rendered 3D models. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22857 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI AutoForge: Automated Environment Synthesis for Agentic Reinforcement Learning Authors: Shihao Cai , Runnan Fang , Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Xinyu Wang , Yong Jiang , Liangcai Su , Liwen Zhang , Wenbiao Yin , Zhen Zhang , Fuli Feng , Pengjun Xie , Xiaobin Wang Abstract : Conducting reinforcement learning (RL) in simulated environments offers a cost-effective and highly scalable way to enhance language-based agents. However, previous work has been limited to semi-automated environment synthesis or tasks lacking sufficient difficulty, offering little breadth or depth. In addition, the instability of simulated users integrated into these environments, along with the… ▽ More Conducting reinforcement learning (RL) in simulated environments offers a cost-effective and highly scalable way to enhance language-based agents. However, previous work has been limited to semi-automated environment synthesis or tasks lacking sufficient difficulty, offering little breadth or depth. In addition, the instability of simulated users integrated into these environments, along with the heterogeneity across simulated environments, poses further challenges for agentic RL. In this work, we propose: (1) a unified pipeline for automated and scalable synthesis of simulated environments associated with high-difficulty but easily verifiable tasks; and (2) an environment level RL algorithm that not only effectively mitigates user instability but also performs advantage estimation at the environment level, thereby improving training efficiency and stability. Comprehensive evaluations on agentic benchmarks, including tau-bench, tau2-Bench, and VitaBench, validate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Further in-depth analyses underscore its out-of-domain generalization. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22857 [ pdf , ps , other ] AutoForge: Automated Environment Synthesis for Agentic Reinforcement Learning Authors: Shihao Cai , Runnan Fang , Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Xinyu Wang , Yong Jiang , Liangcai Su , Liwen Zhang , Wenbiao Yin , Zhen Zhang , Fuli Feng , Pengjun Xie , Xiaobin Wang Abstract : Conducting reinforcement learning (RL) in simulated environments offers a cost-effective and highly scalable way to enhance language-based agents. However, previous work has been limited to semi-automated environment synthesis or tasks lacking sufficient difficulty, offering little breadth or depth. In addition, the instability of simulated users integrated into these environments, along with the… ▽ More Conducting reinforcement learning (RL) in simulated environments offers a cost-effective and highly scalable way to enhance language-based agents. However, previous work has been limited to semi-automated environment synthesis or tasks lacking sufficient difficulty, offering little breadth or depth. In addition, the instability of simulated users integrated into these environments, along with the heterogeneity across simulated environments, poses further challenges for agentic RL. In this work, we propose: (1) a unified pipeline for automated and scalable synthesis of simulated environments associated with high-difficulty but easily verifiable tasks; and (2) an environment level RL algorithm that not only effectively mitigates user instability but also performs advantage estimation at the environment level, thereby improving training efficiency and stability. Comprehensive evaluations on agentic benchmarks, including tau-bench, tau2-Bench, and VitaBench, validate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Further in-depth analyses underscore its out-of-domain generalization. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22800 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Medical Scene Reconstruction and Segmentation based on 3D Gaussian Representation Authors: Bin Liu , Wenyan Tian , Huangxin Fu , Zizheng Li , Zhifen He , Bo Li Abstract : 3D reconstruction of medical images is a key technology in medical image analysis and clinical diagnosis, providing structural visualization support for disease assessment and surgical planning. Traditional methods are computationally expensive and prone to structural discontinuities and loss of detail in sparse slices, making it difficult to meet clinical accuracy requirements.To address these ch… ▽ More 3D reconstruction of medical images is a key technology in medical image analysis and clinical diagnosis, providing structural visualization support for disease assessment and surgical planning. Traditional methods are computationally expensive and prone to structural discontinuities and loss of detail in sparse slices, making it difficult to meet clinical accuracy requirements.To address these challenges, we propose an efficient 3D reconstruction method based on 3D Gaussian and tri-plane representations. This method not only maintains the advantages of Gaussian representation in efficient rendering and geometric representation but also significantly enhances structural continuity and semantic consistency under sparse slicing conditions. Experimental results on multimodal medical datasets such as US and MRI show that our proposed method can generate high-quality, anatomically coherent, and semantically stable medical images under sparse data conditions, while significantly improving reconstruction efficiency. This provides an efficient and reliable new approach for 3D visualization and clinical analysis of medical images. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2512.22800 [ pdf , ps , other ] Medical Scene Reconstruction and Segmentation based on 3D Gaussian Representation Authors: Bin Liu , Wenyan Tian , Huangxin Fu , Zizheng Li , Zhifen He , Bo Li Abstract : 3D reconstruction of medical images is a key technology in medical image analysis and clinical diagnosis, providing structural visualization support for disease assessment and surgical planning. Traditional methods are computationally expensive and prone to structural discontinuities and loss of detail in sparse slices, making it difficult to meet clinical accuracy requirements.To address these ch… ▽ More 3D reconstruction of medical images is a key technology in medical image analysis and clinical diagnosis, providing structural visualization support for disease assessment and surgical planning. Traditional methods are computationally expensive and prone to structural discontinuities and loss of detail in sparse slices, making it difficult to meet clinical accuracy requirements.To address these challenges, we propose an efficient 3D reconstruction method based on 3D Gaussian and tri-plane representations. This method not only maintains the advantages of Gaussian representation in efficient rendering and geometric representation but also significantly enhances structural continuity and semantic consistency under sparse slicing conditions. Experimental results on multimodal medical datasets such as US and MRI show that our proposed method can generate high-quality, anatomically coherent, and semantically stable medical images under sparse data conditions, while significantly improving reconstruction efficiency. This provides an efficient and reliable new approach for 3D visualization and clinical analysis of medical images. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2512.22237 [ pdf ] cs.CV cs.AI Meta-information Guided Cross-domain Synergistic Diffusion Model for Low-dose PET Reconstruction Authors: Mengxiao Geng , Ran Hong , Xiaoling Xu , Bingxuan Li , Qiegen Liu Abstract : Low-dose PET imaging is crucial for reducing patient radiation exposure but faces challenges like noise interference, reduced contrast, and difficulty in preserving physiological details. Existing methods often neglect both projection-domain physics knowledge and patient-specific meta-information, which are critical for functional-semantic correlation mining. In this study, we introduce a meta-inf… ▽ More Low-dose PET imaging is crucial for reducing patient radiation exposure but faces challenges like noise interference, reduced contrast, and difficulty in preserving physiological details. Existing methods often neglect both projection-domain physics knowledge and patient-specific meta-information, which are critical for functional-semantic correlation mining. In this study, we introduce a meta-information guided cross-domain synergistic diffusion model (MiG-DM) that integrates comprehensive cross-modal priors to generate high-quality PET images. Specifically, a meta-information encoding module transforms clinical parameters into semantic prompts by considering patient characteristics, dose-related information, and semi-quantitative parameters, enabling cross-modal alignment between textual meta-information and image reconstruction. Additionally, the cross-domain architecture combines projection-domain and image-domain processing. In the projection domain, a specialized sinogram adapter captures global physical structures through convolution operations equivalent to global image-domain filtering. Experiments on the UDPET public dataset and clinical datasets with varying dose levels demonstrate that MiG-DM outperforms state-of-the-art methods in enhancing PET image quality and preserving physiological details. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22237 [ pdf ] Meta-information Guided Cross-domain Synergistic Diffusion Model for Low-dose PET Reconstruction Authors: Mengxiao Geng , Ran Hong , Xiaoling Xu , Bingxuan Li , Qiegen Liu Abstract : Low-dose PET imaging is crucial for reducing patient radiation exposure but faces challenges like noise interference, reduced contrast, and difficulty in preserving physiological details. Existing methods often neglect both projection-domain physics knowledge and patient-specific meta-information, which are critical for functional-semantic correlation mining. In this study, we introduce a meta-inf… ▽ More Low-dose PET imaging is crucial for reducing patient radiation exposure but faces challenges like noise interference, reduced contrast, and difficulty in preserving physiological details. Existing methods often neglect both projection-domain physics knowledge and patient-specific meta-information, which are critical for functional-semantic correlation mining. In this study, we introduce a meta-information guided cross-domain synergistic diffusion model (MiG-DM) that integrates comprehensive cross-modal priors to generate high-quality PET images. Specifically, a meta-information encoding module transforms clinical parameters into semantic prompts by considering patient characteristics, dose-related information, and semi-quantitative parameters, enabling cross-modal alignment between textual meta-information and image reconstruction. Additionally, the cross-domain architecture combines projection-domain and image-domain processing. In the projection domain, a specialized sinogram adapter captures global physical structures through convolution operations equivalent to global image-domain filtering. Experiments on the UDPET public dataset and clinical datasets with varying dose levels demonstrate that MiG-DM outperforms state-of-the-art methods in enhancing PET image quality and preserving physiological details. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22183 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CL Unbiased Visual Reasoning with Controlled Visual Inputs Authors: Zhaonan Li , Shijie Lu , Fei Wang , Jacob Dineen , Xiao Ye , Zhikun Xu , Siyi Liu , Young Min Cho , Bangzheng Li , Daniel Chang , Kenny Nguyen , Qizheng Yang , Muhao Chen , Ben Zhou Abstract : End-to-end Vision-language Models (VLMs) often answer visual questions by exploiting spurious correlations instead of causal visual evidence, and can become more shortcut-prone when fine-tuned. We introduce VISTA (Visual-Information Separation for Text-based Analysis), a modular framework that decouples perception from reasoning via an explicit information bottleneck. A frozen VLM sensor is restri… ▽ More End-to-end Vision-language Models (VLMs) often answer visual questions by exploiting spurious correlations instead of causal visual evidence, and can become more shortcut-prone when fine-tuned. We introduce VISTA (Visual-Information Separation for Text-based Analysis), a modular framework that decouples perception from reasoning via an explicit information bottleneck. A frozen VLM sensor is restricted to short, objective perception queries, while a text-only LLM reasoner decomposes each question, plans queries, and aggregates visual facts in natural language. This controlled interface defines a reward-aligned environment for training unbiased visual reasoning with reinforcement learning. Instantiated with Qwen2.5-VL and Llama3.2-Vision sensors, and trained with GRPO from only 641 curated multi-step questions, VISTA significantly improves robustness to real-world spurious correlations on SpuriVerse (+16.29% with Qwen-2.5-VL-7B and +6.77% with Llama-3.2-Vision-11B), while remaining competitive on MMVP and a balanced SeedBench subset. VISTA transfers robustly across unseen VLM sensors and is able to recognize and recover from VLM perception failures. Human analysis further shows that VISTA's reasoning traces are more neutral, less reliant on spurious attributes, and more explicitly grounded in visual evidence than end-to-end VLM baselines. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22183 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unbiased Visual Reasoning with Controlled Visual Inputs Authors: Zhaonan Li , Shijie Lu , Fei Wang , Jacob Dineen , Xiao Ye , Zhikun Xu , Siyi Liu , Young Min Cho , Bangzheng Li , Daniel Chang , Kenny Nguyen , Qizheng Yang , Muhao Chen , Ben Zhou Abstract : End-to-end Vision-language Models (VLMs) often answer visual questions by exploiting spurious correlations instead of causal visual evidence, and can become more shortcut-prone when fine-tuned. We introduce VISTA (Visual-Information Separation for Text-based Analysis), a modular framework that decouples perception from reasoning via an explicit information bottleneck. A frozen VLM sensor is restri… ▽ More End-to-end Vision-language Models (VLMs) often answer visual questions by exploiting spurious correlations instead of causal visual evidence, and can become more shortcut-prone when fine-tuned. We introduce VISTA (Visual-Information Separation for Text-based Analysis), a modular framework that decouples perception from reasoning via an explicit information bottleneck. A frozen VLM sensor is restricted to short, objective perception queries, while a text-only LLM reasoner decomposes each question, plans queries, and aggregates visual facts in natural language. This controlled interface defines a reward-aligned environment for training unbiased visual reasoning with reinforcement learning. Instantiated with Qwen2.5-VL and Llama3.2-Vision sensors, and trained with GRPO from only 641 curated multi-step questions, VISTA significantly improves robustness to real-world spurious correlations on SpuriVerse (+16.29% with Qwen-2.5-VL-7B and +6.77% with Llama-3.2-Vision-11B), while remaining competitive on MMVP and a balanced SeedBench subset. VISTA transfers robustly across unseen VLM sensors and is able to recognize and recover from VLM perception failures. Human analysis further shows that VISTA's reasoning traces are more neutral, less reliant on spurious attributes, and more explicitly grounded in visual evidence than end-to-end VLM baselines. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22036 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC FUSCO: High-Performance Distributed Data Shuffling via Transformation-Communication Fusion Authors: Zhuoran Zhu , Chunyang Zhu , Hao Lin , Xu Fu , Yiming Zhou , Quanlu Zhang , Zhenhua Li , Feng Qian , Chao Yu , Boxun Li , Guohao Dai , Yu Wang Abstract : Large-scale Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models rely on \emph{expert parallelism} for efficient training and inference, which splits experts across devices and necessitates distributed data shuffling to route each token to its assigned experts. However, existing communication libraries handle this shuffling poorly; its overhead can account for over half of end-to-end runtime. We present FUSCO, an MoE-… ▽ More Large-scale Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models rely on \emph{expert parallelism} for efficient training and inference, which splits experts across devices and necessitates distributed data shuffling to route each token to its assigned experts. However, existing communication libraries handle this shuffling poorly; its overhead can account for over half of end-to-end runtime. We present FUSCO, an MoE-friendly communication library that achieves efficient and lightweight data shuffling through fused data transformation and communication, based on the key observation that MoE's expert-major data layout conflicts with the device-major layout expected by communication operations. FUSCO captures the fine-grained data layout, which is then interpreted by a pipelined communication engine that performs the required shuffling efficiently along the communication path. Lightweight planning and load-balancing mechanisms complement the engine by eliminating redundant communication and dispersing traffic. Evaluations on representative benchmarks illustrate that FUSCO achieves up to 3.84$\times$ and 2.01$\times$ speedups over NCCL and DeepEP (the state-of-the-art MoE communication library), respectively. In end-to-end MoE tasks, compared to NCCL and DeepEP, FUSCO reduces the training latency by 1.17-1.39$\times$ and 1.10-1.19$\times$, and lowers the first-token generation latency in inference by 1.09-1.25$\times$ and 1.06-1.16$\times$. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22036 [ pdf , ps , other ] FUSCO: High-Performance Distributed Data Shuffling via Transformation-Communication Fusion Authors: Zhuoran Zhu , Chunyang Zhu , Hao Lin , Xu Fu , Yiming Zhou , Quanlu Zhang , Zhenhua Li , Feng Qian , Chao Yu , Boxun Li , Guohao Dai , Yu Wang Abstract : Large-scale Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models rely on \emph{expert parallelism} for efficient training and inference, which splits experts across devices and necessitates distributed data shuffling to route each token to its assigned experts. However, existing communication libraries handle this shuffling poorly; its overhead can account for over half of end-to-end runtime. We present FUSCO, an MoE-… ▽ More Large-scale Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models rely on \emph{expert parallelism} for efficient training and inference, which splits experts across devices and necessitates distributed data shuffling to route each token to its assigned experts. However, existing communication libraries handle this shuffling poorly; its overhead can account for over half of end-to-end runtime. We present FUSCO, an MoE-friendly communication library that achieves efficient and lightweight data shuffling through fused data transformation and communication, based on the key observation that MoE's expert-major data layout conflicts with the device-major layout expected by communication operations. FUSCO captures the fine-grained data layout, which is then interpreted by a pipelined communication engine that performs the required shuffling efficiently along the communication path. Lightweight planning and load-balancing mechanisms complement the engine by eliminating redundant communication and dispersing traffic. Evaluations on representative benchmarks illustrate that FUSCO achieves up to 3.84$\times$ and 2.01$\times$ speedups over NCCL and DeepEP (the state-of-the-art MoE communication library), respectively. In end-to-end MoE tasks, compared to NCCL and DeepEP, FUSCO reduces the training latency by 1.17-1.39$\times$ and 1.10-1.19$\times$, and lowers the first-token generation latency in inference by 1.09-1.25$\times$ and 1.06-1.16$\times$. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21999 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.LG Look Closer! An Adversarial Parametric Editing Framework for Hallucination Mitigation in VLMs Authors: Jiayu Hu , Beibei Li , Jiangwei Xia , Yanjun Qin , Bing Ji , Zhongshi He Abstract : While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have garnered increasing attention in the AI community due to their promising practical applications, they exhibit persistent hallucination issues, generating outputs misaligned with visual inputs. Recent studies attribute these hallucinations to VLMs' over-reliance on linguistic priors and insufficient visual feature integration, proposing heuristic decoding ca… ▽ More While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have garnered increasing attention in the AI community due to their promising practical applications, they exhibit persistent hallucination issues, generating outputs misaligned with visual inputs. Recent studies attribute these hallucinations to VLMs' over-reliance on linguistic priors and insufficient visual feature integration, proposing heuristic decoding calibration strategies to mitigate them. However, the non-trainable nature of these strategies inherently limits their optimization potential. To this end, we propose an adversarial parametric editing framework for Hallucination mitigation in VLMs, which follows an \textbf{A}ctivate-\textbf{L}ocate-\textbf{E}dit \textbf{A}dversarially paradigm. Specifically, we first construct an activation dataset that comprises grounded responses (positive samples attentively anchored in visual features) and hallucinatory responses (negative samples reflecting LLM prior bias and internal knowledge artifacts). Next, we identify critical hallucination-prone parameter clusters by analyzing differential hidden states of response pairs. Then, these clusters are fine-tuned using prompts injected with adversarial tuned prefixes that are optimized to maximize visual neglect, thereby forcing the model to prioritize visual evidence over inherent parametric biases. Evaluations on both generative and discriminative VLM tasks demonstrate the significant effectiveness of ALEAHallu in alleviating hallucinations. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21999 [ pdf , ps , other ] Look Closer! An Adversarial Parametric Editing Framework for Hallucination Mitigation in VLMs Authors: Jiayu Hu , Beibei Li , Jiangwei Xia , Yanjun Qin , Bing Ji , Zhongshi He Abstract : While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have garnered increasing attention in the AI community due to their promising practical applications, they exhibit persistent hallucination issues, generating outputs misaligned with visual inputs. Recent studies attribute these hallucinations to VLMs' over-reliance on linguistic priors and insufficient visual feature integration, proposing heuristic decoding ca… ▽ More While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have garnered increasing attention in the AI community due to their promising practical applications, they exhibit persistent hallucination issues, generating outputs misaligned with visual inputs. Recent studies attribute these hallucinations to VLMs' over-reliance on linguistic priors and insufficient visual feature integration, proposing heuristic decoding calibration strategies to mitigate them. However, the non-trainable nature of these strategies inherently limits their optimization potential. To this end, we propose an adversarial parametric editing framework for Hallucination mitigation in VLMs, which follows an \textbf{A}ctivate-\textbf{L}ocate-\textbf{E}dit \textbf{A}dversarially paradigm. Specifically, we first construct an activation dataset that comprises grounded responses (positive samples attentively anchored in visual features) and hallucinatory responses (negative samples reflecting LLM prior bias and internal knowledge artifacts). Next, we identify critical hallucination-prone parameter clusters by analyzing differential hidden states of response pairs. Then, these clusters are fine-tuned using prompts injected with adversarial tuned prefixes that are optimized to maximize visual neglect, thereby forcing the model to prioritize visual evidence over inherent parametric biases. Evaluations on both generative and discriminative VLM tasks demonstrate the significant effectiveness of ALEAHallu in alleviating hallucinations. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21730 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC Hyperion: Low-Latency Ultra-HD Video Analytics via Collaborative Vision Transformer Inference Authors: Linyi Jiang , Yifei Zhu , Hao Yin , Bo Li Abstract : Recent advancements in array-camera videography enable real-time capturing of ultra-high-definition (Ultra-HD) videos, providing rich visual information in a large field of view. However, promptly processing such data using state-of-the-art transformer-based vision foundation models faces significant computational overhead in on-device computing or transmission overhead in cloud computing. In this… ▽ More Recent advancements in array-camera videography enable real-time capturing of ultra-high-definition (Ultra-HD) videos, providing rich visual information in a large field of view. However, promptly processing such data using state-of-the-art transformer-based vision foundation models faces significant computational overhead in on-device computing or transmission overhead in cloud computing. In this paper, we present Hyperion, the first cloud-device collaborative framework that enables low-latency inference on Ultra-HD vision data using off-the-shelf vision transformers over dynamic networks. Hyperion addresses the computational and transmission bottleneck of Ultra-HD vision transformers by exploiting the intrinsic property in vision Transformer models. Specifically, Hyperion integrates a collaboration-aware importance scorer that identifies critical regions at the patch level, a dynamic scheduler that adaptively adjusts patch transmission quality to balance latency and accuracy under dynamic network conditions, and a weighted ensembler that fuses edge and cloud results to improve accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that Hyperion enhances frame processing rate by up to 1.61 times and improves the accuracy by up to 20.2% when compared with state-of-the-art baselines under various network environments. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted for publication in IEEE INFOCOM 2026 arXiv:2512.21730 [ pdf , ps , other ] Hyperion: Low-Latency Ultra-HD Video Analytics via Collaborative Vision Transformer Inference Authors: Linyi Jiang , Yifei Zhu , Hao Yin , Bo Li Abstract : Recent advancements in array-camera videography enable real-time capturing of ultra-high-definition (Ultra-HD) videos, providing rich visual information in a large field of view. However, promptly processing such data using state-of-the-art transformer-based vision foundation models faces significant computational overhead in on-device computing or transmission overhead in cloud computing. In this… ▽ More Recent advancements in array-camera videography enable real-time capturing of ultra-high-definition (Ultra-HD) videos, providing rich visual information in a large field of view. However, promptly processing such data using state-of-the-art transformer-based vision foundation models faces significant computational overhead in on-device computing or transmission overhead in cloud computing. In this paper, we present Hyperion, the first cloud-device collaborative framework that enables low-latency inference on Ultra-HD vision data using off-the-shelf vision transformers over dynamic networks. Hyperion addresses the computational and transmission bottleneck of Ultra-HD vision transformers by exploiting the intrinsic property in vision Transformer models. Specifically, Hyperion integrates a collaboration-aware importance scorer that identifies critical regions at the patch level, a dynamic scheduler that adaptively adjusts patch transmission quality to balance latency and accuracy under dynamic network conditions, and a weighted ensembler that fuses edge and cloud results to improve accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that Hyperion enhances frame processing rate by up to 1.61 times and improves the accuracy by up to 20.2% when compared with state-of-the-art baselines under various network environments. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted for publication in IEEE INFOCOM 2026 arXiv:2512.21495 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Generative Multi-Focus Image Fusion Authors: Xinzhe Xie , Buyu Guo , Bolin Li , Shuangyan He , Yanzhen Gu , Qingyan Jiang , Peiliang Li Abstract : Multi-focus image fusion aims to generate an all-in-focus image from a sequence of partially focused input images. Existing fusion algorithms generally assume that, for every spatial location in the scene, there is at least one input image in which that location is in focus. Furthermore, current fusion models often suffer from edge artifacts caused by uncertain focus estimation or hard-selection o… ▽ More Multi-focus image fusion aims to generate an all-in-focus image from a sequence of partially focused input images. Existing fusion algorithms generally assume that, for every spatial location in the scene, there is at least one input image in which that location is in focus. Furthermore, current fusion models often suffer from edge artifacts caused by uncertain focus estimation or hard-selection operations in complex real-world scenarios. To address these limitations, we propose a generative multi-focus image fusion framework, termed GMFF, which operates in two sequential stages. In the first stage, deterministic fusion is implemented using StackMFF V4, the latest version of the StackMFF series, and integrates the available focal plane information to produce an initial fused image. The second stage, generative restoration, is realized through IFControlNet, which leverages the generative capabilities of latent diffusion models to reconstruct content from missing focal planes, restore fine details, and eliminate edge artifacts. Each stage is independently developed and functions seamlessly in a cascaded manner. Extensive experiments demonstrate that GMFF achieves state-of-the-art fusion performance and exhibits significant potential for practical applications, particularly in scenarios involving complex multi-focal content. The implementation is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21495 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative Multi-Focus Image Fusion Authors: Xinzhe Xie , Buyu Guo , Bolin Li , Shuangyan He , Yanzhen Gu , Qingyan Jiang , Peiliang Li Abstract : Multi-focus image fusion aims to generate an all-in-focus image from a sequence of partially focused input images. Existing fusion algorithms generally assume that, for every spatial location in the scene, there is at least one input image in which that location is in focus. Furthermore, current fusion models often suffer from edge artifacts caused by uncertain focus estimation or hard-selection o… ▽ More Multi-focus image fusion aims to generate an all-in-focus image from a sequence of partially focused input images. Existing fusion algorithms generally assume that, for every spatial location in the scene, there is at least one input image in which that location is in focus. Furthermore, current fusion models often suffer from edge artifacts caused by uncertain focus estimation or hard-selection operations in complex real-world scenarios. To address these limitations, we propose a generative multi-focus image fusion framework, termed GMFF, which operates in two sequential stages. In the first stage, deterministic fusion is implemented using StackMFF V4, the latest version of the StackMFF series, and integrates the available focal plane information to produce an initial fused image. The second stage, generative restoration, is realized through IFControlNet, which leverages the generative capabilities of latent diffusion models to reconstruct content from missing focal planes, restore fine details, and eliminate edge artifacts. Each stage is independently developed and functions seamlessly in a cascaded manner. Extensive experiments demonstrate that GMFF achieves state-of-the-art fusion performance and exhibits significant potential for practical applications, particularly in scenarios involving complex multi-focal content. The implementation is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20491 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Step-DeepResearch Technical Report Authors: Chen Hu , Haikuo Du , Heng Wang , Lin Lin , Mingrui Chen , Peng Liu , Ruihang Miao , Tianchi Yue , Wang You , Wei Ji , Wei Yuan , Wenjin Deng , Xiaojian Yuan , Xiaoyun Zhang , Xiangyu Liu , Xikai Liu , Yanming Xu , Yicheng Cao , Yifei Zhang , Yongyao Wang , Yubo Shu , Yurong Zhang , Yuxiang Zhang , Zheng Gong , Zhichao Chang , et al. (42 additional authors not shown) Abstract : As LLMs shift toward autonomous agents, Deep Research has emerged as a pivotal metric. However, existing academic benchmarks like BrowseComp often fail to meet real-world demands for open-ended research, which requires robust skills in intent recognition, long-horizon decision-making, and cross-source verification. To address this, we introduce Step-DeepResearch, a cost-effective, end-to-end agent… ▽ More As LLMs shift toward autonomous agents, Deep Research has emerged as a pivotal metric. However, existing academic benchmarks like BrowseComp often fail to meet real-world demands for open-ended research, which requires robust skills in intent recognition, long-horizon decision-making, and cross-source verification. To address this, we introduce Step-DeepResearch, a cost-effective, end-to-end agent. We propose a Data Synthesis Strategy Based on Atomic Capabilities to reinforce planning and report writing, combined with a progressive training path from agentic mid-training to SFT and RL. Enhanced by a Checklist-style Judger, this approach significantly improves robustness. Furthermore, to bridge the evaluation gap in the Chinese domain, we establish ADR-Bench for realistic deep research scenarios. Experimental results show that Step-DeepResearch (32B) scores 61.4% on Scale AI Research Rubrics. On ADR-Bench, it significantly outperforms comparable models and rivals SOTA closed-source models like OpenAI and Gemini DeepResearch. These findings prove that refined training enables medium-sized models to achieve expert-level capabilities at industry-leading cost-efficiency. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; v1 submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20491 [ pdf , ps , other ] Step-DeepResearch Technical Report Authors: Chen Hu , Haikuo Du , Heng Wang , Lin Lin , Mingrui Chen , Peng Liu , Ruihang Miao , Tianchi Yue , Wang You , Wei Ji , Wei Yuan , Wenjin Deng , Xiaojian Yuan , Xiaoyun Zhang , Xiangyu Liu , Xikai Liu , Yanming Xu , Yicheng Cao , Yifei Zhang , Yongyao Wang , Yubo Shu , Yurong Zhang , Yuxiang Zhang , Zheng Gong , Zhichao Chang , et al. (42 additional authors not shown) Abstract : As LLMs shift toward autonomous agents, Deep Research has emerged as a pivotal metric. However, existing academic benchmarks like BrowseComp often fail to meet real-world demands for open-ended research, which requires robust skills in intent recognition, long-horizon decision-making, and cross-source verification. To address this, we introduce Step-DeepResearch, a cost-effective, end-to-end agent… ▽ More As LLMs shift toward autonomous agents, Deep Research has emerged as a pivotal metric. However, existing academic benchmarks like BrowseComp often fail to meet real-world demands for open-ended research, which requires robust skills in intent recognition, long-horizon decision-making, and cross-source verification. To address this, we introduce Step-DeepResearch, a cost-effective, end-to-end agent. We propose a Data Synthesis Strategy Based on Atomic Capabilities to reinforce planning and report writing, combined with a progressive training path from agentic mid-training to SFT and RL. Enhanced by a Checklist-style Judger, this approach significantly improves robustness. Furthermore, to bridge the evaluation gap in the Chinese domain, we establish ADR-Bench for realistic deep research scenarios. Experimental results show that Step-DeepResearch (32B) scores 61.4% on Scale AI Research Rubrics. On ADR-Bench, it significantly outperforms comparable models and rivals SOTA closed-source models like OpenAI and Gemini DeepResearch. These findings prove that refined training enables medium-sized models to achieve expert-level capabilities at industry-leading cost-efficiency. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; v1 submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20203 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE doi 10.1145/3744916.3773218 Well Begun is Half Done: Location-Aware and Trace-Guided Iterative Automated Vulnerability Repair Authors: Zhenlei Ye , Xiaobing Sun , Sicong Cao , Lili Bo , Bin Li Abstract : The advances of large language models (LLMs) have paved the way for automated software vulnerability repair approaches, which iteratively refine the patch until it becomes plausible. Nevertheless, existing LLM-based vulnerability repair approaches face notable limitations: 1) they ignore the concern of locations that need to be patched and focus solely on the repair content. 2) they lack quality a… ▽ More The advances of large language models (LLMs) have paved the way for automated software vulnerability repair approaches, which iteratively refine the patch until it becomes plausible. Nevertheless, existing LLM-based vulnerability repair approaches face notable limitations: 1) they ignore the concern of locations that need to be patched and focus solely on the repair content. 2) they lack quality assessment for generated candidate patches in the iterative process. To tackle the two limitations, we propose \sysname, an LLM-based approach that provides information about where should be patched first. Furthermore, \sysname improves the iterative repair strategy by assessing the quality of test-failing patches and selecting the best patch for the next iteration. We introduce two dimensions to assess the quality of patches: whether they introduce new vulnerabilities and the taint statement coverage. We evaluated \sysname on a real-world C/C++ vulnerability repair dataset VulnLoc+, which contains 40 vulnerabilities and their Proofs-of-Vulnerability. The experimental results demonstrate that \sysname exhibits substantial improvements compared with the Neural Machine Translation-based, Program Analysis-based, and LLM-based state-of-the-art vulnerability repair approaches. Specifically, \sysname is able to generate 27 plausible patches, which is comparable to or even 8 to 22 more plausible patches than the baselines. In terms of correct patch generation, \sysname repairs 8 to 13 additional vulnerabilities compared with existing approaches. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by ICSE 2026 arXiv:2512.20203 [ pdf , ps , other ] Well Begun is Half Done: Location-Aware and Trace-Guided Iterative Automated Vulnerability Repair Authors: Zhenlei Ye , Xiaobing Sun , Sicong Cao , Lili Bo , Bin Li Abstract : The advances of large language models (LLMs) have paved the way for automated software vulnerability repair approaches, which iteratively refine the patch until it becomes plausible. Nevertheless, existing LLM-based vulnerability repair approaches face notable limitations: 1) they ignore the concern of locations that need to be patched and focus solely on the repair content. 2) they lack quality a… ▽ More The advances of large language models (LLMs) have paved the way for automated software vulnerability repair approaches, which iteratively refine the patch until it becomes plausible. Nevertheless, existing LLM-based vulnerability repair approaches face notable limitations: 1) they ignore the concern of locations that need to be patched and focus solely on the repair content. 2) they lack quality assessment for generated candidate patches in the iterative process. To tackle the two limitations, we propose \sysname, an LLM-based approach that provides information about where should be patched first. Furthermore, \sysname improves the iterative repair strategy by assessing the quality of test-failing patches and selecting the best patch for the next iteration. We introduce two dimensions to assess the quality of patches: whether they introduce new vulnerabilities and the taint statement coverage. We evaluated \sysname on a real-world C/C++ vulnerability repair dataset VulnLoc+, which contains 40 vulnerabilities and their Proofs-of-Vulnerability. The experimental results demonstrate that \sysname exhibits substantial improvements compared with the Neural Machine Translation-based, Program Analysis-based, and LLM-based state-of-the-art vulnerability repair approaches. Specifically, \sysname is able to generate 27 plausible patches, which is comparable to or even 8 to 22 more plausible patches than the baselines. In terms of correct patch generation, \sysname repairs 8 to 13 additional vulnerabilities compared with existing approaches. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by ICSE 2026 arXiv:2512.20194 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV eess.IV Generative Latent Coding for Ultra-Low Bitrate Image Compression Authors: Zhaoyang Jia , Jiahao Li , Bin Li , Houqiang Li , Yan Lu Abstract : Most existing image compression approaches perform transform coding in the pixel space to reduce its spatial redundancy. However, they encounter difficulties in achieving both high-realism and high-fidelity at low bitrate, as the pixel-space distortion may not align with human perception. To address this issue, we introduce a Generative Latent Coding (GLC) architecture, which performs transform co… ▽ More Most existing image compression approaches perform transform coding in the pixel space to reduce its spatial redundancy. However, they encounter difficulties in achieving both high-realism and high-fidelity at low bitrate, as the pixel-space distortion may not align with human perception. To address this issue, we introduce a Generative Latent Coding (GLC) architecture, which performs transform coding in the latent space of a generative vector-quantized variational auto-encoder (VQ-VAE), instead of in the pixel space. The generative latent space is characterized by greater sparsity, richer semantic and better alignment with human perception, rendering it advantageous for achieving high-realism and high-fidelity compression. Additionally, we introduce a categorical hyper module to reduce the bit cost of hyper-information, and a code-prediction-based supervision to enhance the semantic consistency. Experiments demonstrate that our GLC maintains high visual quality with less than 0.04 bpp on natural images and less than 0.01 bpp on facial images. On the CLIC2020 test set, we achieve the same FID as MS-ILLM with 45% fewer bits. Furthermore, the powerful generative latent space enables various applications built on our GLC pipeline, such as image restoration and style transfer. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted at CVPR 2024 arXiv:2512.20194 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative Latent Coding for Ultra-Low Bitrate Image Compression Authors: Zhaoyang Jia , Jiahao Li , Bin Li , Houqiang Li , Yan Lu Abstract : Most existing image compression approaches perform transform coding in the pixel space to reduce its spatial redundancy. However, they encounter difficulties in achieving both high-realism and high-fidelity at low bitrate, as the pixel-space distortion may not align with human perception. To address this issue, we introduce a Generative Latent Coding (GLC) architecture, which performs transform co… ▽ More Most existing image compression approaches perform transform coding in the pixel space to reduce its spatial redundancy. However, they encounter difficulties in achieving both high-realism and high-fidelity at low bitrate, as the pixel-space distortion may not align with human perception. To address this issue, we introduce a Generative Latent Coding (GLC) architecture, which performs transform coding in the latent space of a generative vector-quantized variational auto-encoder (VQ-VAE), instead of in the pixel space. The generative latent space is characterized by greater sparsity, richer semantic and better alignment with human perception, rendering it advantageous for achieving high-realism and high-fidelity compression. Additionally, we introduce a categorical hyper module to reduce the bit cost of hyper-information, and a code-prediction-based supervision to enhance the semantic consistency. Experiments demonstrate that our GLC maintains high visual quality with less than 0.04 bpp on natural images and less than 0.01 bpp on facial images. On the CLIC2020 test set, we achieve the same FID as MS-ILLM with 45% fewer bits. Furthermore, the powerful generative latent space enables various applications built on our GLC pipeline, such as image restoration and style transfer. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted at CVPR 2024 arXiv:2512.19537 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Event Extraction in Large Language Model Authors: Bobo Li , Xudong Han , Jiang Liu , Yuzhe Ding , Liqiang Jing , Zhaoqi Zhang , Jinheng Li , Xinya Du , Fei Li , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang , Aixin Sun , Philip S. Yu , Hao Fei Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are changing event extraction (EE): prompting and generation can often produce structured outputs in zero shot or few shot settings. Yet LLM based pipelines face deployment gaps, including hallucinations under weak constraints, fragile temporal and causal linking over long contexts and across documents, and limited long horizon knowledge management… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are changing event extraction (EE): prompting and generation can often produce structured outputs in zero shot or few shot settings. Yet LLM based pipelines face deployment gaps, including hallucinations under weak constraints, fragile temporal and causal linking over long contexts and across documents, and limited long horizon knowledge management within a bounded context window. We argue that EE should be viewed as a system component that provides a cognitive scaffold for LLM centered solutions. Event schemas and slot constraints create interfaces for grounding and verification; event centric structures act as controlled intermediate representations for stepwise reasoning; event links support relation aware retrieval with graph based RAG; and event stores offer updatable episodic and agent memory beyond the context window. This survey covers EE in text and multimodal settings, organizing tasks and taxonomy, tracing method evolution from rule based and neural models to instruction driven and generative frameworks, and summarizing formulations, decoding strategies, architectures, representations, datasets, and evaluation. We also review cross lingual, low resource, and domain specific settings, and highlight open challenges and future directions for reliable event centric systems. Finally, we outline open challenges and future directions that are central to the LLM era, aiming to evolve EE from static extraction into a structurally reliable, agent ready perception and memory layer for open world systems. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 38 pages, 9 Figures, 5 Tables arXiv:2512.19537 [ pdf , ps , other ] Event Extraction in Large Language Model Authors: Bobo Li , Xudong Han , Jiang Liu , Yuzhe Ding , Liqiang Jing , Zhaoqi Zhang , Jinheng Li , Xinya Du , Fei Li , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang , Aixin Sun , Philip S. Yu , Hao Fei Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are changing event extraction (EE): prompting and generation can often produce structured outputs in zero shot or few shot settings. Yet LLM based pipelines face deployment gaps, including hallucinations under weak constraints, fragile temporal and causal linking over long contexts and across documents, and limited long horizon knowledge management… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are changing event extraction (EE): prompting and generation can often produce structured outputs in zero shot or few shot settings. Yet LLM based pipelines face deployment gaps, including hallucinations under weak constraints, fragile temporal and causal linking over long contexts and across documents, and limited long horizon knowledge management within a bounded context window. We argue that EE should be viewed as a system component that provides a cognitive scaffold for LLM centered solutions. Event schemas and slot constraints create interfaces for grounding and verification; event centric structures act as controlled intermediate representations for stepwise reasoning; event links support relation aware retrieval with graph based RAG; and event stores offer updatable episodic and agent memory beyond the context window. This survey covers EE in text and multimodal settings, organizing tasks and taxonomy, tracing method evolution from rule based and neural models to instruction driven and generative frameworks, and summarizing formulations, decoding strategies, architectures, representations, datasets, and evaluation. We also review cross lingual, low resource, and domain specific settings, and highlight open challenges and future directions for reliable event centric systems. Finally, we outline open challenges and future directions that are central to the LLM era, aiming to evolve EE from static extraction into a structurally reliable, agent ready perception and memory layer for open world systems. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 38 pages, 9 Figures, 5 Tables arXiv:2512.18674 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC cs.AI Remoe: Towards Efficient and Low-Cost MoE Inference in Serverless Computing Authors: Wentao Liu , Yuhao Hu , Ruiting Zhou , Baochun Li , Ne Wang Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture in large language models (LLMs) due to its ability to scale model capacity via sparse expert activation. Meanwhile, serverless computing, with its elasticity and pay-per-use billing, is well-suited for deploying MoEs with bursty workloads. However, the large number of experts in MoE models incurs high inference costs due to memory-intensi… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture in large language models (LLMs) due to its ability to scale model capacity via sparse expert activation. Meanwhile, serverless computing, with its elasticity and pay-per-use billing, is well-suited for deploying MoEs with bursty workloads. However, the large number of experts in MoE models incurs high inference costs due to memory-intensive parameter caching. These costs are difficult to mitigate via simple model partitioning due to input-dependent expert activation. To address these issues, we propose Remoe, a heterogeneous MoE inference system tailored for serverless computing. Remoe assigns non-expert modules to GPUs and expert modules to CPUs, and further offloads infrequently activated experts to separate serverless functions to reduce memory overhead and enable parallel execution. We incorporate three key techniques: (1) a Similar Prompts Searching (SPS) algorithm to predict expert activation patterns based on semantic similarity of inputs; (2) a Main Model Pre-allocation (MMP) algorithm to ensure service-level objectives (SLOs) via worst-case memory estimation; and (3) a joint memory and replica optimization framework leveraging Lagrangian duality and the Longest Processing Time (LPT) algorithm. We implement Remoe on Kubernetes and evaluate it across multiple LLM benchmarks. Experimental results show that Remoe reduces inference cost by up to 57% and cold start latency by 47% compared to state-of-the-art baselines. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18674 [ pdf , ps , other ] Remoe: Towards Efficient and Low-Cost MoE Inference in Serverless Computing Authors: Wentao Liu , Yuhao Hu , Ruiting Zhou , Baochun Li , Ne Wang Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture in large language models (LLMs) due to its ability to scale model capacity via sparse expert activation. Meanwhile, serverless computing, with its elasticity and pay-per-use billing, is well-suited for deploying MoEs with bursty workloads. However, the large number of experts in MoE models incurs high inference costs due to memory-intensi… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture in large language models (LLMs) due to its ability to scale model capacity via sparse expert activation. Meanwhile, serverless computing, with its elasticity and pay-per-use billing, is well-suited for deploying MoEs with bursty workloads. However, the large number of experts in MoE models incurs high inference costs due to memory-intensive parameter caching. These costs are difficult to mitigate via simple model partitioning due to input-dependent expert activation. To address these issues, we propose Remoe, a heterogeneous MoE inference system tailored for serverless computing. Remoe assigns non-expert modules to GPUs and expert modules to CPUs, and further offloads infrequently activated experts to separate serverless functions to reduce memory overhead and enable parallel execution. We incorporate three key techniques: (1) a Similar Prompts Searching (SPS) algorithm to predict expert activation patterns based on semantic similarity of inputs; (2) a Main Model Pre-allocation (MMP) algorithm to ensure service-level objectives (SLOs) via worst-case memory estimation; and (3) a joint memory and replica optimization framework leveraging Lagrangian duality and the Longest Processing Time (LPT) algorithm. We implement Remoe on Kubernetes and evaluate it across multiple LLM benchmarks. Experimental results show that Remoe reduces inference cost by up to 57% and cold start latency by 47% compared to state-of-the-art baselines. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18197 [ pdf ] q-bio.QM cs.CV eess.IV Standardized Evaluation of Automatic Methods for Perivascular Spaces Segmentation in MRI -- MICCAI 2024 Challenge Results Authors: Yilei Wu , Yichi Zhang , Zijian Dong , Fang Ji , An Sen Tan , Gifford Tan , Sizhao Tang , Huijuan Chen , Zijiao Chen , Eric Kwun Kei Ng , Jose Bernal , Hang Min , Ying Xia , Ines Vati , Liz Cooper , Xiaoyu Hu , Yuchen Pei , Yutao Ma , Victor Nozais , Ami Tsuchida , Pierre-Yves Hervé , Philippe Boutinaud , Marc Joliot , Junghwa Kang , Wooseung Kim , et al. (16 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Perivascular spaces (PVS), when abnormally enlarged and visible in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural sequences, are important imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease and potential indicators of neurodegenerative conditions. Despite their clinical significance, automatic enlarged PVS (EPVS) segmentation remains challenging due to their small size, variable morphology, similarity… ▽ More Perivascular spaces (PVS), when abnormally enlarged and visible in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural sequences, are important imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease and potential indicators of neurodegenerative conditions. Despite their clinical significance, automatic enlarged PVS (EPVS) segmentation remains challenging due to their small size, variable morphology, similarity with other pathological features, and limited annotated datasets. This paper presents the EPVS Challenge organized at MICCAI 2024, which aims to advance the development of automated algorithms for EPVS segmentation across multi-site data. We provided a diverse dataset comprising 100 training, 50 validation, and 50 testing scans collected from multiple international sites (UK, Singapore, and China) with varying MRI protocols and demographics. All annotations followed the STRIVE protocol to ensure standardized ground truth and covered the full brain parenchyma. Seven teams completed the full challenge, implementing various deep learning approaches primarily based on U-Net architectures with innovations in multi-modal processing, ensemble strategies, and transformer-based components. Performance was evaluated using dice similarity coefficient, absolute volume difference, recall, and precision metrics. The winning method employed MedNeXt architecture with a dual 2D/3D strategy for handling varying slice thicknesses. The top solutions showed relatively good performance on test data from seen datasets, but significant degradation of performance was observed on the previously unseen Shanghai cohort, highlighting cross-site generalization challenges due to domain shift. This challenge establishes an important benchmark for EPVS segmentation methods and underscores the need for the continued development of robust algorithms that can generalize in diverse clinical settings. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18197 [ pdf ] Standardized Evaluation of Automatic Methods for Perivascular Spaces Segmentation in MRI -- MICCAI 2024 Challenge Results Authors: Yilei Wu , Yichi Zhang , Zijian Dong , Fang Ji , An Sen Tan , Gifford Tan , Sizhao Tang , Huijuan Chen , Zijiao Chen , Eric Kwun Kei Ng , Jose Bernal , Hang Min , Ying Xia , Ines Vati , Liz Cooper , Xiaoyu Hu , Yuchen Pei , Yutao Ma , Victor Nozais , Ami Tsuchida , Pierre-Yves Hervé , Philippe Boutinaud , Marc Joliot , Junghwa Kang , Wooseung Kim , et al. (16 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Perivascular spaces (PVS), when abnormally enlarged and visible in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural sequences, are important imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease and potential indicators of neurodegenerative conditions. Despite their clinical significance, automatic enlarged PVS (EPVS) segmentation remains challenging due to their small size, variable morphology, similarity… ▽ More Perivascular spaces (PVS), when abnormally enlarged and visible in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural sequences, are important imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease and potential indicators of neurodegenerative conditions. Despite their clinical significance, automatic enlarged PVS (EPVS) segmentation remains challenging due to their small size, variable morphology, similarity with other pathological features, and limited annotated datasets. This paper presents the EPVS Challenge organized at MICCAI 2024, which aims to advance the development of automated algorithms for EPVS segmentation across multi-site data. We provided a diverse dataset comprising 100 training, 50 validation, and 50 testing scans collected from multiple international sites (UK, Singapore, and China) with varying MRI protocols and demographics. All annotations followed the STRIVE protocol to ensure standardized ground truth and covered the full brain parenchyma. Seven teams completed the full challenge, implementing various deep learning approaches primarily based on U-Net architectures with innovations in multi-modal processing, ensemble strategies, and transformer-based components. Performance was evaluated using dice similarity coefficient, absolute volume difference, recall, and precision metrics. The winning method employed MedNeXt architecture with a dual 2D/3D strategy for handling varying slice thicknesses. The top solutions showed relatively good performance on test data from seen datasets, but significant degradation of performance was observed on the previously unseen Shanghai cohort, highlighting cross-site generalization challenges due to domain shift. This challenge establishes an important benchmark for EPVS segmentation methods and underscores the need for the continued development of robust algorithms that can generalize in diverse clinical settings. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.17992 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO Unifying Deep Predicate Invention with Pre-trained Foundation Models Authors: Qianwei Wang , Bowen Li , Zhanpeng Luo , Yifan Xu , Alexander Gray , Tom Silver , Sebastian Scherer , Katia Sycara , Yaqi Xie Abstract : Long-horizon robotic tasks are hard due to continuous state-action spaces and sparse feedback. Symbolic world models help by decomposing tasks into discrete predicates that capture object properties and relations. Existing methods learn predicates either top-down, by prompting foundation models without data grounding, or bottom-up, from demonstrations without high-level priors. We introduce UniPre… ▽ More Long-horizon robotic tasks are hard due to continuous state-action spaces and sparse feedback. Symbolic world models help by decomposing tasks into discrete predicates that capture object properties and relations. Existing methods learn predicates either top-down, by prompting foundation models without data grounding, or bottom-up, from demonstrations without high-level priors. We introduce UniPred, a bilevel learning framework that unifies both. UniPred uses large language models (LLMs) to propose predicate effect distributions that supervise neural predicate learning from low-level data, while learned feedback iteratively refines the LLM hypotheses. Leveraging strong visual foundation model features, UniPred learns robust predicate classifiers in cluttered scenes. We further propose a predicate evaluation method that supports symbolic models beyond STRIPS assumptions. Across five simulated and one real-robot domains, UniPred achieves 2-4 times higher success rates than top-down methods and 3-4 times faster learning than bottom-up approaches, advancing scalable and flexible symbolic world modeling for robotics. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 18 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2512.17992 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unifying Deep Predicate Invention with Pre-trained Foundation Models Authors: Qianwei Wang , Bowen Li , Zhanpeng Luo , Yifan Xu , Alexander Gray , Tom Silver , Sebastian Scherer , Katia Sycara , Yaqi Xie Abstract : Long-horizon robotic tasks are hard due to continuous state-action spaces and sparse feedback. Symbolic world models help by decomposing tasks into discrete predicates that capture object properties and relations. Existing methods learn predicates either top-down, by prompting foundation models without data grounding, or bottom-up, from demonstrations without high-level priors. We introduce UniPre… ▽ More Long-horizon robotic tasks are hard due to continuous state-action spaces and sparse feedback. Symbolic world models help by decomposing tasks into discrete predicates that capture object properties and relations. Existing methods learn predicates either top-down, by prompting foundation models without data grounding, or bottom-up, from demonstrations without high-level priors. We introduce UniPred, a bilevel learning framework that unifies both. UniPred uses large language models (LLMs) to propose predicate effect distributions that supervise neural predicate learning from low-level data, while learned feedback iteratively refines the LLM hypotheses. Leveraging strong visual foundation model features, UniPred learns robust predicate classifiers in cluttered scenes. We further propose a predicate evaluation method that supports symbolic models beyond STRIPS assumptions. Across five simulated and one real-robot domains, UniPred achieves 2-4 times higher success rates than top-down methods and 3-4 times faster learning than bottom-up approaches, advancing scalable and flexible symbolic world modeling for robotics. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 18 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2512.17928 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.SP cs.AI cs.IT cs.LG Efficient Beamforming Optimization for STAR-RIS-Assisted Communications: A Gradient-Based Meta Learning Approach Authors: Dongdong Yang , Bin Li , Jiguang He , Yicheng Yan , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chongwen Huang Abstract : Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) has emerged as a promising technology to realize full-space coverage and boost spectral efficiency in next-generation wireless networks. Yet, the joint design of the base station precoding matrix as well as the STAR-RIS transmission and reflection coefficient matrices leads to a high-dimensional, strongly nonc… ▽ More Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) has emerged as a promising technology to realize full-space coverage and boost spectral efficiency in next-generation wireless networks. Yet, the joint design of the base station precoding matrix as well as the STAR-RIS transmission and reflection coefficient matrices leads to a high-dimensional, strongly nonconvex, and NP-hard optimization problem. Conventional alternating optimization (AO) schemes typically involve repeated large-scale matrix inversion operations, resulting in high computational complexity and poor scalability, while existing deep learning approaches often rely on expensive pre-training and large network models. In this paper, we develop a gradient-based meta learning (GML) framework that directly feeds optimization gradients into lightweight neural networks, thereby removing the need for pre-training and enabling fast adaptation. Specifically, we design dedicated GML-based schemes for both independent-phase and coupled-phase STAR-RIS models, effectively handling their respective amplitude and phase constraints while achieving weighted sum-rate performance very close to that of AO-based benchmarks. Extensive simulations demonstrate that, for both phase models, the proposed methods substantially reduce computational overhead, with complexity growing nearly linearly when the number of BS antennas and STAR-RIS elements grows, and yielding up to 10 times runtime speedup over AO, which confirms the scalability and practicality of the proposed GML method for large-scale STAR-RIS-assisted communications. △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.17928 [ pdf , ps , other ] Efficient Beamforming Optimization for STAR-RIS-Assisted Communications: A Gradient-Based Meta Learning Approach Authors: Dongdong Yang , Bin Li , Jiguang He , Yicheng Yan , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chongwen Huang Abstract : Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) has emerged as a promising technology to realize full-space coverage and boost spectral efficiency in next-generation wireless networks. Yet, the joint design of the base station precoding matrix as well as the STAR-RIS transmission and reflection coefficient matrices leads to a high-dimensional, strongly nonc… ▽ More Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) has emerged as a promising technology to realize full-space coverage and boost spectral efficiency in next-generation wireless networks. Yet, the joint design of the base station precoding matrix as well as the STAR-RIS transmission and reflection coefficient matrices leads to a high-dimensional, strongly nonconvex, and NP-hard optimization problem. Conventional alternating optimization (AO) schemes typically involve repeated large-scale matrix inversion operations, resulting in high computational complexity and poor scalability, while existing deep learning approaches often rely on expensive pre-training and large network models. In this paper, we develop a gradient-based meta learning (GML) framework that directly feeds optimization gradients into lightweight neural networks, thereby removing the need for pre-training and enabling fast adaptation. Specifically, we design dedicated GML-based schemes for both independent-phase and coupled-phase STAR-RIS models, effectively handling their respective amplitude and phase constraints while achieving weighted sum-rate performance very close to that of AO-based benchmarks. Extensive simulations demonstrate that, for both phase models, the proposed methods substantially reduce computational overhead, with complexity growing nearly linearly when the number of BS antennas and STAR-RIS elements grows, and yielding up to 10 times runtime speedup over AO, which confirms the scalability and practicality of the proposed GML method for large-scale STAR-RIS-assisted communications. △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Li,+B
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–1 of 1 results for author: Lin, T C Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10342 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI C-GRASP: Clinically-Grounded Reasoning for Affective Signal Processing Authors: Cheng Lin Cheng , Ting Chuan Lin , Chai Kai Chang Abstract : Heart rate variability (HRV) is a pivotal noninvasive marker for autonomic monitoring; however, applying Large Language Models (LLMs) to HRV interpretation is hindered by physiological hallucinations. These include respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) contamination, short-data instability in nonlinear metrics, and the neglect of individualized baselines in favor of population norms. We propose C-GRA… ▽ More Heart rate variability (HRV) is a pivotal noninvasive marker for autonomic monitoring; however, applying Large Language Models (LLMs) to HRV interpretation is hindered by physiological hallucinations. These include respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) contamination, short-data instability in nonlinear metrics, and the neglect of individualized baselines in favor of population norms. We propose C-GRASP (Clinically-Grounded Reasoning for Affective Signal Processing), a guardrailed RAG-enhanced pipeline that decomposes HRV interpretation into eight traceable reasoning steps. Central to C-GRASP is a Z-score Priority Hierarchy that enforces the weighting of individualized baseline shifts over normative statistics. The system effectively mitigates spectral hallucinations through automated RSA-aware guardrails, preventing contamination of frequency-domain indices. Evaluated on 414 trials from the DREAMER dataset, C-GRASP integrated with high-scale reasoning models (e.g., MedGemma3-thinking) achieved superior performance in 4-class emotion classification (37.3% accuracy) and a Clinical Reasoning Consistency (CRC) score of 69.6%. Ablation studies confirm that the individualized Delta Z-score module serves as the critical logical anchor, preventing the "population bias" common in native LLMs. Ultimately, C-GRASP transitions affective computing from black-box classification to transparent, evidence-based clinical decision support, paving the way for safer AI integration in biomedical engineering. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10342 [ pdf , ps , other ] C-GRASP: Clinically-Grounded Reasoning for Affective Signal Processing Authors: Cheng Lin Cheng , Ting Chuan Lin , Chai Kai Chang Abstract : Heart rate variability (HRV) is a pivotal noninvasive marker for autonomic monitoring; however, applying Large Language Models (LLMs) to HRV interpretation is hindered by physiological hallucinations. These include respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) contamination, short-data instability in nonlinear metrics, and the neglect of individualized baselines in favor of population norms. We propose C-GRA… ▽ More Heart rate variability (HRV) is a pivotal noninvasive marker for autonomic monitoring; however, applying Large Language Models (LLMs) to HRV interpretation is hindered by physiological hallucinations. These include respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) contamination, short-data instability in nonlinear metrics, and the neglect of individualized baselines in favor of population norms. We propose C-GRASP (Clinically-Grounded Reasoning for Affective Signal Processing), a guardrailed RAG-enhanced pipeline that decomposes HRV interpretation into eight traceable reasoning steps. Central to C-GRASP is a Z-score Priority Hierarchy that enforces the weighting of individualized baseline shifts over normative statistics. The system effectively mitigates spectral hallucinations through automated RSA-aware guardrails, preventing contamination of frequency-domain indices. Evaluated on 414 trials from the DREAMER dataset, C-GRASP integrated with high-scale reasoning models (e.g., MedGemma3-thinking) achieved superior performance in 4-class emotion classification (37.3% accuracy) and a Clinical Reasoning Consistency (CRC) score of 69.6%. Ablation studies confirm that the individualized Delta Z-score module serves as the critical logical anchor, preventing the "population bias" common in native LLMs. Ultimately, C-GRASP transitions affective computing from black-box classification to transparent, evidence-based clinical decision support, paving the way for safer AI integration in biomedical engineering. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Soraogo Komindi zak kʋlenga Paalem tedgre Yaare nenga Sõnge Neng bãna Kouni Naane account Kẽ Kouni Naane account Kẽ Soraogo Sorɔgu No-koeemde Karme Tekre Teke sidgem Ges-y pĩnd wẽndẽ Karme Tekre Teke sidgem Ges-y pĩnd wẽndẽ Boé togse la ka Tekre n kĩi ne taaba Ningi fisiye Ka-saabo tõke Nenga kibare We yel-bundi ada pagbo Bao-y URL- wã sẽn yaa sẽk n paasã Download QR code Yãk sebr n gʋls-a Moke n PDF Maan sɛba Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata bon Y paam n kẽnga Wikipidia ! Yaa bãngr sebr sẽn yaa zaalem tɩ ned fãa tõe n toeem-a. Kibay 2,093 Sõss nins sẽn be Moore bãngr sebrã pʋgẽ wã. Ãndũni faado teedo m be yel-pakr pʋge — Burkinabé pagb bal-taodba Ghana tẽns — Pagba n tal tekr n wa vɩɩm pʋge Ghana repibliki neba — Yamleo-gesgo m be Burkina Faso Politik neba m be Burkina Faso — SDGs — Yeelgre — Zẽ-vãado — Bõn-beella Tɩ-biise — Rũmsi — Bõn-yũudse — Ragend teedo — Zak-teedo — Zãmsgã - Category:Kibay fãa - Y paam n kẽnga Wikipidia ! Yaa bãngr sebr sẽn yaa zaalem tɩ ned fãa tõe n toeem-a. Kibay 2,093 Sõss nins sẽn be Moore bãngr sebrã pʋgẽ wã. Ãndũni faado teedo m be yel-pakr pʋge — Burkinabé pagb bal-taodba Ghana tẽns — Pagba n tal tekr n wa vɩɩm pʋge Ghana repibliki neba — Yamleo-gesgo m be Burkina Faso Politik neba m be Burkina Faso — SDGs — Yeelgre — Zẽ-vãado — Bõn-beella Tɩ-biise — Rũmsi — Bõn-yũudse — Ragend teedo — Zak-teedo — Zãmsgã - Category:Kibay fãa - Ãndũni faado teedo m be yel-pakr pʋge — Burkinabé pagb bal-taodba Ghana tẽns — Pagba n tal tekr n wa vɩɩm pʋge Ghana repibliki neba — Yamleo-gesgo m be Burkina Faso Politik neba m be Burkina Faso — SDGs — Yeelgre — Zẽ-vãado — Bõn-beella Tɩ-biise — Rũmsi — Bõn-yũudse — Ragend teedo — Zak-teedo — Zãmsgã - Category:Kibay fãa - Daarã kibay Ruins of Loropéni Ruins of Loropéni (France; Ruines de Loropéni) a ya yʋm tus a nu ne yʋm tus-piig la nu zĩiga n kolg tẽng yʋʋr boond Loropéni m'be Burkina Faso gaobg baobgo. A dag naaga ne UNESCO WORLD Heriage sõdg yʋm 2009. Zĩi-kʋdg n saam kanga la Burkina Faso pipi zĩiga. Ziiga waoglem ya 1.113 hectares (2.75 acres), tɩ a lalga me ne kug n dag ya yʋm tus-a-nu ne yʋm tus-piig la nu wã wakat n dag ya na-zak n tar pãng ne yɛl wʋsgo, tɩ'a ya soma n yiid a taab piig m'be tẽnga pʋge. Zĩisa bilgre wakat nan yi wend yʋm tusri diki kẽng. Neb n dag zĩi woto zĩiga pʋg la Lohron bɩ Kulango neba tɩb dag paam arzɛk ne Sahara wã sãnem leebgo tʋm pʋge(tran-saharan gold trade), tɩ a nan y wen yʋm kobre piig la a naase (14th) la yʋm kobre piig la a yopoe (17th) wakat. Tɩ zĩiga dag saam tɩ b basa yʋm kobre piig la a wae wã sɩngre wakat ...karemd-y n paase . Kibay bãna sẽn looge Kibay sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo Haruna Iddrisu B da doga a Haruna Iddrisu yʋʋmd 1970 Sɛt Kiuug dahem a nii raare, la a yaa Ghana bʋʋda bɩɩ sõangda ne politik soab sẽn yɩɩ Ghana depite ramb soog neda n be parlamenta n yi naan-soaba, a nu soaba, a yoob soaba, a yopoe soabã ne a nii soabã taoor soaba n ko Ghana Tamale South Constituency soolmẽ wã. A yɩɩ NDC taoor soab Ghana tẽnga parlamentẽ yʋʋmd 2017 Yʋʋm-vẽk Kiuugã hal t'a Ato Forson wa reega n dɩ a naamã yuumd 2023 yʋʋm-vẽkr kiuuga puge ......karemd-y n paase Kibay bãna sẽn looge Yãmb mii rẽ bɩ?...? Al-kuraan Kurãna -sõngã fãa bee Moore wikipedia wã pʋgẽ? Ouahigouya ya galen tẽnga.m.be Burkina Faso? Blaise Compaoré dag ya ned ninga n pẽ a Thomas Sankara n dag ya pipi perzidã Burkina wã? Burkina Faso ya tẽng n be nin-sablse zãmaana wĩntoog n lʋɩta? Kibay bãna sẽn looge Rũndã foto-kãsengã Hadja Fatimata Ouattara - Burkina Faso . Kibay bãna sẽn looge Daarã kibay Ruins of Loropéni Ruins of Loropéni (France; Ruines de Loropéni) a ya yʋm tus a nu ne yʋm tus-piig la nu zĩiga n kolg tẽng yʋʋr boond Loropéni m'be Burkina Faso gaobg baobgo. A dag naaga ne UNESCO WORLD Heriage sõdg yʋm 2009. Zĩi-kʋdg n saam kanga la Burkina Faso pipi zĩiga. Ziiga waoglem ya 1.113 hectares (2.75 acres), tɩ a lalga me ne kug n dag ya yʋm tus-a-nu ne yʋm tus-piig la nu wã wakat n dag ya na-zak n tar pãng ne yɛl wʋsgo, tɩ'a ya soma n yiid a taab piig m'be tẽnga pʋge. Zĩisa bilgre wakat nan yi wend yʋm tusri diki kẽng. Neb n dag zĩi woto zĩiga pʋg la Lohron bɩ Kulango neba tɩb dag paam arzɛk ne Sahara wã sãnem leebgo tʋm pʋge(tran-saharan gold trade), tɩ a nan y wen yʋm kobre piig la a naase (14th) la yʋm kobre piig la a yopoe (17th) wakat. Tɩ zĩiga dag saam tɩ b basa yʋm kobre piig la a wae wã sɩngre wakat ...karemd-y n paase . Kibay bãna sẽn looge Kibay sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo Haruna Iddrisu B da doga a Haruna Iddrisu yʋʋmd 1970 Sɛt Kiuug dahem a nii raare, la a yaa Ghana bʋʋda bɩɩ sõangda ne politik soab sẽn yɩɩ Ghana depite ramb soog neda n be parlamenta n yi naan-soaba, a nu soaba, a yoob soaba, a yopoe soabã ne a nii soabã taoor soaba n ko Ghana Tamale South Constituency soolmẽ wã. A yɩɩ NDC taoor soab Ghana tẽnga parlamentẽ yʋʋmd 2017 Yʋʋm-vẽk Kiuugã hal t'a Ato Forson wa reega n dɩ a naamã yuumd 2023 yʋʋm-vẽkr kiuuga puge ......karemd-y n paase Kibay bãna sẽn looge Yãmb mii rẽ bɩ?...? Al-kuraan Kurãna -sõngã fãa bee Moore wikipedia wã pʋgẽ? Ouahigouya ya galen tẽnga.m.be Burkina Faso? Blaise Compaoré dag ya ned ninga n pẽ a Thomas Sankara n dag ya pipi perzidã Burkina wã? Burkina Faso ya tẽng n be nin-sablse zãmaana wĩntoog n lʋɩta? Kibay bãna sẽn looge Rũndã foto-kãsengã Hadja Fatimata Ouattara - Burkina Faso . Kibay bãna sẽn looge Ruins of Loropéni (France; Ruines de Loropéni) a ya yʋm tus a nu ne yʋm tus-piig la nu zĩiga n kolg tẽng yʋʋr boond Loropéni m'be Burkina Faso gaobg baobgo. A dag naaga ne UNESCO WORLD Heriage sõdg yʋm 2009. Zĩi-kʋdg n saam kanga la Burkina Faso pipi zĩiga. B da doga a Haruna Iddrisu yʋʋmd 1970 Sɛt Kiuug dahem a nii raare, la a yaa Ghana bʋʋda bɩɩ sõangda ne politik soab sẽn yɩɩ Ghana depite ramb soog neda n be parlamenta n yi naan-soaba, a nu soaba, a yoob soaba, a yopoe soabã ne a nii soabã taoor soaba n ko Ghana Tamale South Constituency soolmẽ wã. A yɩɩ NDC taoor soab Ghana tẽnga parlamentẽ yʋʋmd 2017 Yʋʋm-vẽk Kiuugã hal t'a Ato Forson wa reega n dɩ a naamã yuumd 2023 yʋʋm-vẽkr kiuuga puge Kurãna -sõngã fãa bee Moore wikipedia wã pʋgẽ? Ouahigouya ya galen tẽnga.m.be Burkina Faso? Blaise Compaoré dag ya ned ninga n pẽ a Thomas Sankara n dag ya pipi perzidã Burkina wã? Burkina Faso ya tẽng n be nin-sablse zãmaana wĩntoog n lʋɩta? Kibay bãna sẽn looge Sɩngre D pʋʋsda yãmb barka! Yãmb gomda Mòoré? Dẽnd d rata y sõngre! Bienvenue! Parlez-vous Mòoré? Alors nous avons besoin de votre aide! Welcome! Do you speak Mòoré? Then we need your help! B sagenda Mòoré buud-goamã neb tɩ b gʋls sõss sẽn yaa sõma wʋsgo . Sõngre Nin-kãensã yii yɛ? Troupe de danseurs Mossi Kibay bãna sẽn looge Wikipedia wã tʋʋm-noy a taab Wikipedia gʋlsa ne yamleoog-n-taasa rãmb la a yaa Wikimedia Foundation, siglg sẽn pa baood yõodo, sẽn leb n yaa yamleoog-n-taasa tʋʋm-noya: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination View total pages Sõng-a t'a tʋm Discussions to improve this project are coordinated on our channels. Les discussions pour améliorer ce projet sont coordonnées sur nos canaux. Email us privately Envoyez-nous un e-mail privé moore.wikimedians@gmail.com You can subscribe to our mailing list: usergroup-moore@lists.wikimedia.org Read about us on: Lisez à propos de nous sur: Ask us to add you to our groups. Demandez-nous de vous ajouter à nos groupes. YouTube : Facebook : Twitter : Linkedin : Instagram : View translation progess Sɩngre D pʋʋsda yãmb barka! Yãmb gomda Mòoré? Dẽnd d rata y sõngre! Bienvenue! Parlez-vous Mòoré? Alors nous avons besoin de votre aide! Welcome! Do you speak Mòoré? Then we need your help! B sagenda Mòoré buud-goamã neb tɩ b gʋls sõss sẽn yaa sõma wʋsgo . Sõngre Nin-kãensã yii yɛ? Troupe de danseurs Mossi Kibay bãna sẽn looge Wikipedia wã tʋʋm-noy a taab Wikipedia gʋlsa ne yamleoog-n-taasa rãmb la a yaa Wikimedia Foundation, siglg sẽn pa baood yõodo, sẽn leb n yaa yamleoog-n-taasa tʋʋm-noya: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination View total pages Sõng-a t'a tʋm Discussions to improve this project are coordinated on our channels. Les discussions pour améliorer ce projet sont coordonnées sur nos canaux. Email us privately Envoyez-nous un e-mail privé moore.wikimedians@gmail.com You can subscribe to our mailing list: usergroup-moore@lists.wikimedia.org Read about us on: Lisez à propos de nous sur: Ask us to add you to our groups. Demandez-nous de vous ajouter à nos groupes. YouTube : Facebook : Twitter : Linkedin : Instagram : View translation progess D pʋʋsda yãmb barka! Yãmb gomda Mòoré? Dẽnd d rata y sõngre! Bienvenue! Parlez-vous Mòoré? Alors nous avons besoin de votre aide! Welcome! Do you speak Mòoré? Then we need your help! Wikipedia gʋlsa ne yamleoog-n-taasa rãmb la a yaa Wikimedia Foundation, siglg sẽn pa baood yõodo, sẽn leb n yaa yamleoog-n-taasa tʋʋm-noya: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Discussions to improve this project are coordinated on our channels. Les discussions pour améliorer ce projet sont coordonnées sur nos canaux. Email us privately Envoyez-nous un e-mail privé moore.wikimedians@gmail.com You can subscribe to our mailing list: usergroup-moore@lists.wikimedia.org Read about us on: Lisez à propos de nous sur: Ask us to add you to our groups. Demandez-nous de vous ajouter à nos groupes. Soraogo Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Nenga kada da teka mi 15 Sigr kiuugu 2025, ni 17:38. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Historiography Toggle Historiography subsection 1.1 Etymology of Mali 1.1 Etymology of Mali 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Pre-imperial Mali 2.2 Sundiata Keita 2.3 Height of power 2.4 Decline 2.5 Collapse 2.1 Pre-imperial Mali 2.2 Sundiata Keita 2.3 Height of power 2.4 Decline 2.5 Collapse 3 Government Toggle Government subsection 3.1 Great Assembly 3.2 Territorial administration 3.3 Capital location 3.4 Imperial Regalia 3.1 Great Assembly 3.2 Territorial administration 3.3 Capital location 3.4 Imperial Regalia 4 Economy Toggle Economy subsection 4.1 Agriculture 4.2 Crafts 4.3 Trade 4.4 Gold 4.5 Salt 4.6 Copper 4.1 Agriculture 4.2 Crafts 4.3 Trade 4.4 Gold 4.5 Salt 4.6 Copper 5 Military Toggle Military subsection 5.1 Strength 5.2 Order of battle 5.3 Equipment 5.1 Strength 5.2 Order of battle 5.3 Equipment 6 Religion 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Architecture 7.1 Architecture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Primary sources 10.2 Other sources 10.1 Primary sources 10.2 Other sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Mali Empire Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Fulfulde Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Mali Empire c. 1235 –1610 Territory of the Mali Empire Capital Location disputed - See § Capital location Common languages Manding Religion .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Traditional African religion Islam Traditional African religion Islam Government Hereditary parliamentary elective monarchy Mansa • 1235–1255 Mari Djata I (first) • 1312–1337 Musa I • c. 17th century Mahmud IV (last) Legislature Gbara Historical era Postclassical Era to Early Modern Era • Conquest of Sosso c. 1235 • State divided among Emperor Mahmud Keita IV 's sons 1610 Area 1250 [ 1 ] 100,000 km 2 (39,000 sq mi) 1350 [ 2 ] 1,300,000 km 2 (500,000 sq mi) 1380 [ 1 ] [ 3 ] 1,100,000 km 2 (420,000 sq mi) 1500 [ 1 ] 400,000 km 2 (150,000 sq mi) Currency Gold dust ( Salt , copper , silver and cowries were also common in the empire) Preceded by Succeeded by Sosso Empire Ghana Empire Gao Empire Pre-Imperial Mali Songhai Empire Jolof Empire Preceded by Succeeded by Sosso Empire Ghana Empire Gao Empire Pre-Imperial Mali Sosso Empire Ghana Empire Gao Empire Pre-Imperial Mali Songhai Empire Jolof Empire Songhai Empire Jolof Empire The Mali Empire ( Manding : Mandé [ 4 ] or Manden Duguba ; [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Arabic : مالي , romanized : Mālī ) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1226 to 1610. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita ( c. 1214 – c. 1255 ) and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa (Musa Keita). At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely influencing the culture of the region through the spread of its language , laws, and customs. The empire began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River , centered around the Manding region . [ 4 ] It began to develop during the 11th and 12th centuries as the Ghana Empire , or Wagadu, declined and trade epicentres shifted southward. [ 7 ] The history of the Mali Empire before the 13th century is unclear, as there are conflicting and imprecise accounts by both Arab chroniclers and oral traditionalists . The first ruler for which there is accurate written information is Sundiata Keita, a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty who was called upon to free the local people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire , Soumaoro Kanté . The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 marked the emergence of Mali as a major power, with the Kouroukan Fouga as its constitution. Following the death of Sundiata Keita, in c. 1255 , the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa . [ 8 ] In 1285 Sakura , a former slave of the imperial family who had risen to the rank of general, carried out a military coup. After his death, the lineage of the Keita dynasty was restored with the accession of Mansa Gao (c. 1300–1305). Mansa Musa took the throne in c. 1312 . He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca from 1324 to 1326, where his generous gifts and his expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt. [ 9 ] Maghan I succeeded him as mansa c. 1337, but was deposed by his uncle Suleyman in 1341. It was during Suleyman's 19-year reign that Ibn Battuta visited Mali. [ 10 ] Suleyman's death marked the end of Mali's Golden Age and the beginning of a slow decline. The Tarikh al-Sudan records that Mali was still a sizeable state in the 15th century. At that time, the Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto and Portuguese traders confirmed that the peoples who settled within Gambia River were still subject to the mansa of Mali. [ 11 ] Upon Leo Africanus 's visit at the beginning of the 16th century, his descriptions of the territorial domains of Mali showed that it was still a kingdom of considerable size. However, from 1507 onwards neighboring states such as Diarra , Great Fulo , Yatenga , and the Songhai Empire chipped away at Mali's borders. In 1542, the Songhai invaded the capital but were unsuccessful in conquering the empire. Mali made a brief comeback in the late 16th century and was poised to take advantage of Songhai's collapse after the 1593 Moroccan invasion , but a disastrous defeat outside Djenne in 1599 ended those hopes. After that, the empire rapidly disintegrated, being replaced by independent chiefdoms. The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba , where they became provincial chiefs. [ 12 ] Historiography Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th century Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun , 14th century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th century Andalusian traveller Leo Africanus . The other major source of information comes from Mandinka oral tradition , as recorded by storytellers known as griots . [ 8 ] Imperial Mali is also known through the account of Shihab al-'Umari , written in about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Mamluk Egypt . His information about the empire came from visiting Malians taking the hajj , or pilgrim's voyage to Mecca . He had first-hand information from several sources, and from a second-hand source he learned of the visit of Mansa Musa . The traveller Ibn Battuta , who visited Mali in 1352 left the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness; the others are usually second-hand. The third great account is that of Ibn Khaldun , who wrote in the early 15th century. While the accounts are of limited length, they provide a fairly good picture of the empire at its height. After Ibn Khaldun's death in 1406, there are no further Arab primary sources except for Leo Africanus , who wrote more than a century later. [ 13 ] Arab interest in the Mali Empire declined after the Songhai conquered the northern regions of the empire which formed the primary contact between Mali and the Arab world. [ 13 ] For the later period of the Mali Empire, the major written primary sources are Portuguese accounts of the coastal provinces of Mali and neighboring societies. [ 14 ] Etymology of Mali Mali , Mandé , Manden ,Mande-Bissa and Manding are all various pronunciations of the same word across different languages and dialects. [ 15 ] The version recorded by medieval Arab geographers is Mali ( Arabic : مالي , romanized : Mālī ). Mali is the Fula form of the word. [ 16 ] [ 15 ] In the Manding languages , the modern descendants of the language spoken at the core of the Mali Empire, Manden or Manding is the name of the region corresponding to the heartland of the Mali Empire. [ 17 ] Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali is the name of a town or a region. Ibn Battuta who visited the capital city from 1352 to 1353, called it Mali. The 1375 Catalan Atlas portrayed a "city of Melly" ( Catalan : ciutat de Melly ) in West Africa. [ 18 ] Leo Africanus said that the capital city was called Melli. [ 19 ] However, Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari gives Mali as the name of the capital province and Ibn Khaldun refers to Mali as a people, with each giving different names for the capital city itself. [ 20 ] Whether Mali originated as the name of a town or region, the name was subsequently applied to the entire empire ruled from Mali. [ 21 ] [ 19 ] Another hypothesis suggests that the name Mali is derived from Mandé mali " hippopotamus ", an animal that had special significance to the Keitas, and that Mandé means "little manatee". A legend claims that Sunjata transformed into a hippopotamus. [ 15 ] However, these hypotheses have been rejected by locals and are inconsistent with the apparent cognate status of Mali and Mandé . [ 22 ] History Pre-imperial Mali The first Mande people entered the Manding region during the period of the Ghana Empire . The Manden city-state of Ka-ba (present-day Kangaba ) served as the capital and name of the province. From at least the beginning of the 11th century, Mandinka kings ruled Manden from Ka-ba in the name of the Ghanas. [ 23 ] The ruler was elected from among the heads of the major clans, and at this time had little real power. [ 24 ] Wagadou's control over Manden ended in the 12th century. [ 25 ] The Kangaba province, free of Soninké influence, splintered into twelve kingdoms with their own faama . [ 5 ] In approximately 1140 the Sosso Empire , often called Kaniaga , another former vassal of Wagadou, began conquering the lands of its old rulers. In 1203, the Sosso king and sorcerer Soumaoro Kanté came to power and reportedly conquered much of Manden. [ 26 ] Sundiata Keita Sundiata Keita , born during the rise of Kaniaga, was the son of Niani's faama , Nare Fa (also known as Maghan Kon Fatta, meaning the handsome prince). Upon his father's death, he was forced into exile along with his mother and two sisters. [ 27 ] After many years in exile, Sundiata led the combined armies of Mema , Wagadou and the Mandinka city-states in a revolt against the Kaniaga Kingdom around 1234. [ 28 ] The combined forces of northern and southern Manden defeated the Sosso army at the Battle of Kirina in approximately 1235. [ 29 ] Maghan Sundiata was declared mansa over all the 12 kingdoms in an alliance that became the Mali Empire. [ 5 ] During his reign, Sundiata's generals continued to expand the empire's frontiers, reaching from Kaabu in the west, Takrur , Oualata and Audaghost in the north, and the Soninke Wangara goldfields in the south. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The transfer of power following Sunjata's death is unclear, but there was evidently a power struggle of some kind involving the gbara or great council and donson ton or hunter guilds. [ 31 ] Some oral traditions agree with Ibn Khaldun in indicating that a son of Sunjata, named Yerelinkon in oral tradition and Wali in Arabic, took power as Sunjata's successor. [ 32 ] Two more of Sundiata's sons would reign, [ 33 ] [ 34 ] as well as a grandson, [ 35 ] before a former slave Sakura , seized power. He was able to stabilize the political situation in Mali. Under his leadership, Mali conquered new territories and trade with North Africa increased. [ 36 ] Height of power After Sakura's death, power returned to the line of Sunjata, with Qu taking the throne. [ 37 ] He was succeeded by his son Muhammad , who launched two voyages to explore the Atlantic Ocean . [ a ] After the loss of the first expedition, Muhammad led the second expedition himself. He left his cousin Kanku Musa in charge during his absence. Eventually, due to Muhammad's failure to return, Musa was recognized as mansa in approximately 1312. [ 40 ] The reign of Kankan Musa, better known as Mansa Musa , is considered the golden age of Mali. [ 41 ] A devout and well-educated Muslim, he took an interest in the scholarly city of Timbuktu , which he peaceably annexed in 1324, and transformed Sankore from an informal madrasah into an Islamic university. Mansa Musa Keita's crowning achievement was his famous 1324 pilgrimage to Mecca . Accounts of how many people and how much gold he spent vary. All of them agree that he took a very large group of people; the mansa kept a personal guard of some 500 men, [ 42 ] and he gave out so many alms and bought so many things that the value of gold in Egypt and Arabia depreciated for twelve years. [ 43 ] When he passed through Cairo , historian al-Maqrizi noted "the members of his entourage proceeded to buy Turkish and Ethiopian slave girls, singing girls and garments, so that the rate of the gold dinar fell by six dirhams ." In addition to his famous hajj, Musa built mosques and palaces in Timbuktu and Gao , and took control of the valuable salt mine of Taghazza . Mansa Musa's son Maghan I ruled for only a few years before being succeeded (or overthrown) by his uncle Sulayman . Sulayman's reign continued Mali's golden age, as attested by the writer Ibn Battuta who arrived in Mali in July 1352, and he made a successful hajj , kept up correspondence with Morocco and Egypt. [ 44 ] Upon Sulayman's death in 1360, the empire was ruled by a string of short-lived, cruel, or incompetent rulers. The kankoro-sigui held increasing influence as a power behind the throne. [ 45 ] During this period the Jolof Empire was founded, and soon dominated all of northern Senegambia . [ 44 ] In the 1370s a war between Mali imperial forces and Berber Tuareg forces from Takedda devastated the city of Gao . The area around it became independent of Malian control around this time. [ 46 ] Still, by the time of Mansa Musa Keita II's death in 1387, Mali was financially solvent and in control of all of its previous conquests except Gao and Dyolof. Forty years after the reign of Mansa Musa Keita I, the Mali Empire still controlled some 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 sq mi) of land. [ 11 ] Decline The late 14th century again saw a series of short reigns, often ending in palace coups. While maintaining a firm grip in the south and west, and even expanding in some areas, imperial control of their northernmost provinces was slipping, as attested by the Mossi raids on Macina. [ 45 ] [ 5 ] In 1433–1434, the Empire lost control of Timbuktu to the Tuareg, led by Akil Ag-Amalwal. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Three years later, Oualata also fell into their hands. [ 45 ] The rising Songhai Empire conquered Mema , one of Mali's oldest possessions, in 1465. It then seized Timbuktu from the Tuareg in 1468 under Sunni Ali Ber . [ 45 ] In 1477, the Mossi emperor Naba Nasséré made yet another raid into Macina, this time conquering it and the old province of BaGhana ( Wagadou ). [ 49 ] [ better source needed ] In an attempt to stem the tide, Mansa Mahmud Keita II opened diplomatic relations with Portugal , receiving the envoys Pêro d'Évora and Gonçalo Enes in 1487. [ 5 ] In 1493 he sent another envoy proposing an alliance against the threat of Tenguella , but this came to nothing. [ 50 ] Songhai forces under the command of Askia Muhammad I defeated the Mali general Fati Quali Keita in 1502 and seized the province of Diafunu. [ 45 ] In 1514, the Denianke dynasty was established in Tekrour and it was not long before the new kingdom of Great Fulo was warring against Mali's remaining provinces. [ 51 ] In 1544 or 1545, [ b ] a Songhai force led by kanfari Dawud , who later succeeded his brother Askia Ishaq as ruler of the Songhai Empire, sacked the capital of Mali and purportedly used the royal palace as a latrine. [ 52 ] However, the Songhai did not maintain their hold on the Malian capital. [ 53 ] Mali's fortunes seem to have improved in the second half of the 16th century. Around 1550, Mali attacked Bighu in an effort to regain access to its gold. [ 54 ] Songhai authority over Bendugu and Kala declined by 1571, and Mali may have been able to reassert some authority over them. [ 53 ] The breakup of the Wolof Empire allowed Mali to reassert authority over some of its former subjects on the north bank of the Gambia, such as Wuli , by 1576. [ 55 ] Collapse The end of the Mali Empire came in 1599, under the reign of Mansa Mahmud IV . The Songhai Empire had fallen to the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco eight years earlier, and Mahmud sought to take advantage of their defeat by trying to capture Jenne . [ 56 ] Mahmud sought support from several other rulers, including the governor of Kala, Bukar. Bukar professed his support, but believing Mahmud's situation to be hopeless, secretly went over to the Moroccans. The Malian and Moroccan armies fought at Jenne on 26 April , the last day of Ramadan, and the Moroccans were victorious thanks to their firearms and Bukar's support, but Mahmud was able to escape. [ 57 ] Around 1610, Mahmud Keita IV died. Oral tradition states that he had three sons who fought over Manden's remains. No single Keita ever ruled Manden after Mahmud Keita IV's death, resulting in the end of the Mali Empire. [ 58 ] Government As founded by Mari Djata, it was composed of the "three freely allied states" of Mali, Mema and Wagadou plus the Twelve Doors of Mali . [ 27 ] The Twelve Doors of Mali were a coalition of conquered or allied territories, mostly within Manden, with sworn allegiance to Sundiata and his descendants. Upon stabbing their spears into the ground before Sundiata's throne, each of the twelve kings relinquished their kingdom to the Keita dynasty. [ 27 ] In return for their submission, they became "farbas", a combination of the Mandinka words "farin" and "ba" (great farin). [ 59 ] Farin was a general term for northern commander at the time. These farbas would rule their old kingdoms in the name of the mansa with most of the authority they held prior to joining the empire. The Mansa held ultimate, unquestioned authority. Audiences with the monarch were governed by strict protocol. [ 60 ] Conquered areas were ruled directly by the state through a farin (also called farin-ba or farba ), essentially a military governor, chosen by the Mansa. Duties of the farin included managing the garrison, collecting taxes and customs duties, and controlling the local administration of justice. He could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions. [ 61 ] This system tended to promote assimilation into the empire. [ 60 ] The mansa's second in command was a general, thought to have been chief of the armed forces. The santigui was the chief of the treasury and managed the royal granaries and valuable goods such as gold and gems. The griot played a very important role in the royal court. He was the tutor of princes and master of ceremonies, and served as an advisor to the king. The mansa often liked to play the role "father of his people", dispensing justice himself in solemn sessions, and he listened personally to a subject's grievances against a farin . The post of farin was very prestigious, and his descendants could inherit it with the mansa' s approval. The mansa could also replace a farin swiftly. [ 62 ] : 152, 160 Most of the empire consisted of autonomous kingdoms of communities who recognized the Mansa's ultimate authority and paid tribute. [ 60 ] At the local level (village, town and city), kun-tiguis (heads of family) elected a dougou-tigui (village-master) from a bloodline descended from that locality's founder. [ 63 ] The county level administrators called kafo -tigui were appointed by the governor of the province. [ 45 ] Only at the state or province level was there any real interference from the central authority. Provinces picked their own governors via their own custom (election, inheritance, etc.) and, regardless of their title in the province, were recognised as dyamani-tigui (province-master) by the mansa . [ 45 ] Dyamani-tiguis had to be approved by the mansa and were subject to his oversight. If the mansa didn't believe the dyamani-tigui was capable or trustworthy, a farba might be installed to oversee the province or administer it outright. Conquered territories that had proven quiescent could receive this level of autonomy rather than remain under direct rule, but territories that were crucial to trade or subject to revolt could and did lose this privilege as well and have a farin installed to rule over them. [ 61 ] Mali was densely populated with the Tarikh al-Sudan stating: "The territory of Jenne is fertile and populated; many markets are held every day of the week. It is said there are 7077 villages [heavily disputed] situated very close to each other. The following will give an idea how close they are. If the Sultan, for example, wishes to summon an inhabitant of a village near Lake Debo, the messenger sent goes to one of the gates of the ram-parts and from there shouts the message he is to transmit. From village to village, people repeat the words and the message arrives almost immediately at its destination and the man in question goes to the meeting place" [ 62 ] : 156 "The territory of Jenne is fertile and populated; many markets are held every day of the week. It is said there are 7077 villages [heavily disputed] situated very close to each other. The following will give an idea how close they are. If the Sultan, for example, wishes to summon an inhabitant of a village near Lake Debo, the messenger sent goes to one of the gates of the ram-parts and from there shouts the message he is to transmit. From village to village, people repeat the words and the message arrives almost immediately at its destination and the man in question goes to the meeting place" [ 62 ] : 156 Great Assembly The Gbara or Great Assembly would serve as the Mandinka deliberative body and council of state until the collapse of the empire in 1645. Its first meeting, at the famous Kouroukan Fouga (Division of the World), had 29 clan delegates presided over by a belen-tigui (master of ceremony). The Kouroukan Fouga put in place social and economic reforms including prohibitions on the maltreatment of prisoners and slaves, installing documents between clans which clearly stated who could say what about whom. Also, Sundiata divided the lands amongst the people assuring everyone had a place in the empire and fixed exchange rates for common products. [ 64 ] The final incarnation of the Gbara, according to the surviving traditions of northern Guinea , held 32 positions occupied by 28 clans. [ 65 ] It functioned as the ruler's cabinet, with different dignitaries given different portfolios (war, justice, economy, foreign relations, religion, etc.), and all major social groups of Mande society were represented. [ 60 ] Territorial administration The Mali Empire covered a larger area for a longer period of time than any other West African state before or since. What made this possible was the decentralised nature of administration throughout the state. According to Burkinabé writer Joseph Ki-Zerbo , the farther a person travelled from the capital, the more decentralised the mansa 's power became. [ 68 ] Nevertheless, the mansa managed to keep tax money and nominal control over the area without agitating his subjects into revolt. The Malian state balanced centralization and decentralization by dividing the empire into a series of provinces and vassal states that had been either conquered or annexed, respectively. These were administered in different ways. The Mali Empire reached its largest area under the Abubakrids, the lineage of Mansa Musa. Al-Umari, who wrote down a description of Mali based on information given to him by Abu Sa’id 'Otman ed Dukkali (who had lived 35 years in the capital), reported the realm as being square and an eight-month journey from its coast at Tura (at the mouth of the Senegal River) to Muli. Umari also describes the empire as being south of Marrakesh and almost entirely inhabited except for few places. Mali's domain also extended into the desert. He describes it as being north of Mali but under its domination implying some sort of vassalage for the Antasar, Yantar'ras, Medussa and Lemtuna Berber tribes, with garrisons kept at Oualata , Timbuktu , Koumbi , and Gao , and responsibility of governing the Sahara given to the military commander ( sura farin ). [ 69 ] [ 62 ] : 154 The empire's total area included nearly all the land between the Sahara Desert and coastal forests. It spanned the modern-day countries of Senegal, southern Mauritania , Mali, northern Burkina Faso , western Niger , the Gambia , Guinea-Bissau , Guinea, the Ivory Coast and northern Ghana. By 1350, the empire covered approximately 478,819 square miles (1,240,140 km 2 ). [ 70 ] Al-ʿUmari reported that Mali had fourteen provinces. [ 71 ] His list does not necessarily accurately reflect the actual organization of the Mali Empire, [ 72 ] and the identification of the listed provinces is controversial. Several of the names are spelled in a variety of ways in different manuscripts. Al-ʿUmari's list, which is quoted with slight differences by al-Qalqashandi, is as follows: Ghana ( Ghāna ): Corresponds to the former Ghana Empire . Zafun ( Zāfūn ): Diafunu [ 73 ] Tirafka ( Tirafkā ): [ c ] Probably the same as Tiraqqa, a town on the Niger between Timbuktu and Gao mentioned by several other sources. [ 74 ] Alternatively, may be Tiringa , between Kayes and Nioro, or the same as .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%} trnqh , which may be Futa Toro . Takrur ( Takrūr ): On 3rd cataract of the Senegal River, north of Jolof . By the 14th century, the term Takrur had become commonly misused by Arab writers. Sanghana ( Sanghāna ): A region surrounding the mouth of the Senegal river. The name of the river may be derived from the name Sanghana. [ 75 ] bānbʿw ( Arabic : بانبعو ) or bānbġw ( Arabic : بانبغو ): Possibly the Bambuk region, between the Senegal and Faleme rivers, which was a major source of gold, but identification is uncertain. [ 76 ] Zarqatabana ( Zarqaṭābanā ) bytrā ( Arabic : بيترا ): [ d ] Possibly a typographical error for Banbarā , referring to the Bambara people . [ 77 ] Damura ( Damūrā ) Zagha ( Zāghā ): Dia . Ruled by a sultan who was a vassal of the Mansa of Mali. [ 78 ] Kabura ( Kāburā ): Along the Niger upstream of Zagha. [ 79 ] Like Zagha, ruled by a sultan who was a vassal of the Mansa of Mali. Identified with Diafarabé by Delafosse and Kaara (south of the Niger, opposite Kokry ) by Bazin. [ 80 ] Also spelled Kabara or Kabira; not to be confused with Kabara , Timbuktu's port on the Niger. Bawaghuri ( Bawāghūrī ): [ e ] Possibly Zagra ( Zāgharī ), ten days' travel south of Walata . [ 81 ] Kawkaw ( Kawkaw ): The city of Gao , which was called Kawkaw by medieval Arabic sources. Formerly an independent kingdom , it was annexed into the Mali Empire by either Mansa Sakura or Mansa Musa . It later became the capital of the Songhai Empire . Mali ( Mālī ): The capital province, for which the empire gets its name. Al-'Umari reports that the capital itself, located in the province of Mali, was called byty . [ f ] Other regions ruled by Mali included Beledougou , Kala , Bendugu and Sibiridugu . Al-ʿUmari also indicates that four Amazigh tribes were subjects of Mali: Yantaṣar or Kel Antasar: Located in the vicinity of the Adrar des Ifoghas . [ 82 ] Tīn Gharās or Yantar'ras: Correspond to the modern Kel Gres . Located in the vicinity of Tadmekka in medieval times. [ 82 ] [ 74 ] Madūsa: Members of the Sanhaja confederation located on the Niger between Ghana and Tadmekka. [ 82 ] Lamtūna : Members of the Sanhaja confederation in the vicinity of the Adrar Plateau and Tagant Plateau . [ 82 ] Gomez instead suggests that these tribes would have inhabited territory in the vicinity of Mema, Ghana, and Diafunu. [ 83 ] Ibn Khaldun reports that all the desert area known as the land of the veiled men was subject to Mali, [ 84 ] and that Malian authority was adjacent to Ouargla . [ 85 ] Capital location The identity of the capital city of the Mali Empire is a matter of dispute among historians. Scholars have located the capital in Niani, or somewhere on the Niger, or proposed that it changed several times, that there was no true capital, or even that it lay as far afield as the upper Gambia River in modern-day Senegal . [ 86 ] Seemingly contradictory reports written by Arab visitors, a lack of definitive archaeological evidence, and the diversity of oral traditions all contribute to this uncertainty. [ 87 ] A particular challenge lies in interpreting early Arabic manuscripts, in which, without vowel markings and diacritics, foreign names can be read in numerous different ways (e.g. Biti, Buti, Yiti, Tati). [ 86 ] Ibn Battuta and Leo Africanus both call the capital "Mali." [ 88 ] Early European writers such as Maurice Delafosse believed that Niani , a city on what is now the border between Guinea and Mali, was the capital for most of the empire's history, and this notion has taken hold in the popular imagination. [ 89 ] Djibril Tamsir Niane , a Guinean historian, has been a forceful advocate of this position in recent decades. The identification of Niani as imperial capital is rooted in an (possibly erroneous) interpretation of the Arab traveler al Umari's work, as well as some oral histories. Extensive archaeological digs have shown that the area was an important trade and manufacturing center in the 15th century, but no firm evidence of royal residence has come to light. [ 90 ] Niani's reputation as an imperial capital may derive from its importance in the late imperial period, when the Songhai Empire to the northeast pushed Mali back to the Manding heartland. Several 21st century historians have firmly rejected Niani as a capital candidate based on a lack of archaeological evidence of significant trade activity, clearly described by Arab visitors, particularly during the 14th century, Mali's golden age. [ 86 ] In fact, there is a conspicuous absence of archaeological samples of any kind from Niani dated to the late 13th through early 15th centuries, suggesting that Niani may have been uninhabited during the heyday of the Mali Empire. [ 86 ] Various sources cite several other cities as capitals of the Mali Empire, some in competition with the Niani hypothesis and others addressing different time periods. A city called Dieriba or Dioliba is sometimes mentioned as the capital or main urban center of the province of Mande in the years before Sundiata, that was later abandoned. [ 91 ] Many oral histories point to a town called Dakajalan as the original home of the Keita clan and Sundiata's childhood home and base of operations during the war against the Soso. It may have been located close to modern Kangaba . Mande bards in the region speak of the Dakajalan site, containing Sundiata's grave, as sacrosanct. [ 92 ] Kangaba became the last refuge of the Keita royal family after the collapse of the Mali Empire, and so has for centuries been associated with Sundiata in the cultural imagination of Mande peoples. If Dakajalan was, in fact, situated near Kangaba, this may also have contributed to their conflation, beginning with Delafosse's speculation that the latter may have begun as a suburb of the former. [ 93 ] According to Jules Vidal and Levtzion, citing oral histories from Kangaba and Keyla, another onetime capital was Manikoro or Mali-Kura, founded after the destruction of Niani. [ 94 ] Parallel to this debate, many scholars have argued that the Mali Empire may not have had a permanent "capital" in the sense that the word is used today, and historically was used in the Mediterranean world. Rather, authority would rest with the mansa and his court, wherever he went. Therefore, Arabic visitors may have assigned the "capital" label merely to whatever major city the mansa was based out of at the time of their visit. [ 95 ] It has been suggested that the name given in the Arabic sources for the capital of Mali is derived the Manding word "bambi", meaning " dais ", and as such refers to the "seat of government" in general rather than being the name of a specific city. [ 96 ] Such impermanent capitals are a historically widespread phenomenon, having occurred in other parts of Africa such as Ethiopia , as well as outside Africa, such as in the Holy Roman Empire . [ 97 ] Imperial Regalia The Mansas of Mali used several symbols to demonstrate their power and influence. A red banner struck with a golden disc, referred to as the 'Mali djondjon' or the 'Sun Banner' of Sundiata, appears in oral histories of his coronation. [ 98 ] Written sources have Mansa Musa using a similar banner, 'with yellow symbols ( shi’ār ) on a red background', during his visit to Cairo, as well as a parasol. [ 99 ] Ibn Battuta records the Mansa using golden and silver lances as imperial regalia. Other royal items included a ruler's cap, slippers, arrows, and bow. The material of which they were made indicated the rank of the holder: gold was the highest, and reserved for the Mansa, followed in descending order by silver, brass, iron, and wood. The rulers of Kaabu held a silver lance, for example, while the king of Guinala , one of their subordinates, held a bow and arrows of iron. [ 100 ] Economy Agriculture The majority of the population were farmers, with this being the base of the economy, and food was abundant. Whilst cattle-rearing was a speciality of the Fulani , peoples of the Niger were raising sheep, goats, and cattle by the 14th century. The Bozo , Somono , and Sorko people specialised in fishing. [ 62 ] : 164–165 Crafts Iron was abundant and smiths manufactured farming tools and weapons. Shoemaker clans resided in the south. In the north weaving flourished, owing to cotton fields in regions such as Casamance , and the Soninke and Takrur peoples specially dyed their cloths indigo. Siaki (goldsmiths) were honoured. [ 62 ] : 165–170 Trade Trade was a significant factor to the rise and success of Mali. Its height coincided with the period when Timbuktu came under the Mansa's control. The empire taxed every ounce of gold, copper and salt that entered its borders, with kola nuts also bearing importance. By the 14th century, a pax mandinka reigned in West Africa, allowing trade to flourish. [ 101 ] There was no standard currency throughout the realm, but several forms were used. The Sahelian and Saharan towns of the Mali Empire were staging posts in the long-distance caravan trade and trading centres for various West African products. At Taghaza , for example, salt was exchanged; at Takedda , copper. Ibn Battuta observed the use of slaves in both towns. During most of his journey, Ibn Battuta travelled with a retinue that included slaves, most of whom carried goods for trade. On the return from Takedda to Morocco , his caravan transported 600 female slaves, suggesting that slavery was a substantial part of the commercial activity of the empire. [ 102 ] Gold Mali's wealth in gold did not primarily come from direct rule of gold-producing regions, but rather from tribute and trade with the regions where gold was found. [ 103 ] Gold nuggets were the exclusive property of the mansa and were illegal to trade within his borders. All gold was immediately handed over to the imperial treasury in return for an equal value of gold dust. Gold dust had been weighed and bagged for use at least since the time of the Ghana Empire. Mali borrowed the practice to stem inflation, since it was so prominent in the region. The most common measure for gold within the realm was the mithqal (4.5 grams of gold). [ 34 ] This term was used interchangeably with dinar , though it is unclear if coined currency was used in the empire. Gold dust was used all over the empire, but was not valued equally in all regions. By the beginning of the 14th century, Mali was the source of almost half the Old World 's gold exported from mines in Bambuk , Boure and Galam . [ 45 ] Gold mines in Boure, which is located in present-day Guinea, were discovered sometime near the end of the 12th century. [ 104 ] Salt Salt, another critical trade good, was as valuable, if not more valuable, than gold in sub-Saharan Africa . It was cut into pieces and spent on goods with close to equal buying power throughout the empire. [ 105 ] While it was as good as gold in the north, it was even better in the south, as it was rare there. [ citation needed ] Every year merchants entered Mali via Oualata with camel loads of salt to sell in the capital. Ibn Battuta had written that in Taghaza , one of Mali's most important salt mines, there were no trees, only sand and the salt mines. Nobody lived in the area except the Musafa servants who dug the salt and lived on dates imported from Sijilmasa and the Dar'a valley , camel meat and millet imported from the Sudan . The buildings were constructed from slabs of salt and roofed with camel skins. The salt was dug from the ground and cut into thick slabs, two of which were loaded onto each camel where they would be taken south across the desert to Oualata and sold. The value of the salt was chiefly determined by the transport costs. According to Ibn Battuta one camel load of salt sold at Walata for 8–10 mithqals of gold, but in Mali proper it was worth 20–30 ducats and sometimes even 40. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Copper Copper was also a valued commodity in imperial Mali. According to Ibn Battuta, [ 107 ] [ 108 ] copper was mined from Takedda in the north and traded by the bar in the south for gold. Contemporary sources claim 60 copper bars traded for 100 dinars of gold. [ 5 ] The Akan would trade gold for two thirds its weight in copper. Copper was also traded to Benin , Ife and Nri . [ 62 ] : 170 Military The number and frequency of conquests in the late 13th century and throughout the 14th century indicate the Kolonkan mansas inherited and/or developed a capable military. Sundjata is credited with at least the initial organisation of the Manding military. However, it went through radical changes before reaching the legendary proportions proclaimed by its subjects. As a result of steady tax revenue and stable government beginning in the last quarter of the 13th century, the Mali Empire was able to project its power throughout its own extensive domain and beyond. It had a well-organised army with an elite corps of horsemen and many foot soldiers in each battalion. An army was required to guard the borders to protect its flourishing trade. Evidence of cavalry in terracotta figures suggest the empire's prosperous economy as horses are not indigenous to Africa. [ 109 ] Strength The Mali Empire maintained a semi-professional, full-time army in order to defend its borders. The entire nation was mobilised, with each clan obligated to provide a quota of fighting-age men. [ 5 ] These men had to be of the horon ( freemen ) caste and appear with their own arms. Historians who lived during the height and decline of the Mali Empire consistently record its standing army peaking at 100,000, with 10,000 of that number being made up of cavalry. [ 5 ] [ 110 ] With the help of the river clans, this army could be deployed throughout the realm on short notice. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Numerous sources attest that the inland waterways of West Africa saw extensive use of war canoes and vessels used for war transport where permitted by the environment. Most West African canoes were of single-log construction, carved and dug out from one massive tree trunk. [ 113 ] Order of battle The army of the Mali Empire during the 14th century was divided into northern and southern commands led by the Farim-Soura and Sankar-Zouma, respectively. [ 5 ] Both of these men were part of Mali's warrior elite known as the ton-ta-jon-ta-ni-woro ("sixteen carriers of quivers"). Each representative or ton-tigi ("quiver-master") provided counsel to the mansa at the Gbara, but only these two ton-tigi held such wide-ranging power. The ton-tigi belonged to an elite force of cavalry commanders called the farari ("brave men"). Each individual farariya ("brave") had a number of infantry officers beneath them called kèlè-koun or dùùkùnàsi . A kèlè-koun led free troops into battle alongside a farima ("brave man") during campaign. A dùùkùnàsi performed the same function except with slave troops called sofa ("guardian of the horse") and under the command of a farimba ("great brave man"). The farimba operated from a garrison with an almost entirely slave force, while a farima functioned on field with virtually all freemen. Equipment The army of the Mali Empire used of a wide variety of weapons depending largely on where the troops originated. Only sofa were equipped by the state, using bows and poisoned arrows. Free warriors from the north (Mandekalu or otherwise) were usually equipped with large reed or animal hide shields and a stabbing spear that was called a tamba . Free warriors from the south came armed with bows and poisonous arrows. The bow figured prominently in Mandinka warfare and was a symbol of military force throughout the culture. Bowmen formed a large portion of the field army as well as the garrison. Three bowmen supporting one spearman was the ratio in Kaabu and the Gambia by the mid-16th century. Equipped with two quivers and a knife fastened to the back of their arm, Mandinka bowmen used barbed, iron-tipped arrows that were usually poisoned. They also used flaming arrows for siege warfare. While spears and bows were the mainstay of the infantry, swords and lances of local or foreign manufacture were the choice weapons of the cavalry. Ibn Battuta comments on festival demonstrations of swordplay before the mansa by his retainers including the royal interpreter. [ 114 ] Another common weapon of Mandekalu warriors was the poison javelin used in skirmishes. Imperial Mali's horsemen also used iron helmet and mail armour for defence [ 115 ] as well as shields similar to those of the infantry. Religion Part of a series on African traditional religions Religions Akan Amazigh Ancient Egypt Bantu Baluba Bushongo Chagga Kongo Lozi Luhya Tumbuka Zulu Dinka Dogon Efik Gbe Hausa Nubia Lotuko Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala (Igbo) San Serer Vodun Waaqeffanna (Oromo) Yoruba Akan Amazigh Ancient Egypt Bantu Baluba Bushongo Chagga Kongo Lozi Luhya Tumbuka Zulu Baluba Bushongo Chagga Kongo Lozi Luhya Tumbuka Zulu Dinka Dogon Efik Gbe Hausa Nubia Lotuko Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala (Igbo) San Serer Vodun Waaqeffanna (Oromo) Yoruba Doctrines Divination African divination Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius) Dogon astronomy (Nommo) Index of African mythology and creation narratives Philosophy Serer astronomy (the star Sirius) Yooniir Ciiɗ, Serer reincarnation Divination African divination African divination Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius) Dogon astronomy (Nommo) Index of African mythology and creation narratives Philosophy Serer astronomy (the star Sirius) Yooniir Yooniir Ciiɗ, Serer reincarnation Deities Index of African deities List of African deities and mythical figures Index of African deities List of African deities and mythical figures Sacred places Bandiagara Escarpment Benin City Dahomey Fatick Ifẹ Igbo-Ukwu Jebel Barkal Kanem–Bornu Mount Hombori Nri-Igbo Nsukka Ouidah Oyo Point of Sangomar Sangha Sangha Ogol Leye Sine Sine River Somb Tattaguine Temple of Philae Tukar Yaboyabo Youga Dogorou Bandiagara Escarpment Benin City Dahomey Fatick Ifẹ Igbo-Ukwu Jebel Barkal Kanem–Bornu Mount Hombori Nri-Igbo Nsukka Ouidah Oyo Point of Sangomar Sangha Sangha Ogol Leye Sine Sine River Somb Tattaguine Temple of Philae Tukar Yaboyabo Youga Dogorou Education Ndut Okuyi Ndut Okuyi Priesthood God's Wife of Amun High Priest of Amun High Priest of Ptah Hogon Houngan Mambo Saltigue Sangoma God's Wife of Amun High Priest of Amun High Priest of Ptah Hogon Houngan Mambo Saltigue Sangoma Relation with other religions African diaspora religions Persecution Persecution of Dogons Persecution of Serers Traditional African religion and other religions African diaspora religions Persecution Persecution of Dogons Persecution of Serers Persecution of Dogons Persecution of Serers Traditional African religion and other religions Category Portal Category Portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Djibril Tamsir Niane has advanced the claim that, based on some griot accounts, the Keita dynasty claims descent from a man called "Lawalo", whom Niane claim was one of the sons of Bilal , the faithful muezzin of Islam 's prophet Muhammad . [ 27 ] The original epos, however, tends to portray Sundiata as a powerful sorcerer and hunter, rather than a devout Muslim. [ 116 ] Griots and Niane also claim that his descendants founded and led the donso-ton , the powerful hunter's brotherhood of Mande that was thoroughly steeped in local animist ritual. [ 117 ] This ambiguity and dualistic belief system was a fundamental feature of the Mali Empire, as it was for many other Sahel states up until the 19th century. [ 118 ] Religious life in the Mali Empire was divided between animist and Islamic belief systems, but the boundary was blurry and porous, if it existed at all. [ 119 ] [ 118 ] The northern parts of the empire on the edge of the Sahara desert tended to be more Islamicized, while traditional African religion dominated in the south. [ 120 ] The ruling family's traditions reflect this, cultivating an image as both longstanding Muslims and powerful "sorcerers" on the model of the Kòmò society. [ 117 ] [ 121 ] Fage notes that, Islam was present in Mande by at least the 10th century. [ 116 ] If one is to believe Al-Bakri , a king of Malal was converted to Islam when a marabout produced a miraculous shower of rain that ended a drought, and the ruler's descendants and his nobles kept Islam, although the common people were not converted. [ 122 ] Ibn Khaldun named the first Muslim king Barmandana. [ 123 ] These conversion stories do not necessarily mean that early Mande was an Islamic state, however. Al-Bakri's story, if true, presumably applied only to one of the local rulers of the balkanized region, and any claims to longstanding Muslim status could be a later invention to give increased prestige to the royal family. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Some historians posit that Sundiata Keita , founder of the Empire, followed the tenets of Traditional African religion just like his subjects. [ 126 ] [ 119 ] Others claim that he may have been nominally or superficially Muslim. [ 118 ] During his reign, Mansa Musa bestowed rewards on a marabout named Mudrik b. Fakkûs in gratitude for his ancestor who had supposedly converted Musa's ancestor 'Sarik Djata', probably Sundiata. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] But the deeply pagan themes permeating the Epic of Sundiata reflect his times, and his practice of Islam was probably syncretic at best, if he practiced at all. [ 129 ] The emperor had to serve as both a pious sultan for his Muslim subjects and as the malimansa , protected by the spirits, for his pagan subjects. [ 130 ] Religiously mixed public ceremonies at Mansa Suleyman 's court as recorded by ibn Battuta reflect this. [ 131 ] The hajj pilgrimage, undertaken by mansas Wali , Sakura , and Musa , mirrored the dali-ma-sigi , a hunter's spiritual quest to forge an alliance with the secret powers of the wild bush. [ 33 ] Mansa Musa is generally considered the archetypal Muslim Mansa: besides his famous pilgrimage, he also built numerous mosques and madrasas, and encouraged the practice of Islam at his court. [ 132 ] But in oral tradition he is lauded as the king who brought important boliw (sacred objects) from Mecca for use in the Kòmò rituals. [ 133 ] Under Malian rule, towns like Dia and Goundiourou enjoyed a degree of theocratic self-rule, where only Islamic law applied. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] These were Jakhanke centers following Al-Hajj Salim Suwari 's quietist beliefs. [ 136 ] Legacy The Mali Empire had a massive effect on the development of West Africa societies even well after its peak. Its expansion spread Mande culture and the Mande languages from the mouth of the Gambia River to what is now Burkina Faso and, particularly through Dyula traders, from the Niger loop to the trading centers on the south coast. All across this region, political institutions with Malian structures and terminology survived to the colonial period and beyond. [ 60 ] Architecture Imperial Malian architecture was characterised by Sudano-Sahelian architecture . This style is distinguished by the use of mudbricks and an adobe plaster, with large wooden-log support beams that jut out from the wall face for large buildings such as mosques or palaces. The dating of the original Great Mosque of Djenné , the most prominent example of this style today, is uncertain but thought to date as early as 1200 to as late as 1330. [ 139 ] The current structure, built under French colonial rule by the traditional Djenne masons, dates from 1907 and recreates some of the original's design and on the original plan. [ 139 ] The earliest document mentioning the old Djenne mosque is Abd al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan , which gives the early history, presumably from the oral tradition as it existed in the mid seventeenth century. The tarikh states that a Sultan Kunburu became a Muslim and had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque; he then built another palace for himself near the mosque on the east side. [ 139 ] [ 140 ] The Sudano-Sahelian influence was particularly widely incorporated during the rule of Mansa Musa I, who constructed many architectural projects, including the Great Mosque of Gao and Royal Palace in Timbuktu, which was built with the assistance of Ishaak al-Tuedjin, an architect brought by Musa from his pilgrimage to Mecca. [ 141 ] See also Kouyate family Bamana Empire List of Sunni dynasties List of kingdoms and empires in African history Notes ^ There is some ambiguity over the identity of the mansa responsible for the voyages. The voyage is often incorrectly attributed to a Mansa Abu Bakr II, but no such mansa ever reigned. [ 38 ] The account of the voyage does not mention the mansa by name, only indicating that it was Musa's immediate predecessor. According to Ibn Khaldun, Musa's immediate predecessor was Muhammad. [ 39 ] ^ 952 AH ^ Variant: Tiranka ( Tirankā ) ^ Included in al-Qalqashandi's quotation of al-'Umari, but not in any manuscript of al-'Umari's text itself, which only list thirteen provinces despite saying there are fourteen. ^ Variant spellings include brlġwry ( Arabic : برلغوري ) and brāġwdy ( Arabic : براغودي ) ^ Al-Qalqashandi quotes al-'Umari as spelling it banbī , but this is actually how al-'Umari spells the name of the royal dais, not the capital. References ^ a b c Taagepera 1997 , p. 497. ^ Orum Anthony M., The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies , (Wiley-Blackwell, 2019), 1404. ^ Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006 , p. 222. ^ a b Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century , p. 57. University of California Press, 1997. ^ a b c d e f g h i Niane 1975 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} De Moraes Farias, Paulo Fernando (2007). "AU-DELÀ DE L'OPPOSITION COLONIALE ENTRE AUTHENTICITÉ AFRICAINE ET IDENTITÉ MUSULMANE L'œuvre de Waa Kamisòkò, barde moderne et critique du Mali". In Villasante Cervello, Mariella; de Beauvais, Christophe (eds.). Colonisations et héritages actuels au Sahara et au Sahel, Vol II (in French). Paris: Harmattan. p. 271. ISBN 978-2-296-04025-0 . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ Davidson, Basil (29 October 2014). West Africa before the Colonial Era: A History to 1850 . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88265-7 . ^ a b Imperato & Imperato 2008 , p. 201. ^ Goodwin 1957 . ^ Imperato & Imperato 2008 , p. 202. ^ a b Imperato & Imperato 2008 , p. 203. ^ Imperato & Imperato 2008 , p. 204. ^ a b Ly-Tall 1984 , p. 172. ^ Ly-Tall 1984 , p. 172–173. ^ a b c Niane 2006 , p. 85. ^ Gomez 2018 , p. 68. ^ Conrad 2004 , p. xxxiii. ^ Fauvelle 2018 , p. 191. ^ a b Hunwick 1973 , p. 197. ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 , pp. 261, 333, 336. ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 , pp. 261–262. ^ Delafosse 1912a , pp. 121–122 "On a voulou trouver à ce mot une étymologie totémique et on a traduit Mali par «hippopotame» et Mandé par «petit lamentin» : ces deux étymologies sont rejetées par les indigènes du pays, c'est-à-dire les Malinké, qui déclarent que Mandé ou Mali est simpliment le nom de leur patrie et qu'ils n'en connaissent pas la signification (1) et qui, au surplus, n'ont aucun totem de peuple, pas plus le lamentin que l'hippopotame: un de leurs clans seulement a pour tana ou «tabou» l'hippopotame et il n'en porte pas le nom (clan des Keïta)." "(1) Si d'ailleurs la forme mali peut signifier «hippopotame» dans certains dialectes, ce sens ne peut en aucune façon s'appliquer à la forme mandé; part contre, si l'on peut traduire mandé , mané , mani , etc. par «petit lamentin», il serait bien difficile de donner la même traduction aux formes mali , "mallé", etc.; on pourrait encore proposer l'étymologie de «fils de maître», mais elle serait également fort douteuse." ^ Heusch, Luc de: "The Symbolic Mechanisms of Sacred Kingship: Rediscovering Frazer". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute , 1997. ^ Cissoko 1983 , pp. 57. ^ Lange, Dierk (1996), "The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana", Der Islam 73 (2): 313–351 ^ "African Empires to CE 1500" . Fsmitha.com. 17 January 2007 . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . ^ a b c d Niane, D. T. (1995). Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali . Longman. ^ "Mali | World Civilization" . courses.lumenlearning.com . Retrieved 10 May 2020 . ^ a b Blanchard 2001 , p. 1117. ^ Mike Blondino. 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Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900 (Cambridge History of Science Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 29– 30. ISBN 0521246032 . ^ Hunwick 1999 , pp. 12, 30. ^ Levtzion 1973 , p. 81. ^ "Mossi (1250–1575 AD) – DBA 2.0 Variant Army List" . Fanaticus.org. 21 August 2006. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009 . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . ^ Wilkinson 1994 , p. 52. ^ Mass, Kelly (9 December 2023). African History A Closer Look at Colonies, Countries, and Wars . Efalon Acies. ISBN 9791222482699 . Retrieved 23 December 2023 . Denianke dynasty was established at Tekrour in 1514, leading to war with Mali's surviving regions by Great Fulo's new kingdom. ^ Gomez 2018 , p. 331. ^ a b Person 1981 , p. 618. ^ Wilks 1982 , p. 470. ^ Person 1981 , p. 621. ^ Ly-Tall 1984 , p. 184. ^ al-Sadi , translated in Hunwick 1999 , pp. 234–235 ^ Jansen 1996 . ^ Person, Yves: SAMORI: UNE REVOLUTION DYULA . Nîmes, impr. 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ISBN 978-1-55876-304-3 . ^ a b c d Fauvelle-Aymar 2012 . ^ Conrad 1994 . ^ Hunwick 1973 , p. 199. ^ Ki-Zerbo, 57. ^ Conrad 1994 , p. 369. ^ Green 1991 , p. 128. ^ Conrad 1994 , p. 373. ^ Green 1991 , p. 129. ^ Green 1991 , pp. 128–129. ^ Conrad 1994 , p. 365. ^ Hunwick 1973 . ^ Haour 2005 . ^ Kamissoko, Wa; Cisse, Youssouf Tata (2009). Soundjata: la Gloire du Mali . p. 53. doi : 10.3917/kart.cisse.2009.01 . ISBN 978-2-8111-0261-6 . Retrieved 7 October 2024 . ^ Gomez 2018 , p. 115. ^ Buhnen, Stephen (1994). "In Quest of Susu". History in Africa . 21 : 46. doi : 10.2307/3171880 . JSTOR 3171880 . ^ Cissoko 1983 , pp. 58. ^ Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton, Trade, Transport, Temples, and Tribute: The Economics of Power Archived 29 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine , in In the Balance: Themes in Global History (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998). ^ Gomez 2018 , p. 107–108. ^ Blauer, Lauré; Ettagale, Jason (2008). Cultures of the World Mali . Marshall Cavendish, 2008. p. 25. ISBN 978-0761425687 . ^ a b Blanchard 2001 , p. 1115. ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 , p. 414, note 5. ^ Dunn 2005 , p. 305. ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 , pp. 301–303. ^ Nelson, Joe (2015). Historium . Big Pictures Press. p. 12. ^ Willard, Alice (1 April 1993). "Gold, Islam and Camels: The Transformative Effects of Trade and Ideology" . Comparative Civilizations Review . 28 (28): 88. ISSN 0733-4540 . ^ "Google Translate" . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . ^ Sarr, Mamadou (1991). L'empire du Mali . p. 92. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . ^ Robert Smith, "The Canoe in West African History", The Journal of African History , Vol. 11, No. 4 (1970), pp. 515–533. ^ Charry 2000 , p. 358. ^ Robin Law (1976). "Horses, Firearms, and Political Power in Pre-Colonial West Africa, Past and Present". Past and Present (1): 112– 132. doi : 10.1093/past/72.1.112 . ^ a b Fage, J. D , The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600 (editors: J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver), p. 390, Cambridge University Press , 1977, ISBN 0-521-20981-1 ^ a b Gomez 2018 , p. 70. ^ a b c Fauvelle 2022 , p. 67. ^ a b Badru, Pade, The Spread of Islam in West Africa: colonization, globalization, and the emergence of fundamentalism , pp. 100-102, Edwin Mellen Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7734-5535-3 ^ Fauvelle 2022 , p. 66. ^ Fauvelle 2022 , p. 64. ^ al-Bakri in Nehemiah Levtzion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds and trans, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1981, reprint ed. Princeton, NJ,: Marcus Wiener, 2000), p. 82–83. ^ ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds, and transl. Corpus , p. 333. ^ Conrad DC. Islam in the Oral Traditions of Mali: Bilali and Surakata. The Journal of African History. 1985;26(1):33-49. doi:10.1017/S0021853700023070 ^ Fauvelle 2022 , p. 71. ^ Collins, Robert; Burns, James M. (2007). A history of Sub-Saharan Africa . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 84 . Retrieved 31 May 2025 . ^ Conrad 1992 , p. 157. ^ Fauvelle 2022 , p. 68. ^ Gomez 2018 , p. 91. ^ Fauvelle 2022 , p. 229. ^ Fauvelle 2022 , p. 226. ^ Gomez 2018 , p. 156. ^ Conrad 1992 , p. 152. ^ Gomez 2018 , p. 158. ^ Charles Monteil ‘Le Site de Goundiourou’, Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique occidentale française, Larose (Paris), 1928, ^ Gomez 2018 , p. 157. ^ Morris, James; Blier, Suzanne Preston (2004). Butabu: Adobe Architecture of West Africa . Princeton Architectural Press . p. 190. ISBN 9781568984131 . ^ Morris, James; Biro Y.; Cissé M.; Conrad David C.; Diagne S. B.; McIntosh R.; Paulo F. de Moraes Farias; Paoletti G. & Thiaw I. (2020). Sahel: Art and Empires on the Shores of the Sahara . Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 138– 139. ISBN 9781588396877 . ^ a b c Bourgeois 1987 . ^ Hunwick 1999 , p. 18. "When the sultan became a Muslim. he had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque dedicated to God Most High. This is the present congregational mosque. He built another palace for himself and his household near the mosque on the east side." ^ Alexander, Leslie (2010). Encyclopedia of African American History (American Ethnic Experience ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 73– 74. ISBN 978-1851097692 . Primary sources al-Bakri , Kitāb al-masālik wa-ʼl-mamālik [ The Book of Routes and Realms ] , translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 al-Idrisi (1154), Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق [ The Pleasure of Him Who Longs to Cross the Horizons ] , translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 Al-Umari , Masalik al-Absar fi Mamalik al-Amsar [ Pathways of Vision in the Realms of the Metropolises ] , translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 Ibn Khaldun , Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʼ wa-l-khabar fī ayyām al-ʻarab wa-ʼl-ʻajam wa-ʼl-barbar [ The Book of Examples and the Register of Subject and Predicate on the Days of the Arabs, the Persians and the Berbers ] . Translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 . Ibn Battuta ; Ibn Juzayy (1356), Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار [ A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling ] , translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 al-Sadi, Taʾrīkh al-Sūdān , translated in Hunwick 1999 Other sources Bell, Nawal Morcos (1972). "The Age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in Succession and Chronology". The International Journal of African Historical Studies . 5 (2): 221– 234. doi : 10.2307/217515 . ISSN 0361-7882 . JSTOR 217515 . Blanchard, Ian (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages Vol. 3. Continuing Afro-European Supremacy, 1250–1450 . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-08704-4 . Bourgeois, Jean-Louis (1987). "The History of the Great Mosques of Djenné" . African Arts . 20 (3): 54– 63, 90– 92. doi : 10.2307/3336477 . JSTOR 3336477 . Charry, Eric S. (2000). Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 500 Pages. ISBN 0-226-10161-4 . Cissoko, Sekene Mody (1983). "Formations sociales et État en Afrique précoloniale : Approche historique" . Présence Africaine . COLLOQUE SUR « LA PROBLÉMATIQUE DE L'ÉTAT EN AFRIQUE NOIRE » (127/128): 50– 71. doi : 10.3917/presa.127.0050 . JSTOR 24350899 . Retrieved 4 July 2023 . Conrad, David C. (1992). "Searching for History in the Sunjata Epic: The Case of Fakoli". History in Africa . 19 (3): 147– 200. doi : 10.2307/3171998 . JSTOR 3171998 . Conrad, David C. (1994). "A town called Dakajalan: the Sunjata tradition and the question of Ancient Mali's capital". Journal of African History . 35 (3): 355– 377. doi : 10.1017/s002185370002675x . JSTOR 182640 . S2CID 162273464 . Conrad, David C. (2004). Sunjata: a West African epic of the Mande peoples . Indianapolis: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-697-1 . Cooley, William Desborough (1966) [1841]. The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained . London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-1799-7 . Delafosse, Maurice (1912a). Haut-Sénégal Niger (in French). Vol. I. Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. Delafosse, Maurice (1912b). Haut-Sénégal Niger (in French). Vol. II. L'Histoire. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. Delafosse, Maurice (1912c). Haut-Sénégal Niger (in French). Vol. III. Les civilisations. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. Dunn, Ross E. (2005) [1996]. The Adventures of Ibn Battuta . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24385-9 . Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier (2012). "Niani redux. A final rejection of the identification of the site of Niani (Republic of Guinea) with the capital of the kingdom of Mali". P@lethnology : 235– 252. ISSN 2108-6532 . Fauvelle, François-Xavier (2018) [2013]. The Golden Rhinoceros: Histories of the African Middle Ages . Troy Tice (trans.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18126-4 . Fauvelle, Francois-Xavier (2022). Les masques et la mosquée - L'empire du Mâli XIIIe XIVe siècle . Paris: CNRS Editions. ISBN 978-2271143716 . Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400888160 . Goodwin, A. J. H. (1957). "The Medieval Empire of Ghana". South African Archaeological Bulletin . 12 (47): 108– 112. doi : 10.2307/3886971 . JSTOR 3886971 . Green, Kathryn L. (1991). " "Mande Kaba," the Capital of Mali: A Recent Invention?" . History in Africa . 18 : 127– 135. doi : 10.2307/3172058 . ISSN 0361-5413 . JSTOR 3172058 . S2CID 161600126 . Haour, Anne (2005). "Power and permanence in precolonial Africa: a case study from the central Sahel" . World Archaeology . 37 (4): 552– 565. doi : 10.1080/00438240500412816 . ISSN 0043-8243 . S2CID 162397096 . Hunwick, John O. (1973). "The mid-fourteenth century capital of Mali". Journal of African History . 14 (2): 195– 206. doi : 10.1017/s0021853700012512 . JSTOR 180444 . S2CID 162784401 . Hunwick, John O. (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents . Islamic history and civilization : studies and texts. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11207-0 . Hunwick, John (1999b). "Islamic financial institutions: theoretical structures and aspects of their application in sub-Saharan Africa". In Stiansen, Endre & Guyer, Jane I. (eds.). Credit, Currencies and Culture: African Financial Institutions in Historical Perspective . Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. pp. 78– 102. ISBN 91-7106-442-7 . Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mali . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5603-5 . Insoll, Timothy (2003). The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65702-4 . Jansen, Jan (1996). "The Representation of Status in Mande: Did the Mali Empire Still Exist in the Nineteenth Century?". History in Africa . 23 : 87– 109. doi : 10.2307/3171935 . hdl : 1887/2775 . JSTOR 3171935 . S2CID 53133772 . Ibn Khaldun (1958). F. Rosenthal (ed.). The Muqaddimah (K. Ta'rikh - "History") . Vol. 1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp. 264– 268. OCLC 956182402 . (on the Kings of Mali) Ki-Zerbo, Joseph (1978). Histoire de l'Afrique noire: D'hier à demain . Paris: Hatier. ISBN 2-218-04176-6 . Ki-Zerbo, Joseph (1997). UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06699-5 . Levtzion, N. (1963). "The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century kings of Mali". Journal of African History . 4 (3): 341– 353. doi : 10.1017/S002185370000428X . JSTOR 180027 . S2CID 162413528 . Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali . London: Methuen. ISBN 0-8419-0431-6 . Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000). Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa . New York: Marcus Weiner Press. ISBN 1-55876-241-8 . First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-22422-5 Ly-Tall, M. (1984). "The decline of the Mali Empire". In Niane, D. T. (ed.). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century . General history of Africa. Vol. 4. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 172– 186. ISBN 92-3-101-710-1 . Monteil, Ch. (1929). "Les Empires du Mali. Étude d'histoire et de sociologie soudanais". Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique occidentale française (in French). XII ( 3– 4): 291– 447. Piga, Adriana (2003). Islam et villes en Afrique au sud du Sahara: Entre soufisme et fondamentalisme . Paris: KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 2-84586-395-0 . Niane, D. T. (1994). Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali . Harlow: Longman African Writers. ISBN 0-582-26475-8 . Niane, Djibril Tamsir (2006). Sundiata: an epic of Old Mali . Translated by Pickett, G. D. (Revised ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-4942-5 . Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1959). "Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Age" . Recherches Africaines (in French). Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Niane, D. T. (1975). Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Âge (in French). Paris: Présence Africaine. Person, Yves (1981). "Nyaani Mansa Mamudu et la fin de l'empire du Mali" . Publications de la Société française d'histoire des outre-mers (in French): 613– 653. Stride, G. T. & Ifeka, C. (1971). Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800 . Edinburgh: Nelson. ISBN 0-17-511448-X . Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF) . International Studies Quarterly . 41 (3): 475– 504. doi : 10.1111/0020-8833.00053 . JSTOR 2600793 . Retrieved 10 April 2021 . Thornton, John K. (1999). Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500–1800 . London and New York: Routledge. pp. 194 Pages. ISBN 1-85728-393-7 . Turchin, Peter ; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF) . Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 218– 229. ISSN 1076-156X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 April 2021 . Wilkinson, David (1994). "Spatial-Temporal Boundaries of African Civilizations Reconsidered: Part 2" . Comparative Civilizations Review . 31 (31) . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . Wilks, Ivor (1982). "Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. II. The Struggle for Trade". The Journal of African History . 23 (4): 463– 472. doi : 10.1017/S0021853700021307 . JSTOR 182036 . S2CID 163064591 . Further reading Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19682-4 . Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali . London: Methuen. ISBN 0-8419-0431-6 . Ly-Tall, M. (1984). "The decline of the Mali empire". In Niane, D. T. (ed.). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century . General History of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 92-3-101-710-1 . Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1959). "Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Age" . Recherches Africaines (in French). Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Niane, D. T. (1984). "Mali and the second Mandingo expansion". In Niane, D. T. (ed.). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century . General History of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 92-3-101-710-1 . External links African Kingdoms Mali Metropolitan Museum – Empires of the Western Sudan: Mali Empire The Story of Africa: Mali – BBC World Service Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354 – excerpts from H. A. R. Gibb's translation "The Empire of Mali, In Our Time – BBC Radio 4" . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . v t e Mali Empire v t e People Mansas Sunjata Uli I Wati Khalifa Abu Bakr Sakura Qu Muhammad Musa I Magha I Sulayman Qanba Mari Jata II Musa II Magha II Sandaki Magha III Musa III Uli II Mahmud II Mahmud III Mahmud IV Mama Maghan Other residents Qasa Abu Ishaq al-Sahili Mansas Sunjata Uli I Wati Khalifa Abu Bakr Sakura Qu Muhammad Musa I Magha I Sulayman Qanba Mari Jata II Musa II Magha II Sandaki Magha III Musa III Uli II Mahmud II Mahmud III Mahmud IV Mama Maghan Sunjata Uli I Wati Khalifa Abu Bakr Sakura Qu Muhammad Musa I Magha I Sulayman Qanba Mari Jata II Musa II Magha II Sandaki Magha III Musa III Uli II Mahmud II Mahmud III Mahmud IV Mama Maghan Other residents Qasa Abu Ishaq al-Sahili Qasa Abu Ishaq al-Sahili Geography Regions and Provinces Manding region Bambouk Méma Kaabu Takrur Dô Kala Bendugu Diarra Gajaaga Towns Dia Djenné Gao Kangaba Kouroussa Niagassola Niani Siguiri Timbuktu Tadmekka Walata Begho Sutukoba Associated states Wagadu Sosso Empire Gao Empire Songhai Empire Jolof Empire Empire of Great Fulo Regions and Provinces Manding region Bambouk Méma Kaabu Takrur Dô Kala Bendugu Diarra Gajaaga Manding region Bambouk Méma Kaabu Takrur Dô Kala Bendugu Diarra Gajaaga Towns Dia Djenné Gao Kangaba Kouroussa Niagassola Niani Siguiri Timbuktu Tadmekka Walata Begho Sutukoba Dia Djenné Gao Kangaba Kouroussa Niagassola Niani Siguiri Timbuktu Tadmekka Walata Begho Sutukoba Associated states Wagadu Sosso Empire Gao Empire Songhai Empire Jolof Empire Empire of Great Fulo Wagadu Sosso Empire Gao Empire Songhai Empire Jolof Empire Empire of Great Fulo Society and government Mansa Faama Gbara Kouroukan Fouga Keita dynasty Nyamakala Mansa Faama Gbara Kouroukan Fouga Keita dynasty Nyamakala Military Military history Battle of Kirina Portuguese raids in Senegambia Malian-Songhai Wars Battle of Jenné Sofa Military history Battle of Kirina Portuguese raids in Senegambia Malian-Songhai Wars Battle of Jenné Sofa Economy Trans-Saharan trade Shell money Soninke Wangara Trans-Saharan trade Shell money Soninke Wangara Culture Jeli Epic of Sundiata Sudano-Sahelian architecture Jeli Epic of Sundiata Sudano-Sahelian architecture Other topics History of the Mali Empire Atlantic voyage of the predecessor of Mansa Musa Twelve Doors of Mali History of the Mali Empire Atlantic voyage of the predecessor of Mansa Musa Twelve Doors of Mali v t e Mali articles v t e History Ghana Empire Mali Empire History of the Mali Empire Songhai Empire Segou Empire Kénédougou Kingdom Kaarta Massina Empire Toucouleur Empire Wassoulou Empire French Sudan Mali Federation 2012 Tuareg rebellion 2012 coup Mali War Ebola disease event 2020 protests 2020 coup 2021 coup Ghana Empire Mali Empire History of the Mali Empire Songhai Empire Segou Empire Kénédougou Kingdom Kaarta Massina Empire Toucouleur Empire Wassoulou Empire French Sudan Mali Federation 2012 Tuareg rebellion 2012 coup Mali War Ebola disease event 2020 protests 2020 coup 2021 coup Geography 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Bagirmi Baol Cayor Dagbon Daju Darfur Dendi Diarra Dô Futa Jallon Futa Toro Gajaaga Gao Ghana Gobir Great Fulo Hausa kingdoms Jolof Kaarta Kaabu Kanem–Bornu Kong Mahdiyya caliphate Mali Massina Mossi kingdoms Niani Niumi Saloum Samorian state Segou Sennar Shilluk Sine Sokoto Songhai Takrur Tukulor Tunjur Waalo Wadai Wuli v t e Empires v t e Ancient ( colonies ) Akkadian Armenian Urartu Orontid Ancient Assyrian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Babylonian Old Babylonian Kassite Neo-Babylonian Chinese Qin Han Jin Dʿmt Egyptian Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Goguryeo Harsha Hellenistic Greek colonisation Macedonian Seleucid Ptolemaic Bactrian Indo-Greek Hittite Hunnic White Xiongnu Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kush Kushan Magadha Haryanka Shaishunaga Nanda Maurya Shunga Gupta Phoenician Carthaginian Roman Western Eastern Satavahana Neo-Sumerian Xianbei Rouran Akkadian Armenian Urartu Orontid Ancient Urartu Orontid Ancient Assyrian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Middle 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Anfallet mot Nya Älvsborg var en kortvarig dansk-norsk belägring av den svenska fästningen Nya Älvsborg i Göteborgs hamninlopp. Den ägde rum under några sommardagar år 1719, i slutet av Stora nordiska kriget . Under våren 1719 utförde danska flottstyrkor en blockad av Göteborgs hamninlopp. Som en del av ett större dansk-norskt anfall mot Bohuslän anfölls först Karlsten i Marstrand, och därefter fästningen Nya Älvsborg vid Göteborg av danska fartyg i juli 1719. Under fyra dagar utkämpades artilleristrider mellan fästningen, danska fartyg och mörsarbatterier. Efter att ha placerat svenskt artilleri på södra stranden av Hisingen kunde anfallet slås tillbaka genom att de danska styrkorna nordväst om fästningen tvingades att utrymma sina ställningar. Det beslutsamma försvaret av Nya Älvsborg verkade moralhöjande på civilbefolkningen under slutet av kriget. ► Läs mer Senast visade utmärkta artiklar: Termodynamik – Goulburn Roundhouse – Stockholms regeringskvarter ... Camp Century ( se bild ) installerades inuti Grönlandsisen , komplett med toalettproblem och ett litet kärnkraftverk ? ... Hirsi Ige gjorde karriär genom att låta sig beskådas på "människoutställningar" i olika europeiska länder? ... Clara Ingram Judson 13 år efter sin debutbok blev en av de första kvinnliga programledarna i radio? ... flytten av det medeltida Kalmar påskyndades av stadsbranden 1647 ? ... Linacre College i Oxford var det första college som antog män och kvinnor på lika villkor? Länk till äldre artikelpuffar 16 januari Namnsdag: Hjalmar , Helmer (Sverige) • Gudmund , Germund (finlandssvenska) Denna dag i historien: 1547 – Den 16-årige Ivan IV "den förskräcklige" kröns till Rysslands tsar . 1909 – Ernest Shackletons expedition finner den magnetiska sydpolen . 1920 – Förbudstiden i USA inleds då förbudet mot försäljning av alkoholdrycker träder i kraft ( se bild ). Förbudet upphävs först 1933 . 1936 – Barnhjälpsstiftelsen Solstickan lanserar sina tändsticksaskar med en berömd barnbild skapad av Einar Nerman . 1992 – Militären och de styrande i Algeriet ställer in andra omgången av de val som islamistiska Front islamique du salut (FIS) håller på att vinna och organisationen förbjuds. Det leder till ett efterföljande inbördeskrig . 2001 – Kongo-Kinshasas president Laurent-Désiré Kabila skjuts vid ett attentat och avlider två dagar senare . Gribbkarakara ( Caracara plancus ) er ein rovfugl i falkefamilien, Falconidae. Han lever frå det sørlege og søraustlege USA (Texas, Arizona og Florida) gjennom Mexico, der han finst i alle delstatar, og i store delar av Sentral- og Sør-Amerika, og dessutan på Cuba. Han er generelt ikkje i regnskogen i Amazonas har fråvære frå det indre av Peru og indre Nord-Chile. Dette er ein rovfugl som ofte er sett på bakken der han søkjer opportunistisk etter mat. Han lever hovudsakleg av kadaver av daude dyr. Han stel mat frå andre rovfuglar, åtakar fuglereir og krypdyr, og tar levande byttedyr viss moglegheita byr seg, for det meste insekt eller små pattedyr, småfuglar, amfibium, krypdyr, fisk, krabbar, andre skaldyr, flugelarver og makk. Han kan også ete frukt. Les meir … Vill du förbättra Wikipedia? Behöver du hjälp? Vill du ha idéer om vad du kan göra? Så här är Wikipedia uppbyggt. Landsomfattande protester i Iran blossar upp där demonstranter kräver regimskifte och Reza Pahlavis återkomst (se bild) . ( 6 januari ) Sveriges herrjuniorlandslag i ishockey vinner världsmästerskapet över Tjeckien . ( 6 januari ) USA genomför flyganfall mot flera platser i Venezuela och tillfångatar landets president Nicolás Maduro . ( 3 januari ) En brand bryter ut på en bar under nyårsfirandet i skidorten Crans-Montana i Schweiz , där minst 40 personer omkommer. ( 1 januari ) Bulgarien blir en del av euroområdet när landet byter sin nationella valuta från lev till euro . ( 1 januari ) Nyligen avlidna : Eva Schloss (3/1) · Tatiana Schlossberg (30/12) · Brigitte Bardot (28/12) · Chris Rea (22/12) · Åge Hareide (18/12) Pågående eller kommande händelser : Olympiska vinterspelen 2026 Pågående större krig : Gaza · Rysslands invasion av Ukraina · Sudan · Jemen · Myanmar Mest visad igår : Grönland · Mest visade 2026 Rödräv i sin tjocka vinterpäls. 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Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Mfantse Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan Pangcah پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Pinayuanan Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seediq Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး Tayal తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Bajau Sama Betawi Batak Mandailing Dagaare Kadazandusun Fɔ̀ngbè Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Igala Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Kʋsaal Moore IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ရခိုင် Руски ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ትግሬ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Sidan redigerades senast den 2 januari 2024 kl. 16.30. 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Do konce roku zbývá 350 dní (351 v přestupném roce). Svátek má Alice . Události Česko 1900 – na Kladensku vypukla velká hornická stávka všech horníků kladenského revíru; trvala do 10. dubna 1900; 29. ledna promluvil ke stávkujícím horníkům pozdější prezident Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk . 1945 – Za účasti pěti dělostřeleckých pluků 1. čs. armádního sboru začala bitva u Jasla . Výročí bylo slaveno jako Den československého dělostřelectva . 1989 – V Praze na Václavském náměstí začala série mohutných protikomunistických demonstrací, později nazvaná Palachův týden . 1991 – Byla zřízena přírodní rezervace Třímanské skály . 2012 – Začala vysílat Karlovarská televize TV ZAK . Svět 1559 – Alžběta I. , korunována anglickou královnou. 1706 – Severní válka : Vojska Karla XII. porazila a obklíčila ruskou armádu v bitvě u Grodna , knížeti Menšikovovi se však nakonec podařilo s většinou svých mužů uniknout. 1777 – Americká revoluční válka: Nový Connecticut deklaruje svou nezávislost. 1919 Rosa Luxemburgová a Karl Liebknecht , předáci socialistů v Německu, byli mučeni a zavražděni Freikorpsem . Bostonská melasová tragédie : zásobník s melasou praskl, následkem čehož se prohnala ulicemi vlna melasy, která zabila 21 lidí a 150 zranila. Rosa Luxemburgová a Karl Liebknecht , předáci socialistů v Německu, byli mučeni a zavražděni Freikorpsem . Bostonská melasová tragédie : zásobník s melasou praskl, následkem čehož se prohnala ulicemi vlna melasy, která zabila 21 lidí a 150 zranila. 1940 – Ve francouzském městě Agde byla zformována 1. československá pěší divize . 1942 – Polní maršál Wilhelm rytíř von Leeb byl odvolán z pozice velitele skupiny armád Sever. 1943 Začalo stahování Japonců z Guadalcanalu . Byla dokončena stavba největší úřední budovy na světě – Pentagonu ve Washingtonu, D.C. Začalo stahování Japonců z Guadalcanalu . Byla dokončena stavba největší úřední budovy na světě – Pentagonu ve Washingtonu, D.C. 1945 – Druhá světová válka : Zahájena západokarpatská operace, které se u Jasla zúčastnili dělostřelci a tankisté 1. československého armádního sboru v SSSR . 1975 – Portugalsko uděluje nezávislost Angole. 1992 – Mezinárodní společenství uznalo nezávislost Slovinska a Chorvatska , zemí vzniklé ze Socialistické federativní republiky Jugoslávie . 1999 – V kosovské vesnici Račak bylo zabito jugoslávskými bezpečnostními složkami 45 lidí. 2001 – Byla spuštěna anglická Wikipedie , první z jazykových mutací Wikipedie . 2006 – V americkém Utahu přistálo návratové pouzdro meziplanetární sondy Stardust . ESA SMART-1 měsíční orbitr objevil prvky jako vápník, hliník, křemík, železo. Na Slunci došlo k intenzivní erupci, která vyslala rentgenové paprsky napříč Sluneční soustavou. 2009 – Airbus A320 na lince z New Yorku do Seattlu muselo nouzově přistát na řece Hudson . 2022 – V jihozápadní části Tichého oceánu došlo k silné erupci podmořské sopky Hunga-Tonga . Erupční sloupec dosáhl výšky 57 km (nejvyšší detekovaný oblak), tlakové vlny z explozí několikrát obletěly Zemi a Pacifikem prošla vlna tsunami . Narození Česko 1783 – Ignaz Beidtel , moravsko-slezský dějepisec a právník († 15. května 1865 ) 1791 – Franz Xaver Maxmilian Zippe , mineralog a geolog († 22. února 1863 ) 1814 – František Šebek , architekt, stavitel a politik († 6. března 1862 ) 1825 – Maurice Strakosch , americký hudebník a impresário českého původu († 9. října 1887 ) 1847 – František Symon , hudebník, ředitel kůru a sbormistr († 21. února 1934 ) 1855 – Franz Křepek , sudetoněmecký politik († 28. dubna 1938 ) 1861 – František Serafínský Procházka , redaktor, básník a spisovatel († 28. ledna 1939 ) 1869 – Rudolf Jaroš , československý politik († 7. dubna 1935 ) 1877 – Karl Schuster , československý politik německé národnosti († 24. července 1935 ) 1884 – Jaroslav Stránský , československý politik, novinář a právník († 13. srpna 1973 ) 1889 – Walter Serner , český, německy píšící, spisovatel († srpen 1942 ) 1892 – Bedřich Feuerstein , architekt a scénograf († 10. května 1936 ) 1893 – Alois Málek , ministr lehkého průmyslu († 2. prosince 1958 ) 1899 – Roman Tuma , herec († 25. října 1933 ) 1903 – Jan Wimmer , fotbalový reprezentant († 1986 ) 1904 – Ludvík Frejka , politik a publicista († 3. prosince 1952 ) 1915 – Metoděj Zemek , kněz, historik a archivář († 18. října 1996 ) 1916 – Josef Kučera , voják, oběť komunismu († 14. listopadu 1952 ) 1917 – Antonín Nogol , volejbalista († 1. února 1980 ) 1920 – Anton Malatinský , fotbalový reprezentant († 1. prosince 1992 ) 1923 Svatopluk Mrázek , trenér a funkcionář basketbalu († 5. března 2011 ) Josef Kalvoda , česko-americký profesor a publicista († 8. března 1999 ) Jan Vladislav , básník a překladatel († 3. března 2009 ) Svatopluk Mrázek , trenér a funkcionář basketbalu († 5. března 2011 ) Josef Kalvoda , česko-americký profesor a publicista († 8. března 1999 ) Jan Vladislav , básník a překladatel († 3. března 2009 ) 1924 – Michael Čakrt , hudební skladatel († 25. června 1997 ) 1927 – Karel Oliva , jazykovědec polonista a lexikograf († 22. srpna 2005 ) 1928 – Zdeněk Buchvaldek , herec, režisér a politik († 3. srpna 1987 ) 1932 – Vlasta Winkelhöferová , japanoložka, překladatelka a autorka († 22. března 2022 ) 1934 – Rudolf Šrámek , jazykovědec, dialektolog 1935 – Miloš Trapl , historik a spisovatel 1951 – Ivan Gabal , politik a sociolog 1953 – Petr Mareš , místopředseda vlády Vladimíra Špidly 1956 – Aleš Havlíček , filozof, vysokoškolský pedagog († 22. července 2015 ) 1959 – David Prachař , herec 1960 – Yvo Josef Rynda , český římskokatolický kněz a charitativní pracovník 1962 – Jan Stejskal , fotbalista 1966 – Vladimír Mlynář , politik 1968 – Andrea Holíková , tenistka 1973 – Tomáš Galásek , fotbalista 1999 – Martin Nečas , lední hokejista Svět 1533 – Kateřina Habsburská , manželka polského krále Zikmunda II. Augusta († 28. února 1572 ) 1539 – Tošiie Maeda , japonský generál 16. stol. († 27. dubna 1599 ) 1622 – Molière , francouzský dramatik a herec († 16. února 1673 ) 1730 – Louis Dutens , francouzský spisovatel († 23. května 1812 ) 1763 – François-Joseph Talma , francouzský herec († 19. října 1826 ) 1791 – Franz Grillparzer , rakouský spisovatel a dramatik († 21. ledna 1872 ) 1795 – Alexandr Sergejevič Gribojedov , ruský diplomat, překladatel a dramatik († 11. února 1829 ) 1803 – Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff , německý mechanik, vynálezce indukční cívky († 20. prosince 1877 ) 1805 – Louise-Angélique Bertinová , francouzská hudební skladatelka a básnířka († 26. dubna 1877 ) 1809 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , raně socialistický myslitel († 19. ledna 1865 ) 1810 – John Evan Thomas , velšský sochař († 9. října 1873 ) 1811 – Giuseppe Cafasso , italský kněz prohlášený za svatého († 23. června 1860 ) 1812 – Peter Christen Asbjørnsen , norský spisovatel († 5. ledna 1885 ) 1814 – Pierre-Jules Hetzel , francouzský vydavatel († 17. března 1886 ) 1831 – Juro Surowin , německý publicista, jazykovědec a humanista († 16. prosince 1904 ) 1833 – Louis Paulsen , německý šachový mistr († 18. srpna 1891 ) 1841 – Frederick Stanley, šestnáctý hrabě Derby , generální guvernér Kanady († 14. června 1908 ) 1842 Svatá Mary MacKillopová , australská řeholnice, která pečovala o vzdělání chudých († 8. srpna 1909 ) Paul Lafargue , politický aktivista, zeť Karla Marxe († 26. listopadu 1911 ) Josef Breuer , rakouský psycholog († 20. června 1925 ) Svatá Mary MacKillopová , australská řeholnice, která pečovala o vzdělání chudých († 8. srpna 1909 ) Paul Lafargue , politický aktivista, zeť Karla Marxe († 26. listopadu 1911 ) Josef Breuer , rakouský psycholog († 20. června 1925 ) 1843 – Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius , švédský entomolog († 20. července 1928 ) 1847 – Angus Buchanan , skotský ragbista († 21. února 1927 ) 1850 Mihai Eminescu , rumunský básník († 15. června 1889 ) Sofia Kovalevská , ruská matematička († 10. února 1891 ) Mihai Eminescu , rumunský básník († 15. června 1889 ) Sofia Kovalevská , ruská matematička († 10. února 1891 ) 1858 – Giovanni Segantini , italský malíř († 28. září 1899 ) 1863 – Wilhelm Marx , německý politik († 5. srpna 1946 ) 1864 – Frances Benjamin Johnstonová , americká fotografka († 16. května 1952 ) 1866 – Nathan Söderblom , švédský evangelický teolog († 12. července 1931 ) 1867 – Marie Terezie Trani , dcera bavorské vévodkyně Matyldy a hraběte Ludvíka Trani († 1. března 1909 ) 1869 – Stanisław Wyspiański , polský malíř, grafik a dramatik († 28. listopadu 1907 ) 1872 – Arsen Kocojev , osetský spisovatel († 4. února 1944 ) 1873 – Max Adler , rakouský marxistický filozof († 28. června 1937 ) 1875 – Tom Burke , americký atlet, dvojnásobný olympijský vítěz († 14. února 1929 ) 1877 – Lewis Terman , americký psycholog († 21. prosince 1956 ) 1879 – Mazo De la Roche , kanadská spisovatelka († 12. července 1961 ) 1882 Margareta z Connaughtu , anglická a švédská princezna († 1. května 1920 ) Florian Znaniecki , polský sociolog a filozof († 23. března 1958 ) Margareta z Connaughtu , anglická a švédská princezna († 1. května 1920 ) Florian Znaniecki , polský sociolog a filozof († 23. března 1958 ) 1885 – Lorenz Böhler rakouský fyziolog († 20. ledna 1973 ) 1889 Alexandr Kazakov , nejúspěšnější ruský stíhací pilot první světové války († 1. srpna 1919 ) Wilhelm Mayer-Gross , německý psychiatr († 15. února 1961 ) Alexandr Kazakov , nejúspěšnější ruský stíhací pilot první světové války († 1. srpna 1919 ) Wilhelm Mayer-Gross , německý psychiatr († 15. února 1961 ) 1890 – Wilhelm Heckrott , německý malíř a grafik († 4. ledna 1964 ) 1891 – Osip Mandelštam , ruský básník, prozaik, esejista († 27. prosince 1938 ) 1893 Dragiša Cvetković , jugoslávský premiér († 18. února 1969 ) Ivor Novello , velšský hudební skladatel a herec († 6. března 1951 ) Dragiša Cvetković , jugoslávský premiér († 18. února 1969 ) Ivor Novello , velšský hudební skladatel a herec († 6. března 1951 ) 1895 Geo Milev , bulharský básník († po 15. květnu 1925 ) Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , finský chemik, laureát Nobelovy ceny z roku 1945 († 11. listopadu 1973 ) Geo Milev , bulharský básník († po 15. květnu 1925 ) Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , finský chemik, laureát Nobelovy ceny z roku 1945 († 11. listopadu 1973 ) 1900 – William Heinesen , dánsky píšící faerský spisovatel († 12. března 1991 ) 1902 Nâzım Hikmet , turecký spisovatel, básník a dramatik († 3. června 1963 ) Saúd bin Abd al-Azíz , druhý král Saúdské Arábie († 24. ledna 1969 ) Jozef Lukačovič , slovenský politik († 17. dubna 1991 ) Paul Thümmel , agent Abwehru i čs. rozvědky († 20. dubna 1945 ) Nâzım Hikmet , turecký spisovatel, básník a dramatik († 3. června 1963 ) Saúd bin Abd al-Azíz , druhý král Saúdské Arábie († 24. ledna 1969 ) Jozef Lukačovič , slovenský politik († 17. dubna 1991 ) Paul Thümmel , agent Abwehru i čs. rozvědky († 20. dubna 1945 ) 1907 Emil Kolozsvári Grandpierre , maďarský spisovatel († 11. května 1992 ) Janusz Kusociński , polský olympijský vítěz v běhu na 10 000 metrů († 21. června 1940 ) Emil Kolozsvári Grandpierre , maďarský spisovatel († 11. května 1992 ) Janusz Kusociński , polský olympijský vítěz v běhu na 10 000 metrů († 21. června 1940 ) 1909 Šmarja Gutman , izraelský archeolog († 22. října 1996 ) Gene Krupa , americký bubeník a hudební skladatel († 16. října 1973 ) Šmarja Gutman , izraelský archeolog († 22. října 1996 ) Gene Krupa , americký bubeník a hudební skladatel († 16. října 1973 ) 1913 Miriam Hyde , australská skladatelka († 11. ledna 2005 ) Lloyd Bridges , americký herec († 10. března 1998 ) Miriam Hyde , australská skladatelka († 11. ledna 2005 ) Lloyd Bridges , americký herec († 10. března 1998 ) 1916 – Henri Frans de Ziel , surinamský básník († 3. února 1975 ) 1918 Gamál Násir , egyptský prezident († 28. září 1970 ) Edouard Gagnon , kanadský kardinál († 25. srpna 2007 ) Gamál Násir , egyptský prezident († 28. září 1970 ) Edouard Gagnon , kanadský kardinál († 25. srpna 2007 ) 1919 – Maurice Herzog , francouzský horolezec a politik († 13. prosince 2012 ) 1922 Július Pántik , slovenský herec († 25. srpna 2002 ) John Bayard Anderson , americký politik († 3. prosince 2017 ) Paul Casimir Marcinkus , americký katolický arcibiskup a ředitel Vatikánské banky († 20. února 2006 ) Július Pántik , slovenský herec († 25. srpna 2002 ) John Bayard Anderson , americký politik († 3. prosince 2017 ) Paul Casimir Marcinkus , americký katolický arcibiskup a ředitel Vatikánské banky († 20. února 2006 ) 1923 – Li Teng-chuej , prezident Čínské republiky († 30. července 2020 ) 1924 Georg Ratzinger , německý kněz, hudebník, bratr papeže Benedikta XVI. Hamdija Pozderac , prezident Jugoslávie († 7. dubna 1988 ) Georg Ratzinger , německý kněz, hudebník, bratr papeže Benedikta XVI. Hamdija Pozderac , prezident Jugoslávie († 7. dubna 1988 ) 1926 – Maria Schell , rakouská herečka († 26. dubna 2005 ) 1927 – Vladislav Klener , lékař a ředitel Státního ústavu radiační ochrany 1929 Martin Luther King , americký aktivista za lidská práva, nositel Nobelovy ceny z roku 1964 († 4. dubna 1968 ) Earl Hooker , americký bluesový hudebník († 21. dubna 1970 ) Martin Luther King , americký aktivista za lidská práva, nositel Nobelovy ceny z roku 1964 († 4. dubna 1968 ) Earl Hooker , americký bluesový hudebník († 21. dubna 1970 ) 1930 – Michel Chapuis , francouzský varhaník († 12. listopadu 2017 ) 1931 – Alan Scholefield , jihoafrický spisovatel 1932 – Barbara Coudenhove-Kalergi , česko-rakouská novinářka 1935 Robert Silverberg , americký spisovatel Božena Fuková , slovenská a československá ekonomka, politička Komunistické strany Slovenska († 18. května 2017 ) Robert Silverberg , americký spisovatel Božena Fuková , slovenská a československá ekonomka, politička Komunistické strany Slovenska († 18. května 2017 ) 1941 – Captain Beefheart , americký zpěvák († 17. prosince 2010 ) 1944 – Jenny Nimmová , britská spisovatelka 1947 – Martin Chalfie , americký biolog, Nobelova cena za chemii 2008 1948 Wolfgang Gunkel , německý veslař, olympijský vítěz na dvojce s kormidelníkem († 20. května 2020 ) Ronnie Van Zant , americký zpěvák († 20. října 1977 ) Wolfgang Gunkel , německý veslař, olympijský vítěz na dvojce s kormidelníkem († 20. května 2020 ) Ronnie Van Zant , americký zpěvák († 20. října 1977 ) 1950 – Marius Trésor , francouzský fotbalista 1951 – Biff Byford , zpěvák skupiny Saxon 1953 – Gareth Hale , britský komediální herec 1955 Andreas Gursky , německý fotograf José Montilla , katalánský premiér Andreas Gursky , německý fotograf José Montilla , katalánský premiér 1958 – Boris Tadić , srbský prezident 1959 – Pete Trewavas , britský rockový baskytarista 1965 Bernard Hopkins , americký boxer Adam Jones , americký muzikant ( Tool ) Bernard Hopkins , americký boxer Adam Jones , americký muzikant ( Tool ) 1968 – Iñaki Urdangarin , španělský házenkář 1971 – Regina Kingová , americká herečka 1975 – Mary Pierceová , francouzská tenistka 1978 Franco Pellizotti , italský cyklista Eddie Cahill , americký herec Franco Pellizotti , italský cyklista Eddie Cahill , americký herec 1981 El Hadji Diouf , senegalský fotbalista Marcin Matkowski , polský tenista El Hadji Diouf , senegalský fotbalista Marcin Matkowski , polský tenista 1983 Jermaine Pennant , anglický fotbalista Hugo Viana , portugalský fotbalista Jermaine Pennant , anglický fotbalista Hugo Viana , portugalský fotbalista 1985 – Rene Adler , německý fotbalový brankář 1987 – Michael Seater , kanadský herec 1988 – Skrillex , americký Dj a producent 1990 – Elena Tonra , zpěvačka a kytaristka v čele indiefolkové skupiny Daughter 1991 – Marc Bartra , katalánský fotbalista 1996 – Dove Cameron , americká herečka a zpěvačka Úmrtí Česko 1789 – Johann Bergl , malíř (* 23. října 1718 ) 1866 – Vojtěch Lanna , průmyslník a podnikatel (* 23. dubna 1805 ) 1896 – Karel Jonáš , česko-americký politik, novinář a lingvista (* 30. října 1840 ) 1911 – Jan Maloch , malíř a fotograf (* 11. června 1825 ) 1927 – Jan Jindáček , poslanec Českého zemského sněmu , starosta Hořovic (* 25. října 1846 ) 1929 – Karel Vorovka , matematik a filosof (* 3. února 1878 ) 1932 – Hynek Srdínko , statkář a politik (* 3. června 1847 ) 1935 – Jan Černý , československý politik (* 25. dubna 1880 ) 1936 – Josef Sakař , architekt (* 7. prosince 1856 ) 1940 – Zdeněk Rykr , malíř, ilustrátor, žurnalista a scénograf (* 26. října 1900 ) 1943 – Ludvík Cupal , voják a příslušník výsadkové operace Tin (* 23. srpna 1915 ) 1956 – Alois Vicherek , vojenský letec (* 20. června 1892 ) 1957 – František Bakule , učitel (* 18. května 1877 ) 1962 – Rudolf Richter , atlet-chodec, cyklista, sportovní funkcionář (* 7. dubna 1883 ) 1963 – František Kerhart , architekt (* 12. května 1897 ) 1964 – Eugen Wiškovský , filolog a fotograf (* 20. září 1888 ) 1972 – Daisy Ashfordová , anglická spisovatelka (* 7. dubna 1881 ) 1974 – Josef Smrkovský , politik (* 26. února 1911 ) 1976 – Bohumil Soudský , archeolog (* 19. ledna 1922 ) 1985 Martin Dzúr , ministr národní obrany (* 12. července 1919 ) Josef Sedláček , fotbalový reprezentant (* 15. prosince 1893 ) Martin Dzúr , ministr národní obrany (* 12. července 1919 ) Josef Sedláček , fotbalový reprezentant (* 15. prosince 1893 ) 1990 – František Douda , první československý světový rekordman v atletice (vrh koulí) (* 23. října 1908 ) 1995 – Josef Kemr , herec (* 20. června 1922 ) 1996 – Jiří Němeček , herec (* 6. května 1923 ) 2003 Přemysl Kočí , operní pěvec, režizér a politik (* 1. června 1917 ) Milan Machovec , filozof (* 23. srpna 1925 ) Přemysl Kočí , operní pěvec, režizér a politik (* 1. června 1917 ) Milan Machovec , filozof (* 23. srpna 1925 ) 2004 – Jaroslav V. Polc , kněz a církevní historik (* 14. září 1929 ) 2008 – Jan Heller , teolog, překladatel z hebrejštiny a foiničtiny (* 22. dubna 1925 ) 2009 – Jan Holinka , sochař a malíř (* 30. září 1938 ) 2012 – Milan Lipner , socioterapeut, psychoterapeut (* 24. července 1952 ) 2015 – Ludmila Brožová-Polednová , prokurátorka komunistických justičních vražd (* 20. prosince 1921 ) 2019 – Rudolf Kučera (politolog) , politolog (* 10. dubna 1947 ) Svět 0 0 69 – Galba , římský císař (* 24. prosince 3 př. n. l. ) 1149 – Berenguela Barcelonská , kastilská a leónská královna (* 1116 ) 1421 – Helvisa Brunšvicko-Grubenhagenská , kyperská a arménská královna (* 1353 ) 1568 – Mikuláš Oláh , ostřihomský arcibiskup, místodržitel Uherska (* 10. ledna 1493 ) 1597 – Juan de Herrera , španělský architekt, matematik a geometr (* 1530 ) 1775 – Giovanni Battista Sammartini , italský skladatel (* 1700 ) 1781 – Mariana Viktorie Španělská , portugalská královna (* 31. března 1718 ) 1788 – Gaetano Latilla , italský hudební skladatel (* 10. ledna 1711 ) 1813 – Anton Bernolák , slovenský filolog, který kodifikoval normy spisovného slovenského jazyka (* 3. října 1762 ) 1815 – Lady Hamiltonová , milenka admirála Horatio Nelsona (* 26. dubna 1765 ) 1818 – Matvej Ivanovič Platov , ruský generál, ataman donských kozáků (* 17. srpna 1751 ) 1837 – Carl Erik Mannerheim , finsko-švédský šlechtic a politik (* 14. prosince 1759 ) 1844 – Henri-Gatien Bertrand , francouzský napoleonský maršál (* 28. března 1773 ) 1866 – Massimo d’Azeglio , italský spisovatel (* 24. října 1798 ) 1870 – Franz Karl von Becke , rakouský ministr financí a obchodu (* 31. října 1818 ) 1872 – Vincent Grimm , maďarský šachista (* 1800 ) 1876 – Eliza McCardle Johnsonová , manželka 17. prezidenta USA Andrewa Johnsona (* 4. října 1810 ) 1896 – Mathew Brady , americký novinářský fotograf (* 18. května 1822 ) 1897 – Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer , rakouský entomolog (* 22. prosince 1831 ) 1899 – Serafino Dubois , italský šachový mistr (* 10. října 1817 ) 1905 – James Mason , irský šachový mistr (* 19. listopadu 1849 ) 1916 Modest Iljič Čajkovskij , ruský dramatik, operní libretista a překladatel (* 13. května 1850 ) Vojtech Alexander , slovenský lékař a fyzik (* 31. května 1857 ) Modest Iljič Čajkovskij , ruský dramatik, operní libretista a překladatel (* 13. května 1850 ) Vojtech Alexander , slovenský lékař a fyzik (* 31. května 1857 ) 1919 Karl Liebknecht , německý komunistický politik (* 13. srpna 1871 ) Rosa Luxemburgová , německá představitelka socialistického hnutí (* 5. března 1870 ) Karl Liebknecht , německý komunistický politik (* 13. srpna 1871 ) Rosa Luxemburgová , německá představitelka socialistického hnutí (* 5. března 1870 ) 1926 – Enrico Toselli , italský klavírista a skladatel (* 13. března 1883 ) 1927 – David Janowski , francouzský šachový mistr (* 25. května 1868 ) 1929 – Seamark , anglický novinář a spisovatel (* ? 1894 ) 1934 – Hermann Bahr , rakouský spisovatel (* 19. července 1863 ) 1943 – Eric Knight , americký spisovatel (* 10. dubna 1897 ) 1945 – Wilhelm Wirtinger , rakouský matematik (* 19. července 1865 ) 1949 – Harry Stack Sullivan , americký psychiatr a psycholog (* 21. února 1892 ) 1950 – Petre Dumitrescu , rumunský generál (* 18. února 1882 ) 1951 – Klement Šilinger , slovenský architekt (* 15. listopadu 1887 ) 1955 Johannes Baader , německý spisovatel, výtvarný umělec a architekt (* 22. června 1875 ) Yves Tanguy , francouzský surrealistický malíř (* 5. ledna 1900 ) Johannes Baader , německý spisovatel, výtvarný umělec a architekt (* 22. června 1875 ) Yves Tanguy , francouzský surrealistický malíř (* 5. ledna 1900 ) 1958 – Jevgenij Lvovič Švarc , ruský dramatik, prozaik, básník, filmový scenárista (* 21. října 1896 ) 1961 – Constantin Constantinescu , rumunský generál a politický vězeň komunistického režimu (* 20. února 1884 ) 1962 – Dani'el Auster , první starosta Západního Jeruzaléma (* 7. května 1893 ) 1964 – Jack Teagarden , americký jazzový pozounista a zpěvák (* 20. srpna 1905 ) 1967 – Albert Szirmai , maďarský operetní skladatel (* 2. července 1880 ) 1968 Leopold Infeld , polský teoretický fyzik (* 20. července 1898 ) Marie Františka Orleánská z Braganzy , vévodkyně z Braganzy, titulární císařovna brazilská (* 8. září 1914 ) Leopold Infeld , polský teoretický fyzik (* 20. července 1898 ) Marie Františka Orleánská z Braganzy , vévodkyně z Braganzy, titulární císařovna brazilská (* 8. září 1914 ) 1970 – Lea Goldbergová , izraelská básnířka, spisovatelka a překladatelka (* 29. května 1911 ) 1974 – Josef Serlin , izraelský politik (* 24. února 1906 ) 1979 Charles W. Morris , americký sémiotik a filozof (* 23. května 1901 ) Jang Čung-ťien , čínský paleontolog (* 1. června 1897 ) Charles W. Morris , americký sémiotik a filozof (* 23. května 1901 ) Jang Čung-ťien , čínský paleontolog (* 1. června 1897 ) 1983 – Meyer Lansky , americký gangster (* 4. července 1902 ) 1987 – Mark Mitin , sovětský marxisticko-leninský filosof (* 5. července 1901 ) 1988 – Seán MacBride , irský ministr, Nobelova cena za mír 1974 (* 26. ledna 1904 ) 1990 – Gordon Jackson , skotský herec (* 19. prosince 1923 ) 1994 Georges Cziffra , klavírista maďarského původu (* 5. listopadu 1921 ) Harry Nilsson , americký zpěvák-skladatel (* 15. června 1941 ) Georges Cziffra , klavírista maďarského původu (* 5. listopadu 1921 ) Harry Nilsson , americký zpěvák-skladatel (* 15. června 1941 ) 1995 – Vieroslav Matušík , slovenský hudební skladatel (* 28. srpna 1927 ) 1996 – Les Baxter , americký muzikant a skladatel (* 14. března 1922 ) 1998 – Junior Wells , americký bluesový zpěvák a hráč na harmoniku (* 9. prosince 1934 ) 2000 – Željko Ražnatović , srbský politik, agent jugoslávské tajné služby UDBA (* 17. dubna 1952 ) 2001 Georgij Chosroevič Šachnazarov , právník, politolog, politik a spisovatel arménského původu (* 4. října 1924 ) Leo Marks , anglický kryptograf, dramatik a scenárista (* 24. září 1920 ) Georgij Chosroevič Šachnazarov , právník, politolog, politik a spisovatel arménského původu (* 4. října 1924 ) Leo Marks , anglický kryptograf, dramatik a scenárista (* 24. září 1920 ) 2004 – Delia Scala , italská baletka a herečka (* 25. září 1929 ) 2007 – Manfred Rulffs , německý veslař, olympijský vítěz (* 6. března 1935 ) 2008 – Brad Renfro , americký herec (* 25. července 1982 ) 2009 Olivier Clément , francouzský teolog (* 17. listopadu 1921 ) Saíd Sijám , palestinský politik a jeden z vůdců Hamasu (* 22. července 1959 ) Olivier Clément , francouzský teolog (* 17. listopadu 1921 ) Saíd Sijám , palestinský politik a jeden z vůdců Hamasu (* 22. července 1959 ) 2010 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg , americký biochemik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziologii a medicínu (* 10. dubna 1927 ) 2012 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne , španělský politik (* 23. listopadu 1922 ) 2013 Markéta Bádenská , řecká a dánská princezna, jugoslávská šlechtična (* 14. července 1932 ) Nagisa Óšima , japonský filmový režisér (* 31. března 1932 ) Markéta Bádenská , řecká a dánská princezna, jugoslávská šlechtična (* 14. července 1932 ) Nagisa Óšima , japonský filmový režisér (* 31. března 1932 ) 2015 – Kim Fowley , americký hudební producent (* 21. července 1939 ) 2016 – René Angélil , kanadský osobní manažer (* 16. ledna 1942 ) 2018 – Dolores O'Riordanová , irská písničkářka a frontmanka kapely The Cranberries (* 6. září 1971 ) 2023 – Vachtang Kikabidze , gruzínský hudebník, zpěvák, skladatel a herec (* 19. července 1938 ) Svátky Česko Alice Socialistický kalendář – Den československého raketového vojska a dělostřelectva Svět Slovensko – Dobroslav Spojené státy – Tradiční den M. L. Kinga Pranostiky Česko Na den svatého Pavla poustevníka pěkný den – dobrý rok; větrný den – mokrý rok. Je-li svatý Pavel jasný – rok šťastný. 15. leden v pražském Klementinu Údaje jsou platné k 11. 12. 2025. minimum denní průměr maximum −23,0 °C ( 1820 ) −0,7 °C (od 1961 ) 11,5 °C ( 2023 ) Externí odkazy Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu 15. leden na Wikimedia Commons Galerie 15. leden na Wikimedia Commons Kalendář Leden • Únor • Březen • Duben • Květen • Červen • Červenec • Srpen • Září • Říjen • Listopad • Prosinec Leden 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 15. leden Lednové dny Stránka byla naposledy editována 15. 1. 2026 v 20:54. Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte původ – Zachovejte licenci , případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití . Ochrana osobních údajů O Wikipedii Vyloučení odpovědnosti Kontaktujte Wikipedii Kodex chování Vývojáři Statistiky Prohlášení o cookies Mobilní verze
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Wan fri prenki Yu sabi taki... ... disi na a Sranantongo Wikipedia ? kenki Sranan Wikipedia Srananman ben aksi fu skopu someni top-kwaliti papira leki kan . Rangi den kopireg, a inot nanga a kenki nyanman-nen. Yu kan dyaso peprewoysi aksa. Wana taki en général? Go na a Singi nanga Spotu Uku . Taki do ruki! Yepi kan dyaso nanga dyaso. Flosi grati Ropa nanga dysi lokasi Ropa efu eRopa ben wan doti opo aldoti . A flaku ben fu wan kondre fu 10.600.000 km². Ropa abi son 800.000.000 man ini sin. Ropa stersi fu a Atlanti tu a Oralbergi nanga a heypol tu a Mediterane. Stori eRopa ben abroften si leki a pasa gran kontinent wan teknologi, sabi nanga sofor. Disi kan gu ben sins eRopa futusprongu a e gi a Amerka , Asi , Afrka nanga sé Oseyaniya . A pasa owru nanga foswan teknologia ben u eRopa e kon. Tieten Leisi a sten... 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A e aksi fu a skopu fu a Sranantongo Wikipedia sa e ben bonmeki efu nanga oten da e ben bon papira. Oten a e ben bonmeki, ala papira dyaso e ben sa dribi na a tru Wikipedia. Wan fri prenki Yu sabi taki... ... disi na a Sranantongo Wikipedia ? kenki Sranan Wikipedia Srananman ben aksi fu skopu someni top-kwaliti papira leki kan . Rangi den kopireg, a inot nanga a kenki nyanman-nen. Yu kan dyaso peprewoysi aksa. Wana taki en général? Go na a Singi nanga Spotu Uku . Taki do ruki! Yepi kan dyaso nanga dyaso. Flosi grati Ropa nanga dysi lokasi Ropa efu eRopa ben wan doti opo aldoti . A flaku ben fu wan kondre fu 10.600.000 km². Ropa abi son 800.000.000 man ini sin. Ropa stersi fu a Atlanti tu a Oralbergi nanga a heypol tu a Mediterane. Stori eRopa ben abroften si leki a pasa gran kontinent wan teknologi, sabi nanga sofor. Disi kan gu ben sins eRopa futusprongu a e gi a Amerka , Asi , Afrka nanga sé Oseyaniya . A pasa owru nanga foswan teknologia ben u eRopa e kon. Tieten Leisi a sten... ( ankra · kenki ) Sranan Sranantongo - Mason - Rei fu Presi ini Sranankondre - Skowru - Sranan - Sranankondre - Srananman - Geografi Geografi - Ropa - Asi - Amrika - Oseyaniya - Afrka - Grontapubeyfi - Brudubergi - Waywinti - Tongo Ingristongo - Bakratongo - Franstongo - Italilyanitongo - Portugesotongo - Spanyorotongo - Sranantongo - Bribi Kirkedomo - Bibel - Protisidomo - Jesus - Tru Kerki fu Jesus - Hinduisme - Kondre Sranan - Kondre Makandrameki - Brasil - Kolombi - Vensweli - Argentini - Frans-sey - Mid-sey - Kayan - Meti Dagu - Puspusi - Fisi - Kaw - Legwana - Asi - Prakiki - Alata - Kakafowru - Fowru - Keskesi Skoro Skoro - Stori - Sabi - Prati - Natru - Libi - Bow - Doti - Son - Saki - Bukuori - Moni - Teri - Fesdoro Basketbal - Tennis - Futubal - Juventus - Wegiliftu - Bosutu - Beesbal - Swen - Bowli - Tikotiko - Wikipedia - Kurów - Te - Piacenza - Wan fri prenki Yu sabi taki... ... disi na a Sranantongo Wikipedia ? kenki Wan fri prenki Wan fri prenki Wan fri prenki Yu sabi taki... Yu sabi taki... Yu sabi taki... ... disi na a Sranantongo Wikipedia ? kenki ... disi na a Sranantongo Wikipedia ? Sranan Wikipedia Srananman ben aksi fu skopu someni top-kwaliti papira leki kan . Rangi den kopireg, a inot nanga a kenki nyanman-nen. Yu kan dyaso peprewoysi aksa. Wana taki en général? Go na a Singi nanga Spotu Uku . Taki do ruki! Yepi kan dyaso nanga dyaso. Sranan Wikipedia Sranan Wikipedia Sranan Wikipedia Srananman ben aksi fu skopu someni top-kwaliti papira leki kan . Rangi den kopireg, a inot nanga a kenki nyanman-nen. Yu kan dyaso peprewoysi aksa. Wana taki en général? Go na a Singi nanga Spotu Uku . Taki do ruki! Yepi kan dyaso nanga dyaso. Rangi den kopireg, a inot nanga a kenki nyanman-nen. Yu kan dyaso peprewoysi aksa. Wana taki en général? Go na a Singi nanga Spotu Uku . Taki do ruki! Yepi kan dyaso nanga dyaso. Flosi grati Ropa nanga dysi lokasi Ropa efu eRopa ben wan doti opo aldoti . A flaku ben fu wan kondre fu 10.600.000 km². Ropa abi son 800.000.000 man ini sin. Ropa stersi fu a Atlanti tu a Oralbergi nanga a heypol tu a Mediterane. Stori eRopa ben abroften si leki a pasa gran kontinent wan teknologi, sabi nanga sofor. Disi kan gu ben sins eRopa futusprongu a e gi a Amerka , Asi , Afrka nanga sé Oseyaniya . A pasa owru nanga foswan teknologia ben u eRopa e kon. Tieten Leisi a sten... ( ankra · kenki ) Flosi grati Flosi grati Flosi grati Ropa nanga dysi lokasi Ropa efu eRopa ben wan doti opo aldoti . A flaku ben fu wan kondre fu 10.600.000 km². Ropa abi son 800.000.000 man ini sin. Ropa stersi fu a Atlanti tu a Oralbergi nanga a heypol tu a Mediterane. Stori eRopa ben abroften si leki a pasa gran kontinent wan teknologi, sabi nanga sofor. Disi kan gu ben sins eRopa futusprongu a e gi a Amerka , Asi , Afrka nanga sé Oseyaniya . A pasa owru nanga foswan teknologia ben u eRopa e kon. Tieten Leisi a sten... ( ankra · kenki ) Ropa efu eRopa ben wan doti opo aldoti . A flaku ben fu wan kondre fu 10.600.000 km². Ropa abi son 800.000.000 man ini sin. Ropa stersi fu a Atlanti tu a Oralbergi nanga a heypol tu a Mediterane. Stori eRopa ben abroften si leki a pasa gran kontinent wan teknologi, sabi nanga sofor. Disi kan gu ben sins eRopa futusprongu a e gi a Amerka , Asi , Afrka nanga sé Oseyaniya . A pasa owru nanga foswan teknologia ben u eRopa e kon. Tieten Leisi a sten... ( ankra · kenki ) Stori eRopa ben abroften si leki a pasa gran kontinent wan teknologi, sabi nanga sofor. Disi kan gu ben sins eRopa futusprongu a e gi a Amerka , Asi , Afrka nanga sé Oseyaniya . A pasa owru nanga foswan teknologia ben u eRopa e kon. Tieten Sranan Sranantongo - Mason - Rei fu Presi ini Sranankondre - Skowru - Sranan - Sranankondre - Srananman - Geografi Geografi - Ropa - Asi - Amrika - Oseyaniya - Afrka - Grontapubeyfi - Brudubergi - Waywinti - Tongo Ingristongo - Bakratongo - Franstongo - Italilyanitongo - Portugesotongo - Spanyorotongo - Sranantongo - Bribi Kirkedomo - Bibel - Protisidomo - Jesus - Tru Kerki fu Jesus - Hinduisme - Kondre Sranan - Kondre Makandrameki - Brasil - Kolombi - Vensweli - Argentini - Frans-sey - Mid-sey - Kayan - Meti Dagu - Puspusi - Fisi - Kaw - Legwana - Asi - Prakiki - Alata - Kakafowru - Fowru - Keskesi Skoro Skoro - Stori - Sabi - Prati - Natru - Libi - Bow - Doti - Son - Saki - Bukuori - Moni - Teri - Fesdoro Basketbal - Tennis - Futubal - Juventus - Wegiliftu - Bosutu - Beesbal - Swen - Bowli - Tikotiko - Wikipedia - Kurów - Te - Piacenza - Sranan Sranantongo - Mason - Rei fu Presi ini Sranankondre - Skowru - Sranan - Sranankondre - Srananman - Geografi Geografi - Ropa - Asi - Amrika - Oseyaniya - Afrka - Grontapubeyfi - Brudubergi - Waywinti - Tongo Ingristongo - Bakratongo - Franstongo - Italilyanitongo - Portugesotongo - Spanyorotongo - Sranantongo - Bribi Kirkedomo - Bibel - Protisidomo - Jesus - Tru Kerki fu Jesus - Hinduisme - Sranan Sranantongo - Mason - Rei fu Presi ini Sranankondre - Skowru - Sranan - Sranankondre - Srananman - Sranantongo - Mason - Rei fu Presi ini Sranankondre - Skowru - Sranan - Sranankondre - Srananman - Geografi Geografi - Ropa - Asi - Amrika - Oseyaniya - Afrka - Grontapubeyfi - Brudubergi - Waywinti - Geografi - Ropa - Asi - Amrika - Oseyaniya - Afrka - Grontapubeyfi - Brudubergi - Waywinti - Tongo Ingristongo - Bakratongo - Franstongo - Italilyanitongo - Portugesotongo - Spanyorotongo - Sranantongo - Ingristongo - Bakratongo - Franstongo - Italilyanitongo - Portugesotongo - Spanyorotongo - Sranantongo - Bribi Kirkedomo - Bibel - Protisidomo - Jesus - Tru Kerki fu Jesus - Hinduisme - Kirkedomo - Bibel - Protisidomo - Jesus - Tru Kerki fu Jesus - Hinduisme - Kondre Sranan - Kondre Makandrameki - Brasil - Kolombi - Vensweli - Argentini - Frans-sey - Mid-sey - Kayan - Meti Dagu - Puspusi - Fisi - Kaw - Legwana - Asi - Prakiki - Alata - Kakafowru - Fowru - Keskesi Skoro Skoro - Stori - Sabi - Prati - Natru - Libi - Bow - Doti - Son - Saki - Bukuori - Moni - Teri - Fesdoro Basketbal - Tennis - Futubal - Juventus - Wegiliftu - Bosutu - Beesbal - Swen - Bowli - Tikotiko - Wikipedia - Kurów - Te - Piacenza - Kondre Sranan - Kondre Makandrameki - Brasil - Kolombi - Vensweli - Argentini - Frans-sey - Mid-sey - Kayan - Sranan - Kondre Makandrameki - Brasil - Kolombi - Vensweli - Argentini - Frans-sey - Mid-sey - Kayan - Meti Dagu - Puspusi - Fisi - Kaw - Legwana - Asi - Prakiki - Alata - Kakafowru - Fowru - Keskesi Dagu - Puspusi - Fisi - Kaw - Legwana - Asi - Prakiki - Alata - Kakafowru - Fowru - Keskesi Skoro Skoro - Stori - Sabi - Prati - Natru - Libi - Bow - Doti - Son - Saki - Bukuori - Moni - Teri - Skoro - Stori - Sabi - Prati - Natru - Libi - Bow - Doti - Son - Saki - Bukuori - Moni - Teri - Fesdoro Basketbal - Tennis - Futubal - Juventus - Wegiliftu - Bosutu - Beesbal - Swen - Bowli - Tikotiko - Wikipedia - Kurów - Te - Piacenza - Basketbal - Tennis - Futubal - Juventus - Wegiliftu - Bosutu - Beesbal - Swen - Bowli - Tikotiko - Wikipedia - Kurów - Te - Piacenza - Wp/srn Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 List of senators 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List of United States senators from South Carolina Deutsch Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item South Carolina ratified the United States Constitution on May 23, 1788. Its Senate seats were declared vacant in July 1861 owing to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from July 1868. The state's current U.S. senators are Republicans Lindsey Graham , serving since 2003, and Tim Scott , serving since 2013. Strom Thurmond was the state's longest-serving senator (1954–1956, 1956–2003). List of senators Class 2 Class 2 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 2002 , 2008 , 2014 , and 2020 . The next election will be in 2026 . C Class 3 Class 3 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 2010 , 2014 (special election), 2016 , and 2022 . The next election will be in 2028 . # Senator Party Dates in office Electoral history T T Electoral history Dates in office Party Senator # 1 Pierce Butler Pro-Admin. Mar 4, 1789 – Oct 25, 1796 Elected in 1789 . 1 1st 1 Elected in 1789 . Retired. Mar 4, 1789 – Mar 3, 1795 Pro-Admin. Ralph Izard 1 Anti- Admin. 2nd Re-elected in 1793 . Resigned. 2 3rd Democratic- Republican 4th 2 Elected in 1794 or 1795 . Lost re-election. Mar 4, 1795 – Mar 3, 1801 Federalist Jacob Read 2 Vacant Oct 25, 1796 – Dec 8, 1796 2 John Hunter Democratic- Republican Dec 8, 1796 – Nov 26, 1798 Elected to finish Butler's term . Resigned. 5th 3 Charles Pinckney Democratic- Republican Dec 6, 1798 – Jun 6, 1801 Elected to finish Butler's term . Re-elected in 1799. Resigned to become U.S. Minister to Spain . 3 6th 7th 3 Elected in 1800 . Died. Mar 4, 1801 – Oct 26, 1802 Democratic- Republican John E. Colhoun 3 Vacant Jun 6, 1801 – Dec 15, 1801 4 Thomas Sumter Democratic- Republican Dec 15, 1801 – Dec 16, 1810 Elected in 1801 to finish Pinckney's term . Oct 26, 1802 – Nov 4, 1802 Vacant Elected to finish Colhoun's term . Resigned. Nov 4, 1802 – Nov 21, 1804 Democratic- Republican Pierce Butler 4 8th Nov 21, 1804 – Dec 6, 1804 Vacant Elected to finish Colhoun's term . Dec 6, 1804 – Feb 26, 1826 Democratic- Republican John Gaillard 5 Re-elected in 1804 . Resigned. 4 9th 10th 4 Re-elected in 1806 . 11th Vacant Dec 16, 1810 – Dec 31, 1810 5 John Taylor Democratic- Republican Dec 31, 1810 – Nov 1816 Elected to finish Sumter's term . Re-elected in 1810 . Resigned. 5 12th 13th 5 Re-elected in 1812 . 14th Vacant Nov 1816 – Dec 4, 1816 6 William Smith Democratic- Republican Dec 4, 1816 – Mar 3, 1823 Elected to finish Taylor's term . Re-elected in 1816. Lost re-election. 6 15th 16th 6 Re-elected in 1818 . 17th 7 Robert Y. Hayne Democratic- Republican Mar 4, 1823 – Dec 13, 1832 Elected in 1822 . 7 18th Jacksonian 19th 7 Re-elected in 1824 . Died. Jacksonian Feb 26, 1826 – Mar 8, 1826 Vacant Appointed to continue Gaillard's term. Mar 8, 1826 – Nov 29, 1826 Jacksonian William Harper 6 Elected to finish Gaillard's term . Lost re-election. Nov 29, 1826 – Mar 3, 1831 Jacksonian William Smith 7 20th Re-elected in 1828 . Resigned to become South Carolina Governor . 8 21st Nullifier 22nd 8 Elected in 1830 . Resigned due to ill health. Mar 4, 1831 – Mar 3, 1833 Nullifier Stephen Decatur Miller Stephen Decatur Miller 8 Vacant Dec 13, 1832 – Dec 29, 1832 8 John C. Calhoun Nullifier Dec 29, 1832 – Mar 3, 1843 Elected to finish Hayne's term . 23rd Mar 3, 1833 – Nov 26, 1833 Vacant Elected to finish Miller's term . Nov 26, 1833 – Nov 29, 1842 Nullifier William C. Preston 9 Re-elected in 1834 . 9 24th Democratic 25th 9 Re-elected in 1837 . Resigned. Whig 26th Re-elected in 1840 . Resigned. 10 27th Nov 29, 1842 – Dec 23, 1842 Vacant Elected to finish Preston's term . Dec 23, 1842 – Aug 17, 1846 Democratic George McDuffie 10 9 Daniel Elliott Huger Daniel Elliott Huger Democratic Mar 4, 1843 – Mar 3, 1845 Elected to finish Calhoun's term . Resigned. 28th 10 Re-elected in 1842 or 1843 . Vacant Mar 3, 1845 – Nov 26, 1845 29th 10 John C. Calhoun Democratic Nov 26, 1845 – Mar 31, 1850 Re-elected to finish his own term. Aug 17, 1846 – Dec 4, 1846 Vacant Appointed to continue McDuffie's term. Elected to finish McDuffie's term. Dec 4, 1846 – May 25, 1857 Democratic Andrew Butler 11 Re-elected in 1846 . Died. 11 30th 31st 11 Re-elected in 1848 . Vacant Mar 31, 1850 – Apr 11, 1850 11 Franklin H. Elmore Democratic Apr 11, 1850 – May 29, 1850 Appointed to continue Calhoun's term. Died. Vacant May 29, 1850 – Jun 4, 1850 12 Robert W. Barnwell Democratic Jun 4, 1850 – Dec 8, 1850 Appointed to continue Calhoun's term. Retired when his successor was elected. Vacant Dec 8, 1850 – Dec 18, 1850 13 Robert Rhett Democratic Dec 18, 1850 – May 7, 1852 Elected to finish Calhoun's term . Resigned. 32nd Vacant May 7, 1852 – May 10, 1852 14 William F. De Saussure Democratic May 10, 1852 – Mar 3, 1853 Appointed to continue Calhoun's term. Elected Nov 29, 1852 to finish Calhoun's term. [ 1 ] 15 Josiah Evans Democratic Mar 4, 1853 – May 6, 1858 Elected in 1852 or 1853 . Died. 12 33rd 34th 12 Re-elected in 1854 . Died. 35th May 25, 1857 – Dec 7, 1857 Vacant Elected to finish Butler's term . Withdrew. Dec 7, 1857 – Nov 11, 1860 Democratic James H. Hammond 12 Vacant May 6, 1858 – May 11, 1858 16 Arthur P. Hayne Democratic May 11, 1858 – Dec 2, 1858 Appointed to continue Evans' term. Retired when his successor was elected. 17 James Chesnut Jr. Democratic Dec 3, 1858 – Nov 10, 1860 Elected to finish Evans' term . Re-elected in 1858 . Withdrew and was later expelled for his support of the Confederacy. 13 36th Vacant Nov 10, 1860 – Jul 15, 1868 Civil War and Reconstruction . Civil War and Reconstruction . Nov 11, 1860 – Jul 16, 1868 Vacant 37th 13 38th 14 39th 40th 14 18 Thomas J. Robertson Republican Jul 15, 1868 – Mar 3, 1877 Elected to finish the vacant term . Elected to finish the vacant term . Jul 16, 1868 – Mar 3, 1873 Republican Frederick A. Sawyer 13 41st Re-elected in 1870 . Retired. 15 42nd 43rd 15 Elected in 1872 or 1873 . Mar 4, 1873 – Mar 3, 1879 Republican John J. Patterson 14 44th 19 Matthew Butler Democratic Mar 4, 1877 – Mar 3, 1895 Elected in 1876 . 16 45th 46th 16 Elected in 1878 . Mar 4, 1879 – Mar 3, 1891 Democratic Wade Hampton III 15 47th Re-elected in 1882 . 17 48th 49th 17 Re-elected in 1884 . Lost re-election. 50th Re-elected in 1888 . Lost renomination. 18 51st 52nd 18 Elected in 1890 . Retired. Mar 4, 1891 – Mar 3, 1897 Democratic John L. M. Irby 16 53rd 20 Benjamin Tillman Democratic Mar 4, 1895 – Jul 3, 1918 Elected in 1894 . 19 54th 55th 19 Elected in 1897 . Died. Mar 4, 1897 – May 20, 1897 Democratic Joseph Earle 17 May 20, 1897 – May 27, 1897 Vacant Appointed to continue Earle's term. Elected in 1898 to finish Earle's term . [ 2 ] Retired. May 27, 1897 – Mar 3, 1903 Democratic John McLaurin 18 56th Re-elected in 1901 . 20 57th 58th 20 Elected in 1903 . [ 3 ] Died. Mar 4, 1903 – Feb 20, 1908 Democratic Asbury Latimer 19 59th Re-elected in 1907 . [ 4 ] 21 60th Feb 20, 1908 – Mar 6, 1908 Vacant Elected in 1908 to finish Latimer's term . Retired. Mar 6, 1908 – Mar 3, 1909 Democratic Frank B. Gary 20 61st 21 Elected in 1909 . Mar 4, 1909 – Nov 17, 1944 Democratic Ellison D. Smith 21 62nd Re-elected in 1913 . Died. 22 63rd 64th 22 Re-elected in 1914 . 65th Vacant Jul 3, 1918 – Jul 6, 1918 21 Christie Benet Democratic Jul 6, 1918 – Nov 5, 1918 Appointed to continue Tillman's term. Lost election to finish Tillman's term. 22 William P. Pollock Democratic Nov 6, 1918 – Mar 3, 1919 Elected to finish Tillman's term . Retired. 23 Nathaniel Dial Democratic Mar 4, 1919 – Mar 3, 1925 Elected in 1918 . Lost renomination. 23 66th 67th 23 Re-elected in 1920 . 68th 24 Cole L. Blease Democratic Mar 4, 1925 – Mar 3, 1931 Elected in 1924 . Lost renomination. 24 69th 70th 24 Re-elected in 1926 . 71st 25 James F. Byrnes Democratic Mar 4, 1931 – Jul 8, 1941 Elected in 1930 . 25 72nd 73rd 25 Re-elected in 1932 . 74th Re-elected in 1936 . Resigned to become a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court . 26 75th 76th 26 Re-elected in 1938 . Lost renomination before dying. 77th Vacant Jul 8, 1941 – Jul 22, 1941 26 Alva Lumpkin Democratic Jul 22, 1941 – Aug 1, 1941 Appointed to continue Byrnes's term. Died. 27 Roger Peace Democratic Aug 5, 1941 – Nov 4, 1941 Appointed to continue Byrnes's term. Retired when successor elected. 28 Burnet R. Maybank Democratic Nov 5, 1941 – Sep 1, 1954 Elected to finish Byrnes's term . Re-elected in 1942 . 27 78th Nov 17, 1944 – Nov 20, 1944 Vacant Appointed to finish Smith's term. Retired when successor was elected to the next full term. Nov 20, 1944 – Jan 3, 1945 Democratic Wilton E. Hall 22 79th 27 Elected in 1944 . Jan 3, 1945 – Apr 18, 1965 Democratic Olin D. Johnston 23 80th Re-elected in 1948 . Died. 28 81st 82nd 28 Re-elected in 1950 . 83rd Vacant Sep 1, 1954 – Sep 6, 1954 29 Charles E. Daniel Democratic Sep 6, 1954 – Dec 23, 1954 Appointed to finish Maybank's term. Resigned early to give successor preferential seniority. 30 Strom Thurmond Democratic Dec 24, 1954 – Apr 4, 1956 Appointed to finish Maybank's term, having been elected to the next term. Elected in 1954 . [ 5 ] Resigned. 29 84th 31 Thomas A. Wofford Democratic Apr 5, 1956 – Nov 6, 1956 Appointed to continue Thurmond's term. Retired. 32 Strom Thurmond Democratic Nov 7, 1956 – Jan 3, 2003 Elected in 1956 to finish his own term. 85th 29 Re-elected in 1956 . 86th Re-elected in 1960 . Changed party on Sep 16, 1964. 30 87th 88th 30 Re-elected in 1962 . Died. Republican 89th Apr 18, 1965 – Apr 22, 1965 Vacant Appointed to continue Johnston's term. Lost nomination to finish Johnston's term. Apr 22, 1965 – Nov 8, 1966 Democratic Donald S. Russell 24 Elected to finish Johnston's term . Nov 9, 1966 – Jan 3, 2005 Democratic Fritz Hollings 25 Re-elected in 1966 . 31 90th 91st 31 Re-elected in 1968 . 92nd Re-elected in 1972 . 32 93rd 94th 32 Re-elected in 1974 . 95th Re-elected in 1978 . 33 96th 97th 33 Re-elected in 1980 . 98th Re-elected in 1984 . 34 99th 100th 34 Re-elected in 1986 . 101st Re-elected in 1990 . 35 102nd 103rd 35 Re-elected in 1992 . 104th Re-elected in 1996 . Retired. 36 105th 106th 36 Re-elected in 1998 . Retired. 107th 33 Lindsey Graham Republican Jan 3, 2003 – present Elected in 2002 . 37 108th 109th 37 Elected in 2004 . Jan 3, 2005 – Jan 2, 2013 Republican Jim DeMint 26 110th Re-elected in 2008 . 38 111th 112th 38 Re-elected in 2010 . Resigned. Appointed to continue DeMint's term. Elected in 2014 to finish DeMint's term . Jan 2, 2013 – present Republican Tim Scott 27 113th Re-elected in 2014 . 39 114th 115th 39 Re-elected in 2016 . 116th Re-elected in 2020 . 40 117th 118th 40 Re-elected in 2022 . Retiring at the end of the term. [ 6 ] 119th To be determined in the 2026 election . 41 120th 121st 41 To be determined in the 2028 election . # Senator Party Years in office Electoral history T C T Electoral history Years in office Party Senator # Class 2 Class 3 See also United States portal South Carolina portal Politics portal List of United States representatives from South Carolina United States congressional delegations from South Carolina Elections in South Carolina Notes ^ Byrd , p. 164. ^ Byrd , p. 166. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "South Carolina's Choice" . The New York Times . January 28, 1903. p. 8. ^ The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1908 . New York : The Tribune Association . 1908. p. 260. ^ "THURMOND, James Strom" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . ^ "Tim Scott says 2022 Senate race will be his last" . References Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992 . United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160632563 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e United States senators from South Carolina v t e Class 2 P. Butler Hunter Pinckney Sumter Taylor W. Smith R. Hayne Calhoun Huger Calhoun Elmore Barnwell Rhett De Saussure Evans A. Hayne Chesnut Robertson M. Butler Tillman Benet Pollock Dial Blease Byrnes Lumpkin Peace Maybank Daniel Thurmond first tenure Wofford Thurmond second tenure Graham P. Butler Hunter Pinckney Sumter Taylor W. Smith R. Hayne Calhoun Huger Calhoun Elmore Barnwell Rhett De Saussure Evans A. Hayne Chesnut Robertson M. Butler Tillman Benet Pollock Dial Blease Byrnes Lumpkin Peace Maybank Daniel Thurmond first tenure first tenure Wofford Thurmond second tenure second tenure Graham Class 3 Izard Read Colhoun P. Butler Gaillard Harper W. Smith Miller Preston McDuffie A. Butler Hammond Sawyer Patterson Hampton Irby Earle McLaurin Latimer Gary E. Smith Hall Johnston Russell Hollings DeMint Scott Izard Read Colhoun P. Butler Gaillard Harper W. Smith Miller Preston McDuffie A. Butler Hammond Sawyer Patterson Hampton Irby Earle McLaurin Latimer Gary E. Smith Hall Johnston Russell Hollings DeMint Scott v t e South Carolina's current delegation to the current United States Congress v t e Senators (ordered by seniority) ▌ Lindsey Graham (R) ▌ Tim Scott (R) ▌ Lindsey Graham (R) ▌ Tim Scott (R) Representatives (ordered by district) ▌ Nancy Mace (R) ▌ Joe Wilson (R) ▌ Sheri Biggs (R) ▌ William Timmons (R) ▌ Ralph Norman (R) ▌ Jim Clyburn (D) ▌ Russell Fry (R) ▌ Nancy Mace (R) ▌ Joe Wilson (R) ▌ Sheri Biggs (R) ▌ William Timmons (R) ▌ Ralph Norman (R) ▌ Jim Clyburn (D) ▌ Russell Fry (R) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations v t e States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Alabama H S H S Alaska H S H S Arizona H S H S Arkansas H S H S California H S H S Colorado H S H S Connecticut H S H S Delaware H S H S Florida H S H S Georgia H S H S Hawaii H S H S Idaho H S H S Illinois H S H S Indiana H S H S Iowa H S H S Kansas H S H S Kentucky H S H S Louisiana H S H S Maine H S H S Maryland H S H S Massachusetts H S H S Michigan H S H S Minnesota H S H S Mississippi H S H S Missouri H S H S Montana H S H S Nebraska H S H S Nevada H S H S New Hampshire H S H S New Jersey H S H S New Mexico H S H S New York H S H S North Carolina H S H S North Dakota H S H S Ohio H S H S Oklahoma H S H S Oregon H S H S Pennsylvania H S H S Rhode Island H S H S South Carolina H S H S South Dakota H S H S Tennessee H S H S Texas H S H S Utah H S H S Vermont H S H S Virginia H S H S Washington H S H S West Virginia H S H S Wisconsin H S H S Wyoming H S H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators Lists of former representatives List of former senators United States senators from South Carolina Lists of South Carolina politicians Lists of United States senators by state Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from October 2013 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images List templates with deprecated parameters This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 05:00 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Development 2 Films Toggle Films subsection 2.1 The Infinity Saga 2.1.1 Phase One 2.1.2 Phase Two 2.1.3 Phase Three 2.2 The Multiverse Saga 2.2.1 Phase Four 2.2.2 Phase Five 2.2.3 Phase Six 2.3 Future 2.3.1 Armor Wars 2.3.2 Black Panther 3 2.3.3 Blade 2.3.4 Untitled Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings sequel 2.3.5 Untitled X-Men film 2.3.6 Other 2.1 The Infinity Saga 2.1.1 Phase One 2.1.2 Phase Two 2.1.3 Phase Three 2.1.1 Phase One 2.1.2 Phase Two 2.1.3 Phase Three 2.2 The Multiverse Saga 2.2.1 Phase Four 2.2.2 Phase Five 2.2.3 Phase Six 2.2.1 Phase Four 2.2.2 Phase Five 2.2.3 Phase Six 2.3 Future 2.3.1 Armor Wars 2.3.2 Black Panther 3 2.3.3 Blade 2.3.4 Untitled Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings sequel 2.3.5 Untitled X-Men film 2.3.6 Other 2.3.1 Armor Wars 2.3.2 Black Panther 3 2.3.3 Blade 2.3.4 Untitled Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings sequel 2.3.5 Untitled X-Men film 2.3.6 Other 3 Recurring cast and characters 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Theatrical distribution 4.1.1 Spider-Man films 4.2 Home media 4.2.1 Physical 4.2.2 Streaming and cable 4.3 IMAX 10th anniversary festival 4.1 Theatrical distribution 4.1.1 Spider-Man films 4.1.1 Spider-Man films 4.2 Home media 4.2.1 Physical 4.2.2 Streaming and cable 4.2.1 Physical 4.2.2 Streaming and cable 4.3 IMAX 10th anniversary festival 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 5.3 Accolades 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 5.3 Accolades 6 Repurposed projects 7 Connections with other Spider-Man franchises 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal} Marvel Cinematic Universe films Artwork for "The Infinity Saga Collector's Edition" box set Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Produced by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Kevin Feige [ a ] Avi Arad ( IM & TIH ) Gale Anne Hurd ( TIH ) Amy Pascal ( SM ) Lauren Shuler Donner ( DP&W ) Ryan Reynolds ( DP&W ) Shawn Levy ( DP&W ) Anthony Russo ( A:DD & A:SW ) Joe Russo ( A:DD & A:SW ) Kevin Feige [ a ] Avi Arad ( IM & TIH ) Gale Anne Hurd ( TIH ) Amy Pascal ( SM ) Lauren Shuler Donner ( DP&W ) Ryan Reynolds ( DP&W ) Shawn Levy ( DP&W ) Anthony Russo ( A:DD & A:SW ) Joe Russo ( A:DD & A:SW ) Starring Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors Production companies Marvel Studios Valhalla Motion Pictures ( TIH ) Columbia Pictures ( SM ; 2017–present) Pascal Pictures ( SM ; 2017–present) Maximum Effort ( DP&W ) 21 Laps Entertainment ( DP&W ) AGBO ( A:DD & A:SW ) Marvel Studios Valhalla Motion Pictures ( TIH ) Columbia Pictures ( SM ; 2017–present) Pascal Pictures ( SM ; 2017–present) Maximum Effort ( DP&W ) 21 Laps Entertainment ( DP&W ) AGBO ( A:DD & A:SW ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures (2008–11) Universal Pictures ( TIH ; 2008) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (2012–present) Sony Pictures Releasing ( SM ; 2017–present) Paramount Pictures (2008–11) Universal Pictures ( TIH ; 2008) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (2012–present) Sony Pictures Releasing ( SM ; 2017–present) Release date 2008–present Country United States Language English Budget Total (37 films) : $7.239–7.724 billion Box office Total (37 films) : $32.487 billion Marvel Cinematic Universe Phases The Infinity Saga Phase One (2008–2012) Phase Two (2013–2015) Phase Three (2016–2019) The Infinity Saga Phase One (2008–2012) Phase Two (2013–2015) Phase Three (2016–2019) The Multiverse Saga Phase Four (2021–2022) Phase Five (2023–2025) Phase Six (2025–2027) The Multiverse Saga Phase Four (2021–2022) Phase Five (2023–2025) Phase Six (2025–2027) Lists Films Lists Films .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) centers on a series of American superhero films produced by Marvel Studios based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The MCU is the shared universe in which all of the films are set. The films have been in production since 2007, and in that time, Marvel Studios has produced and released 37 films, with at least eight more in various stages of development. It is the highest-grossing film franchise of all time, having grossed over $32.4 billion at the global box office. This includes Avengers: Endgame , which became the highest-grossing film of all time at the time of its release. The films are written and directed by various individuals and feature large, often ensemble , casts. Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige has produced every film in the franchise, while other Marvel Studios executives have also produced some films alongside Feige, including the studio's former CEO Avi Arad for the first two releases. Other individuals have also produced select MCU films, including Gale Anne Hurd for The Incredible Hulk ; Amy Pascal for the Spider-Man films ; Lauren Shuler Donner , Ryan Reynolds , and Shawn Levy for Deadpool & Wolverine ; and Anthony and Joe Russo for Avengers: Doomsday and Avengers: Secret Wars . Marvel Studios releases its films in groups called "Phases". Its first film is Iron Man (2008), which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk (2008), which was co-produced by Hurd's production company Valhalla Motion Pictures . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the series with the crossover film The Avengers (2012), which concluded Phase One . Phase Two comprises Iron Man 3 (2013), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and Ant-Man (2015). Captain America: Civil War (2016) is the first film of Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange (2016), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Captain Marvel (2019), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). The first three Phases are collectively known as "The Infinity Saga". The Spider-Man films are owned, financed, and distributed by Sony Pictures and co-produced by Sony's Columbia Pictures and Pascal Pictures . The films of Phase Four are Black Widow (2021), Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), Eternals (2021), Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), Thor: Love and Thunder (2022), and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022). Phase Five comprises Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023), The Marvels (2023), Deadpool & Wolverine (2024), Captain America: Brave New World (2025), and Thunderbolts* (2025). Deadpool & Wolverine was co-produced by Reynolds's and Levy's respective companies Maximum Effort and 21 Laps Entertainment . The Fantastic Four: First Steps (2025) begins Phase Six , and is followed by Spider-Man: Brand New Day (2026), Avengers: Doomsday (2026), and Avengers: Secret Wars (2027), the latter two of which are co-produced by the Russo brothers's company AGBO . The fourth, fifth, and sixth Phases are collectively known as "The Multiverse Saga", and also include several television series and some television specials for the streaming service Disney+ . Development By 2005, Marvel Entertainment had begun planning to produce its own films independently and distribute them through Paramount Pictures . [ 1 ] In June 2007, Marvel Studios secured funding from a $525 million revolving credit facility with Merrill Lynch . [ 2 ] Marvel planned to release individual films for their main characters and then merge them in a crossover film. [ 3 ] Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige said in November 2013 that releases each year would ideally include one film based on an existing character and one featuring a new character, feeling that would be "a nice rhythm", although, this was not always the case as shown by the sequels Iron Man 3 and Thor: The Dark World being released in 2013. [ 5 ] Feige elaborated in July 2014 that this model was being followed for 2014 and 2015, and he felt it would be fun to continue. [ 6 ] After the reveal that month of multiple release dates for films through 2019, [ 7 ] in which some years had three films scheduled, Feige said there was no "number cruncher" telling the studio to increase their film output and the change was based on them "managing [existing] franchises, film to film, and when we have a team ready to go, why tell them to go away for four years just because we don't have a slot? We'd rather find a way to keep that going." [ 8 ] After the titles for these films were revealed in October 2014, [ 9 ] Feige said the studio was "firing on all cylinders right now" and this made them comfortable with increasing to three films a year in 2017 and 2018 without changing their production approach. [ 10 ] On the potential for so-called "superhero fatigue", Feige stated that, although each film is based on Marvel Comics and feature the "Marvel Studios" logo, he believed each film had unique qualities that differentiated them from the others and from non- Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films. For example, he noted how the studio's 2016 releases, Captain America: Civil War and Doctor Strange , were "completely different movies". The studio hoped to continue to surprise audiences and "not [fall] into things becoming too similar". [ 11 ] In February 2014, Feige said Marvel Studios wanted to mimic the "rhythm" of comic book releases by having characters appear in their own films and then come together for crossover events, [ 12 ] with Avengers films acting as "big, giant linchpins" within the shared universe . [ 13 ] On expanding the number of characters in the universe and letting individual films breathe and work on their own, as opposed to having Avenger team-ups outside of Avengers films, Feige said they planned to teach general audiences "about the notion of the characters existing separately, coming together for specific events and going away and existing separately in their own worlds again. Just like comic readers have been doing for decades... people sort of are accepting that there's just a time when they should be together and there's a time when they're not." [ 14 ] Discussing how much story is developed for future MCU films, Feige said in September 2015 that "broad strokes" and occasionally "super-specific things" are determined far in advance. He said there was enough leeway to "have room to sway and to move and to go and to surprise ourselves in places that we end up" and that each film would feel satisfying on its own, but still interconnected to the larger universe and as if it had been planned years ahead of time. The studio has contingency plans for times when they are unable to secure a certain actor to reprise a role, and are able to respond to surprises such as the film rights to use Spider-Man becoming available in February 2015. [ 15 ] Feige discussed moving the MCU to Phase Four in April 2016, reflecting on the first three phases of films and saying, "I think there will be a finality to moments of Phase Three , as well as new beginnings that will mark a different, a very different, a distinctively different chapter in what will someday be a complete first saga made up of three Phases." Frequent MCU director Joe Russo added that Phase Three was the "deconstruction Phase" of the MCU, beginning with Civil War and leading into "the culmination films" of Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). [ 16 ] A year later, Feige felt after the conclusion of Phase Three, Marvel might abandon grouping the films by Phases, saying, "it might be a new thing". [ 17 ] Feige mentioned that Avengers: Endgame would provide "a definitive end" to the films and storylines preceding it, with the franchise having "two distinct periods. Everything before [ Endgame ] and everything after". Many of the films that were planned to follow Endgame were intentionally different from the films in " The Infinity Saga ", which includes Phase One , Phase Two , and Phase Three. [ 18 ] In July 2019, Feige announced the Phase Four slate at San Diego Comic-Con, consisting of films and television event series for the streaming service Disney+ . [ 19 ] In December 2020, at Disney's Investor Day, Marvel provided updates to previously announced films for the Phase. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] In late June 2022, Feige said audiences would begin to see where the next saga of the MCU would be heading as Phase Four neared its conclusion, adding that there had been many clues throughout the Phase to what that would be. He said Marvel Studios would be a "little more direct" on their future plans in the following months to provide audiences with "the bigger picture". [ 22 ] In July 2022, Feige unveiled the Phase Five and Six slates at San Diego Comic-Con, similarly consisting of films and Disney+ series, and revealed that these three Phases would make up " The Multiverse Saga ". [ 23 ] In May 2024, Disney CEO Bob Iger said the company planned to release two, or at most three, Marvel films a year moving forward, down from four films being released in some recent years, as part of Disney's larger strategy to reduce its content output and focus on quality. At that time, four films were still expected to be released in both 2025 and 2026. Iger said Marvel content would continue to balance sequels with new franchises. [ 24 ] Later in 2024, Disney removed the long-in-development film Blade from its 2025 release date and also removed an unspecified Marvel film that was scheduled for July 2026, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] which was replaced by Sony Pictures 's Spider-Man: Brand New Day . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Feige said the three films that were still scheduled for 2025 had been in development for a long time and were ready for release. He expected Marvel Studios to start releasing two films a year from 2026, [ 29 ] but said there was potential for anywhere between one and three films in some years. [ 30 ] In May 2025, Iger called Thunderbolts* the "first and best example" of Marvel Studios' refocusing efforts. [ 31 ] Further changes to Marvel Studios' release slate resulted in over a year gap between The Fantastic Four: First Steps (2025) and Brand New Day ; this would be the longest gap between MCU film releases since the gap between Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) and Black Widow (2021), which was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 32 ] In July 2025, Feige said the studio was working to reduce its film budgets, which had increased since Endgame in part due to the pandemic. He said the budgets for their 2024 and 2025 films were a third lower than those for 2022 and 2023. Marvel Studios executives met with the creative team behind the film The Creator (2023) to understand how that film was made with a relatively low $80 million budget. Additionally, Feige stated that Marvel Studios had made a deal to film many of their then-upcoming films at Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom, where several of their other films had previously been shot. He said Marvel Studios anticipated utilizing studio space in Georgia and New York as well, rather than California, because of those states' production tax credits. [ 33 ] However, The Wall Street Journal reported that Marvel would largely forego shooting in Georgia because of its rising costs, instead choosing to shoot in the United Kingdom because it had become cheaper to do so. [ 34 ] Feige called Deadpool & Wolverine (2024) the true start to Marvel Studios' exploration and use of the Fox characters following Disney's acquisition of assets from 21st Century Fox in 2019, [ 35 ] and said every project after it would be part of the MCU's "Mutant era". [ 36 ] The next MCU saga after the Multiverse Saga is expected to center on the Fox characters, including the X-Men . [ 37 ] Feige reportedly had a 10-year plan for the X-Men in the MCU by May 2025. [ 38 ] In July 2025, Feige said Marvel Studios was "already well into development" on the three phases of their next saga following the conclusion of the Multiverse Saga with Secret Wars . He said Phase Seven would be "directly impacted" by the films of Phase Six. [ 39 ] Films Marvel Studios releases its films in groups called "Phases". [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The Infinity Saga The films from Phase One, Phase Two, and Phase Three are collectively known as "The Infinity Saga". [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Phase One Film [ 41 ] U.S. release date Director Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Iron Man May 2, 2008 ( 2008-05-02 ) Jon Favreau [ 44 ] Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Avi Arad and Kevin Feige The Incredible Hulk June 13, 2008 ( 2008-06-13 ) Louis Leterrier [ 46 ] Zak Penn [ 47 ] Avi Arad, Gale Anne Hurd , and Kevin Feige Iron Man 2 May 7, 2010 ( 2010-05-07 ) Jon Favreau [ 48 ] Justin Theroux [ 49 ] Kevin Feige Thor May 6, 2011 ( 2011-05-06 ) Kenneth Branagh [ 50 ] Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne [ 51 ] Captain America: The First Avenger July 22, 2011 ( 2011-07-22 ) Joe Johnston [ 52 ] Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely [ 53 ] The Avengers May 4, 2012 ( 2012-05-04 ) Joss Whedon [ 54 ] Phase Two Film [ 41 ] U.S. release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Producer Iron Man 3 May 3, 2013 ( 2013-05-03 ) Shane Black [ 55 ] Drew Pearce & Shane Black [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Kevin Feige Thor: The Dark World November 8, 2013 ( 2013-11-08 ) Alan Taylor [ 57 ] Christopher L. Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely [ 58 ] Captain America: The Winter Soldier April 4, 2014 ( 2014-04-04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo [ 59 ] Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely [ 60 ] Guardians of the Galaxy August 1, 2014 ( 2014-08-01 ) James Gunn [ 61 ] James Gunn and Nicole Perlman [ 62 ] Avengers: Age of Ultron May 1, 2015 ( 2015-05-01 ) Joss Whedon [ 63 ] Ant-Man July 17, 2015 ( 2015-07-17 ) Peyton Reed [ 64 ] Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd [ 65 ] Phase Three Film [ 41 ] U.S. release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Captain America: Civil War May 6, 2016 ( 2016-05-06 ) Anthony and Joe Russo [ 66 ] Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely [ 66 ] Kevin Feige Doctor Strange November 4, 2016 ( 2016-11-04 ) Scott Derrickson [ 67 ] Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill [ 68 ] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5, 2017 ( 2017-05-05 ) James Gunn [ 62 ] Spider-Man: Homecoming July 7, 2017 ( 2017-07-07 ) Jon Watts [ 69 ] Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers [ 70 ] Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Thor: Ragnarok November 3, 2017 ( 2017-11-03 ) Taika Waititi [ 71 ] Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher L. Yost [ 72 ] [ 73 ] Kevin Feige Black Panther February 16, 2018 ( 2018-02-16 ) Ryan Coogler [ 74 ] Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Avengers: Infinity War April 27, 2018 ( 2018-04-27 ) Anthony and Joe Russo [ 77 ] Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely [ 78 ] Ant-Man and the Wasp July 6, 2018 ( 2018-07-06 ) Peyton Reed [ 79 ] Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Paul Rudd & Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari [ 80 ] Kevin Feige and Stephen Broussard Captain Marvel March 8, 2019 ( 2019-03-08 ) Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck [ 81 ] Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck & Geneva Robertson-Dworet [ 82 ] Kevin Feige Avengers: Endgame April 26, 2019 ( 2019-04-26 ) Anthony and Joe Russo [ 77 ] Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely [ 78 ] Spider-Man: Far From Home July 2, 2019 ( 2019-07-02 ) Jon Watts [ 83 ] Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers [ 84 ] Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal The Multiverse Saga The films from Phase Four, Phase Five, and Phase Six are collectively known as "The Multiverse Saga". [ 23 ] The Phases also include multiple television series and some television specials streaming on Disney+ . [ 41 ] Phase Four Film [ 41 ] U.S. release date Director Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Black Widow July 9, 2021 ( 2021-07-09 ) [ b ] Cate Shortland [ 86 ] Eric Pearson [ 87 ] Kevin Feige Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings September 3, 2021 ( 2021-09-03 ) Destin Daniel Cretton [ 88 ] Dave Callaham & Destin Daniel Cretton & Andrew Lanham [ 89 ] Kevin Feige and Jonathan Schwartz Eternals November 5, 2021 ( 2021-11-05 ) Chloé Zhao [ 90 ] Chloé Zhao and Chloé Zhao & Patrick Burleigh and Ryan Firpo & Kaz Firpo [ 91 ] [ 92 ] [ c ] Kevin Feige and Nate Moore Spider-Man: No Way Home December 17, 2021 ( 2021-12-17 ) Jon Watts [ 93 ] Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers [ 94 ] Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness May 6, 2022 ( 2022-05-06 ) Sam Raimi [ 95 ] Michael Waldron [ 96 ] Kevin Feige Thor: Love and Thunder July 8, 2022 ( 2022-07-08 ) Taika Waititi [ 97 ] Taika Waititi & Jennifer Kaytin Robinson [ 98 ] Kevin Feige and Brad Winderbaum Black Panther: Wakanda Forever November 11, 2022 ( 2022-11-11 ) Ryan Coogler [ 99 ] Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole [ 99 ] [ 100 ] Kevin Feige and Nate Moore Phase Five Film [ 41 ] [ 101 ] U.S. release date Director Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania February 17, 2023 ( 2023-02-17 ) Peyton Reed [ 102 ] Jeff Loveness [ 103 ] Kevin Feige and Stephen Broussard Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 May 5, 2023 ( 2023-05-05 ) James Gunn [ 104 ] Kevin Feige The Marvels November 10, 2023 ( 2023-11-10 ) Nia DaCosta [ 105 ] Nia DaCosta and Megan McDonnell and Elissa Karasik [ 106 ] Deadpool & Wolverine July 26, 2024 ( 2024-07-26 ) Shawn Levy [ 107 ] Ryan Reynolds & Rhett Reese & Paul Wernick & Zeb Wells & Shawn Levy [ 108 ] Kevin Feige, Lauren Shuler Donner , Ryan Reynolds, and Shawn Levy Captain America: Brave New World February 14, 2025 ( 2025-02-14 ) Julius Onah [ 109 ] Rob Edwards and Malcolm Spellman & Dalan Musson and Julius Onah & Peter Glanz [ 110 ] Kevin Feige and Nate Moore Thunderbolts* [ d ] May 2, 2025 ( 2025-05-02 ) Jake Schreier [ 109 ] Eric Pearson and Joanna Calo [ 113 ] Kevin Feige Phase Six Film [ 41 ] U.S. release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Status The Fantastic Four: First Steps July 25, 2025 ( 2025-07-25 ) Matt Shakman [ 114 ] Josh Friedman and Eric Pearson and Jeff Kaplan & Ian Springer [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Kevin Feige Released Spider-Man: Brand New Day July 31, 2026 ( 2026-07-31 ) [ 28 ] Destin Daniel Cretton [ 117 ] Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers [ 118 ] Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Post-production Avengers: Doomsday December 18, 2026 ( 2026-12-18 ) [ 119 ] Anthony and Joe Russo [ 120 ] Michael Waldron and Stephen McFeely [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Kevin Feige, Anthony Russo, and Joe Russo Avengers: Secret Wars December 17, 2027 ( 2027-12-17 ) [ 119 ] In development Future Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter Producer(s) Status Black Panther 3 2028 ( 2028 ) [ 122 ] Ryan Coogler [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Kevin Feige and Nate Moore In development Armor Wars TBA TBA Yassir Lester [ 125 ] Kevin Feige Blade TBA TBA Eric Pearson [ 126 ] Untitled Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings sequel TBA Destin Daniel Cretton [ 127 ] Kevin Feige and Jonathan Schwartz Untitled X-Men film TBA Jake Schreier [ 128 ] Michael Lesslie [ 129 ] Kevin Feige At any given time, Marvel Studios has future films planned around five to six years out from what they have announced. [ 130 ] In July 2025, Feige said they had a seven-year plan through 2032 with potential films on magnets that could be moved around. Marvel Studios was looking to release one to three films a year at that point. [ 30 ] After the Multiverse Saga, the next MCU saga is expected to center on characters that Marvel Studios inherited during the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney , including the X-Men . [ 37 ] Feige reportedly had a 10-year plan for the X-Men in the MCU by May 2025. [ 38 ] Disney has scheduled release dates for potential Marvel Studios films on February 18, May 5, November 10, and December 15, 2028. [ 32 ] [ 37 ] In February 2025, producer Nate Moore said work on some projects, such as Armor Wars , had slowed down since the studio began reducing content output and focusing on quality. [ 131 ] By that May, Marvel Studios was set to gauge the interest of frequent writer Eric Pearson in projects that were planned for after Avengers: Secret Wars . [ 132 ] In July 2025, Feige said the studio had dates held for future films past Secret Wars in December 2027 in "many" years. [ 39 ] Armor Wars James Rhodes must confront one of Tony Stark 's greatest fears when Stark's tech falls into the wrong hands. [ 133 ] In December 2020, Marvel Studios announced Armor Wars as a Disney+ series based on the comic book storyline of the same name , with Don Cheadle reprising his role as James Rhodes / War Machine. [ 133 ] In August 2021, Yassir Lester was hired as the series' head writer . [ 134 ] In September 2022, Marvel Studios decided to rework the series into a feature film, with Cheadle and Lester remaining with the project. [ 125 ] Development had slowed down by February 2025. [ 131 ] Armor Wars is set after the events of Secret Invasion (2023). [ 135 ] Walton Goggins is set to reprise his role as Sonny Burch from Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018). [ 136 ] Black Panther 3 By November 2022, Ryan Coogler and Kevin Feige had discussed a potential third Black Panther film. [ 137 ] Two years later, Coogler had had discussions with Denzel Washington about casting him for a role in a third film. [ 124 ] Nate Moore, who left Marvel Studios in March 2025, will return to produce the film. [ 138 ] In February 2025, Moore confirmed that Coogler would direct the film and said active work would begin later that year, once Coogler completed work on his film Sinners (2025). [ 123 ] Coogler confirmed Washington's casting that June. [ 139 ] Development work had begun by mid-November 2025. [ 140 ] The film is expected to be released in 2028. [ 122 ] Blade Following New Line Cinema 's Blade film trilogy (1998–2004), Marvel Studios regained the film rights to the character Blade by July 2011 and was developing a new version by May 2013. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Mahershala Ali , who played Cornell "Cottonmouth" Stokes in Marvel Television 's Luke Cage (2016–18), approached Marvel Studios in February 2019 about starring in a new Blade film, which Feige announced at San Diego Comic-Con (SDCC) that July with Ali as Blade ; [ 143 ] he first had an uncredited voice cameo in Eternals (2021). [ 144 ] Multiple filmmakers were attached in the following years, including directors Bassam Tariq and Yann Demange , while the production experienced several delays. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Eric Pearson was rewriting the script by June 2024, when Marvel was searching for a new director, [ 126 ] and Blade was removed from the release schedule in October 2024, [ 26 ] but the film remained in development with Ali attached. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Untitled Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings sequel In December 2021, a sequel to Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021) was announced to be in development, with Destin Daniel Cretton returning to write and direct. [ 127 ] Simu Liu was expected to return as Shang-Chi by the following month. [ 149 ] In September 2024, Cretton was chosen to direct Spider-Man: Brand New Day (2026), which was a higher priority for Marvel Studios than the Shang-Chi sequel. [ 150 ] In January 2026, Liu reiterated that the film was still in development. [ 151 ] Untitled X-Men film At SDCC in July 2019, Kevin Feige stated that mutants would eventually be introduced to the MCU, which include the X-Men , [ 19 ] [ 152 ] and said those terms are interchangeable and that the MCU depiction would differ from 20th Century Fox 's X-Men film series . [ 153 ] By September 2023, Marvel Studios was preparing to meet with writers for an X-Men film later that year, [ 154 ] and Michael Lesslie entered negotiations to write the film in May 2024; [ 155 ] he was confirmed to be writing the film a year later. [ 129 ] Shortly after, Jake Schreier was announced to direct following positive responses to Thunderbolts* (2025). [ 156 ] [ 128 ] After bringing back actors from Fox's X-Men films for the Multiverse Saga, Feige said this film would feature a recast X-Men team following the "reset" of the MCU in Secret Wars . He said it would be "a very youth-oriented, focused and cast movie". [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Other Marvel Studios is working on an unknown project with Scarlett Johansson , who will serve as a producer. [ 159 ] The project was still being developed by mid-June 2023, when work was paused due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike . [ 160 ] By May 2025, Ryan Reynolds had begun working on various script treatments for an ensemble film centered on "three or four" X-Men characters alongside Deadpool . The Hollywood Reporter reported that using Deadpool in a supporting role would allow the X-Men characters "to be used in unexpected ways" and that Reynolds was working independently of Marvel Studios for the time being to figure out the film's concept. [ 129 ] In June, a sequel to The Fantastic Four: First Steps (2025) was reported to be in development. [ 37 ] Recurring cast and characters This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in films in multiple Phases within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and received main billing credit for at least three films (see FAQ ). A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's presence has not yet been confirmed. A C indicates an uncredited cameo role. A P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs. A V indicates a voice-only role. Character Phase One Phase Two Phase Three Phase Four Phase Five Phase Six Bruce Banner Hulk Edward Norton [ 161 ] Lou Ferrigno V [ 161 ] Mark Ruffalo [ 162 ] Mark Ruffalo [ 162 ] Mark Ruffalo C [ 162 ] Mark Ruffalo [ 163 ] James "Bucky" Barnes Winter Soldier / White Wolf Sebastian Stan [ 164 ] Sebastian Stan [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Clint Barton Hawkeye Jeremy Renner [ 166 ] Jeremy Renner C P V [ 166 ] Yelena Belova Florence Pugh [ 165 ] Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell [ 167 ] Carol Danvers Captain Marvel Brie Larson [ 168 ] Brie Larson C [ 168 ] Brie Larson [ 168 ] Drax the Destroyer Dave Bautista [ 169 ] Jane Foster Mighty Thor Natalie Portman [ 170 ] Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson [ 171 ] Samuel L. Jackson [ 172 ] Gamora Zoe Saldaña [ 173 ] Zoe Saldaña [ 173 ] Groot Vin Diesel V [ 174 ] Heimdall Idris Elba [ 175 ] Maria Hill Cobie Smulders [ 176 ] Happy Hogan Jon Favreau [ 177 ] [ 178 ] Michelle "MJ" Jones-Watson Zendaya [ 179 ] Zendaya [ 180 ] Scott Lang Ant-Man Paul Rudd [ 181 ] Paul Rudd [ 181 ] [ 165 ] Ned Leeds Jacob Batalon [ 182 ] Jacob Batalon [ 180 ] Loki Tom Hiddleston [ 183 ] Tom Hiddleston C [ 184 ] Tom Hiddleston [ 165 ] Mantis Pom Klementieff [ 185 ] Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch Elizabeth Olsen [ 186 ] M'Baku Winston Duke [ 187 ] Winston Duke [ 165 ] Nebula Karen Gillan [ 188 ] Odin Anthony Hopkins [ 189 ] Okoye Danai Gurira [ 190 ] May Parker Marisa Tomei [ 191 ] Peter Parker Spider-Man Tom Holland [ 192 ] Tom Holland [ 193 ] Pepper Potts Gwyneth Paltrow [ 194 ] Hank Pym Michael Douglas [ 195 ] Michael Douglas [ 195 ] Peter Quill Star-Lord Chris Pratt [ 196 ] James "Rhodey" Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot Terrence Howard [ 197 ] Don Cheadle [ 197 ] Don Cheadle [ 197 ] Rocket Bradley Cooper V [ 198 ] Steve Rogers Captain America Chris Evans [ 199 ] Chris Evans [ 200 ] Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Scarlett Johansson [ 201 ] Everett K. Ross Martin Freeman [ 202 ] Thaddeus Ross Red Hulk William Hurt [ 203 ] William Hurt [ 203 ] Harrison Ford [ 203 ] Erik Selvig Stellan Skarsgård [ 204 ] Stellan Skarsgård [ 204 ] Alexei Shostakov Red Guardian David Harbour [ 165 ] Shuri Black Panther Letitia Wright [ 205 ] Letitia Wright [ 165 ] Sif Jaimie Alexander [ 206 ] Jaimie Alexander [ 206 ] Tony Stark Iron Man Robert Downey Jr. [ 199 ] Ava Starr Ghost Hannah John-Kamen [ 207 ] Hannah John-Kamen [ 165 ] Stephen Strange Benedict Cumberbatch [ 208 ] Thor Chris Hemsworth [ 209 ] Chris Hemsworth [ 165 ] Valkyrie Tessa Thompson [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Hope van Dyne Wasp Evangeline Lilly [ 212 ] Evangeline Lilly [ 212 ] Vision Paul Bettany [ 213 ] Sam Wilson Falcon / Captain America Anthony Mackie [ 214 ] Anthony Mackie [ 214 ] [ 165 ] Wong Benedict Wong [ 215 ] Release Theatrical distribution Over time, the distribution rights to Marvel Studios' films have changed hands on multiple occasions. In November 2006, Universal Pictures announced that it would distribute The Incredible Hulk (2008), [ 216 ] in an arrangement separate from Marvel's 2005 deal with Paramount, which was distributing Marvel's other films. [ 1 ] In September 2008, after the international success of Iron Man (2008), Paramount signed a deal to have worldwide distribution rights for Iron Man 2 (2010), Iron Man 3 (2013), Thor (2011), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), and The Avengers (2012). [ 217 ] In late December 2009, the Walt Disney Company purchased Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion. Additionally, in October 2010, Walt Disney Studios bought the distribution rights for The Avengers and Iron Man 3 from Paramount Pictures, [ 218 ] with Paramount's logo remaining on the films, as well as for promotional material and merchandise, [ 219 ] [ 220 ] although Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures is the only studio credited at the end of these films. [ 221 ] Disney has distributed all subsequent Marvel Studios films. [ 222 ] In July 2013, Disney purchased the distribution rights to Iron Man , Iron Man 2 , Thor and Captain America: The First Avenger from Paramount. [ 223 ] The Incredible Hulk was not part of the deal at the time, due to an agreement between Marvel and Universal, where Marvel owns the film rights and Universal owns the distribution rights, for this film as well as the right of first refusal to distribute future Hulk films. [ 224 ] According to The Hollywood Reporter , a potential reason why Marvel has not bought the film distribution rights to the Hulk as they did with Paramount for the Iron Man, Thor, and Captain America films is that Universal holds the theme park rights to several Marvel characters that Disney wants for its own theme parks . [ 225 ] In June 2023, the distribution rights to The Incredible Hulk reverted from Universal back to Marvel Studios and Disney. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] Spider-Man films In February 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment and Marvel Studios announced a licensing deal that would allow Spider-Man to appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with the character first appearing in Captain America: Civil War . [ 228 ] [ 229 ] Spider-Man films produced by Marvel Studios would continue to be financed, distributed, and controlled by Sony Pictures. [ 228 ] In June 2015, Feige clarified that the initial Sony deal does not apply to the MCU television series , as it was "very specific ... with a certain amount of back and forth allowed". [ 230 ] Both studios have the ability to terminate the agreement at any point, and no money was exchanged with the deal. However, a small adjustment was made to a 2011 deal formed between the two studios (where Marvel gained full control of Spider-Man's merchandising rights, in exchange for making a one-time payment of $175 million to Sony and paying up to $35 million for each future Spider-Man film, and forgoing receiving their previous 5% of any Spider-Man film's revenue), with Marvel getting to reduce their $35 million payment to Sony if Spider-Man: Homecoming grossed more than $750 million. [ 231 ] Marvel Studios still received 5% of first dollar gross for the film. [ 232 ] Sony also paid Marvel Studios an undisclosed producer fee for Homecoming . [ 233 ] In August 2019, it was reported that Disney and Sony could not reach a new agreement regarding Spider-Man films, with Marvel Studios and Feige said to no longer have any involvement in future films. Deadline Hollywood noted that Disney had hoped future films would be a "50/50 co-financing arrangement between the studios", with the possibility to extend the deal to other Spider-Man-related films, an offer Sony rejected and did not counter. Instead, Sony hoped to keep the terms of the previous agreement (Marvel receiving 5% of the film's first dollar gross), with Disney refusing. [ 232 ] The Hollywood Reporter added that the lack of a new agreement would see the end of Holland's Spider-Man in the MCU. [ 234 ] Variety cited unnamed sources claiming negotiations had "hit an impasse" and that a new deal could still be reached. [ 235 ] In September 2019, it was announced that Disney and Sony had reached a new agreement allowing for Spider-Man to appear in Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) as the third film co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures and a future Marvel Studios film. [ 236 ] Disney was reported to be co-financing 25% of the film in exchange for 25% of the film's profits in the new agreement, while retaining the merchandising rights to the character. [ 236 ] [ 237 ] In November 2021, producer Amy Pascal revealed that Sony and Marvel Studios were planning to make at least three more Spider-Man films starring Holland, with work on the first of those films getting ready to begin. [ 238 ] However, The Hollywood Reporter noted that there were no official plans for a new trilogy, despite the strong working relationship between the studios. [ 239 ] The following month, Feige said that he, Pascal, Disney, and Sony were "actively beginning to develop" the next Spider-Man story, assuring that there would not be any "separation trauma" that occurred between Far From Home and No Way Home . [ 240 ] Sony's agreement specifies that production has to start on a film within three years and nine months of the previous one, and release within five years and nine months, otherwise the rights revert to Marvel. [ 241 ] : 295 Marvel Studios explored opportunities to integrate other characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe into their Spider-Man films, [ 228 ] with Robert Downey Jr. reprising his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Samuel L. Jackson reprising his role as Nick Fury in Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Benedict Cumberbatch as Dr. Stephen Strange in No Way Home . Jon Bernthal and Mark Ruffalo are expected to appear as their respective MCU characters Frank Castle and Bruce Banner / Hulk in Spider-Man: Brand New Day (2026). Aaron Couch and Borys Kit of The Hollywood Reporter compared this to the Marvel Team-Up comic books that feature Spider-Man teaming up with different heroes. [ 163 ] Home media Physical In June 2012, Marvel announced a 10-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled", for release on September 25, 2012. The box set includes all six of the Phase One films— Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America: The First Avenger , and The Avengers —on Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D, in a replica of Nick Fury's briefcase from The Avengers . [ 242 ] In August 2012, luggage company Rimowa GmbH, who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court, complaining that "Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose." [ 243 ] The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned. [ 244 ] The box set, with a redesigned case, was released on April 2, 2013. In addition, the box set included a featurette on the then-upcoming Phase Two films, showing footage and concept art, as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films. [ 245 ] In July 2015, Marvel announced a 13-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two Collection", for release on December 8, 2015, exclusive to Amazon.com . The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films— Iron Man 3 , Thor: The Dark World , Captain America: The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers: Age of Ultron , and Ant-Man —on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and a digital copy, in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia. Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One-Shots with commentary, deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films, featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films, and first looks at Captain America: Civil War , Doctor Strange , and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . [ 246 ] [ 247 ] In September 2019, Feige indicated a box set with all 23 films of "The Infinity Saga" would be released, with the set including previously unreleased deleted scenes and other footage, such as an alternate take of the Nick Fury post-credits scene from Iron Man which references Spider-Man, the Hulk, and the X-Men. [ 248 ] The box set, featuring all 23 films on Ultra HD Blu-ray and Blu-ray, a bonus disc, a letter from Feige, and a lithograph art piece by Matt Ferguson, was released on November 15, 2019, exclusively at Best Buy . [ 249 ] Streaming and cable In March 2008, Marvel Studios presold the US cable broadcast rights to FX for five of their films, including Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk , for four years. [ 250 ] FX also acquired the rights to Iron Man 3 in May 2013. [ 251 ] In September 2014, TNT acquired the US cable broadcast rights to five Marvel Studios films, beginning with Avengers: Age of Ultron , for broadcast two years after their theatrical release. [ 252 ] Every Marvel Studios release from January 2016 to December 2018 was available on Netflix . [ 253 ] Captain Marvel was the first Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures -distributed film not to stream on Netflix, after Disney let their licensing deal with them expire. It became the first theatrical Disney release to stream exclusively on Disney+ , which launched on November 12, 2019. [ 254 ] [ 255 ] Bloomberg News reported that the films part of Disney's agreement with Netflix would return to Netflix starting in 2026, while being removed from Disney+. [ 253 ] In April 2021, Sony signed a deal with Disney for its theatrical releases from 2022 to 2026 to stream on Disney+ and Hulu and appear on Disney's linear television networks for their "pay 2 window". As well, Sony's legacy content, including past Spider-Man films and Marvel content in Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU), would be able to be streamed on Disney+ and Hulu. Disney's access to Sony's titles would come following their availability on Netflix for their "pay 1 window". Homecoming and Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) had previously been available on Starz and FX. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Homecoming became available on Disney+ in the United States on May 12, 2023, [ 258 ] while Far From Home became available on November 3, 2023. [ 259 ] The Incredible Hulk became available on Disney+ in the United States on June 16, 2023, following the film's distribution rights reverting to Marvel Studios. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] In January 2026, Sony and Netflix signed a new multi-year agreement for Sony titles to stream on Netflix in their "pay 1 window". The new agreement gives Netflix global rights, an increase from the "pay 1" rights for the United States, Germany, and southeast Asia in the previous deal, with the new agreement beginning later in 2026 as territory rights become available before being fully in effect in early 2029. [ 260 ] IMAX 10th anniversary festival From August 30 to September 6, 2018, in conjunction with Marvel Studios' 10-year anniversary celebrations, all 20 films released at the time ( Iron Man through Ant-Man and the Wasp ) were screened in IMAX . The films were shown in release order, with four films per day. The final days of the festival were theme-related, with one showing "origin" films ( Iron Man , Spider-Man: Homecoming , Black Panther , and Doctor Strange ), one showing "team-ups" ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Captain America: Civil War , The Avengers , and Avengers: Infinity War ), [ 261 ] [ 262 ] and the final day showing Iron Man and The Avengers as chosen by the fans via a Twitter poll. [ 263 ] The festival also saw Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , and Captain America: The First Avenger released in IMAX for the first time. [ 261 ] [ 262 ] Reception Box office performance The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest-grossing film franchise of all time worldwide, both unadjusted and adjusted-for-inflation , having grossed over $32.4 billion at the global box office. Several of its sub-series such as the Avengers , Iron Man , Captain America , Thor , and Spider-Man film series are among the most successful film series of all time. [ 264 ] From July 2019 to March 2021, [ 265 ] Avengers: Endgame was the highest-grossing film of all time . [ 266 ] With the release of Deadpool & Wolverine (2024), the MCU became the first film franchise to cross $30 billion. [ 267 ] Film U.S. release date Box office gross All-time ranking Budget Ref. U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Phase One Iron Man May 2, 2008 $319,034,126 $266,762,121 $585,796,247 89 190 $140 million [ 268 ] The Incredible Hulk June 13, 2008 $134,806,913 $129,964,083 $264,770,996 494 625 $137.5–150 million [ 269 ] [ 270 ] Iron Man 2 May 7, 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 95 172 $170–200 million [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Thor May 6, 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 280 290 $150 million [ 273 ] Captain America: The First Avenger July 22, 2011 $176,654,505 $193,915,269 $370,569,774 298 394 $140 million [ 274 ] The Avengers May 4, 2012 $623,357,910 $897,180,626 $1,520,538,536 12 10 $220 million [ 275 ] [ 276 ] Phase Two Iron Man 3 May 3, 2013 $409,013,994 $806,563,211 $1,215,577,205 39 25 $200 million [ 277 ] [ 278 ] Thor: The Dark World November 8, 2013 $206,362,140 $438,421,000 $644,783,140 222 164 $150–170 million [ 279 ] [ 278 ] [ 280 ] Captain America: The Winter Soldier April 4, 2014 $259,766,572 $454,654,931 $714,421,503 134 134 $170–177 million [ 281 ] Guardians of the Galaxy August 1, 2014 $333,718,600 $439,631,547 $773,350,147 79 114 $170 million [ 282 ] [ 283 ] Avengers: Age of Ultron May 1, 2015 $459,005,868 $946,012,180 $1,405,018,048 25 15 $250–444 million [ 284 ] [ 285 ] Ant-Man July 17, 2015 $180,202,163 $339,109,802 $519,311,965 283 233 $130 million [ 286 ] [ 287 ] Phase Three Captain America: Civil War May 6, 2016 $408,084,349 $746,962,067 $1,155,046,416 42 29 $250 million [ 288 ] Doctor Strange November 4, 2016 $232,641,920 $445,154,156 $677,796,076 174 155 $165 million [ 289 ] [ 290 ] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5, 2017 $389,813,101 $473,942,950 $863,756,051 50 88 $200 million [ 291 ] Spider-Man: Homecoming July 7, 2017 $334,201,140 $545,965,784 $880,166,924 80 78 $175 million [ 292 ] Thor: Ragnarok November 3, 2017 $315,058,289 $540,243,517 $855,301,806 97 92 $180 million [ 293 ] Black Panther February 16, 2018 $700,426,566 $674,533,163 $1,374,959,729 6 17 $200 million [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Avengers: Infinity War April 27, 2018 $678,815,482 $1,373,599,557 $2,052,415,039 8 6 $325–400 million [ 296 ] [ 297 ] [ 298 ] Ant-Man and the Wasp July 6, 2018 $216,648,740 $406,025,399 $622,674,139 204 179 $162 million [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Captain Marvel March 8, 2019 $426,829,839 $704,586,607 $1,131,416,446 33 33 $150–175 million [ 301 ] [ 302 ] Avengers: Endgame April 26, 2019 $858,373,000 $1,941,066,100 $2,799,439,100 2 2 $356–400 million [ 303 ] [ 304 ] Spider-Man: Far From Home July 2, 2019 $391,283,774 $746,838,016 $1,138,121,790 49 32 $160 million [ 305 ] Phase Four Black Widow July 9, 2021 $183,651,655 $196,100,000 $379,751,655 [ e ] 290 409 $200 million [ 309 ] [ 310 ] Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings September 3, 2021 $224,543,292 $207,700,000 $432,243,292 193 331 $150–200 million [ 311 ] [ 312 ] [ 313 ] Eternals November 5, 2021 $164,870,234 $237,194,665 $402,064,899 370 377 $236.2 million [ 314 ] [ 315 ] Spider-Man: No Way Home December 17, 2021 $814,866,759 $1,113,174,146 $1,928,040,905 3 7 $200 million [ 316 ] [ 317 ] Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness May 6, 2022 $411,331,607 $544,444,197 $955,775,804 44 68 $172–200 million [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Thor: Love and Thunder July 8, 2022 $343,256,830 $417,671,251 $760,928,081 77 123 $250 million [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Black Panther: Wakanda Forever November 11, 2022 $453,829,060 $405,379,776 $859,208,836 30 93 $250 million [ 323 ] [ 324 ] Phase Five Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania February 17, 2023 $214,504,909 $261,566,271 $476,071,180 223 286 $388.4 million [ 325 ] [ 326 ] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 May 5, 2023 $358,995,815 $486,559,962 $845,555,777 70 99 $250 million [ 327 ] [ 328 ] The Marvels November 10, 2023 $84,500,223 $121,636,602 $206,136,825 1031 922 $375 million [ 329 ] [ 330 ] Deadpool & Wolverine July 26, 2024 $636,745,858 $701,327,787 $1,338,073,645 12 21 $200 million [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Captain America: Brave New World February 14, 2025 $200,500,001 $214,601,576 $415,101,577 254 358 $180 million [ 333 ] [ 334 ] Thunderbolts* May 2, 2025 $190,274,328 $192,162,589 $382,436,917 275 411 $180 million [ 335 ] [ 336 ] Phase Six The Fantastic Four: First Steps July 25, 2025 $274,286,610 $247,572,118 $521,858,728 136 253 $200 million [ 337 ] Total $ 13,104,471,816 $ 19,382,596,881 $ 32,487,068,924 1 1 $7.239–7.724 billion [ 264 ] Critical and public response Film Critical Public Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore PostTrak Phase One Iron Man 94% (282 reviews) [ 338 ] 79 (38 reviews) [ 339 ] A [ 340 ] — N/a The Incredible Hulk 68% (237 reviews) [ 341 ] 61 (38 reviews) [ 342 ] A− [ 343 ] — N/a Iron Man 2 72% (305 reviews) [ 344 ] 57 (40 reviews) [ 345 ] A [ 346 ] — N/a Thor 77% (296 reviews) [ 347 ] 57 (40 reviews) [ 348 ] B+ [ 349 ] — N/a Captain America: The First Avenger 80% (276 reviews) [ 350 ] 66 (43 reviews) [ 351 ] A− [ 352 ] — N/a The Avengers 91% (368 reviews) [ 353 ] 69 (43 reviews) [ 354 ] A+ [ 355 ] — N/a Phase Two Iron Man 3 79% (331 reviews) [ 356 ] 62 (44 reviews) [ 357 ] A [ 358 ] — N/a Thor: The Dark World 67% (290 reviews) [ 359 ] 54 (44 reviews) [ 360 ] A− [ 349 ] — N/a Captain America: The Winter Soldier 90% (311 reviews) [ 361 ] 70 (48 reviews) [ 362 ] A [ 363 ] — N/a Guardians of the Galaxy 91% (337 reviews) [ 364 ] 76 (53 reviews) [ 365 ] A [ 366 ] 90% [ 367 ] Avengers: Age of Ultron 75% (372 reviews) [ 368 ] 66 (49 reviews) [ 369 ] A [ 355 ] 90% [ 355 ] Ant-Man 83% (341 reviews) [ 370 ] 64 (44 reviews) [ 371 ] A [ 372 ] — N/a Phase Three Captain America: Civil War 90% (431 reviews) [ 373 ] 75 (53 reviews) [ 374 ] A [ 355 ] 88% [ 355 ] Doctor Strange 89% (389 reviews) [ 375 ] 72 (49 reviews) [ 376 ] A [ 377 ] 91% [ 377 ] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 85% (425 reviews) [ 378 ] 67 (48 reviews) [ 379 ] A [ 367 ] 93% [ 367 ] Spider-Man: Homecoming 92% (400 reviews) [ 380 ] 73 (51 reviews) [ 381 ] A [ 382 ] 89% [ 382 ] Thor: Ragnarok 93% (439 reviews) [ 383 ] 74 (51 reviews) [ 384 ] A [ 349 ] 90% [ 349 ] Black Panther 96% (532 reviews) [ 385 ] 88 (55 reviews) [ 386 ] A+ [ 387 ] 95% [ 387 ] Avengers: Infinity War 85% (492 reviews) [ 388 ] 68 (54 reviews) [ 389 ] A [ 390 ] 87% [ 391 ] Ant-Man and the Wasp 87% (446 reviews) [ 392 ] 70 (56 reviews) [ 393 ] A− [ 300 ] — N/a Captain Marvel 79% (552 reviews) [ 394 ] 64 (56 reviews) [ 395 ] A [ 396 ] — N/a Avengers: Endgame 94% (552 reviews) [ 397 ] 78 (57 reviews) [ 398 ] A+ [ 399 ] — N/a Spider-Man: Far From Home 91% (455 reviews) [ 400 ] 69 (55 reviews) [ 401 ] A [ 402 ] — N/a Phase Four Black Widow 79% (462 reviews) [ 403 ] 68 (58 reviews) [ 404 ] A− [ 306 ] 88% [ 306 ] Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings 92% (343 reviews) [ 405 ] 71 (52 reviews) [ 406 ] A [ 407 ] 91% [ 407 ] Eternals 47% (417 reviews) [ 408 ] 52 (62 reviews) [ 409 ] B [ 410 ] 78% [ 410 ] Spider-Man: No Way Home 93% (432 reviews) [ 411 ] 71 (60 reviews) [ 412 ] A+ [ 413 ] 96% [ 413 ] Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness 73% (466 reviews) [ 414 ] 60 (65 reviews) [ 415 ] B+ [ 416 ] 82% [ 416 ] Thor: Love and Thunder 63% (449 reviews) [ 417 ] 57 (64 reviews) [ 418 ] B+ [ 419 ] 77% [ 419 ] Black Panther: Wakanda Forever 84% (450 reviews) [ 420 ] 67 (62 reviews) [ 421 ] A [ 422 ] 93% [ 422 ] Phase Five Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania 46% (415 reviews) [ 423 ] 48 (61 reviews) [ 424 ] B [ 425 ] 75% [ 425 ] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 82% (410 reviews) [ 426 ] 64 (63 reviews) [ 427 ] A [ 428 ] 91% [ 428 ] The Marvels 63% (377 reviews) [ 429 ] 50 (57 reviews) [ 430 ] B [ 431 ] 73% [ 431 ] Deadpool & Wolverine 78% (419 reviews) [ 432 ] 56 (58 reviews) [ 433 ] A [ 434 ] 96% [ 434 ] Captain America: Brave New World 46% (365 reviews) [ 435 ] 42 (56 reviews) [ 436 ] B– [ 437 ] — N/a Thunderbolts* 88% (376 reviews) [ 438 ] 68 (53 reviews) [ 439 ] A– [ 440 ] — N/a Phase Six The Fantastic Four: First Steps 86% (401 reviews) [ 441 ] 65 (54 reviews) [ 442 ] A– [ 443 ] 86% [ 444 ] Accolades The films of the Marvel Cinematic Universe have been nominated for numerous awards, including 27 Academy Awards (winning four). Repurposed projects These projects were in development as films from Marvel Studios before becoming television series under Marvel Television : .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Runaways : A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations. Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008. [ 445 ] Feige and Marvel Studios producer Jodi Hildebrand envisioned the film as a coming-of-age story in the style of director John Hughes . [ 241 ] : 169 In April 2010, Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film, [ 446 ] and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May. [ 447 ] The film was developed under the working title Small Faces , referencing the 1960s rock band Small Faces . [ 241 ] : 171 In October 2010, development on the film was put on hold, [ 448 ] with Vaughan later noting Marvel Studios had decided to focus their efforts on a Guardians of the Galaxy film instead. [ 449 ] Pearce revealed in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three. [ 450 ] Speaking in the book MCU: The Reign of Marvel Studios (2023), producer Craig Kyle noted that the film had been shelved because the New York-based Creative Committee did not believe the film's character make up fit their ideal demographic of what would help sell toys. [ 241 ] : 266 In October 2014, after announcing all of Marvel's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was "still an awesome script that exists in our script vault", adding, "We'd love to do something with Runaways some day. In our television and future film discussions, it's always one that we talk about, because we have a solid draft there. But again, we can't make them all." [ 10 ] In August 2016, Marvel Television announced Marvel's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu , [ 451 ] with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017. [ 452 ] It premiered in November 2017. [ 453 ] Hulu announced in November 2019 that the third season of Runaways would be its last. [ 454 ] Inhumans : In April 2013, Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was "confident" a film would be made. [ 455 ] Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. [ 456 ] By August 2014, the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film, with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole. [ 457 ] In October 2014, the film was announced for Phase Three [ 9 ] and scheduled for release in July 2019. [ 458 ] By October 2015, Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used. [ 459 ] In April 2016, Inhumans was removed from the release schedule, [ 460 ] and would no longer be a part of Phase Three. [ 461 ] In July 2016, Feige said Inhumans would "certainly" be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021, [ 462 ] adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four. [ 463 ] In November 2016, Marvel Television announced the series Marvel's Inhumans , which premiered on ABC in September 2017, after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . [ 464 ] The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film. [ 465 ] ABC canceled Inhumans after one season in May 2018. [ 466 ] Connections with other Spider-Man franchises Following Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures' September 2019 agreement, Feige noted that as Sony continued to separately build their own shared universe, Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU), it was possible the MCU version of Spider-Man could appear in that universe. [ 236 ] This interaction was said to be "a 'call and answer' between the two franchises as they acknowledge details between the two in what ... would loosely be described as a shared detailed universe". [ 237 ] In May 2021, Adam B. Vary of Variety called the connections between the two universes perplexing, specifically because if Holland were to appear in an SSU film it would retroactively make any previous SSU films part of the MCU, and because a teaser trailer for the SSU film Morbius (2022) had featured Michael Keaton , who previously played Adrian Toomes / Vulture in Spider-Man: Homecoming . Sony Pictures Group President Sanford Panitch acknowledged this confusion and said there was a plan to clarify the relationship between the two universes. He believed it was already "getting a little more clear for people [as to] where we're headed" at that time and added that the release of Spider-Man: No Way Home in December 2021 would reveal more of this plan. Vary commented that the apparent introduction of multiverse elements in No Way Home could be what would allow Holland to appear in both the MCU and the SSU. [ 467 ] The following month, Feige said he would not "rule anything out completely" in terms of additional Sony-controlled characters appearing in Marvel Studios films. [ 100 ] In No Way Home , Stephen Strange casts two spells: one that brings characters from other universes into the MCU and one that sends them back to their own universes. [ 468 ] These characters, as depicted in the film, are Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield returning as their versions of Spider-Man from Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy and Marc Webb 's The Amazing Spider-Man films , respectively, [ 469 ] alongside Willem Dafoe as Norman Osborn / Green Goblin , Alfred Molina as Otto Octavius / Doctor Octopus , and Thomas Haden Church as Flint Marko / Sandman from the Raimi films, as well as Rhys Ifans as Curt Connors / Lizard and Jamie Foxx as Max Dillon / Electro from the Webb films. [ 470 ] The mid-credits scene of the SSU film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021) shows Eddie Brock and Venom ( Tom Hardy ) being transported into the MCU from their universe by the first spell and the mid-credits scene of No Way Home shows them being transported back to their own universe by the second spell. A small part of the Venom symbiote is left in the MCU. [ 468 ] Feige said there was a lot of coordination between the Let There Be Carnage and No Way Home teams to create the two scenes, [ 471 ] with No Way Home director Jon Watts directing both scenes during production of that film. [ 472 ] The mid-credits scenes of Morbius revealed that Toomes was accidentally transported from the MCU to the SSU following Strange's second spell. [ 473 ] The events of No Way Home are referenced in the animated film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), which refers to the MCU as "Earth-199999". [ 474 ] In July 2025, Feige said Sony had told Marvel Studios to "stay away" from Miles Morales , the main character of the animated Spider-Verse film series , until Sony had finished making those films. [ 121 ] See also List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series List of films based on Marvel Comics publications List of highest-grossing media franchises Notes ^ Feige has produced every MCU film, with some films having additional Marvel Studios producers. See the tables in § Films for more information. ^ Black Widow was released concurrently on Disney+ with Premier Access . [ 85 ] ^ Zhao is credited both as a solo writer and as part of a writing team with Burleigh. [ 91 ] ^ The asterisk denotes the alternate title, The New Avengers , as revealed in the film's end credits. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] ^ Disney announced that Black Widow also earned $67 million globally from Disney+ Premier Access in its opening weekend. 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External links Official website v t e Marvel Cinematic Universe v t e List of feature films accolades List of television series accolades Television specials Timeline List of feature films accolades accolades List of television series accolades accolades Television specials Timeline Marvel Studios Infinity Saga Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy accolades Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Phase Three Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther accolades Avengers: Infinity War production box office accolades Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame production box office accolades "Avengers assemble" scene Spider-Man: Far From Home Multiverse Saga Phase Four Films Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home accolades Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Black Panther: Wakanda Forever accolades TV series WandaVision accolades The Falcon and the Winter Soldier Loki accolades season 1 What If...? season 1 Hawkeye Moon Knight Ms. Marvel She-Hulk: Attorney at Law TV specials Werewolf by Night The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Phase Five Films Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* TV series Secret Invasion Loki season 2 What If...? season 2 Echo Agatha All Along What If...? season 3 Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 1 Daredevil: Born Again season 1 Ironheart Phase Six Films The Fantastic Four: First Steps Spider-Man: Brand New Day Avengers: Doomsday production TV series Eyes of Wakanda Marvel Zombies Wonder Man Daredevil: Born Again season 2 VisionQuest Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 2 TV specials Untitled Punisher television special Other Development of Blade (upcoming film) Marvel Studios Animation Mid-credits and post-credits scenes Reception Key people Kevin Feige (president) Avi Arad (founder) David Maisel (Founding Chairman) Victoria Alonso Related Blade (franchise) Captain America in film Fantastic Four in film Spider-Man in film X-Men (film series) X-Men '97 Marvel Studios Infinity Saga Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy accolades Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Phase Three Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther accolades Avengers: Infinity War production box office accolades Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame production box office accolades "Avengers assemble" scene Spider-Man: Far From Home Multiverse Saga Phase Four Films Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home accolades Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Black Panther: Wakanda Forever accolades TV series WandaVision accolades The Falcon and the Winter Soldier Loki accolades season 1 What If...? season 1 Hawkeye Moon Knight Ms. Marvel She-Hulk: Attorney at Law TV specials Werewolf by Night The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Phase Five Films Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* TV series Secret Invasion Loki season 2 What If...? season 2 Echo Agatha All Along What If...? season 3 Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 1 Daredevil: Born Again season 1 Ironheart Phase Six Films The Fantastic Four: First Steps Spider-Man: Brand New Day Avengers: Doomsday production TV series Eyes of Wakanda Marvel Zombies Wonder Man Daredevil: Born Again season 2 VisionQuest Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 2 TV specials Untitled Punisher television special Other Development of Blade (upcoming film) Marvel Studios Animation Mid-credits and post-credits scenes Reception Key people Kevin Feige (president) Avi Arad (founder) David Maisel (Founding Chairman) Victoria Alonso Related Blade (franchise) Captain America in film Fantastic Four in film Spider-Man in film X-Men (film series) X-Men '97 Infinity Saga Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy accolades Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Phase Three Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther accolades Avengers: Infinity War production box office accolades Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame production box office accolades "Avengers assemble" scene Spider-Man: Far From Home Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers accolades accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy accolades Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy accolades accolades Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Phase Three Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther accolades Avengers: Infinity War production box office accolades Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame production box office accolades "Avengers assemble" scene Spider-Man: Far From Home Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther accolades accolades Avengers: Infinity War production box office accolades production box office accolades Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame production box office accolades "Avengers assemble" scene production box office accolades "Avengers assemble" scene Spider-Man: Far From Home Multiverse Saga Phase Four Films Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home accolades Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Black Panther: Wakanda Forever accolades TV series WandaVision accolades The Falcon and the Winter Soldier Loki accolades season 1 What If...? season 1 Hawkeye Moon Knight Ms. Marvel She-Hulk: Attorney at Law TV specials Werewolf by Night The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Phase Five Films Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* TV series Secret Invasion Loki season 2 What If...? season 2 Echo Agatha All Along What If...? season 3 Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 1 Daredevil: Born Again season 1 Ironheart Phase Six Films The Fantastic Four: First Steps Spider-Man: Brand New Day Avengers: Doomsday production TV series Eyes of Wakanda Marvel Zombies Wonder Man Daredevil: Born Again season 2 VisionQuest Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 2 TV specials Untitled Punisher television special Phase Four Films Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home accolades Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Black Panther: Wakanda Forever accolades TV series WandaVision accolades The Falcon and the Winter Soldier Loki accolades season 1 What If...? season 1 Hawkeye Moon Knight Ms. Marvel She-Hulk: Attorney at Law TV specials Werewolf by Night The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Films Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home accolades Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Black Panther: Wakanda Forever accolades Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home accolades accolades Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Black Panther: Wakanda Forever accolades accolades TV series WandaVision accolades The Falcon and the Winter Soldier Loki accolades season 1 What If...? season 1 Hawkeye Moon Knight Ms. Marvel She-Hulk: Attorney at Law WandaVision accolades accolades The Falcon and the Winter Soldier Loki accolades season 1 accolades season 1 What If...? season 1 season 1 Hawkeye Moon Knight Ms. Marvel She-Hulk: Attorney at Law TV specials Werewolf by Night The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Werewolf by Night The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Phase Five Films Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* TV series Secret Invasion Loki season 2 What If...? season 2 Echo Agatha All Along What If...? season 3 Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 1 Daredevil: Born Again season 1 Ironheart Films Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* TV series Secret Invasion Loki season 2 What If...? season 2 Echo Agatha All Along What If...? season 3 Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 1 Daredevil: Born Again season 1 Ironheart Secret Invasion Loki season 2 What If...? season 2 Echo Agatha All Along What If...? season 3 Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 1 season 1 Daredevil: Born Again season 1 season 1 Ironheart Phase Six Films The Fantastic Four: First Steps Spider-Man: Brand New Day Avengers: Doomsday production TV series Eyes of Wakanda Marvel Zombies Wonder Man Daredevil: Born Again season 2 VisionQuest Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 2 TV specials Untitled Punisher television special Films The Fantastic Four: First Steps Spider-Man: Brand New Day Avengers: Doomsday production The Fantastic Four: First Steps Spider-Man: Brand New Day Avengers: Doomsday production production TV series Eyes of Wakanda Marvel Zombies Wonder Man Daredevil: Born Again season 2 VisionQuest Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 2 Eyes of Wakanda Marvel Zombies Wonder Man Daredevil: Born Again season 2 VisionQuest Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 2 TV specials Untitled Punisher television special Untitled Punisher television special Other Development of Blade (upcoming film) Marvel Studios Animation Mid-credits and post-credits scenes Reception Development of Blade (upcoming film) Marvel Studios Animation Mid-credits and post-credits scenes Reception Key people Kevin Feige (president) Avi Arad (founder) David Maisel (Founding Chairman) Victoria Alonso Kevin Feige (president) Avi Arad (founder) David Maisel (Founding Chairman) Victoria Alonso Related Blade (franchise) Captain America in film Fantastic Four in film Spider-Man in film X-Men (film series) X-Men '97 Blade (franchise) Captain America in film Fantastic Four in film Spider-Man in film X-Men (film series) X-Men '97 Marvel Television ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 characters Agent Carter season 1 2 characters Inhumans premiere Most Wanted (unaired) Netflix series Daredevil season 1 2 3 characters Jessica Jones season 1 2 3 characters Luke Cage season 1 2 characters Iron Fist season 1 2 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 2 Young adult series Runaways " Reunion " Cloak & Dagger season 1 2 New Warriors (unaired) Adventure into Fear Helstrom Marvel Television ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 characters Agent Carter season 1 2 characters Inhumans premiere Most Wanted (unaired) Netflix series Daredevil season 1 2 3 characters Jessica Jones season 1 2 3 characters Luke Cage season 1 2 characters Iron Fist season 1 2 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 2 Young adult series Runaways " Reunion " Cloak & Dagger season 1 2 New Warriors (unaired) Adventure into Fear Helstrom ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 characters Agent Carter season 1 2 characters Inhumans premiere Most Wanted (unaired) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 characters Agent Carter season 1 2 characters season 1 2 characters Inhumans premiere premiere Most Wanted (unaired) Netflix series Daredevil season 1 2 3 characters Jessica Jones season 1 2 3 characters Luke Cage season 1 2 characters Iron Fist season 1 2 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 2 Daredevil season 1 2 3 characters season 1 2 3 characters Jessica Jones season 1 2 3 characters season 1 2 3 characters Luke Cage season 1 2 characters season 1 2 characters Iron Fist season 1 2 characters season 1 2 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 2 season 1 2 Young adult series Runaways " Reunion " Cloak & Dagger season 1 2 New Warriors (unaired) Runaways " Reunion " " Reunion " Cloak & Dagger season 1 2 season 1 2 New Warriors (unaired) Adventure into Fear Helstrom Helstrom Other media Short films Marvel One-Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Team Thor I Am Groot Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. web series Slingshot The Daily Bugle Tie-in comics Fury's Big Week Fantastic Four: First Steps Other media Short films Marvel One-Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Team Thor I Am Groot Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. web series Slingshot The Daily Bugle Tie-in comics Fury's Big Week Fantastic Four: First Steps Short films Marvel One-Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Team Thor I Am Groot Marvel One-Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Team Thor Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Team Thor I Am Groot I Am Groot Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. web series Slingshot The Daily Bugle WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. web series Slingshot Slingshot The Daily Bugle Tie-in comics Fury's Big Week Fantastic Four: First Steps Fury's Big Week Fantastic Four: First Steps Cast and characters Cast Film cast The Infinity Saga Television series cast Marvel Television series Marvel Studios series Characters Introduced in Marvel Studios media A–L Bruce Banner Bucky Barnes Clint Barton Yelena Belova Kate Bishop Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Phil Coulson Carol Danvers Death Drax Jane Foster Nick Fury Gamora Groot Agatha Harkness J.A.R.V.I.S. MJ Kamala Khan Scott Lang Loki M–Z Mantis Wanda Maximoff Nebula Peter Parker Pepper Potts Peter Quill James Rhodes Rocket Steve Rogers Natasha Romanoff Thaddeus Ross Erik Selvig Shang-Chi Shuri Trevor Slattery Marc Spector Tony Stark Stephen Strange Sylvie T'Challa Thanos Thor Hope van Dyne Vision Watcher Sam Wilson Wong Introduced in Marvel Television media Tandy Bowen Frank Castle Wilson Fisk Leo Fitz Daisy Johnson Tyrone Johnson Melinda May Matt Murdock Jemma Simmons Daniel Sousa Claire Temple Grant Ward Introduced in other Marvel franchises Blade Otto Octavius Norman Osborn Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series) Peter Parker ( The Amazing Spider-Man ) Wade Wilson Other Teams and organizations Avengers Ten Rings Species Cast and characters Cast Film cast The Infinity Saga Television series cast Marvel Television series Marvel Studios series Characters Introduced in Marvel Studios media A–L Bruce Banner Bucky Barnes Clint Barton Yelena Belova Kate Bishop Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Phil Coulson Carol Danvers Death Drax Jane Foster Nick Fury Gamora Groot Agatha Harkness J.A.R.V.I.S. MJ Kamala Khan Scott Lang Loki M–Z Mantis Wanda Maximoff Nebula Peter Parker Pepper Potts Peter Quill James Rhodes Rocket Steve Rogers Natasha Romanoff Thaddeus Ross Erik Selvig Shang-Chi Shuri Trevor Slattery Marc Spector Tony Stark Stephen Strange Sylvie T'Challa Thanos Thor Hope van Dyne Vision Watcher Sam Wilson Wong Introduced in Marvel Television media Tandy Bowen Frank Castle Wilson Fisk Leo Fitz Daisy Johnson Tyrone Johnson Melinda May Matt Murdock Jemma Simmons Daniel Sousa Claire Temple Grant Ward Introduced in other Marvel franchises Blade Otto Octavius Norman Osborn Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series) Peter Parker ( The Amazing Spider-Man ) Wade Wilson Other Teams and organizations Avengers Ten Rings Species Cast Film cast The Infinity Saga Television series cast Marvel Television series Marvel Studios series Film cast The Infinity Saga The Infinity Saga Television series cast Marvel Television series Marvel Studios series Marvel Television series Marvel Studios series Characters Introduced in Marvel Studios media A–L Bruce Banner Bucky Barnes Clint Barton Yelena Belova Kate Bishop Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Phil Coulson Carol Danvers Death Drax Jane Foster Nick Fury Gamora Groot Agatha Harkness J.A.R.V.I.S. MJ Kamala Khan Scott Lang Loki M–Z Mantis Wanda Maximoff Nebula Peter Parker Pepper Potts Peter Quill James Rhodes Rocket Steve Rogers Natasha Romanoff Thaddeus Ross Erik Selvig Shang-Chi Shuri Trevor Slattery Marc Spector Tony Stark Stephen Strange Sylvie T'Challa Thanos Thor Hope van Dyne Vision Watcher Sam Wilson Wong Introduced in Marvel Television media Tandy Bowen Frank Castle Wilson Fisk Leo Fitz Daisy Johnson Tyrone Johnson Melinda May Matt Murdock Jemma Simmons Daniel Sousa Claire Temple Grant Ward Introduced in other Marvel franchises Blade Otto Octavius Norman Osborn Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series) Peter Parker ( The Amazing Spider-Man ) Wade Wilson Introduced in Marvel Studios media A–L Bruce Banner Bucky Barnes Clint Barton Yelena Belova Kate Bishop Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Phil Coulson Carol Danvers Death Drax Jane Foster Nick Fury Gamora Groot Agatha Harkness J.A.R.V.I.S. MJ Kamala Khan Scott Lang Loki M–Z Mantis Wanda Maximoff Nebula Peter Parker Pepper Potts Peter Quill James Rhodes Rocket Steve Rogers Natasha Romanoff Thaddeus Ross Erik Selvig Shang-Chi Shuri Trevor Slattery Marc Spector Tony Stark Stephen Strange Sylvie T'Challa Thanos Thor Hope van Dyne Vision Watcher Sam Wilson Wong A–L Bruce Banner Bucky Barnes Clint Barton Yelena Belova Kate Bishop Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Phil Coulson Carol Danvers Death Drax Jane Foster Nick Fury Gamora Groot Agatha Harkness J.A.R.V.I.S. MJ Kamala Khan Scott Lang Loki Bruce Banner Bucky Barnes Clint Barton Yelena Belova Kate Bishop Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Phil Coulson Carol Danvers Death Drax Jane Foster Nick Fury Gamora Groot Agatha Harkness J.A.R.V.I.S. MJ Kamala Khan Scott Lang Loki M–Z Mantis Wanda Maximoff Nebula Peter Parker Pepper Potts Peter Quill James Rhodes Rocket Steve Rogers Natasha Romanoff Thaddeus Ross Erik Selvig Shang-Chi Shuri Trevor Slattery Marc Spector Tony Stark Stephen Strange Sylvie T'Challa Thanos Thor Hope van Dyne Vision Watcher Sam Wilson Wong Mantis Wanda Maximoff Nebula Peter Parker Pepper Potts Peter Quill James Rhodes Rocket Steve Rogers Natasha Romanoff Thaddeus Ross Erik Selvig Shang-Chi Shuri Trevor Slattery Marc Spector Tony Stark Stephen Strange Sylvie T'Challa Thanos Thor Hope van Dyne Vision Watcher Sam Wilson Wong Introduced in Marvel Television media Tandy Bowen Frank Castle Wilson Fisk Leo Fitz Daisy Johnson Tyrone Johnson Melinda May Matt Murdock Jemma Simmons Daniel Sousa Claire Temple Grant Ward Tandy Bowen Frank Castle Wilson Fisk Leo Fitz Daisy Johnson Tyrone Johnson Melinda May Matt Murdock Jemma Simmons Daniel Sousa Claire Temple Grant Ward Introduced in other Marvel franchises Blade Otto Octavius Norman Osborn Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series) Peter Parker ( The Amazing Spider-Man ) Wade Wilson Blade Otto Octavius Norman Osborn Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series) Peter Parker ( The Amazing Spider-Man ) Wade Wilson Other Teams and organizations Avengers Ten Rings Species Teams and organizations Avengers Ten Rings Avengers Ten Rings Species Features The Blip Infinity Stones Iron Man's armor Multiverse Rogers: The Musical Features The Blip Infinity Stones Iron Man's armor Multiverse Rogers: The Musical The Blip Infinity Stones Iron Man's armor Multiverse Rogers: The Musical Music Soundtracks Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Luke Cage Phase Three Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers: Infinity War Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame Spider-Man: Far From Home Phase Four Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Werewolf by Night Black Panther: Wakanda Forever The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Phase Five Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* Phase Six The Fantastic Four: First Steps Songs " Live to Rise " " All the Stars " " King's Dead " " Pray for Me " " Agatha All Along " " Run It " " Lift Me Up " " Slash " " The Ballad of the Witches' Road " Music Soundtracks Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Luke Cage Phase Three Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers: Infinity War Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame Spider-Man: Far From Home Phase Four Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Werewolf by Night Black Panther: Wakanda Forever The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Phase Five Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* Phase Six The Fantastic Four: First Steps Songs " Live to Rise " " All the Stars " " King's Dead " " Pray for Me " " Agatha All Along " " Run It " " Lift Me Up " " Slash " " The Ballad of the Witches' Road " Soundtracks Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Luke Cage Phase Three Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers: Infinity War Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame Spider-Man: Far From Home Phase Four Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Werewolf by Night Black Panther: Wakanda Forever The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Phase Five Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* Phase Six The Fantastic Four: First Steps Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America: The First Avenger The Avengers Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Luke Cage Iron Man 3 Thor: The Dark World Captain America: The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers: Age of Ultron Ant-Man Luke Cage Phase Three Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers: Infinity War Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame Spider-Man: Far From Home Captain America: Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider-Man: Homecoming Thor: Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers: Infinity War Ant-Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Avengers: Endgame Spider-Man: Far From Home Phase Four Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Werewolf by Night Black Panther: Wakanda Forever The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Black Widow Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Eternals Spider-Man: No Way Home Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Thor: Love and Thunder Werewolf by Night Black Panther: Wakanda Forever The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Phase Five Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 The Marvels Deadpool & Wolverine Captain America: Brave New World Thunderbolts* Phase Six The Fantastic Four: First Steps The Fantastic Four: First Steps Songs " Live to Rise " " All the Stars " " King's Dead " " Pray for Me " " Agatha All Along " " Run It " " Lift Me Up " " Slash " " The Ballad of the Witches' Road " " Live to Rise " " All the Stars " " King's Dead " " Pray for Me " " Agatha All Along " " Run It " " Lift Me Up " " Slash " " The Ballad of the Witches' Road " Inspired media Docuseries Marvel Studios: Legends Marvel Studios: Assembled Shorts The Good, the Bart, and the Loki Deadpool and Korg React Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Nintendo DS Iron Man 2 Thor: God of Thunder Captain America: Super Soldier Iron Man 3: The Official Game Lego Marvel's Avengers Disney attractions and experiences Avengers Campus Iron Man Experience Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure Avengers Infinity Defense Stark Flight Lab Avengers: Quantum Encounter Guardians of the Galaxy : Cosmic Rewind Inspired media Docuseries Marvel Studios: Legends Marvel Studios: Assembled Shorts The Good, the Bart, and the Loki Deadpool and Korg React Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Nintendo DS Iron Man 2 Thor: God of Thunder Captain America: Super Soldier Iron Man 3: The Official Game Lego Marvel's Avengers Disney attractions and experiences Avengers Campus Iron Man Experience Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure Avengers Infinity Defense Stark Flight Lab Avengers: Quantum Encounter Guardians of the Galaxy : Cosmic Rewind Docuseries Marvel Studios: Legends Marvel Studios: Assembled Marvel Studios: Legends Marvel Studios: Assembled Shorts The Good, the Bart, and the Loki Deadpool and Korg React The Good, the Bart, and the Loki Deadpool and Korg React Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Nintendo DS Iron Man 2 Thor: God of Thunder Captain America: Super Soldier Iron Man 3: The Official Game Lego Marvel's Avengers Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Nintendo DS Nintendo DS Iron Man 2 Thor: God of Thunder Captain America: Super Soldier Iron Man 3: The Official Game Lego Marvel's Avengers Disney attractions and experiences Avengers Campus Iron Man Experience Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure Avengers Infinity Defense Stark Flight Lab Avengers: Quantum Encounter Guardians of the Galaxy : Cosmic Rewind Avengers Campus Iron Man Experience Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure Avengers Infinity Defense Stark Flight Lab Iron Man Experience Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure Avengers Infinity Defense Stark Flight Lab Avengers: Quantum Encounter Guardians of the Galaxy : Cosmic Rewind Category Outline Category Outline v t e Live-action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics v t e Characters Ant-Man Ant-Man (2015) Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) Quantumania (2023) Avengers The Avengers (2012) Age of Ultron (2015) Infinity War (2018) Endgame (2019) Doomsday (2026) Black Panther Black Panther (2018) Wakanda Forever (2022) Blade Blade (1998) Blade II (2002) Trinity (2004) Development of Blade (upcoming film) Captain America Captain America (1944) Captain America (1990) The First Avenger (2011) The Winter Soldier (2014) Civil War (2016) Brave New World (2025) Captain Marvel Captain Marvel (2019) The Marvels (2023) Daredevil Daredevil (2003) Elektra (2005) Deadpool Deadpool (2016) No Good Deed (2017) Deadpool 2 (2018) Deadpool & Wolverine (2024) Doctor Strange Doctor Strange (2016) Multiverse of Madness (2022) Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four (1994) Fantastic Four (2005) Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007) Fantastic Four (2015) First Steps (2025) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider (2007) Spirit of Vengeance (2011) Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) Vol. 2 (2017) Vol. 3 (2023) Hulk Hulk (2003) The Incredible Hulk (2008) Iron Man Iron Man (2008) Iron Man 2 (2010) Iron Man 3 (2013) Punisher The Punisher (1989) The Punisher (2004) War Zone (2008) Spider-Man Spider-Man (1977) Spider-Man (1978) Spider-Man (2002) Spider-Man 2 (2004) Spider-Man 3 (2007) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) Homecoming (2017) Far From Home (2019) No Way Home (2021) Madame Web (2024) Brand New Day (2026) Thor Thor (2011) The Dark World (2013) Ragnarok (2017) Love and Thunder (2022) Venom Venom (2018) Let There Be Carnage (2021) The Last Dance (2024) Wolverine X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009) The Wolverine (2013) Logan (2017) Deadpool & Wolverine (2024) X-Men X-Men (2000) X2 (2003) The Last Stand (2006) First Class (2011) Days of Future Past (2014) Apocalypse (2016) Dark Phoenix (2019) The New Mutants (2020) Other Howard the Duck (1986) Man-Thing (2005) Black Widow (2021) Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021) Eternals (2021) Morbius (2022) Kraven the Hunter (2024) Thunderbolts* (2025) Ant-Man Ant-Man (2015) Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) Quantumania (2023) Ant-Man (2015) Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) Quantumania (2023) Avengers The Avengers (2012) Age of Ultron (2015) Infinity War (2018) Endgame (2019) Doomsday (2026) The Avengers (2012) Age of Ultron (2015) Infinity War (2018) Endgame (2019) Doomsday (2026) Black Panther Black Panther (2018) Wakanda Forever (2022) Black Panther (2018) Wakanda Forever (2022) Blade Blade (1998) Blade II (2002) Trinity (2004) Development of Blade (upcoming film) Blade (1998) Blade II (2002) Trinity (2004) Development of Blade (upcoming film) Captain America Captain America (1944) Captain America (1990) The First Avenger (2011) The Winter Soldier 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Succession 2 Term 3 List of officeholders 4 Footnotes 5 Timeline 6 Latest election 7 See also 8 References 9 External links List of heads of state of the Central African Republic العربية Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Occitan Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item President of the Central African Republic Président de la République centrafricaine ( French ) Presidential standard Incumbent Faustin-Archange Touadéra since 30 March 2016 Member of Council of Ministers Residence Renaissance Palace Seat Bangui Term length Seven years, renewable Constituting instrument Constitution of the Central African Republic Formation 14 August 1960 ; 65 years ago ( 1960-08-14 ) 21 September 1979 ; 46 years ago ( 1979-09-21 ) (office reestablished) First holder David Dacko Salary € 3,049 monthly [ 1 ] Politics of the Central African Republic Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Human rights LGBT rights Government President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers Parliament National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji Administrative divisions Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Elections Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Central African Republic portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e There have been seven heads of state of the Central African Republic and the Central African Empire since independence from France on 13 August 1960. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of the Central African Republic but also those who served as de facto heads of state. Jean-Bédel Bokassa served as a de facto head of state (and also reigned as emperor from 1976 to 1979), while David Dacko (who served as de facto head of state from 1979 to 1981), André Kolingba , Ange-Félix Patassé , and François Bozizé were elected into office at some point during their tenure. To date, Kolingba is the only former head of state of the Central African Republic to voluntarily step down from the office through a democratic process, following the 1993 general election . The current president of the Central African Republic is Faustin-Archange Touadéra , since 30 March 2016. [ 2 ] Succession Before the adoption of the 2023 constitution , the president of the National Assembly was the constitutional successor of the president in the event of a vacancy. [ 3 ] Term Before the adoption of the 2023 constitution , [ 4 ] there was a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of the Central African Republic . The term limit was not met by any president. [ 5 ] The constitution of 2023 removed term-limits and extended the presidential term from five years to seven years. List of officeholders No. Portrait Name (Birth–Death) Elected Term of office Political affiliation Notes Took office Left office Time in office Central African Republic (1960–1976) — David Dacko (1930–2003) President of the Provisional Government — 14 August 1960 [ 6 ] 12 December 1960 .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} [A] 5 years, 140 days MESAN Dacko served as president of the government from 1 May 1959 [ 7 ] until the country declared its independence on 13 August 1960. [ 8 ] 1 David Dacko (1930–2003) President 1964 12 December 1960 1 January 1966 [ 9 ] 2 Jean-Bédel Bokassa (1921–1996) President — 1 January 1966 [B] 4 December 1976 10 years, 338 days Military Bokassa seized power from Dacko in a successful coup d'état . He changed his name to Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa after converting to Islam on 20 October 1976. [ 10 ] MESAN [C] Central African Empire (1976–1979) 1 Bokassa I (1921–1996) Emperor — 4 December 1976 [D] 21 September 1979 [ 11 ] 2 years, 291 days MESAN Bokassa spent approximately US$20 million—one third of the country's annual budget—on his coronation ceremony on 4 December 1977. [ 12 ] Central African Republic (1979–present) 3 David Dacko (1930–2003) President 1981 21 September 1979 [E] 1 September 1981 [ 13 ] 1 year, 345 days MESAN This was Dacko's second time as president of the Central African Republic. In February 1980, Dacko established the Central African Democratic Union (UDC) as the country's only political party . [ 14 ] UDC — André Kolingba (1936–2010) Chairman of the Military Committee of National Recovery — 1 September 1981 [F] 21 September 1985 [G] 12 years, 51 days Military Kolingba seized power from Dacko in a successful coup d'état . Ange-Félix Patassé , with the assistance of François Bozizé , launched an unsuccessful coup d'état against the Kolingba government on 3 March 1982. [ 15 ] — André Kolingba (1936–2010) President and head of state 21 September 1985 21 November 1986 Kolingba established the Central African Democratic Rally (RDC) as the country's only party in May 1986. [ 16 ] RDC 4 André Kolingba (1936–2010) President 1986 [H] 21 November 1986 22 October 1993 5 Ange-Félix Patassé (1937–2011) President 1993 [I] 1999 22 October 1993 [ 17 ] 15 March 2003 9 years, 144 days MLPC Bozizé launched an unsuccessful coup d'état against the Patassé government on 28 May 2001. [ 18 ] 6 François Bozizé (born 1946) President 2005 2011 15 March 2003 [J] [ 19 ] 24 March 2013 10 years, 9 days Military Bozizé seized power from Patassé in a successful coup d'état . Shortly after, he appointed Abel Goumba as prime minister . Goumba had served as acting prime minister in 1959, before being overthrown by Dacko. [ 20 ] Independent 7 Michel Djotodia (born 1949) President — 24 March 2013 [K] 18 August 2013 292 days Military Djotodia was the leader of the Séléka rebel coalition in the ongoing civil war . — Michel Djotodia (born 1949) Head of State of the Transition 18 August 2013 10 January 2014 [L] — Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet (born 1972) Acting Head of State of the Transition — 10 January 2014 23 January 2014 13 days RPR Nguendet succeeded Djotodia after his resignation due to the continued conflict . — Catherine Samba-Panza (born 1954) Head of State of the Transition — 23 January 2014 30 March 2016 2 years, 67 days Independent Samba-Panza became the first female head of state of the Central African Republic. 8 Faustin-Archange Touadéra (born 1957) President 2015–16 2020–21 2025 30 March 2016 Incumbent 9 years, 292 days Independent Previously, Touadéra served as prime minister under Bozizé from 2008 until 2013. MCU Footnotes A Dacko became the official President of the Central African Republic after defeating Abel Goumba in an internal power struggle. Dacko had support from the French government . B Bokassa seized power by staging a coup d'état from 31 December 1965 until 1 January 1966. Bokassa forced Dacko to officially resign from the presidency at 03:20 WAT (02:20 UTC ) on 1 January. [ 9 ] C Bokassa staged a military coup against the Dacko government on 31 December 1965 – 1 January 1966. After becoming president, Bokassa took control of MESAN and imposed one-party rule under MESAN. D Bokassa, then- president for life of the Central African Republic, instituted a new constitution at the session of the MESAN congress and declared the republic a monarchy, the Central African Empire (CAE). Bokassa became the emperor of the CAE as "Bokassa I". [ 10 ] E By 1979, French support for Bokassa had all but eroded after the government's brutal suppression of rioting in Bangui and massacre of schoolchildren who had protested against wearing the expensive, government-required school uniforms . Dacko, who was Bokassa's personal adviser at the time, managed to leave for Paris where the French convinced him to cooperate in a coup to remove Bokassa from power and restore him to the presidency. The French successfully executed Operation Barracuda on 20–21 September 1979 and installed Dacko as president. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] F General Kolingba (who was also the armed forces chief of staff ) overthrew Dacko from the presidency in a bloodless coup. [ 16 ] G On 21 September 1985, Kolingba dissolved the Military Committee for National Recovery, [ 23 ] and created the positions of head of state and president. [ 24 ] H A constitution was adopted by a referendum on 21 November 1986 and Kolingba was elected to a six-year term in office. [ 11 ] [ 16 ] I The country held a multiparty presidential election on 22 August and 19 September 1993. Patassé was the candidate from the Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People party and ran on the platform that he would pay the previously withheld salaries to soldiers and civil servants. [ 25 ] Patassé defeated Dacko, Kolingba, Bozizé and Abel Goumba to win the election. [ 26 ] J Bozizé's second coup attempt was successful; he seized power in Bangui on 15 March 2003. [ 27 ] K Djotodia ousted Bozizé in the 2012–13 conflict ; he seized power in Bangui on 24 March 2013. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] L Under pressure from other central African heads of state gathered for a crisis summit on the situation in CAR, Djotodia resigned in N'Djamena , Chad on 10 January 2014. [ 30 ] Timeline Latest election Candidate Party Votes % Faustin-Archange Touadéra United Hearts Movement 894,556 76.15 Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Union for Central African Renewal 172,209 14.66 Henri-Marie Dondra Republican Unity 37,525 3.19 Marcelin Yalemende Independent 25,068 2.13 Serge Ghislain Djorie Collective for Political Change for a New Central Africa 21,989 1.87 Eddy Symphorien Kparekouti Party of Unity and Reconstruction 12,227 1.04 Aristide Briand Reboas Christian Democratic Party 11,185 0.95 Total 1,174,759 100.00 Valid votes 1,174,759 93.65 Invalid votes 40,231 3.21 Blank votes 39,386 3.14 Total votes 1,254,376 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 2,392,946 52.42 See also Politics of the Central African Republic History of the Central African Republic Emperor of Central Africa List of heads of government of the Central African Republic Vice President of the Central African Republic List of colonial governors of Ubangi-Shari References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Salaire des chefs d'Etat africains : Macky Sall parmi les Présidents les plus mal payés..." Dakarbuzz . 8 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. ^ "Central African Republic's president vows peace, reforms at inauguration" , Reuters, 30 March 2016. ^ "Central African Republic 2016 Constitution - Constitute" . www.constituteproject.org . ^ "Central African Republic approves new constitution, possible third term for Touadera" . France 24 . 7 August 2023. ^ Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa" . Africa Center for Strategic Studies . Retrieved 6 May 2023 . ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xxxii ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 198 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xxxi ^ a b Titley 1997 , p. 28 ^ a b Kalck 2005 , p. xxxiv ^ a b Kalck 2005 , p. 199 ^ Carlson, Peter (19 May 2007), "His Diplomatic Coup: Getting Them on the Record" , The Washington Post , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xxxix ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 54 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 155 ^ a b c Kalck 2005 , p. 113 ^ The World Factbook 2002 , Directorate of Intelligence , 2002, ISBN 0-16-067601-0 , archived from the original on 18 June 2008 ^ "Situation "confused" after apparent coup attempt" , IRIN , 28 May 2001 , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. lxxiii ^ "Bozize appoints prime minister" , IRIN , 24 March 2003 , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ Titley 1997 , p. 127 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. lxix ^ Marsden 1988 , p. 810 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 48 ^ Appiah & Gates 1999 , p. 399 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xlviii ^ "Rebel leader seizes power, suspends constitution" , IRIN , 17 March 2003 , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ "Centrafrique: Michel Djotodia déclare être le nouveau président de la république centrafricaine" (in French). Radio France International. 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . ^ Madjiasra Nako; Bate Felix (18 April 2013). "Regional leaders recognise C.African Republic rebel chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . ^ "CAR interim President Michel Djotodia resigns" . BBC News . 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ "Facebook post by Autorité Nationale des Elections -ANE" (in French). Autorité Nationale des Elections. 6 January 2026 – via Facebook. Appiah, K. Anthony ; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. , eds. (1999), Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience , New York City: Basic Books , ISBN 0-465-00071-1 . Kalck, Pierre (2005), Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (3rd English ed.), Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4913-5 . Marsden, Hilary, ed. (1988), Whitaker's Almanack , 1988 , London: J Whitaker and Sons, ISBN 0-85021-178-6 . Titley, Brian (1997), Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa , Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press , ISBN 0-7735-1602-6 , OCLC 36340842 . External links Official Website Archived 29 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine Elections in the Central African Republic BBC News Timeline: Central African Republic v t e Presidents of the Central African Republic v t e Central African Republic (1960–1976) Dacko Bokassa Dacko Bokassa Central African Empire (1976–1979) Bokassa I Bokassa I Central African Republic (1979–present) Dacko Kolingba Patassé Bozizé Djotodia Nguendet * Samba-Panza Touadéra Dacko Kolingba Patassé Bozizé Djotodia Nguendet * Samba-Panza Touadéra * Acting * Acting v t e Central African Republic articles v t e History Ubangi-Shari French Equatorial Africa Kongo-Wara rebellion Central African Empire Bush War Civil War 2013–2014 Ubangi-Shari French Equatorial Africa French Equatorial Africa Kongo-Wara rebellion Central African Empire Bush War Civil War 2013–2014 2013–2014 Geography Borders Cities Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Wildlife Borders Cities Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Wildlife Borders Cities Ecoregions 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Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Heads of government UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–5 of 5 results for author: Khurshid, A Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10681 [ pdf ] cs.AI Structure and Diversity Aware Context Bubble Construction for Enterprise Retrieval Augmented Systems Authors: Amir Khurshid , Abhishek Sehgal Abstract : Large language model (LLM) contexts are typically constructed using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves ranking and selecting the top-k passages. The approach causes fragmentation in information graphs in document structures, over-retrieval, and duplication of content alongside insufficient query context, including 2nd and 3rd order facets. In this paper, a structure-informed and… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) contexts are typically constructed using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves ranking and selecting the top-k passages. The approach causes fragmentation in information graphs in document structures, over-retrieval, and duplication of content alongside insufficient query context, including 2nd and 3rd order facets. In this paper, a structure-informed and diversity-constrained context bubble construction framework is proposed that assembles coherent, citable bundles of spans under a strict token budget. The method preserves and exploits inherent document structure by organising multi-granular spans (e.g., sections and rows) and using task-conditioned structural priors to guide retrieval. Starting from high-relevance anchor spans, a context bubble is constructed through constrained selection that balances query relevance, marginal coverage, and redundancy penalties. It will explicitly constrain diversity and budget, producing compact and informative context sets, unlike top-k retrieval. Moreover, a full retrieval is emitted that traces the scoring and selection choices of the records, thus providing auditability and deterministic tuning. Experiments on enterprise documents demonstrate the efficiency of context bubble as it significantly reduces redundant context, is better able to cover secondary facets and has a better answer quality and citation faithfulness within a limited context window. Ablation studies demonstrate that both structural priors as well as diversity constraint selection are necessary; removing either component results in a decline in coverage and an increase in redundant or incomplete context. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10681 [ pdf ] Structure and Diversity Aware Context Bubble Construction for Enterprise Retrieval Augmented Systems Authors: Amir Khurshid , Abhishek Sehgal Abstract : Large language model (LLM) contexts are typically constructed using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves ranking and selecting the top-k passages. The approach causes fragmentation in information graphs in document structures, over-retrieval, and duplication of content alongside insufficient query context, including 2nd and 3rd order facets. In this paper, a structure-informed and… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) contexts are typically constructed using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves ranking and selecting the top-k passages. The approach causes fragmentation in information graphs in document structures, over-retrieval, and duplication of content alongside insufficient query context, including 2nd and 3rd order facets. In this paper, a structure-informed and diversity-constrained context bubble construction framework is proposed that assembles coherent, citable bundles of spans under a strict token budget. The method preserves and exploits inherent document structure by organising multi-granular spans (e.g., sections and rows) and using task-conditioned structural priors to guide retrieval. Starting from high-relevance anchor spans, a context bubble is constructed through constrained selection that balances query relevance, marginal coverage, and redundancy penalties. It will explicitly constrain diversity and budget, producing compact and informative context sets, unlike top-k retrieval. Moreover, a full retrieval is emitted that traces the scoring and selection choices of the records, thus providing auditability and deterministic tuning. Experiments on enterprise documents demonstrate the efficiency of context bubble as it significantly reduces redundant context, is better able to cover secondary facets and has a better answer quality and citation faithfulness within a limited context window. Ablation studies demonstrate that both structural priors as well as diversity constraint selection are necessary; removing either component results in a decline in coverage and an increase in redundant or incomplete context. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2207.00675 [ pdf , other ] cs.AR cs.CR cs.DC cs.PF doi 10.23919/DATE54114.2022.9774653 VEDLIoT: Very Efficient Deep Learning in IoT Authors: Martin Kaiser , Rene Griessl , Nils Kucza , Carola Haumann , Lennart Tigges , Kevin Mika , Jens Hagemeyer , Florian Porrmann , Ulrich Rückert , Micha vor dem Berge , Stefan. Krupop , Mario Porrmann , Marco Tassemeier , Pedro Trancoso , Fareed Quararyah , Stavroula Zouzoula , Antonio Casimiro , Alysson Bessani , Jose Cecilio , Stefan Andersson , Oliver Brunnegard , Olof Eriksson , Roland Weiss , Franz Meierhöfer , Hans Salomonsson , et al. (11 additional authors not shown) Abstract : The VEDLIoT project targets the development of energy-efficient Deep Learning for distributed AIoT applications. A holistic approach is used to optimize algorithms while also dealing with safety and security challenges. The approach is based on a modular and scalable cognitive IoT hardware platform. Using modular microserver technology enables the user to configure the hardware to satisfy a wide r… ▽ More The VEDLIoT project targets the development of energy-efficient Deep Learning for distributed AIoT applications. A holistic approach is used to optimize algorithms while also dealing with safety and security challenges. The approach is based on a modular and scalable cognitive IoT hardware platform. Using modular microserver technology enables the user to configure the hardware to satisfy a wide range of applications. VEDLIoT offers a complete design flow for Next-Generation IoT devices required for collaboratively solving complex Deep Learning applications across distributed systems. The methods are tested on various use-cases ranging from Smart Home to Automotive and Industrial IoT appliances. VEDLIoT is an H2020 EU project which started in November 2020. It is currently in an intermediate stage with the first results available. △ Less Submitted 1 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: This publication incorporates results from the VEDLIoT project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 957197 Journal ref: DATE'22: Proceedings of the 25th Conference & Exhibition on Design, Automation & Test in Europe, March 2022, pp. 963-968 arXiv:2207.00675 [ pdf , other ] VEDLIoT: Very Efficient Deep Learning in IoT Authors: Martin Kaiser , Rene Griessl , Nils Kucza , Carola Haumann , Lennart Tigges , Kevin Mika , Jens Hagemeyer , Florian Porrmann , Ulrich Rückert , Micha vor dem Berge , Stefan. Krupop , Mario Porrmann , Marco Tassemeier , Pedro Trancoso , Fareed Quararyah , Stavroula Zouzoula , Antonio Casimiro , Alysson Bessani , Jose Cecilio , Stefan Andersson , Oliver Brunnegard , Olof Eriksson , Roland Weiss , Franz Meierhöfer , Hans Salomonsson , et al. (11 additional authors not shown) Abstract : The VEDLIoT project targets the development of energy-efficient Deep Learning for distributed AIoT applications. A holistic approach is used to optimize algorithms while also dealing with safety and security challenges. The approach is based on a modular and scalable cognitive IoT hardware platform. Using modular microserver technology enables the user to configure the hardware to satisfy a wide r… ▽ More The VEDLIoT project targets the development of energy-efficient Deep Learning for distributed AIoT applications. A holistic approach is used to optimize algorithms while also dealing with safety and security challenges. The approach is based on a modular and scalable cognitive IoT hardware platform. Using modular microserver technology enables the user to configure the hardware to satisfy a wide range of applications. VEDLIoT offers a complete design flow for Next-Generation IoT devices required for collaboratively solving complex Deep Learning applications across distributed systems. The methods are tested on various use-cases ranging from Smart Home to Automotive and Industrial IoT appliances. VEDLIoT is an H2020 EU project which started in November 2020. It is currently in an intermediate stage with the first results available. △ Less Submitted 1 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: This publication incorporates results from the VEDLIoT project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 957197 Journal ref: DATE'22: Proceedings of the 25th Conference & Exhibition on Design, Automation & Test in Europe, March 2022, pp. 963-968 arXiv:2206.03780 [ pdf , other ] cs.CR cs.DC doi 10.1007/978-3-031-16092-9_7 Attestation Mechanisms for Trusted Execution Environments Demystified Authors: Jämes Ménétrey , Christian Göttel , Anum Khurshid , Marcelo Pasin , Pascal Felber , Valerio Schiavoni , Shahid Raza Abstract : Attestation is a fundamental building block to establish trust over software systems. When used in conjunction with trusted execution environments, it guarantees the genuineness of the code executed against powerful attackers and threats, paving the way for adoption in several sensitive application domains. This paper reviews remote attestation principles and explains how the modern and industrial… ▽ More Attestation is a fundamental building block to establish trust over software systems. When used in conjunction with trusted execution environments, it guarantees the genuineness of the code executed against powerful attackers and threats, paving the way for adoption in several sensitive application domains. This paper reviews remote attestation principles and explains how the modern and industrially well-established trusted execution environments Intel SGX, Arm TrustZone and AMD SEV, as well as emerging RISC-V solutions, leverage these mechanisms. △ Less Submitted 23 September, 2022; v1 submitted 8 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: This publication incorporates results from the VEDLIoT project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 957197. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2204.06790 Journal ref: DAIS'22: Proceedings of the 22nd IFIP International Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems, June 2022 arXiv:2206.03780 [ pdf , other ] Attestation Mechanisms for Trusted Execution Environments Demystified Authors: Jämes Ménétrey , Christian Göttel , Anum Khurshid , Marcelo Pasin , Pascal Felber , Valerio Schiavoni , Shahid Raza Abstract : Attestation is a fundamental building block to establish trust over software systems. When used in conjunction with trusted execution environments, it guarantees the genuineness of the code executed against powerful attackers and threats, paving the way for adoption in several sensitive application domains. This paper reviews remote attestation principles and explains how the modern and industrial… ▽ More Attestation is a fundamental building block to establish trust over software systems. When used in conjunction with trusted execution environments, it guarantees the genuineness of the code executed against powerful attackers and threats, paving the way for adoption in several sensitive application domains. This paper reviews remote attestation principles and explains how the modern and industrially well-established trusted execution environments Intel SGX, Arm TrustZone and AMD SEV, as well as emerging RISC-V solutions, leverage these mechanisms. △ Less Submitted 23 September, 2022; v1 submitted 8 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: This publication incorporates results from the VEDLIoT project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 957197. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2204.06790 Journal ref: DAIS'22: Proceedings of the 22nd IFIP International Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems, June 2022 arXiv:1201.3720 [ pdf ] cs.CV A Multimodal Biometric System Using Linear Discriminant Analysis For Improved Performance Authors: Aamir Khan , Muhammad Farhan , Aasim Khurshid , Adeel Akram Abstract : Essentially a biometric system is a pattern recognition system which recognizes a user by determining the authenticity of a specific anatomical or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. With the ever increasing integration of computers and Internet into daily life style, it has become necessary to protect sensitive and personal data. This paper proposes a multimodal biometric system whic… ▽ More Essentially a biometric system is a pattern recognition system which recognizes a user by determining the authenticity of a specific anatomical or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. With the ever increasing integration of computers and Internet into daily life style, it has become necessary to protect sensitive and personal data. This paper proposes a multimodal biometric system which incorporates more than one biometric trait to attain higher security and to handle failure to enroll situations for some users. This paper is aimed at investigating a multimodal biometric identity system using Linear Discriminant Analysis as backbone to both facial and speech recognition and implementing such system in real-time using SignalWAVE. △ Less Submitted 18 January, 2012; originally announced January 2012. Journal ref: IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 6, No 2, 2011, 122-127 arXiv:1201.3720 [ pdf ] A Multimodal Biometric System Using Linear Discriminant Analysis For Improved Performance Authors: Aamir Khan , Muhammad Farhan , Aasim Khurshid , Adeel Akram Abstract : Essentially a biometric system is a pattern recognition system which recognizes a user by determining the authenticity of a specific anatomical or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. With the ever increasing integration of computers and Internet into daily life style, it has become necessary to protect sensitive and personal data. This paper proposes a multimodal biometric system whic… ▽ More Essentially a biometric system is a pattern recognition system which recognizes a user by determining the authenticity of a specific anatomical or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. With the ever increasing integration of computers and Internet into daily life style, it has become necessary to protect sensitive and personal data. This paper proposes a multimodal biometric system which incorporates more than one biometric trait to attain higher security and to handle failure to enroll situations for some users. This paper is aimed at investigating a multimodal biometric identity system using Linear Discriminant Analysis as backbone to both facial and speech recognition and implementing such system in real-time using SignalWAVE. △ Less Submitted 18 January, 2012; originally announced January 2012. Journal ref: IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 6, No 2, 2011, 122-127 arXiv:1109.0597 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.NI Stealthy Traffic Analysis of Low-Latency Anonymous Communication Using Throughput Fingerprinting Authors: Prateek Mittal , Ahmed Khurshid , Joshua Juen , Matthew Caesar , Nikita Borisov Abstract : Anonymity systems such as Tor aim to enable users to communicate in a manner that is untraceable by adversaries that control a small number of machines. To provide efficient service to users, these anonymity systems make full use of forwarding capacity when sending traffic between intermediate relays. In this paper, we show that doing this leaks information about the set of Tor relays in a circuit… ▽ More Anonymity systems such as Tor aim to enable users to communicate in a manner that is untraceable by adversaries that control a small number of machines. To provide efficient service to users, these anonymity systems make full use of forwarding capacity when sending traffic between intermediate relays. In this paper, we show that doing this leaks information about the set of Tor relays in a circuit (path). We present attacks that, with high confidence and based solely on throughput information, can (a) reduce the attacker's uncertainty about the bottleneck relay of any Tor circuit whose throughput can be observed, (b) exactly identify the guard relay(s) of a Tor user when circuit throughput can be observed over multiple connections, and (c) identify whether two concurrent TCP connections belong to the same Tor user, breaking unlinkability. Our attacks are stealthy, and cannot be readily detected by a user or by Tor relays. We validate our attacks using experiments over the live Tor network. We find that the attacker can substantially reduce the entropy of a bottleneck relay distribution of a Tor circuit whose throughput can be observed-the entropy gets reduced by a factor of 2 in the median case. Such information leaks from a single Tor circuit can be combined over multiple connections to exactly identify a user's guard relay(s). Finally, we are also able to link two connections from the same initiator with a crossover error rate of less than 1.5% in under 5 minutes. Our attacks are also more accurate and require fewer resources than previous attacks on Tor. △ Less Submitted 22 November, 2011; v1 submitted 3 September, 2011; originally announced September 2011. Comments: Accepted for publication in ACM CCS 2011 arXiv:1109.0597 [ pdf , ps , other ] Stealthy Traffic Analysis of Low-Latency Anonymous Communication Using Throughput Fingerprinting Authors: Prateek Mittal , Ahmed Khurshid , Joshua Juen , Matthew Caesar , Nikita Borisov Abstract : Anonymity systems such as Tor aim to enable users to communicate in a manner that is untraceable by adversaries that control a small number of machines. To provide efficient service to users, these anonymity systems make full use of forwarding capacity when sending traffic between intermediate relays. In this paper, we show that doing this leaks information about the set of Tor relays in a circuit… ▽ More Anonymity systems such as Tor aim to enable users to communicate in a manner that is untraceable by adversaries that control a small number of machines. To provide efficient service to users, these anonymity systems make full use of forwarding capacity when sending traffic between intermediate relays. In this paper, we show that doing this leaks information about the set of Tor relays in a circuit (path). We present attacks that, with high confidence and based solely on throughput information, can (a) reduce the attacker's uncertainty about the bottleneck relay of any Tor circuit whose throughput can be observed, (b) exactly identify the guard relay(s) of a Tor user when circuit throughput can be observed over multiple connections, and (c) identify whether two concurrent TCP connections belong to the same Tor user, breaking unlinkability. Our attacks are stealthy, and cannot be readily detected by a user or by Tor relays. We validate our attacks using experiments over the live Tor network. We find that the attacker can substantially reduce the entropy of a bottleneck relay distribution of a Tor circuit whose throughput can be observed-the entropy gets reduced by a factor of 2 in the median case. Such information leaks from a single Tor circuit can be combined over multiple connections to exactly identify a user's guard relay(s). Finally, we are also able to link two connections from the same initiator with a crossover error rate of less than 1.5% in under 5 minutes. Our attacks are also more accurate and require fewer resources than previous attacks on Tor. △ Less Submitted 22 November, 2011; v1 submitted 3 September, 2011; originally announced September 2011. Comments: Accepted for publication in ACM CCS 2011 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Classification Toggle Classification subsection 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Molecular classification of placentals 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Molecular classification of placentals 2 Evolution Toggle Evolution subsection 2.1 Origins 2.2 Evolution from older amniotes 2.3 First mammals 2.4 Earliest appearances of features 2.5 Rise of the mammals 2.1 Origins 2.2 Evolution from older amniotes 2.3 First mammals 2.4 Earliest appearances of features 2.5 Rise of the mammals 3 Anatomy Toggle Anatomy subsection 3.1 Distinguishing features 3.2 Sexual dimorphism 3.3 Biological systems 3.3.1 Circulatory systems 3.3.2 Respiratory systems 3.3.3 Integumentary systems 3.3.4 Digestive systems 3.3.5 Excretory and genitourinary systems 3.4 Sound production 3.5 Fur 3.5.1 Thermoregulation 3.5.2 Coloration 3.6 Reproductive system 3.7 Endothermy 3.8 Species lifespan 3.9 Locomotion 3.9.1 Terrestrial 3.9.2 Arboreal 3.9.3 Aerial 3.9.4 Fossorial and subterranean 3.9.5 Aquatic 3.1 Distinguishing features 3.2 Sexual dimorphism 3.3 Biological systems 3.3.1 Circulatory systems 3.3.2 Respiratory systems 3.3.3 Integumentary systems 3.3.4 Digestive systems 3.3.5 Excretory and genitourinary systems 3.3.1 Circulatory systems 3.3.2 Respiratory systems 3.3.3 Integumentary systems 3.3.4 Digestive systems 3.3.5 Excretory and genitourinary systems 3.4 Sound production 3.5 Fur 3.5.1 Thermoregulation 3.5.2 Coloration 3.5.1 Thermoregulation 3.5.2 Coloration 3.6 Reproductive system 3.7 Endothermy 3.8 Species lifespan 3.9 Locomotion 3.9.1 Terrestrial 3.9.2 Arboreal 3.9.3 Aerial 3.9.4 Fossorial and subterranean 3.9.5 Aquatic 3.9.1 Terrestrial 3.9.2 Arboreal 3.9.3 Aerial 3.9.4 Fossorial and subterranean 3.9.5 Aquatic 4 Behavior Toggle Behavior subsection 4.1 Communication and vocalisation 4.2 Feeding 4.3 Drinking 4.4 Intelligence 4.5 Social structure 4.1 Communication and vocalisation 4.2 Feeding 4.3 Drinking 4.4 Intelligence 4.5 Social structure 5 Humans and other mammals Toggle Humans and other mammals subsection 5.1 In human culture 5.2 Uses and importance 5.3 Hybrids 5.4 Threats 5.1 In human culture 5.2 Uses and importance 5.3 Hybrids 5.4 Threats 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Mammal Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай Gĩkũyũ 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova La .lojban. Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Yerwa Kanuri Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Mammals Temporal range: Late Triassic or Middle Jurassic – Recent; 225 or 167–0 Ma See discussion of dates in text PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade : Amniota Clade : Synapsida Clade : Mammaliaformes Class: Mammalia Linnaeus , 1758 Living subgroups Monotremata Theria Marsupialia Placentalia Monotremata Theria Marsupialia Placentalia Marsupialia Placentalia A mammal (from Latin mamma ' breast ' ) [ 1 ] is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia ( / m ə ˈ m eɪ l i . ə / ). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk -producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair , and three middle ear bones . These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds , from which their ancestors diverged in the Carboniferous Period over 300 million years ago. Around 6,640 extant species of mammals have been described and divided into 27 orders . [ 2 ] The study of mammals is called mammalogy . The largest orders of mammals, by number of species , are the rodents , bats , and eulipotyphlans (including hedgehogs , moles and shrews ). The next three are the primates (including humans , monkeys and lemurs ), the even-toed ungulates (including pigs , bovids and whales ), and the Carnivora (including cats , dogs , and seals ). Mammals are the only living members of Synapsida ; this clade , together with Sauropsida (reptiles and birds), constitutes the larger Amniota clade. Early synapsids are referred to as " pelycosaurs ." The more advanced therapsids became dominant during the Guadalupian . Mammals originated from cynodonts , an advanced group of therapsids, during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic . Mammals achieved their modern diversity in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs , and have been the dominant terrestrial animal group from 66 million years ago to the present. The basic mammalian body type is quadrupedal , with most mammals using four limbs for terrestrial locomotion ; but in some, the limbs are adapted for life at sea , in the air , in trees or underground . The bipeds have adapted to move using only the two lower limbs, while the rear limbs of cetaceans and the sea cows are mere internal vestiges . Mammals range in size from the 30–40 millimetres (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 30 metres (98 ft) blue whale —possibly the largest animal to have ever lived. Maximum lifespan varies from two years for the shrew to 211 years for the bowhead whale . All modern mammals give birth to live young, except the five species of monotremes , which lay eggs. The most species-rich group is the viviparous placental mammals , so named for the temporary organ ( placenta ) used by offspring to draw nutrition from the mother during gestation . Most mammals are intelligent , with some possessing large brains, self-awareness , and tool use . Mammals can communicate and vocalise in several ways, including the production of ultrasound , scent marking , alarm signals , singing , echolocation ; and, in the case of humans, complex language . Mammals can organise themselves into fission–fusion societies , harems , and hierarchies —but can also be solitary and territorial . Most mammals are polygynous , but some can be monogamous or polyandrous . Domestication of many types of mammals by humans played a major role in the Neolithic Revolution , and resulted in farming replacing hunting and gathering as the primary source of food for humans. This led to a major restructuring of human societies from nomadic to sedentary, with more co-operation among larger and larger groups, and ultimately the development of the first civilisations . Domesticated mammals provided, and continue to provide, power for transport and agriculture, as well as food ( meat and dairy products ), fur , and leather . Mammals are also hunted and raced for sport, kept as pets and working animals of various types, and are used as model organisms in science. Mammals have been depicted in art since Paleolithic times, and appear in literature, film, mythology, and religion. Decline in numbers and extinction of many mammals is primarily driven by human poaching and habitat destruction , primarily deforestation . Classification Rodentia (40.5%) Chiroptera (22.2%) Eulipotyphla (8.80%) Primates (7.80%) Artiodactyla (5.40%) Carnivora (4.70%) Diprotodontia (2.30%) Didelphimorphia (1.90%) Lagomorpha (1.70%) Dasyuromorphia (1.30%) Afrosoricida (0.80%) Cingulata (0.30%) Macroscelidea (0.30%) Peramelemorphia (0.30%) Perissodactyla (0.30%) Pilosa (0.30%) Scandentia (0.30%) Paucituberculata (0.10%) Pholidota (0.10%) Hyracoidea (0.09%) Monotremata (0.08%) Sirenia (0.06%) Proboscidea (0.05%) Dermoptera (0.03%) Microbiotheria (0.03%) Notoryctemorphia (0.03%) Tubulidentata (0.02%) Mammal classification has been through several revisions since Carl Linnaeus initially defined the class, and at present [ when? ] , no classification system is universally accepted. McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reeder (2005) provide useful recent compendiums. [ 3 ] Simpson (1945) [ 4 ] provides systematics of mammal origins and relationships that had been taught universally until the end of the 20th century. However, since 1945, a large amount of new and more detailed information has gradually been found: The paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematisation itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics . Though fieldwork and lab work progressively outdated Simpson's classification, it remains the closest thing to an official classification of mammals, despite its known issues. [ 5 ] Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers of species are Rodentia : mice , rats , porcupines , beavers , capybaras , and other gnawing mammals; Chiroptera : bats; and Eulipotyphla : shrews , moles , and solenodons . The next three biggest orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the primates : apes , monkeys , and lemurs ; Cetartiodactyla : whales and even-toed ungulates ; and Carnivora which includes cats , dogs , weasels , bears , seals , and allies. [ 6 ] According to Mammal Species of the World , 5,416 species were identified in 2006. These were grouped into 1,229 genera , 153 families and 29 orders. [ 6 ] In 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) completed a five-year Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List , which counted 5,488 species. [ 7 ] According to research published in the Journal of Mammalogy in 2018, the number of recognised mammal species is 6,495, including 96 recently extinct. [ 8 ] Definitions The word " mammal " is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group of mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes ( echidnas and platypuses ) and therians ( marsupials and placentals ) and all descendants of that ancestor. [ 9 ] Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic Period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic , despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century. [ 10 ] If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic , this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. [ citation needed ] T. S. Kemp has provided a more traditional definition: " Synapsids that possess a dentary – squamosal jaw articulation and occlusion between upper and lower molars with a transverse component to the movement" or, equivalently in Kemp's view, the clade originating with the last common ancestor of Sinoconodon and living mammals. [ 11 ] The earliest-known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium , dated 225 Ma , so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] However, this animal may have actually evolved during the Neogene. [ 14 ] Molecular classification of placentals As of the early 21st century, molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data . [ 16 ] Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placentals— Afrotheria , Xenarthra and Boreoeutheria —which diverged in the Cretaceous . The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal . These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra) and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). [ 17 ] Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages— Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria . Estimates for the divergence times between these three placental groups range from 105 to 120 million years ago, depending on the type of DNA used (such as nuclear or mitochondrial ) [ 18 ] and varying interpretations of paleogeographic data. [ 17 ] Mammal phylogeny according to Álvarez-Carretero et al. , 2022: [ 19 ] Mammalia Yinotheria Monotremata Theria Marsupialia Paucituberculata Didelphimorphia Australidelphia Microbiotheria Eomarsupialia Agreodontia Notoryctemorphia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Diprotodontia Placentalia Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata Pilosa Afrotheria Paenungulata Hyracoidea Tethytheria Sirenia Proboscidea Afroinsectiphilia Tubulidentata Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Afrosoricida Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Chiroptera Ferungulata Pholidota Carnivora Euungulata Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Euarchontoglires Scandentia Glires Lagomorpha Rodentia Primatomorpha Dermoptera Primates Yinotheria Monotremata Monotremata Theria Marsupialia Paucituberculata Didelphimorphia Australidelphia Microbiotheria Eomarsupialia Agreodontia Notoryctemorphia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Diprotodontia Placentalia Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata Pilosa Afrotheria Paenungulata Hyracoidea Tethytheria Sirenia Proboscidea Afroinsectiphilia Tubulidentata Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Afrosoricida Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Chiroptera Ferungulata Pholidota Carnivora Euungulata Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Euarchontoglires Scandentia Glires Lagomorpha Rodentia Primatomorpha Dermoptera Primates Marsupialia Paucituberculata Didelphimorphia Australidelphia Microbiotheria Eomarsupialia Agreodontia Notoryctemorphia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Diprotodontia Paucituberculata Paucituberculata Didelphimorphia Australidelphia Microbiotheria Eomarsupialia Agreodontia Notoryctemorphia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Diprotodontia Didelphimorphia Didelphimorphia Australidelphia Microbiotheria Eomarsupialia Agreodontia Notoryctemorphia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Diprotodontia Microbiotheria Microbiotheria Eomarsupialia Agreodontia Notoryctemorphia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Diprotodontia Agreodontia Notoryctemorphia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Notoryctemorphia Notoryctemorphia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Dasyuromorphia Diprotodontia Diprotodontia Placentalia Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata Pilosa Afrotheria Paenungulata Hyracoidea Tethytheria Sirenia Proboscidea Afroinsectiphilia Tubulidentata Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Afrosoricida Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Chiroptera Ferungulata Pholidota Carnivora Euungulata Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Euarchontoglires Scandentia Glires Lagomorpha Rodentia Primatomorpha Dermoptera Primates Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata Pilosa Afrotheria Paenungulata Hyracoidea Tethytheria Sirenia Proboscidea Afroinsectiphilia Tubulidentata Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Afrosoricida Xenarthra Cingulata Pilosa Cingulata Cingulata Pilosa Pilosa Afrotheria Paenungulata Hyracoidea Tethytheria Sirenia Proboscidea Afroinsectiphilia Tubulidentata Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Afrosoricida Paenungulata Hyracoidea Tethytheria Sirenia Proboscidea Hyracoidea Hyracoidea Tethytheria Sirenia Proboscidea Sirenia Sirenia Proboscidea Proboscidea Afroinsectiphilia Tubulidentata Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Afrosoricida Tubulidentata Tubulidentata Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Macroscelidea Afrosoricida Afrosoricida Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Chiroptera Ferungulata Pholidota Carnivora Euungulata Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Euarchontoglires Scandentia Glires Lagomorpha Rodentia Primatomorpha Dermoptera Primates Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Chiroptera Ferungulata Pholidota Carnivora Euungulata Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Eulipotyphla Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Chiroptera Ferungulata Pholidota Carnivora Euungulata Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Chiroptera Chiroptera Ferungulata Pholidota Carnivora Euungulata Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Pholidota Pholidota Carnivora Euungulata Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Carnivora Carnivora Euungulata Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Perissodactyla Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Artiodactyla Euarchontoglires Scandentia Glires Lagomorpha Rodentia Primatomorpha Dermoptera Primates Scandentia Glires Lagomorpha Rodentia Scandentia Scandentia Glires Lagomorpha Rodentia Lagomorpha Lagomorpha Rodentia Rodentia Primatomorpha Dermoptera Primates Primatomorpha Dermoptera Primates Dermoptera Dermoptera Primates Primates Evolution Origins Synapsida , a clade that contains mammals and their extinct relatives, originated during the Pennsylvanian subperiod (~323 million to ~300 million years ago), when they split from the reptile lineage. Crown group mammals evolved from earlier mammaliaforms during the Early Jurassic . The cladogram takes Mammalia to be the crown group. [ 20 ] Mammaliaformes Morganucodontidae Docodonta Haldanodon Mammalia Australosphenida (incl. Monotremata ) Fruitafossor Haramiyavia Multituberculata Tinodon Eutriconodonta (incl. Gobiconodonta ) Trechnotheria (incl. Theria ) Morganucodontidae Morganucodontidae Docodonta Haldanodon Mammalia Australosphenida (incl. Monotremata ) Fruitafossor Haramiyavia Multituberculata Tinodon Eutriconodonta (incl. Gobiconodonta ) Trechnotheria (incl. Theria ) Docodonta Docodonta Haldanodon Mammalia Australosphenida (incl. Monotremata ) Fruitafossor Haramiyavia Multituberculata Tinodon Eutriconodonta (incl. Gobiconodonta ) Trechnotheria (incl. Theria ) Haldanodon Haldanodon Mammalia Australosphenida (incl. Monotremata ) Fruitafossor Haramiyavia Multituberculata Tinodon Eutriconodonta (incl. Gobiconodonta ) Trechnotheria (incl. Theria ) Australosphenida (incl. Monotremata ) Australosphenida (incl. Monotremata ) Fruitafossor Haramiyavia Multituberculata Tinodon Eutriconodonta (incl. Gobiconodonta ) Trechnotheria (incl. Theria ) Fruitafossor Fruitafossor Haramiyavia Multituberculata Tinodon Eutriconodonta (incl. Gobiconodonta ) Trechnotheria (incl. Theria ) Haramiyavia Multituberculata Haramiyavia Haramiyavia Multituberculata Multituberculata Tinodon Tinodon Eutriconodonta (incl. Gobiconodonta ) Eutriconodonta (incl. Gobiconodonta ) Trechnotheria (incl. Theria ) Trechnotheria (incl. Theria ) Evolution from older amniotes The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes . Like their amphibious early tetrapod predecessors, they had lungs and limbs. Amniotic eggs, however, have internal membranes that allow the developing embryo to breathe but keep water in. Hence, amniotes can lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water. The first amniotes apparently arose in the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous . They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, [ 21 ] which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as ferns , mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids , which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids , which now include turtles , lizards , snakes , crocodilians and dinosaurs (including birds ). [ 22 ] Synapsids have a single hole ( temporal fenestra ) low on each side of the skull. Primitive synapsids included the largest and fiercest animals of the early Permian such as Dimetrodon . [ 23 ] Nonmammalian synapsids were traditionally—and incorrectly—called "mammal-like reptiles" or pelycosaurs ; we now know they were neither reptiles nor part of reptile lineage. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Therapsids , a group of synapsids, evolved in the Middle Permian , about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. [ 24 ] They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger skulls and incisors which are equal in size in therapsids, but not for eupelycosaurs. [ 24 ] The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very similar to their early synapsid ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts , some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterised by: [ 26 ] The gradual development of a bony secondary palate . Abrupt acquisition of endothermy among Mammaliamorpha , thus prior to the origin of mammals by 30–50 millions of years [ 27 ] . Progression towards an erect limb posture, which would increase the animals' stamina by avoiding Carrier's constraint . But this process was slow and erratic: for example, all herbivorous nonmammaliaform therapsids retained sprawling limbs (some late forms may have had semierect hind limbs); Permian carnivorous therapsids had sprawling forelimbs, and some late Permian ones also had semisprawling hindlimbs. In fact, modern monotremes still have semisprawling limbs. The dentary gradually became the main bone of the lower jaw which, by the Triassic, progressed towards the fully mammalian jaw (the lower consisting only of the dentary) and middle ear (which is constructed by the bones that were previously used to construct the jaws of reptiles). First mammals The Permian–Triassic extinction event about 252 million years ago, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of carnivorous therapsids. [ 28 ] In the early Triassic, most medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs [ 29 ] which, over an extended period (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs , [ 30 ] the pterosaurs and the dinosaurs; [ 31 ] however, large cynodonts like Trucidocynodon and traversodontids still occupied large sized carnivorous and herbivorous niches respectively. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well. [ 32 ] The first mammals (in Kemp's sense) appeared in the Late Triassic epoch (about 225 million years ago), 40 million years after the first therapsids. They expanded out of their nocturnal insectivore niche from the mid-Jurassic onwards; [ 33 ] the Jurassic Castorocauda , for example, was a close relative of true mammals that had adaptations for swimming, digging and catching fish. [ 34 ] Most, if not all, are thought to have remained nocturnal (the nocturnal bottleneck ), accounting for much of the typical mammalian traits. [ 35 ] The majority of the mammal species that existed in the Mesozoic Era were multituberculates, eutriconodonts and spalacotheriids . [ 36 ] The earliest-known fossil of the Metatheria ("changed beasts") is Sinodelphys , found in 125-million-year-old Early Cretaceous shale in China's northeastern Liaoning Province . The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues. [ 37 ] The oldest-known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis , or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the late Jurassic. [ 38 ] A later eutherian relative, Eomaia , dated to 125 million years ago in the early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. [ 39 ] In particular, the epipubic bones extend forwards from the pelvis. These are not found in any modern placental, but they are found in marsupials, monotremes, other nontherian mammals and Ukhaatherium , an early Cretaceous animal in the eutherian order Asioryctitheria . This also applies to the multituberculates. [ 40 ] They are apparently an ancestral feature, which subsequently disappeared in the placental lineage. These epipubic bones seem to function by stiffening the muscles during locomotion, reducing the amount of space being presented, which placentals require to contain their fetus during gestation periods. A narrow pelvic outlet indicates that the young were very small at birth and therefore pregnancy was short, as in modern marsupials. This suggests that the placenta was a later development. [ 41 ] One of the earliest-known monotremes was Teinolophos , which lived about 120 million years ago in Australia. [ 42 ] Monotremes have some features which may be inherited from the original amniotes such as the same orifice to urinate, defecate and reproduce ( cloaca )—as reptiles and birds also do— [ 43 ] and they lay eggs which are leathery and uncalcified. [ 44 ] Earliest appearances of features Hadrocodium , whose fossils date from approximately 195 million years ago, in the early Jurassic , provides the first clear evidence of a jaw joint formed solely by the squamosal and dentary bones; there is no space in the jaw for the articular, a bone involved in the jaws of all early synapsids. [ 45 ] The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda and Megaconus , from 164 million years ago in the mid-Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae ( whiskers ) and so were evidence of hair or fur; [ 46 ] [ 47 ] it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon . [ 25 ] [ 48 ] Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon . [ 49 ] Studies on Permian coprolites suggest that non-mammalian synapsids of the epoch already had fur, setting the evolution of hairs possibly as far back as dicynodonts . [ 50 ] When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain, though it is generally agreed to have first evolved in non-mammalian therapsids . [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, [ 52 ] but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. [ 53 ] Likewise, some modern therians like afrotheres and xenarthrans have secondarily developed lower body temperatures. [ 54 ] The evolution of erect limbs in mammals is incomplete—living and fossil monotremes have sprawling limbs. The parasagittal (nonsprawling) limb posture appeared sometime in the late Jurassic or early Cretaceous; it is found in the eutherian Eomaia and the metatherian Sinodelphys , both dated to 125 million years ago. [ 55 ] Epipubic bones, a feature that strongly influenced the reproduction of most mammal clades, are first found in Tritylodontidae , suggesting that it is a synapomorphy between them and Mammaliaformes . They are omnipresent in non-placental Mammaliaformes, though Megazostrodon and Erythrotherium appear to have lacked them. [ 56 ] It has been suggested that the original function of lactation ( milk production) was to keep eggs moist. Much of the argument is based on monotremes, the egg-laying mammals. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In human females, mammary glands become fully developed during puberty, regardless of pregnancy. [ 59 ] Rise of the mammals Therians took over the medium- to large-sized ecological niches in the Cenozoic , after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 million years ago emptied ecological space once filled by non-avian dinosaurs and other groups of reptiles, as well as various other mammal groups, [ 61 ] and underwent an exponential increase in body size ( megafauna ). [ 62 ] The increase in mammalian diversity was not, however, solely because of expansion into large-bodied niches. [ 63 ] Mammals diversified very quickly, displaying an exponential rise in diversity. [ 61 ] For example, the earliest-known bat dates from about 50 million years ago, only 16 million years after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. [ 64 ] Molecular phylogenetic studies initially suggested that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene . [ 65 ] However, no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. [ 66 ] The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene , after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. [ 66 ] (Scientists identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals, [ 67 ] but it has since been reclassified as a non-placental eutherian.) [ 68 ] Recalibrations of genetic and morphological diversity rates have suggested a Late Cretaceous origin for placentals, and a Paleocene origin for most modern clades. [ 69 ] The earliest-known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles [ 70 ] from around 55 million years ago. [ 70 ] This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm. [ 70 ] Anatomy Distinguishing features Living mammal species can be identified by the presence of sweat glands , including those that are specialised to produce milk to nourish their young. [ 71 ] In classifying fossils, however, other features must be used, since soft tissue glands and many other features are not visible in fossils. [ 72 ] Many traits shared by all living mammals appeared among the earliest members of the group: Jaw joint – The dentary (the lower jaw bone, which carries the teeth) and the squamosal (a small cranial bone) meet to form the joint. In most gnathostomes , including early therapsids , the joint consists of the articular (a small bone at the back of the lower jaw) and quadrate (a small bone at the back of the upper jaw). [ 45 ] Middle ear – In crown-group mammals, sound is carried from the eardrum by a chain of three bones, the malleus , the incus and the stapes . Ancestrally, the malleus and the incus are derived from the articular and the quadrate bones that constituted the jaw joint of early therapsids. [ 73 ] Tooth replacement – Teeth can be replaced once ( diphyodonty ) or (as in toothed whales and murid rodents) not at all ( monophyodonty ). [ 74 ] Elephants, manatees, and kangaroos continually grow new teeth throughout their life ( polyphyodonty ). [ 75 ] Prismatic enamel – The enamel coating on the surface of a tooth consists of prisms, solid, rod-like structures extending from the dentin to the tooth's surface. [ 76 ] Occipital condyles – Two knobs at the base of the skull fit into the topmost neck vertebra ; most other tetrapods , in contrast, have only one such knob. [ 77 ] For the most part, these characteristics were not present in the Triassic ancestors of the mammals. [ 78 ] Nearly all mammaliaforms possess an epipubic bone, the exception being modern placentals. [ 79 ] Sexual dimorphism On average, male mammals are larger than females, with males being at least 10% larger than females in over 45% of investigated species. Most mammalian orders also exhibit male-biased sexual dimorphism , although some orders do not show any bias or are significantly female-biased ( Lagomorpha ). Sexual size dimorphism increases with body size across mammals ( Rensch's rule ), suggesting that there are parallel selection pressures on both male and female size. Male-biased dimorphism relates to sexual selection on males through male–male competition for females, as there is a positive correlation between the degree of sexual selection, as indicated by mating systems , and the degree of male-biased size dimorphism. The degree of sexual selection is also positively correlated with male and female size across mammals. Further, parallel selection pressure on female mass is identified in that age at weaning is significantly higher in more polygynous species, even when correcting for body mass. Also, the reproductive rate is lower for larger females, indicating that fecundity selection selects for smaller females in mammals. Although these patterns hold across mammals as a whole, there is considerable variation across orders. [ 80 ] Biological systems The majority of mammals have seven cervical vertebrae (bones in the neck). The exceptions are the manatee and the two-toed sloth , which have six, and the three-toed sloth which has nine. [ 81 ] All mammalian brains possess a neocortex , a brain region unique to mammals. [ 82 ] Placental brains have a corpus callosum , unlike monotremes and marsupials. [ 83 ] Circulatory systems The mammalian heart has four chambers, two upper atria , the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles , the discharging chambers. [ 84 ] The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers and ensures blood flows in the correct direction through the heart (preventing backflow). After gas exchange in the pulmonary capillaries (blood vessels in the lungs), oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via one of the four pulmonary veins . Blood flows nearly continuously back into the atrium, which acts as the receiving chamber, and from here through an opening into the left ventricle. Most blood flows passively into the heart while both the atria and ventricles are relaxed, but toward the end of the ventricular relaxation period , the left atrium will contract, pumping blood into the ventricle. The heart also requires nutrients and oxygen found in blood like other muscles, and is supplied via coronary arteries . [ 85 ] The red blood cells of mammals also lack a nucleus to make space for more haemoglobin , which significantly increases the cell's oxygen-carrying capacity. [ 86 ] Respiratory systems The lungs of mammals are spongy and honeycombed. Breathing is mainly achieved with the diaphragm , which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome convex to the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the lung cavity. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities, and travels through the larynx, trachea and bronchi , and expands the alveoli . Relaxing the diaphragm has the opposite effect, decreasing the volume of the lung cavity, causing air to be pushed out of the lungs. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts , increasing pressure on the diaphragm, which forces air out quicker and more forcefully. The rib cage is able to expand and contract the chest cavity through the action of other respiratory muscles. Consequently, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] This type of lung is known as a bellows lung due to its resemblance to blacksmith bellows . [ 88 ] Integumentary systems The integumentary system (skin) is made up of three layers: the outermost epidermis , the dermis and the hypodermis . The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue , which stores lipids and provides cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species; [ 89 ] : 97 marine mammals require a thick hypodermis ( blubber ) for insulation, and right whales have the thickest blubber at 20 inches (51 cm). [ 90 ] Although other animals have features such as whiskers, feathers , setae , or cilia that superficially resemble it, no animals other than mammals have hair . It is a definitive characteristic of the class, though some mammals have very little. [ 89 ] : 61 Digestive systems Herbivores have developed a diverse range of physical structures to facilitate the consumption of plant material . To break up intact plant tissues, mammals have developed teeth structures that reflect their feeding preferences. For instance, frugivores (animals that feed primarily on fruit) and herbivores that feed on soft foliage have low-crowned teeth specialised for grinding foliage and seeds . Grazing animals that tend to eat hard, silica -rich grasses, have high-crowned teeth, which are capable of grinding tough plant tissues and do not wear down as quickly as low-crowned teeth. [ 91 ] Most carnivorous mammals have carnassial teeth (of varying length depending on diet), long canines and similar tooth replacement patterns. [ 92 ] The stomach of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) is divided into four sections: the rumen , the reticulum , the omasum and the abomasum (only ruminants have a rumen). After the plant material is consumed, it is mixed with saliva in the rumen and reticulum and separates into solid and liquid material. The solids lump together to form a bolus (or cud ), and is regurgitated. When the bolus enters the mouth, the fluid is squeezed out with the tongue and swallowed again. Ingested food passes to the rumen and reticulum where cellulolytic microbes ( bacteria , protozoa and fungi ) produce cellulase , which is needed to break down the cellulose in plants. [ 93 ] Perissodactyls , in contrast to the ruminants, store digested food that has left the stomach in an enlarged cecum , where it is fermented by bacteria. [ 94 ] Carnivora have a simple stomach adapted to digest primarily meat, as compared to the elaborate digestive systems of herbivorous animals, which are necessary to break down tough, complex plant fibres. The cecum is either absent or short and simple, and the large intestine is not sacculated or much wider than the small intestine. [ 95 ] Excretory and genitourinary systems The mammalian excretory system involves many components. Like amphibians, mammals are ureotelic , and convert ammonia into urea , which is done by the liver as part of the urea cycle . [ 96 ] Bilirubin , a waste product derived from blood cells , is passed through bile and urine with the help of enzymes excreted by the liver. [ 97 ] The passing of bilirubin via bile through the intestinal tract gives mammalian feces a distinctive brown coloration. [ 98 ] Distinctive features of the mammalian kidney include the presence of the renal pelvis and renal pyramids , and of a clearly distinguishable cortex and medulla , which is due to the presence of elongated loops of Henle . Only the mammalian kidney has a bean shape, although there are some exceptions, such as the multilobed reniculate kidneys of pinnipeds, cetaceans and bears. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] Most adult placentals have no remaining trace of the cloaca . In the embryo, the embryonic cloaca divides into a posterior region that becomes part of the anus , and an anterior region that has different fates depending on the sex of the individual: in females, it develops into the vestibule or urogenital sinus that receives the urethra and vagina , while in males it forms the entirety of the penile urethra . [ 100 ] [ 101 ] However, the afrosoricids and some shrews retain a cloaca as adults. [ 102 ] In marsupials, the genital tract is separate from the anus, but a trace of the original cloaca does remain externally. [ 100 ] Monotremes, which translates from Greek into "single hole", have a true cloaca. [ 103 ] Urine flows from the ureters into the cloaca in monotremes and into the bladder in placentals. [ 100 ] Sound production As in all other tetrapods, mammals have a larynx that can quickly open and close to produce sounds, and a supralaryngeal vocal tract which filters this sound. The lungs and surrounding musculature provide the air stream and pressure required to phonate . The larynx controls the pitch and volume of sound, but the strength the lungs exert to exhale also contributes to volume. More primitive mammals, such as the echidna, can only hiss, as sound is achieved solely through exhaling through a partially closed larynx. Other mammals phonate using vocal folds . The movement or tenseness of the vocal folds can result in many sounds such as purring and screaming . Mammals can change the position of the larynx, allowing them to breathe through the nose while swallowing through the mouth, and to form both oral and nasal sounds; nasal sounds, such as a dog whine, are generally soft sounds, and oral sounds, such as a dog bark, are generally loud. [ 104 ] Some mammals have a large larynx and thus a low-pitched voice, namely the hammer-headed bat ( Hypsignathus monstrosus ) where the larynx can take up the entirety of the thoracic cavity while pushing the lungs, heart, and trachea into the abdomen . [ 105 ] Large vocal pads can also lower the pitch, as in the low-pitched roars of big cats . [ 106 ] The production of infrasound is possible in some mammals such as the African elephant ( Loxodonta spp.) and baleen whales . [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Small mammals with small larynxes have the ability to produce ultrasound , which can be detected by modifications to the middle ear and cochlea . Ultrasound is inaudible to birds and reptiles, which might have been important during the Mesozoic, when birds and reptiles were the dominant predators. This private channel is used by some rodents in, for example, mother-to-pup communication, and by bats when echolocating. Toothed whales also use echolocation, but, as opposed to the vocal membrane that extends upward from the vocal folds, they have a melon to manipulate sounds. Some mammals, namely the primates, have air sacs attached to the larynx, which may function to lower the resonances or increase the volume of sound. [ 104 ] The vocal production system is controlled by the cranial nerve nuclei in the brain, and supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve , branches of the vagus nerve . The vocal tract is supplied by the hypoglossal nerve and facial nerves . Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal grey (PEG) region of the mammalian midbrain elicit vocalisations. The ability to learn new vocalisations is only exemplified in humans, seals, cetaceans, elephants and possibly bats; in humans, this is the result of a direct connection between the motor cortex , which controls movement, and the motor neurons in the spinal cord. [ 104 ] Fur The primary function of the fur of mammals is thermoregulation . Others include protection, sensory purposes, waterproofing, and camouflage. [ 109 ] Different types of fur serve different purposes: [ 89 ] : 99 Definitive – which may be shed after reaching a certain length Vibrissae – sensory hairs, most commonly whiskers Pelage – guard hairs, under-fur, and awn hair Spines – stiff guard hair used for defence (such as in porcupines ) Bristles – long hairs usually used in visual signals. (such as a lion's mane ) Velli – often called "down fur" which insulates newborn mammals Wool – long, soft and often curly Thermoregulation Hair length is not a factor in thermoregulation: for example, some tropical mammals such as sloths have the same length of fur length as some arctic mammals but with less insulation; and, conversely, other tropical mammals with short hair have the same insulating value as arctic mammals. The denseness of fur can increase an animal's insulation value, and arctic mammals especially have dense fur; for example, the musk ox has guard hairs measuring 30 cm (12 in) as well as a dense underfur, which forms an airtight coat, allowing them to survive in temperatures of −40 °C (−40 °F). [ 89 ] : 162–163 Some desert mammals, such as camels, use dense fur to prevent solar heat from reaching their skin, allowing the animal to stay cool; a camel's fur may reach 70 °C (158 °F) in the summer, but the skin stays at 40 °C (104 °F). [ 89 ] : 188 Aquatic mammals , conversely, trap air in their fur to conserve heat by keeping the skin dry. [ 89 ] : 162–163 Coloration Mammalian coats are coloured for a variety of reasons, the major selective pressures including camouflage , sexual selection , communication, and thermoregulation. Coloration in both the hair and skin of mammals is mainly determined by the type and amount of melanin ; eumelanins for brown and black colours and pheomelanin for a range of yellowish to reddish colours, giving mammals an earth tone . [ 110 ] [ 111 ] Some mammals have more vibrant colours; certain monkeys such mandrills and vervet monkeys , and opossums such as the Mexican mouse opossums and Derby's woolly opossums , have blue skin due to light diffraction in collagen fibres. [ 112 ] Many sloths appear green because their fur hosts green algae ; this may be a symbiotic relation that affords camouflage to the sloths. [ 113 ] Camouflage is a powerful influence in a large number of mammals, as it helps to conceal individuals from predators or prey. [ 114 ] In arctic and subarctic mammals such as the arctic fox ( Alopex lagopus ), collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx groenlandicus ), stoat ( Mustela erminea ), and snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ), seasonal color change between brown in summer and white in winter is driven largely by camouflage. [ 115 ] Some arboreal mammals, notably primates and marsupials, have shades of violet, green, or blue skin on parts of their bodies, indicating some distinct advantage in their largely arboreal habitat due to convergent evolution . [ 112 ] Aposematism , warning off possible predators, is the most likely explanation of the black-and-white pelage of many mammals which are able to defend themselves, such as in the foul-smelling skunk and the powerful and aggressive honey badger . [ 116 ] Coat color is sometimes sexually dimorphic , as in many primate species . [ 117 ] Differences in female and male coat color may indicate nutrition and hormone levels, important in mate selection. [ 118 ] Coat color may influence the ability to retain heat, depending on how much light is reflected. Mammals with a darker coloured coat can absorb more heat from solar radiation, and stay warmer, and some smaller mammals, such as voles , have darker fur in the winter. The white, pigmentless fur of arctic mammals, such as the polar bear, may reflect more solar radiation directly onto the skin. [ 89 ] : 166–167 [ 109 ] The dazzling black-and-white striping of zebras appear to provide some protection from biting flies. [ 119 ] Reproductive system Mammals reproduce by internal fertilisation [ 120 ] and are solely gonochoric (an animal is born with either male or female genitalia, as opposed to hermaphrodites where there is no such schism). [ 121 ] Male mammals ejaculate semen during copulation through a penis , which may be contained in a prepuce when not erect. Male placentals also urinate through a penis, and some placentals also have a penis bone ( baculum ). [ 122 ] [ 123 ] [ 120 ] Marsupials typically have forked penises, [ 124 ] while the echidna penis generally has four heads with only two functioning. [ 125 ] Depending on the species, an erection may be fuelled by blood flow into vascular, spongy tissue or by muscular action. [ 122 ] The testicles of most mammals descend into the scrotum which is typically posterior to the penis but is often anterior in marsupials. Female mammals generally have a vulva ( clitoris and labia ) on the outside, while the internal system contains paired oviducts , one or two uteri , one or two cervices and a vagina . [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Marsupials have two lateral vaginas and a medial vagina. The "vagina" of monotremes is better understood as a "urogenital sinus". The uterine systems of placentals can vary between a duplex, where there are two uteri and cervices which open into the vagina, a bipartite, where two uterine horns have a single cervix that connects to the vagina, a bicornuate, which consists where two uterine horns that are connected distally but separate medially creating a Y-shape, and a simplex, which has a single uterus. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 89 ] : 220–221, 247 The ancestral condition for mammal reproduction is the birthing of relatively undeveloped young, either through direct vivipary or a short period as soft-shelled eggs. This is likely due to the fact that the torso could not expand due to the presence of epipubic bones . The oldest demonstration of this reproductive style is with Kayentatherium , which produced undeveloped perinates , but at much higher litter sizes than any modern mammal, 38 specimens. [ 130 ] Most modern mammals are viviparous , giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypus and the four species of echidna, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex-determination system different from that of most other mammals. [ 131 ] In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. [ 132 ] Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. Marsupials have a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle and generally giving birth to a number of undeveloped newborns that then undergo further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium , located in the front of the mother's abdomen . This is the plesiomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placentals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. [ 79 ] Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way. [ 40 ] The placentals give birth to relatively complete and developed young, usually after long gestation periods. [ 133 ] They get their name from the placenta , which connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake. [ 134 ] In placentals, the epipubic is either completely lost or converted into the baculum; allowing the torso to be able to expand and thus birth developed offspring. [ 130 ] The great majority of mammals give birth multiple times during their lifespan, but a few species are semelparous . [ citation needed ] The mammary glands of mammals are specialised to produce milk, the primary source of nutrition for newborns. The monotremes branched early from other mammals and do not have the teats seen in most mammals, but they do have mammary glands. The young lick the milk from a mammary patch on the mother's belly. [ 135 ] Compared to placental mammals, the milk of marsupials changes greatly in both production rate and in nutrient composition, due to the underdeveloped young. In addition, the mammary glands have more autonomy allowing them to supply separate milks to young at different development stages. [ 136 ] Lactose is the main sugar in placental milk while monotreme and marsupial milk is dominated by oligosaccharides . [ 137 ] Weaning is the process in which a mammal becomes less dependent on their mother's milk and more on solid food. [ 138 ] Endothermy Nearly all mammals are endothermic ("warm-blooded"). Most mammals also have hair to help keep them warm. Like birds, mammals can forage or hunt in weather and climates too cold for ectothermic ("cold-blooded") reptiles and insects. Endothermy requires plenty of food energy, so mammals eat more food per unit of body weight than most reptiles. [ 139 ] Small insectivorous mammals eat prodigious amounts for their size. A rare exception, the naked mole-rat produces little metabolic heat, so it is considered an operational poikilotherm . [ 140 ] Birds are also endothermic, so endothermy is not unique to mammals. [ 141 ] Species lifespan Among mammals, species maximum lifespan varies significantly from one year in the yellow-sided opossum [ citation needed ] to 211 years in the oldest bowhead whale recorded. [ 142 ] Although the underlying basis for these lifespan differences is still uncertain, numerous studies indicate that the ability to repair DNA damage is an important determinant of mammalian lifespan. In a 1974 study by Hart and Setlow, [ 143 ] it was found that DNA excision repair capability increased systematically with species lifespan among seven mammalian species. Species lifespan was observed to be robustly correlated with the capacity to recognise DNA double-strand breaks as well as the level of the DNA repair protein Ku80 . [ 142 ] In a study of the cells from sixteen mammalian species, genes employed in DNA repair were found to be up-regulated in the longer-lived species. [ 144 ] The cellular level of the DNA repair enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase was found to correlate with species lifespan in a study of 13 mammalian species. [ 145 ] Three additional studies of a variety of mammalian species also reported a correlation between species lifespan and DNA repair capability. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Locomotion Terrestrial Most vertebrates are plantigrade , walking on the whole of the underside of the foot. Many mammals, such as cats and dogs, are digitigrade , walking on their toes, the greater stride length allowing more speed. Some animals such as horses are unguligrade , walking on the tips of their toes. This even further increases their stride length and thus their speed. [ 149 ] A few mammals, namely the great apes, are also known to walk on their knuckles , at least for their front legs. Giant anteaters [ 150 ] and platypuses [ 151 ] are also knuckle-walkers. Some mammals are bipeds , using only two limbs for locomotion, which can be seen in, for example, humans and the great apes. Bipedal species have a larger field of vision than quadrupeds, conserve more energy and have the ability to manipulate objects with their hands, which aids in foraging. Instead of walking, some bipeds hop, such as kangaroos and kangaroo rats . [ 152 ] [ 153 ] Animals will use different gaits for different speeds, terrain and situations. For example, horses show four natural gaits, the slowest horse gait is the walk , then there are three faster gaits which, from slowest to fastest, are the trot , the canter and the gallop . Animals may also have unusual gaits that are used occasionally, such as for moving sideways or backwards. For example, the main human gaits are bipedal walking and running , but they employ many other gaits occasionally, including a four-legged crawl in tight spaces. [ 154 ] Mammals show a vast range of gaits , the order that they place and lift their appendages in locomotion. Gaits can be grouped into categories according to their patterns of support sequence. For quadrupeds, there are three main categories: walking gaits, running gaits and leaping gaits . [ 155 ] Walking is the most common gait, where some feet are on the ground at any given time, and found in almost all legged animals. Running is considered to occur when at some points in the stride all feet are off the ground in a moment of suspension. [ 154 ] Arboreal Arboreal animals frequently have elongated limbs that help them cross gaps, reach fruit or other resources, test the firmness of support ahead and, in some cases, to brachiate (swing between trees). [ 156 ] Many arboreal species, such as tree porcupines, silky anteaters , spider monkeys, and possums , use prehensile tails to grasp branches. In the spider monkey, the tip of the tail has either a bare patch or adhesive pad, which provides increased friction. Claws can be used to interact with rough substrates and reorient the direction of forces the animal applies. This is what allows squirrels to climb tree trunks that are so large to be essentially flat from the perspective of such a small animal. However, claws can interfere with an animal's ability to grasp very small branches, as they may wrap too far around and prick the animal's own paw. Frictional gripping is used by primates, relying upon hairless fingertips. Squeezing the branch between the fingertips generates frictional force that holds the animal's hand to the branch. However, this type of grip depends upon the angle of the frictional force, thus upon the diameter of the branch, with larger branches resulting in reduced gripping ability. To control descent, especially down large diameter branches, some arboreal animals such as squirrels have evolved highly mobile ankle joints that permit rotating the foot into a 'reversed' posture. This allows the claws to hook into the rough surface of the bark, opposing the force of gravity. Small size provides many advantages to arboreal species: such as increasing the relative size of branches to the animal, lower center of mass, increased stability, lower mass (allowing movement on smaller branches) and the ability to move through more cluttered habitat. [ 156 ] Size relating to weight affects gliding animals such as the sugar glider . [ 157 ] Some species of primate, bat and all species of sloth achieve passive stability by hanging beneath the branch. Both pitching and tipping become irrelevant, as the only method of failure would be losing their grip. [ 156 ] Aerial Bats are the only mammals that can truly fly. They fly through the air at a constant speed by moving their wings up and down (usually with some fore-aft movement as well). Because the animal is in motion, there is some airflow relative to its body which, combined with the velocity of the wings, generates a faster airflow moving over the wing. This generates a lift force vector pointing forwards and upwards, and a drag force vector pointing rearwards and upwards. The upwards components of these counteract gravity, keeping the body in the air, while the forward component provides thrust to counteract both the drag from the wing and from the body as a whole. [ 158 ] The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than those of birds, allowing bats to manoeuvre more accurately and fly with more lift and less drag. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] By folding the wings inwards towards their body on the upstroke, they use 35% less energy during flight than birds. [ 161 ] The membranes are delicate, ripping easily; however, the tissue of the bat's membrane is able to regrow, such that small tears can heal quickly. [ 162 ] The surface of their wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called Merkel cells , also found on human fingertips. These sensitive areas are different in bats, as each bump has a tiny hair in the center, making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings, and to fly more efficiently by changing the shape of its wings in response. [ 163 ] Fossorial and subterranean A fossorial (from Latin fossor , meaning "digger") is an animal adapted to digging which lives primarily, but not solely, underground. Some examples are badgers , and naked mole-rats . Many rodent species are also considered fossorial because they live in burrows for most but not all of the day. Species that live exclusively underground are subterranean, and those with limited adaptations to a fossorial lifestyle sub-fossorial. Some organisms are fossorial to aid in temperature regulation while others use the underground habitat for protection from predators or for food storage . [ 164 ] Fossorial mammals have a fusiform body, thickest at the shoulders and tapering off at the tail and nose. Unable to see in the dark burrows, most have degenerated eyes, but degeneration varies between species; pocket gophers , for example, are only semi-fossorial and have very small yet functional eyes, in the fully fossorial marsupial mole , the eyes are degenerated and useless, Talpa moles have vestigial eyes and the Cape golden mole has a layer of skin covering the eyes. External ears flaps are also very small or absent. Truly fossorial mammals have short, stout legs as strength is more important than speed to a burrowing mammal, but semi-fossorial mammals have cursorial legs. The front paws are broad and have strong claws to help in loosening dirt while excavating burrows, and the back paws have webbing, as well as claws, which aids in throwing loosened dirt backwards. Most have large incisors to prevent dirt from flying into their mouth. [ 165 ] Many fossorial mammals such as shrews, hedgehogs, and moles were classified under the now obsolete order Insectivora . [ 166 ] Aquatic Fully aquatic mammals, the cetaceans and sirenians , have lost their legs and have a tail fin to propel themselves through the water. Flipper movement is continuous. Whales swim by moving their tail fin and lower body up and down, propelling themselves through vertical movement, while their flippers are mainly used for steering. Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers. Most species have a dorsal fin to prevent themselves from turning upside-down in the water. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] The flukes of sirenians are raised up and down in long strokes to move the animal forward, and can be twisted to turn. The forelimbs are paddle-like flippers which aid in turning and slowing. [ 169 ] Semi-aquatic mammals, like pinnipeds, have two pairs of flippers on the front and back, the fore-flippers and hind-flippers. The elbows and ankles are enclosed within the body. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Pinnipeds have several adaptions for reducing drag . In addition to their streamlined bodies, they have smooth networks of muscle bundles in their skin that may increase laminar flow and make it easier for them to slip through water. They also lack arrector pili , so their fur can be streamlined as they swim. [ 172 ] They rely on their fore-flippers for locomotion in a wing-like manner similar to penguins and sea turtles . [ 173 ] Fore-flipper movement is not continuous, and the animal glides between each stroke. [ 171 ] Compared to terrestrial carnivorans, the fore-limbs are reduced in length, which gives the locomotor muscles at the shoulder and elbow joints greater mechanical advantage; [ 170 ] the hind-flippers serve as stabilizers. [ 172 ] Other semi-aquatic mammals include beavers, hippopotamuses , otters and platypuses. [ 174 ] Hippos are very large semi-aquatic mammals, and their barrel-shaped bodies have graviportal skeletal structures, [ 175 ] adapted to carrying their enormous weight, and their specific gravity allows them to sink and move along the bottom of a river. [ 176 ] Behavior Communication and vocalisation Many mammals communicate by vocalising. Vocal communication serves many purposes, including in mating rituals, as warning calls , [ 178 ] to indicate food sources, and for social purposes. Males often call during mating rituals to ward off other males and to attract females, as in the roaring of lions and red deer . [ 179 ] The songs of the humpback whale may be signals to females; [ 180 ] they have different dialects in different regions of the ocean. [ 181 ] Social vocalisations include the territorial calls of gibbons , and the use of frequency in greater spear-nosed bats to distinguish between groups. [ 182 ] The vervet monkey gives a distinct alarm call for each of at least four different predators, and the reactions of other monkeys vary according to the call. For example, if an alarm call signals a python, the monkeys climb into the trees, whereas the eagle alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the ground. [ 177 ] Prairie dogs similarly have complex calls that signal the type, size, and speed of an approaching predator. [ 183 ] Elephants communicate socially with a variety of sounds including snorting, screaming, trumpeting, roaring and rumbling. Some of the rumbling calls are infrasonic , below the hearing range of humans, and can be heard by other elephants up to 6 miles (9.7 km) away at still times near sunrise and sunset. [ 184 ] Mammals signal by a variety of means. Many give visual anti-predator signals , as when deer and gazelle stot , honestly indicating their fit condition and their ability to escape, [ 185 ] [ 186 ] or when white-tailed deer and other prey mammals flag with conspicuous tail markings when alarmed, informing the predator that it has been detected. [ 187 ] Many mammals make use of scent-marking , sometimes possibly to help defend territory, but probably with a range of functions both within and between species. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Microbats and toothed whales including oceanic dolphins vocalise both socially and in echolocation . [ 191 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] Feeding To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive—mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals—this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores , eat plants, which contain complex carbohydrates such as cellulose. An herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as granivory (seed eating), folivory (leaf eating), frugivory (fruit eating), nectarivory (nectar eating), gummivory (gum eating) and mycophagy (fungus eating). The digestive tract of an herbivore is host to bacteria that ferment these complex substances, and make them available for digestion, which are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. [ 93 ] Some mammals are coprophagous , consuming feces to absorb the nutrients not digested when the food was first ingested. [ 89 ] : 131–137 An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract because the proteins , lipids and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialised digestion. Exceptions to this include baleen whales who also house gut flora in a multi-chambered stomach, like terrestrial herbivores. [ 194 ] The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type ( Allen's rule ). Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate . Mammals that weigh less than about 18 ounces (510 g; 1.1 lb) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of an herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (carnivores that feed on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). [ 195 ] Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 ounces (510 g; 1.1 lb) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects ( ants or termites ). [ 196 ] Some mammals are omnivores and display varying degrees of carnivory and herbivory, generally leaning in favour of one more than the other. Since plants and meat are digested differently, there is a preference for one over the other, as in bears where some species may be mostly carnivorous and others mostly herbivorous. [ 198 ] They are grouped into three categories: mesocarnivory (50–70% meat), hypercarnivory (70% and greater of meat), and hypocarnivory (50% or less of meat). The dentition of hypocarnivores consists of dull, triangular carnassial teeth meant for grinding food. Hypercarnivores, however, have conical teeth and sharp carnassials meant for slashing, and in some cases strong jaws for bone-crushing, as in the case of hyenas , allowing them to consume bones; some extinct groups, notably the Machairodontinae , had sabre-shaped canines . [ 197 ] Some physiological carnivores consume plant matter and some physiological herbivores consume meat. From a behavioural aspect, this would make them omnivores, but from the physiological standpoint, this may be due to zoopharmacognosy . Physiologically, animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous. Thus, such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification. [ 199 ] For example, it is well documented that some ungulates such as giraffes, camels, and cattle, will gnaw on bones to consume particular minerals and nutrients. [ 200 ] Also, cats, which are generally regarded as obligate carnivores, occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestible material (such as hairballs ), aid with haemoglobin production, and as a laxative. [ 201 ] Many mammals, in the absence of sufficient food requirements in an environment, suppress their metabolism and conserve energy in a process known as hibernation . [ 202 ] In the period preceding hibernation, larger mammals, such as bears, become polyphagic to increase fat stores, whereas smaller mammals prefer to collect and stash food. [ 203 ] The slowing of the metabolism is accompanied by a decreased heart and respiratory rate, as well as a drop in internal temperatures, which can be around ambient temperature in some cases. For example, the internal temperatures of hibernating Arctic ground squirrels can drop to −2.9 °C (26.8 °F); however, the head and neck always stay above 0 °C (32 °F). [ 204 ] A few mammals in hot environments aestivate in times of drought or extreme heat, for example the fat-tailed dwarf lemur ( Cheirogaleus medius ). [ 205 ] Drinking By necessity, terrestrial animals in captivity become accustomed to drinking water, but most free-roaming animals stay hydrated through the fluids and moisture in fresh food, [ 206 ] and learn to actively seek foods with high fluid content. [ 207 ] When conditions impel them to drink from bodies of water, the methods and motions differ greatly among species. [ 208 ] Cats , canines , and ruminants all lower the neck and lap in water with their powerful tongues. [ 208 ] Cats and canines lap up water with the tongue in a spoon-like shape. [ 209 ] Canines lap water by scooping it into their mouth with a tongue which has taken the shape of a ladle. However, with cats, only the tip of their tongue (which is smooth) touches the water, and then the cat quickly pulls its tongue back into its mouth which soon closes; this results in a column of liquid being pulled into the cat's mouth, which is then secured by its mouth closing. [ 210 ] Ruminants and most other herbivores partially submerge the tip of the mouth in order to draw in water by means of a plunging action with the tongue held straight. [ 211 ] Cats drink at a significantly slower pace than ruminants, who face greater natural predation hazards. [ 208 ] Many desert animals do not drink even if water becomes available, but rely on eating succulent plants . [ 208 ] In cold and frozen environments, some animals like hares , tree squirrels , and bighorn sheep resort to consuming snow and icicles. [ 212 ] In savannas , the drinking method of giraffes has been a source of speculation for its apparent defiance of gravity; the most recent theory contemplates the animal's long neck functions like a plunger pump . [ 213 ] Uniquely, elephants draw water into their trunks and squirt it into their mouths. [ 208 ] Intelligence In intelligent mammals, such as primates , the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioural flexibility. Rats , for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonise a fresh habitat . In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey. [ 196 ] Tool use by animals may indicate different levels of learning and cognition . The sea otter uses rocks as essential and regular parts of its foraging behaviour (smashing abalone from rocks or breaking open shells), with some populations spending 21% of their time making tools. [ 214 ] Other tool use, such as chimpanzees using twigs to "fish" for termites, may be developed by watching others use tools and may even be a true example of animal teaching. [ 215 ] Tools may even be used in solving puzzles in which the animal appears to experience a "Eureka moment" . [ 216 ] Other mammals that do not use tools, such as dogs, can also experience a Eureka moment. [ 217 ] Brain size was previously considered a major indicator of the intelligence of an animal. Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of brain to body mass may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks. Allometric analysis indicates that mammalian brain size scales at approximately the .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 2 ⁄ 3 or 3 ⁄ 4 exponent of the body mass. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size based on such allometric analysis provides an encephalisation quotient that can be used as another indication of animal intelligence. [ 218 ] Sperm whales have the largest brain mass of any animal on earth, averaging 8,000 cubic centimetres (490 cu in) and 7.8 kilograms (17 lb) in mature males. [ 219 ] Self-awareness appears to be a sign of abstract thinking. Self-awareness, although not well-defined, is believed to be a precursor to more advanced processes such as metacognitive reasoning . The traditional method for measuring this is the mirror test , which determines if an animal possesses the ability of self-recognition. [ 220 ] Mammals that have passed the mirror test include Asian elephants (some pass, some do not); [ 221 ] chimpanzees; [ 222 ] bonobos ; [ 223 ] orangutans ; [ 224 ] humans, from 18 months ( mirror stage ); [ 225 ] common bottlenose dolphins ; [ a ] [ 226 ] orcas ; [ 227 ] and false killer whales . [ 227 ] Social structure Eusociality is the highest level of social organisation. These societies have an overlap of adult generations, the division of reproductive labour and cooperative caring of young. Usually insects, such as bees , ants and termites, have eusocial behaviour, but it is demonstrated in two rodent species: the naked mole-rat [ 228 ] and the Damaraland mole-rat . [ 229 ] Presociality is when animals exhibit more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species, but fall short of qualifying as eusocial. That is, presocial animals can display communal living, cooperative care of young, or primitive division of reproductive labour, but they do not display all of the three essential traits of eusocial animals. Humans and some species of Callitrichidae ( marmosets and tamarins ) are unique among primates in their degree of cooperative care of young. [ 230 ] Harry Harlow set up an experiment with rhesus monkeys , presocial primates, in 1958; the results from this study showed that social encounters are necessary in order for the young monkeys to develop both mentally and sexually. [ 231 ] A fission–fusion society is a society that changes frequently in its size and composition, making up a permanent social group called the "parent group". Permanent social networks consist of all individual members of a community and often varies to track changes in their environment. In a fission–fusion society, the main parent group can fracture (fission) into smaller stable subgroups or individuals to adapt to environmental or social circumstances. For example, a number of males may break off from the main group in order to hunt or forage for food during the day, but at night they may return to join (fusion) the primary group to share food and partake in other activities. Many mammals exhibit this, such as primates (for example orangutans and spider monkeys ), [ 232 ] elephants, [ 233 ] spotted hyenas , [ 234 ] lions, [ 235 ] and dolphins. [ 236 ] Solitary animals defend a territory and avoid social interactions with the members of its species, except during breeding season. This is to avoid resource competition, as two individuals of the same species would occupy the same niche, and to prevent depletion of food. [ 237 ] A solitary animal, while foraging, can also be less conspicuous to predators or prey. [ 238 ] In a hierarchy , individuals are either dominant or submissive. A despotic hierarchy is where one individual is dominant while the others are submissive, as in wolves and lemurs, [ 239 ] and a pecking order is a linear ranking of individuals where there is a top individual and a bottom individual. Pecking orders may also be ranked by sex, where the lowest individual of a sex has a higher ranking than the top individual of the other sex, as in hyenas. [ 240 ] Dominant individuals, or alphas, have a high chance of reproductive success, especially in harems where one or a few males (resident males) have exclusive breeding rights to females in a group. [ 241 ] Non-resident males can also be accepted in harems, but some species, such as the common vampire bat ( Desmodus rotundus ), may be more strict. [ 242 ] Some mammals are perfectly monogamous , meaning that they mate for life and take no other partners (even after the original mate's death), as with wolves, Eurasian beavers , and otters. [ 243 ] [ 244 ] There are three types of polygamy: either one or multiple dominant males have breeding rights ( polygyny ), multiple males that females mate with (polyandry), or multiple males have exclusive relations with multiple females ( polygynandry ). It is much more common for polygynous mating to happen, which, excluding leks , are estimated to occur in up to 90% of mammals. [ 245 ] Lek mating occurs when males congregate around females and try to attract them with various courtship displays and vocalisations, as in harbour seals. [ 246 ] All higher mammals (excluding monotremes) share two major adaptations for care of the young: live birth and lactation. These imply a group-wide choice of a degree of parental care . They may build nests and dig burrows to raise their young in, or feed and guard them often for a prolonged period of time. Many mammals are K-selected , and invest more time and energy into their young than do r-selected animals. When two animals mate, they both share an interest in the success of the offspring, though often to different extremes. Mammalian females exhibit some degree of maternal aggression, another example of parental care, which may be targeted against other females of the species or the young of other females; however, some mammals may "aunt" the infants of other females, and care for them. Mammalian males may play a role in child rearing, as with tenrecs , however this varies species to species, even within the same genus. For example, the males of the southern pig-tailed macaque ( Macaca nemestrina ) do not participate in child care, whereas the males of the Japanese macaque ( M. fuscata ) do. [ 247 ] Humans and other mammals In human culture Non-human mammals play a wide variety of roles in human culture. They are the most popular of pets , with tens of millions of dogs, cats and other animals including rabbits and mice kept by families around the world. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] [ 250 ] Mammals such as mammoths , horses and deer are among the earliest subjects of art, being found in Upper Paleolithic cave paintings such as at Lascaux . [ 251 ] Major artists such as Albrecht Dürer , George Stubbs and Edwin Landseer are known for their portraits of mammals. [ 252 ] Many species of mammals have been hunted for sport and for food; deer and wild boar are especially popular as game animals . [ 253 ] [ 254 ] [ 255 ] Mammals such as horses and dogs are widely raced for sport, often combined with betting on the outcome . [ 256 ] [ 257 ] There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with rights of their own . [ 258 ] Mammals further play a wide variety of roles in literature, [ 259 ] [ 260 ] [ 261 ] film, [ 262 ] mythology, and religion. [ 263 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] Uses and importance The domestication of mammals was instrumental in the Neolithic development of agriculture and of civilisation , causing farmers to replace hunter-gatherers around the world. [ b ] [ 267 ] This transition from hunting and gathering to herding flocks and growing crops was a major step in human history. The new agricultural economies, based on domesticated mammals, caused "radical restructuring of human societies, worldwide alterations in biodiversity, and significant changes in the Earth's landforms and its atmosphere... momentous outcomes". [ 268 ] Domestic mammals form a large part of the livestock raised for meat across the world. They include (2009) around 1.4 billion cattle , 1 billion sheep , 1 billion domestic pigs , [ 269 ] [ 270 ] and (1985) over 700 million rabbits. [ 271 ] Working domestic animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the origins of agriculture, their numbers declining with the arrival of mechanised transport and agricultural machinery . In 2004 they still provided some 80% of the power for the mainly small farms in the third world, and some 20% of the world's transport, again mainly in rural areas. In mountainous regions unsuitable for wheeled vehicles, pack animals continue to transport goods. [ 272 ] Mammal skins provide leather for shoes , clothing and upholstery . Wool from mammals including sheep, goats and alpacas has been used for centuries for clothing. [ 273 ] [ 274 ] Mammals serve a major role in science as experimental animals , both in fundamental biological research, such as in genetics, [ 276 ] and in the development of new medicines, which must be tested exhaustively to demonstrate their safety . [ 277 ] Millions of mammals, especially mice and rats, are used in experiments each year. [ 278 ] A knockout mouse is a genetically modified mouse with an inactivated gene , replaced or disrupted with an artificial piece of DNA. They enable the study of sequenced genes whose functions are unknown. [ 279 ] A small percentage of the mammals are non-human primates, used in research for their similarity to humans. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] [ 282 ] Despite the benefits domesticated mammals had for human development, humans have an increasingly detrimental effect on wild mammals across the world. It has been estimated that the mass of all wild mammals has declined to only 4% of all mammals, with 96% of mammals being humans and their livestock now (see figure). In fact, terrestrial wild mammals make up only 2% of all mammals. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Hybrids Hybrids are offspring resulting from the breeding of two genetically distinct individuals, which usually will result in a high degree of heterozygosity, though hybrid and heterozygous are not synonymous. The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown for economic purposes. [ 285 ] Hybrids between different subspecies within a species (such as between the Bengal tiger and Siberian tiger ) are known as intra-specific hybrids. Hybrids between different species within the same genus (such as between lions and tigers) are known as interspecific hybrids or crosses. Hybrids between different genera (such as between sheep and goats) are known as intergeneric hybrids. [ 286 ] Natural hybrids will occur in hybrid zones , where two populations of species within the same genera or species living in the same or adjacent areas will interbreed with each other. Some hybrids have been recognised as species, such as the red wolf (though this is controversial). [ 287 ] Artificial selection , the deliberate selective breeding of domestic animals, is being used to breed back recently extinct animals in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a phenotype that resembles that extinct wildtype ancestor. A breeding-back (intraspecific) hybrid may be very similar to the extinct wildtype in appearance, ecological niche and to some extent genetics, but the initial gene pool of that wild type is lost forever with its extinction . As a result, bred-back breeds are at best vague look-alikes of extinct wildtypes, as Heck cattle are of the aurochs . [ 288 ] Purebred wild species evolved to a specific ecology can be threatened with extinction [ 289 ] through the process of genetic pollution , the uncontrolled hybridisation, introgression genetic swamping which leads to homogenisation or out-competition from the heterosic hybrid species. [ 290 ] When new populations are imported or selectively bred by people, or when habitat modification brings previously isolated species into contact, extinction in some species, especially rare varieties, is possible. [ 291 ] Interbreeding can swamp the rarer gene pool and create hybrids, depleting the purebred gene pool. For example, the endangered wild water buffalo is most threatened with extinction by genetic pollution from the domestic water buffalo . Such extinctions are not always apparent from a morphological standpoint. Some degree of gene flow is a normal evolutionary process, nevertheless, hybridisation threatens the existence of rare species. [ 292 ] [ 293 ] Threats The loss of species from ecological communities, defaunation , is primarily driven by human activity. [ 294 ] This has resulted in empty forests , ecological communities depleted of large vertebrates. [ 295 ] [ 296 ] In the Quaternary extinction event , the mass die-off of megafaunal variety coincided with the appearance of humans, suggesting a human influence. One hypothesis is that humans hunted large mammals, such as the woolly mammoth , into extinction. [ 297 ] [ 298 ] The 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES states that the total biomass of wild mammals has declined by 82 per cent since the beginning of human civilisation. [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Wild animals make up just 4% of mammalian biomass on earth, while humans and their domesticated animals make up 96%. [ 284 ] Various species are predicted to become extinct in the near future , [ 301 ] among them the rhinoceros , [ 302 ] giraffes , [ 303 ] and species of primates [ 304 ] and pangolins . [ 305 ] According to the WWF's 2020 Living Planet Report , vertebrate wildlife populations have declined by 68% since 1970 as a result of human activities, particularly overconsumption , population growth and intensive farming , which is evidence that humans have triggered a sixth mass extinction event. [ 306 ] [ 307 ] Hunting alone threatens hundreds of mammalian species around the world. [ 308 ] [ 309 ] Scientists claim that the growing demand for meat is contributing to biodiversity loss as this is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction ; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon rainforest , are being converted to agricultural land for meat production. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] [ 312 ] Another influence is over-hunting and poaching , which can reduce the overall population of game animals, [ 313 ] especially those located near villages, [ 314 ] as in the case of peccaries . [ 315 ] The effects of poaching can especially be seen in the ivory trade with African elephants. [ 316 ] Marine mammals are at risk from entanglement from fishing gear, notably cetaceans , with discard mortalities ranging from 65,000 to 86,000 individuals annually. [ 317 ] Attention is being given to endangered species globally, notably through the Convention on Biological Diversity , otherwise known as the Rio Accord, which includes 189 signatory countries that are focused on identifying endangered species and habitats. [ 318 ] Another notable conservation organisation is the IUCN, which has a membership of over 1,200 governmental and non-governmental organisations. [ 319 ] Recent extinctions can be directly attributed to human influences. [ 320 ] [ 294 ] The IUCN characterises 'recent' extinction as those that have occurred past the cut-off point of 1500, [ 321 ] and around 80 mammal species have gone extinct since that time and 2015. [ 322 ] Some species, such as the Père David's deer [ 323 ] are extinct in the wild , and survive solely in captive populations. Other species, such as the Florida panther , are ecologically extinct , surviving in such low numbers that they essentially have no impact on the ecosystem. [ 324 ] : 318 Other populations are only locally extinct (extirpated), still existing elsewhere, but reduced in distribution, [ 324 ] : 75–77 as with the extinction of grey whales in the Atlantic . [ 325 ] See also List of mammal genera – living mammals List of mammalogists List of monotremes and marsupials List of placental mammals List of prehistoric mammals List of endangered mammals Lists of mammals by population size Lists of mammals by region Mammals described in the 2000s Mammals in culture Small mammal Notes ^ Decreased latency to approach the mirror, repetitious head circling and close viewing of the marked areas were considered signs of self-recognition since they do not have arms and cannot touch the marked areas. [ 226 ] ^ Diamond discussed this matter further in his 1997 book Guns, Germs, and Steel . [ 266 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). 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McKenna MC, Bell SK (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6 . OCLC 37345734 . [ permanent dead link ] Nowak RM (1999). Walker's mammals of the world (6th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8 . OCLC 937619124 . Simpson GG (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 85 : 1– 350. Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Madsen O, Scally M, Douady CJ, et al. (December 2001). "Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics". Science . 294 (5550): 2348– 2351. Bibcode : 2001Sci...294.2348M . doi : 10.1126/science.1067179 . PMID 11743200 . S2CID 34367609 . Springer MS, Stanhope MJ, Madsen O, de Jong WW (August 2004). "Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree" (PDF) . Trends in Ecology & Evolution . 19 (8): 430– 438. doi : 10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006 . PMID 16701301 . S2CID 1508898 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 January 2005 . Vaughan TA, Ryan JM, Capzaplewski NJ (2000). Mammalogy (4th ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 978-0-03-025034-7 . OCLC 42285340 . Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J, Schmitz J (April 2006). "Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals" . PLOS Biology . 4 (4) e91. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091 . PMC 1395351 . PMID 16515367 . MacDonald DW, Norris S (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals (3rd ed.). London: Brown Reference Group. ISBN 978-0-681-45659-4 . OCLC 74900519 . External links ASM Mammal Diversity Database Archived 25 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Biodiversitymapping.org – All mammal orders in the world with distribution maps Archived 26 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine Paleocene Mammals Archived 3 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine , a site covering the rise of the mammals, paleocene-mammals.de Evolution of Mammals Archived 25 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine , a brief introduction to early mammals, enchantedlearning.com European Mammal Atlas EMMA Archived 25 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine from Societas Europaea Mammalogica, European-mammals.org Marine Mammals of the World Archived 8 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine – An overview of all marine mammals, including descriptions, both fully aquatic and semi-aquatic, noaa.gov Mammalogy.org Archived 1 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine The American Society of Mammalogists was established in 1919 for the purpose of promoting the study of mammals, and this website includes a 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant chordate classes v t e Kingdom Animalia Clade Bilateria Superphylum Deuterostomia Kingdom Animalia Clade Bilateria Superphylum Deuterostomia Cephalochordata Leptocardii (lancelets) Cephalochordata Leptocardii (lancelets) Leptocardii (lancelets) Olfactores Tunicata (Urochordata) Appendicularia (larvaceans) Acopa Stolidobranchia ¹ Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids) Enterogona Phlebobranchia ¹ Aplousobranchia ¹ Vertebrata Cyclostomata Myxini (hagfish) Hyperoartia (lampreys) Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras) Euteleostomi (bony vertebrates) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) ² Rhipidistia Dipnoi (lungfish) ² Tetrapoda Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Amniota Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Tunicata (Urochordata) Appendicularia (larvaceans) Acopa Stolidobranchia ¹ Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids) Enterogona Phlebobranchia ¹ Aplousobranchia ¹ Tunicata (Urochordata) Appendicularia (larvaceans) Acopa Stolidobranchia ¹ Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids) Enterogona Phlebobranchia ¹ Aplousobranchia ¹ Appendicularia (larvaceans) Appendicularia (larvaceans) Acopa Stolidobranchia ¹ Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids) Enterogona Phlebobranchia ¹ Aplousobranchia ¹ Stolidobranchia ¹ Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids) Stolidobranchia ¹ Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids) Enterogona Phlebobranchia ¹ Aplousobranchia ¹ Phlebobranchia ¹ Aplousobranchia ¹ Phlebobranchia ¹ Aplousobranchia ¹ Vertebrata Cyclostomata Myxini (hagfish) Hyperoartia (lampreys) Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras) Euteleostomi (bony vertebrates) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) ² Rhipidistia Dipnoi (lungfish) ² Tetrapoda Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Amniota Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Cyclostomata Myxini (hagfish) Hyperoartia (lampreys) Cyclostomata Myxini (hagfish) Hyperoartia (lampreys) Myxini (hagfish) Hyperoartia (lampreys) Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras) Euteleostomi (bony vertebrates) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) ² Rhipidistia Dipnoi (lungfish) ² Tetrapoda Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Amniota Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras) Euteleostomi (bony vertebrates) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) ² Rhipidistia Dipnoi (lungfish) ² Tetrapoda Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Amniota Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) ² Rhipidistia Dipnoi (lungfish) ² Tetrapoda Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Amniota Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Actinistia (coelacanths) ² Actinistia (coelacanths) ² Rhipidistia Dipnoi (lungfish) ² Tetrapoda Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Amniota Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Dipnoi (lungfish) ² Dipnoi (lungfish) ² Tetrapoda Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Amniota Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Amniota Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals) Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) ³ Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards) ³ Archelosauria Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Testudines (turtles) ³ Testudines (turtles) ³ Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) Crocodilia (crocodilians) ³ Aves (birds) ¹orders of class Ascidiacea (sea squirts) ²classes of clade Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and descendants) ³orders of traditional class Reptilia (reptiles) italics denote paraphyletic groups ¹orders of class Ascidiacea (sea squirts) ²classes of clade Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and descendants) ³orders of traditional class Reptilia (reptiles) italics denote paraphyletic groups v t e Cynodontia v t e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade : Synapsida Clade : Therapsida Clade : Eutheriodontia Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see below↓ Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade : Synapsida Clade : Therapsida Clade : Eutheriodontia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade : Synapsida Clade : Therapsida Clade : Eutheriodontia Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see below↓ Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see below↓ see Synapsida see Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Cynodontia Cynodontia † Dvinia † Nanocynodon † Madysaurus † Uralocynodon † Charassognathidae Abdalodon Charassognathus Nshimbodon † Procynosuchidae Procynosuchus Sludica Epicynodontia † Bolotridon † Cynosaurus † Nanictosaurus † Nythosaurus † Platycraniellus † Thrinaxodon † Vetusodon † Galesauridae Galesaurus Progalesaurus Eucynodontia † Kataigidodon † Cynognathia see Cynognathia Probainognathia see below↓ Cynodontia Cynodontia † Dvinia † Nanocynodon † Madysaurus † Uralocynodon † Charassognathidae Abdalodon Charassognathus Nshimbodon † Procynosuchidae Procynosuchus Sludica Epicynodontia † Bolotridon † Cynosaurus † Nanictosaurus † Nythosaurus † Platycraniellus † Thrinaxodon † Vetusodon † Galesauridae Galesaurus Progalesaurus Eucynodontia † Kataigidodon † Cynognathia see Cynognathia Probainognathia see below↓ Cynodontia † Dvinia † Nanocynodon † Madysaurus † Uralocynodon † Charassognathidae Abdalodon Charassognathus Nshimbodon † Procynosuchidae Procynosuchus Sludica Epicynodontia † Bolotridon † Cynosaurus † Nanictosaurus † Nythosaurus † Platycraniellus † Thrinaxodon † Vetusodon † Galesauridae Galesaurus Progalesaurus Eucynodontia † Kataigidodon † Cynognathia see Cynognathia Probainognathia see below↓ † Dvinia † Nanocynodon † Madysaurus † Uralocynodon † Charassognathidae Abdalodon Charassognathus Nshimbodon † Procynosuchidae Procynosuchus Sludica † Dvinia † Nanocynodon † Madysaurus † Uralocynodon † Dvinia † Nanocynodon † Madysaurus † Uralocynodon † Charassognathidae Abdalodon Charassognathus Nshimbodon Abdalodon Charassognathus Nshimbodon † Procynosuchidae Procynosuchus Sludica Procynosuchus Sludica Epicynodontia † Bolotridon † Cynosaurus † Nanictosaurus † Nythosaurus † Platycraniellus † Thrinaxodon † Vetusodon † Galesauridae Galesaurus Progalesaurus Eucynodontia † Kataigidodon † Cynognathia see Cynognathia Probainognathia see below↓ † Bolotridon † Cynosaurus † Nanictosaurus † Nythosaurus † Platycraniellus † Thrinaxodon † Vetusodon † Bolotridon † Cynosaurus † Nanictosaurus † Nythosaurus † Platycraniellus † Thrinaxodon † Vetusodon † Galesauridae Galesaurus Progalesaurus Galesaurus Progalesaurus Eucynodontia † Kataigidodon † Cynognathia see Cynognathia Probainognathia see below↓ † Kataigidodon † Kataigidodon † Cynognathia see Cynognathia see Cynognathia see Cynognathia Probainognathia see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Probainognathia Probainognathia † Agudotherium † Candelariodon † Charruodon † Lumkuia † Protheriodon † Tessellatia † Chiniquodontidae Aleodon Chiniquodon Cromptodon ? Riojanodon † Probainognathidae Bonacynodon Probainognathus † Ecteniniidae Diegocanis Ecteninion Trucidocynodon Prozostrodontia † Alemoatherium † Deccanodon † Dromatherium † Inditherium † Microconodon † Polonodon † Pseudotriconodon † Rewaconodon † Santacruzgnathus † Therioherpeton † Tricuspes † Prozostrodontidae Prozostrodon Pseudotherium † Tritheledontidae Chaliminia Diarthrognathus Elliotherium Irajatherium Pachygenelus Riograndia ? Tritheledon Mammaliamorpha † Adelobasileus † Botucaraitherium † Brasilodon † Sinoconodon † Tikiodon † Tritylodontidae Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon Mammaliaformes see below↓ Probainognathia Probainognathia † Agudotherium † Candelariodon † Charruodon † Lumkuia † Protheriodon † Tessellatia † Chiniquodontidae Aleodon Chiniquodon Cromptodon ? Riojanodon † Probainognathidae Bonacynodon Probainognathus † Ecteniniidae Diegocanis Ecteninion Trucidocynodon Prozostrodontia † Alemoatherium † Deccanodon † Dromatherium † Inditherium † Microconodon † Polonodon † Pseudotriconodon † Rewaconodon † Santacruzgnathus † Therioherpeton † Tricuspes † Prozostrodontidae Prozostrodon Pseudotherium † Tritheledontidae Chaliminia Diarthrognathus Elliotherium Irajatherium Pachygenelus Riograndia ? Tritheledon Mammaliamorpha † Adelobasileus † Botucaraitherium † Brasilodon † Sinoconodon † Tikiodon † Tritylodontidae Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon Mammaliaformes see below↓ Probainognathia † Agudotherium † Candelariodon † Charruodon † Lumkuia † Protheriodon † Tessellatia † Chiniquodontidae Aleodon Chiniquodon Cromptodon ? Riojanodon † Probainognathidae Bonacynodon Probainognathus † Ecteniniidae Diegocanis Ecteninion Trucidocynodon Prozostrodontia † Alemoatherium † Deccanodon † Dromatherium † Inditherium † Microconodon † Polonodon † Pseudotriconodon † Rewaconodon † Santacruzgnathus † Therioherpeton † Tricuspes † Prozostrodontidae Prozostrodon Pseudotherium † Tritheledontidae Chaliminia Diarthrognathus Elliotherium Irajatherium Pachygenelus Riograndia ? Tritheledon Mammaliamorpha † Adelobasileus † Botucaraitherium † Brasilodon † Sinoconodon † Tikiodon † Tritylodontidae Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon Mammaliaformes see below↓ † Agudotherium † Candelariodon † Charruodon † Lumkuia † Protheriodon † Tessellatia † Chiniquodontidae Aleodon Chiniquodon Cromptodon ? Riojanodon † Probainognathidae Bonacynodon Probainognathus † Ecteniniidae Diegocanis Ecteninion Trucidocynodon † Agudotherium † Candelariodon † Charruodon † Lumkuia † Protheriodon † Tessellatia † Agudotherium † Candelariodon † Charruodon † Lumkuia † Protheriodon † Tessellatia † Chiniquodontidae Aleodon Chiniquodon Cromptodon ? Riojanodon Aleodon Chiniquodon Cromptodon ? Riojanodon † Probainognathidae Bonacynodon Probainognathus Bonacynodon Probainognathus † Ecteniniidae Diegocanis Ecteninion Trucidocynodon Diegocanis Ecteninion Trucidocynodon Prozostrodontia † Alemoatherium † Deccanodon † Dromatherium † Inditherium † Microconodon † Polonodon † Pseudotriconodon † Rewaconodon † Santacruzgnathus † Therioherpeton † Tricuspes † Prozostrodontidae Prozostrodon Pseudotherium † Tritheledontidae Chaliminia Diarthrognathus Elliotherium Irajatherium Pachygenelus Riograndia ? Tritheledon Mammaliamorpha † Adelobasileus † Botucaraitherium † Brasilodon † Sinoconodon † Tikiodon † Tritylodontidae Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon Mammaliaformes see below↓ † Alemoatherium † Deccanodon † Dromatherium † Inditherium † Microconodon † Polonodon † Pseudotriconodon † Rewaconodon † Santacruzgnathus † Therioherpeton † Tricuspes † Alemoatherium † Deccanodon † Dromatherium † Inditherium † Microconodon † Polonodon † Pseudotriconodon † Rewaconodon † Santacruzgnathus † Therioherpeton † Tricuspes † Prozostrodontidae Prozostrodon Pseudotherium Prozostrodon Pseudotherium † Tritheledontidae Chaliminia Diarthrognathus Elliotherium Irajatherium Pachygenelus Riograndia ? Tritheledon Chaliminia Diarthrognathus Elliotherium Irajatherium Pachygenelus Riograndia ? Tritheledon Mammaliamorpha † Adelobasileus † Botucaraitherium † Brasilodon † Sinoconodon † Tikiodon † Tritylodontidae Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon Mammaliaformes see below↓ † Adelobasileus † Botucaraitherium † Brasilodon † Sinoconodon † Tikiodon † Adelobasileus † Botucaraitherium † Brasilodon † Sinoconodon † Tikiodon † Tritylodontidae Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon Mammaliaformes see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Mammaliaformes Mammaliaformes † Bocaconodon † Brachyzostrodon † Bridetherium † Cherwellia † Cifellilestes † Delsatia † Dianoconodon † Dinnetherium † Dyskritodon † Eozostrodon † Erythrotherium † Gondwanadon † Hadrocodium † Hallautherium † Helvetiodon † Indotherium † Indozostrodon † Megazostrodon † Morganucodon † Paceyodon † Paikasigudodon † Purbeckodon † Rosierodon † Sinoconodon ? † Storchodon † Stylidens † Wareolestes † Woutersia † Kuehneotheriidae Fluctuodon Kotatherium Kuehneon Kuehneotherium † Shuotheriidae Feredocodon Itatodon ? Paritatodon ? Pseudotribos Shuotherium † Docodonta Agilodocodon Borealestes Castorocauda Cyrtlatherium Dobunnodon Docodon Docofossor Dsungarodon Ergetiis Gondtherium ? Haldanodon Hutegotherium Itatodon ? Khorotherium Krusatodon Microdocodon Paritatodon ? Peraiocynodon Sibirotherium Simpsonodon Tashkumyrodon Tegotherium † Haramiyida Avashishta ? Hypsiprymnopsis ? Haramiyavia Kalaallitkigun Kollikodon ? Mojo ? Theroteinus Thomasia Euharamiyida Allostaffia ? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr ? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon ? Maiopatagium Megaconus ? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria ? Hahnodontidae ? Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon Crown- Mammalia see Mammalia Mammaliaformes Mammaliaformes † Bocaconodon † Brachyzostrodon † Bridetherium † Cherwellia † Cifellilestes † Delsatia † Dianoconodon † Dinnetherium † Dyskritodon † Eozostrodon † Erythrotherium † Gondwanadon † Hadrocodium † Hallautherium † Helvetiodon † Indotherium † Indozostrodon † Megazostrodon † Morganucodon † Paceyodon † Paikasigudodon † Purbeckodon † Rosierodon † Sinoconodon ? † Storchodon † Stylidens † Wareolestes † Woutersia † Kuehneotheriidae Fluctuodon Kotatherium Kuehneon Kuehneotherium † Shuotheriidae Feredocodon Itatodon ? Paritatodon ? Pseudotribos Shuotherium † Docodonta Agilodocodon Borealestes Castorocauda Cyrtlatherium Dobunnodon Docodon Docofossor Dsungarodon Ergetiis Gondtherium ? Haldanodon Hutegotherium Itatodon ? Khorotherium Krusatodon Microdocodon Paritatodon ? Peraiocynodon Sibirotherium Simpsonodon Tashkumyrodon Tegotherium † Haramiyida Avashishta ? Hypsiprymnopsis ? Haramiyavia Kalaallitkigun Kollikodon ? Mojo ? Theroteinus Thomasia Euharamiyida Allostaffia ? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr ? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon ? Maiopatagium Megaconus ? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria ? Hahnodontidae ? Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon Crown- Mammalia see Mammalia Mammaliaformes † Bocaconodon † Brachyzostrodon † Bridetherium † Cherwellia † Cifellilestes † Delsatia † Dianoconodon † Dinnetherium † Dyskritodon † Eozostrodon † Erythrotherium † Gondwanadon † Hadrocodium † Hallautherium † Helvetiodon † Indotherium † Indozostrodon † Megazostrodon † Morganucodon † Paceyodon † Paikasigudodon † Purbeckodon † Rosierodon † Sinoconodon ? † Storchodon † Stylidens † Wareolestes † Woutersia † Kuehneotheriidae Fluctuodon Kotatherium Kuehneon Kuehneotherium † Shuotheriidae Feredocodon Itatodon ? Paritatodon ? Pseudotribos Shuotherium † Docodonta Agilodocodon Borealestes Castorocauda Cyrtlatherium Dobunnodon Docodon Docofossor Dsungarodon Ergetiis Gondtherium ? Haldanodon Hutegotherium Itatodon ? Khorotherium Krusatodon Microdocodon Paritatodon ? Peraiocynodon Sibirotherium Simpsonodon Tashkumyrodon Tegotherium † Haramiyida Avashishta ? Hypsiprymnopsis ? Haramiyavia Kalaallitkigun Kollikodon ? Mojo ? Theroteinus Thomasia Euharamiyida Allostaffia ? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr ? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon ? Maiopatagium Megaconus ? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria ? Hahnodontidae ? Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon Crown- Mammalia see Mammalia † Bocaconodon † Brachyzostrodon † Bridetherium † Cherwellia † Cifellilestes † Delsatia † Dianoconodon † Dinnetherium † Dyskritodon † Eozostrodon † Erythrotherium † Gondwanadon † Hadrocodium † Hallautherium † Helvetiodon † Indotherium † Indozostrodon † Megazostrodon † Morganucodon † Paceyodon † Paikasigudodon † Purbeckodon † Rosierodon † Sinoconodon ? † Storchodon † Stylidens † Wareolestes † Woutersia † Bocaconodon † Brachyzostrodon † Bridetherium † Cherwellia † Cifellilestes † Delsatia † Dianoconodon † Dinnetherium † Dyskritodon † Eozostrodon † Erythrotherium † Gondwanadon † Hadrocodium † Hallautherium † Helvetiodon † Indotherium † Indozostrodon † Megazostrodon † Morganucodon † Paceyodon † Paikasigudodon † Purbeckodon † Rosierodon † Sinoconodon ? † Storchodon † Stylidens † Wareolestes † Woutersia † Kuehneotheriidae Fluctuodon Kotatherium Kuehneon Kuehneotherium Fluctuodon Kotatherium Kuehneon Kuehneotherium † Shuotheriidae Feredocodon Itatodon ? Paritatodon ? Pseudotribos Shuotherium Feredocodon Itatodon ? Paritatodon ? Pseudotribos Shuotherium † Docodonta Agilodocodon Borealestes Castorocauda Cyrtlatherium Dobunnodon Docodon Docofossor Dsungarodon Ergetiis Gondtherium ? Haldanodon Hutegotherium Itatodon ? Khorotherium Krusatodon Microdocodon Paritatodon ? Peraiocynodon Sibirotherium Simpsonodon Tashkumyrodon Tegotherium Agilodocodon Borealestes Castorocauda Cyrtlatherium Dobunnodon Docodon Docofossor Dsungarodon Ergetiis Gondtherium ? Haldanodon Hutegotherium Itatodon ? Khorotherium Krusatodon Microdocodon Paritatodon ? Peraiocynodon Sibirotherium Simpsonodon Tashkumyrodon Tegotherium † Haramiyida Avashishta ? Hypsiprymnopsis ? Haramiyavia Kalaallitkigun Kollikodon ? Mojo ? Theroteinus Thomasia Euharamiyida Allostaffia ? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr ? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon ? Maiopatagium Megaconus ? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria ? Hahnodontidae ? Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon Avashishta ? Hypsiprymnopsis ? Haramiyavia Kalaallitkigun Kollikodon ? Mojo ? Theroteinus Thomasia Avashishta ? Hypsiprymnopsis ? Haramiyavia Kalaallitkigun Kollikodon ? Mojo ? Theroteinus Thomasia Euharamiyida Allostaffia ? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr ? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon ? Maiopatagium Megaconus ? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria ? Hahnodontidae ? Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon Allostaffia ? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr ? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon ? Maiopatagium Megaconus ? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria ? Allostaffia ? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr ? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon ? Maiopatagium Megaconus ? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria ? Hahnodontidae ? Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon Crown- Mammalia see Mammalia see Mammalia see Mammalia See also Incertae sedis † Cistecynodon † Eoraetia † Gaumia † "Hahnia" † Kunminia † Lepagia † Meurthodon † Mitredon † Panchetocynodon † Redondagnathus † Saurodesmus ? Paraphyletic / Polyphyletic groups Dromatheriidae Morganucodonta Symmetrodonta Triconodonta See also Incertae sedis † Cistecynodon † Eoraetia † Gaumia † "Hahnia" † Kunminia † Lepagia † Meurthodon † Mitredon † Panchetocynodon † Redondagnathus † Saurodesmus ? Paraphyletic / Polyphyletic groups Dromatheriidae Morganucodonta Symmetrodonta Triconodonta Incertae sedis † Cistecynodon † Eoraetia † Gaumia † "Hahnia" † Kunminia † Lepagia † Meurthodon † Mitredon † Panchetocynodon † Redondagnathus † Saurodesmus ? † Cistecynodon † Eoraetia † Gaumia † "Hahnia" † Kunminia † Lepagia † Meurthodon † Mitredon † Panchetocynodon † Redondagnathus † Saurodesmus ? Paraphyletic / Polyphyletic groups Dromatheriidae Morganucodonta Symmetrodonta Triconodonta Dromatheriidae Morganucodonta Symmetrodonta Triconodonta Category Category v t e Mammalia v t e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade : Synapsida Clade : Therapsida Clade : Cynodontia Clade : Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see below↓ Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade : Synapsida Clade : Therapsida Clade : Cynodontia Clade : Mammaliaformes Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade : Synapsida Clade : Therapsida Clade : Cynodontia Clade : Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see below↓ Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see below↓ see Synapsida see Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see below↓ see Cynodontia see Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Mammalia Australosphenida ? † Ambondro † Tendagurutherium ? Monotremata ? † Henosferidae Asfaltomylos Henosferus † Ausktribosphenidae Ausktribosphenos Bishops ? Kryoparvus ? Monotremata † Kollikodontidae ? Kollikodon Kryoryctes ? Sundrius † Steropodontidae Parvopalus ? Steropodon † Teinolophidae Stirtodon ? Teinolophos Ornithorhynchoidea † Opalios Ornithorhynchidae † Dharragarra ? † Monotrematum ? † Obdurodon Ornithorhynchus † Patagorhynchus ? Tachyglossidae † Megalibgwilia † Murrayglossus Tachyglossus Zaglossus † Allotheria ? see Allotheria includes multituberculates Theriimorpha see below↓ Mammalia Australosphenida ? † Ambondro † Tendagurutherium ? Monotremata ? † Henosferidae Asfaltomylos Henosferus † Ausktribosphenidae Ausktribosphenos Bishops ? Kryoparvus ? Monotremata † Kollikodontidae ? Kollikodon Kryoryctes ? Sundrius † Steropodontidae Parvopalus ? Steropodon † Teinolophidae Stirtodon ? Teinolophos Ornithorhynchoidea † Opalios Ornithorhynchidae † Dharragarra ? † Monotrematum ? † Obdurodon Ornithorhynchus † Patagorhynchus ? Tachyglossidae † Megalibgwilia † Murrayglossus Tachyglossus Zaglossus † Allotheria ? see Allotheria includes multituberculates Theriimorpha see below↓ Australosphenida ? † Ambondro † Tendagurutherium ? Monotremata ? † Henosferidae Asfaltomylos Henosferus † Ausktribosphenidae Ausktribosphenos Bishops ? Kryoparvus ? † Ambondro † Tendagurutherium ? Monotremata ? † Ambondro † Tendagurutherium ? Monotremata ? † Henosferidae Asfaltomylos Henosferus Asfaltomylos Henosferus † Ausktribosphenidae Ausktribosphenos Bishops ? Kryoparvus ? Ausktribosphenos Bishops ? Kryoparvus ? Monotremata † Kollikodontidae ? Kollikodon Kryoryctes ? Sundrius † Steropodontidae Parvopalus ? Steropodon † Teinolophidae Stirtodon ? Teinolophos Ornithorhynchoidea † Opalios Ornithorhynchidae † Dharragarra ? † Monotrematum ? † Obdurodon Ornithorhynchus † Patagorhynchus ? Tachyglossidae † Megalibgwilia † Murrayglossus Tachyglossus Zaglossus † Kollikodontidae ? Kollikodon Kryoryctes ? Sundrius Kollikodon Kryoryctes ? Sundrius † Steropodontidae Parvopalus ? Steropodon Parvopalus ? Steropodon † Teinolophidae Stirtodon ? Teinolophos Stirtodon ? Teinolophos Ornithorhynchoidea † Opalios Ornithorhynchidae † Dharragarra ? † Monotrematum ? † Obdurodon Ornithorhynchus † Patagorhynchus ? Tachyglossidae † Megalibgwilia † Murrayglossus Tachyglossus Zaglossus † Opalios † Opalios Ornithorhynchidae † Dharragarra ? † Monotrematum ? † Obdurodon Ornithorhynchus † Patagorhynchus ? † Dharragarra ? † Monotrematum ? † Obdurodon Ornithorhynchus † Patagorhynchus ? Tachyglossidae † Megalibgwilia † Murrayglossus Tachyglossus Zaglossus † Megalibgwilia † Murrayglossus Tachyglossus Zaglossus † Allotheria ? see Allotheria includes multituberculates see Allotheria includes multituberculates see Allotheria includes multituberculates Theriimorpha see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Theriimorpha Theriimorpha † Acinacodus † Amphidon † Amphilestes † Aploconodon † Chaoyangodens † Comodon † Condorodon † Dyskritodon ? † Fruitafossor ? † Hakusanodon † Indotriconodon † Juchilestes † Jueconodon † Kemchugia † Kryptotherium † Liaoconodon † Liaotherium † Manchurodon † Nakunodon † Phascolotherium † Sangarotherium † Tendagurodon † Allotheria ? Monotremata ? † Gobiconodontidae Fuxinoconodon Gobiconodon Hangjinia Huasteconodon ? Meemannodon Repenomamus Spinolestes † Jeholodentidae Jeholodens Yanoconodon † Klameliidae ? Ferganodon Klamelia † Triconodontidae Alticonodon Arundelconodon Astroconodon Corviconodon Eotriconodon Jugulator Meiconodon Priacodon Triconodon Trioracodon Victoriaconodon Volaticotheria ? † Volaticotheria Argentoconodon Ichthyoconodon Triconolestes ? Volaticotherium † Tinodontidae Gobiotheriodon ? Tinodon Trishulotherium Yermakia Trechnotheria Monotremata ? † Zhangheotheriidae Anebodon Kiyatherium Maotherium Ningchengodon Origolestes Zhangheotherium † Spalacotheriidae Akidolestes Aliaga Cifellitherium Heishanlestes Infernolestes Lactodens Shalbaatar Spalacolestes Spalacotheridium Spalacotherium Spalacotheroides Symmetrodontoides Symmetrolestes Yaverlestes Cladotheria see below↓ Theriimorpha Theriimorpha † Acinacodus † Amphidon † Amphilestes † Aploconodon † Chaoyangodens † Comodon † Condorodon † Dyskritodon ? † Fruitafossor ? † Hakusanodon † Indotriconodon † Juchilestes † Jueconodon † Kemchugia † Kryptotherium † Liaoconodon † Liaotherium † Manchurodon † Nakunodon † Phascolotherium † Sangarotherium † Tendagurodon † Allotheria ? Monotremata ? † Gobiconodontidae Fuxinoconodon Gobiconodon Hangjinia Huasteconodon ? Meemannodon Repenomamus Spinolestes † Jeholodentidae Jeholodens Yanoconodon † Klameliidae ? Ferganodon Klamelia † Triconodontidae Alticonodon Arundelconodon Astroconodon Corviconodon Eotriconodon Jugulator Meiconodon Priacodon Triconodon Trioracodon Victoriaconodon Volaticotheria ? † Volaticotheria Argentoconodon Ichthyoconodon Triconolestes ? Volaticotherium † Tinodontidae Gobiotheriodon ? Tinodon Trishulotherium Yermakia Trechnotheria Monotremata ? † Zhangheotheriidae Anebodon Kiyatherium Maotherium Ningchengodon Origolestes Zhangheotherium † Spalacotheriidae Akidolestes Aliaga Cifellitherium Heishanlestes Infernolestes Lactodens Shalbaatar Spalacolestes Spalacotheridium Spalacotherium Spalacotheroides Symmetrodontoides Symmetrolestes Yaverlestes Cladotheria see below↓ Theriimorpha † Acinacodus † Amphidon † Amphilestes † Aploconodon † Chaoyangodens † Comodon † Condorodon † Dyskritodon ? † Fruitafossor ? † Hakusanodon † Indotriconodon † Juchilestes † Jueconodon † Kemchugia † Kryptotherium † Liaoconodon † Liaotherium † Manchurodon † Nakunodon † Phascolotherium † Sangarotherium † Tendagurodon † Allotheria ? Monotremata ? † Gobiconodontidae Fuxinoconodon Gobiconodon Hangjinia Huasteconodon ? Meemannodon Repenomamus Spinolestes † Jeholodentidae Jeholodens Yanoconodon † Klameliidae ? Ferganodon Klamelia † Triconodontidae Alticonodon Arundelconodon Astroconodon Corviconodon Eotriconodon Jugulator Meiconodon Priacodon Triconodon Trioracodon Victoriaconodon Volaticotheria ? † Volaticotheria Argentoconodon Ichthyoconodon Triconolestes ? Volaticotherium † Tinodontidae Gobiotheriodon ? Tinodon Trishulotherium Yermakia Trechnotheria Monotremata ? † Zhangheotheriidae Anebodon Kiyatherium Maotherium Ningchengodon Origolestes Zhangheotherium † Spalacotheriidae Akidolestes Aliaga Cifellitherium Heishanlestes Infernolestes Lactodens Shalbaatar Spalacolestes Spalacotheridium Spalacotherium Spalacotheroides Symmetrodontoides Symmetrolestes Yaverlestes Cladotheria see below↓ † Acinacodus † Amphidon † Amphilestes † Aploconodon † Chaoyangodens † Comodon † Condorodon † Dyskritodon ? † Fruitafossor ? † Hakusanodon † Indotriconodon † Juchilestes † Jueconodon † Kemchugia † Kryptotherium † Liaoconodon † Liaotherium † Manchurodon † Nakunodon † Phascolotherium † Sangarotherium † Tendagurodon † Allotheria ? Monotremata ? † Acinacodus † Amphidon † Amphilestes † Aploconodon † Chaoyangodens † Comodon † Condorodon † Dyskritodon ? † Fruitafossor ? † Hakusanodon † Indotriconodon † Juchilestes † Jueconodon † Kemchugia † Kryptotherium † Liaoconodon † Liaotherium † Manchurodon † Nakunodon † Phascolotherium † Sangarotherium † Tendagurodon † Allotheria ? Monotremata ? † Gobiconodontidae Fuxinoconodon Gobiconodon Hangjinia Huasteconodon ? Meemannodon Repenomamus Spinolestes Fuxinoconodon Gobiconodon Hangjinia Huasteconodon ? Meemannodon Repenomamus Spinolestes † Jeholodentidae Jeholodens Yanoconodon Jeholodens Yanoconodon † Klameliidae ? Ferganodon Klamelia Ferganodon Klamelia † Triconodontidae Alticonodon Arundelconodon Astroconodon Corviconodon Eotriconodon Jugulator Meiconodon Priacodon Triconodon Trioracodon Victoriaconodon Volaticotheria ? Alticonodon Arundelconodon Astroconodon Corviconodon Eotriconodon Jugulator Meiconodon Priacodon Triconodon Trioracodon Victoriaconodon Volaticotheria ? † Volaticotheria Argentoconodon Ichthyoconodon Triconolestes ? Volaticotherium Argentoconodon Ichthyoconodon Triconolestes ? Volaticotherium † Tinodontidae Gobiotheriodon ? Tinodon Trishulotherium Yermakia Gobiotheriodon ? Tinodon Trishulotherium Yermakia Trechnotheria Monotremata ? † Zhangheotheriidae Anebodon Kiyatherium Maotherium Ningchengodon Origolestes Zhangheotherium † Spalacotheriidae Akidolestes Aliaga Cifellitherium Heishanlestes Infernolestes Lactodens Shalbaatar Spalacolestes Spalacotheridium Spalacotherium Spalacotheroides Symmetrodontoides Symmetrolestes Yaverlestes Cladotheria see below↓ Monotremata ? Monotremata ? † Zhangheotheriidae Anebodon Kiyatherium Maotherium Ningchengodon Origolestes Zhangheotherium Anebodon Kiyatherium Maotherium Ningchengodon Origolestes Zhangheotherium † Spalacotheriidae Akidolestes Aliaga Cifellitherium Heishanlestes Infernolestes Lactodens Shalbaatar Spalacolestes Spalacotheridium Spalacotherium Spalacotheroides Symmetrodontoides Symmetrolestes Yaverlestes Akidolestes Aliaga Cifellitherium Heishanlestes Infernolestes Lactodens Shalbaatar Spalacolestes Spalacotheridium Spalacotherium Spalacotheroides Symmetrodontoides Symmetrolestes Yaverlestes Cladotheria see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Cladotheria † Dryolestida Brancatherulum ? Dorsetodon Drescheratherium Euthlastus Henkelotherium Paurodon Tathiodon Dryolestidae Achyrodon Amblotherium Anthracolestes Beckumia Crusafontia Dryolestes Groebertherium ? Guimarotodus Hercynodon Krebsotherium Lakotalestes ? Laolestes Minutolestes Phascolestes Portopinheirodon Treslagosodon † Meridiolestida Amarillodon Austrotriconodon Bondesius Casamiquelia Cronopio Groebertherium ? Lakotalestes ? Leonardus Necrolestes Paraungulatum Quirogatherium Solanutherium Mesungulatoidea Coloniatherium Mesungulatum Orretherium Peligrotherium Reigitherium † Donodontidae Amazighodon Anoualestes Donodon Stylodens Prototribosphenida † Abelodon † Amphibetulimus † Amphitherium † Arguimus † Brancatherulum ? † Chunnelodon † Magnimus † Minimus † Mozomus † Nanolestes † Palaeoxonodon † Vincelestes Monotremata ? † Peramuridae Afriquiamus ? Kouriogenys Peramuroides Peramus Tendagurutherium ? Tribosphenida / Boreosphenida † Aegialodon † Argaliatherium † Brasilestes † Carinalestes † Eomaia † Holoclemensia † Hypomylos † Juramaia † Kermackia † Kielantherium † Pappotherium † Picopsis † Tirotherium † Tribactonodon Theria † Patagomaia Eutheria see Eutheria includes placentals Metatheria see Metatheria includes marsupials Cladotheria † Dryolestida Brancatherulum ? Dorsetodon Drescheratherium Euthlastus Henkelotherium Paurodon Tathiodon Dryolestidae Achyrodon Amblotherium Anthracolestes Beckumia Crusafontia Dryolestes Groebertherium ? Guimarotodus Hercynodon Krebsotherium Lakotalestes ? Laolestes Minutolestes Phascolestes Portopinheirodon Treslagosodon † Meridiolestida Amarillodon Austrotriconodon Bondesius Casamiquelia Cronopio Groebertherium ? Lakotalestes ? Leonardus Necrolestes Paraungulatum Quirogatherium Solanutherium Mesungulatoidea Coloniatherium Mesungulatum Orretherium Peligrotherium Reigitherium † Donodontidae Amazighodon Anoualestes Donodon Stylodens Prototribosphenida † Abelodon † Amphibetulimus † Amphitherium † Arguimus † Brancatherulum ? † Chunnelodon † Magnimus † Minimus † Mozomus † Nanolestes † Palaeoxonodon † Vincelestes Monotremata ? † Peramuridae Afriquiamus ? Kouriogenys Peramuroides Peramus Tendagurutherium ? Tribosphenida / Boreosphenida † Aegialodon † Argaliatherium † Brasilestes † Carinalestes † Eomaia † Holoclemensia † Hypomylos † Juramaia † Kermackia † Kielantherium † Pappotherium † Picopsis † Tirotherium † Tribactonodon Theria † Patagomaia Eutheria see Eutheria includes placentals Metatheria see Metatheria includes marsupials † Dryolestida Brancatherulum ? Dorsetodon Drescheratherium Euthlastus Henkelotherium Paurodon Tathiodon Dryolestidae Achyrodon Amblotherium Anthracolestes Beckumia Crusafontia Dryolestes Groebertherium ? Guimarotodus Hercynodon Krebsotherium Lakotalestes ? Laolestes Minutolestes Phascolestes Portopinheirodon Treslagosodon † Meridiolestida Amarillodon Austrotriconodon Bondesius Casamiquelia Cronopio Groebertherium ? Lakotalestes ? Leonardus Necrolestes Paraungulatum Quirogatherium Solanutherium Mesungulatoidea Coloniatherium Mesungulatum Orretherium Peligrotherium Reigitherium † Donodontidae Amazighodon Anoualestes Donodon Stylodens † Dryolestida Brancatherulum ? Dorsetodon Drescheratherium Euthlastus Henkelotherium Paurodon Tathiodon Dryolestidae Achyrodon Amblotherium Anthracolestes Beckumia Crusafontia Dryolestes Groebertherium ? Guimarotodus Hercynodon Krebsotherium Lakotalestes ? Laolestes Minutolestes Phascolestes Portopinheirodon Treslagosodon Brancatherulum ? Dorsetodon Drescheratherium Euthlastus Henkelotherium Paurodon Tathiodon Brancatherulum ? Dorsetodon Drescheratherium Euthlastus Henkelotherium Paurodon Tathiodon Dryolestidae Achyrodon Amblotherium Anthracolestes Beckumia Crusafontia Dryolestes Groebertherium ? Guimarotodus Hercynodon Krebsotherium Lakotalestes ? Laolestes Minutolestes Phascolestes Portopinheirodon Treslagosodon Achyrodon Amblotherium Anthracolestes Beckumia Crusafontia Dryolestes Groebertherium ? Guimarotodus Hercynodon Krebsotherium Lakotalestes ? Laolestes Minutolestes Phascolestes Portopinheirodon Treslagosodon † Meridiolestida Amarillodon Austrotriconodon Bondesius Casamiquelia Cronopio Groebertherium ? Lakotalestes ? Leonardus Necrolestes Paraungulatum Quirogatherium Solanutherium Mesungulatoidea Coloniatherium Mesungulatum Orretherium Peligrotherium Reigitherium Amarillodon Austrotriconodon Bondesius Casamiquelia Cronopio Groebertherium ? Lakotalestes ? Leonardus Necrolestes Paraungulatum Quirogatherium Solanutherium Amarillodon Austrotriconodon Bondesius Casamiquelia Cronopio Groebertherium ? Lakotalestes ? Leonardus Necrolestes Paraungulatum Quirogatherium Solanutherium Mesungulatoidea Coloniatherium Mesungulatum Orretherium Peligrotherium Reigitherium Coloniatherium Mesungulatum Orretherium Peligrotherium Reigitherium † Donodontidae Amazighodon Anoualestes Donodon Stylodens Amazighodon Anoualestes Donodon Stylodens Prototribosphenida † Abelodon † Amphibetulimus † Amphitherium † Arguimus † Brancatherulum ? † Chunnelodon † Magnimus † Minimus † Mozomus † Nanolestes † Palaeoxonodon † Vincelestes Monotremata ? † Peramuridae Afriquiamus ? Kouriogenys Peramuroides Peramus Tendagurutherium ? Tribosphenida / Boreosphenida † Aegialodon † Argaliatherium † Brasilestes † Carinalestes † Eomaia † Holoclemensia † Hypomylos † Juramaia † Kermackia † Kielantherium † Pappotherium † Picopsis † Tirotherium † Tribactonodon Theria † Patagomaia Eutheria see Eutheria includes placentals Metatheria see Metatheria includes marsupials † Abelodon † Amphibetulimus † Amphitherium † Arguimus † Brancatherulum ? † Chunnelodon † Magnimus † Minimus † Mozomus † Nanolestes † Palaeoxonodon † Vincelestes Monotremata ? † Abelodon † Amphibetulimus † Amphitherium † Arguimus † Brancatherulum ? † Chunnelodon † Magnimus † Minimus † Mozomus † Nanolestes † Palaeoxonodon † Vincelestes Monotremata ? † Peramuridae Afriquiamus ? Kouriogenys Peramuroides Peramus Tendagurutherium ? Afriquiamus ? Kouriogenys Peramuroides Peramus Tendagurutherium ? Tribosphenida / Boreosphenida † Aegialodon † Argaliatherium † Brasilestes † Carinalestes † Eomaia † Holoclemensia † Hypomylos † Juramaia † Kermackia † Kielantherium † Pappotherium † Picopsis † Tirotherium † Tribactonodon Theria † Patagomaia Eutheria see Eutheria includes placentals Metatheria see Metatheria includes marsupials † Aegialodon † Argaliatherium † Brasilestes † Carinalestes † Eomaia † Holoclemensia † Hypomylos † Juramaia † Kermackia † Kielantherium † Pappotherium † Picopsis † Tirotherium † Tribactonodon † Aegialodon † Argaliatherium † Brasilestes † Carinalestes † Eomaia † Holoclemensia † Hypomylos † Juramaia † Kermackia † Kielantherium † Pappotherium † Picopsis † Tirotherium † Tribactonodon Theria † Patagomaia Eutheria see Eutheria includes placentals Metatheria see Metatheria includes marsupials † Patagomaia † Patagomaia Eutheria see Eutheria includes placentals see Eutheria includes placentals see Eutheria includes placentals Metatheria see Metatheria includes marsupials see Metatheria includes marsupials see Metatheria includes marsupials Other taxa Incertae sedis † Atlasodon † Chronoperates † Microderson † Thereuodon † Tingamarra Saint Bathans Mammal UA 8699 Other taxa Prototheria Yinotheria Eutriconodonta Amphilestidae Theriiformes Pantotheria Symmetrodonta Eupantotheria Paurodontidae Amphitheriidae Marsupionta Other taxa Incertae sedis † Atlasodon † Chronoperates † Microderson † Thereuodon † Tingamarra Saint Bathans Mammal UA 8699 Other taxa Prototheria Yinotheria Eutriconodonta Amphilestidae Theriiformes Pantotheria Symmetrodonta Eupantotheria Paurodontidae Amphitheriidae Marsupionta Incertae sedis † Atlasodon † Chronoperates † Microderson † Thereuodon † Tingamarra Saint Bathans Mammal UA 8699 † Atlasodon † Chronoperates † Microderson † Thereuodon † Tingamarra Saint Bathans Mammal UA 8699 Other taxa Prototheria Yinotheria Eutriconodonta Amphilestidae Theriiformes Pantotheria Symmetrodonta Eupantotheria Paurodontidae Amphitheriidae Marsupionta Prototheria Yinotheria Eutriconodonta Amphilestidae Theriiformes Pantotheria Symmetrodonta Eupantotheria Paurodontidae Amphitheriidae Marsupionta v t e Extant mammal orders v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata (unranked) Amniota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata (unranked) Amniota Yinotheria Australosphenida Monotremata (platypuses and echidnas) Australosphenida Monotremata (platypuses and echidnas) Monotremata (platypuses and echidnas) Theria Metatheria ( Marsupial inclusive) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) Didelphimorphia (opossums) Australidelphia Microbiotheria (monitos del monte) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives) Eutheria ( Placental inclusive) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Afrotheria Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Euarchontoglires Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) Metatheria ( Marsupial inclusive) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) Didelphimorphia (opossums) Australidelphia Microbiotheria (monitos del monte) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) Didelphimorphia (opossums) Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) Didelphimorphia (opossums) Australidelphia Microbiotheria (monitos del monte) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives) Microbiotheria (monitos del monte) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives) Eutheria ( Placental inclusive) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Afrotheria Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Euarchontoglires Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Afrotheria Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Xenarthra Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Afrotheria Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Euarchontoglires Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Euarchontoglires Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) Mammals Taxon identifiers Mammalia Wikidata : Q7377 Wikispecies : Mammalia AFD : Mammalia BOLD : 62 CoL : 6224G EoL : 1642 EPPO : 1MAMMC Fauna Europaea : 12613 Fauna Europaea (new) : 131ac5da-409b-4979-b0db-f945c94da1ff GBIF : 359 iNaturalist : 40151 IRMNG : 1310 ITIS : 179913 NCBI : 40674 NZOR: e0d7b800-d17c-41c9-b73f-fb42d4e628cf Open Tree of Life : 244265 Paleobiology Database : 36651 Plazi : 6F192702-D7A1-5498-8988-BDB368453012 TaiCOL : t0000517 WoRMS : 1837 ZooBank : D50D0066-A37D-4795-B5F8-3DDA029A4956 Wikidata : Q7377 Wikispecies : Mammalia AFD : Mammalia BOLD : 62 CoL : 6224G EoL : 1642 EPPO : 1MAMMC Fauna Europaea : 12613 Fauna Europaea (new) : 131ac5da-409b-4979-b0db-f945c94da1ff GBIF : 359 iNaturalist : 40151 IRMNG : 1310 ITIS : 179913 NCBI : 40674 NZOR: e0d7b800-d17c-41c9-b73f-fb42d4e628cf Open Tree of Life : 244265 Paleobiology Database : 36651 Plazi : 6F192702-D7A1-5498-8988-BDB368453012 TaiCOL : t0000517 WoRMS : 1837 ZooBank : D50D0066-A37D-4795-B5F8-3DDA029A4956 Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Latvia Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Latvia Israel Other NARA Yale LUX NARA Yale LUX Mammals Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Bathonian first appearances Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1: long volume value CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use British English from December 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from December 2024 Articles with 'species' microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2024 All articles with unsourced statements 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Australia 3 Canada 4 New Zealand 5 United Kingdom 6 United States Toggle United States subsection 6.1 California 6.2 Connecticut 6.3 Illinois 6.4 Massachusetts 6.5 New Jersey 6.6 New York 6.7 West Virginia 6.1 California 6.2 Connecticut 6.3 Illinois 6.4 Massachusetts 6.5 New Jersey 6.6 New York 6.7 West Virginia 7 Switzerland 8 See also 9 References Municipal clerk Dansk Deutsch Eesti Frysk Lietuvių Nederlands Polski 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item A clerk (pronounced "clark" /klɑːk/ in British and Australian [ 1 ] English) is a senior official of many municipal governments in the English-speaking world. In some communities, including most in the United States , the position is elected, but in many others, the clerk is appointed to their post. In the UK, a town or parish clerk is appointed by the town or parish council members. In almost all cases, the actual title of the clerk reflects the type of municipality they work for; thus, instead of simply being known as the clerk, the position is generally referred to as the town clerk , township clerk , city clerk , village clerk , borough clerk , board secretary , or county clerk . Other titles also exist, such as recorder and corporate officer. The office has existed for centuries, though in some places it is now being merged with other positions. The duties of a municipal clerk vary even more than their titles. In the United Kingdom, a clerk is generally responsible for a local council (town or parish). Particularly in the United States, it is difficult to fully describe a clerk's duties, because there are hundreds of different jobs a clerk may fulfill. In some U.S. states, there are provisions in the state constitutions delineating the clerk's duties, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] but in other states, each municipality decides for itself what role the clerk plays. History The origins of the position of clerk are unclear. In ancient Greece there were secretaries for each polis who read official documents publicly and at the opening of a meeting read public curses . [ 4 ] The early keepers of the archives were often called remembrancers, and before writing came into use, their memory was public record. When the early colonists came to America, one of the first offices established was that of clerk. [ 5 ] The colony at Plymouth appointed a person to act as a recorder. Australia In New South Wales , for over a century, the chief administrative officer of a city or borough was also legally designated the town clerk. This continued until 1993, when the NSW Local Government Act 1993 was passed and the officer became called the 'general manager of the local council/shire'. Canada All Canadian local governments will have a position in their organization responsible for the duties of the clerk, working closely with other statutory positions, including the chief administrative officer and chief financial officer. Clerks are not elected in Canada, and are apolitical. This is an important measure, considering many Canadian clerks are tasked with the duty of administering local elections. Provincial legislation lays out the key duties of the clerk, and can vary from province to province, but often includes the following: ensuring the accurate taking of council minutes/recording of the decisions of council; ensuring the public is provided with access to local government records; certifying copies of bylaws and resolutions of council; administering oaths and affidavits; and keeping of the corporate seal. Many clerks also act as a government's Freedom of Information (FOI) head for the purposes of FOI requests. In Ontario, the clerk issues marriage licences and burial permits, and registers deaths on behalf of the provincial government. They also are authorized to perform civil weddings. Title of the clerk may vary from local government to local government. In British Columbia, the clerk is often referred to as the corporate officer of the municipal government, as established in that province's community charter legislation. New Zealand In New Zealand , for over a century, the chief administrative officer of a city or borough was also legally designated the town clerk. This continued until the 1970s, when the city and county administrative procedures were largely merged and the Local Government Act 1974 declared that every such person (along with their rural counterpart, the county clerk ) should henceforth be styled the chief administrative officer. The Local Government Act 2002 changed the title again, this time to chief executive. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom , the town clerk is the senior administrative officer of the city, borough or town, usually the most senior salaried employee of the council. In most unitary authorities the town clerk has now been renamed the chief executive , although the original name is retained in most smaller towns. The town clerks of the larger county boroughs frequently received knighthoods , and the chief executives of large authorities sometimes still do. The equivalent officer in counties and districts was the clerk to the council (now also designated chief executive) and in (non-town) parishes is the parish clerk, usually part-time, but still a paid official, whose main responsibility is the administration and minuting of parish council meetings and parish council finance. The Town Clerk of London is an important executive position with a staff and significant budget. On ceremonial occasions, some town clerks will wear a gown of black silk ottoman/grosgrain of the lay pattern with panel sleeves and a flap collar. The gown is trimmed with rows of braid and tassels. This gown is similar to the gown of undergraduate fellow and gentleman-commoners in the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The town clerk may also wear a wig similar to that of barristers . However, many town clerks will not wear ceremonial dress as the role has been modernised in many towns across the United Kingdom. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The professional body for town clerks in the United Kingdom is the Society of Local Council Clerks , who represent over 5000 clerks across the country. United States In the United States , the clerk often serves as the official keeper of the municipal records, and as such, is sometimes described as the "historian" of the community. [ 8 ] Sometimes the clerk's office includes presenting the agenda and minutes for the legislative and committee meetings. Official meetings of municipalities can become a serious chore as the activity in the town increases with a larger population. The task of assembling the agenda packets with supporting documents can take several days for a single meeting. It becomes more complicated due to the input and iterative modification by numerous departments and agencies, both within and external to the organization. Software applications that can easily assemble agendas, minutes, and even automatically transcribe the meetings are now becoming more common. Often, these agendas and meeting minutes are downloadable by interested citizens by accessing the organization's website. Clerks may also be responsible for issuing licenses, [ 9 ] overseeing local elections, [ 10 ] maintaining financial records, [ 2 ] serving as registrar of vital statistics, [ 11 ] and increasingly, for assuring the transparency of the municipality's conduct of business. [ 8 ] [ 12 ] California In California , the city or county clerk is the local official who administers democratic processes such as elections, access to city records, and all legislative actions ensuring transparency to the public. The city clerk acts as a compliance officer for federal, state, and local statutes including the Political Reform Act, the Brown Act, and the Public Records Act . The city clerk manages public inquiries and relationships and arranges for ceremonial and official functions. Connecticut In Connecticut , every town elects or appoints a town clerk to maintain municipal records, administer elections, and carry out other administrative duties as defined by state law or the town charter. In addition, because 19 of Connecticut's 20 cities are consolidated city-towns, several cities either employ separate town and city clerks, or have consolidated the roles into a single office carrying both titles. Every borough also employs a borough clerk, and the Borough of Naugatuck , the state's sole consolidated borough-town, employs a separate borough clerk and town clerk. Illinois In Illinois , clerks may also exist on the township level, which is a subdivision of the county. Such clerks are sometimes required to serve more than one governmental unit, [ 13 ] due to the often overlapping jurisdictions that exist in Illinois. Massachusetts In Massachusetts , the town clerk is the chief election official of a town and the keeper of permanent and vital records . The duties of town clerks vary slightly in each community. Massachusetts clerks who have been in office five or more years may be elected by special ballot initiative to a lifetime term with mandatory retirement at age 70, after which they may remain in office if they run for successive terms. New Jersey In New Jersey , as provided for in the Constitution of New Jersey (1947), there are three elected constitutional officers in each county: the sheriff, the surrogate, and the county clerk, the last of whose term is five years. [ 14 ] The county clerk is responsible the supervision of elections, the filing and recording of all documents in real estate ownership/transfer, the processing passport applications, assisting individuals who wish to become a notary public, the issuance of identification cards, the filing of business trade names, among other administrative duties. [ 15 ] New York New York state law provides for elected town and county clerks who have separately defined responsibilities. (Under Article XIII, §13(a) of the New York Constitution , the county clerks within New York City are not elected, but instead "shall be appointed, and be subject to removal, by the appellate division of the supreme court in the judicial department in which the county is located." [ 16 ] ) For example, marriage licenses and dog licenses are issued by town clerks while business certificates and real property deeds are maintained by county clerks. Appointed historians are also required at each level. City clerks may administer elections but, outside cities, county election commissioners head the election apparatus. West Virginia The West Virginia Code provides for an elected recorder in Class IV towns (those with fewer than 2,000 people) and in some larger municipalities. [ 17 ] By default, recorders act as mayor pro tem of the municipal government in the absence of the actual mayor. [ 18 ] Recorders also serve as members of and secretary to the city or town council , as well as recorder of deeds , archivist , and municipal supervisor of elections. In some smaller towns' governments, recorders additionally fill the role of financial officer. Many municipalities delegate some or all of these duties to an employee with the title of city or town clerk, while others may divide them between the recorder and the clerk. The recorder or clerk may even have authority by ordinance to issue warrants for arrest, although this power normally resides in a municipal judge. [ 19 ] Switzerland In Switzerland, the communal secretary , either alone or with subordinate clerks, performs all administrative work that does not require the powers of the elected municipal council. See also Recorder of deeds References ^ Macquarie Dictionary (online) 'clerk', see ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "60.33 Duties of town clerk. :: Chapter 60. Towns. :: 2010 Wisconsin Code :: Wisconsin Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia" . Law.justia.com . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ Reiter, Michael (2011-06-03). "Duties of the City Clerk Under California Law In a General Law California City « Michael Reiter, Attorney at Law Blog" . Michaelreiterlaw.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ Thomas, Rosalind (25 September 1992). Literacy and orality in ancient Greece - Google Books . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521377423 . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ "TOWN CLERK - WESTERLY, Rhode Island" . Westerly.govoffice.com . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ "Michaels Civic Robes" . Civicrobes.com . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ "Mayor of Evesham Regalia" . www.eveshamtowncouncil.gov.uk . Retrieved 2019-07-12 . ^ a b "City Clerk" . cityofcarlsbadnm.com . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ "Town Clerk, job description" . Memun.org . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ "Milton, Delaware, Town Clerk job description" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-03 . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ "Town of Brant New York" . Brantny.com . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ Louise, Sarah (26 February 2009). "Technology for Transparency | Our Town" . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ "Clerk's Duties :: DeKalb Township, Illinois" . Dekalbtownship.com . Retrieved 2011-07-10 . ^ "New Jersey Department of State" . ^ History of the County Clerk's Office , Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed February 24, 2022. ^ "Constitution of The State of New York, Article 13 - Public Officers" . New York State Department of State . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . ^ "West Virginia Code §8-5-7. Certain officers; wards or election districts; residency and other requirements" . West Virginia Legislature . Retrieved 2018-05-24 . ^ "West Virginia Code §8-10-3. Powers and duties of recorder" . West Virginia Legislature . Retrieved 2018-05-24 . ^ "West Virginia Code §8-10-4. Powers and duties of recorder or clerk relating to warrants, oaths, sureties and bonds" . West Virginia Legislature . Retrieved 2018-05-24 . Authority control databases International GND GND Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Historical Dictionary of Switzerland City and town clerks Local government in Australia Local government in Canada Local government in the United Kingdom Local government in New Zealand Government occupations Local government in the United States Management occupations Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata This page was last edited on 12 October 2025, at 16:38 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Jurisdiction Toggle Jurisdiction subsection 2.1 Powers 2.2 Scotland 2.3 Northern Ireland 2.4 Crown Dependencies 2.1 Powers 2.2 Scotland 2.3 Northern Ireland 2.4 Crown Dependencies 3 Challenges 4 Organisational structure Toggle Organisational structure subsection 4.1 List of directors general 4.2 Regional organised crime units 4.2.1 Multi-agency groups 4.1 List of directors general 4.2 Regional organised crime units 4.2.1 Multi-agency groups 4.2.1 Multi-agency groups 5 Notable operations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links National Crime Agency العربية Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk bokmål Svenska 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item National Crime Agency Abbreviation NCA Agency overview Formed 7 October 2013 Preceding agencies .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} National Policing Improvement Agency Police Central e-Crime Unit Serious Organised Crime Agency National Policing Improvement Agency Police Central e-Crime Unit Serious Organised Crime Agency Annual budget £859.9 million (2023/24) [ 1 ] Jurisdictional structure Operations jurisdiction United Kingdom Jurisdiction of the National Crime Agency Population 65,182,178 [ 2 ] Operational structure Headquarters Vauxhall , London, England Sworn officers 2,189 [ 3 ] Overall workforces 6,264 Elected officers responsible Shabana Mahmood , Home Secretary Dan Jarvis , Minister of State for Security Shabana Mahmood , Home Secretary Dan Jarvis , Minister of State for Security Agency executives Graeme Biggar , Director General Rob Jones, Director General, Operations James Babbage, Director General, Threats Steve Rodhouse, Director General, Strategic Projects Claire Smith, Chief Operating Officer Graeme Biggar , Director General Rob Jones, Director General, Operations James Babbage, Director General, Threats Steve Rodhouse, Director General, Strategic Projects Claire Smith, Chief Operating Officer Parent agency Home Office Child agencies Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command National Cyber Crime Unit National Economic Crime Centre Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command National Cyber Crime Unit National Economic Crime Centre Website nationalcrimeagency .gov .uk The National Crime Agency ( NCA ) is a national law enforcement agency in the United Kingdom . It is the UK's lead agency against organised crime , human and drug trafficking , weapons and cybercrime , including economic crime that goes across regional and international borders, but it can be tasked to investigate any crime. The NCA has a strategic role as part of which it looks at serious crime in aggregate across the UK, especially analysing how organised criminals are operating and how they can be disrupted. To do this, it works closely with regional organised crime units (ROCUs), local police forces, and other government departments and agencies. It is not a police force as such, but many of its employees do have the power of a constable. It is the UK's point of contact for foreign agencies such as Interpol , Europol and other international law enforcement agencies. On a day-to-day basis, the NCA assists police forces and other law enforcement agencies (and vice versa) under voluntary assistance arrangements. In extremis, the NCA Director General has the power to direct a chief officer of a police force to give directed assistance with NCA tasks where necessary (but only with consent of the relevant Secretary of State). [ 4 ] The NCA itself can also be directed by the Secretary of State to give directed assistance to a police force or other law enforcement agency. [ 5 ] It was established in 2013 as a non-ministerial government department , [ 6 ] replacing the Serious Organised Crime Agency and absorbed the previously separate Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP) as one of its commands. [ 7 ] It also assumed a number of responsibilities from other law enforcement agencies. The NCA has also assumed a range of functions from the National Policing Improvement Agency , which has been scrapped as part of the government's changes to policing. [ 8 ] These include a specialist database relating to injuries and unusual weapons, expert research on potential serial killers , and the National Missing Persons Bureau. The agencies going into the NCA had a combined budget of £812 million, yet the new agency only had £464 million in its first year—a decrease of 43%. [ 9 ] Some of the responsibilities of the former UK Border Agency (now Immigration Enforcement and Border Force ) relating to border policing also became part of the NCA. Like its predecessor SOCA, the NCA has been dubbed the "British FBI " by the media. [ 4 ] As of October 2021, the Director General is Graeme Biggar . [ 10 ] History The proposed agency was first publicly announced in a statement to the House of Commons by Theresa May , the then home secretary , on 26 July 2010. [ 11 ] On 8 June 2011, she declared that the NCA would comprise a number of distinct operational commands: Organised Crime, Border Policing, Economic Crime and the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre, and that it would house the National Cyber Crime Unit . She added that capabilities, expertise, assets and intelligence would be shared across the new agency; that each command would operate as part of one single organisation; and that the NCA would be a powerful body of operational crime fighters, led by a senior chief constable and accountable to the Home Secretary. In her statement to the House of Commons , May stated that the new agency would have the authority to "undertake tasking and coordination, ensuring appropriate action is taken to put a stop to the activities of organised crime groups". [ 12 ] In June 2011, the coalition government announced that SOCA 's operations (serious drug trafficking investigative and intelligence sections) would be merged into a larger National Crime Agency to launch in 2013. On 23 September 2011, the Home Affairs Select Committee called for the Metropolitan Police 's counterterrorism role to be given to the NCA when it became operational, saying that the terrorist threat was a "national problem" and that there would be "advantages" in transferring responsibility. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The Metropolitan Police raised concerns around the cost of such a move. [ 15 ] The Home Affairs Select Committee met again on 9 May 2014 to discuss counterterrorism. [ 16 ] As a part of the report, the committee reconsidered the question of moving counterterrorism responsibilities to the NCA. The committee came to the conclusion that: The Metropolitan Police have a wide remit which has many complexities and the current difficulties faced by the organisation lead us to believe that the responsibility for counter-terrorism ought to be moved to the NCA in order to allow the Met to focus on the basics of policing London. The work to transfer the command ought to begin immediately with a view to a full transfer of responsibility for counter-terrorism operations taking place, for example within five years after the NCA became operational, in 2018. When this takes place, it should finally complete the jigsaw of the new landscape of policing. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The Metropolitan Police have a wide remit which has many complexities and the current difficulties faced by the organisation lead us to believe that the responsibility for counter-terrorism ought to be moved to the NCA in order to allow the Met to focus on the basics of policing London. The work to transfer the command ought to begin immediately with a view to a full transfer of responsibility for counter-terrorism operations taking place, for example within five years after the NCA became operational, in 2018. When this takes place, it should finally complete the jigsaw of the new landscape of policing. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] However, the report acknowledged that the NCA was still a new agency and that at the time it was not fully operational in Northern Ireland. Questions have been raised as to how effective this model would be [ 19 ] and, with a limited budget, whether other responsibilities would suffer and not be resourced as properly as they should be. [ 20 ] If the whole of Counter Terrorism Command were to transfer from the Metropolitan police to the NCA, the NCA would receive a further 1,500 officers or more if other counterterrorism units transferred in as well. It raised the question of what other national police units could be absorbed into the NCA, such as the National Wildlife Crime Unit , National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit , National Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service and other units with a national remit from ACPO, the Metropolitan Police and other forces. Plans are being discussed for the second time of moving the Serious Fraud Office into the NCA. [ 21 ] The process of looking at moving counterterrorism into the NCA was put on hold on 9 October 2014 by Home Secretary Theresa May due to an increase in the terror threat level. [ 22 ] In October 2011, it was announced that Keith Bristow, the then Chief Constable of Warwickshire Police , would head the organisation. [ 23 ] The NCA came into existence under provisions granted by the Crime and Courts Act 2013 , which received Royal Assent on 25 April 2013. [ 24 ] Until 20 May 2015, the agency was only able to carry out border and customs functions in Northern Ireland. This was due to the fact that under the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that led to a political settlement and power-sharing in Northern Ireland, policing was subjected to a far higher degree of community oversight and monitoring than in other parts of the UK. The chief constable and officers are responsible to the Policing Board. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Jurisdiction Powers The NCA operates across the UK, respecting the devolution of policing in Scotland and Northern Ireland. [ 27 ] A large number of NCA officers, including Investigators, can be designated with the powers and privileges of a police constable, immigration officer, customs officer, or a general customs officer (or any combination of the four sets of powers) under Section 10 of The Courts and Crime Act 2013. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] When NCA officers are designated with all three sets of powers it is known as being triple warranted, or "tri-warranted". [ 29 ] Although NCA officers can be designated with the above powers, they do not hold the office of constable and are civil servants. [ 30 ] This is a different legal position from that of police officers who serve in the various police forces of the UK. The NCA is not a police force but an operationally independent non-ministerial government department. [ 31 ] Scotland In Scotland, the NCA's operations and powers are limited to those inherited from its predecessor, the Serious Organised Crime Agency , and the powers to operate in Scotland are conditional on authorisation from the Lord Advocate and through co-operation with Police Scotland . [ 32 ] : 5 Previously co-operation was with the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency (a police force which was responsible for similar matters in Scotland). Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland , the NCA is "fully operational", through the passage of The Crime and Courts Act 2013 (National Crime Agency and Proceeds of Crime) (Northern Ireland) Order 2015 which extended provisions of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 to Northern Ireland. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] A general authorisation was signed by Minister of Justice for Northern Ireland and the Director General granted trained and qualified NCA officers the powers of a constable in Northern Ireland. [ 35 ] However, the NCA requires authorisation from the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland for the use of covert techniques . [ 32 ] : 5 Crown Dependencies The NCA also has a role in assisting the Crown Dependencies, having assisted Guernsey and Jersey police on matters of serious crime. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] In December 2024, a joint investigation conducted by the NCA and the States of Jersey Police led to the disruption of a multi-million pound Russian money laundering network. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Challenges The NCA faces several challenges. The first of these is the scale of the growing problem facing them. At the end of 2014 UK law enforcement estimated there were 5,800 organised crime groups – comprising some 40,600 individuals. This is an increase of three hundred organised crime groups and 3,500 people on the year before. The National Crime Agency estimates that there are as many as 50,000 people in the UK involved in the downloading and viewing of indecent images online. The Director General of the NCA has suggested that the British public cannot expect every person viewing indecent images to enter the criminal justice system – not least because of the sheer scale of the problem. The NCA received 12,505 referrals from the National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children in its first 12 months, compared to 9,855 in 2012, an increase of almost 27 per cent. Tackling modern slavery is another area that the Home Secretary has identified as requiring more effort [ clarification needed ] . The Home Office's Chief Scientific Adviser estimates that there may have been as many as 13,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK in 2013. This figure was increased in August 2017 to "tens of thousands of victims". [ 41 ] Most will rely on the services of organised criminal groups at some point in their journey to the UK. [ 42 ] In addition to this the NCA has been tasked with the Rotherham investigation into child sex exploitation. According to the NCA there are 3,300 lines of enquiry, around 1,400 victims and 300 suspects. The second challenge, of funding and resources, links with the first challenge. Although the NCA budget is half a billion pounds, in proportion to the scale of the problem it is small. The combined budget of previous agencies and units that make up the NCA was almost a billion pounds, so the agency has had an almost 50% cut before its creation. [ 9 ] The NCA has 5000 staff only around 1250 of which are investigators, again small when faced with the problem. For the Rotherham investigation the NCA has had to bring in agency staff who are ex-police to assist with the scale of the investigation. Thirdly there is the challenge of the "failure" of its predecessor agencies, SOCA and the National Crime squad and the fact that its success needs to be judged over years and not months due to the nature of the threat. SOCA was criticised for poor management and that some staff had poor investigation skills due to not working in law enforcement before. It is suggested that around 300 police detectives left SOCA due to this. With the NCA having the same staff this could be an issue. The NCA has already been criticised for not seizing enough assets (even though they seized more than SOCA in their last year of operation [ 43 ] as well as using a search warrant that was judged to be illegal after staff at the agency were "deliberately trying to stretch the boundaries imposed upon such investigation agencies by the statutory scheme under which they operate". The judge Mr Justice Hickinbottom stated though "This case smacks of incompetence, not bad faith." [ 44 ] Organisational structure The NCA is organised into eight operational branches, overseen by seven directors, who are in turn overseen by a director general , assisted by a deputy director general. [ 45 ] The commands are as follows: [ citation needed ] Border Policing Command CEOP Command Economic Crime Command Organised Crime Command Intelligence Operations Specialist Capabilities Proceeds of Crime Centre The Assets Recovery Agency became part of the Serious Organised Crime Agency from April 2008. This then became the Proceeds of Crime Centre in the NCA. The power to launch civil recovery proceedings has also been extended to the three main prosecutors in England and Wales: the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), the Revenue and Customs Prosecutions Office (RCPO) and the Serious Fraud Office (SFO). It will also be extended to the Public Prosecution Service in Northern Ireland and the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service in Scotland. Missing Persons Bureau The Missing Persons Bureau (MPB) transferred to SOCA in April 2012 along with SCAS. It had previously been based at New Scotland Yard until April 2008 when it was moved to the NPIA and based in Bramshill. The bureau acts as the centre for the exchange of information connected with the search for missing persons nationally and internationally. It is responsible for cross-matching missing persons with unidentified persons or bodies, as well as maintaining an index of dental records of missing persons and unidentified bodies. The MPB also manages a missing persons and Child Rescue Alert website, and analyses data to identify trends and patterns in disappearances. UK Human Trafficking Centre National Injuries Database The National Injuries Database also transferred from the NPIA. It provides additional support to police forces by providing analysis of weapons and wounds, and seeking to identify similarities to aid investigators in determining which weapon may have been used. The database holds over 4,000 cases of suspicious deaths, murders and clinical cases, and contains over 20,000 images. Central Bureau Chemical Suspicious Activity Reports UK Financial Intelligence Unit SOCA via the UK Financial Intelligence Unit took over responsibility for dealing with suspicious activity reports (SARs), previously made to the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) under the money laundering legislation. This function is now part of NCA. NCIS received just under 200,000 SARs in 2005 and throughout its life was heavily critical of the banking and financial services sector, and the Financial Services Authority, for not being more transparent or forthcoming in reporting their customers' suspicious activity. Despite criticism from professional representative bodies that the disclosure rules are too broad, SOCA said that up to one in three SARs lead to or add substantially to terrorism investigations; that HMRC estimates that around one in five SARs identifies new subjects of interest, and one in four SARs lead to direct tax enquiries; and many arrests and confiscations of criminal assets. Serious Crime Analysis Section The Serious Crime Analysis Section moved to SOCA from the National Policing Improvement Agency on 1 April 2012 in advance of the planned establishment of the National Crime Agency in 2013. SCAS is based at Foxley Hall in the grounds of the Police Staff College, Bramshill in Hampshire. [ 46 ] It was originally formed by the Home Office in 1998 to identify the potential emergence of serial killers and serial rapists at the earliest stage of their offending. This scope has since broadened to include the analysis by specialist staff of rapes, serious sexual assaults and motiveless or sexually motivated murders. Criminal case files are received by SCAS from all police forces in the UK at an early stage in the investigations. The information is coded and placed on a single database , ViCLAS (Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System). The system was developed in Canada by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The investigating officer receives a report from a crime analyst with a number of key elements designed to assist the investigation. It will identify if there are grounds to believe that the offender has previously been identified. It will also provide a breakdown of the behaviour exhibited in the offence, often with a statistical description of some of the elements involved. This can alert an investigator to the importance of some aspects of the offence not immediately apparent. SCAS are also responsible for identifying good practice, or "what works", so the analyst's report may contain "investigative suggestions" that might guide the officer to a specific line of enquiry not yet considered. The report may also suggest possible suspects that the unit has identified from a number of databases. When a prime suspect has been identified and charged with an offence, senior analysts are able to provide specialist evidence in court, to assist with the prosecution of offenders. National Cyber Crime Unit International Partnership [ 47 ] UK National Central Bureau for INTERPOL UK Europol National Unit UK SIRENE Bureau UK National Central Bureau for INTERPOL UK Europol National Unit UK SIRENE Bureau The NCA is the UK single point of contact for Interpol, Europol and the Schengen Information System, and also the point of contact for international enquiries from all UK police and law enforcement agencies. It has 24/7 capacity for Interpol and Europol with direct connections to their databases, provides international Liaison Officers, and co-ordinates all inbound and outbound Cross Border Surveillance requests with Schengen partners. It also has a dedicated Fugitives Unit that acts as the UK Central Authority for all extraditions. List of directors general Keith Bristow (2011–2016) Lynne Owens (2016–2021) Graeme Biggar (2021–present) Regional organised crime units In 2010, nine regional organised crime units (ROCUs) were created across England and Wales outside of London to investigate organised crime in their region and to support the NCA. Each ROCU is supported by a regional intelligence unit which is staffed by police officers and staff from each ROCU's constituent forces. [ 48 ] The Police Service of Northern Ireland, Police Scotland, the City of London Police, and the Metropolitan Police Service each have individual organised crime units which also support the NCA. The nine ROCUs are: Abbreviation Region Website EMSOU East Midlands ERSOU Eastern NEROCU North East NWROCU North West SEROCU South East SWROCU South West TARIAN Southern Wales ROCUWM West Midlands YHROCU Yorkshire and Humber Regional organised crime units bring together a number of specialised teams and functions under the one structure: [ 49 ] Regional Investigation Unit Regional Asset Recovery Unit Regional Intelligence Unit Regional Protected Persons Unit Regional Technical Surveillance Unit Regional cyber capability Regional Fraud Unit Regional Prison Intelligence Regional covert capability Multi-agency groups There are special multi-agency teams, an example is the National County Lines Coordination Centre (NCLCC), a multi-agency team drawn from the NCA, police forces and ROCUs. The team develops a national intelligence picture of the threat from county lines crime to improve understanding and scale of child sexual abuse crimes. The NCLCC is responsible for coordinating the response to county lines and managing the flow of intelligence to the police forces and ROCUs. [ 50 ] Notable operations On 22 May 2014 at around 22:50, NCA officers were involved in a shootout in Tottenham . [ 51 ] Several shots were fired, including from NCA officers. Two men were arrested at the scene by the NCA for attempted murder and possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life. The Metropolitan Police arrived and arrested a third man for possession of a firearm . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] This is believed to be the first incident in which NCA officers fired shots. On 25 May 2014 at 00:00 hrs, a second NCA operation was carried out in Tottenham, along with officers from the Metropolitan Police, after the NCA received intelligence about the earlier shoot out. Two more men were arrested, one for attempted murder and possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life and the other for assisting an offender, after their car was stopped by armed officers. One shot was fired by a Metropolitan Police officer during the operation. [ 54 ] In May 2014, the NCA conducted a major operation that resulted in the seizing of more than 100 kg of cocaine from a Greek bulk freighter in Scotland. The ship had been returning from Colombia ; the operation resulted in the arrest of three men. [ 55 ] In July 2014, the NCA with partners jointly disrupted the "Shylock" banking trojan believed to have infected at least 30,000 computers. [ 56 ] Also in July 2014, the NCA co-ordinated the arrest of 660 suspected paedophiles. 39 of those arrested were registered sex offenders , but the majority had not previously come to the attention of law enforcement. 400 children are believed to have been protected by this operation, which included apprehending several individuals who had unsupervised access to children such as doctors, teachers and care workers. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In November 2016, the NCA began a campaign, including releasing a video, [ 60 ] to educate the public on sextortion , providing advice on protecting oneself from being subject to sextortion and how to respond to a case of online blackmail. [ 61 ] On 2 July 2020, the NCA reported it had co-ordinated the largest law enforcement operation of its kind in the UK when it announced the results of Operation Venetic. Working with all the police forces of the UK and other law enforcement bodies, officers made 746 arrests and seized £54 million of drug money, 77 firearms, 1,800 rounds of ammunition, 4 hand grenades, 55 high value (possibly stolen) cars and 2 tonnes of illegal drugs. The operation was possible after an international law enforcement team cracked the encryption of a mobile phone instant messaging service from EncroChat . Law enforcement in France and the Netherlands also carried out related operations with the assistance of Europol . Home Secretary Priti Patel said: "This operation demonstrates that criminals will not get away with using encrypted devices to plot vile crimes under the radar. The NCA's relentless targeting of these gangs has helped to keep us all safe. I congratulate them and law enforcement partners on this significant achievement". [ 62 ] On 20 February 2024 the NCA, in collaboration with Europol and other law enforcement agencies, announced that it had seized websites and infrastructure belonging to the ransomware group LockBit . [ 63 ] Over 1,000 decryption keys were obtained, with the victims of the attacks to be contacted about the decryption of their data. [ 64 ] On 4 December 2024, the NCA revealed Operation Destabilise , an NCA-led international investigation into two Russian money laundering networks, Smart and TGR Group. The two networks had links to criminal organisations in the UK, drug cartels in South America , the Kinahan Organised Crime Group , Russian espionage efforts and sanction avoidance. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] The investigation up to that point had led to the arrest of 84 people, 71 of whom were arrested in the UK, while six individuals, both major money laundering networks and several companies had been sanctioned, while a seventh linked individual was arrested for the facilitation of money laundering. In total, approximately £20 million had been seized out of an estimated £700 million in drugs sales. [ 65 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] See also British intelligence agencies Joint Operations Cell References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Annual Plan 2023-2024" . 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The Guardian . ^ "RUSI – Disrupting Organised Crime: Finding the Money" . 5 July 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . ^ Alan Travis. "National Crime Agency must claw back more criminal assets, MPs say" . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . ^ "UK's National Crime Agency slammed by judge for using unlawful search warrants to plant surveillance device" . Belfast Telegraph . 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . ^ "National Crime Agency - Our leadership" . National Crime Agency . Retrieved 20 October 2022 . ^ "Secrets of the crime analysts" . BBC News. 19 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ "NCA – Working in Partnership" . National Crime Agency. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . ^ "Regional Organised Crime Units" . www.rocu.police.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2025 . ^ "The official UK Government global security event takes place 6–8 March 2018" . Security and Policing 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. ^ "National Crime Agency inspection An inspection of the National Crime Agency's criminal intelligence function" (PDF) . Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services. July 2020 . Retrieved 30 March 2024 . ^ "NCA statement" . Nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ "Appeal after shots are fired at National Crime Agency officers – Metropolitan Police Service" . Content.met.police.uk. 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ "Investigation launched after shootout between NCA and civilians" . Londonlive.co.uk. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ "Police in second armed operation after Tottenham gunfight – three charged with attempted murder" . Tottenhamjournal.co.uk . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ "Cocaine found on cape | TradeWinds" . TradeWinds | Latest shipping and maritime news . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2019 . ^ "Law enforcement and industry collaborate to combat Shylock malware" . National Crime Agency. 10 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . ^ "UK-wide operation snares 660 suspected paedophiles" . National Crime Agency. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . ^ "Paedophile arrests unprecedented, says Internet Watch Foundation" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ "Child abuse image investigation leads to 660 arrests" . BBC News. 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ " 'Sextortion': NCA releases awareness video" . BBC News. 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . ^ "Sextortion (webcam blackmail)" . Archived from the original on 9 January 2019 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . ^ "NCA and police smash thousands of criminal conspiracies after infiltration of encrypted communication platform in UK's biggest ever law enforcement operation – National Crime Agency" . www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 July 2020 . ^ "Notorious cyber crime gang Lockbit disrupted by NCA, FBI and international coalition" . Sky News . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ Hern, Alex (20 February 2024). "Seized ransomware network LockBit rewired to expose hackers to world" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ a b Casciani, Dominic (4 December 2024). "Russian crypto criminals helped UK drug gangs launder lockdown cash" . BBC News . Retrieved 4 December 2024 . ^ Kirk, Tristan (4 December 2024). " 'Cash for Crypto' gangs bankrolling UK crime smashed in crackdown" . The Standard . Retrieved 4 December 2024 . ^ a b Rae, Stephen (4 December 2024). "Launderers for Kremlin elite, Kinahans and UK gangs exposed in major operation across Europe, US, Middle East and South America" . AML Intelligence . Retrieved 4 December 2024 . ^ Parker, Fiona (4 December 2024). "Multi-billion pound Russian money laundering network exposed in international sting" . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2024 . Retrieved 4 December 2024 . ^ "Operation Destabilise: NCA disrupts $multi-billion Russian money laundering networks with links to, drugs, ransomware and espionage, resulting in 84 arrests" . National Crime Agency . 4 December 2024 . Retrieved 5 December 2024 . 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Research Unit Special Reconnaissance Unit Military Reaction Force Directorate of Military Intelligence MI1 MI2 MI3 MI4 MI7 MI8 MI9 MI10 MI11 MI12 MI14 MI15 MI16 MI17 MI19 MI1 MI2 MI3 MI4 MI7 MI8 MI9 MI10 MI11 MI12 MI14 MI15 MI16 MI17 MI19 Naval Intelligence Department Naval Intelligence Division Room 40 No. 30 Commando Room 40 No. 30 Commando Special Operations Executive (SOE) Diplomatic Wireless Service Far East Combined Bureau Force Research Unit Special Reconnaissance Unit Military Reaction Force v t e National intelligence agencies v t e Foreign intelligence Afghanistan: GDI Albania: SHISH Algeria: DRS Angola: SIE Argentina: SIDE Armenia: NSS Austria: HNaA Australia: ASIS Azerbaijan: XKX Bahrain: NSA Bangladesh: NSI Belarus: KGB RB Belgium: ADIV/SGRS Bosnia and Herzegovina: OSA-OBA Botswana: DIS Brazil: ABIN Brunei: BRD Bulgaria: DAR Cameroon: BMM Canada: CSIS Chad: ANS Chile: ANI China: MSS Congo (Democratic Republic of): ANR Croatia: SOA Cuba: DI Czech Republic: ÚZSI Denmark: FE 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SNI Peru: DINI Philippines: NBI , NICA Poland: ABW , SOP , SM Portugal: SIS Romania: SRI Russia: FSB Saudi Arabia: Mabahith Serbia: BIA Singapore: ISD Somalia: NISA South Africa: SSA South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, KNPA Spain: CITCO Sri Lanka: SIS Sweden: SÄPO Switzerland: NDB Syria: GIS Taiwan: MJIB Thailand: ISOC , SB Togo: ANR Turkey: MİT , İB Uganda: ISO Ukraine: SBU United Kingdom: Security Service ( MI5 ) , NDEDIU , NCA , NBIS United States: I&A (DHS) , ID (HSI) , IB (FBI) , ONSI (DEA) , OSII (ATF) Uzbekistan: SNB Venezuela: SEBIN Vietnam: TC5 ( vi ) Zimbabwe: CIO Afghanistan: GDI Algeria: CSS Angola: SINSE Argentina: SIDE Armenia: NSS Australia: ASIO Austria: DSN Azerbaijan: DTX Bangladesh: SB Belarus: KGB RB Belgium: VS/SE Bosnia and Herzegovina: SIPA Botswana: DIS Brazil: PF Brunei: IRD Bulgaria: DANS Burundi: SNR Canada: CSIS Chad: DGSSIE Chile: ANI China: MSS Colombia: DNI Congo (Democratic Republic of): ANR Croatia: SOA Czech Republic: BIS Denmark: PET Egypt: NSA Estonia: KAPO Finland: SUPO France: DGSI Georgia: SSSG Germany: BfV , LfV Ghana: GPS , CID Greece: EYP Hong Kong: NSD , CPGNSO Hungary: AH India: IB Indonesia: Baintelkam Polri ( id ), BIN Iran: VAJA , IRGC , PAVA Ireland: CSB , SDU , NSU Israel: Shin Bet Italy: AISI Japan: NPA , TMPD PSB , PSIA Kazakhstan: NSC Kenya: NIS Kosovo: AKI Latvia: VDD Lithuania: STT Lebanon: ISF IB , LSS Luxembourg: SREL Macau: DS Malaysia: SB Moldova: SIS Morocco: DGST Netherlands: NCTV New Zealand: NZSIS Nigeria: SSS North Korea: SSD North Macedonia: IA Norway: PST Oman: ISS Pakistan: IB , FIA Palestine: PPS Paraguay: SNI Peru: DINI Philippines: NBI , NICA Poland: ABW , SOP , SM Portugal: SIS Romania: SRI Russia: FSB Saudi Arabia: Mabahith Serbia: BIA Singapore: ISD Somalia: NISA South Africa: SSA South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, KNPA Spain: CITCO Sri Lanka: SIS Sweden: SÄPO Switzerland: NDB Syria: GIS Taiwan: MJIB Thailand: ISOC , SB Togo: ANR Turkey: MİT , İB Uganda: ISO Ukraine: SBU United Kingdom: Security 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id ) Ireland: CIS Israel: 8200 Japan: DIH Kazakhstan: NSC Netherlands: NSO , JSCU New Zealand: GCSB North Korea: RGB Norway: NSM Pakistan: JSIB Poland: AW , ABW , SKW , SWW , NCBC , gOR 3.FO , CRiWWRE , 2.ORel , 6.ORel , JW NIL Romania: STS Russia: Spetssvyaz Saudi Arabia: PSS South Africa: SSA Spain: CCN Sweden: FRA Switzerland: NDB Syria: MI Turkey: MİT-SİB UAE: SIA Ukraine: Derzhspetszviazok United Kingdom: GCHQ United States: NSA Imagery intelligence Australia: AGO Finland: PVTIEDL India: DAI Indonesia: BIG Israel: Air Intelligence Group Malaysia: MaCGDI New Zealand: GEOINT NZ Poland: AW , SWW , ORO , 12.BBSP , JW NIL Pakistan: Air Intelligence Philippines: NMARSC Portugal: CIGeoE Russia: TsVTI GRU United Kingdom: DGIFC United States: NGA , NRO Australia: AGO Finland: PVTIEDL India: DAI Indonesia: BIG Israel: Air Intelligence Group Malaysia: MaCGDI New Zealand: GEOINT NZ Poland: AW , SWW , ORO , 12.BBSP , JW NIL Pakistan: Air Intelligence Philippines: NMARSC Portugal: CIGeoE Russia: TsVTI GRU United Kingdom: DGIFC United States: NGA , NRO Financial intelligence Argentina: UIF Australia: AUSTRAC Azerbaijan: MMX Bangladesh: FIU Brazil: COAF Canada: FINTRAC China: MPSECIB [ zh ] Fiji: FIU France: Tracfin , DNRED Iceland: SR India: CEIB Indonesia: PPATK Ireland: GNECB Italy: UIF Lithuania ( FNTT ) Malta: FIAU Mexico: UIF Netherlands: FIOD Poland: GIIF , SCS , CBA Qatar: FIU Russia: Rosfinmonitoring Saudi Arabia: GDOFI Spain: SVA , SEPBLAC Turkey: MASAK United Kingdom: NCA United States: IRS-CI , TFI FinCEN OIA Vatican: ASIF Argentina: UIF Australia: AUSTRAC Azerbaijan: MMX Bangladesh: FIU Brazil: COAF Canada: FINTRAC China: MPSECIB [ zh ] Fiji: FIU France: Tracfin , DNRED Iceland: SR India: CEIB Indonesia: PPATK Ireland: GNECB Italy: UIF Lithuania ( FNTT ) Malta: FIAU Mexico: UIF Netherlands: FIOD Poland: GIIF , SCS , CBA Qatar: FIU Russia: Rosfinmonitoring Saudi Arabia: GDOFI Spain: SVA , SEPBLAC Turkey: MASAK United Kingdom: NCA United States: IRS-CI , TFI FinCEN OIA FinCEN OIA Vatican: ASIF Criminal intelligence Argentina: DNIC Australia: ACIC Bangladesh: CID Canada: CISC Finland: NBI India: CBI Indonesia: Baintelkam Polri ( id ) Italy: DIA , DIGOS Philippines: NBI , PNP-IG Poland: BWiIK KGP , CBŚP , ZOŚ KGSG , ZK KGŻW Romania: DGPI South Africa: Crime Intelligence Division Spain: CGI , SIGC , CGPJ , UCO United Kingdom: NCA United States: IB (FBI) , ONSI (DEA) , OSII (ATF) , ID (HSI) Argentina: DNIC Australia: ACIC Bangladesh: CID Canada: CISC Finland: NBI India: CBI Indonesia: Baintelkam Polri ( id ) Italy: DIA , DIGOS Philippines: NBI , PNP-IG Poland: BWiIK KGP , CBŚP , ZOŚ KGSG , ZK KGŻW Romania: DGPI South Africa: Crime Intelligence Division Spain: CGI , SIGC , CGPJ , UCO United Kingdom: NCA United States: IB (FBI) , ONSI (DEA) , OSII (ATF) , ID (HSI) Intelligence community Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bangladesh Croatia France India Israel Italy New Zealand Pakistan Russia United Kingdom United States Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bangladesh Croatia France India Israel Italy New Zealand Pakistan Russia United Kingdom United States Intelligence alliances Club de Berne Five Eyes Maximator Egmont Group Club de Berne Five Eyes Maximator Egmont Group Defunct agencies British Raj : Indian Civil Service ( Indian Imperial Police , Indian Political Intelligence Office ) Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge : Santebal Confederate States of America : Confederate Secret Service Dutch East Indies : Politieke Inlichtingendienst , Netherlands East Indies Forces Intelligence Service Fascist Italy : OVRA Gaddafi Libya : Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya Imperial Japan : Battotai , Tokko Tokugawa shogunate : Shinsengumi Kingdom of France : Cabinet noir , Secret du Roi Imperial China : Censorate Ming Dynasty : Embroidered Uniform Guard , Eastern Depot , Western Depot [ zh ] , Internal Depot [ zh ] Ottoman Empire : Yıldız Intelligence Agency , Special Organisation , Umur-u Hafiye Turkish National Movement : Karakol Society Pahlavi Iran : SAVAK , Second Bureau of Imperial Iranian Army Prussia : Prussian Secret Police Republic of China : NBIS Roman and Byzantine Empires : Frumentarii , Agentes in rebus , Bureau of Barbarians Tsardom and Empire of Russia : Oprichniki , Okhrana , Special Chancellery , Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery Nazi Germany : Gestapo , Sicherheitsdienst Soviet Union : NKVD , KGB United Kingdom : DMI United States : Office of Strategic Services Wang Jingwei regime : Jessfield 76 [ zh ; de ; ja ] Yugoslavia : KOS British Raj : Indian Civil Service ( Indian Imperial Police , Indian Political Intelligence Office ) Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge : Santebal Confederate States of America : Confederate Secret Service Dutch East Indies : Politieke Inlichtingendienst , Netherlands East Indies Forces Intelligence Service Fascist Italy : OVRA Gaddafi Libya : Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya Imperial Japan : Battotai , Tokko Tokugawa shogunate : Shinsengumi Tokugawa shogunate : Shinsengumi Kingdom of France : Cabinet noir , Secret du Roi Imperial China : Censorate Ming Dynasty : Embroidered Uniform Guard , Eastern Depot , Western Depot [ zh ] , Internal Depot [ zh ] Ming Dynasty : Embroidered Uniform Guard , Eastern Depot , Western Depot [ zh ] , Internal Depot [ zh ] Ottoman Empire : Yıldız Intelligence Agency , Special Organisation , Umur-u Hafiye Turkish National Movement : Karakol Society Turkish National Movement : Karakol Society Pahlavi Iran : SAVAK , Second Bureau of Imperial Iranian Army Prussia : Prussian Secret Police Republic of China : NBIS Roman and Byzantine Empires : Frumentarii , Agentes in rebus , Bureau of Barbarians Tsardom and Empire of Russia : Oprichniki , Okhrana , Special Chancellery , Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery Nazi Germany : Gestapo , Sicherheitsdienst Soviet Union : NKVD , KGB United Kingdom : DMI United States : Office of Strategic Services Wang Jingwei regime : Jessfield 76 [ zh ; de ; ja ] Yugoslavia : KOS Related topics 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Customs Law enforcement agency Types Types Intelligence agency Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND ISNI VIAF GND National United States United States National Crime Agency 2013 establishments in the United Kingdom Government agencies established in 2013 Home Office (United Kingdom) National law enforcement agencies of the United Kingdom Non-ministerial departments of the Government of the United Kingdom Organisations based in the London Borough of Lambeth Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from June 2023 Use British English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2025 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021 Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 3 January 2026, at 09:23 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Initial adaptations Toggle Initial adaptations subsection 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 2 Original film series Toggle Original film series subsection 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 3 Planned relaunch 4 The Dark Knight trilogy Toggle The Dark Knight trilogy subsection 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 5 DC Extended Universe Toggle DC Extended Universe subsection 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 6 The Batman Epic Crime Saga Toggle The Batman Epic Crime Saga subsection 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 7 DC Universe Toggle DC Universe subsection 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 8 Joker duology 9 Animated film 10 Recurring cast and characters 11 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links Batman in film العربية Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Adaptations of Batman in other media Batman actors since 1943. Top to bottom, left to right: Lewis Wilson , Adam West , Michael Keaton , Val Kilmer , George Clooney , Christian Bale , Ben Affleck , Robert Pattinson . Created by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics #27 ( 1939 ) Films and television Film(s) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman , a superhero created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger for comic books published by DC Comics , has appeared in nearly every form of media , including film since the 1940s. Columbia Pictures supervised the first film adaptations with Batman (1943) and Batman and Robin (1949), deviating significantly from the source material. 20th Century Fox then released a theatrical spinoff of the American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) live-action television series about the character in the 1960s, starring Adam West . After several years in limbo, Warner Bros. Pictures purchased the copyrights and developed a succession of Batman films in the late twentieth century, two directed by Tim Burton and another pair by Joel Schumacher . Michael Keaton portrays Batman in the Burton films, while Val Kilmer and George Clooney feature as the titular hero in the Schumacher films. Warner Bros. spent the turn of the millennium in another protracted development period, leading to the production of a reboot trilogy featuring Christian Bale as Batman: Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). The creation of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a media franchise bound by a shared universe , spawned additional works. Ben Affleck plays the character in the DCEU films, beginning with the Zack Snyder -directed entry Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Affleck, Keaton, and Clooney's Batmen have also appeared in crossover films within the DCEU. The Batman (2022) and The Brave and the Bold will revamp the established continuity of the live-action films with new incarnations of Batman portrayed by Robert Pattinson and another actor. Joker (2019) features a depiction of the character as a civilian, predating his transformation into a vigilante. Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film. The Batman films are generally successful and comprise one of the highest-grossing franchises of all time, grossing over $6.8 billion globally. Critical opinion of films vary substantially. For example, The Dark Knight trilogy was critically acclaimed, whereas other films, such as Batman & Robin (1997) and those of the DCEU, were not well reviewed in the media. Occasionally, Batman films attract Academy Award recognition for acting and technical achievement. Initial adaptations Early films Following the success of comic books featuring Batman in the early 1940s, three major Hollywood studios approached DC Comics [ b ] to purchase the film rights. [ 2 ] Columbia Pictures bought the rights shortly afterward, and, in 1943, released a fifteen-chapter serial film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Lewis Wilson as Batman. [ 3 ] The story follows Batman and Robin's attempts to sabotage a Japanese spy's plot to aid Axis conquest of the United States by producing a super weapon. [ 4 ] Elements of Batman deviate from the source material in significant respects, most notably the addition of a Japanese villain, underscoring the film's propaganda function . [ 5 ] Conceived eighteen months after the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor , Batman reflected a wider cultural shift to arouse mass support for US intervention in World War II . [ 6 ] Nevertheless, the serial introduced the Batcave and the Wayne Manor 's secret grandfather clock entrance in Batman mythology. [ 7 ] It was re-released in theaters in 1965 under the title An Evening with Batman and Robin . [ 8 ] In 1949, Columbia developed another fifteen-part serial, Batman and Robin , as the sequel to Batman , compelled by the success of Superman the previous year. [ 8 ] Robert Lowery was Wilson's replacement as Batman, leading a new ensemble of actors opposite Johnny Duncan as Robin. [ 9 ] Batman and Robin details the duo's retrieval of a stolen remote control machine from criminal mastermind Wizard , whose schemes threaten to disrupt Gotham City's transportation networks. [ 10 ] Producer Sam Katzman sought to keep the cost of filming low, and the diminished budget led to further changes to the onscreen world. [ 8 ] As a consequence, Batman and Robin fared poorly in reviews from the press. [ 11 ] The American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) creation of a live-action TV adaptation of Batman in the mid-1960s resurrected the character's popularity. [ 11 ] 20th Century Fox released a theatrical film intended to be a precursor to the show in 1966. [ 12 ] Featuring Adam West as the superhero, author Matthew J. Smith viewed the projects as campy , yet more faithful interpretations of the comics than the serials. [ 11 ] West stated he was hesitant to consider the part because he feared being typecast , but was convinced by his agent. [ 13 ] In the film, Batman and Robin ( Burt Ward ) confront the main antagonists of the series: the Joker ( Cesar Romero ), Penguin ( Burgess Meredith ), the Riddler ( Frank Gorshin ), and Catwoman ( Lee Meriwether ). [ 14 ] Limbo The cancellation of Batman decreased Hollywood interest in further film adaptations. [ 11 ] A concerted effort to produce another film did not begin until a year after the release of Superman (1978). [ 15 ] Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the rights with the aim of conceiving a more faithful adaptation of the comics. [ 16 ] Superman was another catalyst for Uslan and Melniker's vision of a Batman film. [ 17 ] Uslan pitched to multiple studios unsuccessfully, including Columbia and United Artists , prompting him to devise an outline, Return of the Batman , to better articulate his idea. [ 16 ] [ 18 ] By November 1979, Uslan and Melniker obtained funding through a joint venture with Peter Guber , chairman of the film division of Casablanca Records . [ 19 ] Under the arrangement, the producers were entitled to 40 percent of profits yielded by Casablanca. [ 20 ] They commissioned a Batman film with a $15 million budget in 1981, but a series of corporate acquisitions prolonged negotiations over the film's distribution, stalling development. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Casablanca's preexisting distribution agreement with Universal Pictures dissolved after the company was acquired by PolyGram Pictures . [ 20 ] By this point, PolyGram faced bankruptcy after investing $80 million to increase their rate of output, and Guber brokered an agreement to transfer ownership of the Batman film rights to him and associate Jon Peters . [ 23 ] Another associate pitched the project to Warner Bros. Pictures executive Frank Wells , and afterwards Peters signed a deal with studio president Terry Semel which overlapped with the Casablanca contract. [ 21 ] [ 23 ] However, because Uslan and Melniker were unaware of the dealings, they challenged Warner Bros. over the claim that it had breached the Casablanca agreement. [ 20 ] Screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz completed the project's first draft in June 1983, titled The Batman . [ 24 ] The draft focused on an origin story chronicling Bruce Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 24 ] Moreover, Mankiewicz developed the story to indicate a sequel following Batman and Dick Grayson as a crimefighting duo. [ 24 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from Batman: Strange Apparitions , a multi-issue limited series by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers . [ 25 ] Though The Batman was announced with a mid-1985 release date, revisions to the script impeded progress on the film. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In total, the script underwent nine rewrites from nine separate screenwriters. [ 27 ] Original film series Batman (1989) Warner Bros. appointed Tim Burton as Batman director in 1988. [ 28 ] The studio approached Burton as early as 1985, but had no formalized deal until a week after Beetlejuice opened in theaters. [ 28 ] Burton discarded Mankiewicz's screenplay as he found the tone too similar to Superman . [ 26 ] Englehart and Julie Hickson prepared film treatments which Sam Hamm reworked into the script. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns (1986) guided Hamm's script, reflecting a darker approach than previous interpretations to that point. [ 30 ] When the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to resign, Warner Bros. engaged Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems for additional rewrites to lighten the tone. [ 15 ] Burton chose Michael Keaton among a number of leading men as Batman / Bruce Wayne , despite resistance from studio executives. [ 26 ] [ 31 ] Keaton was a controversial casting choice; he had been mainly known as a comedic actor and was not perceived to fit the Batman archetype. [ 32 ] Jack Nicholson stars opposite Keaten as the Joker , earning as much as $50–$90 million for his work. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Principal photography occurred from October 1988 to January 1989 on constructed sets at the backlot of Pinewood Studios in London. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] After its June 1989 release, Batman received mostly positive reviews and finished the theatrical run as the year's second highest-grossing film , with a box office take of $400 million. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] At the 62nd Academy Awards , the film won Best Art Direction . [ 39 ] Batman Returns (1992) Studio executives prioritized a sequel to Batman beginning in late-1989. [ 40 ] Warner Bros. secured Burton's commitment as director for Batman Returns in 1991. [ 41 ] Burton was reluctant to return for another film because he was cynical about sequels. [ 40 ] He had also been frustrated with the authority Guber and Peters exerted over the original film, agreeing to Batman Returns only on the condition of greater independence. [ 42 ] Daniel Waters replaced Hamm as screenwriter based on Burton's preference for a writer that had no involvement with Batman . [ 43 ] Waters developed the script with greater emphasis on the villains—including Catwoman ( Michelle Pfeiffer ) and the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ). [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Burton brought on Wesley Strick for an uncredited rewrite before assigning Waters further script editing duties. [ 40 ] Keaton reprised his role for a $10 million salary. [ 40 ] [ 43 ] Filmmakers shot Batman Returns from September 1991 to February 1992, and the film was released in theaters that June. [ 40 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Batman Returns polarized critics and, to the dismay of Warner Bros., saw diminished returns at the box office. [ 40 ] [ 47 ] Batman Forever (1995) To improve their profit-making potential, Warner Bros. developed Batman Forever with a more family-friendly tone. [ 46 ] The studio did not want to continue the series with Burton and encouraged the filmmaker to seek other projects, though Burton remained involved as an executive producer. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] They hired Joel Schumacher as Burton's replacement, believing he could better realize a film conducive to advertising toys. [ 50 ] The screenplay was conceived by Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife writing team, and Akiva Goldsman . [ 51 ] Keaton at first supported the changes but in time dropped out, objecting to the script. [ 46 ] [ 52 ] Ethan Hawke , Daniel Day-Lewis , Ralph Fiennes , and Kurt Russell were among those considered to play Batman, which inevitably went to Val Kilmer . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Kilmer came to Schumacher's attention for his work in the Western film Tombstone (1993). [ 56 ] Shooting took place from September 1994 to March 1995, [ 49 ] [ 57 ] followed by the theatrical rollout in June 1995. [ 58 ] Batman Forever finished the year as the sixth highest-grossing film by amassing $350 million globally, but drew a tepid critical response. [ 59 ] Nonetheless, the film received three nominations at the 68th Academy Awards . [ 60 ] Batman & Robin (1997) Schumacher was signed as director of Batman & Robin while Batman Forever ran in theaters. [ 61 ] Goldman and Chris O'Donnell returned, the former as the film's sole screenwriter. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Kilmer did not reappear, and reports give conflicting accounts about the circumstance of the actor's departure. Schumacher maintained in a 1996 interview that producers "sort of fired" Kilmer because he was volatile on the set of Batman Forever . [ 64 ] On the other hand, Kilmer cited scheduling conflicts that arose as a result of prior commitments to Heat (1995) and The Saint (1997). [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In his documentary film Val (2021), the actor clarified further that the experience working in the Batsuit, which he found cumbersome, influenced his decision to leave. [ 65 ] Executive Bob Daly mentioned George Clooney in casting discussions, leading to Clooney's hiring based on his performance in From Dusk till Dawn (1996) and his likeness to Batman's comic book counterpart. [ 67 ] Filming for Batman & Robin began in September 1996 and finished two weeks ahead of schedule in January 1997, [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] and the theatrical release was scheduled in June 1997. [ 71 ] Batman & Robin was a critical and commercial failure and is cited as one the worst blockbuster films ever made. [ 59 ] [ 72 ] Unrealized proposals Warner Bros. initiated plans to expand the franchise with several films, including a third Schumacher Batman film commissioned as Batman & Robin was in production. The studio announced the project with Mark Protosevich as screenwriter. [ 61 ] Schumacher said he planned to revisit a darker storytelling approach, contradicting a Los Angeles Times piece that claimed he would continue the direction of his other Batman films. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Protosevich's treatment, a 150-page script named Batman Unchained , revolves around Wayne's efforts to confront figures of his turmoiled past, chiefly the Scarecrow , Harley Quinn , and, ultimately, the Joker through a drug-induced hallucination. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In the film's final scene, Wayne is besieged by a swarm of bats as a symbol of triumph over his fears. [ 73 ] Warner Bros. cast Coolio to play Scarecrow, introducing the character in a cameo in Batman & Robin . [ 75 ] Sequel development collapsed after the failure of Batman & Robin . [ 47 ] Around the same time, another project titled Batman: DarKnight was approved by Warner Bros., from a script conceived by novice writers Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Shapiro and Wise pitched to the studio on learning that they were contemplating a new direction for Batman. [ 73 ] Their story was inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , featuring Wayne, disillusioned by crimefighting, retreating from the public, and encouraging Grayson to pursue college. [ 76 ] Grayson has an adversarial relationship with professor Jonathan Crane, civilian persona of Scarecrow, who kidnaps and tortures Grayson in psychological experiments in Arkham Asylum . [ 73 ] Man-Bat features in DarKnight as a secondary villain whose crimes are erroneously blamed on Batman, luring Wayne out of hiding. [ 76 ] By 2001, Warner Bros. brought on Jeff Robinov to commence plans for a reboot, ending all active development of their original Batman series. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Planned relaunch At the turn of the millennium, Warner Bros. entered a protracted development period over a Batman film. [ 47 ] Three reboot proposals emerged during this time, the earliest being an adaptation of Miller's comic book story arc Batman: Year One (1987). [ 73 ] Schumacher made the suggestion to Warner Bros. in 1998, and within a year, the studio solicited the then-relatively unknown filmmaker Darren Aronofsky for ideas to approach a remake. [ 73 ] [ 77 ] According to Aronofsky, the studio was receptive after he quipped, "I'd cast Clint Eastwood as the Dark Knight, and shoot it in Tokyo, doubling for Gotham City." [ 78 ] He joined as director in 2000. [ 79 ] Aronofsky worked with Miller to write the Batman: Year One script in their second collaboration; their first work together was an undeveloped screenplay of Miller's multi-issue series Ronin . [ 80 ] Their script re-conceptualized Batman with working class origins and placed greater emphasis on the character's psychological profile. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Christian Bale and Freddie Prinze, Jr. were discussed to star, and Aronofsky campaigned to hire Joaquin Phoenix against studio intent, but Batman: Year One never went into production. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Owing to creative disagreements with Aronofsky and Miller, Warner Bros. abandoned efforts on the project. [ 83 ] Alan Horn succeeded Terry Semel and Bob Daly as COO and president of Warner Bros. in 1999. There he implemented plans to relaunch the Batman and Superman franchises as part of a broader measure to increase the studio's output of blockbuster films. [ 47 ] The efforts may have been shaped in part by a corporate merger between parent company Time Warner and AOL in 2001. [ 84 ] Although the idea of a crossover film portraying Batman and Superman as foes long circulated in the press, it was screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker who first brought forward the concept in earnest in August 2001. [ 85 ] Warner Bros. engaged Wolfgang Petersen to direct Batman Vs. Superman , who then secured Walker's services to prepare a draft. [ 47 ] Goldman was brought on for a rewrite when the studio rejected Walker's draft, but the successive script drew mixed reactions. [ 85 ] Thereafter Petersen left to make another Warner project, the historical drama Troy (2004), and Horn clashed with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura because they had competing visions for the franchises. [ 47 ] [ 85 ] Ultimately, the studio proceeded with plans for solo films and development of Batman Vs. Superman unraveled. [ 85 ] In 2000, Warner Bros. oversaw a live-action adaptation of their animated TV program Batman Beyond . [ 47 ] They commissioned Boaz Yakin and Batman Beyond creators Paul Dini and Alan Burnett to write a draft, but found the direction unsatisfactory and severed further commitment. [ 47 ] Little else is known about the project and filmmakers involved seldom discuss information in interviews with the media. [ 73 ] A younger Wayne played by Armie Hammer was a subject of a Justice League film known as Justice League: Mortal , which was meant to launch a franchise independent of the mainline Batman films in the late 2000s. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Several problems beset the production. Warner Bros. suspended filming in the wake of an industrywide labor strike by the Writers Guild of America and again over disputes concerning the studio's request for tax subsidies from the government of Australia, which was denied by the Australian Film Commission . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In turn, Warner Bros. relocated the film's administrative operations to Canada, before cancelling production to mandate solo films of the DC characters, enacted after the release of The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The Dark Knight trilogy The Dark Knight trilogy was ranked as one of the greatest film trilogies by /Film , Time Out , and CBR . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Batman Begins (2005) Christopher Nolan was signed to a pay-or-play contract as director of Batman Begins in early 2003, [ 47 ] [ 96 ] after approaching Warner Bros. with the idea of making a Batman film centered on the character's origins. [ 97 ] What's more, the studio wanted to reconcile relations with the filmmaker after Petersen took his place as Troy director. [ 98 ] Nolan said he aimed to develop a more realistic, grittier film setting to differentiate Batman Begins from Warner's original Batman movies. [ 99 ] This encompassed the creation of an updated Batmobile and an all-black Batsuit designed for more agile movement. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Nolan and David S. Goyer produced the film's completed script. [ 102 ] Management cast Bale, at the time a largely-unknown actor, under Nolan's belief that he exuded "exactly the balance of darkness and light" they desired for the character. [ 47 ] [ 103 ] To prepare for the role, Bale was given martial arts training, regained the weight he lost for The Machinist (2004), and increased his muscle mass, weighing about 220 pounds (100 kg). [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The filmmaking crew spent 2004 shooting Batman Begins in Iceland, the United Kingdom and Chicago, the lattermost within a three-week period. [ 106 ] They relied on miniature effects and traditional stunts during the production, using computer-generated imagery (CGI) only sparingly. [ 107 ] Despite a poor box office prognosis, the film was released in June 2005 to improved results, grossing $375.4 million worldwide. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Reviews from critics were very positive, and Batman Begins became a candidate for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards . [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The Dark Knight (2008) Nolan did not plan to make a sequel, but nevertheless brainstormed ideas with Goyer during the filming of Batman Begins . [ 112 ] The men worked together to outline The Dark Knight 's essential plot points for three months. [ 113 ] Nolan next assisted his brother Jonathan with development of the script, starting with a draft screenplay finished in six months. [ 113 ] The brothers spent another six months collaborating on the final script. [ 113 ] Filmmakers again redesigned the Batsuit to make it more comfortable to wear. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Bale reprised his role as Batman, performing many of his own stunts. [ 116 ] The film story sees Batman battling his arch-nemesis the Joker ( Heath Ledger ), who obstructs efforts to control organized crime by his newly-forged alliance with district attorney Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) and police lieutenant James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ). The Dark Knight was shot on a 127-day schedule from April to November 2007, and opened to widespread critical acclaim in July 2008. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] It broke numerous box office records, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2008 and exceeding $1 billion by February 2009. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Near the end of its global rollout, the film entered the 81st Academy Awards season as a frontrunner with eight nominations, winning two. [ 121 ] Ledger's posthumous win for Best Supporting Actor made The Dark Knight the first comic book film to win an Academy Award for acting. [ 122 ] In 2020, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . [ 123 ] The Dark Knight Rises (2012) After initial hesitation, Nolan returned to direct The Dark Knight Rises , and, with his brother and Goyer, conceived a story he believed would conclude the trilogy on a satisfying note. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] He contemplated story and character ideas with Goyer before tasking Jonathan with the scriptwriting. [ 126 ] Warner Bros. proposed a character similar to Ledger's Joker as the film's primary villain, but Nolan picked Bane ( Tom Hardy ), favoring a physically imposing figure as antagonist. [ 102 ] [ 127 ] The director cited Metropolis (1927), Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Battle of Algiers (1966), Prince of the City (1981), and Blade Runner (1982) as major influences on The Dark Knight Rises 's artistic direction. [ 128 ] One of Nolan's main goals was to shoot the film with IMAX cameras as he wanted visual uniformity between The Dark Knight projects. [ 129 ] Production lasted from May to November 2011, and The Dark Knight Rises debuted in North American theaters in July 2012. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] The film eventually surpassed The Dark Knight 's box office gross and drew highly positive reviews from critics. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] DC Extended Universe Title roles Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Press speculation about a sequel to Man of Steel (2013) preceded the 46th San Diego Comic-Con . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] At that event, director Zack Snyder announced Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as Man of Steel 's follow-up, based on a narrative inspired by The Dark Knight Returns . [ 136 ] Goyer returned to develop a screenplay that was rewritten at least three times, including once by Chris Terrio , because he was working concurrently on other projects of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Terrio's script was influenced by The Dark Knight trilogy and "Musée des Beaux Arts", an allegorical poem by English poet W. H. Auden . [ 139 ] Nolan worked as an executive producer, albeit in an advisory role, but Warner Bros. did not approach Bale to reprise Batman. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Ben Affleck stars in said role in Dawn of Justice , news of which was confirmed in August 2013. [ 142 ] The casting choice was contingent on studio demands for an older Batman whose age could juxtapose the story. [ 142 ] Snyder and Affleck also had a strong professional relationship. [ 140 ] Filming occurred in 2014, and following multiples changes in the exhibition schedule, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2016. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Dawn of Justice was derided in professional reviews, while the film fared better with audiences. [ 146 ] At the box office, it emerged as the seventh highest-grossing film of 2016 with $874 million. [ 147 ] Ensemble roles Justice League (2017) Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against the estate of Joe Shuster over the execution of a termination clause barring the disposition of the estate's share of the copyrights to Superman. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Warner Bros. in October 2012, and the studio immediately moved forward with plans to create a Justice League film. [ 150 ] They hired Will Beall to conceive the initial draft, which was replaced when Goyer took over as the scriptwriter the following year. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Goyer's work was discarded for a rewritten script completed by Terrio in July 2015. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Afterwards, Justice League fell into a drawn-out development phase involving a succession of rewrites and a dispute concerning the budget, delaying the film's production. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Affleck returned as Batman, and Snyder continued his duties as director until his departure due to his daughter's death in 2017. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] His replacement, Joss Whedon , made substantial changes to the script and supervised reshoots, though only Snyder is billed as Justice League director. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] The film was shot from April to October 2016, [ 162 ] [ 163 ] and was released in November 2017 to largely negative reviews. [ 164 ] It was also a box office disappointment by failing to recoup enough money to break-even . [ 165 ] After Justice League 's release, Whedon was criticized for his treatment of the actors, and Terrio disavowed the film, citing studio interference. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Given the negative reaction to Justice League , a fan campaign went viral on social media under the hashtag "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut", calling for the release of Snyder's version of the film. [ 160 ] [ 168 ] Snyder had an unedited cut of this film version saved on his laptop around the time of his departure, which was presented to Warner Bros. executives in February 2020 in an event he organized with his wife Deborah . [ 166 ] [ 169 ] That May, it was announced as an official project, a director's cut titled Zack Snyder's Justice League ; the film premiered on HBO Max in March 2021. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Warner Bros. allocated a $70 million budget to complete work related mostly to visual effects. [ 172 ] The film does not share continuity with the DCEU. [ 173 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League features a newly filmed scene with Affleck's Batman. [ 174 ] Other DCEU films In Suicide Squad (2016), Affleck features in flashback scenes depicting the arrests of Floyd Lawton / Deadshot ( Will Smith ) and Harley Quinn ( Margot Robbie ). [ 175 ] Keaton and Clooney's Batmen appear in supporting roles in The Flash (2023). [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Both actors play alternate versions of DCEU's main-continuity Batman (Affleck). [ 177 ] West makes a posthumous cameo appearance in a multiverse sequence developed with a combination of archival footage, deepfake effects, and artificial intelligence . [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Keaton was set to return to the DCEU in an expanded capacity in Batgirl until the film's cancellation in August 2022. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman (2022) Work on a standalone Batman film was well underway once Warner Bros. cast Affleck in 2014. [ 182 ] He was signed as director, writer, and the film's starring actor, but stepped down amidst various personal and professional struggles. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Matt Reeves replaced Affleck as director and writer, [ 185 ] creating the story anew with Mattson Tomlin and Peter Craig . [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Reeves focused on a younger Batman, borrowing from the tradition of a detective story, [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] and expunged connections to the DCEU in the script. [ 192 ] To conceptualize the film world, and to bolster the plot, the director sought inspiration from an array of Batman comics and New Hollywood era films. [ c ] The Batman universe is separate from the DC Universe (DCU), and hence will exist simultaneously with a DCU Batman within the continuity of a multiverse. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] The search for an actor to play Batman was described as "intense", but unusually quick for a superhero film. [ 200 ] Speculation in the media favored Robert Pattinson , and Warner Bros. signed the actor in May 2019, prompting backlash from some fans. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Reeves said he wrote the character with Pattinson in mind, having been impressed with his performances in Good Time (2017) and High Life (2018). [ 200 ] [ 203 ] Pattinson received a $3 million salary for his work. [ 204 ] Filmmakers spent over a year shooting The Batman thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic , which halted production for five-and-a-half months. [ 205 ] Postponed twice, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2022. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The Batman: Part II (2027) A sequel, The Batman: Part II , was announced in April 2022; Reeves, Tomlin, and Pattinson will reprise their respective roles. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] The production was delayed to accommodate changes in the writing, and a completed script was submitted in June 2025. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Part II is slated to be released on October 1, 2027. [ 212 ] DC Universe The Brave and the Bold In October 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery formed DC Studios , with filmmakers James Gunn and Peter Safran as its co-chairmen and CEOs, to facilitate development of film and TV adaptations within the context of a new shared universe, the DCU. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] A Batman film gleaning comic books by Grant Morrison , titled The Brave and the Bold , was confirmed as one of the DCU projects in active development in January 2023. The story will concentrate on Wayne and his relationship with his teenage son Damian . [ 214 ] Warner Bros. enlisted Andy Muschietti as the film's director, with his sister Barbara set to produce through their production company Double Dream, alongside Gunn and Safran. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Joker duology Beginning in 2019, Warner Bros. distributed two standalone films based on the Joker, directed by Todd Phillips . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Both films predate Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 219 ] Joker depicts an origin story about a failed comedian's (Phoenix) descent into madness, culminating in the murders of Wayne's parents by a masked rioter. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] The film portrays Wayne as a young child (played by Dante Pereira-Olson ). [ 222 ] Animated film Batman has appeared in a variety of animated film adaptations since the early 1990s. [ 223 ] His first appearance was in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), voiced by Kevin Conroy . [ 224 ] It originated as a direct-to-video release, following the breakout success of Fox 's TV adaptation of the character, Batman: The Animated Series , itself influenced by the live-action Burton films. [ 225 ] Mask of Phantasm received notice for its subject matter, animation style, and music. [ 226 ] Conroy continued voicing the character in various productions up to his death in 2022. [ 227 ] Batman is the titular lead in 39 films and features in another 35 in a supporting capacity, generally as part of an ensemble for the Justice League. [ 223 ] Warner Bros. occasionally produces theatrical features, as is the case with Batman: The Killing Joke (2016) and films of The Lego Movie franchise , in which Will Arnett portrays the character. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] Numerous actors voice Batman in animation, including Jensen Ackles , Michael C. Hall , Roger Craig Smith , and Troy Baker . [ 230 ] [ 231 ] Further development of animated Batman films is ongoing as of 2025. [ 232 ] Recurring cast and characters This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in multiple Batman or Batman-centered films that received a wide theatrical release. An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's official presence has not yet been confirmed. A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio. C indicates a cameo role. P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs. S indicates an appearance through use of special effects. U indicates an uncredited appearance. V indicates a voice-only role. Y indicates a younger version of the character. L indicates the actor or actress lent only their likeness for the film. Character Serial films Batman Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm The Dark Knight trilogy Batman: The Killing Joke DC Extended Universe films The Lego Batman Movie Joker films The Batman films 1943, 1949 1966 1989–1997 1993 2005–2012 2016 2016–2023 2017 2019, 2024 2022, 2027 Batman Lewis Wilson Robert Lowery Adam West Michael Keaton Charles Roskilly Y Val Kilmer Ramsey Ellis Y George Clooney Eric Lloyd Y Kevin Conroy V Christian Bale Gus Lewis Y Kevin Conroy V Ben Affleck Brandon Spink Y Michael Keaton [ i ] George Clooney [ i ] Adam West L [ ii ] Will Arnett V Adam West [ ii ] A Dante Pereira-Olson [ iii ] Robert Pattinson Oscar Novak Y Alfred Pennyworth William Austin U Eric Wilton U Alan Napier Michael Gough Jon Simmons Y Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. V Michael Caine Brian George V Jeremy Irons Ralph Fiennes V Douglas Hodge Andy Serkis James "Jim" Gordon Lyle Talbot Neil Hamilton Pat Hingle Bob Hastings V Gary Oldman Ray Wise V J. K. Simmons Héctor Elizondo V Jeffrey Wright Robin Douglas Croft Johnny Duncan Burt Ward Chris O'Donnell Joseph Gordon-Levitt [ iv ] Burt Ward L Michael Cera V Vicki Vale Jane Adams Kim Basinger Appeared Joker Cesar Romero Jack Nicholson [ v ] Hugo E. Blick Y David U. Hodges U Y Mark Hamill V Heath Ledger Mark Hamill V Jared Leto Jack Nicholson L [ i ] Cesar Romero L [ ii ] Zach Galifianakis V Joaquin Phoenix [ vi ] Connor Storrie [ vii ] Barry Keoghan [ viii ] Catwoman Lee Meriwether Michelle Pfeiffer Anne Hathaway Eartha Kitt L [ ii ] Zoë Kravitz V Zoë Kravitz Penguin Burgess Meredith Danny DeVito John Venzon V Colin Farrell Riddler Frank Gorshin Jim Carrey Conan O'Brien V Paul Dano Joseph Walker Y Two-Face Billy Dee Williams [ ix ] Tommy Lee Jones Aaron Eckhart Billy Dee Williams V Harry Lawtey [ ix ] Thomas Wayne David Baxt Michael Scranton C Linus Roache Jeffrey Dean Morgan P Brett Cullen Luke Roberts Martha Wayne Sharon Holm Eileen Seeley C Sara Stewart Lauren Cohan P Carrie Louise Putrello Stella Stocker Joe Chill Clyde Gatell [ x ] Richard Brake Damon Caro U U Sal Maroni Dennis Paladino Eric Roberts Rick D. Wasserman V Mr. Freeze Arnold Schwarzenegger David Burrows V Poison Ivy Uma Thurman Riki Lindhome V Batgirl Alicia Silverstone [ xi ] Hannah Gunn [ xii ] Tara Strong V Rosario Dawson V Bane Robert Swenson Michael Reid MacKay [ xiii ] Tom Hardy Doug Benson V Harvey Bullock Robert Costanzo V Robin Atkin Downes V Scarecrow Cillian Murphy Jason Mantzoukas V Carmine Falcone Tom Wilkinson John Turturro Superman Henry Cavill Channing Tatum V The Flash Ezra Miller Adam Devine V Harley Quinn Margot Robbie Jenny Slate V Lady Gaga Killer Croc Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Matt Villa V Additionally, President pro tempore of the United States Senate Patrick Leahy has a brief role as himself in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , an unnamed Wayne Enterprise board member in The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises , and as Senator Purrington in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice . [ 234 ] Reception Box office performance Film Release date Box office revenue All-time ranking Budget Ref. North America Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Batman (1966) July 30, 1966 $1,700,000 — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a $1,700,000 — N/a — N/a $1.5 million [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Batman (1989) June 23, 1989 $251,409,241 $160,160,000 $411,569,241 #131 #308 $35 million [ 237 ] Batman Returns June 19, 1992 $162,924,631 $103,990,656 $266,915,287 #334 #592 $80 million [ 238 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm December 25, 1993 $5,635,204 — N/a $5,635,204 #6,208 #9,093 — N/a [ 239 ] Batman Forever June 16, 1995 $184,069,126 $152,498,032 $336,567,158 #253 #438 $100 million [ 240 ] Batman & Robin June 20, 1997 $107,353,792 $130,881,927 $238,235,719 #681 #685 $125 million [ 241 ] Batman Begins June 15, 2005 $206,863,479 $166,809,514 $373,672,993 #206 #363 $150 million [ 242 ] The Dark Knight July 18, 2008 $534,987,076 $471,115,201 $1,006,102,277 #13 #33 (A) #49 $185 million [ 243 ] The Dark Knight Rises July 20, 2012 $448,149,584 $633,003,513 $1,081,153,097 #22 #73 (A) #32 $250 million [ 244 ] Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice March 25, 2016 $330,360,194 $543,277,334 $873,637,528 #71 #212 (A) #73 $250 million [ 245 ] Batman: The Killing Joke July 25, 2016 $3,775,000 $687,034 $4,462,034 — N/a — N/a $3.5 million [ 246 ] The Lego Batman Movie February 10, 2017 $175,936,671 $136,200,000 $312,136,671 #287 #489 $80 million [ 247 ] Joker October 4, 2019 $335,477,657 $738,968,073 $1,074,445,730 #65 #33 $55 million [ 248 ] The Batman March 4, 2022 $369,313,618 $401,000,000 $770,313,618 #50 #106 $200 million [ 249 ] Total $ 3,117,955,273 $ 3,798,799,766 $ 6,756,546,557 #5 #4 (A) #10 $1.915 billion [ 250 ] List indicator (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. Critical and public response Film Critical Public Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore [ 251 ] Batman: The Movie 81% (36 reviews) [ 252 ] 71 (4 reviews) [ 253 ] — N/a Batman 77% (142 reviews) [ 254 ] 69 (21 reviews) [ 255 ] A Batman Returns 82% (93 reviews) [ 256 ] 68 (23 reviews) [ 257 ] B Batman: Mask of the Phantasm 81% (52 reviews) [ 258 ] — N/a — N/a Batman Forever 40% (70 reviews) [ 259 ] 51 (23 reviews) [ 260 ] A− Batman & Robin 12% (97 reviews) [ 261 ] 28 (21 reviews) [ 262 ] C+ Batman Begins 85% (285 reviews) [ 263 ] 70 (41 reviews) [ 264 ] A The Dark Knight 94% (341 reviews) [ 265 ] 84 (39 reviews) [ 266 ] A The Dark Knight Rises 87% (376 reviews) [ 267 ] 78 (45 reviews) [ 268 ] A Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 29% (439 reviews) [ 269 ] 44 (51 reviews) [ 270 ] B Batman: The Killing Joke 36% (44 reviews) [ 271 ] — N/a — N/a The Lego Batman Movie 89% (313 reviews) [ 272 ] 75 (48 reviews) [ 273 ] A− Justice League 39% (411 reviews) [ 274 ] 45 (52 reviews) [ 275 ] B+ Joker 68% (603 reviews) [ 276 ] 59 (60 reviews) [ 277 ] B+ Zack Snyder's Justice League 71% (314 reviews) [ 278 ] 54 (45 reviews) [ 279 ] — N/a The Batman 85% (528 reviews) [ 280 ] 72 (68 reviews) [ 281 ] A– Accolades Academy Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Picture Nominated Director Nominated Actor Won Supporting Actor Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Film Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Score Won Production Design Won Nominated Sound [ d ] Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Editing [ d ] Nominated Won Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated British Academy Film Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Film Nominated Direction Nominated Actor in a Leading Role Won Supporting Actor Nominated Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Casting Won Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup and Hair Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Music Nominated Won Production Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Saturn Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Fantasy Film Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Won Nominated Comic-to-Film Motion Picture Nominated Won Nominated Director Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Actor Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Actress Nominated Supporting Actor Nominated Nominated Won [ e ] Nominated Nominated [ f ] Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Won Nominated Writing Won Won Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Editing Nominated Make-up Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Music Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Production Design Nominated Nominated Special Effects Nominated Nominated Won See also Speculative fiction portal Film portal United States portal Batman franchise media Category:Fan films based on Batman Superman in film Catwoman (film) Footnotes ^ a b c Version from Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films continuity. ^ a b c d Version from 1966 film continuity. ^ This version of the character does not appear as Batman. ^ In The Dark Knight Rises , Gordon-Levitt portrays "Robin John Blake", a detective working for the GCPD whom Bruce Wayne deems an ally and entrusts the Batcave to. ^ In the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher continuity, the character's real name is Jack Napier. ^ In the Joker film continuity, the character's real name is Arthur Fleck. ^ Joker: Folie à Deux implies that Storrie’s character is the real Joker. [ 233 ] ^ Credited as "Unseen Arkham Prisoner". ^ a b Two-Face identity not used. ^ Credited as "Other Mugger". ^ This version of the character appears using the name Barbara Wilson. ^ Credited as "Gordon's daughter" ^ MacKay portrays Antonio Diego, an Arkham Asylum inmate who is transformed into Bane. Notes ^ Features different versions of the Bruce Wayne/Batman character: the DCEU version played by Ben Affleck , the 1989 series version played by Michael Keaton , the Batman & Robin version played by George Clooney , and the 1960s version in archival footage of Adam West ^ At the time, DC was known as Detective Comics, one of at least two imprints of National Comics Publications . [ 1 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 191 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 197 ] ^ a b Starting with the 93rd Academy Awards (2021), the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category. ^ Received one award out of two nominations in this category. ^ Received two nominations in this category. 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Christopher Nolan: the Iconic Filmmaker and His Work . Quarto Publishing . ISBN 978-0-7112-7713-7 . Proctor, William (2023). Reboot Culture: Comics, Film, Transmedia . Springer International Publishing . ISBN 9783031409127 . Brown, Jeffrey (2016). The Modern Superhero in Film and Television: Popular Genre and American Culture . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 9781317484516 . Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 9781556525919 . Solomon, Brian (2023). Superheroes!: The History of a Pop-Culture Phenomenon from Ant-Man to Zorro . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781493064526 . External links Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Batman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Characters Supporting characters Enemies In other media Supporting characters Enemies In other media In other media Locations in Gotham City Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books Ongoing publications ( history ) Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Miscellaneous Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Category Category Batman in other media Batman films Film series introduced in 1943 Lists of films by franchise Warner Bros. Pictures franchises IMDb ID (Cite Mojo) not in Wikidata Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2022 Comics infobox image less alt text IOM index pop Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:59 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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For a list of community related shortcuts such as for WikiProjects and Portals , see WP:WPR and WP:PORTCUT , respectively. For a list of shortcuts to Wikipedia talk pages, see WT:WT . For a table of all one-, two-, and three-letter shortcuts, see WP:SCT . For other useful directories and indexes, see Wikipedia:Directories and indexes . How to create a shortcut Shortcuts exist as redirects pointing from the title of the shortcut (for example, Wikipedia:START ) to its target (in this case, Wikipedia:Contents ). Notice that project shortcuts are usually listed with the prefix "WP" and not "Wikipedia"; this is because when "WP" or "Wp" appears before a colon in a page name, MediaWiki automatically expands it to "Wikipedia". Therefore, there is no need to create shortcuts literally starting with "WP:" as opposed to "Wikipedia:". Prefixes similar to "WP" can be found at Wikipedia:Shortcut#List of prefixes . Shortcut redirects should be tagged with Template:R from shortcut ( edit talk links history ) so they will auto-categorize in Category:Redirects from shortcuts . Browsing the encyclopedia Pagename Redirects Portal:Contents WP:START , WP:CONTENTS , WP:EXPLORE Portal:Contents/A–Z index WP:A-Z , WP:QI Portal:Contents/Categories WP:BROWSE , WP:TI Portal:Contents/Glossaries WP:GLO , WP:LG Portal:Contents/Lists WP:LOT Portal:Contents/Outlines WP:OOK Portal:Contents/Overviews WP:LOO , WP:VIEW Portal:Contents/Portals P: , P:CP Portal:Current events WP:CURRENT Portal:Featured content WP:FC Wikipedia:Directory WP:DIR , WP:INDEX Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia WP:EIW Wikipedia:Portal/Directory WP:P/D Portal shortcuts This is an incomplete list of shortcuts. WP:PORTCUT WP:PORTCUT Pagename Redirects Portal:Anarchism P:@ Portal:Architecture P:ARCH Portal:Argentina P:ARG Portal:Australia P:AU , P:AUS Portal:Aviation P:AVIA Portal:Bangladesh P:BD Portal:Beer P:BEER Portal:Botswana P:BWA Portal:Canada P:CA Portal:Climate change P:CC , P:GW Portal:Conservatism P:RIGHT Portal:Drink P:DRINK Portal:Edinburgh P:EDI , P:EDIN Portal:Food P:FD Portal:Geography P:GEO Portal:Germany P:DE , P:GER Portal:Haiti P:HT , P:HAI Portal:Hawaii P:HI , P:HAWAII Portal:Hong Kong P:HK , WP:PHK Portal:History P:HIS Portal:India P:IN , WP:PIN Portal:Judaism P:JEW Portal:London transport P:LT , P:TFL , P:LUL , P:TUBE Portal:Latin America P:LA Portal:Latter Day Saint movement P:LDSM , P:MORMON , P:LDS , P:LDSCHURCH , P:MORMONS , P:MORMONCHURCH , P:HL , P:HLDS Portal:Law P:LAW , P:ENGLAW Portal:LGBTQ P:LGBT , P:LGBTQ , P:QUEER Portal:Literature P:LIT Portal:Martial arts P:MA Portal:Music P:MUS Portal:New Zealand P:NZ Portal:North East England P:NEE Portal:Northern Ireland P:NIR Portal:Novels P:NOV Portal:Outer space P:SPACE Portal:Oxfordshire P:OX Portal:Philippines P:PH , P:RP Portal:Poland P:PL Portal:Scotland P:SCO , P:SCOT Portal:Scottish islands P:ISLE , P:ISLES Portal:South East England P:SEE , WP:SEE Portal:Stars P:STR , P:ST Portal:Switzerland P:CH Portal:Technology P:TECH Portal:Trains P:TRAINS Portal:Transport P:TRANS Portal:Ukraine P:UKR Portal:Underwater diving P:SCUBA Portal:United Kingdom P:UK Portal:United States P:US , P:USA Portal:University of Oxford P:OXFORD Portal:Video games P:VG Portal:Wine P:WINE Wikipedia:Featured portals P:FP , WP:FPORT Wikipedia:Featured portal candidates WP:FPCAN , WP:FPOC Project shortcuts WP:WPR WP:WPR Contents WikiProjects Pagename Redirects Wikipedia:WikiProject Contents WP:WPCONT Wikipedia:WikiProject Categories WP:CATP Wikipedia:WikiProject Glossaries WP:WPGL Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists of topics WP:WPLOT Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines WP:WPOOK Wikipedia:WikiProject Portals WP:WPPORT Topic-oriented WikiProjects Pagename Redirects Wikipedia:WikiProject Adelaide WP:ADEL Wikipedia:WikiProject Aerosmith WP:AERO Wikipedia:WikiProject Africa WP:WPAFRICA Wikipedia:WikiProject AIDS WP:AIDS Wikipedia:WikiProject Albums WP:ALBUM , WP:ALBUMS Wikipedia:WikiProject Ancient Near East WP:ANE Wikipedia:WikiProject Animal anatomy WP:ANIMALANAT , WP:ANAN Wikipedia:WikiProject Animals WP:ANIMAL , WP:ANIMALS , WP:WPAN Wikipedia:WikiProject Animation WP:ANIMATION Wikipedia:WikiProject Animation/Family Guy work group WP:FG , WP:FAMILYGUY Wikipedia:WikiProject Animation/Machinima work group WP:MACH , WP:WPMACH Wikipedia:WikiProject Animation/Thomas & Friends task force WP:THOMAS , WP:TTEF Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga WP:ANIME Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga/Sailor Moon WP:SM Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthroponymy WP:APO Wikipedia:WikiProject Anti-war WP:WPA Wikipedia:WikiProject Apple Inc. 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Wikipedia:WikiProject Event Venues WP:ARENAS Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion WP:FASH , WP:FASHION Wikipedia:WikiProject Feminism WP:FEMINISM , WP:FEM , WP:XX Wikipedia:WikiProject Figure Skating WP:FIGURE Wikipedia:WikiProject Film WP:FILM Wikipedia:WikiProject Firearms WP:GUNS Wikipedia:WikiProject Florida WP:FLA Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink WP:F&D , WP:FOOD Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink/Bartending Task Force WP:BARTF Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink/Beverages Task Force WP:WPSD , WP:BEV Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink/Beverages Task Force/Coffee and Tea task force WP:C&T Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink/Herbs and Spices task force WP:HERBS , WP:SPICES Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink/Mixed Drinks Task Force WP:MIX , WP:COCKTAIL Wikipedia:WikiProject Football WP:WPF , WP:FOOTBALL , WP:FOOTY , WP:SOCCER Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Africa task force WP:AfF , WP:AFRIFOOT Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Argentina task force WP:ArF Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Arsenal F.C. task force WP:ARSENAL , WP:GUNNERS Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Association football variants task force WP:FV , WP:FVTF Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Australia task force WP:FIA , WP:AFIA , WP:FSIA Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/College soccer task force WP:COLLEGESOCCER , WP:CSOC , WP:CSOCCER Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/D.C. United task force WP:DCU Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/England task force WP:EFTF Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/English non-league task force WP:NLF , WP:NON-LEAGUE Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Hong Kong task force WP:HKF Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/India task force WP:IFTF Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Liverpool task force WP:LFC Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Manchester United task force WP:MUFC , WP:MUTF , WP:MANU , WP:MANUTD Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Netherlands task force WP:FBNL Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/San Jose Earthquakes task force WP:SJE Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Season article task force WP:SEASONS , WP:FSATF Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Seattle Sounders FC task force WP:SSFC , WP:SOUNDERS Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Sheffield United task force WP:SUFC Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Sheffield Wednesday task force WP:SWFC Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Women's football task force WP:WOSO , WP:WFOOTY Wikipedia:WikiProject Former countries WP:WPFC 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See also Special:Prefixindex/CAT: Special:Prefixindex/P: Category:Redirects from shortcuts m:Meta:Shortcut , shortcuts in Meta namespace User:B jonas/Pages with shortcuts User:Eumat114/shortcut and User:Eumat114/shortcuts/cond , lists of 3-letter shortcuts Wikipedia:List of non-self-explanatory template shortcuts Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations Wikipedia:WikiProject Shortcuts Wikipedia:WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! , an essay on acronym use Shortcut templates Template Shortcut Result {{ Shortcut }} {{Sh}} Shortcut WP:THIS WP:THIS WP:THIS WP:THIS {{ Shortcut compact }} {{Hsh}} Shortcut : WP:THIS Shortcut : WP:THIS {{ Shortcut mini }} {{Msh}} WP:THIS WP:THIS 📌 {{ Template shortcut }} {{Tsh}} Shortcut {{ This Template:This }} {{ This Template:This }} {{ Template redirect }} {{Tlr}} Redirect {{ This Template:This }} {{ This Template:This }} {{ Short URL box }} {{Urlb}} Short URL w.wiki/4Q7 Short URL w.wiki/4Q7 {{ Shortcut-style further links }} {{Msh}} Further info: WP:THIS WP:THIS {{ Anchor }} – Creates an HTML anchor that can be linked to {{ Visible anchor }} – Highlights .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} the linked text , like this . {{ Section link }} – Link to an anchor or section {{ R for convenience }} – For placement on the redirect page {{ R from shortcut }} – For shortcut boxes {{ R to redirect template }} – For template redirects {{ R from shortcut }} – For shortcut boxes {{ R to redirect template }} – For template redirects .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Basic information on Wikipedia - ( Search ) v t e Help directory menu Teahouse (interactive help for new editors) Help directory menu directory menu Teahouse (interactive help for new editors) About Wikipedia Readers' index to Wikipedia Statistics Administration FAQs Purpose Who writes Wikipedia? 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Five pillars Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! 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Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign v t e Useful links Daily pages CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) Things to do CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages Resources CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex Policies / Guidelines WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL Administrators CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog External links Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) v t e Five pillars Ignore all rules Five pillars Ignore all rules Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Composition 2 Leadership 3 Current members 4 Past composition of the House of Representatives 5 See also 6 References 7 External links New Mexico House of Representatives العربية 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano 日本語 Simple English 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item New Mexico House of Representatives Cámara de representantes de Nuevo México New Mexico State Legislature Type Type Lower house Term limits None History New session started January 21, 2025 Leadership Speaker Javier Martínez ( D ) since January 17, 2023 Majority Leader Reena Szczepanski ( D ) since January 21, 2025 Minority Leader Gail Armstrong ( R ) since January 21, 2025 Structure Seats 70 Political groups Majority .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Democratic (44) Minority Republican (26) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Democratic (44) Minority Republican (26) Length of term 2 years Authority Article IV, New Mexico Constitution Salary None + per diem Elections Last election November 5, 2024 (70 seats) Next election November 3, 2026 (70 seats) Redistricting Legislative Control Meeting place House of Representatives Chamber New Mexico State Capitol Santa Fe , New Mexico Website www .nmlegis .gov Politics of New Mexico Constitution United States Constitution New Mexico Constitution United States Constitution New Mexico Constitution Executive Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham (D) (list) Lieutenant Governor Howie Morales (D) Secretary of State Maggie Toulouse Oliver (D) Attorney General Raúl Torrez (D) State Auditor Joseph Maestas (D) State Treasurer Laura Montoya (D) Commissioner of Public Lands Stephanie Garcia Richard (D) Public Regulation Commission Governor's Cabinet and state agencies Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham (D) (list) Lieutenant Governor Howie Morales (D) Secretary of State Maggie Toulouse Oliver (D) Attorney General Raúl Torrez (D) State Auditor Joseph Maestas (D) State Treasurer Laura Montoya (D) Commissioner of Public Lands Stephanie Garcia Richard (D) Public Regulation Commission Governor's Cabinet and state agencies Legislature State Senate President Howie Morales (D) President pro tempore Mimi Stewart (D) Majority leader Peter Wirth (D) Minority leader Gregory A. Baca (R) House of Representatives Speaker Brian Egolf (D) Majority leader Javier Martinez (D) Minority leader James G. Townsend (R) State Senate President Howie Morales (D) President pro tempore Mimi Stewart (D) Majority leader Peter Wirth (D) Minority leader Gregory A. Baca (R) House of Representatives Speaker Brian Egolf (D) Majority leader Javier Martinez (D) Minority leader James G. Townsend (R) Judiciary Supreme Court Court of Appeals New Mexico District Courts Magistrate Court Bernalillo County Metropolitan Court Municipal Court Probate Court See also: U.S. District Court of New Mexico Supreme Court Court of Appeals New Mexico District Courts Magistrate Court Bernalillo County Metropolitan Court Municipal Court Probate Court Magistrate Court Bernalillo County Metropolitan Court Municipal Court Probate Court See also: U.S. District Court of New Mexico Elections Political parties Qualified New Mexico parties Democratic Party Republican Party Green Party Libertarian Party National minor parties Political parties Qualified New Mexico parties Democratic Party Republican Party Green Party Libertarian Party National minor parties Democratic Party Republican Party Green Party Libertarian Party National minor parties Inferior jurisdictions Counties Cities Census-designated places School districts Counties Cities Census-designated places School districts Federal representation U.S. Senators Martin Heinrich (D) Ben Ray Luján (D) U.S. Representatives 1 : Melanie Stansbury (D) 2 : Gabe Vasquez (D) 3 : Teresa Leger Fernandez (D) U.S. Senators Martin Heinrich (D) Ben Ray Luján (D) U.S. Representatives 1 : Melanie Stansbury (D) 2 : Gabe Vasquez (D) 3 : Teresa Leger Fernandez (D) Politics of the United States Politics portal Politics of the United States Politics portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The New Mexico House of Representatives ( Spanish : Cámara de representantes de Nuevo México ) is the lower house of the New Mexico State Legislature . There are 70 members of the House. Each member represents roughly 25,980 residents of New Mexico . The most recent elections were held on November 5, 2024 . During that election the Republican Party of New Mexico picked up one seat. Composition Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) Total Democratic Ind Republican Vacant End 2010 42 0 28 70 0 Begin 2011 37 0 33 70 0 End 2012 36 1 2013-2014 37 0 33 70 0 2015-2016 33 0 37 70 0 2017-2018 38 0 32 70 0 Begin 2019 46 0 24 70 0 End 2020 43 67 3 Begin 2021 45 0 25 70 0 February 6, 2021 [ 1 ] 1 24 Begin 2023 45 0 25 70 0 Latest voting share 64% 0% 36% Leadership Position Representative [ 2 ] Party District Speaker of the House of Representantes Javier Martínez Dem 11 Majority Floor Leader Reena Szczepanski Dem 47 Majority Whip Dayan Hochman-Vigil Dem 15 Minority Floor Leader Gail Armstrong Rep 49 Minority Whip Alan Martinez Rep 23 Current members District State Representative [ 3 ] Party Residence Elected 1 Rod Montoya Rep Farmington 2014 2 Mark Duncan Rep Farmington 2022 3 Bill Hall Rep Aztec 2024† 4 Joseph Franklin Hernandez Dem Shiprock 2024 5 Doreen Wonda Johnson Dem Church Rock 2014 6 Martha Garcia Dem Pine Hill 2025† 7 Tanya Mirabal Moya Rep Los Lunas 2022 8 Brian Baca Rep Los Lunas 2022† 9 Patricia Lundstrom Dem Gallup 2000 10 G. Andrés Romero Dem Albuquerque 2014 11 Javier Martínez Dem Albuquerque 2014 12 Art De La Cruz Dem Albuquerque 2022† (2020†*) 13 Patricia Roybal Caballero Dem Albuquerque 2004 14 Miguel Garcia Dem Albuquerque 1996 15 Dayan Hochman-Vigil Dem Albuquerque 2018 16 Yanira Gurrola Dem Albuquerque 2023† 17 Cynthia Borrego Dem Albuquerque 2022 18 Marianna Anaya Dem Albuquerque 2024 19 Janelle Anyanonu Dem Albuquerque 2022 20 Meredith Dixon Dem Albuquerque 2020 21 Debra M. Sariñana Dem Albuquerque 2016 22 Stefani Lord Rep Tijeras 2020 23 Alan Martinez Rep Bernalillo 2022 24 Elizabeth Thomson Dem Albuquerque 2016 (2012*) 25 Cristina Parajón Dem Albuquerque 2023† 26 Eleanor Chávez Dem Albuquerque 2022 (2008*) 27 Marian Matthews Dem Albuquerque 2019† 28 Pamelya Herndon Dem Albuquerque 2021† 29 Joy Garratt Dem Albuquerque 2018 30 Diane Torres-Velásquez Dem Albuquerque 2024 31 Nicole Chavez Rep Albuquerque 2024 32 Jenifer Jones Rep Deming 2022 33 Micaela Lara Cadena Dem Mesilla 2018 34 Raymundo Lara Dem La Mesa 2018 35 Angelica Rubio Dem Las Cruces 2016 36 Nathan Small Dem Las Cruces 2016 37 Joanne Ferrary Dem Las Cruces 2016 38 Rebecca Dow Rep Truth or Consequences 2024 39 Luis Terrazas Rep Bayard 2020 40 Joseph Sanchez Dem Alcalde 2022 (2018*) 41 Susan K. Herrera Dem Española 2018 42 Kristina Ortez Dem Taos 2020 43 Christine Chandler Dem Los Alamos 2018 44 Kathleen Cates Dem Rio Rancho 2022 45 Linda Serrato Dem Santa Fe 2020† 46 Andrea Romero Dem Pojoaque 2018 47 Reena Szczepanski Dem Santa Fe 2022 48 Tara Lujan Dem Santa Fe 2020† 49 Gail Armstrong Rep Magdalena 2017† 50 Matthew McQueen Dem Eldorado 2014 51 John Block Rep Alamogordo 2022 52 Doreen Gallegos Dem Las Cruces 2012 53 Sarah Silva Dem Las Cruces 2024 54 Jonathan Henry Rep Artesia 2024 55 Cathrynn Brown Rep Carlsbad 2010 56 Harlan Vincent Rep Glencoe 2022 57 Catherine Cullen Rep Rio Rancho 2024 58 Angelita Meija Rep Dexter 2024 59 Mark B. Murphy Rep Roswell 2025† 60 Joshua Hernandez Rep Rio Rancho 2020 61 Randall Pettigrew Rep Lovington 2020 62 Elaine Sena Cortez Rep Hobbs 2024 63 Martin R. Zamora Rep Santa Rosa 2018 64 Andrea Reeb Rep Clovis 2022 65 Derrick Lente Dem Sandia Pueblo 2016 66 Jimmy Mason Rep Artesia 2022 67 Jack Chatfield Rep Mosquero 2018 68 Charlotte Little Dem Albuquerque 2022 69 Michelle Paulene Abeyta Dem To'Hajiilee 2024 70 Anita Gonzales Dem Las Vegas 2024 Past composition of the House of Representatives (The party control table shows the balance of power after each recent general election. The preceding Makeup table includes results of special elections since the last general election.) Years Democrats Republicans Independents 2001–2002 42 28 0 2003–2004 43 27 0 2005–2006 42 28 0 2007–2008 42 28 0 2009–2010 45 25 0 2011–2012 36 33 1 2013 38 32 0 2014 37 33 0 2015–2016 33 37 0 2017–2018 38 32 0 2019–2020 46 24 0 2021–2022 45 24 1 2023–2024 45 25 0 2025–2026 43 26 1 See also New Mexico Legislature New Mexico Senate References ^ Phelps Anderson (District 66) left the Republican Party and became an independent. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Lawmaker leaves Republican Party, becomes an independent" . New Mexico Political Report . Retrieved 2021-02-06 . ^ "Leadership" . New Mexico Legislature . Retrieved August 24, 2023 . ^ "Districts" . New Mexico Legislature . Retrieved September 21, 2015 . External links New Mexico Legislature Official Government Website v t e Members of the New Mexico House of Representatives v t e 57th Legislature (2025–2026) Speaker of the House Javier Martínez (D) Majority Leader Reena Szczepanski (D) Minority Leader Gail Armstrong (R) ▌ Rod Montoya (R) ▌ Mark Duncan (R) ▌ William A. Hall II (R) ▌ Joseph Franklin Hernandez (D) ▌ Doreen Wonda Johnson (D) ▌ Martha Garcia (D) ▌ Tanya Mirabal Moya (R) ▌ Brian Baca (R) ▌ Patricia Lundstrom (D) ▌ G. Andrés Romero (D) ▌ Javier Martínez (D) ▌ Art De La Cruz (D) ▌ Patricia Roybal Caballero (D) ▌ Miguel Garcia (D) ▌ Dayan Hochman-Vigil (D) ▌ Yanira Gurrola (D) ▌ Cynthia Borrego (D) ▌ Marianna Anaya (D) ▌ Janelle Anyanonu (D) ▌ Meredith Dixon (D) ▌ Debra Sariñana (D) ▌ Stefani Lord (R) ▌ Alan Martinez (R) ▌ Elizabeth Thomson (D) ▌ Cristina Parajón (D) ▌ Eleanor Chávez (D) ▌ Marian Matthews (D) ▌ Pamelya Herndon (D) ▌ Joy Garratt (D) ▌ Torres-Velásquez (D) ▌ Nicole Chavez (R) ▌ Jenifer Jones (R) ▌ Micaela Lara Cadena (D) ▌ Raymundo Lara (D) ▌ Angelica Rubio (D) ▌ Nathan Small (D) ▌ Joanne Ferrary (D) ▌ Rebecca Dow (R) ▌ Luis Terrazas (R) ▌ Joseph Sanchez (D) ▌ Susan K. Herrera (D) ▌ Kristina Ortez (D) ▌ Christine Chandler (D) ▌ Kathleen Cates (D) ▌ Linda Serrato (D) ▌ Andrea Romero (D) ▌ Reena Szczepanski (D) ▌ Tara Lujan (D) ▌ Gail Armstrong (R) ▌ Matthew McQueen (D) ▌ John Block (R) ▌ Doreen Gallegos (D) ▌ Sarah Silva (D) ▌ Jonathan Henry (R) ▌ Cathrynn Brown (R) ▌ Harlan Vincent (R) ▌ Catherine Cullen (R) ▌ Angelita Mejia (R) ▌ Mark Murphy (R) ▌ Joshua Hernandez (R) ▌ Randall Pettigrew (R) ▌ Elaine Sena Cortez (R) ▌ Martin R. Zamora (R) ▌ Andrea Reeb (R) ▌ Derrick Lente (D) ▌ Jimmy Mason (R) ▌ Jack Chatfield (R) ▌ Charlotte Little (D) ▌ Michelle Paulene Abeyta (D) ▌ Anita Gonzales (D) ▌ Rod Montoya (R) ▌ Mark Duncan (R) ▌ William A. Hall II (R) ▌ Joseph Franklin Hernandez (D) ▌ Doreen Wonda Johnson (D) ▌ Martha Garcia (D) ▌ Tanya Mirabal Moya (R) ▌ Brian Baca (R) ▌ Patricia Lundstrom (D) ▌ G. Andrés Romero (D) ▌ Javier Martínez (D) ▌ Art De La Cruz (D) ▌ Patricia Roybal Caballero (D) ▌ Miguel Garcia (D) ▌ Dayan Hochman-Vigil (D) ▌ Yanira Gurrola (D) ▌ Cynthia Borrego (D) ▌ Marianna Anaya (D) ▌ Janelle Anyanonu (D) ▌ Meredith Dixon (D) ▌ Debra Sariñana (D) ▌ Stefani Lord (R) ▌ Alan Martinez (R) ▌ Elizabeth Thomson (D) ▌ Cristina Parajón (D) ▌ Eleanor Chávez (D) ▌ Marian Matthews (D) ▌ Pamelya Herndon (D) ▌ Joy Garratt (D) ▌ Torres-Velásquez (D) ▌ Nicole Chavez (R) ▌ Jenifer Jones (R) ▌ Micaela Lara Cadena (D) ▌ Raymundo Lara (D) ▌ Angelica Rubio (D) ▌ Nathan Small (D) ▌ Joanne Ferrary (D) ▌ Rebecca Dow (R) ▌ Luis Terrazas (R) ▌ Joseph Sanchez (D) ▌ Susan K. Herrera (D) ▌ Kristina Ortez (D) ▌ Christine Chandler (D) ▌ Kathleen Cates (D) ▌ Linda Serrato (D) ▌ Andrea Romero (D) ▌ Reena Szczepanski (D) ▌ Tara Lujan (D) ▌ Gail Armstrong (R) ▌ Matthew McQueen (D) ▌ John Block (R) ▌ Doreen Gallegos (D) ▌ Sarah Silva (D) ▌ Jonathan Henry (R) ▌ Cathrynn Brown (R) ▌ Harlan Vincent (R) ▌ Catherine Cullen (R) ▌ Angelita Mejia (R) ▌ Mark Murphy (R) ▌ Joshua Hernandez (R) ▌ Randall Pettigrew (R) ▌ Elaine Sena Cortez (R) ▌ Martin R. Zamora (R) ▌ Andrea Reeb (R) ▌ Derrick Lente (D) ▌ Jimmy Mason (R) ▌ Jack Chatfield (R) ▌ Charlotte Little (D) ▌ Michelle Paulene Abeyta (D) ▌ Anita Gonzales (D) Majority caucus ▌ Democratic (44) Minority caucus ▌ Republican (26) New Mexico Legislature House Senate List of past legislatures New Mexico Legislature House Senate House Senate List of past legislatures v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 35°40′55″N 105°56′23″W / 35.6820°N 105.9397°W / 35.6820; -105.9397 Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX New Mexico Legislature State lower houses in the United States Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Infobox legislature with background color Articles containing Spanish-language text Coordinates not on Wikidata This page was last edited on 13 June 2025, at 18:21 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Major deities 2 Primordial beings 3 Minor deities 4 Monsters and apotropaic spirits 5 Foreign deities in Mesopotamia 6 See also 7 References Toggle References subsection 7.1 Bibliography 7.1 Bibliography List of Mesopotamian deities العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български فارسی Lëtzebuergesch Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் Türkçe Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Part of a series on Religion in Mesopotamia Chaos Monster and Sun God Ancient Mesopotamian religion Sumerian Babylonian Mythology Deities Ancient Mesopotamian religion Sumerian Babylonian Sumerian Babylonian Mythology Deities Primordial beings Tiamat and Abzu Lahamu and Lahmu Kishar and Anshar Mummu Tiamat and Abzu Lahamu and Lahmu Kishar and Anshar Mummu Seven gods who decree Four primary Anu Enlil Enki Ninhursag Three sky gods Inanna/Ishtar Nanna/Sin Utu/Shamash Four primary Anu Enlil Enki Ninhursag Anu Enlil Enki Ninhursag Three sky gods Inanna/Ishtar Nanna/Sin Utu/Shamash Inanna/Ishtar Nanna/Sin Utu/Shamash Other major deities Adad Ashur Dumuzid Enkimdu Enmesharra Ereshkigal Ki Kingu Geshtinanna Lahar Marduk Nergal Ninurta Šulpae Adad Ashur Dumuzid Enkimdu Enmesharra Ereshkigal Ki Kingu Geshtinanna Lahar Marduk Nergal Ninurta Šulpae Minor deities Agasaya Anunnaki Asaruludu Ashnan Ashgi Bel Dumuzi-abzu Enbilulu Erra Erragal Gibil Hendursaga Igigi Isimud Išum Kajamanu Lahar Laṣ Lisin Lugala'abba Mami/Nintu Mamitu Maštabba Nabu Namtar Nanshe Nindara Ninmarki Nisaba Ninazu Ningal Ningirida Ningirima Ninkasi Ninkilim Ninlil Ninmug Ninšar Ninsikila Ninšubur Ninsun Nuska Paniĝinĝarra Sarpanit Shul-utula Šubula Šulpae Tišpak Uttu Agasaya Anunnaki Asaruludu Ashnan Ashgi Bel Dumuzi-abzu Enbilulu Erra Erragal Gibil Hendursaga Igigi Isimud Išum Kajamanu Lahar Laṣ Lisin Lugala'abba Mami/Nintu Mamitu Maštabba Nabu Namtar Nanshe Nindara Ninmarki Nisaba Ninazu Ningal Ningirida Ningirima Ninkasi Ninkilim Ninlil Ninmug Ninšar Ninsikila Ninšubur Ninsun Nuska Paniĝinĝarra Sarpanit Shul-utula Šubula Šulpae Tišpak Uttu Demigods and heroes Adapa Enkidu Enmerkar Gilgamesh Lugalbanda Shamhat Siduri Atra-Hasis Ziusudra Apkallu (seven sages) Adapa Enkidu Enmerkar Gilgamesh Lugalbanda Shamhat Siduri Atra-Hasis Ziusudra Apkallu (seven sages) Spirits and monsters Udug Lamassu/Shedu Asag Edimmu Siris Anzû Ušum/Dragon Kuli-ana/Mermaid Bašmu Mušmaḫḫū Ušumgallu Seven-headed serpent Humbaba Hanbi Kur Lamashtu Lilu Pazuzu Rabisu Udug Lamassu/Shedu Asag Edimmu Siris Anzû Ušum/Dragon Kuli-ana/Mermaid Bašmu Mušmaḫḫū Ušumgallu Seven-headed serpent Humbaba Hanbi Kur Lamashtu Lilu Pazuzu Rabisu Tales An = Anum Atra-Hasis Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Enūma Eliš Epic of Gilgamesh An = Anum Atra-Hasis Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Enūma Eliš Epic of Gilgamesh Terms Dingir Sukkal Dingir Sukkal Genealogy Babylonian Sumerian Babylonian Sumerian Other religions of the ancient Near East : Anatolia Egypt Hurrian Iranian Semitic Arabia Canaan Other religions of the ancient Near East : Anatolia Egypt Hurrian Iranian Semitic Arabia Canaan Arabia Canaan .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Deities in ancient Mesopotamia were almost exclusively anthropomorphic . [ 2 ] They were thought to possess extraordinary powers [ 2 ] and were often envisioned as being of tremendous physical size. [ 2 ] The deities typically wore melam , an ambiguous substance which "covered them in terrifying splendor" [ 3 ] and which could also be worn by heroes, kings, giants, and even demons. [ 4 ] The effect that seeing a deity's melam has on a human is described as ni , a word for the " physical creeping of the flesh ". [ 5 ] Both the Sumerian and Akkadian languages contain many words to express the sensation of ni , [ 4 ] including the word puluhtu , meaning "fear". [ 5 ] Deities were almost always depicted wearing horned caps, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] consisting of up to seven superimposed pairs of ox-horns. [ 8 ] They were also sometimes depicted wearing clothes with elaborate decorative gold and silver ornaments sewn into them. [ 7 ] The ancient Mesopotamians believed that their deities lived in Heaven , [ 9 ] but that a god's statue was a physical embodiment of the god himself. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] As such, cult statues were given constant care and attention [ 11 ] [ 9 ] and a set of priests were assigned to tend to them. [ 12 ] These priests would clothe the statues [ 10 ] and place feasts before them so they could "eat". [ 11 ] [ 9 ] A deity's temple was believed to be that deity's literal place of residence. [ 13 ] The gods had boats, full-sized barges which were normally stored inside their temples [ 14 ] and were used to transport their cult statues along waterways during various religious festivals . [ 14 ] The gods also had chariots , which were used for transporting their cult statues by land. [ 15 ] Sometimes a deity's cult statue would be transported to the location of a battle so that the deity could watch the battle unfold. [ 15 ] The major deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon were believed to participate in the "assembly of the gods", [ 6 ] through which the gods made all of their decisions. [ 6 ] This assembly was seen as a divine counterpart to the semi-democratic legislative system that existed during the Third Dynasty of Ur ( c. 2112 BC – c. 2004 BC). [ 6 ] The Mesopotamian pantheon evolved greatly over the course of its history. [ 16 ] In general, the history of Mesopotamian religion can be divided into four phases. [ 16 ] During the first phase, starting in the fourth millennium BC, deities' domains mainly focused on basic needs for human survival. [ 17 ] During the second phase, which occurred in the third millennium BC, the divine hierarchy became more structured [ 17 ] and deified kings began to enter the pantheon. [ 17 ] During the third phase, in the second millennium BC, the gods worshipped by an individual person and gods associated with the commoners became more prevalent. [ 17 ] During the fourth and final phase, in the first millennium BC, the gods became closely associated with specific human empires and rulers. [ 18 ] The names of over 3,000 Mesopotamian deities have been recovered from cuneiform texts. [ 19 ] [ 16 ] Many of these are from lengthy lists of deities compiled by ancient Mesopotamian scribes. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The longest of these lists is a text entitled An = Anum , a Babylonian scholarly work listing the names of over 2,000 deities. [ 19 ] [ 17 ] While sometimes mistakenly regarded simply as a list of Sumerian gods with their Akkadian equivalents, [ 21 ] it was meant to provide information about the relations between individual gods, as well as short explanations of functions fulfilled by them. [ 21 ] In addition to spouses and children of gods, it also listed their servants. [ 22 ] Various terms were employed to describe groups of deities. The collective term Anunnaki is first attested during the reign of Gudea ( c. 2144 – 2124 BC) and the Third Dynasty of Ur. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] This term usually referred to the major deities of heaven and earth, [ 25 ] endowed with immense powers, [ 26 ] [ 23 ] who were believed to "decree the fates of mankind". [ 24 ] Gudea described them as " Lamma (tutelary deities) of all the countries." [ 25 ] While it is common in modern literature to assume that in some contexts the term was instead applied to chthonic Underworld deities, [ 26 ] this view is regarded as unsubstantiated by assyriologist Dina Katz, who points out that it relies entirely on the myth of Inanna's Descent , which doesn't necessarily contradict the conventional definition of Anunnaki and doesn't explicitly identify them as gods of the Underworld. [ 27 ] Unambiguous references to Anunnaki as chthonic come from Hurrian (rather than Mesopotamian) sources, in which the term was applied to a class of distinct, Hurrian, gods instead. [ 28 ] Anunnaki are chiefly mentioned in literary texts [ 24 ] and very little evidence to support the existence of any distinct cult of them has yet been unearthed [ 29 ] [ 24 ] due to the fact that each deity which could be regarded as a member of the Anunnaki had his or her own individual cult, separate from the others. [ 23 ] Similarly, no representations of the Anunnaki as a distinct group have yet been discovered, [ 23 ] although a few depictions of its frequent individual members have been identified. [ 23 ] Another similar collective term for deities was Igigi , first attested from the Old Babylonian Period ( c. 1830 BC – c. 1531 BC). [ 30 ] The name Igigi seems to have originally been applied to the "great gods", [ 30 ] but it later came to refer to all the gods of Heaven collectively. [ 30 ] In some instances, the terms Anunnaki and Igigi are used synonymously. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Major deities Samuel Noah Kramer , writing in 1963, stated that the three most important deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon during all periods were the deities An , Enlil , and Enki . [ 31 ] However, newer research shows that the arrangement of the top of the pantheon could vary depending on time period and location. The Fara god list indicates that sometimes Enlil, Inanna and Enki were regarded as the three most significant deities. [ 32 ] Inanna was also the most important deity in Uruk and a number of other political centers in the Uruk period. [ 33 ] Gudea regarded Ninhursag , rather than Enki, as the third most prominent deity. [ 34 ] An Old Babylonian source preserves a tradition in which Nanna was the king of the gods, and Anu, Enlil and Enki merely his advisers, [ 35 ] likely a view espoused by Nanna's priests in Ur , and later on in Harran . [ 36 ] An Old Babylonian personal name refers to Shamash as "Enlil of the gods," possibly reflecting the existence of a similar belief connected to him among his clergy too, though unlike the doctrine of supremacy of the moon god, accepted by Nabonidus , it found no royal support at any point in time. [ 37 ] In Zabban, a city in the northeast of Babylonia, Hadad was the head of the pantheon. [ 38 ] In the first millennium BCE Marduk became the supreme god in Babylonia, and some late sources omit Anu and Enlil altogether and state that Ea received his position from Marduk. [ 39 ] In some neo-Babylonian inscriptions Nabu 's status was equal to that of Marduk. [ 39 ] In Assyria, Assur was regarded as the supreme god. [ 40 ] The number seven was extremely important in ancient Mesopotamian cosmology. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] In Sumerian religion , the most powerful and important deities in the pantheon were sometimes called the "seven gods who decree": [ 43 ] An , Enlil , Enki , Ninhursag , Nanna , Utu , and Inanna . [ 44 ] Many major deities in Sumerian mythology were associated with specific celestial bodies: [ 45 ] Inanna was believed to be the planet Venus , [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Utu was believed to be the Sun, [ 48 ] [ 47 ] and Nanna was the Moon. [ 49 ] [ 47 ] However, minor deities could be associated with planets too, for example Mars was sometimes called Simut , [ 50 ] and Ninsianna was a Venus deity distinct from Inanna in at least some contexts. [ 51 ] Name Image Major cult centers Celestial body Details An Anu [ 52 ] Eanna temple in Uruk [ 53 ] Equatorial sky [ 54 ] [ 47 ] An (in Sumerian), later known as Anu (in Akkadian), [ 55 ] was the supreme God and "prime mover in creation", embodied by the sky. [ 52 ] He is the first and most distant ancestor, [ 52 ] theologically conceived as the God of Heaven in its "transcendental obscurity". [ 56 ] In some theological systems all of the deities were believed to be the offspring of An and his consort Ki . [ 52 ] [ 57 ] [ 24 ] However Anu was himself described as the descendant of various primordial beings in various texts (god lists, incantations, etc.), and Enlil was often equipped with his own elaborate family tree separate from Anu's. [ 58 ] While An was described as the utmost god, [ 59 ] [ 52 ] at least by the time of the earliest written records the main god in terms of actual cult was Enlil . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Anu's supremacy was therefore "always somewhat nominal" according to Wilfred G. Lambert . [ 62 ] Luludanitu, a multicolored stone (red, white and black) was associated with him. [ 63 ] Enlil Nunamnir, Ellil [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Ekur temple in Nippur [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Northern sky [ 54 ] [ 47 ] Enlil, later known as Ellil, is the god of wind, air, earth, and storms [ 64 ] and the chief of all the gods. [ 68 ] The Sumerians envisioned Enlil as a benevolent, fatherly deity, who watches over humanity and cares for their well-being. [ 69 ] One Sumerian hymn describes Enlil as so glorious that even the other gods could not look upon him. [ 65 ] [ 70 ] His cult was closely tied to the holy city of Nippur [ 67 ] and, after Nippur was sacked by the Elamites in 1230 BC, his cult fell into decline. [ 71 ] He was eventually paralleled in his role as chief deity by Marduk , the national god of the Babylonians, [ 71 ] and Assur, who fulfilled an analogous role for the Assyrians. [ 72 ] He was associated with lapis lazuli . [ 63 ] [ 73 ] Enki Nudimmud, Ninshiku, Ea [ 74 ] E-Abzu temple in Eridu [ 74 ] Canopus , [ 75 ] southern sky [ 54 ] [ 47 ] Enki, later known as Ea, and also occasionally referred to as Nudimmud or Ninšiku, was the god of the subterranean freshwater ocean, [ 74 ] who was also closely associated with wisdom, magic, incantations, arts, and crafts. [ 74 ] He was either the son of An, or the goddess Nammu , [ 74 ] and is the former case the twin brother of Ishkur . [ 74 ] His wife was the goddess Damgalnuna ( Ninhursag ) [ 74 ] and his children include the gods Marduk , Asarluhi , Enbilulu , the sage Adapa , and the goddess Nanshe . [ 74 ] His sukkal , or minister, was the two-faced messenger god Isimud . [ 74 ] Enki was the divine benefactor of humanity, [ 74 ] who helped humans survive the Great Flood . [ 74 ] In Enki and the World Order , he organizes "in detail every feature of the civilised world." [ 74 ] In Inanna and Enki , he is described as the holder of the sacred mes , the tablets concerning all aspects of human life. [ 74 ] He was associated with jasper . [ 63 ] [ 73 ] Marduk Babylon [ 76 ] [ 71 ] Jupiter [ 77 ] Marduk is the national god of the Babylonians . [ 76 ] The expansion of his cult closely paralleled the historical rise of Babylon [ 76 ] [ 71 ] and, after assimilating various local deities, including a god named Asarluhi , he eventually came to parallel Enlil as the chief of the gods. [ 76 ] [ 71 ] Some late sources go as far as omitting Enlil and Anu altogether, and state that Ea received his position from Marduk. [ 39 ] His wife was the goddess Sarpānītu . [ 76 ] Ashur Assur [ 78 ] Ashur was the national god of the Assyrians . [ 78 ] It has been proposed that originally he was the deification of the city of Assur , [ 79 ] or perhaps the hill atop which it was built. [ 80 ] He initially lacked any connections to other deities, having no parents, spouse or children. [ 81 ] The only goddess related to him, though in an unclear way, was Šerua . [ 81 ] Later he was syncretized with Enlil, [ 82 ] [ 72 ] and as a result Ninlil was sometimes regarded as his wife, and Ninurta and Zababa as his sons. [ 81 ] Sargon II initiated the trend of writing his name with the same signs as that of Anshar, a primordial being regarded as Anu's father in the theology of Enuma Elish. [ 72 ] He may have originally been a local deity associated with the city of Assur , [ 78 ] but, with the growth of the Assyrian Empire, [ 78 ] his cult was introduced to southern Mesopotamia. [ 83 ] In Assyrian texts Bel was a title of Ashur, rather than Marduk. [ 84 ] Nabu Borsippa , [ 85 ] Kalhu [ 86 ] Mercury [ 85 ] Nabu was the Mesopotamian god of scribes and writing. [ 85 ] His wife was the goddess Tashmetu [ 85 ] and he may have been associated with the planet Mercury , [ 85 ] though the evidence has been described as “circumstantial” by Francesco Pomponio. [ 87 ] He later became associated with wisdom and agriculture. [ 85 ] In the Old Babylonian and early Kassite periods his cult was only popular in central Mesopotamia (Babylon, Sippar, Kish, Dilbat, Lagaba), had a limited extent in peripheral areas (Susa in Elam, Mari in Syria) and there is little to no evidence of it from cities such as Ur and Nippur, in sharp contrast with later evidence. [ 88 ] In the first millennium BCE he became one of the most prominent gods of Babylonia. [ 88 ] In Assyria his prominence grew in the eighth and seventh centuries BCE. [ 86 ] In Kalhu and Nineveh he eventually became more common in personal names than the Assyrian head god Ashur. [ 86 ] He also replaced Ninurta as the main god of Kalhu. [ 86 ] In the Neo-Babylonian periods some inscriptions of kings such as Nebuchadnezzar II indicate that Nabu could take precedence even over the supreme Babylonian god Marduk. [ 86 ] His cult also spread beyond Mesopotamia, to cities such as Palmyra , Hierapolis , Edessa or Dura Europos , [ 89 ] and to Egypt, as far as Elephantine , where in sources from the late first millennium BCE he is the most frequently attested foreign god next to Yahweh . [ 89 ] Nanna Enzu, Zuen, Suen, Sin [ 90 ] E-kiš-nu-ğal temple in Ur and another temple in Harran [ 49 ] Moon [ 49 ] Nanna, Enzu or Zuen ("Lord of Wisdom") in Sumerian, later altered as Suen and Sin in Akkadian, [ 90 ] is the ancient Mesopotamian god of the Moon. [ 49 ] He was the son of Enlil and Ninlil and one of his most prominent myths was an account of how he was conceived and how he made his way from the Underworld to Nippur. [ 49 ] A theological system where Nanna, rather than Enlil, was the king of gods, is known from a text from the Old Babylonian period; [ 91 ] in the preserved fragment Enlil, Anu, Enki and Ninhursag served as his advisers, alongside his children Utu and Inanna. [ 35 ] Other references to Nanna holding such a position are known from personal names and various texts, with some going as far as stating he holds "Anuship and Enlilship," and Wilfred G. Lambert assumes that he was regarded as the supreme god by his clergy in Ur and Harran. [ 36 ] Utu Shamash [ 92 ] E-Babbar temples at Sippar and Larsa [ 93 ] Sun [ 92 ] Utu, later known as Shamash, is the ancient Mesopotamian god of the Sun, [ 92 ] who was also revered as the god of truth, justice, and morality. [ 93 ] He was the son of Nanna and the twin brother of Inanna. Utu was believed to see all things that happen during the day [ 93 ] and to aid mortals in distress. [ 93 ] Alongside Inanna, Utu was the enforcer of divine justice. [ 94 ] Inanna Ishtar [ 95 ] Eanna temple in Uruk, [ 96 ] [ 46 ] [ 53 ] though she also had temples in Nippur , Lagash , Shuruppak , Zabalam , and Ur [ 96 ] Venus [ 46 ] Inanna, later known as Ishtar, is "the most important female deity of ancient Mesopotamia at all periods." [ 95 ] She was the Sumerian goddess of love, sexuality, prostitution, and war. [ 97 ] She was the divine personification of the planet Venus, the morning and evening star. [ 46 ] Accounts of her parentage vary; [ 95 ] in most myths, she is usually presented as the daughter of Nanna and Ningal, [ 98 ] but, in other stories, she is the daughter of Enki or An along with an unknown mother. [ 95 ] The Sumerians had more myths about her than any other deity. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] Many of the myths involving her revolve around her attempts to usurp control of the other deities' domains. [ 101 ] Her most famous myth is the story of her descent into the Underworld , [ 102 ] in which she attempts to conquer the Underworld, the domain of her older sister Ereshkigal , [ 102 ] but is instead struck dead by the seven judges of the Underworld . [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] She is only revived due to Enki's intervention [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] and her husband Dumuzid is forced to take her place in the Underworld. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Alongside her twin brother Utu, Inanna was the enforcer of divine justice . [ 94 ] Ninhursag Damgalnuna, Ninmah [ 108 ] E-Mah temple in Adab , Kesh [ 108 ] Ninhursag ("Mistress of the mountain ranges" [ 109 ] ), also known as Damgalnuna, Ninmah, Nintur [ 110 ] and Aruru, [ 111 ] was the Mesopotamian mother goddess. Her primary functions were related to birth (but generally not to nursing and raising children, with the exception of sources from early Lagash ) and creation. [ 112 ] Descriptions of her as "mother" weren't always referring to motherhood in the literal sense or to parentage of other deities, but sometimes instead represented her esteem and authority as a senior deity, similar to references to major male deities such as Enlil or Anu as "fathers." [ 113 ] Certain mortal rulers claimed her as their mother, [ 108 ] a phenomenon recorded as early as during the reign of Mesilim of Kish (c. 2700 BCE). [ 114 ] She was the wife of Enki, [ 108 ] though in some locations (including Nippur) her husband was Šulpae instead. [ 115 ] Initially no city had Ninhursag as its tutelary goddess. [ 116 ] Later her main temple was the E-Mah in Adab, [ 108 ] originally dedicated to a minor male deity, Ašgi . [ 117 ] She was also associated with the city of Kesh, [ 108 ] where she replaced the local goddess Nintur, [ 111 ] and she was sometimes referred to as the "Bēlet-ilī of Kesh" or "she of Kesh". [ 108 ] It is possible her emblem was a symbol similar to later Greek letter omega . [ 118 ] Ninurta Ninĝírsu [ 119 ] E-šu-me-ša temple in Nippur, [ 119 ] Girsu , [ 120 ] Lagash , [ 121 ] [ 122 ] and later Kalhu in Assyria [ 123 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Saturn , [ 126 ] originally Mercury Ninurta, also known as Ningirsu, was a Mesopotamian warrior deity who was worshipped in Sumer from the very earliest times. [ 119 ] He was the champion of the gods against the Anzû bird after it stole the Tablet of Destinies from his father Enlil [ 119 ] and, in a myth that is alluded to in many works but never fully preserved, he killed a group of warriors known as the "Slain Heroes". [ 119 ] Ninurta was also an agricultural deity and the patron god of farmers. [ 119 ] In the epic poem Lugal-e , he slays the demon Asag and uses stones to build the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to make them useful for irrigation. [ 124 ] His major symbols were a perched bird and a plow. [ 127 ] Nergal E-Meslam temple in Kutha and Mashkan-shapir [ 49 ] Mars [ 128 ] Nergal was associated with the Underworld [ 129 ] and is usually the husband of Ereshkigal . [ 129 ] He was also associated with forest fires (and identified with the fire-god, Gibil [ 130 ] ), fevers, plagues, and war. [ 129 ] In myths, he causes destruction and devastation. [ 129 ] In the neo-Babylonian period in many official documents Nergal is listed immediately after the supreme gods Marduk and Nabu, and before such prominent deities as Shamash and Sin. [ 86 ] Dumuzid Tammuz [ 131 ] Bad-tibira and Kuara [ 131 ] Dumuzid, later known by the corrupted form Tammuz, is the ancient Mesopotamian god of shepherds [ 131 ] and the primary consort of the goddess Inanna. [ 131 ] His sister is the goddess Geshtinanna . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] In addition to being the god of shepherds, Dumuzid was also an agricultural deity associated with the growth of plants. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Ancient Near Eastern peoples associated Dumuzid with the springtime, when the land was fertile and abundant, [ 133 ] [ 135 ] but, during the summer months, when the land was dry and barren, it was thought that Dumuzid had "died". [ 133 ] [ 136 ] During the month of Dumuzid, which fell in the middle of summer, people all across Sumer would mourn over his death. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] An enormous number of popular stories circulated throughout the Near East surrounding his death. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Ereshkigal Kutha Hydra [ 139 ] Ereshkigal was the queen of the Mesopotamian Underworld. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] She lived in a palace known as Ganzir. [ 140 ] In early accounts, her husband is Gugalanna , [ 140 ] whose character is undefined, but later the northern god Nergal was placed in this role. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Her gatekeeper was the god Neti [ 141 ] and her sukkal was Namtar . [ 140 ] In the poem Inanna's Descent into the Underworld , Ereshkigal is described as Inanna's "older sister". [ 142 ] In the god list An = Anum she opens the section dedicated to underworld deities. [ 143 ] Gula and Ninisina , Nintinugga , Ninkarrak [ 144 ] E-gal-mah temple in Isin and other temples in Nippur, Borsippa , Assur, [ 144 ] Sippar, [ 145 ] Umma [ 146 ] A prominent place in the Mesopotamian pantheon was occupied by healing goddesses, [ 147 ] regarded as divine patronesses of doctors and medicine-workers. [ 144 ] Multiple such deities existed: Nintinugga, "mistress who revives the dead," worshiped in Ninlil's temple in Nippur [ 148 ] Ninisina, who in addition to her primary role was also the goddess of Isin [ 146 ] Ninkarrak, most likely of Akkadian, rather than Sumerian, origin, [ 146 ] worshiped in Sippar [ 145 ] Gula ("the great"), from Umma ; possibly initially a title rather than a distinct goddess [ 149 ] Eventually Gula became the preeminent healing goddess, [ 146 ] and other healing goddesses were sometimes syncretised with her, [ 150 ] though in the god list An = Anum Gula, Ninkarrak and Nintinugga all figure as separate deities with own courts. [ 150 ] Dogs were associated with many healing goddesses [ 145 ] and Gula in particular is often shown in art with a dog sitting beside her. [ 144 ] Nintinugga, "mistress who revives the dead," worshiped in Ninlil's temple in Nippur [ 148 ] Ninisina, who in addition to her primary role was also the goddess of Isin [ 146 ] Ninkarrak, most likely of Akkadian, rather than Sumerian, origin, [ 146 ] worshiped in Sippar [ 145 ] Gula ("the great"), from Umma ; possibly initially a title rather than a distinct goddess [ 149 ] Eventually Gula became the preeminent healing goddess, [ 146 ] and other healing goddesses were sometimes syncretised with her, [ 150 ] though in the god list An = Anum Gula, Ninkarrak and Nintinugga all figure as separate deities with own courts. [ 150 ] Dogs were associated with many healing goddesses [ 145 ] and Gula in particular is often shown in art with a dog sitting beside her. [ 144 ] Bau Lagash, Kish Bau was a prominent goddess of Lagash, and some of its kings regarded her as their divine mother. [ 115 ] She was also a healing goddess, though unlike other healing goddesses she only developed such a function at some point in her history. [ 151 ] She was the wife of Ningirsu, and rose to prominence in third millennium BCE in the state of Lagash. [ 152 ] Gudea elevated Bau's rank to equal of that of Ningirsu, and called her "Queen who decides the destiny in Girsu ." [ 153 ] This made her the highest ranking goddess of the local pantheon of Lagash, [ 154 ] putting her above Nanshe . [ 155 ] During the reign of the Third Dynasty of Ur , she was the second most notable "divine wife" after Ninlil , [ 156 ] with some sources (ex. from Nippur) indicating she was exalted above Ningirsu. [ 148 ] While the original Lagashite cult of Bau declined alongside the city, [ 157 ] she continued to be prominent in Kish in northern Babylonia, where she arrived in the Old Babylonian period . [ 158 ] The city god of Kish, Zababa, became her husband. [ 159 ] She remained a major goddess of that city as late as the neo-Babylonian period . [ 160 ] Ishkur Adad, Hadad [ 161 ] Karkar , [ 162 ] Assur, [ 163 ] [ 164 ] Kurba'il [ 165 ] Ishkur, later known as Adad or Hadad (from the root *hdd, "to thunder" [ 166 ] ), was the Mesopotamian god of storms and rain. [ 161 ] In northern Mesopotamia, where agriculture relied heavily on rainfall, he was among the most prominent deities, and even in the south he ranked among the "great gods." [ 167 ] In god lists his position is similar to that of Sin, Shamash and Ishtar. [ 168 ] Ishkur is already attested as the god of Karkar in the Uruk period , [ 162 ] however evidence such as theophoric names indicates that the weather god's popularity only grew in later periods under the Akkadian name. [ 169 ] Hadad is already attested as the name of the weather god in early sources from Ebla . [ 166 ] In Mesopotamia these two gods started to merge in the Sargonic period, [ 170 ] and it seems it was already impossible to find a clear distinction between them in the Ur III period. [ 171 ] While northern texts put an emphasis on the benevolent character of the weather god as a bringer of rain, in the south he was often associated with destructive weather phenomena, including dust storms, [ 172 ] though even there he was credited with making plant growth possible in areas which weren't irrigated. [ 173 ] He was regarded as the son of An, [ 169 ] though less commonly he was also referred to as a son of Enlil. [ 174 ] His wife was Shala , [ 161 ] while his sukkal was Nimgir, the deified lightning. [ 175 ] In addition to being a weather god, Hadad was also a god of law and guardian of oaths, [ 176 ] as well as a god of divination ( extispicy ). [ 164 ] In these roles he was associated with Shamash. [ 164 ] In Zabban, a city in the northeast of Babylonia, he was regarded as the head of the local pantheon. [ 38 ] In Assyrian sources he was closely connected to military campaigns of the kings. [ 165 ] Kurba'il on the northern frontier of the empire was regarded as his most notable cult center in neo-Assyrian times. [ 165 ] In god lists foreign weather gods such as Hurrian Teshub ("Adad of Subartu "), Kassite Buriyaš or Ugaritic Baal were regarded as his equivalents. [ 177 ] Ištaran Der [ 163 ] Ištaran was a prominent [ 178 ] god, who served as the tutelary deity of the Sumerian city-state of Der , which was located east of the Tigris river on the border between Mesopotamia and Elam. [ 163 ] His wife was the goddess Šarrat-Dēri, whose name means "Queen of Der", [ 163 ] or alternatively Manzat (goddess of the rainbow), [ 178 ] and his sukkal was the snake-god Nirah . [ 163 ] He was regarded as a divine judge, and kings were said to "render justice like Ištaran." [ 179 ] A text from the late Early Dynastic Period invokes Ištaran to resolve a boundary dispute between the cities of Lagash and Umma . [ 163 ] In one of his inscriptions, King Gudea of Lagash mentions himself having installed a shrine for Ištaran in the temple of Ningirsu at Girsu [ 163 ] and describes Ištaran as a god of justice. [ 163 ] On kudurrus (boundary stones), Ištaran is often represented by a serpent, which may be Nirah [ 163 ] or Ištaran himself. [ 180 ] It is also possible that he's the god with an ophidian lower body known from cylinder seals. [ 178 ] In a ritual associated with the Ekur temple in Nippur, Ištaran is a "dying god" and is equated with Dumuzid . [ 180 ] A reference to Ištaran as a dying god appears also in a late text from Assur . [ 179 ] His national cult fell into decline during the Middle Babylonian Period, [ 163 ] though he still appeared in documents such as neo-Assyrian land grants. [ 181 ] However, in Der he continued to be venerated in later periods as well. [ 182 ] Nanaya Uruk and Kish [ 183 ] Corona Borealis [ 184 ] Nanaya was a goddess of love [ 185 ] (including erotic love and lust). [ 186 ] She was commonly invoked in spells connected to this sphere. [ 187 ] Her worship was widespread, and she appears frequently in the textual record. [ 188 ] She was also involved in intercession and was regarded as "lady of lamma," a class of minor protective goddesses capable of interceding on behalf of humans. [ 189 ] She shared these roles with Ninshubur. [ 189 ] She was closely associated with Inanna/Ishtar, [ 190 ] though not identical to her as the two often appear side by side in the same texts: for example in Larsa Inanna, Nanaya and Ninsianna all functioned as distinct deities, [ 51 ] while in god lists Nanaya appears among Inanna's courtiers, usually following Dumuzi and Ninshubur. [ 191 ] In late sources Nanaya and Ishtar sometimes appear as goddesses of equal status. [ 192 ] In neo-Babylonian Uruk she was one of the most important deities, and retained this status under Persian rule as well. [ 193 ] There is also evidence for her worship continuing in Seleucid and Parthian times, as late as 45 CE. [ 194 ] Nanshe Lagash [ 85 ] Nanshe was a goddess associated with the state of Lagash, [ 195 ] [ 49 ] whose cult declined with the loss of political relevance of that city. [ 160 ] She was a daughter of Enki and sister of Ningirsu . [ 49 ] She was associated with divination and the interpretation of dreams, but was also believed to assist the poor and the impoverished and ensure the accuracy of weights and measurements. [ 49 ] She was also associated with fish and waterfowl. [ 196 ] The First Sealand dynasty revived (or continued) her cult, making her the royal tutelary goddess. [ 160 ] Ninazu Eshnunna and Enegi [ 197 ] Ninazu was a god regarded as either the son of Ereshkigal or of Enlil and Ninil. [ 197 ] He was also the father of Ningishzida . [ 198 ] He was closely associated with the Underworld, [ 198 ] and some researchers go as far as proposing he was the oldest Mesopotamian god associated with it, [ 152 ] though it is most likely more accurate to say that there was initially no single universally agreed upon version of relevant mythical and cultic concepts, with various deities, both male and female, ruling over the Underworld in the belief systems of various areas and time periods. [ 199 ] Ninazu was also a Ninurta-like warrior god, [ 197 ] as well as the "king of snakes." [ 200 ] He was worshipped in Eshnunna during the third millennium BCE, but he was later supplanted there by Tishpak , who despite foreign origin had a similar character and attributes. [ 201 ] Ninazu was also worshipped at Enegi in southern Sumer. [ 197 ] His divine beast was the mušḫuššu , a serpentine dragon-like mythical creature, which was later also associated with Tishpak, Marduk (and by extension Nabu) and after Sennacherib's destruction of Babylon also with Ashur. [ 202 ] Ninlil Nippur , Assur , [ 203 ] Kish, Ḫursaĝkalama [ 204 ] Ninlil was the wife of Enlil, the ruler of the gods. [ 108 ] She was not associated with any city of her own, serving primarily as Enlil's spouse, [ 205 ] and as such was probably an artificially created deity, invented as a female equivalent to Enlil. [ 108 ] She was nonetheless regarded as having power on par with Enlil; [ 206 ] in one poem, Ninlil declares, "As Enlil is your master, so am I also your mistress!" [ 206 ] In documents from the Ur III period, Ninlil was believed to be able to determine fates much like husband, and the pair was jointly regarded as the source of royal power by kings. [ 156 ] Sud, the tutelary goddess of Šuruppak , came to be regarded as one and the same as Ninlil, and the myth Enlil and Sud explain that Sud was the goddess' name before she married Enlil, receiving the name Ninlil. [ 160 ] However, Sud was originally an independent deity who was close in character to Sudag, an alternate name of the wife of Shamash; the confusion between Sudag and Sud(/Ninlil) is reflected in a myth where Ishum , normally regarded as the son of Shamash and his wife, is instead the son of Ninlil. [ 160 ] Ninshubur Akkil; [ 207 ] worshipped with Inanna as her sukkal Orion [ 208 ] Assyriologists regard Ninshubur as the most commonly worshiped sukkal ("vizier"), [ 209 ] a type of deity serving as another's personal attendant. Her mistress was Inanna. [ 119 ] [ 210 ] Many texts indicate they were regarded very close to each other, with one going as far as listing Ninshubur with the title "beloved vizier," before Inanna's relatives other than her husband Dumuzi. [ 211 ] She consistently appears as the first among Inanna's courtiers in god lists, usually followed by another commonly worshiped deity, Nanaya. [ 212 ] She was portrayed as capable of "appeasing" Inanna, [ 213 ] and as "unshakably loyal" in her devotion to her. [ 210 ] In the Sumerian myth of Inanna and Enki , Ninshubur rescues Inanna from the monsters that Enki sends to capture her, [ 214 ] [ 215 ] [ 210 ] while in Inanna's Descent into the Underworld , she pleads with the gods Enlil, Nanna and finally Enki in effort to persuade them to rescue Inanna from the Underworld. [ 216 ] [ 217 ] She was regarded as a wise adviser [ 210 ] of her divine masters and human rulers alike. [ 209 ] In addition to being the sukkal of Inanna, she also served An [ 210 ] and the divine assembly. [ 218 ] In later Akkadian mythology , Ninshubur was syncretized with the male messenger deities Ilabrat and Papsukkal , [ 208 ] though this process wasn't complete until Seleucid times. [ 219 ] Ninshubur was popular [ 209 ] in the sphere of personal religion, for example as tutelary deity of a specific family, due to the belief she could mediate between humans and higher ranking gods. [ 220 ] Nisaba Eresh , later Nippur [ 221 ] Nisaba was originally a goddess of grain and agriculture, [ 124 ] but, starting in the Early Dynastic Period, she developed into a goddess of writing, accounting, and scribal knowledge. [ 124 ] Her main cult city, Eresh, was evidently prominent in early periods, but after the reign of Shulgi almost entirely disappeared from records. [ 221 ] Texts mentioning Nisaba are sporadically attested as far west as Ebla and Ugarit , though it is uncertain if she was actively venerated further west than Mari . [ 222 ] Nisaba was the mother of the goddess Sud, syncretised with Enlil's wife Ninlil, and as a result she was regarded as his mother in law. [ 223 ] While a less common tradition identified her as the daughter of Enlil, [ 221 ] she was usually regarded as the daughter of Uraš, and references to Anu or Ea as her father are known from first millennium BCE literature. [ 221 ] Her husband was the god Haya . [ 124 ] There is little direct evidence for temples (in Nippur she was worshiped in the temple of her daughter Ninlil [ 224 ] ) and clergy of Nisaba, but literary texts were commonly ended with the doxology "praise to Nisaba!" or other invocations of her. [ 224 ] The term "house of wisdom of Nisaba" attested in many texts was likely a generic term for institutions connected to writing. [ 224 ] Her importance started to decline (especially outside the scribal circles) after the Old Babylonian period, though attestations as late as from the reign of Nabopolassar are known. [ 225 ] Zababa Kish [ 226 ] [ 159 ] Zababa was a war god who served as the tutelary deity of Kish. [ 159 ] His main temple was E-mete-ursag. [ 226 ] The earliest attestation of him comes from the Early Dynastic Period. [ 226 ] During the reign of Old Babylonian kings such as Hammurabi it was Zababa, rather than Ninurta, who was regarded as the primary war god. [ 227 ] He was initially regarded as a son of Enlil, [ 159 ] but Sennacherib called him a son of Ashur instead. [ 228 ] Initially his wife was Ishtar of Kish (regarded as separate from Ishtar of Uruk), but after the Old Babylonian period she was replaced by Bau in this role, and continued to be worshiped independently from him. [ 158 ] In some texts Zababa uses weapons usually associated with Ninurta and fights his mythical enemies, and on occasion he was called the "Nergal of Kish," but all 3 of these gods were regarded as separate. [ 229 ] In one list of deities he is called "Marduk of battle." [ 226 ] His primary symbol was a staff with the head of an eagle. [ 226 ] His sukkal was Papsukkal . [ 230 ] Primordial beings Various civilizations over the course of Mesopotamian history had many different creation stories . [ 231 ] [ 232 ] The earliest accounts of creation are simple narratives written in Sumerian dating to the late third millennium BC. [ 233 ] [ 234 ] These are mostly preserved as brief prologues to longer mythographic compositions dealing with other subjects, such as Inanna and the Huluppu Tree , The Creation of the Pickax , and Enki and Ninmah . [ 235 ] [ 233 ] Later accounts are far more elaborate, adding multiple generations of gods and primordial beings. [ 236 ] The longest and most famous of these accounts is the Babylonian Enûma Eliš , or Epic of Creation , which is divided into seven tablets. [ 234 ] The surviving version of the Enûma Eliš could not have been written any earlier than the late second millennium BC, [ 234 ] but it draws heavily on earlier materials, [ 237 ] including various works written during the Akkadian, Old Babylonian, and Kassite periods in the early second millennium BC. [ 237 ] A category of primordial beings common in incantations were pairs of divine ancestors of Enlil and less commonly of Anu. [ 58 ] In at least some cases these elaborate genealogies were assigned to major gods to avoid the implications of divine incest. [ 238 ] Figures appearing in theogonies were generally regarded as ancient and no longer active (unlike the regular gods) by the Mesopotamians. [ 239 ] Name Image Details Abzu In the Babylonian creation epic, the Enûma Eliš , Abzu is primordial undeterminacy, [ 240 ] the consort of the goddess Tiamat who was killed by the god Ea (Enki). [ 240 ] Abzu was the personification of the subterranean primeval waters. [ 240 ] Alala and Belili Alala and Belili were ancestors of Anu, usually appearing as the final pair in god lists accepting this tradition of his ancestry. [ 241 ] Alala was also adopted into Hurro - Hittite mythology [ 242 ] under the name Alalu . [ 243 ] It is possible Alala and Belili were paired together only because both names are iterative. [ 244 ] The name Belili could also refer to a goddess regarded as a sister of Dumuzi . [ 245 ] It has been argued that she was one and the same as the primordial deity, [ 246 ] but this view is not universally accepted and Manfred Krebernik argues it cannot be presently established if they were one and the same. [ 247 ] Anshar and Kishar In some myths and god lists, Anshar and Kishar are a primordial couple, who are male and female respectively. [ 26 ] In the Babylonian Enûma Eliš , they are the second pair of offspring born from Abzu and Tiamat [ 26 ] and the parents of the supreme An. [ 26 ] A partial rewrite of Enûma Eliš from the neo-Assyrian period attempted to merge the roles of Marduk and Anshar, which Wilfred G. Lambert described as "completely superficial in that it leaves the plot in chaos by attributing Marduk's part to his great-grandfather, without making any attempt to iron out the resulting confusion." [ 248 ] In other late sources Anshar was sometimes listed among "conquered" mythical antagonists. [ 249 ] In a fragmentary text from Seleucid or Parthian times he is seemingly vanquished by Enki and an otherwise little known goddess Ninamakalla. [ 250 ] Dūri and Dāri Dūri and Dāri (derived from an Akkadian phrase meaning "forever and ever" [ 242 ] ) were ancestors of Anu according to the so-called "Anu theogony." [ 251 ] They represented "eternal time as a prime force in creation," [ 241 ] and it is likely they developed as a personified form of a preexisting cosmological belief. [ 242 ] A single text identifies them as ancestors of Enlil instead. [ 251 ] They appear for the first time in an incantation from the reign of Samsu-iluna (Old Babylonian period). [ 242 ] Enki and Ninki Enki and Ninki were two primordial beings who were regarded as the first generation among the ancestors of Enlil . [ 252 ] Enki and Ninki followed by a varying number of pairs of deities whose names start with "En" and "Nin" appear as Enlil's ancestors in various sources: god lists, incantations, liturgical texts, [ 253 ] and the Sumerian composition "Death of Gilgamesh," where the eponymous hero encounters these divine ancestors in the underworld. [ 254 ] The oldest document preserving this tradition is the Fara god list ( Early Dynastic period ). [ 255 ] Sometimes all the ancestors were collectively called "the Enkis and the Ninkis." [ 256 ] Enki, the ancestor of Enlil, is not to be confused with the god Enki/Ea, who is a distinct and unrelated figure. [ 257 ] The ancestral Enki's name means "lord earth," while the meaning of the name of the god of Eridu is uncertain but not the same, as indicated by some writings including an amissable g. [ 257 ] Enmesharra Enmesharra was a minor deity of the underworld. [ 65 ] Seven, eight or fifteen other minor deities were said to be his offspring. [ 258 ] His symbol was the suššuru (a kind of pigeon ). [ 65 ] He was sometimes regarded as the father of Enlil, [ 259 ] or as his uncle. [ 260 ] Texts allude to combat between Enmesharra and Enlil (or perhaps Ninurta), and his subsequent imprisonment. [ 261 ] In some traditions it was believed that this is how Enlil gained control over destinies. [ 262 ] In a late myth he was described as an enemy of Marduk. [ 263 ] Lugaldukuga Lugaldukuga was the father of Enlil in some traditions, [ 260 ] though sometimes he was instead referred to as his grandfather. [ 264 ] Like Enmesharra he was regarded as a vanquished theogonic figure, and sometimes the two were equated. [ 265 ] He might be analogous to Endukuga, another ancestor of Enlil from god lists. [ 264 ] Nammu Nammu is the primordial goddess who, in some Sumerian traditions, was said to have given birth to both An and Ki . [ 183 ] She eventually came to be regarded as the mother of Enki [ 183 ] and was revered as an important mother goddess. [ 183 ] Because the cuneiform sign used to write her name is the same as the sign for engur , a synonym for abzu , it is highly probable that she was originally conceived as the personification of the subterranean primeval waters. [ 183 ] Tiamat In the Babylonian creation epic, the Enûma Eliš , after the separation of heaven and earth, the goddess Tiamat and her consort Abzu are the only deities in existence. [ 266 ] A male-female pair, they mate and Tiamat gives birth to the first generation of gods. [ 266 ] Ea (Enki) slays Abzu [ 266 ] and Tiamat gives birth to eleven monsters to seek vengeance for her lover's death. [ 266 ] Eventually, Marduk, the son of Enki and the national god of the Babylonians, slays Tiamat and uses her body to create the earth. [ 266 ] In the Assyrian version of the story, it is Ashur who slays Tiamat instead. [ 266 ] Tiamat was the personification of the primeval waters and it is hard to tell how the author of the Enûma Eliš imagined her appearance. [ 266 ] Minor deities Name Image Major cult centers Details Alammuš worshiped with Nanna in Ur as his sukkal Alammush was the sukkal of Nanna. [ 267 ] He appears very rarely in known literary texts, though in one case, possibly a fragment of a myth about Nanna going on a journey, he is described as "suitable for justice like Utu." [ 267 ] Ama-arhus Uruk [ 268 ] Ama-arhus (Nin-amaʾarḫuššu; "(lady) compassionate mother") was a sparsely attested Mesopotamian divinity, explained as a title of the medicine goddess Gula in one text. [ 269 ] It has been proposed that the presence of Ama-Arhus in late theophoric names from Uruk explains why Gula appears to not be attested in them, despite being worshiped in the city. [ 270 ] It is possible that she was merely viewed as her manifestation or synonym, as she is not otherwise attested in Uruk. [ 271 ] Amasagnudi Uruk [ 268 ] Amasagnudi was the wife of Papsukkal in the god list An = Anum [ 272 ] and in Seleucid Uruk. [ 273 ] According to one Old Babylonian text she was the sukkal of Anu, [ 273 ] and it has been proposed that she was originally an epithet of Ninshubur. [ 273 ] Assyriologist Frans Wiggermann translates her name as "mother who cannot be pushed aside." [ 274 ] Amashilama Amashilama was the daughter of Ninazu and his wife Ningirida , and one of the two sisters of Ningishzida. [ 275 ] She is known from the god list An = Anum and a single mythical composition. [ 275 ] Thorkild Jacobsen identifies her as a leech goddess. [ 276 ] As noted by assyriologist Nathan Wasserman, however, leeches are only attested with certainty in late medical texts, [ 277 ] and the image of a leech in Mesopotamian literature is that of "a non-divine, harmful creature." [ 278 ] Antu Reš temple complex in Uruk [ 279 ] Antu is a goddess who was invented during the Akkadian Period ( c. 2334 BC – 2154 BC) as a consort for Anu, [ 52 ] [ 59 ] and appears in such a role in the god list An = Anum . [ 280 ] Her name is a female version of Anu's own. [ 52 ] [ 59 ] She was worshiped in the late first miilennium BCE in Uruk in the newly built temple complex dedicated to Anu. [ 281 ] Her elevation alongside her husband was connected to a theological trend under Achaemenid and Seleucid rule which extended their roles at the expense of Ishtar. [ 282 ] German classical scholar Walter Burkert proposed that the Greek goddess Dione , mentioned in Book V of the Iliad as the mother of Aphrodite , was a calque for Antu . [ 283 ] Anunītu Agade [ 284 ] and Sippar-Amnanum [ 285 ] Annunitum ("the martial one") was initially an epithet of Ishtar, [ 286 ] but later a separate goddess. [ 287 ] She is first attested in documents from the Ur III period. [ 288 ] She was a warrior goddess who shared a number of epithets with Ishtar. [ 289 ] It is possible she was depicted with a trident-like weapon on seals. [ 290 ] In documents from Sippar she sometimes appeared as a divine witness. [ 291 ] A similarly named and possibly related goddess, Annu, was popular in Mari . [ 292 ] Asarluhi Kuara [ 293 ] Asarluhi was originally a local god of the village of Kuara, which was located near the city of Eridu . [ 293 ] He eventually became regarded as a god of magical knowledge [ 293 ] and was thought to be the son of Enki and Ninhursag. [ 293 ] He was later absorbed as an aspect of Marduk. [ 293 ] In the standard Babylonian magical tradition, the name "Asarluhi" is used as merely an alternative name for Marduk. [ 293 ] Ashgi Adab and Kesh [ 294 ] Ashgi was one of the main gods of Adab in the Early Dynastic and Sargonic periods. [ 295 ] It is unclear if he was initially the spouse or the son of the goddess Nintu, analogous to Ninhursag. [ 152 ] In later periods he was viewed as her son, and her husband Shulpa'e is identified as his father in the god list An = Anum . [ 296 ] His mother replaced him as the tutelary deity of Adab in later periods. [ 152 ] Aruru Kesh [ 297 ] Aruru was initially a distinct minor goddess, regarded as violent and connected to vegetation; [ 111 ] however, despite lack of a connection to birth or creation she was later conflated with Ninhursag . [ 111 ] Sometimes she was syncretized with Nisaba instead, in which case the conflation was meant to highlight the latter's authority. [ 298 ] Aya Sherida, Nin-Aya Sippar and Larsa [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Sherida (Sumerian) or Aya (Akkadian) was the wife of the sun god Utu/Shamash and the goddess of dawn. [ 301 ] Her most common epithet was kallatum , which could be understood both as "bride" and "daughter in law". [ 302 ] She was especially popular during the Old Babylonian Period [ 303 ] and the Neo-Babylonian Period (626 BC – 539 BC). [ 299 ] Bēl-ṣarbi Lugal-asal [ 304 ] Šapazzu [ 305 ] The name Bēl-ṣarbi means "lord of the poplar" (the tree meant is assumed to be Populus euphratica ) in Akkadian. [ 304 ] He could also function as one of the gods connected with underworld . [ 304 ] Belet-Seri Uruk [ 306 ] Belet-Seri ("mistress of the steppe") [ 301 ] was a goddess who acted as the scribe of the underworld. [ 307 ] She could be identified with Geshtinanna or with Gubarra, the Sumerian name of the spouse of Amurru, Ashratum . [ 308 ] Bilgames Gilgamesh Uruk , a small village near Ur , [ 309 ] Lagash, Girsu, Der, Nippur [ 310 ] Most historians generally agree that Gilgamesh was a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk , [ 309 ] [ 311 ] who probably ruled sometime during the early part of the Early Dynastic Period ( c. 2900–2350 BC). [ 309 ] [ 311 ] It is certain that, during the later Early Dynastic Period, Gilgamesh was worshipped as a god at various locations across Sumer. [ 309 ] In the twenty-first century BC, Utu-hengal , the king of Uruk adopted Gilgamesh as his patron deity. [ 309 ] The kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur were especially fond of Gilgamesh, calling him their "divine brother" and "friend". [ 309 ] During this period, a large number of myths and legends developed surrounding him. [ 309 ] Probably during the Middle Babylonian Period ( c. 1600 BC – c. 1155 BC), a scribe named Sîn-lēqi-unninni composed the Epic of Gilgamesh , an epic poem written in Akkadian narrating Gilgamesh's heroic exploits. [ 309 ] The opening of the poem describes Gilgamesh as "one-third human, two-thirds divine". [ 309 ] Very little evidence of worship of Gilgamesh comes from times later than the Old Babylonian period. [ 312 ] A late source states that he was worshiped during ceremonies connected to the dead, alongside Dumuzi and Ninishzida. [ 313 ] In incantations he commonly appeared alongside minor underworld deities such as Ningishzida, Geshtinanna, or Namtar and his family. [ 314 ] There are also attestations of Gilgamesh as a servant of Nergal and Ereshkigal, specifically a ferryman of the dead. [ 315 ] Birtum Birtum was the husband of the prison goddess Nungal. [ 316 ] The name, which means "fetter" or "shackle" in Akkadian, is grammatically feminine, but designates a male deity. [ 316 ] Bitu Bitu's primary function is that of a gatekeeper ( ì-du 8 ) of the underworld. [ 317 ] In older publications his name was read as Neti. [ 318 ] In Inanna's Descent into the Underworld , he leads Inanna through the seven gates of the underworld, removing one of her garments at each gate so that when she comes before Ereshkigal she is naked and symbolically powerless. [ 319 ] Bizilla Ḫursaĝkalama [ 320 ] Bizilla was a goddess closely associated with Nanaya. [ 321 ] It is assumed that like her she was a love goddess. [ 322 ] She was also most likely regarded as the sukkal of Enlil's wife Ninlil in Ḫursaĝkalama, her cult center located near Kish . [ 320 ] [ 204 ] Bunene Sippar , Uruk , and Assur [ 93 ] Bunene was the sukkal and charioteer of the sun-god Utu. [ 93 ] He was worshipped at Sippar and Uruk during the Old Babylonian Period [ 93 ] and later worshipped at Assur. [ 93 ] According to some accounts, he may have been Utu's son. [ 93 ] However, in Sippar he was regarded as the son in law of Utu's Akkadian counterpart Shamash instead, and the daughter of Shamash and Aya, Mamu (or Mamud) was his wife. [ 289 ] Damu Isin, Larsa, Ur, and Girsu [ 323 ] Damu was a god who presides over healing and medicine. [ 323 ] He was the son of Ninisina or of Gula. [ 151 ] In some texts, "Damu" is used as another name for Dumuzid, [ 324 ] but this may be a different word meaning "son". [ 324 ] Another god named "Damu" was also worshipped in Ebla and Emar , [ 323 ] but this may be a local hero, not the same as the god of healing. [ 323 ] According to Alfonso Archi, the Eblaite Damu should be understood as the deified concept of a kinship group rather than a personified deity. [ 325 ] The official cult of Damu became extinct sometime after the Old Babylonian Period. [ 323 ] Dingirma Kesh [ 111 ] Dingirma was a goddess from Kesh regarded as analogous to Ninhursag. [ 326 ] Her name means "exalted deity." [ 115 ] While in literary texts the names Dingirma and Ninhursag can alternate, administrative texts from Kesh exclusively use the former. [ 111 ] Dumuzi-abzu The state of Lagash, [ 327 ] especially Kinunir [ 137 ] Dumuzi-abzu is a local goddess who was the tutelary goddess of Kinunir, a settlement in the territory of the state of Lagash. [ 327 ] Her name, which probably means "good child of the Abzu", [ 137 ] was sometimes abbreviated to Dumuzi , [ 137 ] but she has no obvious connection to the god Dumuzi . [ 137 ] It is possible that in Early Dynastic and Sargonic sources the name Dumuzi often referred to Dumuzi-abzu and not to the husband of Inanna. [ 328 ] It is assumed that she belonged to the circle of deities connected to Nanshe . [ 329 ] It is possible Dumuzi-abzu was regarded as the wife of Hendursaga in the third millennium BCE. [ 111 ] Duttur Duttur was the mother of Dumuzi. [ 330 ] Thorkild Jacobsen proposed that she should be understood as a deification of the ewe (adult female sheep ). [ 331 ] However, her name shows no etymological affinity with any attested terms related to sheep, and it has been suggested that while she was definitely a goddess associated with livestock and pastoralism, she was not necessarily exclusively connected with sheep. [ 331 ] Emesh Emesh is a farmer deity in the Sumerian poem Enlil Chooses the Farmer-God (ETCSL 5.3.3 Archived 2021-05-07 at the Wayback Machine ), which describes how Enlil, hoping "to establish abundance and prosperity", creates two gods: Emesh and Enten , a farmer and a shepherd respectively. [ 332 ] The two gods argue and Emesh lays claim to Enten's position. [ 333 ] They take the dispute before Enlil, who rules in favor of Enten. [ 334 ] The two gods rejoice and reconcile. [ 334 ] Enbilulu Babylon [ 335 ] Enbilulu was the god of irrigation. [ 336 ] In early dynastic sources the name Ninbilulu is also attested, though it's uncertain if it should be considered an alternate form, or a separate, possibly female, deity. [ 336 ] The relation between Enbilulu, Ninbilulu and Bilulu from the myth Inanna and Bilulu Archived 2021-10-03 at the Wayback Machine also remains uncertain. [ 336 ] Enkimdu possibly Umma [ 337 ] Enkimdu is described as the "lord of dike and canal". [ 65 ] His character has been compared to Enbilulu 's. [ 338 ] It has been proposed that he was worshiped in Umma as the personification of the irrigation system, though the evidence is scarce. [ 337 ] ppears in the myth Enkimdu and Dumuzi . [ 339 ] The text has originally been published under the title Inanna prefers the farmer by Samuel Noah Kramer in 1944. [ 340 ] Initially it was assumed that it would end with Inanna choosing Enkimdu, but this interpretation was abandoned after more editions were compiled. [ 340 ] In laments, he could be associated with Amurru . [ 341 ] It has been pointed out that Dumuzi does not appear in any of the texts where Enkimdu occurs alongside Amurru, which might indicate that in this case the latter was meant to serve as a shepherd god contrasted with Enkimdu in a similar way. [ 342 ] Enlilazi Nippur Enlilazi was a minor god regarded as the "superintendent of Ekur." [ 343 ] Ennugi Nippur [ 344 ] Ennugi was a god regarded as "lord of ditch and canal" [ 345 ] and "chamberlain of Enlil." [ 346 ] Based on similar meaning of the name Gugalanna to the former title, it has been proposed that they might have been analogous. [ 140 ] Enten Enten is a shepherd deity in the Sumerian poem Enlil Chooses the Farmer-God (ETCSL 5.3.3 Archived 2021-05-07 at the Wayback Machine ), which describes how Enlil, hoping "to establish abundance and prosperity", creates two gods: Emesh and Enten , a farmer and a shepherd respectively. [ 332 ] The two gods argue and Emesh lays claim to Enten's position. [ 333 ] They take the dispute before Enlil, who rules in favor of Enten. [ 334 ] The two gods rejoice and reconcile. [ 334 ] Erra Kutha [ 347 ] Erra is a warlike god who is associated with pestilence and violence. [ 348 ] [ 349 ] He is the son of the sky-god An [ 348 ] and his wife is an obscure, minor goddess named Mami, who is different from the mother goddess with the same name. [ 348 ] [ 350 ] As early as the Akkadian Period, Erra was already associated with Nergal [ 348 ] [ 349 ] and he eventually came to be seen as merely an aspect of him. [ 348 ] [ 349 ] The names came to be used interchangeably. [ 348 ] Erragal Errakal Erragal, also known as Errakal, is a relatively rarely-attested deity who was usually regarded as a form of Erra, [ 349 ] but the two gods are probably of separate origin. [ 351 ] He is connected with storms and the destruction caused by them. [ 350 ] In An = Anum I 316, Erragal is listed as the husband of the goddess Ninisig and is equated with Nergal. [ 350 ] in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Atra-Hasis Epic , Errakal is said to "tear up the mooring poles", causing the Great Flood . [ 350 ] Ezina Ashnan Adab, Lagash, Umma, Ur, [ 352 ] Shuruppak [ 109 ] Ezina, or Ashnan in Akkadian, [ 352 ] was a goddess of grain. [ 352 ] She was commonly associated with Kusu, a goddess of purification. [ 353 ] In the Sumerian poem The Dispute between Cattle and Grain , she and Lahar are created by the Anunnaki to provide them with food. [ 354 ] They produce large amounts of food, [ 355 ] but become drunk with wine and start to quarrel, so Enki and Enlil intervene, declaring Ashnan the victor. [ 356 ] Gareus Uruk Gareus was a god introduced to Uruk during late antiquity by the Parthians , [ 357 ] who built a small temple to him there in around 100 AD. [ 357 ] He was a syncretic deity, combining elements of Greco-Roman and Babylonian cults. [ 357 ] Gazbaba Gazbaba was a goddess closely associated with Nanaya, like her connected with erotic love. [ 358 ] Šurpu describes her as ṣayyaḫatu , "the smiling one," which is likely a reference to the frequent mention of smiles in Akkadian erotic literature. [ 358 ] Her name is derived from the Akkadian word kazbu , which can be translated as "sexual attraction." [ 358 ] Geshtinanna Nippur, Isin, and Uruk [ 359 ] Geshtinanna was a rural agricultural goddess sometimes associated with dream interpretation . [ 360 ] She was the sister of Dumuzid, the god of shepherds. [ 360 ] In one myth, she protects her brother when the galla demons come to drag him down to the Underworld by hiding him in successively in four different places. [ 360 ] In another myth about Dumuzid's death, she refuses to tell the galla where he is hiding, even after they torture her. [ 360 ] The galla eventually take Dumuzid away after he is betrayed by an unnamed "friend", [ 360 ] but Inanna decrees that he and Geshtinanna will alternate places every six months, each spending half the year in the Underworld while the other stays in Heaven. [ 360 ] While she is in the Underworld, Geshtinanna serves as Ereshkigal's scribe. [ 360 ] In Lagash she was regarded as the wife of Ningishzida , and was associated with his symbol, mushussu . [ 361 ] According to Julia M. Asher-Greve she was connected in myths to Geshtindudu, another minor goddess, by friendship alone, an uncommon connection between otherwise unrelated Mesopotamian goddesses. [ 362 ] Gibil Gibil is the deification of fire. [ 360 ] According to Jeremy Black and Anthony Green, he "represented fire in all its aspects: as a destructive force and as the burning heat of the Mesopotamian summer; and as a creative force, the fire in the blacksmith's furnace and the fire in the kiln where bricks are baked, and so as a 'founder of cities'." [ 360 ] He is traditionally said to be the son of An and Shala , [ 360 ] but is sometimes the son of Nusku . [ 363 ] Gugalanna Gugalanna is the first husband of Ereshkigal , the queen of the Underworld. [ 140 ] His name probably originally meant "canal inspector of An" [ 140 ] and he may be merely an alternative name for Ennugi . [ 140 ] The son of Ereshkigal and Gugalanna is Ninazu . [ 140 ] In Inanna's Descent into the Underworld , Inanna tells the gatekeeper Neti that she is descending to the Underworld to attend the funeral of "Gugalanna, the husband of my elder sister Ereshkigal". [ 140 ] [ 364 ] [ 142 ] Gunura Gunura was the daughter of Ninisina and thus sister of Damu. [ 151 ] She was not associated with other healing goddesses, such as Ninkarrak . [ 151 ] Ĝatumdug Lagash [ 362 ] Ĝatumdug was a goddess from the early pantheon of Lagash. [ 362 ] While the meaning of her name is unknown, she was described as the city's mother, [ 365 ] or its founder. [ 366 ] According to inscriptions of Gudea she assigned a lamma (tutelary deity) to him. [ 25 ] She was later equated with Bau. [ 367 ] Haya Umma , Ur , and Kuara . [ 368 ] Haya is the husband of the goddess Nisaba . [ 124 ] [ 368 ] Haya was primarily a god of scribes, [ 368 ] but he may have also been associated with grain and agriculture. [ 368 ] He also served as a doorkeeper. [ 368 ] In some texts, he is identified as the father of the goddess Ninlil . [ 368 ] He was worshipped mostly during the Third Dynasty of Ur, when he had temples in the cities of Umma , Ur , and Kuara . [ 368 ] In later times, he had a temple in the city of Assur and may have had one in Nineveh . [ 368 ] A god named Haya was worshipped at Mari , but this may have been a different deity. [ 368 ] Ḫegir Ḫegirnunna Girsu [ 369 ] Ḫegir, later known as Ḫegirnunna, [ 370 ] was one of the seven deities referred to as "septuplets of Bau" or "seven lukur priestesses of Ningirsu." [ 371 ] Her name can be translated as "the maid of the (lofty) way" and refers to a route of processions in Girsu in the state of Lagash. [ 370 ] Hendursaga Girsu [ 372 ] Hendursaga was a Sumerian god described as "protective god with a friendly face" in inscriptions. [ 220 ] He was believed to guard streets and gates at night. [ 220 ] King Gudea of Lagash refers to him as the "herald of the land of Sumer" in one inscription. [ 373 ] His wife might have originally been Dumuzi-abzu, though later he was regarded as the husband of Ninmug due to syncretism between him and Ishum. [ 111 ] Humhum Dūr-Šarruku [ 374 ] Humhum was a minor god worshiped in Dūr-Šarruku (also known as Sippar-Aruru) in northern Babylonia. [ 374 ] Esarhaddon returned his statue to a temple located there. [ 374 ] Idlurugu Id [ 375 ] Id (modern Hit ) [ 376 ] Idlurugu was a god who represent the concept of trial by ordeal , specifically river ordeal. The term i 7 -lú-ru-gú , "the river that receives man" [ 377 ] or "the river which confronts man," could refer both to him and to the procedure. [ 378 ] Igalima Lagash [ 379 ] Igalima was a son of Bau and Ninĝirsu . [ 379 ] In offering lists he appears next to Shulshaga. [ 380 ] Ilaba Agade [ 46 ] Ilaba was briefly a major deity during the Sargonic period , [ 46 ] but seems to have been completely obscure during all other periods of Mesopotamian history. [ 46 ] He was closely associated with the kings of the Akkadian Empire. [ 97 ] Ilabrat Assur, [ 381 ] a town near Nuzi [ 382 ] Ilabrat was the sukkal , or personal attendant, of Anu. [ 59 ] [ 383 ] He appears in the myth of Adapa in which he tells Anu that the reason why the south wind does not blow is because Adapa, the priest of Ea in Eridu , has broken its wing. [ 383 ] Ishmekarab Shamash's temple Ebabbar [ 384 ] in Larsa [ 385 ] One of the 11 [ 385 ] "standing gods of Ebabbar," divine judges assisting Shamash, [ 384 ] as well as a member of various Assyrian groups of judge deities. [ 386 ] While Akkadian in origin (the name means "he (or she) heard the payer), [ 384 ] Ishmekarab also appears in Elamite sources as an assistant of judge god Inshushinak , both in legal documents [ 384 ] and in texts about the underworld. [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Ishmekarab's gender is unclear, but Wilfred G. Lambert considered it more likely that this deity was male. [ 389 ] Irnina Irnina was the goddess of victory. [ 390 ] She could function as an independent deity from the court of Ningishzida, but also as a title of major goddesses. [ 179 ] Isimud Worshipped with Enki as his sukkal Isimud, later known as Usmû, was the sukkal , or personal attendant, of Enki. [ 161 ] His name is related to the word meaning "having two faces" [ 161 ] and he is shown in art with a face on either side of his head. [ 161 ] He acts as Enki's messenger in the myths of Enki and Ninhursag and Inanna and Enki . [ 161 ] Ishum Ishum was a popular, but not very prominent god, [ 391 ] who was worshipped from the Early Dynastic Period onwards. [ 391 ] In a fragmentary myth, he is described as the son of Shamash and Ninlil, [ 391 ] but he was usually the son of Shamash and his wife Aya. [ 160 ] The former genealogy was likely the result of confusion between Sud (Ninlil) and Sudag, a title of the sun god's wife. [ 160 ] He was a generally benevolent deity, who served as a night watchman and protector. [ 391 ] He may be the same god as the Sumerian Hendursaga , because the both of them are said to have been the husband of the goddess Ninmug. [ 391 ] He was sometimes associated with the Underworld [ 391 ] and was believed to exert a calming influence on Erra , the god of rage and violence. [ 391 ] Kabta Kabta was a deity commonly paired with Ninsianna. [ 392 ] Kakka Maškan-šarrum [ 393 ] Kakka was the sukkal of both Anu (in Nergal and Ereshkigal ) [ 394 ] and Anshar (in the god list An = Anum and in Enuma Elish ). [ 395 ] Kakka is not to be confused with a different unrelated deity named Kakka, known from Mari , who was a healing goddess associated with Ninkarrak [ 395 ] and Ninshubur . [ 292 ] Kanisurra Uruk, [ 396 ] Kish [ 397 ] Kanisurra (also Gansurra, Ganisurra) [ 397 ] was a goddess from the entourage of Nanaya. [ 396 ] [ 398 ] She was known as bēlet kaššāpāti , "lady of the sorceresses." [ 396 ] However, her character and functions remain unclear. [ 396 ] [ 398 ] It has been proposed that her name was originally a term for a location in the netherworld due to its similarity to the Sumerian word ganzer , the entrance to the underworld. [ 399 ] In late theological sources she was regarded as Nanaya's hairdresser and one of the two "daughters of Ezida ." [ 400 ] Ki Umma, Lagash [ 353 ] Ki was a Sumerian goddess who was the personification of the earth. [ 391 ] In some Sumerian accounts, she is a primordial being who copulates with An to produce a variety of plants. [ 401 ] An and Ki collectively were an object of worship in Umma and Lagash in the Ur III period, [ 353 ] but the evidence for worship of her is scarce and her name was sometimes written without the dingir sign denoting divinity. [ 402 ] A fragmentary late neo-Assyrian god list appears to consider her and another figure regarded as the wife of Anu, Urash, as one and the same, and refers to "Ki-Urash." [ 403 ] Kittum Bad-Tibira, Rahabu [ 404 ] Kittum was a daughter of Utu and Sherida . [ 405 ] Her name means "Truth". [ 405 ] Kus Kus is a god of herdsmen referenced in the Theogony of Dunnu . [ 406 ] Kusu Lagash, [ 353 ] Nippur [ 407 ] Kusu was a goddess of purification, commonly invoked in Akkadian šuillakku , a type of prayers asking for help with an individual's problems. [ 301 ] She was regarded as the personification of a type of ritual censer. [ 353 ] A late text states that "the duck is the bird of Kusu." [ 408 ] Lagamar Dilbat [ 409 ] [ 410 ] Lagamar, whose name means "no mercy" in Akkadian [ 411 ] was a minor god worshiped in Dilbat [ 409 ] as the son of the city's tutelary god, Urash (not to be confused with the earth goddess ). [ 412 ] He was associated with the underworld. [ 411 ] He was also worshiped in Elam, where he was associated with Ishmekarab [ 412 ] and the underworld judge Inshushinak . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Laguda Nēmed-Laguda [ 413 ] Laguda was a god associated with the Persian Gulf. [ 413 ] He appears in the text Marduk's Address to the Demons , according to which he exalted the eponymous god in the "lower sea." [ 414 ] He could be associated with other deities with marine associations, such as Sirsir and Lugal'abba. [ 414 ] Lahar Lahar was a god associated with sheep. [ 415 ] Research shows that he was usually regarded as a male deity, [ 416 ] though he was initially interpreted as a goddess in Samuel Noah Kramer's translations. [ 416 ] In the poem The Dispute between Cattle and Grain , Lahar and Ashnan are created by the Anunnaki to provide them with food. [ 354 ] They produce large amounts of food, [ 355 ] but become drunk with wine and start to quarrel, so Enki and Enlil intervene, declaring Ashnan the victor. [ 356 ] Laṣ Kutha, [ 417 ] Lagaba [ 418 ] Laṣ was one of the goddesses who could be regarded as the wife of Nergal. [ 417 ] In Babylonia , she became the goddess most commonly identified as such starting with the reign of Kurigalzu II . [ 419 ] In Assyria, an analogous phenomenon is attested from the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III onward. [ 419 ] In the Old Babylonian period, Nergal's wife was usually Mammitum . [ 420 ] Wilfred G. Lambert proposed that Laṣ was a goddess of healing, as an explanatory version of the Weidner god list equates her with Bau , while other similar documents place her in the proximity of Gula , who were both regarded as such. [ 420 ] Lisin Adab and Kesh [ 294 ] Lisin and her brother Ashgi were worshipped in Adab and Kesh. [ 294 ] Her husband was the god Ninsikila . [ 294 ] In Sumerian times, Lisin was viewed as a mother goddess. [ 294 ] She is identified with the star α Scorpionis . [ 294 ] Later, Ninsikila's and Lisin's genders were swapped. [ 421 ] Lugala'abba Nippur [ 422 ] Lugala'abba ("Lord of the Sea" [ 423 ] ) was a god associated both with the sea and with the underworld. [ 424 ] Lugalbanda Uruk , Nippur , and Kuara [ 425 ] Lugalbanda was an early legendary king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk, who was later declared to be a god. [ 425 ] He is the husband of the goddess Ninsun and the father of the mortal hero Gilgamesh . [ 425 ] He is mentioned as a god alongside Ninsun in a list of deities as early as the Early Dynastic Period. [ 425 ] A brief fragment of a myth about him from this same time period is also preserved. [ 425 ] During the Third Dynasty of Ur, all the kings would offer sacrifices to Lugalbanda as a god in the holy city of Nippur . [ 425 ] Two epic poems about Lugalbanda describe him successfully crossing dangerous mountains alone, though hindered by severe illness. [ 425 ] The Sumerian King List makes him a shepherd, who reigned for 1,200 years. [ 425 ] He has a close relationship with the goddess Inanna. [ 425 ] Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea Kisiga [ 425 ] Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea are a set of twin gods who were worshipped in the village of Kisiga, located in northern Babylonia . [ 425 ] They were regarded as guardians of doorways [ 426 ] and they may have originally been envisioned as a set of twins guarding the gates of the Underworld, who chopped the dead into pieces as they passed through the gates. [ 427 ] During the Neo-Assyrian period, small depictions of them would be buried at entrances, [ 426 ] with Lugal-irra always on the left and Meslamta-ea always on the right. [ 426 ] They are identical and are shown wearing horned caps and each holding an axe and a mace. [ 426 ] They are identified with the constellation Gemini , which is named after them. [ 426 ] Lulal Latarak Bad-tibira [ 428 ] [ 429 ] Lulal, also known as Latarak in Akkadian, [ 429 ] was a god closely associated with Inanna, [ 428 ] but their relationship is unclear and ambiguous. [ 428 ] He appears in Inanna's Descent into the Underworld . [ 428 ] He seems to have primarily been a warrior-god, [ 428 ] but he was also associated with domesticated animals. [ 428 ] One hymn calls him the "master of the open country." [ 429 ] Lumma Nippur and Umma [ 430 ] Reading of the theonym LUM-ma is unclear. [ 431 ] The god bearing it was regarded as a guardian ( udug ) of Ekur , Enlil's temple in Nippur, [ 432 ] or as an underworld demon ( gallû ). [ 432 ] Gianni Marchesi describes him as "gendarme demon par excellence." [ 432 ] He was regarded as a figure of low rank, serving under other deities, [ 432 ] but nonetheless capable of rewarding righteousness. [ 432 ] The goddess Ninmug was his mother according to the text of a Sumerian lamentation. [ 430 ] It has been proposed that he was originally a deified human ruler. [ 343 ] Similar origin has been proposed for a number of other gods of similar character, such as Ḫadaniš (who shares his name with a king of Hamazi ) [ 343 ] Mami Mama Mami or Mama is a mother goddess whose name means "mother". [ 85 ] She may be the same goddess as Ninhursag. [ 85 ] Mammitum Kutha [ 417 ] Mammitum was one of the goddesses who could be identified as the wife of Nergal. [ 417 ] In the Old Babylonian period, she is the best attested among them. [ 420 ] It is possible she was originally the wife of Erra rather than Nergal, and was only introduced to Kutha alongside him. [ 417 ] Her name might mean "oath" or "frost" (based on similarity to the Akkadian word mammû , "ice" or "frost"). [ 433 ] As her name is homophonous with Mami , a goddess of birth or "divine midwife," [ 434 ] some researchers assume they are one and the same. [ 417 ] However, it has been proven that they were separate deities, [ 434 ] Mamu Sippar [ 435 ] Mamu or Mamud was the daughter of Aya and Shamash, [ 436 ] worshiped in Sippar. [ 435 ] She was the goddess of dreams. [ 291 ] Her husband was Bunene. [ 289 ] Mandanu Babylon, Kish [ 344 ] Mandanu was a divine judge, attested after the Old Babylonian period, but absent from older god lists such as the so-called Weidner and Nippur lists. [ 437 ] According to assyriologist Manfred Krebernik he can be considered a personification of places of judgment. [ 437 ] He belonged to the circle of deities associated with Marduk. [ 438 ] Manzat Der [ 439 ] Manzat ("Rainbow") was the Akkadian goddess of the rainbow. [ 440 ] She was worshiped in Der, [ 439 ] and was sometimes viewed as the wife of the city's tutelary god, Ishtaran . [ 178 ] Her titles, such as "Lady of regulations of heaven" and "Companion of heaven" highlighted her astral character, [ 440 ] though she was also associated with prosperity of cities. [ 441 ] Outside Mesopotamia she was also worshiped in Elam , where she was possibly regarded as the wife of Simut . [ 441 ] Martu Amurru Babylon, [ 442 ] Assur [ 443 ] Martu, in Akkadian known as Amurru, was the divine personification of the nomads who began to appear on the edges of the Mesopotamian world in the middle of the third millennium BC, initially from the west, but later from the east as well. [ 444 ] He was described as a deity who "rages over the land like a storm". [ 444 ] One myth describes how the daughter of the god Numušda insists on marrying Martu, despite his unattractive habits. [ 445 ] In Old Babylonian and Kassite art, Amurru is shown as a god dressed in long robes and carrying a scimitar or a shepherd's crook . [ 5 ] Misharu Misharu ("justice") was a son of Adad and Shala. [ 446 ] His wife was Ishartu ("righteousness"). [ 446 ] Nanibgal Eresh [ 447 ] Nanibgal was initially a title or alternate name of Nisaba, but eventually developed into a distinct goddess attested in the god list An = Anum and in a number of rituals. [ 221 ] She had her own spouse, Ennugi, and own distinct role as a courtier of Ninlil. [ 221 ] Nimintabba Ur [ 448 ] Nimintabba was a minor goddess who belonged to the entourage of Nanna, the tutelary god of Ur. [ 448 ] She had a temple in Ur during the reign of king Shulgi. [ 448 ] It is possible she was initially a deity of greater theological importance, but declined with time. [ 449 ] Nindara Girsu, [ 447 ] Ki'eša [ 450 ] Nindara was the husband of Nanshe . [ 451 ] Ninegal Belet Ekallim [ 452 ] Nippur, [ 452 ] Umma, [ 453 ] Lagash, [ 453 ] Dilbat [ 301 ] [ 454 ] Ninegal or Ninegalla, known in Akkadian as Belet Ekallim [ 452 ] (both meaning "lady of the palace") [ 455 ] was a minor [ 456 ] goddess regarded as a tutelary deity of palaces of kings and other high-ranking officials. [ 456 ] She was the wife of Urash, the city god of Dilbat, [ 301 ] and was worshiped alongside him and their son Lagamar in some locations. [ 454 ] "Ninegal" could also function as an epithet of other deities, especially Inanna, [ 453 ] but also Nungal . [ 457 ] Outside Mesopotamia she was popular in Qatna , where she served as the tutelary goddess of the city. [ 454 ] Ningal Nikkal [ 458 ] Ekišnuĝal temple in Ur [ 459 ] and Harran [ 458 ] Ningal ("great queen" [ 460 ] ), later known by the corrupted form Nikkal, was the wife of Nanna-Suen, the god of the moon, and the mother of Utu, the god of the sun. [ 458 ] Though she was worshiped in all periods of ancient Mesopotamian history, her role is described as "passive and supportive" by researchers. [ 460 ] Ningikuga Ur [ 461 ] Ningikuga is a goddess of reeds and marshes. [ 462 ] Her name means "Lady of the Pure Reed". [ 462 ] She is the daughter of Anu and Nammu [ 462 ] and one of the many consorts of Enki. [ 462 ] Ningirida Ningirida was the wife of Ninazu and mother of Ningishzida and his two sisters. [ 275 ] A passage describing Ningirida taking care of baby Ningishzida is regarded as one of the only references to deities in their infancy and to goddesses breastfeeding in Mesopotamian literature. [ 463 ] Ninhegal Sippar Ninhegal was a goddess of abundance worshiped in Sippar. [ 435 ] It is possible she can be identified as the goddess depicted with streams of water on seals from that city. [ 435 ] Ninimma Nippur [ 407 ] Ninimma was a courtier of Enlil regarded as his scribe and sometimes as the nurse of his children. [ 464 ] [ 463 ] Like other goddesses from Enlil's circle she had a temple in Nippur. [ 407 ] In the myth Enki and Ninmah she's one of the seven birth goddesses, [ 465 ] the other 6 being Shuzianna, Ninmada, Ninshar, Ninmug, Mumudu and Ninniginna. [ 466 ] Her husband was Guškinbanda , [ 467 ] called "Ea of the goldsmith" in an explanatory text. [ 464 ] Occasional references to Ninimma as a male deity are also known, [ 468 ] and in this context he was called "Ea of the scribe." [ 464 ] Ninkilim Ninkilim was a deity who was associated with mongooses, which are common throughout southern Mesopotamia. [ 469 ] According to a Babylonian popular saying, when a mouse fled from a mongoose into a serpent's hole, it announced, "I bring you greetings from the snake-charmer!" [ 469 ] A creature resembling a mongoose also appears in Old Babylonian glyptic art, [ 469 ] but its significance is not known. [ 469 ] Ningirima Muru, [ 470 ] Girima near Uruk [ 471 ] Ningirama was a goddess [ 471 ] associated with incantations, water, and fish, [ 471 ] and who was invoked for protection against snakes. [ 469 ] It has been argued that she was conflated with Ningilin , the deity of mongooses, at an early date, [ 469 ] but she is a distinct deity as late as during the reign of Esarhaddon. [ 472 ] Ningishzida Lagash [ 473 ] Ningishzida is a god who normally lives in the Underworld. [ 458 ] He is the son of Ninazu and his name may be etymologically derived from a phrase meaning "Lord of the Good Tree". [ 458 ] In the Sumerian poem, The Death of Gilgamesh , the hero Gilgamesh dies and meets Ningishzida, along with Dumuzid , in the Underworld. [ 473 ] Gudea , the Sumerian king of the city-state of Lagash , revered Ningishzida as his personal protector. [ 473 ] In the myth of Adapa , Dumuzid and Ningishzida are described as guarding the gates of the highest Heaven. [ 474 ] Ningishzida was associated with the constellation Hydra . [ 108 ] Ningublaga Kiabrig, [ 475 ] Ur, [ 476 ] Larsa [ 477 ] Ningublaga was associated with cattle. [ 478 ] He was believed to oversee the herds belonging to the moon god Nanna . [ 479 ] Consumption of beef was regarded as taboo to him. [ 478 ] He also had an apotropaic role, and appears in many incantations, for example against scorpion bite. [ 478 ] Ninigizibara Umma, [ 480 ] Uruk [ 481 ] Ninigizibara was a deified harp who could be regarded as an advisor of Inanna. [ 480 ] Ninkasi Shuruppak, [ 109 ] Nippur [ 407 ] Ninkasi was the goddess of beer. [ 421 ] She was associated with Širaš, the goddess of brewing. [ 482 ] In one hymn her parents are said to be Enki and Ninti, [ 482 ] though it also states she was raised by Ninhursag. [ 482 ] Sometimes Ninkasi was viewed as a male deity. [ 421 ] In the so-called Weidner god list, Ninkasi appears among chthonic deities alongside the prison goddess Nungal . [ 483 ] Ninkurra Ninkurra is the daughter of Enki and Ninsar . [ 484 ] After having sex with her father Enki, Ninkurra gave birth to Uttu , the goddess of weaving and vegetation. [ 484 ] Ninmada Ninmada was a god regarded as a brother of Ninazu, [ 179 ] who was described as a snake charmer in the service of An or Enlil. [ 179 ] A goddess bearing the same name appears among the assistants of Ninmah in the myth Enki and Ninmah . [ 466 ] Nin-MAR.KI Ninmar? [ 485 ] Ḫurim, [ 486 ] Guabba, [ 487 ] Lagash [ 362 ] Nin-MAR.KI (reading uncertain) was the daughter of Nanshe. [ 361 ] Ninmena Utab [ 488 ] Ninmena was a Sumerian goddess of birth [ 489 ] whose name means "Lady of the Crown". [ 85 ] [ 434 ] Although syncretised with more prominent similar goddesses (like Ninhursag) in literary texts, she never fully merged with them in Sumerian tradition. [ 490 ] Ninmug Kisiga, [ 491 ] Shuruppak [ 109 ] Ninmug was the tutelary goddess of metal workers. [ 492 ] She was the wife of the god Ishum , and by extension also of Hendursaga in later periods. [ 111 ] Ninpumuna Ur, Puzrish-Dagan , [ 493 ] possibly Gishbanda [ 494 ] Ninpumuna was the goddess of salt springs . [ 495 ] She is only attested in texts from Ur and Puzrish-Dagan from the Ur III period, [ 493 ] though it is also possible that she was worshiped in Gishbanda. [ 494 ] Ninšar Ninnisig? [ 496 ] Nippur, [ 497 ] Shuruppak [ 109 ] The reading of the name of this goddess, NIN.SAR (possibly to be understood as "Lady Herbs"), is uncertain, [ 491 ] with Ninšar being favored by authors such as Andrew R. George [ 497 ] and Wilfred G. Lambert, while Antonie Cavigneaux and Martin Krebernik argue Ninnisig is more likely to be correct. [ 496 ] She belonged to the court of Enlil and was regarded as his personal butcher. [ 498 ] Her husband was Erragal. [ 350 ] In the myth Enki and Ninmah , she appears as one of the seven assistants of the eponymous goddess. [ 466 ] Ninsianna É-ešbarzida temple in Ur and other temples in Sippar , Larsa , and Uruk [ 499 ] Ninsianna was the deity of the planet Venus . [ 499 ] Ninsiana's gender varied depending on location. [ 51 ] She is described in one text as the "holy torch who fills the heavens" [ 499 ] and was frequently associated with haruspicy . [ 499 ] Her worship is first attested during the Third Dynasty of Ur and she continued to be venerated until the Seleucid Period (312 BC – 63 BC). [ 499 ] She was sometimes regarded as the astral aspect of Inanna, [ 457 ] but in Isin she was instead associated with Ninisina [ 500 ] and in Larsa Ninsianna and Inanna were separate goddesses. [ 51 ] She was also sometimes associated with the Elamite astral goddess Pinikir . [ 501 ] Ninsikila Ninsikila was the husband of the goddess Lisin . [ 294 ] Later their genders were switched around, [ 421 ] possibly due to confusion between the male Mesopotamian Ninsikila and a similarly named goddess from Dilmun . [ 502 ] Ninsun Uruk [ 124 ] Ninsun was a goddess whose name can be understood as "lady of the wild cows." [ 503 ] She was the divine consort of Lugalbanda , the deified king of Uruk, and the mother of the hero Gilgamesh . [ 208 ] Nintu Nintu is a Sumerian mother goddess associated with childbirth. [ 504 ] Her name literally means "Lady of Birth". [ 85 ] She may just be an aspect of Ninhursag. [ 85 ] Nirah Der [ 163 ] Nirah was the messenger of the god Ištaran . [ 163 ] He was identified with snakes [ 163 ] and may appear in the form of a snake on kudurrus . [ 163 ] Numushda Kazallu , [ 505 ] Kiritab [ 506 ] Numushda was a god who was associated with the city of Kazallu. [ 505 ] His worship is attested from the Early Dynastic Period, [ 505 ] but his cult seems to have ceased at the end of the Old Babylonian Period. [ 505 ] He was believed to be the son of the moon-god Nanna and may have been regarded as a storm deity. [ 505 ] In the myth of The Marriage of Martu , Numushda's unnamed daughter insists on marrying the nomadic desert god Martu , despite his unattractive lifestyle. [ 505 ] Nungal Manungal Ekur temple in Nippur, [ 505 ] Lagash, Sippar, Dilbat [ 316 ] Nungal, also known as Manungal, [ 507 ] was the goddess of prisons, [ 500 ] also associated with the death penalty. [ 508 ] Her name means "great prince(ss)" in Sumerian. [ 500 ] She is rarely attested in literary compositions. [ 509 ] In the so-called Weidner god list she appears among chthonic deities, [ 483 ] and she was sometimes referred to with the epithet Ninkurra, "lady of the underworld." [ 509 ] According to one hymn her mother was Ereshkigal . [ 509 ] Her husband was the god Birtum. [ 505 ] The name Ninegal was sometimes used as her epithet, [ 507 ] and it is possible in Dilbat she and the distinct goddess Ninegal were regarded as analogous. [ 510 ] Nunusdug Kisiga Nunusdug was a minor goddess from the city of Kisiga, attested only in the Early Dynastic period. [ 511 ] Her name means "good woman." [ 511 ] Nusku Nippur, [ 512 ] Harran [ 505 ] Nusku is the god of fire and light. [ 505 ] He was the son and minister of Enlil. [ 505 ] The god Gibil is sometimes described as his son. [ 505 ] Nusku's main symbol was a lit oil lamp . [ 505 ] He was a member of a group of deities that were worshipped in Harran during the Neo-Assyrian Period by the predominately Old Aramaic-speaking population there. [ 505 ] Pabilsaĝ Isin, Nippur, and Larag [ 19 ] Pabilshag was a god whose worship is attested from the Early Dynastic Period onwards. [ 19 ] He was believed to be the son of Enlil and the husband of Ninisina , the patron goddess of Isin. [ 19 ] In some texts, he is identified with Ninurta or Ningirsu. [ 19 ] One Sumerian poem describes Pabilsag's journey to Nippur. [ 19 ] Pabilsag was believed to be the constellation Sagittarius . [ 19 ] Panigingarra Adab [ 513 ] Panigingarra was a god worshiped in Adab who was the son of Ninhursag and Shulpa'e. [ 514 ] One inscription calls him the "lord of kudurru ." [ 514 ] In late sources he was syncretised with Ninurta. [ 514 ] He appears in a poorly preserved myth, Urash and Marduk . [ 515 ] Sadarnunna Nippur [ 481 ] Sadarnunna was the wife of Nuska. [ 481 ] Sarpanit Esagil in Babylon [ 281 ] Sarpanit was the wife of Marduk. [ 51 ] Her name was most likely derived from Sarpan, a village near Babylon, which in a myth about her marriage to Marduk was given to her by her father Enlil. [ 239 ] Šarrāḫītu Babylon, Uruk [ 516 ] Šarrāḫītu ("The glorified one" [ 219 ] ) was a goddess worshiped in Babylon during the reign of Esarhaddon and later in Uruk. [ 516 ] She was identified with Ashratum, the wife of Amurru , [ 268 ] and a late esoteric text explains her name as Ašrat aḫītu, "Ashratum, the foreigner." [ 517 ] In Uruk she was associated with Belet-Seri. [ 219 ] Šarrat-Dēri Der [ 163 ] Šarrat-Dēri was the wife of Ištaran , the local god of the Sumerian city-state of Der. [ 163 ] Her name means "Queen of Der". [ 163 ] Šerua Assur [ 518 ] Šerua was an Assyrian goddess associated with Ashur. [ 81 ] She was the only deity regarded as related to him for reasons other than syncretism with Enlil, [ 81 ] but Assyrian theological treatises disputed if she was his wife or daughter. [ 81 ] She should not be confused with Erua, an epithet of Sarpanit . [ 81 ] Shala Medimsha [ 446 ] Karkar [ 439 ] Shala, also known as Medimsha [ 446 ] ("having beautiful limbs") [ 175 ] was the wife of the weather god Adad. [ 439 ] She was a goddess of rain, and was often depicted naked on cylinder seals. [ 175 ] Shara Umma , [ 519 ] possibly Tell Agrab [ 299 ] Shara was a local deity associated with the city of Umma, where his main temple was the E-mah. [ 299 ] A fragment of a stone bowl inscribed with his name discovered in the rubbish dump at Tell Agrab , northeast of Babylon, indicates that he may have also been worshipped there. [ 299 ] He was also a warrior god and is referred to as a "hero of An". [ 299 ] In the Babylonian myth of Anzû, Shara is one of the warrior gods who is asked to retrieve the Tablet of Destinies , but refuses. [ 299 ] In Inanna's Descent into the Underworld , Shara is one of the three deities who come to greet her upon her return. [ 299 ] In the myth of Lugalbanda and in a single building inscription from the Third Dynasty of Ur, Shara is described as Inanna's "son", [ 299 ] a tradition which runs directly contrary to the usual portrayal of Inanna as youthful and without offspring. [ 95 ] Šubula Ṣupur-Šubula [ 520 ] Šubula was a minor god most likely associated with the underworld . [ 521 ] It is assumed that the name is etymologically connected with the Akkadian word ābalu(m) , "to dry" or "to be dry." [ 522 ] A less likely proposal instead derives it from wābalu(m) , "to carry." [ 523 ] It is sometimes assumed he was Nergal's son. [ 307 ] It has been argued that such a connection could be a reflection of the location of his cult center, Ṣupur-Šubula, in the proximity of Nergal's city, Kutha. [ 520 ] However, as noted by Jeremiah Peterson, it is unclear if the god list An = Anum , usually used to support this theory, recognizes him as Nergal's son, as the corresponding section contains a lacuna. [ 522 ] Another possible restoration would instead make him the son of Ishum. [ 522 ] Shullat and Hanish Shullat and Hanish were a pair of gods regarded as twins, and usually mentioned together. [ 524 ] In tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh both of them appear in association with Adad. [ 525 ] Their character was regarded as destructive. [ 525 ] They could be associated with Adad, either alone, alongside Shamash, or deities from his circle like Misharu and Uṣur-amāssu . [ 526 ] Shulgi of Ur built a temple dedicated to them, but its location is unknown. [ 527 ] Shulshaga Shulshagana Lagash [ 379 ] Šulšagana is the son of Bau and Ninĝirsu . [ 379 ] Shulpa'e Shulpa-e's name means "youthful brilliance", [ 299 ] but he was not envisioned as youthful god. [ 299 ] According to one tradition, he was the consort of Ninhursag, a tradition which contradicts the usual portrayal of Enki as Ninhursag's consort in myths. [ 299 ] [ 528 ] In one Sumerian poem, offerings are made to Shulpa'e in the Underworld [ 299 ] and, in later sources, he was one of the demons of the Underworld. [ 299 ] No less than ten temples of Shulpa'e are listed in the so-called Canonical Temple List, but their names and locations are not preserved. [ 527 ] Shul-utula Girsu, Lagash [ 529 ] Shul-utul was the tutelary god of the dynasty started by Ur-Nanshe. [ 530 ] Shuzianna Nippur [ 111 ] Shuzianna was a goddess regarded as the second wife of Enlil. [ 111 ] She also appears in the myth Enki and Ninmah , where she is one of the seven assistants of the eponymous goddess, alongside Ninimma, Ninmada, Ninšar, Ninmug, Mumudu and Ninnigina. [ 466 ] She could also be addressed as a daughter of Enmesharra . [ 260 ] Sirsir Sirsir was the god of sailors. [ 414 ] In the text Marduk's Address to the Demons he appears alongside Laguda , also argued to be a god associated with the sea. [ 414 ] Šiduri Siduri (or more accurately Šiduri [ 531 ] ) was a goddess who according to the Epic of Gilgamesh was believed to keep an alehouse at the edge of the world. [ 528 ] In the Old Babylonian versions, she attempts to dissuade Gilgamesh from his quest for immortality, [ 532 ] instead urging him to be content with the simple pleasures in life. [ 532 ] The origin of her name is uncertain. [ 531 ] A personal name understood as "she is my rampart" is attested in Mesopotamian sources from the reign of Third Dynasty of Ur, but the word Šiduri functioned as epithet of deities in Hurrian texts as well. [ 531 ] Šurpu regards her as a deity connected with wisdom. [ 531 ] Silili Silili is an obscure goddess who was apparently the mother of all horses. [ 528 ] She is only attested once in the Epic of Gilgamesh . [ 528 ] Sumugan Šakkan [ 533 ] Sumugan (also spelled Sumuqan) or Šakkan was a god associated with quadrupeds, [ 533 ] especially donkeys [ 534 ] or alternatively wild sheep. [ 535 ] In literary texts (such as hymns) he was also tasked with caring for their habitat and plants growing there. [ 535 ] In some texts his epithet is "shepherd of everything." [ 416 ] He was sometimes associated with Utu/Shamash, as his son or courtier. [ 535 ] His attribute was likely fleece. [ 536 ] In some sources Enkidu was compared with him. [ 536 ] Tadmuštum Dadamušda [ 537 ] Kutha [ 537 ] Tadmuštum was the daughter of Nergal. [ 417 ] She could be regarded as the wife of Šubula, and like him appears among underworld deities in known sources. [ 521 ] Tashmetu Kalhu [ 538 ] In Assyrian mythology, Tashmetu is the divine consort of Nabu , the god of scribes and wisdom; [ 538 ] in Babylonian mythology, this role is instead assigned to the goddess Nanaya . [ 538 ] Tashmetu is associated with wisdom and sexual attractiveness, a quality which she shares with Inanna and Nanaya. [ 538 ] A poetic composition from the Library of Ashurbanipal describes how, in one ritual, Nabu and Tashmetu's statues would be brought together for a "marriage ceremony". [ 538 ] One extant letter describes how, after their wedding, Tashmetu and Nabu stayed in the bedchamber for six days and seven nights, during which time they were served an elaborate feast. [ 538 ] Tashmetu is attested relatively late [ 538 ] and is not mentioned in texts prior to the Old Babylonian Period. [ 538 ] Tutu Borsippa [ 539 ] Tutu was the tutelary god of Borsippa at least between Ur III [ 540 ] and Old Babylonian periods. [ 541 ] Later he was syncretised with Marduk, and in Enuma Elish "Tutu" is simply one of the names of the latter god. [ 542 ] Uraš Nippur [ 301 ] Uraš is the earliest attested consort of Anu, as evidenced by Sumerian texts dating to the third millennium BCE. [ 52 ] [ 59 ] Her role as Anu's consort was later ascribed to Ki , the personification of the earth. [ 52 ] [ 59 ] Uraš Dilbat [ 543 ] While in texts from cities such as Nippur Uraš was an earth goddess, in Dilbat it was the name of an unrelated male god, husband of Ninegal, who served as the city's tutelary deity. [ 301 ] He was regarded as the father of Lagamar. [ 412 ] Urkitum Urkayītu [ 502 ] Uruk [ 502 ] Urkitum was in origin an epithet of Ishtar meaning "the Urukean," who eventually developed into a separate goddess. [ 544 ] It is possible she was a theos eponymos , a divine representation of the city of Uruk itself. [ 279 ] She was closely associated with Uṣur-amāssu . [ 502 ] Uṣur-amāssu Uruk [ 545 ] Uṣur-amāssu was one of the deities regarded as children of Adad and Shala. [ 446 ] While initially viewed as male, she came to be regarded as a goddess and achieved a degree of prominence in Neo-Babylonian Uruk, where she belonged to the entourage of Ishtar. [ 546 ] Uttu Babylon [ 547 ] Uttu was the goddess of weaving. [ 92 ] Her name was a term for a part of a loom and a cognate of the Sumerian verb tuku , "weaving." [ 547 ] While the claim that her name means "spider" [ 92 ] and that she was envisioned as a spider spinning a web [ 92 ] can be found in a number of publications, recent research shows that association between Uttu and spiders is limited to a single text (a hemerology), which connects her Sumerian name with the Akkadian word uttutu (spider). [ 547 ] She was worshiped in E-ešgar ("house of work assignment), part of the Esagil temple complex in Babylon. [ 547 ] She appears in the early myth Enki and Ninhursag , [ 547 ] in which she resists the sexual advances of her father Enki [ 548 ] but he convinces her to let him in using a gift of fresh produce and the promise that he will marry her. [ 548 ] Enki then intoxicates her with beer and rapes her. [ 548 ] She is rescued by Enki's wife Ninhursag, [ 548 ] who removes Enki's semen from her vagina and plants it in the ground, resulting in the growth of eight new plants, which Enki later eats. [ 548 ] She also appears in the myth Enki and the World Order and in Debate between Sheep and Grain . [ 549 ] Wer Mer, Ber, Iluwer Wer was a weather god worshiped chiefly in northern Babylonia and in Assyria. [ 550 ] He appears in an Old Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh , which states that the cedar mountain belonged to him, [ 551 ] and that he appointed Humbaba as its guardian. [ 552 ] He is most likely not the same deity as Itūr-Mēr from Mari, assumed to be a deified hero in origin. [ 553 ] Monsters and apotropaic spirits Name Image Associated god(s) Details Anzû Imdugud Ninurta [ 554 ] Imdugud, later known as Anzû, is an enormous bird-like monster with the head of a lion described as so huge that the flapping of its wings was thought to be the cause of sandstorms and whirlwinds. [ 554 ] Imdugud probably originated as the personification of atmospheric fog . [ 554 ] In some descriptions, he has a "beak like a saw", indicating that he sometimes had the head of a bird. [ 554 ] In Sumerian mythology, Imdugud steals the sacred mes (the clay tablets recording all the aspects of civilization) from Enki. [ 554 ] In Akkadian mythology, he steals the Tablet of Destinies from Enlil. [ 554 ] In both stories, the creature is challenged by Ninurta, who defeats him and returns the stolen property to its rightful owner. [ 554 ] In the Sumerian story of Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld , Imdugud is one of several creatures that come to inhabit the huluppu tree planted by Inanna [ 555 ] [ 556 ] [ 557 ] and is driven off by the hero Gilgamesh. [ 556 ] [ 557 ] Bašmu Ereshkigal, Ninazu, Ningishzida, Tishpak; [ 558 ] Išḫara [ 559 ] Bašmu ("venomous snake") was a mythical horned snake who played an apotropaic role in Mesopotamian religion. [ 560 ] While in some contexts its name can be a generic word designating any mythical snake or dragon, as early as in Gudea's inscriptions it was also understood as a specific creature. [ 561 ] Some texts indicate that bašmu possessed forelegs. [ 562 ] A largely analogous creature was the muššàtùr, depicted as a horned cobra. [ 563 ] Bull of Heaven The Bull of Heaven is a mythical beast that Ishtar demands from her father Anu in both the Sumerian poem Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven and in Tablet VI of the Standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh after Gilgamesh repudiates her sexual advances. [ 564 ] Anu gives it to her and she unleashes it on the world, causing mass destruction. [ 564 ] Gilgamesh and Enkidu eventually slay the bull. [ 564 ] The Bull of Heaven is identified with the constellation Taurus [ 564 ] and the reason why Enkidu hurls the bull's thigh at Ishtar in the Epic of Gilgamesh after defeating it may be an effort to explain why the constellation seems to be missing its hind quarters. [ 564 ] Girtablullu Utu /Shamash [ 565 ] Girtablullu were creatures with the upper body of a human ( lu-ulu , "untamed man") and the lower body of a scorpion ( gir-tab ) believed to serve the sun god Utu in Sumerian mythology, and later his Akkadian counterpart Shamash. [ 565 ] In the Epic of Gilgamesh a scorpionman and a scorpionwoman guard the gate through which the sun rises and sets each day, but it is likely this motif existed earlier independently from this myth. [ 565 ] Unlike most other apotropaic creatures, a male girtablullu was also often accompanied by his feminine counterpart in apotropaic rituals. [ 565 ] Hanbi Hanbi is the father of the demon-god Pazuzu . [ 566 ] Humbaba Huwawa [ 567 ] Humbaba (also Huwawa, Huppipi, Hubbubu [ 568 ] ) was a monster residing in the Cedar Forest defeated by Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Epic of Gilgamesh. [ 569 ] Sculptures of Humbaba's head are attested in an apotropaic role from Mesopotamian temples. [ 569 ] Humbaba was commonly referenced in omen texts, which highlighted his unusual appearance. [ 570 ] His face was frequently compared to entrails of sacrificial animals. [ 374 ] While connections to the minor god Humhum from northern Babylonia, to Elamite god Humban and to Combabos mentioned by Lucian of Samosata have been proposed in scholarship, they are not regarded as plausible. [ 503 ] Kilili Ishtar [ 571 ] Kilili was a demon or minor goddess who served as a messenger of Ishtar. [ 571 ] Kingaludda Kingaludda was a demon whose name means "director of the storm." [ 572 ] In the god list An = Anum he is described as ilu lemnu , "evil god," [ 572 ] and his name was written with the divine determinative . [ 572 ] He appears in a lamentation from Ur. [ 572 ] Kulullû Enki/Ea [ 573 ] Kulullu ("fish man") was an apotropaic creature depicted a centaur-like fish-man. [ 574 ] In one text it has the head of a kissugu , a creature whose identity is currently unknown, rather than a human. [ 573 ] Kulullu was described as a servant of Ea who carries a vessel from which it could pour a liquid symbolizing abundance and prosperity. [ 573 ] In Kalhu a pair of kulullu statues (one male and one female) guarded the temple of Nabu. [ 573 ] Kusarikku Utu/Shamash [ 575 ] Kusarikku ("bison man") was a creature depicted as a human-faced bison standing on its hind legs, [ 576 ] associated with the sun god Utu. [ 575 ] Depictions of kusarikku alongside lahmu were sometimes incorrectly interpreted as Enkidu and Gilgamesh respectively in the past. [ 577 ] Lahmu Enki/Ea; [ 578 ] Marduk [ 579 ] Lahmu ("hairy one") was a type of apotropaic creature. [ 580 ] He was originally associated with Enki and later with Marduk. [ 579 ] On cylinder seals Lahmu was sometimes depicted as a fisherman. [ 581 ] In mythical texts, the god Enki/Ea is sometimes said to have 50 lahmu serving him. [ 581 ] During the Neo-Assyrian Period (911 BC – 609 BC), figurines of Lahmu, who is depicted with long hair and a long, curled beard, were placed under the foundations of houses and temples to protect against demons and pestilence. [ 579 ] Lahmu is closely associated with the kusarikku or "bull-man". [ 579 ] In the Babylonian Enûma Eliš , a singular Lahmu and his consort Lahamu (whose name is derived from the same root) are a primordial couple. [ 579 ] Lamashtu Lamashtu was a goddess with the "head of a lion, the teeth of a donkey, naked breasts, a hairy body, hands stained (with blood?), long fingers and fingernails, and the feet of Anzû ." [ 428 ] She was believed to feed on the blood of human infants [ 428 ] and was widely blamed as the cause of miscarriages and cot deaths . [ 428 ] Although Lamashtu has traditionally been identified as a demoness, [ 582 ] the fact that she could cause evil on her own without the permission of other deities strongly indicates that she was seen as a goddess in her own right. [ 428 ] Mesopotamian peoples protected against her using amulets and talismans. [ 428 ] She was believed to ride in her boat on the river of the Underworld [ 428 ] and she was associated with donkeys. [ 428 ] She was believed to be the daughter of An. [ 428 ] Mušḫuššu Ninazu, Ningishzida; Tishpak; Marduk, Nabu; Ashur [ 202 ] Mušḫuššu ("furious snake" or "awful snake") was a dragon-like creature (sometimes a lion-dragon hybrid), depicted as a servant of various gods in Mesopotamian art. [ 563 ] It was originally associated with Ninazu and, by extension, with his son Ningishzida (in Lagash); after Tishpak replaced Ninazu as the city god of Eshnunna he also started to be associated with his serpentine symbolic animals. [ 202 ] In the Middle Babylonian period Marduk started to be associated with the mušḫuššu, possibly in reflection of Hammurabi's conquest of Eshnunna; his son Nabu was later associated with it too. [ 583 ] Marduk's association with it was in turn transferred to Ashur after Sennacherib's destruction of Babylon. [ 583 ] The apotropaic use of its depictions was likely connected to the belief that it served as a fearless protector of its divine masters, fighting evil on their behalf. [ 583 ] Pazuzu Pazuzu is a demonic god who was well known to the Babylonians and Assyrians throughout the first millennium BC. [ 19 ] He is shown with "a rather canine face with abnormally bulging eyes, a scaly body, a snake-headed penis, the talons of a bird and usually wings." [ 19 ] He was believed to be the son of the god Hanbi . [ 566 ] He was a beneficent entity who protected against winds bearing pestilence [ 19 ] and he was thought to be able to force Lamashtu back to the Underworld. [ 584 ] Amulets bearing his image were positioned in dwellings to protect infants from Lamashtu [ 566 ] and pregnant women frequently wore amulets with his head on them as protection from her. [ 566 ] Sebitti Nergal , [ 585 ] Narundi [ 586 ] A group of 7 anthropomorphic [ 587 ] figures variously described as servants of Nergal, as sons of Enmesharra , as gods of foreign nation ( Elam , Gutium , etc.) or as astral or atmosphetic spirits serving the gods, or as a combination of some of the above. [ 586 ] The Elamite goddess Narundi was regarded as their sister in Mesopotamia. [ 586 ] While destructive, the Sebitti weren't necessarily regarded as evil. [ 588 ] They played an apotropaic role, appearing for example in rituals meant to protect houses from demons. [ 586 ] In apotropaic contexts they were described as armed with hatchets. [ 589 ] A possibly analogous group, additionally identified with the Pleiades, is described as Inanna's "seven-headed mace" in one text. [ 587 ] Suhurmašu Enki/Ea [ 573 ] Suhurmašu was a creature likely imagined simply as a type of fish by the Sumerians, but as a fish-goat hybrid by the Akkadians. [ 590 ] A Sumerian text refers to it as "the lofty purification priest of the Apsu," and in apotropaic rituals it was associated with exorcisms. [ 590 ] It was also used to symbolically represent Ea on kudurru . [ 590 ] Unlike many other apotropaic creatures, it doesn't appear as a member of Tiamat's army defeated by Marduk in Enuma Elish, which might indicate it was viewed as more peaceful than other similar beings. [ 590 ] Ugallu Ishkur/Adad [ 591 ] Ugallu ("big day" or "big weather beast") was a class of beings in Mesopotamian mythology, attested after the Ur III period. [ 583 ] The term ugallu could refer to multiple types of creatures, [ 583 ] and both benevolent and malevolent character was assigned to them in various texts. [ 592 ] Ugallu was depicted as a "lion demon," with the body of a man, head of a lion and bird-like claws. [ 592 ] This class of beings was likely viewed as enforcers of divine will. [ 593 ] Due to their fearsome characters they were viewed as a source of protection as well, and as such appear on apotropaic amulets. [ 594 ] Similar leonine creatures were sometimes depicted or described as servings the gods (notably Ishkur, Ishtar, Marduk and Ninurta) as mounts or pulling their chariots. [ 593 ] Uridimmu Marduk and Sarpanit [ 595 ] Uridimmu ("mad dog" or "mad lion") was an apotropaic creature in Mesopotamian mythology. [ 594 ] Next to nothing is known about its history prior the Middle Babylonian period, but in texts from this era it was associated with Marduk and his wife Sarpanit, and was believed to serve as their gatekeeper. [ 596 ] An apotropaic ritual involving a figurine of uridimmu made from cedar wood prescribes praying to Marduk and Sarpanit to bestow healing powers upon the representation of the creature, and describes it as their faithful servant capable of interceding with them on behalf of humans. [ 595 ] The ritual also states that Sarpanit makes the uridimmu well disposed towards the patient treated with apotropaic magic. [ 596 ] Urmahlullu Urmahlullu was an apotrapaic creature with the lower body of a lion and upper body of a man, attested mostly in Assyria. [ 597 ] Depictions are late (13th century BCE or later) and uncommon, and it is doubtful if any role was assigned to it in mythology. [ 597 ] Apotropaic rituals nonetheless occasionally refer to it. [ 574 ] Ušumgallu Nabu; [ 562 ] Ninkilim [ 598 ] Ušumgallu ("prime venomous snake") was an apotropaic snake monster similar to bašmu. [ 562 ] In the god list An = Anum , it is the sukkal of Ninkilim, [ 598 ] while in some later texts it is stated to be Nabu's dragon instead of mušḫuššu. [ 562 ] Foreign deities in Mesopotamia Name Image Place of origin Details Ahura Mazda Persia Under Sasanian rule, a number of fire temples of Ahura Mazda were erected in modern Iraq, for example in Irbil and Mada'in . [ 599 ] Allatum Allani [ 600 ] Hurrian areas, possibly Haššum in particular [ 600 ] Allani, in Mesopotamia known as Allatum, was the Hurrian goddess of the underworld. She was introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period as an independent deity. [ 601 ] She had at least one temple, likely located in Ur. [ 600 ] She continued to be worshiped in the Old Babylonian period. [ 602 ] In later periods she was equated with, [ 603 ] and eventually fully assimilated into Ereshkigal . [ 604 ] Some documents associate her with Išḫara; [ 600 ] in Hurrian sources they are well attested as a pair due to some shared functions. [ 605 ] [ 606 ] She is not to be confused with Alla or Alla-Gula, sukkal of Ningishzida . [ 600 ] Anahita Persia According to Berossos , the cult of Anahita was introduced by Artaxerxes I to many cities in the Mesopotamian part of his empire, including Babylon. [ 607 ] These efforts are thought to have been directed at the Iranian population of the city to tie regional courts to the imperial core rather than as an attempt to impose Persian deities on the Babylonians. [ 608 ] Apollo Greece The Hellenistic Seleucid kings favoured Apollo as the patron deity of their dynasty and introduced his cult to Mesopotamia. Locally, Apollo was syncretised with Nabu, but the Greek-speaking communities of Seleucia on the Tigris built a sanctuary to Apollo Komaios and honoured the god under the name Apollo, using a mixture of Greek and Mesopotamian iconography. [ 609 ] [ 610 ] [ 611 ] A cult of Apollo and Artemis Daittai was brought to Seleucia on the Eulaios (the refounded Susa ) from Antioch. [ 612 ] Strabo reported that a temple of Apollo existed on the island of Ikaros in the Persian Gulf, which had a garrison who built many structures in the Greek style. [ 613 ] Artemis Greece In Mesopotamia and Syria, Artemis was identified with the goddess Nanaya. This identification had a long-lasting influence on Nanaya by introducing associations with the moon and archery. [ 614 ] [ 615 ] The cult of Apollo and Artemis Daittai was brought from Antioch to Seleucia on the Eulaios in Elymais. [ 612 ] The Greek settlers on the island of Ikaros had a shrine to Artemis and made dedications to Artemis Soteira ; Strabo also reports that an oracle of Artemis Tauropolos was present on the island. [ 616 ] Ashratum Amorite areas [ 617 ] Ashratum (or Ashiratum in documents from Larsa [ 618 ] ) was an Amorite goddess who in Mesopotamia came to be associated with Amurru . [ 617 ] In addition to being envisioned as a couple, they shared an association with mountains [ 619 ] and steppes. [ 620 ] According to Steve A. Wiggins, while the names of the Mesopotamian Ashratum and Ugaritic Athirat are cognate, they weren't entirely the same deity, but merely developed in parallel from one source. [ 621 ] She was described as "daughter in law of the god An." [ 622 ] A temple dedicated to her, Ehilikalamma ("House of the luxury of the land") existed in Babylon. [ 623 ] In past scholarship Ashratu was incorrectly assumed to be connected to Ishtar due to a shared epithet – however, it was applied to a wide variety of gods including Marduk and Nergal, and as such cannot serve as grounds for claims about identification of these two deities with each other, as many epithets were shared between deities not necessarily regarded as analogous to each other. [ 624 ] Atargatis Syria Worship of the goddess Atargatis is attested from Edessa , Hatra and Dura-Europos in Upper Mesopotamia in Seleucid and Roman times. In the syncretic environment of the Upper Euphrates in the early centuries CE, Atargatis was associated with Artemis, Athena, and Allat . [ 625 ] In Dura-Europos, she had a temple separate from that of Artemis and shared iconographic similarities with Tyche . [ 626 ] Athena Greece Terracotta figurines of Athena are known from Seleucid Babylon, [ 627 ] and she is also one of the most popular deities depicted on bullae from Seleucid Mesopotamia, which depict Athena of both the Promachos and Parthenos types. [ 628 ] Belet Nagar Nagar , Shekhna [ 629 ] Belet Nagar was the tutelary goddess of the Syrian city of Nagar. [ 602 ] She was introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period, likely due to her connection to kingship and due to her role as a divine witness to commercial treaties. [ 630 ] It is possible that "Haburitum" known from similar Mesopotamian sources and the Hurrian Nabarbi are the same goddess. [ 631 ] Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban Šuḫnir and Terraban [ 632 ] Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban were a pair of goddesses venerated in the Ur III period. [ 633 ] They were most likely introduced from the area north of Eshnunna , beyond the borders of sphere of direct Mesopotamian influence, where the corresponding cities were located. [ 633 ] A seal inscription associates both of them with Tishpak . [ 633 ] Known festivals dedicated to them have been described as "lugubrious" by researchers, and included a "wailing ceremony," "the festival of chains" and a celebration known only as "place of disappearance." It has been proposed that these rituals might reflect an unknown myth about descent to the underworld or perhaps capture of these two deities. [ 633 ] They almost always appear as a pair, though sporadic references to Belet-Šuḫnir alone are known from Mesopotamian documents, [ 634 ] while Belet-Terraban is attested on her own in Susa during the reign of Puzur-Inshushinak . [ 635 ] Bes Egypt [ 636 ] Bes was the Egyptian god of play and recreation. [ 637 ] He was envisioned as a "full-faced, bow-legged dwarf with an oversized head, goggle eyes, protruding tongue, bushy tail and usually a large feathered crown as a head-dress." [ 637 ] Representations of an almost identical dwarf-god became widespread across the Near East during the first millennium BC and are common in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia. [ 638 ] This god's name in Assyrian and Babylonian may have been Pessû. [ 638 ] Bes seems to have been the only Egyptian god who became widely worshipped throughout Mesopotamia. [ 559 ] His role in Mesopotamian religion was however closer to that of a type of apotropaic creature (native examples of which include lahmu , kusarikku , mushussu etc.) than a deity proper. [ 639 ] Dagan Tuttul [ 640 ] and Terqa [ 641 ] Dagan was the main god of the middle Euphrates area, regarded as a god of prosperity [ 642 ] and "father of gods." [ 643 ] While his cult centers were never major political powers in their own right, he was nonetheless a popular deity [ 644 ] and his cult had international importance in the Ebla period already. [ 645 ] Due to their analogous position in corresponding pantheons, he and Enlil were partially conflated. [ 643 ] However, Dagan had a distinct purpose in the Mesopotamian pantheon as well, as the god granting rulers control over western lands. [ 646 ] In Nippur he shared a temple with Išḫara, [ 647 ] though contrary to conclusions in older scholarship these two deities were not regarded as a couple, and merely shared a similar area of origin. [ 648 ] Hahharnum and Hayyashum Hurrian areas [ 649 ] Hahharnum and Hayyashum were the Mesopotamian adaptation of Hurrian words for heaven and earth, eše hawurni . [ 650 ] While Hurrians did not worship this pair as personified deities, [ 651 ] in Mesopotamia they appear as primordial gods in a handful of texts. [ 649 ] [ 650 ] Hamurnu (Hahharnum) alone appears in a copy of the god list Anšar = Anum , where he is also explained as a name of Anu. [ 649 ] Prior to the discovery that their names have Hurrian origin, Hahharnum and Hayashum were described as "little known primordial deities." [ 652 ] Herakles Greece In Mesopotamia, the cult of Herakles was syncretised with the cults of Nergal and the Persian deity Verethragna , and he served an apotropaic function. [ 653 ] Figures of Herakles have been found widely in Hatra and the cultic statue of Nergal used the iconography of the Greek god. [ 654 ] Humban Elam [ 559 ] Humban was an Elamite god associated with the concept of kingship and divine protection ( kiten ). [ 655 ] In Mesopotamian sources he appeared only sporadically in the Neo-Assyrian period, and in a commentary on the incantation series Šurpu he is equated with Enlil, most likely based on their shared role as gods who grant authority to human rulers. [ 656 ] Past researchers sometimes incorrectly assumed he was one and the same as a distinct Elamite god, Napirisha . [ 657 ] Evidence from the Persepolis Administrative Archives shows that his worship was adopted by Persians as well from the Elamites. [ 658 ] While commonly proposed in the past, a connection between Humban and Humbaba is now regarded as implausible. [ 503 ] Ḫabūrītum Sikani [ 659 ] Ḫabūrītum was a goddess understood as either "she of Ḫabur " (either the river or the area surrounding it) or "she of the city Ḫabura." [ 634 ] The former option is considered more plausible, as her cult center was apparently Sikani, located near the head of the river Khabur, rather than Ḫabura, which was instead located near modern Al-Hasakah . [ 659 ] In Mesopotamia she was worshiped alongside other western deities, such as Dagan and Išḫara. [ 660 ] Ḫarbe Kassite homeland in the Zagros Ḫarbe was likely the head of the Kassite pantheon . [ 661 ] His symbol, known from some Mesopotamian kudurru (boundary stones), was a bird with its head turned back. [ 662 ] Inshushinak Elam, especially Susa [ 663 ] Inshushinak (from Sumerian : "Lord of Susa" [ 182 ] ) was one of the main Elamite gods. He was associated with kingship and the underworld, [ 388 ] and served as the tutelary god of Susa. [ 178 ] In some Mesopotamian texts he appears as an underworld god, for example in the god list An = Anum he can be found among the deities forming the entourage of Ereshkigal . [ 139 ] His assistants were Lagamar and Ishmekarab, whose names have Akkadian origin and who were originally worshiped in Mesopotamia. [ 388 ] [ 387 ] Frans Wiggermann proposes that Inshushinak and the Mesopotamian gods Ishtaran, Ninazu, Ningishzida and Tishpak can be collectively described as "Transtigridian snake gods" existing on the boundary between Elamite and Mesopotamian culture based on their shared connection to judgment, the afterlife and snakes, as well as similar locations of their major cult centers. [ 664 ] Inzak Enzag Dilmun [ 665 ] The Sumerians regarded Inzak as the chief god of the Dilmunite pantheon, [ 665 ] but the Dilmunites themselves regarded him as a god of Agaru , a land in eastern Arabia. [ 665 ] His main cult center was on Failaka Island , [ 665 ] where a temple was dedicated to him. [ 665 ] He appears, alongside his wife Meskilak , in documents from Nippur and in Šurpu . [ 666 ] During the Neo-Babylonian Period, Inzak was identified with Nabu [ 665 ] under the latter's name Mu'ati. [ 666 ] Išḫara Ebla , [ 667 ] Hurrian areas [ 668 ] An Eblaite goddess of pre-Semitic and pre-Hurrian origin. [ 669 ] She was among the western deities introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period, and shared temples with Belet Nagar in Ur [ 286 ] and with Dagan in Nippur. [ 647 ] Due to association with Ishtar she developed into a love goddess, [ 670 ] associated with marriage. [ 146 ] Her symbols were bashmu , otherwise mostly a symbol of underworld gods, [ 558 ] and scorpions, [ 559 ] also associated with marriage. [ 155 ] According to a Hurrian source she was viewed as a daughter of Enlil. [ 671 ] Jabru Elam? [ 672 ] According to Mesopotamian sources, such as the god list An = Anum , Jabru was a god similar to Anu or Enlil. [ 672 ] While described as Elamite, he is not attested in any sources from Elam. [ 672 ] Kumarbi Hurrian areas, especially Urkesh [ 673 ] Kumarbi was one of the main gods of the Hurrians, [ 674 ] regarded as partially analogous to Enlil (and Dagan [ 675 ] ) due to his role as "father of the gods." [ 676 ] He had a chthonic character and was associated with grain and prosperity. [ 642 ] In Mesopotamia he appears in the Assyrian Tākultu text as the god of Taite , alongside Nabarbi and Samnuha. [ 673 ] Manziniri Elam [ 677 ] An Elamite deity known chiefly from a passage mentioning "the forest of Manziniri." [ 677 ] She appears in a letter of Esarhaddon addressed to Urtaku, an Elamite ruler, as one of the deities meant to guarantee peace between the two monarchs, alongside Assyrian gods Ashur, Bel, Nabu, Sin, Shamash, Ishtar of Nineveh and Ishtar of Arbela. [ 678 ] Wilfred G. Lambert proposed a connection between Manziniri and the Kassite goddess Minimzir/Mirizir. [ 677 ] Meskilak Dilmun [ 665 ] Meskilak was a Dilmunite goddess and the wife of Inzak. [ 679 ] The Mesopotamians viewed her as a daughter of Enki and Ninhursag under the name Ninsikila , it is possible that later on she was identified with Nabu's wife Tashmetum . [ 666 ] She was sometimes referred to as Nin-Dilmun, meaning "Lady of Dilmun". [ 665 ] Nabarbi Hurrian areas, especially Taite Nabarbi ("she of Nawar") was Hurrian goddess possibly analogous to Belet Nagar. [ 674 ] In Mesopotamian sources she is attested in the Assyrian Tākultu text, where she appears alongside Kumarbi and Samnuha as one of the deities of Taite. [ 673 ] Narundi Susa An Elamite goddess known from Susa who in Mesopotamia was regarded as analogous to Ishtar or Nanaya and developed a distinct apotropaic role as early as in the Old Babylonian period. [ 586 ] Mesopotamians viewed her as sister of the Sebitti , equated with "Divine Seven of Elam" – a Mesopotamian grouping of Elamite gods – in god lists. [ 586 ] Ninatta and Kulitta Hurrian areas Musician goddesses always mentioned as a pair who were handmaidens of Shaushka. [ 680 ] In Assyria they were incorporated into Ishtar's entourage in her temple in Ashur . [ 673 ] Pinikir Elam [ 559 ] An Elamite goddess regarded as analogous to Ishtar by modern researchers, [ 681 ] but incorrectly assumed to be an alternate name of Kiririsha in the past. [ 682 ] She was also worshiped by Hurrians in Syria and Anatolia, and Gary Beckman proposes that her worship was transmitted there from a Mesopotamian source. [ 501 ] An Akkadian god list known from a copy from Emar indicates she was equated with Ninsianna . [ 501 ] Shalash Ebla, [ 683 ] Tuttul [ 684 ] Shalash was the wife of the Syrian god Dagan. [ 685 ] She appears with her husband in cylinder seal inscriptions from the Isin-Larsa period . [ 686 ] Shaushka Nineveh , Nuzi and other Hurrian centers Shaushka was a Hurrian goddess regarded as analogous to Ishtar ("Ishtar of Subartu " [ 687 ] or "Ishtar of Nineveh" [ 660 ] ). Despite her origin, the oldest known attestations of both Shaushka and her main cult center, Nineveh, come from Mesopotamian, rather than Hurrian, documents. [ 688 ] She is attested in religious documents from the Ur III period, but her worship evidently persisted in later times too, as she appears in a list of offerings from Old Babylonian Isin . [ 689 ] A temple dedicated to her was located in Babylon as well. [ 690 ] She influenced the later Assyrian Ishtar of Nineveh, [ 691 ] though the latter also shows influence from Ninlil . [ 692 ] Shuqamuna and Shumaliya Kassite homeland in the Zagros Shuqamuna and Shumaliya were a pair of Kassite gods regarded as the tutelary deities of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon. [ 693 ] They were depicted on a number of kudurru in the symbolic form of birds sitting on a perch. [ 694 ] Shuwala Mardaman [ 695 ] Shuwala, the tutelary goddess of Mardaman, a city located in the north of modern Iraq, is attested in sources from the Ur III period. [ 695 ] She is assumed to be an underworld deity of Hurrian origin. [ 695 ] Simut Elam [ 74 ] Simut was an Elamite god associated with Mars, [ 50 ] regarded as herald of the gods. [ 696 ] His name was used as a theophoric element in Old Babylonian personal names, [ 696 ] while god lists associate him with Nergal. [ 50 ] It is possible the Akkadian goddess Manzat, who became a popular deity in Elam, was regarded as his wife. [ 441 ] Tishpak Eshnunna Tishpak was a god who replaced Ninazu as the tutelary deity of Eshnunna. [ 197 ] He shared most of his functions and attributes (ex. plough, two maces and various snakes and serpentine monsters such as mushussu ). [ 697 ] It is agreed that he had foreign roots. [ 698 ] While in early scholarly works Hurrian origin (and a connection to Teshub ) was proposed for him, [ 699 ] newer sources favor an Elamite etymology for his name, [ 700 ] as well as for the name of his son Nanshak known from god lists. [ 701 ] Umbidaki Nupatik Hurrian areas Umbidaki was a god worshiped in the temple of Ishtar of Arbela in neo-Assyrian times. [ 702 ] It is assumed that he was analogous to the Hurrian god Nupatik, possibly introduced to Arbela after a statue of him was seized in a war. [ 702 ] Yahweh El , Elohim , El Shaddai , Yah Kingdoms of Israel and Judah [ 703 ] [ 704 ] [ 705 ] Yahweh was the national god of the Israelites , who originally lived in the Levantine kingdoms of Israel and Judah. [ 703 ] [ 704 ] [ 705 ] In 586 BC, the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem , destroyed the Temple of Solomon , and deported the elite members of Judahite society to Babylon in an event known as the " Babylonian exile ". [ 706 ] Modern scholars generally agree that much of the Deuteronomistic History was probably edited and redacted by Judahite priests living in Babylon during the exile. [ 707 ] The works of Second Isaiah , also written in Babylon, represent the first unambiguous Judahite declaration of the non-existence of foreign deities and proclamation of Yahweh as the sole, supreme God . [ 708 ] Much of the Torah was probably written and compiled after the exile, when the Jews were allowed to return to their homeland by the Persians. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Catholic Europe Toggle Catholic Europe subsection 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 2 Catholic Asia Toggle Catholic Asia subsection 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 3 Catholic Africa Toggle Catholic Africa subsection 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 4 Catholic Central America and Antilles Toggle Catholic Central America and Antilles subsection 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 5 Catholic South America Toggle Catholic South America subsection 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 6 Catholic Oceania Toggle Catholic Oceania subsection 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 7 United Kingdom Toggle United Kingdom subsection 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 8 North America Toggle North America subsection 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 9 See also 10 References Co-cathedral Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands Polski Slovenčina Slovenščina Tagalog Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Co-cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A co-cathedral is a cathedral church which shares the function of being a bishop 's seat, or cathedra , with another cathedral, often in another city (usually a former see, anchor city of the metropolitan area or the civil capital). Instances of this occurred in England before the Protestant Reformation in the dioceses of ' Bath and Wells ', and of ' Coventry and Lichfield '. These two dioceses were each named for both cities that served as bishop's seats. As of March 2020, the Catholic Church had 322 co-cathedrals, mainly in Europe (140 in Italy alone). [ 1 ] Many are former cathedrals, but even if still in use, those often are not granted co-cathedral status. Often the diocese with one or more co-cathedrals also has a multiple ("hyphenated") name reflecting these, but some have a co-cathedral not mentioned in the title while other former see titles may also be preserved without having a co-cathedral. Sometimes the first-named city does not have the main cathedral (actual see) but boasts another distinction such as being a national capital or having an august ecclesiastical past. Catholic Europe This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Albania In Albania, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tirana-Durrës has a co-cathedral in Durrës , Saint Lucia co-cathedral. Belgium In Belgium, the cathedral of the primatial Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels is the Metropolitan St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen (Malines), the archiepiscopal seat. Its co-cathedral is the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels , the national capital. A third, larger church in Koekelberg (also in Brussels) has the status of minor basilica , without co-cathedral rank, yet it has received papal visits including a papal beatification. Bulgaria The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv has, besides the Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv , a new co-cathedral of St. Joseph in Sofia . Croatia The Metropolitan archbishop of Split-Makarska has, in Split (Dalmatia), the co-cathedral of Saint Peter the Apostle Konkatedrala sv. Petra Apostola, besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Sv. Dujma The Metropolitan archbishop of Đakovo-Osijek has, in Osijek (Slavonia), the co-cathedral of St Peter and St Paul Crkva svetog Petra i Pavla , besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Bazilika Svetog Petra Czech Republic The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ostrava-Opava has a co-cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption Co-Cathedral in Ostravian-Opavian diocese in Opava besides the Ostrava Savior cathedral. France The double-titled bishopric of Aire and Dax has a Co-cathedral of Notre Dame in Dax and a Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Aire The Archdiocese of Chambéry–Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne–Tarentaise has its cathedral in Chambéry and co–cathedrals in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and in Tarentaise The bishop of Couserans (a see suppressed in the French Revolution ) had two co-cathedral churches at Saint-Lizier The bishop of Sisteron (a see also suppressed) had a second throne in the church of Forcalquier , which is still called La Con-cathédrale . Germany The Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg has a co-cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul in Dillingen and a cathedral of the Visitation of Holy Mary in Augsburg The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen has a co-cathedral of Saint Peter in Bautzen and a cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity in Dresden The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising has a co-cathedral of Saints Mary and Korbinian in Freising and a cathedral of Our Dear Lady in Munich The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart has a co-cathedral of Saint Eberhard in Stuttgart and a cathedral of Saint Martin in Rottenburg am Neckar . Hungary The primatial Metropolitan see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest has its primary cathedral in the old archiepiscopal seat, the Cathedral Basilica of Esztergom , and a co-cathedral basilica in the national state capital Budapest . Italy The Diocese of Adria-Rovigo has a Concattedrale di S. Stefano Papa e Martire Concattedrale dedicated to Martyr Pope Stephen I in Rovigo , which never was a diocese, besides Adria 's own Cattedrale di SS. Pietro e Paolo dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul The Roman Catholic Diocese of Alghero-Bosa (on Sardinia) has a Marian Co-Cathedral Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata, in Bosa besides its cathedral episcopal see, the Marian Cattedrale di Beata Maria Vergine Immaculata Concezione, in Alghero The Diocese of Amalfi–Cava de' Tirreni has a Marian Co-Cathedral of the Visitation of Mary in Cava de' Tirreni , besides the cathedral of Apostle Andrew in Amalfi . The Diocese of Avezzano has its cathedral in that city and a co-cathedral in its former see Pescina The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano has a cathedral in Campobasso [ it ] and a co-cathedral in Bojano [ it ] . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucera-Troia has its cathedral in Lucera, present see; Troia 's former cathedral serves as co-cathedral The Diocese of Melfi–Rapolla–Venosa has a cathedral, a Marian Minor Basilica: Basilica Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta, at Melfi , and two Co-cathedrals: Concattedrale di S. Andrea in Venosa , and Concattedrale di S. Michele Arcangelo, in Rapolla The Roman Catholic Diocese of Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizzi has a cathedral in Molfetta and three co-cathedral: in Ruvo , Giovinazzo and Terlizzi The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello has a cathedral of Peter&Paul in Pitigliano and a co-cathedral of the Assumptio in Orbetello The Archdiocese of Rossano–Cariati has a Marian Cathedral di Maria SS. Achiropita at Rossano and a Co-Cathedral of the Archangel Michael in Cariati The Archdiocese of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia has its cathedral in Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi and three co-cathedrals in absorbed former bishoprics : Conza di Campania , Nusco and Bisaccia The Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro has a Co-cathedral of the Assumption in Policastro Bussentino and a Marian cathedral of S. Maria Maggiore e S. Michele Arcangelo, in Teggiano The Diocese of Termoli-Larino has its cathedral in Termoli and a co-cathedral in Larino The Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen has its cathedral in Brixen and a co-cathedral in Bolzano Malta The metropolitan cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta is St. Paul's Cathedral in the former capital Mdina . Since the 1820s, the former Conventual Church of St. John in Valletta has been known as St. John's Co-Cathedral . Netherlands Since 8 March 2025, the Basilica of Saint Nicholas, Amsterdam , is co-cathedral with the Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem . [ 2 ] Poland the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów has a cathedral of the Resurrection and St. Thomas the Apostle in Zamość and a co-cathedral of St. Stanislaus in Lubaczów The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień has a cathedral of James the Elder in Szczecin and a co-cathedral of John the Baptist in Kamień; the same goes for both its suffragans : the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg Slovakia Co-Cathedral of St. Nicholas, Prešov Slovenia The Diocese of Koper has a Co-cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Nova Gorica besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koper Spain The Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Logroño besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Calahorra and Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary of Santo Domingo de la Calzada . The Diocese of Coria-Cáceres has a C o-Cathedral of St Mary in Cáceres besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Coria . The Diocese of Guadix-Baza has a Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Incarnation ( es ) in Baza besides its Cathedral of the Incarnation in Guadix . The Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz has a Co-Cathedral of Saint Mary Major in Mérida besides its Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Badajoz . The Diocese of Mondoñedo-Ferrol has a Co-Cathedral of St Martin in Ferrol beside its Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady in Mondoñedo . The Diocese of Orihuela-Alicante has a Co-Catedral of St Nicholas of Bary in Alicante besides its Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary in Orihuela . The Diocese of Osma-Soria has a Co-Cathedral of St Peter in Soria besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Burgo de Osma . The Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón has a Co-Cathedral os St Mary in Castellón de la Plana besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Segorbe . The Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara has a Co-Cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor in Guadalajara besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Sigüenza . The Diocese of Tui-Vigo has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Vigo besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Tui . Ukraine Latin Diocese of Kyiv-Zhytomyr has a Co-Cathedral of St. Alexander, Kyiv , besides the Cathedral of St. Sophia, in Zhytomyr . Latin diocese of Kharkiv-Zaporizhzhia has a Co-Cathedral of the Merciful Father, Zaporizhzhia , besides the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kharkiv The Roman Catholic Diocese of Odesa-Simferopol plans a co-cathedral in Simferopol, on Crimea, besides its Odesa cathedral, but suspended building plans after the Russian annexation Catholic Asia This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Indonesia The Diocese of Sibolga has a co-Cathedral named The Lady of All Nations in Gunungsitoli , Nias , besides the Cathedral of Therese of Lisieux in Sibolga . India The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh has a co-Cathedral, Christ the King Cathedral, at Chandigarh , which never was a diocese, besides the cathedral episcopal see of St. Michael and St. Joseph in Shimla , the capital of Himachal Pradesh state. After the merger of the ecclesiastical provinces of Madras and Mylapore in 1952 to form the Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore . The cathedral of the former Mylapore province was given Co-cathedral standard and is now known as St Mary's Co-Cathedral . Israel The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem , whose main cathedral is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , also has a co-cathedral, namely the co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus . Japan The co-Cathedral The Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan , in Nagasaki also known as Ōura Cathedral, a World Heritage Site , and the oldest church in Japan. Nearby is the Immaculate Conception Cathedral , also known as Urakami Cathedral. Korea The Archdiocese of Daegu has, besides the Kyesan Cathedral , a new co-cathedral, Beomeo Cathedral. The Diocese of Suwon has a cathedral of Korean Martyrs in Jeongjadong and a co-cathedral of Queen of Peace in Jowon-dong Philippines The Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan has a cathedral in Dagupan, Pangasinan and the original cathedral, now co-cathedral, the Epiphany of Our Lord Parish Church in Lingayen . Syria The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Homs has in Yabrud (one of the two former eparchs which were title united with the diocese) the co-cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen, besides its Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Homs . Asian Turkey The Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia has a Co-Cathedral of St. Anthony of Padua, in Mersin , besides the Marian episcopal see Cathedral of the Annunciation, in İskenderun (Alexandretta). Catholic Africa This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Egypt The Latin Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria had a St. Catherine cathedral in Alexandria and two co-cathedrals: the former cathedrals of the merged-in apostolic vicariates of Heliopolis of Egypt ( Our Lady , in that Cairo suburb) and of Port Said (Our Lady and St. Michael in that Sinai Canal port). Ghana The Diocese of Keta–Akatsi has its co-cathedral at first-named Keta , the cathedral is in second-named Akatsi . Catholic Central America and Antilles This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Belize Our Lady of Guadalupe Co-Cathedral in Belmopan is the diocesan co-cathedral of Belize City-Belmopan since the national capital was shifted to Belmopan , which was added to the bishopric's title, but the see and Holy Redeemer Cathedral remained in former capital Belize City . Guatemala The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Los Altos Quetzaltenango-Totonicapán has a Cocatedral, San Miguel Arcángel, in Totonicapán , besides the episcopal see Catedral del Espíritu Santo, in Quetzaltenango . The diocese of Zacapa y Santo Cristo de Esquipulas has cathedral San Pedro (dedicated to saint Peter), in Zacapa and a virtual Co-cathedral, Basílica del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas , which is officially still the cathedral of the (absorbed) Territorial Prelature of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas . Martinique The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre has a co-cathedral Co-cathédrale Notre Dame de l'Assomption, in Saint-Pierre, besides the cathedral Cathédrale Saint-Louis, in Fort-de-France. St. Kitts and Nevis The Diocese of Saint John's–Basseterre has a cathedral, Holy Family Cathedral, in St John's, Antigua , and a co-cathedral, Basseterre Co-Cathedral of Immaculate Conception , in Basseterre , St. Kitts. Catholic South America This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Brazil The bishop of Primavera do Leste–Paranatinga has a Co-Cathedral São Francisco Xavier, in Paranatinga , besides its episcopal see Catedral São Cristóvão, in Primavera do Leste . Chile The Apostolic Vicariate of Aysén has an Our Lady of Sorrows Co-cathedral in Coyhaique besides its Saint Therese of Lisieux Cathedral in Puerto Aysén . Peru The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna and Moquegua has a St. Dominic Co-cathedral in Moquegua besides its Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral in Tacna . Uruguay The Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico has a Cathedral Catedral Armênia São Gregório Iluminador, in São Paulo, Brazil and a Co-Cathedral Nuestra Señora de Bzommar, in Montevideo, Uruguay, Catholic Oceania This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Australia The Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney has Our Lady of Lebanon Co-Cathedral in Harris Park, New South Wales , [ 3 ] besides St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney . [ 4 ] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong has St John Vianney Co-Cathedral in Fairy Meadow, New South Wales . Papua New Guinea The Archdiocese of Rabaul has besides its episcopal see -a cathedral in Vunapope- St Francis Xavier's Co-Cathedral, in the national capital Rabaul. Polynesia The Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia Co-Cathedral is Our Lady of the Rosary at Siusega, together with the Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart in the capital, Apia in Upolu. The Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago has a Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker in Fagatogo besides the Cathedral of the Holy Family in Tafuna , on Tutuila Island United Kingdom Catholic Church The Archdiocese of Liverpool includes a co-cathedral on the Isle of Man , the St. Mary of the Isle Church . Church of England Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the dioceses of 'Bath and Wells' and 'Coventry and Lichfield' were the only co-cathedrals in England. Only one diocese of the Church of England has co-cathedrals; in the Anglican Diocese of Leeds there are three co-cathedrals, Ripon , Bradford and Wakefield . The Diocese of Leeds was formed in 2014 by the merger of the former Anglican dioceses of Bradford , Ripon , and Wakefield , with all three former diocesan cathedrals given co-equal status in the new diocese. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In the case of York the collegiate churches of Beverley , Ripon and Southwell were almost in the same position, but although the archbishop had a stall in each, he had no diocesan cathedra in them. The chapters were not united with that of the metropolitan church in the direct government of the diocese, or the election of the archbishop, nor had they those other rights which were held to denote the cathedral character of a church. [ citation needed ] Scottish Episcopal Church The Diocese of Argyll and The Isles of the Scottish Episcopal Church has two co-cathedrals: St John's Cathedral , Oban and Cathedral of The Isles , Millport, Cumbrae . It is the only diocese to have more than one cathedral. [ 7 ] North America Catholic Church In the United States , there are several instances in which a Roman Catholic diocese maintains two episcopal see cities, each with its own cathedral or co-cathedral. Examples include: the Cathedral of Saint Paul and the Basilica of Saint Mary in the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Minnesota). the Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston (Texas). [ 8 ] the Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau (Alaska). the Diocese of Altoona–Johnstown (Pennsylvania). the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend (Indiana). the Diocese of Great Falls–Billings (Montana). the Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux (Louisiana). the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph (Missouri). the Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee (Florida). the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau (Missouri). the Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston (West Virginia). the Diocese of Winona–Rochester (Minnesota). In some cases the co-cathedrals are in different municipalities, but the diocese's name does not reflect the dual cathedral status. For example: the Diocese of Trenton (New Jersey) the cathedral, St. Mary of the Assumption in Trenton , and the co-cathedral, St. Robert Bellarmine in Freehold , the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Newton with its co-cathedrals, the Annunciation Melkite Catholic Cathedral in Boston, Massachusetts on the East Coast and the St. Anne Melkite Catholic Cathedral (North Hollywood, California) on the West Coast. There are also three instances in the United States in which a cathedral and its co-cathedral are in the same city. [ 9 ] This usually occurs when a historically important cathedral becomes too small to serve a growing population, and a larger co-cathedral is constructed to accommodate larger services. Examples include: The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and the Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus in the Diocese of Honolulu , Hawaii. The Cathedral of Mary Our Queen and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (originally the cathedral and now the co-cathedral) in the Archdiocese of Baltimore , Maryland. The Cathedral Basilica of St. James and the Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph in the Diocese of Brooklyn , New York. Examples in Canada are: The Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth , Nova Scotia, has the absorbed diocese's former see, St. Ambrose Co-Cathedral in Yarmouth, besides the Metropolitan's own cathedral minor basilica , St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Halifax. The Cathedral of Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste and the Co-Cathedral of Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue in the Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil , Quebec. Our Lady of Assumption Co-Cathedral in the former Gravelbourg Diocese, and the Holy Rosary Cathedral (Regina, Saskatchewan) both now in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina , in the province of Saskatchewan. The Holy Family Cathedral and St. Paul's Cathedral in the Diocese of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan. Episcopal Church (United States) In the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Diocese of Iowa and the Diocese of Minnesota each have two cathedrals, both located in different cities; however, they are not styled "co-cathedrals." The Diocese of Lexington maintains a second cathedral of the Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr at their Cathedral Domain conference center and camp in Irvine, Kentucky , but they do not use the term "co-cathedral" to describe it. [ 10 ] See also Pro-cathedral List of the Catholic cathedrals of the United States References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Cathedrals in the World" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Celebration of taking possession of the Co-Cathedral" . Jan W. M. Hendriks . 8 March 2025. ^ "Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Catholic Parish" . Retrieved 7 April 2021 . ^ "St Maroun's Cathedral" . GCatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "West Yorkshire Reorganisation Scheme" . churchofengland.org . Archbishops' Council of the Church of England. 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Cathedrals" . anglican.org . Diocese of Leeds . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Diocese of Argyll and the Isles" . anglica.org . Diocese of Argyll and the Isles. 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . With Cathedrals in Oban and on the Isle of Cumbrae... ^ "Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston: History of the Cathedral & Co-Cathedral" . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedrals in USA" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedral Domain celebrates 100 years of welcoming visitors | Lexington Herald Leader" . Archived from the original on 2019-10-07 . Retrieved 2019-10-07 . History of cathedrals Types of church buildings Cathedrals Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from January 2023 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template forcing interwiki links Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 This page was last edited on 21 December 2025, at 21:43 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 2.1 Minister of Foreign Affairs 2.2 President of the Constituent Assembly 2.3 Vice President 2.4 Minister of Economy and Finance 2.5 Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath 2.1 Minister of Foreign Affairs 2.2 President of the Constituent Assembly 2.3 Vice President 2.4 Minister of Economy and Finance 2.5 Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath 3 Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) Toggle Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) subsection 3.1 First speech and inauguration 3.2 Restart of diplomatic relations with US 3.1 First speech and inauguration 3.2 Restart of diplomatic relations with US 4 Sanctions Toggle Sanctions subsection 4.1 Delcygate 4.2 Criticism of foreign officials 4.1 Delcygate 4.2 Criticism of foreign officials 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External liks Delcy Rodríguez Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Delcy Rodríguez Official portrait, 2026 Acting President of Venezuela Incumbent Assumed office 5 January 2026 [ a ] Vice President Herself Preceded by Nicolás Maduro Vice President of Venezuela Incumbent Assumed office 14 June 2018 President .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Preceded by Tareck El Aissami Minister of Petroleum and Hydrocarbons Incumbent Assumed office 27 August 2024 President Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Preceded by Pedro Tellechea Minister of Economy and Finance In office 10 September 2020 – 27 August 2024 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Simón Zerpa Succeeded by Anabel Pereira Fernández President of the Constituent National Assembly In office 4 August 2017 – 14 June 2018 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Luis Miquilena (1999) Succeeded by Diosdado Cabello Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 26 December 2014 – 21 June 2017 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Rafael Ramírez Succeeded by Samuel Moncada Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information In office 3 August 2013 – 13 October 2014 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Ernesto Villegas Succeeded by Jacqueline Faría Minister for Presidential Affairs In office February 2006 – August 2006 President Hugo Chávez Preceded by Haiman El Troudi Succeeded by Adan Chavez Personal details Born Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez ( 1969-05-18 ) 18 May 1969 (age 56) Caracas , Venezuela Party PSUV (2012–2018, since 2018) Other political affiliations MSV (2018) Domestic partner Yussef Abou Nassif Smaili (2017–present) Parents Jorge Antonio Rodríguez (father) Delcy Gómez (mother) Jorge Antonio Rodríguez (father) Delcy Gómez (mother) Relatives Jorge Rodríguez (brother) Education Central University of Venezuela ( LLB ) Occupation .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Lawyer politician government official diplomat Lawyer politician government official diplomat Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez [ b ] (born 18 May 1969) [ 1 ] is a Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat, and politician who has served as the acting president of Venezuela since 3 January 2026, after the United States captured and de facto removed President Nicolás Maduro from power. Rodríguez was formally sworn in two days later. [ 2 ] She has been the vice president of Venezuela since 2018. Rodríguez held several positions under Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro: she was Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information of Venezuela from 2013 to 2014, [ 3 ] Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2014 to 2017, [ 4 ] President of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela from 2017 to 2018, head of Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (SEBIN) from 2018, and Minister of Petroleum since 2024. Rodríguez is a member of the national leadership of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The European Union , the United States , and Canada have placed sanctions on her due to claimed human rights violations and her role in the political crisis in the country. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Her vice-presidency was disputed between 2019 and 2023. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] She managed to stabilize the Venezuelan economy after years of crisis and increase the country's oil production despite tougher US sanctions. [ 12 ] On 3 January 2026, Maduro was abducted by the United States in Operation Absolute Resolve , leaving Rodríguez as acting president of the country but making her future role in the government administration unclear. [ 13 ] She later appeared on state television, where she said that Maduro was Venezuela's only president. [ 14 ] Venezuela's Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered Rodríguez to become acting president. [ 15 ] She is the first woman to perform the duties associated with the president of Venezuela. Early life Rodríguez is the sister of Jorge Rodríguez Gómez , a psychiatrist serving as President of the National Assembly of Venezuela since 2021. Her father, Jorge Antonio Rodríguez , was a founder of the Socialist League , a Marxist political party in Venezuela. [ 16 ] Her mother is Delcy Gómez. Rodríguez's father was murdered in 1976, while he was incarcerated and being tortured by the Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP) for his leadership role in the kidnapping of American executive and alleged CIA spy William Niehous . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] According to The Washington Post , a person who had held repeated conversations with Rodríguez stated that Rodríguez had lived in Santa Monica, California during her college years. [ 23 ] Rodríguez graduated with a law degree from the Central University of Venezuela (UCV) in 1993. [ 24 ] During her time at UCV, Rodríguez was active as a student leader. She then studied labor law at Sorbonne University in Paris , [ 25 ] [ 16 ] but did not graduate. [ 1 ] In her professional career, Rodríguez served as a professor at UCV. She was president of the union within the Venezuelan Association of Labor Lawyers. [ 25 ] Political career Rodríguez became involved in national politics during the 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt . [ 26 ] She has stated that her decision to enter politics was motivated by revenge for the death of her father while in the custody of pro-American intelligence agents. [ 12 ] While in London during the crisis, she and her mother symbolically took over the Venezuelan Embassy in London to protest the de facto government of Pedro Carmona . [ 26 ] From there, they coordinated interviews with international media, including the BBC and CNN , to denounce the rupture of the constitutional order. [ 26 ] Rodríguez commenced her governmental career in 2003, joining the General Coordination of the Vice Presidency of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. [ 27 ] She subsequently became Director of International Affairs at the Ministry of Energy and Mines. In 2005, Rodríguez was appointed Vice-minister for European Affairs. [ 28 ] From February to August 2006, Rodríguez was the Minister for Presidential Affairs. [ 29 ] Her tenure was short-lived due to reported tensions with president Hugo Chávez . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] She reportedly refused to show the "personal homage" expected by the president. [ 29 ] According to profiles published in Tal Cual and El Estímulo [ es ] , Rodríguez disregarded established hierarchies and maintained a direct attitude that alienated her from the presidential inner circle. [ 29 ] [ 1 ] Travelling to an official visit to Moscow in 2006, it was reported that Rodríguez engaged in a heated argument with Chávez and swore at him; [ 1 ] Chávez dismissed her, and she had to return immediately to Venezuela. [ 1 ] In 2007, Rodríguez served as the General Coordinator to the Vice-President of Venezuela, both of which roles she held while her brother occupied the office of Vice President of the Republic. [ 31 ] In August 2013, President Nicolás Maduro appointed her as the Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information of Venezuela, a position in which she was reaffirmed in 2014 and maintained until October 2014. [ 32 ] Minister of Foreign Affairs In December 2014, President Maduro appointed Rodríguez as the Minister of Popular Power for Foreign Relations, also known as Chancellor, succeeding Rafael Ramírez Carreño. Rodríguez became the first woman to hold this position in Venezuela's history. [ 24 ] In December 2015, in the absence of President Maduro, Rodríguez attended the 49th Summit of Mercosur heads of state in Asunción . During this summit, Rodríguez was involved in a dispute with the president of Argentina, Mauricio Macri , who called for the prompt release of political prisoners in Venezuela. [ 33 ] Rodríguez accused Macri of meddling in Venezuelan internal affairs, of endorsing political violence against Chavismo, and of criticizing Hebe de Bonafini , the head of Madres de Plaza de Mayo , for advocating peaceful protests against his government. [ 34 ] Rodríguez accused Macri of releasing officials responsible for torture during Argentina's last military dictatorship and vetoing human rights laws, claims that the newspaper Clarín characterized as factual errors. [ 35 ] President Maduro later praised Rodríguez publicly for metaphorically "sending Macri to the showers" during the summit. [ 36 ] During the same summit, Rodríguez presented photographs depicting Leopoldo López and opposition protestors attacking public buildings. She said the images, sourced from news agencies, evidenced López's responsibility for "attacks against essential public services and Venezuelan universities". [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rodríguez alleged Macri had released prisoners who were responsible for repression during the last military dictatorship in Argentina and had vetoed laws aimed at addressing unfair treatment, torture, and forced disappearances. These allegations were denied by the Argentine Foreign Minister, Susana Malcorra , during a press conference. Malcorra stated that Rodríguez's accusations were incorrect and that President Macri deemed a response unnecessary. She criticized Rodríguez's remarks as overly aggressive and based on inaccurate information. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In 2016, Rodríguez accused Luis Almagro , the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) of "international bullying" because of his attempt to suspend Venezuela from the OAS. [ 41 ] In March 2016, within the framework of an Organization of American States (OAS) assembly, Rodríguez denounced a report published by Luis Almagro. She characterized the report as part of a "complex intervention strategy with medium and long-term consequences". Rodríguez informed the assembly that over 70% of Almagro's tweets were focused on criticizing the Venezuelan government and its citizens. [ 42 ] In June 2016, during the commemoration of the 195th anniversary of the Battle of Carabobo , President Maduro awarded Rodríguez the Military Order of National Defense, Commander Degree, First Class. This honor was bestowed upon her for "defending the interests of the nation in the face of attacks from the right". [ 43 ] At the XXV Ibero-American Summit of Heads of State and Government, which took place in Cartagena de Indias , Colombia, Rodríguez addressed the President of Peru , Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . In criticism, she asked for the president to "see more of the reality of the people of Latin America". [ 44 ] Brazil , Argentina , and Paraguay convened to deliberate on the suspension of Venezuela from Mercosur . The trio expressed reservations regarding Venezuela's compliance with the prerequisites for full membership within the bloc, emphasizing the need for adherence to Mercosur's stipulations, particularly in the areas of trade , politics , democracy , and human rights . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Concurrently, Argentina assumed the pro tempore presidency of Mercosur. Despite this, Venezuela did not acknowledge its suspension from the trading bloc and sought to continue its exercise of the pro tempore presidency until 30 December 2016. [ 48 ] In December 2016, after Venezuela was suspended from Mercosur, Rodríguez attempted to force her entry into a bloc meeting in Buenos Aires to which she had not been invited. [ 49 ] Accompanied by Bolivian foreign minister David Choquehuanca , she tried to enter the San Martín Palace but was blocked by riot police. [ 49 ] Rodríguez claimed she was "struck" by police during the scuffle, and reports indicated a doctor had to immobilize her arm. [ 49 ] Although she eventually gained access to the building, she found the meeting room empty as the other foreign ministers had decided to move their gathering to a different location. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In June 2017, Rodríguez vacated her role as Chancellor to stand as a candidate in the National Constituent Assembly elections held that year. [ 51 ] Prior to her candidacy, she had been designated a member of the Presidential Commission for the Constituent Assembly. [ 52 ] Before she left her position, President Maduro honored her on 22 June with the Saber Order of the Liberator Simón Bolívar of the Battle of Carabobo. [ 53 ] She was succeeded by Samuel Moncada . [ 54 ] President of the Constituent Assembly In July 2017, Rodríguez was elected as a deputy for Caracas to the National Constituent Assembly (ANC). Upon the ANC's establishment in August 2017, in the Federal Legislative Palace, she was chosen as its president. [ 55 ] In January 2018, President Maduro announced Rodríguez as the president of a then-to-be-legalized political entity, the Somos Venezuela Movement ( MSV ). [ 56 ] In February 2018, Rodríguez resigned from the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and joined the ranks of the MSV, adhering to statutes prohibiting dual membership in political organizations within the country. [ 57 ] In October 2018, she re-entered the PSUV as a member. [ 6 ] Vice President On 14 June 2018, President Maduro appointed Rodríguez as the Vice President of Venezuela, succeeding Tareck El Aissami . [ 58 ] She also became the head official of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN), Venezuela's intelligence agency , as it is dependent on the office of the vice presidency. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] During Rodríguez's time as head of SEBIN, the United Nations found the agency had committed crimes against humanity with the intent of crushing political dissent. [ 62 ] In December 2018, Rodríguez welcomed the President of Turkey , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , during his official visit to Venezuela. [ 63 ] In November 2022, she visited the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi . [ 64 ] Reporting from late 2025 suggests she established private communication channels with international intermediaries. Analysts point to a clandestine meeting on the island of Bonaire in November 2025 as a pivotal moment where she reportedly discussed "stabilization protocols" for Venezuela's energy sector in the event of a power vacuum. [ 65 ] Minister of Economy and Finance From 10 September 2020 to 27 August 2024, Rodríguez served as the Minister of Economy and Finance , having been appointed to this position by President Maduro. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In July 2021, Rodríguez participated in the Annual Assembly of Fedecámaras , marking the first instance in two decades that a high-ranking official from the national executive attended this event, which convenes leaders from the country's main corporations. Rodríguez highlighted the significance of private sector engagement in unlocking Venezuela's productive capacity but urged the business community in attendance to refrain from political involvement. [ 68 ] Fedecámaras has historically been viewed by Chavismo as part of the opposition, often being described as the "parasitic bourgeoisie". [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath On 3 January 2026, at approximately 2:00 AM VET, [ 73 ] the United States carried out several strikes in Venezuela, including the capital of Caracas , and detained President Maduro and transported him to New York City . [ 74 ] Vice President Rodríguez was granted presidential powers under Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution , which states that the vice president takes charge if there is a presidential vacancy. [ 75 ] Rodríguez initially demanded proof that Maduro was still alive. [ 74 ] US President Donald Trump announced that Secretary of State Marco Rubio had made contact with Rodríguez and that she had been "sworn in" as president. Trump further stated that Rodríguez told Rubio that she would do "whatever the US asks", adding that she was gracious but "really doesn't have a choice". [ 76 ] [ 77 ] According to The New York Times , Vice President Rodríguez had earned the respect of American officials due to increasing Venezuela's oil production and stabilizing its economy, despite harsher US sanctions. Rodríguez has also gained a reputation among both Venezuelan and foreign business leaders as a technocrat . [ 12 ] According to the Financial Times , Delcy Rodríguez's brother Jorge Rodríguez , had held talks with the United States government in 2025 to have his sister lead a post-Maduro transitional government, although those talks had included Maduro being allowed to go into exile instead of being captured. [ 78 ] The Venezuelan military announced it would recognize Rodríguez as acting president and called for a return to normalcy. [ 79 ] She also received a pledge of loyalty from Assemblyman Nicolás Maduro Guerra , the president's son. [ 80 ] Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) On 3 January, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered Rodríguez to "assume and exercise, as acting president, all the powers, duties, and faculties inherent to the office of President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in order to guarantee administrative continuity and the comprehensive defense of the nation." [ 15 ] [ 76 ] Speaking at the European Commission , spokesperson Anitta Hipper announced on 5 January 2026 that the European Union does not recognize the legitimacy of Rodríguez as the country's acting head of government. [ 81 ] First speech and inauguration Appearing on Venezolana de Televisión , Rodríguez described Maduro as Venezuela's "only president" in contrast to Trump's statements. During the broadcast she called for calm and unity to defend the country while Maduro remained under US detention, and stated that Venezuela would never be the colony of any nation. [ 82 ] Rodríguez also stated that "governments around the world are shocked that the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has become the victim and target of an attack of this nature, which undoubtedly has Zionist undertones". [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Rodríguez was sworn in as acting president on 5 January 2026 by her brother, Jorge Rodríguez , the president of the National Assembly of Venezuela. [ 2 ] She announced a week of national mourning for the people killed during the American strike. [ 85 ] Restart of diplomatic relations with US On 8 January, her government released nine foreign and Venezuelan political prisoners. Donald Trump announced that he had cancelled a second wave of attacks due to this gesture of cooperation. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The United States and the Rodríguez government have begun discussions to restart diplomatic relations and to possibly reopen the United States embassy in Venezuela, closed since 2019. [ 88 ] Sanctions Rodríguez has been sanctioned by several countries . The government of neighboring Colombia included her on a list of people banned from entering Colombia, along with (as of 2019) approximately 200 other Maduro regime supporters and associates. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In September 2017, Canada sanctioned Rodríguez for her role in Venezuela's constitutional crisis. [ 7 ] In June 2018, shortly after being named Vice President of Venezuela, Rodríguez was one of eleven Venezuelan officials sanctioned by the European Union , with her assets frozen and a travel ban issued against her for "undermin[ing] democracy and the rule of law in Venezuela". [ 8 ] [ 91 ] In April 2018, the Mexican Senate approved a Point of Agreement that, among other things, rejected the presidential elections scheduled for 20 May. The Senate froze the assets of officials of the Maduro administration, including Rodríguez, and prohibited them from entering Mexico. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] In July 2018, Switzerland sanctioned Rodríguez, freezing her assets and imposing a travel ban, citing the same reasons as the European Union. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] In September 2018, the United States sanctioned Rodríguez for "corruption and humanitarian issues" by including her in OFAC 's Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List . [ 9 ] After her ascension to the interim presidency, her cabinet contacted the European Commission to request the lifting of sanctions placed on her by the European Union for allegedly persecuting the opposition and undermining the rule of law. The Commission has yet to respond. [ 97 ] Delcygate In January 2020, a controversy emerged in Spain surrounding Rodríguez's presence at Madrid–Barajas Airport in Spain, where she was purported to have met with Spanish politician José Luis Ábalos . This incident sparked significant attention because, since November 2017, Rodríguez has been prohibited from entering the territory of the European Union. José Luis Ábalos denied having met Rodríguez. [ 98 ] The incident took place on 20 January, when the aircraft bearing the registration TC-AKE and flying the Turkish flag arrived at the terminal. Upon recognizing Rodríguez among the passengers, Spanish authorities decided to prevent her entry into the country. Accompanying Rodríguez on the flight were Kenny Antonio Díaz , Alejandra Carolina Bastidas , Yussef Abou Nassif Smaili (her partner), Jorge Andrés Giménez (the president of the Venezuelan Football Federation ), and minister Félix Plasencia . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The scandal originated from a covert visit by Delcy Rodríguez to Spain, during which she allegedly facilitated the fraudulent sale of 104 bars of Venezuelan gold to Spanish businessmen for $68.5 million. This transaction was purportedly conducted through the Spanish Ministry of Transport, with the involvement of then-Transport Minister José Luis Ábalos , who is under investigation as part of the Koldo Case . According to reports by El Confidencial , Rodríguez offered these gold bars to Spanish entrepreneurs during meetings arranged with Ábalos, with the approval of Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez . [ 102 ] The Guardia Civil's Central Operative Unit (UCO) uncovered communications on Spanish businessman Víctor de Aldama's mobile phone that directly linked him to Rodríguez, indicating discussions about the purchase of Venezuelan gold. A contract dated 27 December 2019 outlined the delivery of the gold between 27 December 2019 and 6 January 2020, shortly before Rodríguez's secret trip to Madrid, which was officially described by La Moncloa as a "technical stopover". [ 102 ] According to the Diario de Cuba , this connection underscored the alleged lack of commitment by the Spanish government to support a democratic transition in Venezuela. A 2020 U.S. government official said Spain was a significant barrier within the European Union in confronting the Venezuelan government. The scandal also involved a strategic omission of the gold transaction details in the official invitation sent by Ábalos to Rodríguez, which instead focused on humanitarian aid and support for Spanish businesses in Venezuela. In response, the opposition Partido Popular accused Sánchez of deceit regarding the true purpose of Rodríguez's visit and declared intentions to launch a comprehensive political, judicial, and international campaign to uncover the truth behind Delcygate. [ 102 ] Criticism of foreign officials During a 2017 meeting of the Organization of American States (OAS), Rodríguez accused some member states of interfering in Venezuela. She called the OAS Secretary General, Luis Almagro , a "liar, dishonest, a criminal, and a mercenary, a traitor to everything that represents the dignity of a Latin American diplomat". Her remarks were criticised by Uruguayan Foreign Minister Rodolfo Nin Novoa . In June 2017, Rodríguez criticised the President of Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski , after Kuczynski proposed international intervention in Venezuela. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Personal life Rodríguez was the romantic partner of the Venezuelan actor and model Fernando Carrillo until 2007. [ 106 ] Rodríguez is a follower of Indian guru Sathya Sai Baba . [ 16 ] See also List of elected and appointed female state leaders List of female foreign ministers List of foreign ministers in 2017 List of ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela Notes ^ Designated by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice to ensure administrative continuity on 3 January, formally sworn in two days later. ^ .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdelsi eloˈina ro'ðɾiɣes ˈɣomes] . References ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Delcy Rodríguez, diplomacia en pie de guerra #Perfil" [Delcy Rodríguez, diplomacy on a war footing: Profile]. 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El Tiempo (in Spanish). 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019 . Retrieved 13 April 2019 . ^ "Primera parte de lista de colaboradores de Maduro que no pueden ingresar a Colombia" [First part of list of Maduro collaborators who can not enter Colombia] (in Spanish). RCN Radio. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019 . Retrieved 13 April 2019 . ^ "CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2022 . Retrieved 15 September 2023 . ^ Profile Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine , vpitv.com. Accessed 28 August 2023. ^ Sumarium (21 April 2018). "México rechaza elecciones en Venezuela y sanciona a siete funcionarios …pic.twitter.com/NwcX67vBHD" . Twitter (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 May 2020 . Retrieved 25 May 2020 . ^ "mexico-rechaza-elecciones-en-venezuela-y-sanciona-a-siete-funcionarios/" . sumarium.com . ^ "Switzerland Sanctions 11 More Venezuelans, including Delcy Rodriguez, El Aissami, Chourio" . Latin American Herald Tribune . 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020 . Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Sanctions suisses contre la vice-présidente du Venezuela" [Swiss sanctions against the vice president of Venezuela] (in French). Swiss Broadcasting Company. 10 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. ^ "Venezuela's interim president under EU, UK sanctions" . ^ Coscojuela, Sarai (26 February 2020). "5 claves para entender el "Delcygate" " [5 Keys to Understand Delcygate]. RunRun (in Spanish) . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "The CNI Monitored Delcy Rodriguez in Her Meeting with Abalos in Barajas" . Digital Economy. 15 February 2020 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ Boyd, Alek. "PDVSA's US Treasury sanctions busting moves to Labuan: exhibit Ensa Energia A.G." Infodio . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "The CNI Police had Orders to Monitor Delcy Rodriguez if she Came to Spain" . El Mundo . 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ a b c "Venta de barras de oro: los detalles del 'Delcygate' evidencian una trama de corrupción entre España y Venezuela" . Diario de Cuba (in Spanish). 13 October 2024 . Retrieved 14 October 2024 . ^ Ngan, Mandel (27 March 2017). "Venezuelan Foreign Minister sat next to Luis Almagro and insulted him harshly" . El País . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "Delcy Rodríguez attacks the Foreign Minister of Uruguay for describing Maduro's insults as 'anti-diplomacy' " . Ibero American News Central. 18 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "Peruvian government responds to Venezuelan chancellor for attacks on PPK" . America TV. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "#TBT – El día que Fernando Carrillo le declaró su amor a Delcy Rodríguez ??" . www.elfarandi.com (in Spanish). 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2025 . External liks Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish) Political offices Preceded by Rafael Ramírez Minister of Foreign Affairs 2014–2017 Succeeded by Samuel Moncada Vacant Title last held by Luis Miquilena (1999) President of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela 2017–2018 Succeeded by Diosdado Cabello Preceded by Tareck El Aissami Vice President of Venezuela 2018–present Incumbent Preceded by Nicolás Maduro Acting President of Venezuela 2026–present Incumbent Assembly seats New office Member of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela for the municipality of Libertador, Caracas 2017–present Incumbent .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President of Venezuela ( list ) v t e State of Venezuela Páez 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 Gual Páez Páez 1831–1835 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 1859–1861 Gual Páez United States of Venezuela Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez 4th Republic Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 1994–1999 Bolivarian Republic Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 Rodríguez Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 2019–2025 Rodríguez Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the National Assembly as "interim president" during the Venezuelan presidential crisis until 2023 v t e Current heads of state of republics v t e Africa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Asia Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Europe Albania: Bajram Begaj Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović , Željka Cvijanović , Željko Komšić Bulgaria: Rumen Radev Croatia: Zoran Milanović Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic: Petr Pavel Estonia: Alar Karis Finland: Alexander Stubb France: Emmanuel Macron Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas Hungary: Tamás Sulyok Iceland: Halla Tómasdóttir Ireland: Catherine Connolly Italy: Sergio Mattarella Kosovo: Vjosa Osmani Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Gitanas Nausėda Malta: Myriam Spiteri Debono Moldova: Maia Sandu Montenegro: Jakov Milatović North Macedonia: Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova Northern Cyprus: Tufan Erhürman Poland: Karol Nawrocki Portugal: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Nicușor Dan Russia: Vladimir Putin San Marino: Matteo Rossi , Lorenzo Bugli Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini Slovenia: Nataša Pirc Musar Switzerland: Guy Parmelin , Karin Keller-Sutter , Ignazio Cassis , Albert Rösti , Élisabeth Baume-Schneider , Beat Jans , Martin Pfister Transnistria: Vadim Krasnoselsky Turkey: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy Albania: Bajram Begaj Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović , Željka Cvijanović , Željko Komšić Bulgaria: Rumen Radev Croatia: Zoran Milanović Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic: Petr Pavel Estonia: Alar Karis Finland: Alexander Stubb France: Emmanuel Macron Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas Hungary: Tamás Sulyok Iceland: Halla Tómasdóttir Ireland: Catherine Connolly Italy: Sergio Mattarella Kosovo: Vjosa Osmani Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Gitanas Nausėda Malta: Myriam Spiteri Debono Moldova: Maia Sandu Montenegro: Jakov Milatović North Macedonia: Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova Northern Cyprus: Tufan Erhürman Poland: Karol Nawrocki Portugal: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Nicușor Dan Russia: Vladimir Putin San Marino: Matteo Rossi , Lorenzo Bugli Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini Slovenia: Nataša Pirc Musar Switzerland: Guy Parmelin , Karin Keller-Sutter , Ignazio Cassis , Albert Rösti , Élisabeth Baume-Schneider , Beat Jans , Martin Pfister Transnistria: Vadim Krasnoselsky Turkey: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy North America Barbados: Jeffrey Bostic Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves Robles Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel Dominica: Sylvanie Burton Dominican Republic: Luis Abinader El Salvador: Nayib Bukele Guatemala: Bernardo Arévalo Haiti: Laurent Saint-Cyr * Honduras: Xiomara Castro Mexico: Claudia Sheinbaum Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega , Rosario Murillo Panama: José Raúl Mulino Trinidad and Tobago: Christine Kangaloo United States: Donald Trump Barbados: Jeffrey Bostic Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves Robles Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel Dominica: Sylvanie Burton Dominican Republic: Luis Abinader El Salvador: Nayib Bukele Guatemala: Bernardo Arévalo Haiti: Laurent Saint-Cyr * Honduras: Xiomara Castro Mexico: Claudia Sheinbaum Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega , Rosario Murillo Panama: José Raúl Mulino Trinidad and Tobago: Christine Kangaloo United States: Donald Trump South America Argentina: Javier Milei Bolivia: Rodrigo Paz Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile: Gabriel Boric Colombia: Gustavo Petro Ecuador: Daniel Noboa Guyana: Irfaan Ali Paraguay: Santiago Peña Peru: José Jerí Suriname: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons Uruguay: Yamandú Orsi Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro (de jure) , Delcy Rodríguez * (de facto) Argentina: Javier Milei Bolivia: Rodrigo Paz Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile: Gabriel Boric Colombia: Gustavo Petro Ecuador: Daniel Noboa Guyana: Irfaan Ali Paraguay: Santiago Peña Peru: José Jerí Suriname: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons Uruguay: Yamandú Orsi Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro (de jure) , Delcy Rodríguez * (de facto) Oceania Fiji: Naiqama Lalabalavu Kiribati: Taneti Maamau Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine Micronesia: Wesley Simina Nauru: David Adeang Palau: Surangel Whipps Jr. Samoa: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Vanuatu: Nikenike Vurobaravu Fiji: Naiqama Lalabalavu Kiribati: Taneti Maamau Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine Micronesia: Wesley Simina Nauru: David Adeang Palau: Surangel Whipps Jr. Samoa: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Vanuatu: Nikenike Vurobaravu Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state v t e Current heads of state of South American countries v t e Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) v t e Leaders of the Union of South American Nations v t e Ali Santokhi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Ali Santokhi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) v t e Heads of state of OPEC member states v t e Tebboune (Algeria) Lourenço (Angola) Obiang (Equatorial Guinea) Oligui Nguema (Gabon) Khamenei (Iran) Rashid (Iraq) Mishal (Kuwait) al-Menfi (Libya) Tinubu (Nigeria) Sassou Nguesso (Republic of the Congo) Salman (Saudi Arabia) Mohamed (United Arab Emirates) Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) (Venezuela) Tebboune (Algeria) Lourenço (Angola) Obiang (Equatorial Guinea) Oligui Nguema (Gabon) Khamenei (Iran) Rashid (Iraq) Mishal (Kuwait) al-Menfi (Libya) Tinubu (Nigeria) Sassou Nguesso (Republic of the Congo) Salman (Saudi Arabia) Mohamed (United Arab Emirates) Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) (Venezuela) v t e Leaders of the ALBA v t e Browne Paz Díaz-Canel Skerrit Mitchell Ortega and Murillo Drew Pierre Friday Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Browne Paz Díaz-Canel Skerrit Mitchell Ortega and Murillo Drew Pierre Friday Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Biography Politics Venezuela Women Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF National United States United States Other Yale LUX Yale LUX 1969 births 21st-century Venezuelan women politicians Chavismo Female foreign ministers Finance ministers of Venezuela First women presidents Hugo Chávez ministers Living people Members of the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly of 2017 Ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro ministers People of the Crisis in Venezuela Politicians from Caracas Presidents of Venezuela United Socialist Party of Venezuela politicians Venezuelan women lawyers Vice presidents of Venezuela Women government ministers of Venezuela Women vice presidents in South America Pages with Spanish IPA CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2026 This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 07:08 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez#cite_ref-Tal_Cual_72-0
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El primero pagina Portal del comunidad Maga reciente cambio Random pagina Ayuda Maga pagina especial Dona Hace un account Man log in Dona Hace un account Man log in Contenido Principio 1 Etimología de la palabra Ballet 2 Origen El Primero Pagina El primero pagina Discusion Lee Mira el source Mira con el historia Lee Mira el source Mira con el historia Maga ta'n link aqui Maga relacionao cambio Man upload un file maga enlace permanente Informacion del pagina Cita con este pagina Saca con el corto URL Man download con el QR code Crear un libro Man download como PDF El version que puede hace print Wikimedia Commons Fundacion Wikimedia MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikiespecies Wikidata Wikifuncion Wikimania Item de Wikidata ¡ Bienvenidos a todos na Wikipedia en Chavacano de Zamboanga , el libre enciclopedia que masquen quien hay puede revisa . ¡ Bienvenidos a todos na Wikipedia en Chavacano de Zamboanga , el libre enciclopedia que masquen quien hay puede revisa . El Artes y Cultura Biografia Ciencia y Matematico El Artes y Cultura Biografia Ciencia y Matematico Filosofia y Religion Geografia Historia Filosofia y Religion Geografia Historia Sociedad Tecnologia Portadas Sociedad Tecnologia Portadas Acerca de este Wikipedia · Guia · Lecciones Chavacano · Libro de Maga Visita · Embajada · Maga Pregunta · Ayuda · Tambayan de los Chabacanos Escogido Articulo Un pareja de ballet Ballet "Ballet", ay un mimo con baile na el escenario con la música. Hasta ahora es una especie de danza o baile que se utilizará na el complejo de la misma. Imitar es, por tanto, sin maga palabras. Se levantó ya na las maga cortes de Europa, siglo 15 del mundo. Los ballerinos y ballerinas empeza ya cuando niños pequeños pa a los maga disiplinas de ballet. El ballet enbweulta maga movimeintos complicados specialmente de los tobilos y mantiene ichura de volando por los maga ballerinos cuando bailan. Etimología de la palabra Ballet La palabra de la lengua del Ballet na Inglés y na de Kastila de la misma manera , ay surgido de los franceses que, entre desde los maga italianos que han entrado en manera por una disminución de Balletto la palabra del vulgaris latina . De la misma manera del βαλλίζω griego (ballizo), que significa lo mismo. Origen El ballet empeza ya na corte de Catalina de Médicis [9] en el 1581. En este momento ya asocia con una parte de la terraza a los que celebrar el matrimonio, las figuras del lenguaje de las historias de los maga antiguos y los mensajeros de lo político. Incluso con Francogalorumque entre los maga elementos de la lengua italiana y el baile de la curia, que mostró, en el ministerio de las fuerzas . Catalina de Medici ay probable la madre de ballet. Se agrupa ya losmaga expertos na balle y professores y selecciona ya con los maga elementos del pantomimistas. Continua lee o revisa con el articulo... Escogido Retrato Desde Wikimedia Comon Dos hombres haciendo sparring na arte Taekwondo. Taekwondo ay el arte marcial de la Corea . El nombre bini del 태권도 coreano, (o 跆拳道), significa "el modo de los pies y las manos en huelga el golpe". Entra un Nombre de Articulo y Crea, Prinsipia o Revisa Con El Articulo Indice A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Maga Otro Lugar Na Wikipedia Ayuda — Ayuda general acerca con este Wikipedia. El Portal Del Comunidad — Maga pisara, proyecto, recurso y actividades que ta cubri de este Wikipedia. Noticia — Maga noticias concierne de este Wikipedia. Maga Hermana Proyecto El Fundacion Wikimedia amo ta sirvi con este Wikipedia. El fundacion es un organización que ta sirvi tambien maga otro projecto : Wiki-diccionario Diccionario y Tesoro En Tagalog Wiki-noticia Maga Libre Noticia En Ingles Wiki-cita Maga Colección de Cita En Ingles Wiki-libro Maga Libre Libro En Ingles Wiki-especie Directorio de Especie En Ingles Wiki-biblioteca Libre Biblioteca En Ingles Wikiversidad Libre Materiales y Actividades Comon Repositorio del maga Medios de Comunicación Meta Coordinacion del maga Projecto de Wikimedia Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lenguaje Del Mundo Este el Wikipedia en Chavacano . Ya prinsipia este Wikipedia del Octubre 2 , 2006 y ahora tiene ya 3235 maga articulo. Mucho pa maga otro clase de Wikipedia que obtenible na otro maga lenguaje. El maga bien grande Wikipedia amo el maga siguiente listado: Mas de 250,000 maga articulo: Aleman · Español · Frances · Italiano · Holandes · Japones · Poloña · Portugués · Russo · Sueco · Chino Mas de 100,000 maga articulo: Arabico · Indonesio · Catalan · Checo · Danes · Esperanto · Koreano · Hungaro · Noruego · Romañano · Eslovakiano · Finlandes · Turko · Ucrañano Mas de 40,000 maga articulo: Malayo · Bulgario · Estoño · Griego · Ingles Simple · Persiano · Gallego · Hebreo · Croaciano · Lituano · Noruego Nivel · Esloveña · Serbio · Tailandes · Vietnamito El Completo Lista de Maga Wikipedia · Coordinacion Lingual-multipulo · Prinsipia Nuevo Wikipedia Na Otro Lenguaje Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lengaje De Filipinas Tiene tambien maga Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje del Filipinas como el maga siguiente: Bicolano Central · Cebuano · Filipino (na incubadora) · Hiligaynon o Ilonggo (na incubadora) · Ilokano · Kinaray-a (na incubadora) · Kapampangan · Pangasinan · Bicolano de Rinconada (na incubadora) · Tagalog · Tausug (na incubadora) · Waray-Waray Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lenguaje Familiar Na Español Maga hermano Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje familiar con el lenguaje Español y maga criollo base con el lenguaje Castellano: Aragonés · Asturianu (Asturiano) · Catalàn (Català) · Chamoru (Chamorro) · Español · Interlingua · Ladino · Latína (Latín) · Papiamentu (Papiamento) · Tagalog Tiene ahora 3235 maga articulo aqui na Wikipedia en Chavacano. Buenas! Que tal? Este dia es Sabado , (Bonito el dia!) 10 de Enero año 2026 . El Palabra Del Dia: petate - (En: straw fine mat used as bedroll sleeping gear ) Proyecto de Palabra del Dia El Refran Del Dia: "Amor de maga hente" Proyecto de Refran del Dia Participacion y Comunidad ¿Como puede colabora? · Maga Primero Paso · Guia · Ayuda · Comunidad · Cafeteria · Libro de Maga Visita · Acerca de Wikipedia en Chavacano · Derechos del Autor · El Cinco Pilares del Wikipedia · Aviso Legal Busqueda y Consulta Indice de Maga Categoria El Pono de Maga Categoria Indice Alfabetico Todo Maga Pagina Portada del Maga Portal Explora Con El Entero Wikipedia Maga Cuantos Articulos Iglesia Romano Catolico Filipinas Chavacano Jose Rizal Benigno Aquino Español Na Filipinas El Verdadero Iglesia de Jesus Katipunan Norberto Romuáldez Emilio Aguinaldo Metro Manila Arte Martial Peninsula de Zamboanga Manuel L. Quezon Filipino Ciudad de Zamboanga Zamboangueño Pilar España India El Filibusterismo Caracas Venezuela Interlingua Noli Me Tangere Potenciano Gregorio Jeepney Quezon El Completo Lista De Maga Articulo Peticion Por El Maga Articulo En Chavacano El Maga Categoria Maga Ciencia Naturales y Formales Astronomia y Astrofisica · Biologia · Botanica · Ciencia de maga Animal · Ciencia General · Fisica · Ciencia de la Tierra · Logica Natural · Matematico · Quimica Maga Ciencia Sociales Antropologia · Comunicacion · Derecho · Economia · Educacion · Filosofia · Geografia · Historia · Humanidad · Linguistica · Logica · Politica · Psicologia · Religion · Sociologia Maga Ciencia Aplicadas Recursos Naturales · Biotechnologia · Maga Ciencia de la Salud · Informatico · Ingeniera · Medicina · Tecnologia · Telecomunicacion · Transporte El Artes, Cultura y Sociedad El Artes · Anime · Arquitectura · Artesenia · Artes Graficas · Baile · Biografia · Cine · Comunicacion Social · Cultura · Deporte · Escultura · Espectaculos · Filipiñana · Foclores · Fotografia · Fiestas · Gastronomia · Humor · Maga Juego · Literatura · LGBT · Musica · Pelicula · Pintura · Sociedad · Artesenia · Teatro · Ocio El Pono de Maga Categoria Wikimedia Filipinas Wikipedia en Chavacano de Zamboanga Dedicado para preserva, mantene y propaga con el lenguaje Zamboangueño. Por bella Zamboanga Hermosa. 2 de Octubre , Año 2006 Escogido Articulo Un pareja de ballet Ballet "Ballet", ay un mimo con baile na el escenario con la música. Hasta ahora es una especie de danza o baile que se utilizará na el complejo de la misma. Imitar es, por tanto, sin maga palabras. Se levantó ya na las maga cortes de Europa, siglo 15 del mundo. Los ballerinos y ballerinas empeza ya cuando niños pequeños pa a los maga disiplinas de ballet. El ballet enbweulta maga movimeintos complicados specialmente de los tobilos y mantiene ichura de volando por los maga ballerinos cuando bailan. Etimología de la palabra Ballet La palabra de la lengua del Ballet na Inglés y na de Kastila de la misma manera , ay surgido de los franceses que, entre desde los maga italianos que han entrado en manera por una disminución de Balletto la palabra del vulgaris latina . De la misma manera del βαλλίζω griego (ballizo), que significa lo mismo. Origen El ballet empeza ya na corte de Catalina de Médicis [9] en el 1581. En este momento ya asocia con una parte de la terraza a los que celebrar el matrimonio, las figuras del lenguaje de las historias de los maga antiguos y los mensajeros de lo político. Incluso con Francogalorumque entre los maga elementos de la lengua italiana y el baile de la curia, que mostró, en el ministerio de las fuerzas . Catalina de Medici ay probable la madre de ballet. Se agrupa ya losmaga expertos na balle y professores y selecciona ya con los maga elementos del pantomimistas. Continua lee o revisa con el articulo... Escogido Retrato Desde Wikimedia Comon Dos hombres haciendo sparring na arte Taekwondo. Taekwondo ay el arte marcial de la Corea . El nombre bini del 태권도 coreano, (o 跆拳道), significa "el modo de los pies y las manos en huelga el golpe". Entra un Nombre de Articulo y Crea, Prinsipia o Revisa Con El Articulo Indice A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Maga Otro Lugar Na Wikipedia Ayuda — Ayuda general acerca con este Wikipedia. El Portal Del Comunidad — Maga pisara, proyecto, recurso y actividades que ta cubri de este Wikipedia. Noticia — Maga noticias concierne de este Wikipedia. Maga Hermana Proyecto El Fundacion Wikimedia amo ta sirvi con este Wikipedia. El fundacion es un organización que ta sirvi tambien maga otro projecto : Wiki-diccionario Diccionario y Tesoro En Tagalog Wiki-noticia Maga Libre Noticia En Ingles Wiki-cita Maga Colección de Cita En Ingles Wiki-libro Maga Libre Libro En Ingles Wiki-especie Directorio de Especie En Ingles Wiki-biblioteca Libre Biblioteca En Ingles Wikiversidad Libre Materiales y Actividades Comon Repositorio del maga Medios de Comunicación Meta Coordinacion del maga Projecto de Wikimedia Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lenguaje Del Mundo Este el Wikipedia en Chavacano . Ya prinsipia este Wikipedia del Octubre 2 , 2006 y ahora tiene ya 3235 maga articulo. Mucho pa maga otro clase de Wikipedia que obtenible na otro maga lenguaje. El maga bien grande Wikipedia amo el maga siguiente listado: Mas de 250,000 maga articulo: Aleman · Español · Frances · Italiano · Holandes · Japones · Poloña · Portugués · Russo · Sueco · Chino Mas de 100,000 maga articulo: Arabico · Indonesio · Catalan · Checo · Danes · Esperanto · Koreano · Hungaro · Noruego · Romañano · Eslovakiano · Finlandes · Turko · Ucrañano Mas de 40,000 maga articulo: Malayo · Bulgario · Estoño · Griego · Ingles Simple · Persiano · Gallego · Hebreo · Croaciano · Lituano · Noruego Nivel · Esloveña · Serbio · Tailandes · Vietnamito El Completo Lista de Maga Wikipedia · Coordinacion Lingual-multipulo · Prinsipia Nuevo Wikipedia Na Otro Lenguaje Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lengaje De Filipinas Tiene tambien maga Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje del Filipinas como el maga siguiente: Bicolano Central · Cebuano · Filipino (na incubadora) · Hiligaynon o Ilonggo (na incubadora) · Ilokano · Kinaray-a (na incubadora) · Kapampangan · Pangasinan · Bicolano de Rinconada (na incubadora) · Tagalog · Tausug (na incubadora) · Waray-Waray Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lenguaje Familiar Na Español Maga hermano Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje familiar con el lenguaje Español y maga criollo base con el lenguaje Castellano: Aragonés · Asturianu (Asturiano) · Catalàn (Català) · Chamoru (Chamorro) · Español · Interlingua · Ladino · Latína (Latín) · Papiamentu (Papiamento) · Tagalog Escogido Articulo Un pareja de ballet Ballet "Ballet", ay un mimo con baile na el escenario con la música. Hasta ahora es una especie de danza o baile que se utilizará na el complejo de la misma. Imitar es, por tanto, sin maga palabras. Se levantó ya na las maga cortes de Europa, siglo 15 del mundo. Los ballerinos y ballerinas empeza ya cuando niños pequeños pa a los maga disiplinas de ballet. El ballet enbweulta maga movimeintos complicados specialmente de los tobilos y mantiene ichura de volando por los maga ballerinos cuando bailan. Etimología de la palabra Ballet La palabra de la lengua del Ballet na Inglés y na de Kastila de la misma manera , ay surgido de los franceses que, entre desde los maga italianos que han entrado en manera por una disminución de Balletto la palabra del vulgaris latina . De la misma manera del βαλλίζω griego (ballizo), que significa lo mismo. Origen El ballet empeza ya na corte de Catalina de Médicis [9] en el 1581. En este momento ya asocia con una parte de la terraza a los que celebrar el matrimonio, las figuras del lenguaje de las historias de los maga antiguos y los mensajeros de lo político. Incluso con Francogalorumque entre los maga elementos de la lengua italiana y el baile de la curia, que mostró, en el ministerio de las fuerzas . Catalina de Medici ay probable la madre de ballet. Se agrupa ya losmaga expertos na balle y professores y selecciona ya con los maga elementos del pantomimistas. Continua lee o revisa con el articulo... Escogido Retrato Desde Wikimedia Comon Dos hombres haciendo sparring na arte Taekwondo. Taekwondo ay el arte marcial de la Corea . El nombre bini del 태권도 coreano, (o 跆拳道), significa "el modo de los pies y las manos en huelga el golpe". Entra un Nombre de Articulo y Crea, Prinsipia o Revisa Con El Articulo Indice A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Maga Otro Lugar Na Wikipedia Ayuda — Ayuda general acerca con este Wikipedia. El Portal Del Comunidad — Maga pisara, proyecto, recurso y actividades que ta cubri de este Wikipedia. Noticia — Maga noticias concierne de este Wikipedia. Maga Hermana Proyecto El Fundacion Wikimedia amo ta sirvi con este Wikipedia. El fundacion es un organización que ta sirvi tambien maga otro projecto : Wiki-diccionario Diccionario y Tesoro En Tagalog Wiki-noticia Maga Libre Noticia En Ingles Wiki-cita Maga Colección de Cita En Ingles Wiki-libro Maga Libre Libro En Ingles Wiki-especie Directorio de Especie En Ingles Wiki-biblioteca Libre Biblioteca En Ingles Wikiversidad Libre Materiales y Actividades Comon Repositorio del maga Medios de Comunicación Meta Coordinacion del maga Projecto de Wikimedia Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lenguaje Del Mundo Este el Wikipedia en Chavacano . Ya prinsipia este Wikipedia del Octubre 2 , 2006 y ahora tiene ya 3235 maga articulo. Mucho pa maga otro clase de Wikipedia que obtenible na otro maga lenguaje. El maga bien grande Wikipedia amo el maga siguiente listado: Mas de 250,000 maga articulo: Aleman · Español · Frances · Italiano · Holandes · Japones · Poloña · Portugués · Russo · Sueco · Chino Mas de 100,000 maga articulo: Arabico · Indonesio · Catalan · Checo · Danes · Esperanto · Koreano · Hungaro · Noruego · Romañano · Eslovakiano · Finlandes · Turko · Ucrañano Mas de 40,000 maga articulo: Malayo · Bulgario · Estoño · Griego · Ingles Simple · Persiano · Gallego · Hebreo · Croaciano · Lituano · Noruego Nivel · Esloveña · Serbio · Tailandes · Vietnamito El Completo Lista de Maga Wikipedia · Coordinacion Lingual-multipulo · Prinsipia Nuevo Wikipedia Na Otro Lenguaje Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lengaje De Filipinas Tiene tambien maga Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje del Filipinas como el maga siguiente: Bicolano Central · Cebuano · Filipino (na incubadora) · Hiligaynon o Ilonggo (na incubadora) · Ilokano · Kinaray-a (na incubadora) · Kapampangan · Pangasinan · Bicolano de Rinconada (na incubadora) · Tagalog · Tausug (na incubadora) · Waray-Waray Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lenguaje Familiar Na Español Maga hermano Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje familiar con el lenguaje Español y maga criollo base con el lenguaje Castellano: Aragonés · Asturianu (Asturiano) · Catalàn (Català) · Chamoru (Chamorro) · Español · Interlingua · Ladino · Latína (Latín) · Papiamentu (Papiamento) · Tagalog "Ballet", ay un mimo con baile na el escenario con la música. Hasta ahora es una especie de danza o baile que se utilizará na el complejo de la misma. Imitar es, por tanto, sin maga palabras. Se levantó ya na las maga cortes de Europa, siglo 15 del mundo. Los ballerinos y ballerinas empeza ya cuando niños pequeños pa a los maga disiplinas de ballet. El ballet enbweulta maga movimeintos complicados specialmente de los tobilos y mantiene ichura de volando por los maga ballerinos cuando bailan. Etimología de la palabra Ballet La palabra de la lengua del Ballet na Inglés y na de Kastila de la misma manera , ay surgido de los franceses que, entre desde los maga italianos que han entrado en manera por una disminución de Balletto la palabra del vulgaris latina . De la misma manera del βαλλίζω griego (ballizo), que significa lo mismo. Origen El ballet empeza ya na corte de Catalina de Médicis [9] en el 1581. En este momento ya asocia con una parte de la terraza a los que celebrar el matrimonio, las figuras del lenguaje de las historias de los maga antiguos y los mensajeros de lo político. Incluso con Francogalorumque entre los maga elementos de la lengua italiana y el baile de la curia, que mostró, en el ministerio de las fuerzas . Catalina de Medici ay probable la madre de ballet. Se agrupa ya losmaga expertos na balle y professores y selecciona ya con los maga elementos del pantomimistas. Continua lee o revisa con el articulo... Escogido Retrato Desde Wikimedia Comon Dos hombres haciendo sparring na arte Taekwondo. Taekwondo ay el arte marcial de la Corea . El nombre bini del 태권도 coreano, (o 跆拳道), significa "el modo de los pies y las manos en huelga el golpe". Taekwondo ay el arte marcial de la Corea . El nombre bini del 태권도 coreano, (o 跆拳道), significa "el modo de los pies y las manos en huelga el golpe". Entra un Nombre de Articulo y Crea, Prinsipia o Revisa Con El Articulo Entra un Nombre de Articulo y Crea, Prinsipia o Revisa Con El Articulo Indice A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Maga Otro Lugar Na Wikipedia Ayuda — Ayuda general acerca con este Wikipedia. El Portal Del Comunidad — Maga pisara, proyecto, recurso y actividades que ta cubri de este Wikipedia. Noticia — Maga noticias concierne de este Wikipedia. Ayuda — Ayuda general acerca con este Wikipedia. El Portal Del Comunidad — Maga pisara, proyecto, recurso y actividades que ta cubri de este Wikipedia. Noticia — Maga noticias concierne de este Wikipedia. Maga Hermana Proyecto El Fundacion Wikimedia amo ta sirvi con este Wikipedia. El fundacion es un organización que ta sirvi tambien maga otro projecto : Wiki-diccionario Diccionario y Tesoro En Tagalog Wiki-noticia Maga Libre Noticia En Ingles Wiki-cita Maga Colección de Cita En Ingles Wiki-libro Maga Libre Libro En Ingles Wiki-especie Directorio de Especie En Ingles Wiki-biblioteca Libre Biblioteca En Ingles Wikiversidad Libre Materiales y Actividades Comon Repositorio del maga Medios de Comunicación Meta Coordinacion del maga Projecto de Wikimedia El Fundacion Wikimedia amo ta sirvi con este Wikipedia. El fundacion es un organización que ta sirvi tambien maga otro projecto : Wiki-diccionario Diccionario y Tesoro En Tagalog Wiki-noticia Maga Libre Noticia En Ingles Wiki-cita Maga Colección de Cita En Ingles Wiki-libro Maga Libre Libro En Ingles Wiki-especie Directorio de Especie En Ingles Wiki-biblioteca Libre Biblioteca En Ingles Wikiversidad Libre Materiales y Actividades Comon Repositorio del maga Medios de Comunicación Meta Coordinacion del maga Projecto de Wikimedia Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lenguaje Del Mundo Este el Wikipedia en Chavacano . Ya prinsipia este Wikipedia del Octubre 2 , 2006 y ahora tiene ya 3235 maga articulo. Mucho pa maga otro clase de Wikipedia que obtenible na otro maga lenguaje. El maga bien grande Wikipedia amo el maga siguiente listado: Mas de 250,000 maga articulo: Aleman · Español · Frances · Italiano · Holandes · Japones · Poloña · Portugués · Russo · Sueco · Chino Mas de 100,000 maga articulo: Arabico · Indonesio · Catalan · Checo · Danes · Esperanto · Koreano · Hungaro · Noruego · Romañano · Eslovakiano · Finlandes · Turko · Ucrañano Mas de 40,000 maga articulo: Malayo · Bulgario · Estoño · Griego · Ingles Simple · Persiano · Gallego · Hebreo · Croaciano · Lituano · Noruego Nivel · Esloveña · Serbio · Tailandes · Vietnamito El Completo Lista de Maga Wikipedia · Coordinacion Lingual-multipulo · Prinsipia Nuevo Wikipedia Na Otro Lenguaje Este el Wikipedia en Chavacano . Ya prinsipia este Wikipedia del Octubre 2 , 2006 y ahora tiene ya 3235 maga articulo. Mucho pa maga otro clase de Wikipedia que obtenible na otro maga lenguaje. El maga bien grande Wikipedia amo el maga siguiente listado: Mas de 250,000 maga articulo: Aleman · Español · Frances · Italiano · Holandes · Japones · Poloña · Portugués · Russo · Sueco · Chino Mas de 100,000 maga articulo: Arabico · Indonesio · Catalan · Checo · Danes · Esperanto · Koreano · Hungaro · Noruego · Romañano · Eslovakiano · Finlandes · Turko · Ucrañano Mas de 40,000 maga articulo: Malayo · Bulgario · Estoño · Griego · Ingles Simple · Persiano · Gallego · Hebreo · Croaciano · Lituano · Noruego Nivel · Esloveña · Serbio · Tailandes · Vietnamito El Completo Lista de Maga Wikipedia · Coordinacion Lingual-multipulo · Prinsipia Nuevo Wikipedia Na Otro Lenguaje Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lengaje De Filipinas Tiene tambien maga Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje del Filipinas como el maga siguiente: Bicolano Central · Cebuano · Filipino (na incubadora) · Hiligaynon o Ilonggo (na incubadora) · Ilokano · Kinaray-a (na incubadora) · Kapampangan · Pangasinan · Bicolano de Rinconada (na incubadora) · Tagalog · Tausug (na incubadora) · Waray-Waray Tiene tambien maga Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje del Filipinas como el maga siguiente: Bicolano Central · Cebuano · Filipino (na incubadora) · Hiligaynon o Ilonggo (na incubadora) · Ilokano · Kinaray-a (na incubadora) · Kapampangan · Pangasinan · Wikipedia Na Otro Maga Lenguaje Familiar Na Español Maga hermano Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje familiar con el lenguaje Español y maga criollo base con el lenguaje Castellano: Aragonés · Asturianu (Asturiano) · Catalàn (Català) · Chamoru (Chamorro) · Español · Interlingua · Ladino · Latína (Latín) · Papiamentu (Papiamento) · Tagalog Maga hermano Wikipedia que ta existi na maga otro lenguaje familiar con el lenguaje Español y maga criollo base con el lenguaje Castellano: Tiene ahora 3235 maga articulo aqui na Wikipedia en Chavacano. Buenas! Que tal? Este dia es Sabado , (Bonito el dia!) 10 de Enero año 2026 . El Palabra Del Dia: petate - (En: straw fine mat used as bedroll sleeping gear ) Proyecto de Palabra del Dia El Refran Del Dia: "Amor de maga hente" Proyecto de Refran del Dia Participacion y Comunidad ¿Como puede colabora? · Maga Primero Paso · Guia · Ayuda · Comunidad · Cafeteria · Libro de Maga Visita · Acerca de Wikipedia en Chavacano · Derechos del Autor · El Cinco Pilares del Wikipedia · Aviso Legal Busqueda y Consulta Indice de Maga Categoria El Pono de Maga Categoria Indice Alfabetico Todo Maga Pagina Portada del Maga Portal Explora Con El Entero Wikipedia Maga Cuantos Articulos Iglesia Romano Catolico Filipinas Chavacano Jose Rizal Benigno Aquino Español Na Filipinas El Verdadero Iglesia de Jesus Katipunan Norberto Romuáldez Emilio Aguinaldo Metro Manila Arte Martial Peninsula de Zamboanga Manuel L. Quezon Filipino Ciudad de Zamboanga Zamboangueño Pilar España India El Filibusterismo Caracas Venezuela Interlingua Noli Me Tangere Potenciano Gregorio Jeepney Quezon El Completo Lista De Maga Articulo Peticion Por El Maga Articulo En Chavacano El Maga Categoria Maga Ciencia Naturales y Formales Astronomia y Astrofisica · Biologia · Botanica · Ciencia de maga Animal · Ciencia General · Fisica · Ciencia de la Tierra · Logica Natural · Matematico · Quimica Maga Ciencia Sociales Antropologia · Comunicacion · Derecho · Economia · Educacion · Filosofia · Geografia · Historia · Humanidad · Linguistica · Logica · Politica · Psicologia · Religion · Sociologia Maga Ciencia Aplicadas Recursos Naturales · Biotechnologia · Maga Ciencia de la Salud · Informatico · Ingeniera · Medicina · Tecnologia · Telecomunicacion · Transporte El Artes, Cultura y Sociedad El Artes · Anime · Arquitectura · Artesenia · Artes Graficas · Baile · Biografia · Cine · Comunicacion Social · Cultura · Deporte · Escultura · Espectaculos · Filipiñana · Foclores · Fotografia · Fiestas · Gastronomia · Humor · Maga Juego · Literatura · LGBT · Musica · Pelicula · Pintura · Sociedad · Artesenia · Teatro · Ocio El Pono de Maga Categoria Wikimedia Filipinas Wikipedia en Chavacano de Zamboanga Dedicado para preserva, mantene y propaga con el lenguaje Zamboangueño. Por bella Zamboanga Hermosa. 2 de Octubre , Año 2006 Tiene ahora 3235 maga articulo aqui na Wikipedia en Chavacano. Buenas! Que tal? Este dia es Sabado , (Bonito el dia!) 10 de Enero año 2026 . Tiene ahora 3235 maga articulo aqui na Wikipedia en Chavacano. Buenas! Que tal? Este dia es Sabado , (Bonito el dia!) 10 de Enero año 2026 . El Palabra Del Dia: petate - (En: straw fine mat used as bedroll sleeping gear ) Proyecto de Palabra del Dia El Refran Del Dia: "Amor de maga hente" Proyecto de Refran del Dia Participacion y Comunidad ¿Como puede colabora? · Maga Primero Paso · Guia · Ayuda · Comunidad · Cafeteria · Libro de Maga Visita · Acerca de Wikipedia en Chavacano · Derechos del Autor · El Cinco Pilares del Wikipedia · Aviso Legal ¿Como puede colabora? · Maga Primero Paso · Guia · Ayuda · Comunidad · Cafeteria · Libro de Maga Visita · Acerca de Wikipedia en Chavacano · Derechos del Autor · El Cinco Pilares del Wikipedia · Aviso Legal Busqueda y Consulta Indice de Maga Categoria El Pono de Maga Categoria Indice Alfabetico Todo Maga Pagina Portada del Maga Portal Explora Con El Entero Wikipedia Indice de Maga Categoria El Pono de Maga Categoria Indice Alfabetico Todo Maga Pagina Portada del Maga Portal Explora Con El Entero Wikipedia Maga Cuantos Articulos Iglesia Romano Catolico Filipinas Chavacano Jose Rizal Benigno Aquino Español Na Filipinas El Verdadero Iglesia de Jesus Katipunan Norberto Romuáldez Emilio Aguinaldo Metro Manila Arte Martial Peninsula de Zamboanga Manuel L. Quezon Filipino Ciudad de Zamboanga Zamboangueño Pilar España India El Filibusterismo Caracas Venezuela Interlingua Noli Me Tangere Potenciano Gregorio Jeepney Quezon El Completo Lista De Maga Articulo Peticion Por El Maga Articulo En Chavacano Iglesia Romano Catolico Filipinas Chavacano Jose Rizal Benigno Aquino Español Na Filipinas El Verdadero Iglesia de Jesus Katipunan Norberto Romuáldez Emilio Aguinaldo Metro Manila Arte Martial Peninsula de Zamboanga Manuel L. 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Por bella Zamboanga Hermosa. 2 de Octubre , Año 2006 العربية Български বাংলা বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Napulitano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Del a las 16:25 del 6 Febrero 2025 el ultimo edit de este pagina. Available el texto bajo na Licencia de Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike ; puede este tiene maga condicion adicional. Mira na [1] para na maga detalle. Policia de Privacidad Acerca de Wikipedia Maga disclaimer Codigo de Conducto Maga developer Maga estadistica Statement de cookies Version para na cellphone
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Antiquity and Early Middle Ages 2.2 High Middle Ages 2.3 Late Middle Ages 2.4 Modern era 2.5 Soviet era 2.6 War and secession 2.7 Post-1994 ceasefire 2.8 2020 war and ceasefire agreement 2.9 Blockade (2022–2023) 2.10 Azerbaijani offensive (2023) 2.1 Antiquity and Early Middle Ages 2.2 High Middle Ages 2.3 Late Middle Ages 2.4 Modern era 2.5 Soviet era 2.6 War and secession 2.7 Post-1994 ceasefire 2.8 2020 war and ceasefire agreement 2.9 Blockade (2022–2023) 2.10 Azerbaijani offensive (2023) 3 Geography 4 Environment 5 Demographics Toggle Demographics subsection 5.1 Antiquity – 1918 5.2 1918–1920 5.3 1921–1987 5.3.1 Discrimination and stagnation 5.4 1988–present 5.1 Antiquity – 1918 5.2 1918–1920 5.3 1921–1987 5.3.1 Discrimination and stagnation 5.3.1 Discrimination and stagnation 5.4 1988–present 6 Transport Toggle Transport subsection 6.1 Air 6.2 Rail 6.1 Air 6.2 Rail 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Nagorno-Karabakh अंगिका العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy Malti मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Nagorno-Karabakh Location and extent of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (lighter color) Area • Total 4,400 km 2 (1,700 sq mi) • Water (%) negligible Population • 2013 estimate 146,573 [ 1 ] • 2010 census 141,400 [ 2 ] • Density 29/km 2 (75.1/sq mi) Time zone UTC +4 Nagorno-Karabakh ( / n ə ˌ ɡ ɔːr n oʊ k ər ə ˈ b ɑː k / ⓘ , nə- GOR -noh kər-ə- BAHK ; [ 3 ] lit. ' Upper Karabakh ' ) is a region in Azerbaijan , covering the southeastern stretch of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range. Part of the greater region of Karabakh , it spans the area between Lower Karabakh and Syunik . Its terrain mostly consists of mountains and forestland. Most of Nagorno-Karabakh was governed by ethnic Armenians under the breakaway Republic of Artsakh – also known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) – from the end of the first Nagorno-Karabakh War between Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1994 to the announcement of the dissolution of the republic in September 2023. Representatives from the two sides held numerous inconclusive peace talks mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group regarding the region's disputed status, with its majority-Armenian population over time variously advocating either for Artsakh's independence from both states or for its integration into Armenia. [ 4 ] The region is usually equated with the administrative borders of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast , comprising 4,400 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi); however, the region's historical extent encompasses approximately 8,223 square kilometres (3,175 sq mi). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] On 27 September 2020, the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War broke out with an Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding territories. [ 7 ] Azerbaijan made significant gains during the war, regaining all of the occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh and capturing one-third of Nagorno-Karabakh, including Shusha and Hadrut . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The war ended on 10 November 2020 when a trilateral ceasefire agreement was signed between Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Russia, under which all the remaining occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh were formally returned to Azerbaijani control. The Republic of Artsakh became an isolated rump state connected with Armenia only by a narrow Russian-controlled corridor . On 19 September 2023, after a blockade lasting several months, Azerbaijan launched a fresh large-scale military offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The Artsakh forces collapsed rapidly, resulting in an Azerbaijani victory, the dissolution of the Republic of Artsakh, [ 17 ] the exodus of almost the entire Armenian population from the region, [ 18 ] and the entry of Azerbaijani security forces into the former Artsakh capital of Stepanakert , known as Khankendi by Azerbaijan. [ 19 ] On 1 January 2024, the Republic of Artsakh was formally dissolved, [ 20 ] [ 17 ] marking the end of a millennia-old Armenian presence in Nagorno-Karabakh. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Various political analysts, along with residents of Nagorno-Karabakh, accused Azerbaijan of committing ethnic cleansing . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Etymology The prefix Nagorno- derives from the Russian attributive adjective nagorny ( нагорный ), which means "highland". The Azerbaijani names of the region include the similar adjectives dağlıq (mountainous) or yuxarı (upper). Such words are not used in the Armenian name, but appeared in the region's official name during the Soviet era as Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast . Other languages apply their own wording for mountainous , upper , or highland ; for example, the official name used for the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic in French is Haut-Karabakh , meaning "Upper Karabakh". The names for the region in the various local languages all translate to "mountainous Karabakh", or "mountainous black garden": Armenian : Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ , transliterated Leṙnayin Ġarabaġ , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} pronounced [lɛrnɑˈjin ʁɑɾɑˈbɑʁ] listen ⓘ Azerbaijani : Dağlıq Qarabağ , Дағлыг Гарабағ , lit. ' mountainous Karabakh ' , pronounced [dɑɣˈlɯɣ ɡɑˈɾɑbɑɣ] listen ⓘ or Yuxarı Qarabağ , Јухары Гарабағ , lit. ' upper Karabakh ' , pronounced [juxɑˈɾɯ ɡɑˈɾɑbɑɣ] listen ⓘ Russian : Нагорный Карабах , transliterated Nagorny Karabakh , pronounced [nɐˈɡornɨj kərɐˈbax] Armenians living in the area often call Nagorno-Karabakh Artsakh ( Armenian : Արցախ ), the name of the 10th province of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia . Urartian inscriptions (9th–7th centuries BC) use the name Urtekhini for the region. Ancient Greek sources called the area Orkhistene . [ 29 ] History Antiquity and Early Middle Ages Nagorno-Karabakh falls within the lands occupied by peoples known to modern archaeologists as the Kura-Araxes culture who lived between the two rivers Kura and Araxes . [ 32 ] The ancient population of the region consisted of various autochthonous local and migrant tribes who were mostly non-Indo-Europeans. [ 33 ] According to the prevailing western theory, these natives intermarried with Armenians who came to the region after its inclusion into Armenia in the 2nd (or possibly earlier, the 4th) century BC. [ 34 ] Other scholars suggest that the Armenians settled in the region as early as the 7th century BC. [ 35 ] Around 180 BC, Artsakh became one of the 15 provinces of the Armenian Kingdom and remained so until the 4th century. [ 36 ] While formally having the status of a province ( nahang ), Artsakh possibly formed a principality on its own – like Armenia's province of Syunik. Other theories suggest that Artsakh was a royal land , belonging directly to the king of Armenia. [ 37 ] King Tigran the Great of Armenia (who ruled from 95 to 55 BC) founded in Artsakh one of four cities named Tigranakert after himself. [ 38 ] The ruins of the ancient Tigranakert , located 50 km (30 mi) north-east of Stepanakert , are being studied by a group of international scholars. In 387 AD, after the partition of Armenia between the Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia , two Armenian provinces – Artsakh and Utik – became part of the Sassanid satrapy of Caucasian Albania , which in turn came under strong Armenian religious and cultural influence. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] At the time the population of Artsakh and Utik consisted of Armenians and several Armenized tribes. [ 33 ] Armenian culture and civilization flourished in the early medieval Nagorno-Karabakh. In the 5th century, the first-ever Armenian school was opened on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh at Amaras Monastery through the efforts of St. Mesrop Mashtots , the inventor of the Armenian alphabet . [ 41 ] St. Mesrop was very active in preaching the Gospel in Artsakh and Utik. Overall, Mesrop Mashtots made three trips to Artsakh and Utik, ultimately reaching pagan territories at the foothills of the Greater Caucasus . [ 42 ] [ edition needed ] The 7th-century Armenian linguist and grammarian Stephanos Syunetsi stated in his work that Armenians of Artsakh had their own dialect, and encouraged his readers to learn it. [ 43 ] High Middle Ages Around the mid 7th century, the region was conquered by the invading Muslim Arabs through the Muslim conquest of Persia . Subsequently, it was ruled by local governors endorsed by the Caliphate . According to some sources, in 821 the Armenian [ 44 ] prince Sahl Smbatian revolted in Artsakh and established the House of Khachen , which ruled Artsakh as a principality until the early 19th century. [ 45 ] According to other sources, Sahl Smbatian "was of the Zamirhakan family of kings", and in the year 837–838 he acquired sovereignty over Armenia, Georgia, and Albania. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] The name "Khachen" originated from Armenian word khach , which means "cross". [ 48 ] By 1000 the House of Khachen proclaimed the Kingdom of Artsakh with John Senecherib as its first ruler. [ 49 ] Initially Dizak in southern Artsakh also formed a kingdom ruled by the ancient House of Aranshahik , descended from the earliest Kings of Caucasian Albania. In 1261, after the daughter of the last king of Dizak married the king of Artsakh, Armenian [ 50 ] prince Hasan Jalal Dola , the two states merged into one [ 45 ] Armenian [ 51 ] Principality of Khachen . Subsequently, Artsakh continued to exist as a de facto independent principality. Late Middle Ages In the 15th century, the territory of Karabakh was part of the states ruled subsequently by the Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu Turkic tribal confederations. According to Abu Bakr Tihrani , during the period of Jahan Shah (1438–1468), the ruler of Kara Koyunlu, Piri bey Karamanli held the governorship of Karabakh. [ 54 ] However, according to Robert H. Hewsen , the Turkoman lord Jahan Shah (1437–1467) assigned the governorship of upper Karabakh to local Armenian princes, allowing a native Armenian leadership to emerge consisting of five noble families led by princes who held the titles of meliks . [ 45 ] These dynasties represented the branches of the earlier House of Khachen and were the descendants of the medieval kings of Artsakh. Their lands were often referred to as the Country of Khamsa ('five' in Arabic). In a Charter (2 June 1799) of the Emperor Paul I titled "About their admission to Russian suzerainty, land allocation, rights and privileges", it was noted that the Christian heritage of the Karabakh region and all their people were admitted to the Russian suzerainty. [ 55 ] However, according to Robert Hewsen , the Russian Empire recognized the sovereign status of the five princes in their domains by the charter of Emperor Paul I dated 2 June 1799. [ 56 ] The Armenian meliks were granted supreme command over neighbouring Armenian principalities and Muslim khans in the Caucasus by the Iranian king Nader Shah , in return for the meliks' victories over the invading Ottoman Turks in the 1720s. [ 57 ] These five principalities [ 58 ] in Karabakh were ruled by Armenian families who had received the title Melik (prince) and were the following: Principality of Gulistan – under the leadership of the Melik-Beglarian family Principality of Jraberd – under the leadership of the Melik-Israelian family Principality of Khachen – under the leadership of the Hasan-Jalalian family Principality of Varanda – under the leadership of the Melik-Shahnazarian family Principality of Dizak – under the leadership of the Melik-Avanian family From 1501 to 1736, during the existence of the Safavid Empire , the province of Karabakh was governed by the Ziyadoghlu Qajar dynasty, until Nader Shah took over Karabakh from their rule. [ 59 ] The Armenian meliks maintained full control over the region until the mid-18th century. [ citation needed ] In the early 18th century, Iran's Nader Shah took Karabakh out of control of the Ganja khans in punishment for their support of the Safavids , and placed it under his own control [ 60 ] [ 61 ] In the mid-18th century, as internal conflicts between the meliks led to their weakening, the Karabakh Khanate was formed. The Karabakh khanate , one of the largest khanates under Iranian suzerainty, [ 62 ] was headed by Panah-Ali khan Javanshir . For the reinforcement of the power of Karabakh khanate, Khan of Karabakh, Panah-Ali khan Javanshir, built up " the fortress of Panahabad (today Shusha)" in 1751. During that time, Otuziki, Javanshir , Kebirli, and other Turkic tribes constituted the majority of the overall population. Modern era Karabakh (including modern-day Nagorno-Karabakh), became a protectorate of the Russian Empire by the Kurekchay Treaty , signed between Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Karabakh and general Pavel Tsitsianov on behalf of Tsar Alexander I in 1805, according to which the Russian monarch recognized Ibrahim Khalil Khan and his descendants as the sole hereditary rulers of the region. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] However, its new status was only confirmed following the outcome of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) , when through the loss in the war, Persia formally ceded Karabakh to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Gulistan (1813), [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] before the rest of Transcaucasia was incorporated into the Empire in 1828 by the Treaty of Turkmenchay , which came as an outcome of the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) . In 1822, 9 years after it passed from Iranian to Russian control, the Karabakh Khanate was dissolved and the area became part of the Elizavetpol Governorate within the Russian Empire. In 1823 the five districts corresponding roughly to modern-day Nagorno-Karabakh were 90.8% Armenian-populated. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Soviet era After the October Revolution , Karabakh became part of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic , but this soon dissolved into separate Armenian , Azerbaijani , and Georgian states. Over the next two years (1918–1920), there were a series of short wars between Armenia and Azerbaijan over several regions, including Nagorno-Karabakh. Between 1918 and 1920, Nagorno-Karabakh's de jure affiliation with Armenia or Azerbaijan was disputed and not adjudicated by the League of Nations . [ 72 ] [ 73 ] In July 1918, the First Armenian Assembly of Nagorno-Karabakh declared the region self-governing and created a National Council and government. [ 74 ] Later, Ottoman troops entered Karabakh, meeting armed resistance by Armenians. After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, British troops occupied Karabakh. The British command provisionally affirmed Khosrov bey Sultanov (appointed by the Azerbaijani government) as the governor-general of Karabakh and Zangezur , pending a final decision by the Paris Peace Conference . [ 75 ] The decision was opposed by Karabakh Armenians. In February 1920, the Karabakh National Council preliminarily agreed to Azerbaijani jurisdiction, while Armenians elsewhere in Karabakh continued guerrilla fighting, never accepting the agreement. [ 74 ] The agreement itself was soon annulled by the Ninth Karabagh Assembly, which declared union with Armenia in April. [ 74 ] [ 76 ] In April 1920, while the Azerbaijani army was locked in Karabakh fighting local Armenian forces, Azerbaijan was taken over by Bolsheviks . On 10 August 1920, Armenia signed a preliminary agreement with the Bolsheviks, agreeing to a temporary Bolshevik occupation of these areas until final settlement would be reached. [ 77 ] In 1921, Armenia and Georgia were also taken over by the Bolsheviks. After the Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Kavbiuro (Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) ) decided that Karabakh would remain within Azerbaijan SSR with broad regional autonomy, with the administrative centre in the city of Shusha (the administrative center was later moved to Stepanakert ). [ 78 ] The oblast's borders were drawn to include Armenian villages and to exclude as much as possible Azerbaijani villages. [ 79 ] The resulting district ensured an Armenian majority. With the Soviet Union firmly in control of the region, the conflict over the region died down for several decades until the beginning of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the question of Nagorno-Karabakh re-emerged. Accusing the Azerbaijani SSR government of conducting forced Azerification of the region, the majority Armenian population, with ideological and material support from the Armenian SSR , started a movement to have the autonomous oblast transferred to the Armenian SSR. [ 80 ] In August 1987, Karabakh Armenians sent a petition for union with Armenia with tens of thousands of signatures to Moscow. [ 81 ] War and secession On 13 February 1988, Karabakh Armenians began demonstrating in Stepanakert , in favour of unification with the Armenian republic. Six days later they were joined by mass marches in Yerevan . On 20 February, the Soviet of People's Deputies in Karabakh voted 110 to 17 to request the transfer of the region to Armenia. This unprecedented action by a regional Soviet brought out tens of thousands of demonstrations both in Stepanakert and Yerevan, but Moscow rejected the Armenians' demands. The confrontation between the Azeris and the police near Askeran degenerated into the Askeran clash , which left two Azeris dead, one of them allegedly killed by an Azeri police officer. Fifty Armenian villagers and an unknown number of Azeris and police officers were injured. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Large numbers of refugees left Armenia and Azerbaijan as violence began against the minority populations of the respective republics. [ 85 ] On 7 July 1988, the European Parliament passed a resolution that condemned the violence employed against Armenian demonstrators in Azerbaijan, and supported the demand of the Armenians for reunification with the Soviet Republic of Armenia. [ 86 ] On 29 November 1989, direct rule in Nagorno-Karabakh was ended and the region was returned to Azerbaijani administration. [ 87 ] The Soviet policy backfired, however, when a joint session of the Armenian Supreme Soviet and the National Council, the legislative body of Nagorno-Karabakh, proclaimed the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia. [ citation needed ] On 26 November 1991 Azerbaijan abolished the status of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast , rearranging the administrative division and bringing the territory under direct control of Azerbaijan. [ 88 ] On 10 December 1991, in a referendum boycotted by local Azerbaijanis, [ 84 ] Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh approved the creation of an independent state. A Soviet proposal for enhanced autonomy for Nagorno-Karabakh within Azerbaijan satisfied neither side and a full-scale war subsequently erupted between Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh, with the latter receiving support from Armenia. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] [ 92 ] According to Armenia's former president, Levon Ter-Petrossian , the Karabakh leadership approach was maximalist and "they thought they could get more." [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] The struggle over Nagorno-Karabakh escalated after both Armenia and Azerbaijan attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. In the post-Soviet power vacuum , military action between Azerbaijan and Armenia was heavily influenced by the Russian military . Furthermore, both the Armenian and Azerbaijani military employed a large number of mercenaries from Ukraine and Russia. [ 96 ] Between fifteen and twenty-five hundred Afghan mujahideen , along with fighters from Chechnya , participated in the fighting on Azerbaijan's side. [ 84 ] Russia provided Armenia with heavy artillery and tanks. [ 84 ] Many survivors from the Azerbaijani side found shelter in 12 emergency camps set up in other parts of Azerbaijan to cope with the growing number of internally displaced people due to the first Nagorno-Karabakh war. [ 97 ] By the end of 1993, the conflict had caused about 30,000 casualties [ 98 ] and created hundreds of thousands of refugees on both sides. [ citation needed ] By May 1994, the Armenians were in control of 14% of the territory of Azerbaijan. [ 99 ] At that stage, for the first time during the conflict, the Azerbaijani government recognized Nagorno-Karabakh as a third party in the war and started direct negotiations with the Karabakh authorities. As a result, a ceasefire was reached on 12 May 1994 through Russian mediation. Post-1994 ceasefire Despite the ceasefire, fatalities due to armed conflicts between Armenian and Azerbaijani soldiers continued. [ 100 ] On 25 January 2005, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) adopted PACE Resolution 1416 , which condemned ethnic cleansing against Azerbaijanis. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] On 15–17 May 2007 the 34th session of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Organization of Islamic Conference adopted resolution No. 7/34-P, considering the occupation of Azerbaijani territory as the aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan and recognizing the actions against Azerbaijani civilians as a crime against humanity , and condemning the destruction of archaeological, cultural and religious monuments in the occupied territories. [ 103 ] The 11th session of the summit of the Organization of the Islamic Conference held on 13–14 March 2008 in Dakar adopted resolution No. 10/11-P (IS). In the resolution, OIC member states condemned the occupation of Azerbaijani lands by Armenian forces and Armenian aggression against Azerbaijan, ethnic cleansing against the Azeri population, and charged Armenia with the "destruction of cultural monuments in the occupied Azerbaijani territories". [ 104 ] On 14 March of the same year the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution No. 62/243 which "demands the immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan". [ 105 ] On 18–20 May 2010, the 37th session of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Organization of Islamic Conference in Dushanbe adopted another resolution condemning the aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan, recognizing the actions against Azerbaijani civilians as a crime against humanity and condemning the destruction of archaeological, cultural, and religious monuments in occupied territories. [ 106 ] On 20 May of the same year, the European Parliament in Strasbourg adopted the resolution on "The need for an EU Strategy for the South Caucasus" on the basis of the report by Evgeni Kirilov , the Bulgarian member of the Parliament. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] The resolution states in particular that "the occupied Azerbaijani regions around Nagorno-Karabakh must be cleared as soon as possible". [ 109 ] On 26 January 2016, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) adopted Resolution 2085 , which deplored the fact that the occupation by Armenia of Nagorno-Karabakh and other adjacent areas of Azerbaijan creates humanitarian and environmental problems for the citizens of Azerbaijan, condemned ethnic cleansing against Azerbaijanis and Assembly requested immediate withdrawal of Armenian armed forces from the region concerned. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Several [ quantify ] world leaders have met with the presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan over the years, but efforts to maintain the ceasefire have failed. [ 113 ] On 2 April 2016 Azerbaijani and Armenian forces again clashed in the region. [ citation needed ] The Armenian Defense Ministry alleged that Azerbaijan launched an offensive to seize territory in the region. At least 30 soldiers were killed during the fighting and a Mil Mi-24 helicopter and tank were also destroyed, with 12 of the fallen soldiers belonging to the Azerbaijani forces and the other 18 belonging to the Armenian forces, as well as an additional 35 Armenian soldiers reportedly wounded. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] 2020 war and ceasefire agreement On 27 September 2020, a new war erupted in Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding territories. [ 7 ] The United Nations strongly condemned the conflict and called on both sides to deescalate tensions and resume meaningful negotiations without delay. [ 116 ] The war ended on 10 November 2020, when a trilateral ceasefire agreement was signed among Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Russia. [ 117 ] According to the ceasefire agreement, Azerbaijan regained all of the occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh and capturing one-third of Nagorno-Karabakh proper, including Shusha and Hadrut . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 118 ] Blockade (2022–2023) In December 2022, Azerbaijanis claiming to be environmental activists blocked the Lachin corridor , the sole road connecting Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia and the outside world. [ 119 ] On 23 April 2023, Azerbaijani forces installed a checkpoint on the Lachin corridor. [ 120 ] The blockade led to a humanitarian crisis for the population in Artsakh and imports of essential goods were blocked, as well as humanitarian convoys of the Red Cross and the Russian peacekeepers, trapping the 120,000 residents of the region. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] [ 123 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Limited traffic had been conducted by Russian peacekeepers and the International Committee of the Red Cross to transport patients in need of medical care and provide humanitarian supplies. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] However, starting on 15 June 2023, Azerbaijan intensified the blockade, blocking all passage of food, fuel, and medicine from the Red Cross and the Russian peacekeepers through the Lachin corridor. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 130 ] On 19 September, Azerbaijan launched a military operation . Azerbaijani offensive (2023) On 19 September 2023, Azerbaijan launched a military offensive on Nagorno-Karabakh. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] One day after the offensive started, on 20 September, an agreement on establishing a complete cessation of hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh was reached at the mediation of the Russian peacekeeping command in Nagorno-Karabakh. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] Azerbaijan held a meeting with representatives of the Artsakh Armenian community on 21 September in Yevlakh to start the process of re-integrating the region into Azerbaijan. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Ceasefire violations by Azerbaijan were nonetheless reported by both Artsakh and local residents in Stepanakert on 21 September. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] In the aftermath of the offensive, an exodus of Armenians from the region started. [ 18 ] On 28 September 2023, the Republic of Artsakh agreed to dissolve itself by 1 January 2024. [ 17 ] Geography Nagorno-Karabakh has a total area of 4,400 square kilometres (1,699 sq mi). [ 137 ] Approximately half of Nagorno-Karabakh terrain is over 950 metres (3,120 ft) above sea level . [ 138 ] The borders of Nagorno-Karabakh resemble a kidney bean with the indentation on the east side. It has tall mountain ridges along the northern edge and along the west and mountainous south. The part near the indentation of the kidney bean itself is a relatively flat valley, with the two edges of the bean, the districts of Martakert and Martuni , having flatlands as well. Other flatter valleys exist around the Sarsang reservoir , Hadrut , and the south. The entire region lies, on average, 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level . [ 138 ] Notable peaks include the border mountain Murovdag and the Great Kirs mountain chain in the junction of Shusha and Hadrut districts. The territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh forms a portion of the historic region of Karabakh, which lies between the rivers Kura and Araxes , and the modern Armenia-Azerbaijan border. Nagorno-Karabakh in its modern borders is part of the larger region of Upper Karabakh. Nagorno-Karabakh does not directly border Armenia but is connected to the latter through the Lachin corridor , a mountain pass under the control of the Russian peacekeeping forces in Nagorno-Karabakh . The major cities of the region are Stepanakert , which once served as the capital of the unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Shusha , which lies partially in ruins. Vineyards, orchards, and mulberry groves for silkworms are developed in the valleys. [ 139 ] Environment Nagorno-Karabakh's environment vary from steppe on the Kura lowland through dense forests of oak , hornbeam , and beech on the lower mountain slopes to birchwood and alpine meadows higher up. The region possesses numerous mineral springs and deposits of zinc , coal , lead , gold , marble , and limestone . [ 140 ] Demographics Antiquity – 1918 Historically, the inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh — then part of the province of Artsakh — were confirmed by Ancient Greek and Roman sources "long before our era" to be Armenian. [ 141 ] [ better source needed ] In the early 15th century, German traveller Johann Schiltberger after visiting the region stated that "although the Muslims had taken possession of Karabagh, there were still Armenian villages in the region". [ 142 ] Historian Victor Schnirelmann writes that "In the mid-18th century, … Turkic tribes … gained access to the highland territories [of Karabakh] and began to settle in Shusha … by the end of the 18th century, a substantial number of its former Armenian inhabitants had left Nagorny Karabagh. Just at the turn of the 19th century, the Turkic population significantly outnumbered the local Armenians, but this only lasted … [until the] end of the 1820s, [when] the Armenians began to come back to Karabagh, and they accounted for the majority of its population by the mid-19th century". [ 143 ] Edmund Herzig and Marina Kurkchiyan present an alternative view that "Armenians had already been a majority in some areas such as mountainous Karabagh", compared to the Yerevan province which had "regained an Armenian majority for the first time in several hundred years." [ 144 ] According to an 1823 Russian survey published in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi ) in 1866, [ 142 ] Armenians made up 97 percent of the population in the five districts ( mahals ) of Nagorno-Karabakh, [ 145 ] thus proving, contrary to claims in Azerbaijani historiography , that Armenians formed an overwhelming majority of Nagorno-Karabakh prior to 1828. Historian George Bournoutian writes that Russian statistics from 1810 show that Armenians made up 21 percent of the Karabakh region's population; In 1823, the Armenian population of Karabakh had increased by 30 percent "after the return of those who had fled the region", and by 1832, the Armenian population had increased to one-third of Karabakh. Moreover, the "one-third" of the population of Karabakh composed of Armenians resided in one-third of the territory of Karabakh, the mountainous territory (i.e. Nagorno-Karabakh), where they "constituted an overwhelming majority of the population." [ 142 ] 1918–1920 According to Armenian sources, the "historical Nagorno-Karabakh" region had a population of 300,000–330,000 in 1918–1920, rising to 700,000–800,000 by 1988. As a result of " Turkish - Azerbaijani aggression", the region's population declined by 20 percent in 1918–1920. [ 146 ] In this period, Azerbaijani forces carried out massacres against Armenians in Ghaibalishen, Jamilli, Karkijahan, and Pahlul (600–700 dead [ 147 ] ), Stepanakert (several hundred dead [ 148 ] ), and Shusha (several hundred [ 149 ] to 12,000 dead [ 150 ] ). As a result of the Shusha massacre, 5,000–6,000 Armenians were displaced to the regions of Varanda and Dizak . [ 151 ] By 11 April 1920, some thirty villages in Nagorno-Karabakh had been "devastated" by Azerbaijani forces as a result of the uprising, leaving 25,000 homeless (including nearly 6,000 refugees from Shusha). [ 152 ] 1921–1987 1923 statistics indicate that the NKAO was 94.8 percent Armenian, numbering 149,600, whilst the Azerbaijani population numbered 7,700. Historian Cory Welt writes of a "discrepancy" of the Armenian population jumping by over 25,000 individuals between the 1921 and 1923 censuses, also pointing out that the Armenian population declined to 111,700 in 1926, thus indicating an "unexplained drop" of 38,000 individuals. [ 153 ] In the 1920s, the NKAO had a population of 131,500 people, 94.4 percent (124,136) of whom were ethnic Armenians and only 5.6 percent (7,364) of whom were ethnic Azerbaijanis. [ 144 ] In 1933, Nagorno-Karabakh had a population of 147,308, 10,751 (7.3 percent) of whom were urban dwellers, and 136,557 (92.7 percent) of whom were rural residents. [ 154 ] On 1 January 1973, the oblast had a population of 153,000. [ 155 ] Discrimination and stagnation Whilst the region was a part of the Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian share of the population dropped from 94.7 to 76.9 percent, whilst the Azerbaijani share of the population quadrupled from 5.1 to 21.5 percent [ 144 ] as a result of "migratory influx" [ 146 ] — indicative of the socio-economic difficulties local Armenians experienced under Soviet Azerbaijani leadership which led them to emigrate from Karabakh. [ 144 ] Emeritus professor of law M. Cherif Bassiouni writes of the stagnation of the Armenian population "due to the discriminatory policies of Azerbaijani authorities that compelled Armenians to emigrate"; also adding that 600,000 Armenians from Karabakh reside in Armenia and the countries of the CIS . [ 146 ] According to historian Deon Geldenhuys, "[t]his was due to Baku's deliberate promotion of Azerbaijani settlement in Karabagh as part of a policy of 'cultural de-Armenization' of the region"; further adding that Azerbaijan "neglected the economic needs of the territory". [ 156 ] Stuart J. Kaufman, a professor of political science and international relations, [ 157 ] writes of the difficulties of Karabakh Armenians: … Armenian-language education was not easily available, Armenian history was not taught at all, and those who went to Armenia for training were discriminated against in competing for jobs in the province, … Underinvestment in the region—also blamed on Baku—meant less economic development and poor infrastructure even by Soviet standards, and therefore fewer jobs overall, especially for Armenians. Cultural ties with Armenia were strangled in red tape in Baku, and a decision to make Armenian-language television available in the region was left unimplemented. One result of these policies was a continuing exodus of Armenians from Karabagh in search of greener pastures. [ 158 ] … Armenian-language education was not easily available, Armenian history was not taught at all, and those who went to Armenia for training were discriminated against in competing for jobs in the province, … Underinvestment in the region—also blamed on Baku—meant less economic development and poor infrastructure even by Soviet standards, and therefore fewer jobs overall, especially for Armenians. Cultural ties with Armenia were strangled in red tape in Baku, and a decision to make Armenian-language television available in the region was left unimplemented. One result of these policies was a continuing exodus of Armenians from Karabagh in search of greener pastures. [ 158 ] 1988–present Following the Sumgait pogrom and the exodus of Azerbaijanis from Armenia , Azerbaijanis in Stepanakert and Armenians in Shusha were expelled in September 1988. As local Armenian forces gained possession of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding districts (amounting to 14 percent of the internationally recognised territory of Azerbaijan) during the First Nagorno-Karabakh war , hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijanis were expelled from their lands. [ 84 ] During the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War , Azerbaijan regained control over the surrounding districts and southern parts of the former NKAO, thus displacing approximately 70,000 Armenians. [ 159 ] Ethnic group 1921 [ 153 ] [ 160 ] 1923 [ 141 ] [ 153 ] 1925 [ 141 ] 1926 [ 141 ] [ 161 ] 1939 [ 141 ] [ 162 ] 1959 [ 141 ] [ 163 ] 1970 [ 141 ] [ 164 ] 1979 [ 141 ] [ 165 ] 1989 [ 166 ] Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Armenians 122,426 94.73 149,600 94.8 142,470 90.28 111,694 89.24 132,800 88.04 110,053 84.39 121,068 80.54 123,076 75.89 145,450 76.92 Azerbaijanis [ a ] 6,550 5.07 7,700 4.9 15,261 9.67 12,592 10.06 14,053 9.32 17,995 13.80 27,179 18.08 37,264 22.98 40,688 21.52 Russians 267 0.21 500 0.3 46 0.03 596 0.48 3,174 2.10 1,790 1.37 1,310 0.87 1,265 0.78 1,922 1.02 Ukrainians 30 0.02 35 0.03 436 0.29 238 0.18 193 0.13 140 0.09 416 0.22 Belarusians 12 0.01 11 0.01 32 0.02 35 0.02 37 0.02 79 0.04 Greeks 68 0.05 74 0.05 67 0.05 33 0.02 56 0.03 72 0.04 Tatars 6 0.00 29 0.02 36 0.03 25 0.02 41 0.03 64 0.03 Georgians 5 0.00 25 0.02 16 0.01 22 0.01 17 0.01 57 0.03 Others 151 0.12 235 0.16 179 0.14 448 0.30 285 0.18 337 0.18 Total 129,243 [ b ] 100.00 157,800 100.0 157,807 100.00 125,159 100.00 150,837 100.00 130,406 100.00 150,313 100.00 162,181 100.00 189,085 100.00 Transport Air Location ICAO DAFIF IATA Airport name Coordinates Stepanakert UBBS UB13 Stepanakert Airport [ 167 ] .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 39°54′05″N 46°47′13″E / 39.90139°N 46.78694°E / 39.90139; 46.78694 ( Stepanakert Air Base ) In the post-Soviet era, Stepanakert Airport, the region's only airport, has not seen scheduled flights. [ 168 ] Rail During the rule of the Soviet Union, the Yevlakh – Aghdam – Stepanakert railway line connected the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region with the main part of Azerbaijan. In 1993, After the Nagorno-Karabakh war and the abandonment of Aghdam, the line's service was cut back to service only between Yevlax and Kətəlparaq , without any section in Nagorno-Karabakh. Services were restored in August 2025. [ 169 ] The former line between Kətəlparaq and Stepanakert has been almost completely destroyed. In land controlled by the former Republic of Artsakh, the ( Tbilisi – Gyumri –) Yerevan – Nakhchivan – Horadiz – Shirvan (– Baku ) main railway was also dismantled between Ordubad and Horadiz , as well as a branch-line from Mincivan to the Armenian city of Kapan . Currently, the Azerbaijani trains only travel to Horadiz. The railway at the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic still operates, but it is separated from the main Azerbaijani lines, and only has a connection to Iran . Construction of a new Horadiz-Agbend line began in 2023, with the first section completed in September 2025. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] See also Geography portal Europe portal Timeline of Artsakh history Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations List of active separatist movements in Europe Janapar – the hiking trail across Nagorno-Karabakh Outline of Nagorno-Karabakh Post-Soviet states Yekbûn Notes ^ Until 1936, Azerbaijanis were known as "Tatars" or "Turkish-Tatars". ^ With the city of Shusha included, the NKAO's total population was 138,466, the adjusted ethnic composition is as follows: Armenians – 122,715 (88.62%) Azerbaijanis – 15,444 (11.15%) Others – 307 (0.22%) Armenians – 122,715 (88.62%) Azerbaijanis – 15,444 (11.15%) Others – 307 (0.22%) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Population of NKR as of 01.01.2013" . 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Archived from the original on 7 May 2006 . Retrieved 5 September 2006 . ^ Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal by Tim Potier. ISBN 90-411-1477-7 ^ Walker. The Survival of a Nation . pp. 285–90 ^ "Q&A with Arsène Saparov: No Evidence that Stalin "gave" Karabakh to Azerbaijan" . armenian.usc.edu . 10 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020 . Retrieved 31 October 2020 . Of all the documents I have seen, there is no direct evidence of Stalin doing or saying something in those 12 days in the summer of 1921 that [resulted in this decision on Karabakh]. A lot of people just assume that since Stalin was an evil person, it would be typical of someone evil to take a decision like that. ^ Potier, Tim (2001). Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, A Legal Appraisal . The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. p. 5. ISBN 90-411-1477-7 . ^ Audrey L. Altstadt. 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The move [installation of a checkpoint] has increased the blockade of Nagorny Karabakh...A checkpoint on the border would give Azerbaijan the ability to stop any cars travelling between Armenia and Nagorny Karabakh. ^ Hauer, Neil (31 July 2023). "Karabakh blockade reaches critical point as food supplies run low" . www.intellinews.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2023 . Retrieved 1 August 2023 . Occasional ICRC and Russian traffic continued to pass until June 15, at which point Azerbaijan halted all humanitarian deliveries. No food, medicine or fuel has entered Nagorno-Karabakh since. ^ Gavin, Gabriel (19 December 2022). "Supplies begin to run low as Nagorno-Karabakh blockade continues" . eurasianet.org . Archived from the original on 1 February 2023 . Retrieved 22 December 2022 . ^ Kitachayev, Bashir (16 December 2022). "Azerbaijani roadblock cuts tens of thousands off from food, fuel and medicine" . openDemocracy . Archived from the original on 26 February 2023 . 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BBC News . 10 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020 . Retrieved 10 October 2020 . ^ "Перепись населения АзССР в 1921 г." [Census of the population of the AzSSR in 1921]. karabagh.am . Archived from the original on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 June 2022 . ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам республик СССР Archived 5 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Демоскоп ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Распределение городского и сельского населения областей союзных республик по национальности и полу Archived 5 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Демоскоп ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности Archived 5 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Демоскоп ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности Archived 5 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Демоскоп ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности Archived 5 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Демоскоп ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года.Распределение городского и сельского населения областей республик СССР по полу и национальности Archived 5 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Демоскоп ^ "Airports in Azerbaijan" . Worldaerodata.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . ^ Mejlumyan, Ani (8 April 2021). "Karabakh's airport still waiting for takeoff | Eurasianet" . eurasianet.org . ^ Briginshaw, David (5 September 2025). "Azerbaijan reopens line to Karabakh region" . International Railway Journal . ^ Rehimov, Ruslan (27 May 2023). "Azerbaijan intensifies work on construction of railway stretching to Zangezur corridor" . Anadolu Agency (AA) . ^ Boniface, Mugambi (6 September 2025). "Azerbaijan's Horadiz-Ağbend Railway Line begins operation" . Constructionreview . Bibliography Ali; Ekinciel (1 August 2015). Karabakh Diary (1 ed.). Russia: Sage. ISBN 978-605-9932-19-6 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2021 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Further reading Tsibenko, Veronika (2018). "Karabakh, Nagorno" . In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun ; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830 . Torres, Ricardo Juan (2022). "The role of Nagorno-Karabakh in the shaping of Armenian and Azeri identity". Consejo Argentino Para las Relaciones Internacionales . 12 (164): e60644. doi : 10.12957/rmi.2021.60466 (inactive 20 August 2025). JSTOR resrep40027 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2025 ( link ) External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Articles and Photography on Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) from UK Photojournalist Russell Pollard All UN Security Council resolutions on Nagorno-Karabakh, courtesy U.S. State department Nagorno-Karabakh Agreement of 2 November 2008 and country profile from BBC News Online Article on the 10 December Referendum from Russia Profile The conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference — Report by rapporteur David Atkinson presented to Political Affairs Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Conciliation Resources – Accord issue: The limits of leadership – Elites and societies in the Nagorny Karabakh peace process also key texts & agreements and chronology (in English & Russian) Independence of Kosovo and the Nagorno-Karabakh Issue Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Interview with Thomas De Waal Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Nagorno-Karabakh: Timeline Of The Long Road To Peace Resolution #1416 from the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe USIP — Nagorno-Karabakh Searching for a Solution: Key points , by Patricia Carley, Publication of the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) USIP — Sovereignty after Empire Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union. Case Studies: Nagorno-Karabakh. by Galina Starovoitova , Publication of the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) Photo Series Nagorno-Karabakh 2008–2011 – daily life, front line, mine clearance, culture, religion. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Nagorno-Karabakh conflict v t e Background Nagorno-Karabakh History Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Wars in the Caucasus Karabakh movement Miatsum Armenians in Azerbaijan Armenians in Baku Azerbaijanis in Armenia Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan Armenia–Azerbaijan relations Turkish–Azeri blockade of Armenia Nagorno-Karabakh History History Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Wars in the Caucasus Wars in the Caucasus Karabakh movement Miatsum Miatsum Armenians in Azerbaijan Armenians in Baku Armenians in Baku Azerbaijanis in Armenia Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan Armenia–Azerbaijan relations Turkish–Azeri blockade of Armenia First war (1988–1994) Çardaqlı clash Askeran clash Sumgait pogrom Gugark pogrom Zvartnots Airport clash Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms Kirovabad pogrom Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988) Baku pogrom Bağanis Ayrum 1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing Operation Ring Voskepar massacre Battle of Togh 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Siege of Stepanakert Operation Dashalty 1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli Capture of Garadaghly Khojaly massacre Maraga massacre Capture of Shusha Capture of Artsvashen Operation Goranboy Mardakert and Martuni Offensives Operation Həsənqaya Battle of Lachin Operation Qazançı 1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état Battle of Kalbajar Battle of Aghdam 1993 Summer Offensives Operation Geghamasar Operation Horadiz Operation Kalbajar 1994 Baku Metro bombings 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown 1994 Bagratashen bombing Refugees in Azerbaijan Çardaqlı clash Askeran clash Sumgait pogrom Gugark pogrom Zvartnots Airport clash Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms Kirovabad pogrom Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988) Baku pogrom Bağanis Ayrum 1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing Operation Ring Voskepar massacre Battle of Togh 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Siege of Stepanakert Operation Dashalty 1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli Capture of Garadaghly Khojaly massacre Maraga massacre Capture of Shusha Capture of Artsvashen Operation Goranboy Mardakert and Martuni Offensives Operation Həsənqaya Battle of Lachin Operation Qazançı 1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état Battle of Kalbajar Battle of Aghdam 1993 Summer Offensives Operation Geghamasar Operation Horadiz Operation Kalbajar 1994 Baku Metro bombings 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown 1994 Bagratashen bombing Refugees in Azerbaijan Interwar clashes 2008 Mardakert clashes January 2009 Agdam military incident September 2009 Agdam military incident 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 2010 Mardakert clashes 2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes 2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 2016 Odundağ clashes 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Shelling of Alxanlı 2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 2019 clash near Chinari July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes Incidents Protests in Azerbaijan Reactions 2008 Mardakert clashes January 2009 Agdam military incident September 2009 Agdam military incident 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 2010 Mardakert clashes 2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes 2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 2016 Odundağ clashes 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Shelling of Alxanlı Shelling of Alxanlı 2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 2019 clash near Chinari July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes Incidents Protests in Azerbaijan Reactions Incidents Protests in Azerbaijan Reactions Second war (2020) Timeline Casualties International reactions Allegations of third-party involvement Madagiz offensive Aras Valley campaign Bombardments ( Barda , Ganja , Ghazanchetsots Cathedral , Martuni , Stepanakert , Tartar ) Battle of Hadrut Lachin offensive Battle of Shusha Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown War crimes Treatment of Armenian POWs Timeline Casualties International reactions Allegations of third-party involvement Madagiz offensive Aras Valley campaign Bombardments ( Barda , Ganja , Ghazanchetsots Cathedral , Martuni , Stepanakert , Tartar ) Battle of Hadrut Lachin offensive Battle of Shusha Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown War crimes Treatment of Armenian POWs Treatment of Armenian POWs Post-ceasefire events 2020–2021 Armenian protests Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher Border crisis September 2022 escalation Susuzluq Shusha Farukh 2022 Armenian protests Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 2023 Azerbaijani offensive Protests in Armenia Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians Berkadzor fuel depot explosion Detention of Artsakh's leadership 2020–2021 Armenian protests Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher Border crisis September 2022 escalation September 2022 escalation Susuzluq Shusha Farukh 2022 Armenian protests Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 2023 Azerbaijani offensive Protests in Armenia Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians Berkadzor fuel depot explosion Detention of Artsakh's leadership Protests in Armenia Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians Berkadzor fuel depot explosion Detention of Artsakh's leadership Peace process Baker rules Bishkek Protocol Tehran Communiqué Zheleznovodsk Communiqué OSCE Minsk Group Prague Process Madrid Principles 2020 ceasefire agreement 2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping Russia OSCE EU EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 EUMA Feb 2023–present 2023 ceasefire agreement 2025 peace agreement Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity Baker rules Bishkek Protocol Tehran Communiqué Zheleznovodsk Communiqué OSCE Minsk Group Prague Process Madrid Principles 2020 ceasefire agreement 2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping Russia OSCE EU EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 EUMA Feb 2023–present Russia OSCE EU EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 EUMA Feb 2023–present EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 EUMA Feb 2023–present 2023 ceasefire agreement 2025 peace agreement Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity Main locations Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh Stepanakert Askeran Province Hadrut Province Kashatagh Province Martakert Province Martuni Province Shahumyan Province Shushi Province Armenian-occupied territories Aghdam District Fuzuli District Jabrayil District Kalbajar District Lachin District Lachin corridor Qubadli District Zangilan District Azerbaijani-occupied territories of Armenia Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh Stepanakert Askeran Province Hadrut Province Kashatagh Province Martakert Province Martuni Province Shahumyan Province Shushi Province Stepanakert Askeran Province Hadrut Province Kashatagh Province Martakert Province Martuni Province Shahumyan Province Shushi Province Armenian-occupied territories Aghdam District Fuzuli District Jabrayil District Kalbajar District Lachin District Lachin corridor Qubadli District Zangilan District Aghdam District Fuzuli District Jabrayil District Kalbajar District Lachin District Lachin corridor Lachin corridor Qubadli District Zangilan District Azerbaijani-occupied territories of Armenia Political leaders Armenia Levon Ter-Petrosyan Robert Kocharyan Serzh Sargsyan Nikol Pashinyan Republic of Artsakh Artur Mkrtchyan Robert Kocharyan Leonard Petrosyan Arkadi Ghukasyan Bako Sahakyan Arayik Harutyunyan Samvel Shahramanyan Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutallibov Abulfaz Elchibey Heydar Aliyev Ilham Aliyev Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh Bayram Safarov Nizami Bahmanov Tural Ganjaliyev Russia Mikhail Gorbachev Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Putin Turkey Turgut Özal Recep Tayyip Erdoğan United States Donald Trump Armenia Levon Ter-Petrosyan Robert Kocharyan Serzh Sargsyan Nikol Pashinyan Levon Ter-Petrosyan Robert Kocharyan Serzh Sargsyan Nikol Pashinyan Republic of Artsakh Artur Mkrtchyan Robert Kocharyan Leonard Petrosyan Arkadi Ghukasyan Bako Sahakyan Arayik Harutyunyan Samvel Shahramanyan Artur Mkrtchyan Robert Kocharyan Leonard Petrosyan Arkadi Ghukasyan Bako Sahakyan Arayik Harutyunyan Samvel Shahramanyan Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutallibov Abulfaz Elchibey Heydar Aliyev Ilham Aliyev Ayaz Mutallibov Abulfaz Elchibey Heydar Aliyev Ilham Aliyev Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh Bayram Safarov Nizami Bahmanov Tural Ganjaliyev Bayram Safarov Nizami Bahmanov Tural Ganjaliyev Russia Mikhail Gorbachev Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Putin Mikhail Gorbachev Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Putin Turkey Turgut Özal Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Turgut Özal Recep Tayyip Erdoğan United States Donald Trump Donald Trump Military leaders Armenia Vazgen Sargsyan Gurgen Dalibaltayan Norat Ter-Grigoryants Jirair Sefilian Tiran Khachatryan Seyran Ohanyan Republic of Artsakh Samvel Babayan Kristapor Ivanyan Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan Monte Melkonian Jalal Harutyunyan Mikael Arzumanyan Azerbaijan Isgandar Hamidov Rahim Gaziyev Surat Huseynov Valeh Barshadly Mais Barkhudarov Hikmat Mirzayev Hikmat Hasanov Russia Viktor Polyanichko Pavel Grachev Rustam Muradov Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Shamil Basayev Afghanistan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Armenia Vazgen Sargsyan Gurgen Dalibaltayan Norat Ter-Grigoryants Jirair Sefilian Tiran Khachatryan Seyran Ohanyan Vazgen Sargsyan Gurgen Dalibaltayan Norat Ter-Grigoryants Jirair Sefilian Tiran Khachatryan Seyran Ohanyan Republic of Artsakh Samvel Babayan Kristapor Ivanyan Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan Monte Melkonian Jalal Harutyunyan Mikael Arzumanyan Samvel Babayan Kristapor Ivanyan Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan Monte Melkonian Jalal Harutyunyan Mikael Arzumanyan Azerbaijan Isgandar Hamidov Rahim Gaziyev Surat Huseynov Valeh Barshadly Mais Barkhudarov Hikmat Mirzayev Hikmat Hasanov Isgandar Hamidov Rahim Gaziyev Surat Huseynov Valeh Barshadly Mais Barkhudarov Hikmat Mirzayev Hikmat Hasanov Russia Viktor Polyanichko Pavel Grachev Rustam Muradov Viktor Polyanichko Pavel Grachev Rustam Muradov Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Shamil Basayev Shamil Basayev Afghanistan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Gulbuddin Hekmatyar International documents Astrakhan Declaration Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration OIC Resolution 10/11 OIC Resolution 10/37 PACE Resolution 1416 PACE Resolution 2085 UNGA Resolution 48/114 UNGA Resolution 60/285 UNGA Resolution 62/243 UNSC resolutions 822 853 874 884 Astrakhan Declaration Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration OIC Resolution 10/11 OIC Resolution 10/37 PACE Resolution 1416 PACE Resolution 2085 UNGA Resolution 48/114 UNGA Resolution 60/285 UNGA Resolution 62/243 UNSC resolutions 822 853 874 884 822 853 874 884 v t e Territorial disputes in West Asia v t e Parties involved shown in parentheses after each entry Land David Gareja monastery complex Georgia Azerbaijan Disputed territories of Northern Iraq Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Western Golan Israel Syria Hatay Turkey Syria Deir al-Ashayer Lebanon Syria Nagorno-Karabakh Armenia Azerbaijan Northern Cyprus Cyprus Northern Cyprus Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone 1 Iraq Saudi Arabia Shebaa Farms Israel Lebanon Syria West Bank / Judea and Samaria / East Jerusalem Israel Palestine David Gareja monastery complex Georgia Azerbaijan Georgia Azerbaijan Disputed territories of Northern Iraq Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Western Golan Israel Syria Israel Syria Hatay Turkey Syria Turkey Syria Deir al-Ashayer Lebanon Syria Lebanon Syria Nagorno-Karabakh Armenia Azerbaijan Armenia Azerbaijan Northern Cyprus Cyprus Northern Cyprus Cyprus Northern Cyprus Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone 1 Iraq Saudi Arabia Iraq Saudi Arabia Shebaa Farms Israel Lebanon Syria Israel Lebanon Syria West Bank / Judea and Samaria / East Jerusalem Israel Palestine Israel Palestine Islands Waters Islands Waters Abu Musa / Greater and Lesser Tunbs / Iran United Arab Emirates Fasht Ad Dibal / Qit'at Jaradah Qatar Bahrain Imia / Kardak Greece Turkey Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman Yemen Abu Musa / Greater and Lesser Tunbs / Iran United Arab Emirates Iran United Arab Emirates Fasht Ad Dibal / Qit'at Jaradah Qatar Bahrain Qatar Bahrain Imia / Kardak Greece Turkey Greece Turkey Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman Yemen Oman Yemen 1 Divided among multiple claimants. 1 Divided among multiple claimants. Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST VIAF GND FAST National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Israel Catalonia Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Nagorno-Karabakh Armenia–Azerbaijan relations Subdivisions of Azerbaijan Enclaves and exclaves Historical regions in Azerbaijan Armenian irredentism Karabakh Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 Azerbaijani-language sources (az) Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 maint: location missing publisher CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa) CS1 Persian-language sources (fa) CS1 uses Armenian-language script (hy) CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy) Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2024 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Russian-language text CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2021 Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Armenian-language text Pages with Armenian IPA Pages with Azerbaijani IPA Pages with Russian IPA Articles containing Urartian-language text Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text Wikipedia articles with citations needing edition from August 2025 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2023 CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2025 Pages using Sister project links with default search This page was last edited on 6 October 2025, at 12:22 (UTC) . 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[ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Events January January 1 – Istanbul nightclub shooting : A gunman dressed as Santa Claus opens fire at the Reina nightclub in Istanbul , Turkey, killing 39 people and injuring 79 others. [ 2 ] January 8 – 2017 Jerusalem truck attack : A Palestinian assailant entered the road where the Israeli defense forces were located with a truck, killing 4 people and injuring 15 others. January 16 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 , a cargo flight en route from Hong Kong to Istanbul via Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan, crashes in a residential area while attempting to land at Manas International Airport , Bishkek, killing all four crew members on board and 35 people on the ground. [ 3 ] January 19 – 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) launches a military intervention in the Gambia after Yahya Jammeh refuses to cede power following the 2016 presidential elections . [ 4 ] January 21 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : Following the military intervention of ECOWAS , President Yahya Jammeh resigns from office after 23 years in power and flees into exile to Equatorial Guinea ; the democratically elected Adama Barrow assumes office as President of The Gambia. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Millions of people worldwide join the Women's March following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President of the United States . 420 marches were reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries, becoming the largest single-day protest in American history. [ 7 ] 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : Following the military intervention of ECOWAS , President Yahya Jammeh resigns from office after 23 years in power and flees into exile to Equatorial Guinea ; the democratically elected Adama Barrow assumes office as President of The Gambia. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Millions of people worldwide join the Women's March following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President of the United States . 420 marches were reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries, becoming the largest single-day protest in American history. [ 7 ] January 27 – U.S. President Donald Trump issues executive order banning travel and immigration from seven Muslim-majority nations . Protests against the immigration order erupt nationwide for about two weeks . January 29 – A gunman opens fire at a mosque in Quebec City , Canada , killing 6 and injuring 19 others. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] January 30 – Morocco rejoins the African Union . [ 10 ] February February 11 – North Korea prompts international condemnation by test firing a ballistic missile across the Sea of Japan . [ 11 ] February 13 – Assassination of Kim Jong-nam : Kim Jong-nam , the eldest son of deceased North Korean leader Kim Jong-il and the half-brother of current North Korean leader Kim Jong-un , is killed after being attacked by two women with VX nerve agent at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia. [ 12 ] February 26 – An annular solar eclipse is visible from Pacific, Chile, Argentina, Atlantic, Africa. It is the 29th eclipse of the 140th saros cycle (descending node) , which started with a partial solar eclipse visible in the Southern Hemisphere on April 16, 1512, and will conclude with another partial solar eclipse visible in the Northern Hemisphere on June 1, 2774. [ 13 ] March March 3 – Nintendo releases the Switch worldwide. [ 14 ] March 10 – The UN warns that the world is facing the largest humanitarian crisis since World War II, with up to 20 million people at risk of starvation and famine in Yemen , Somalia , South Sudan and Nigeria . [ 15 ] March 14 – March 2017 North American blizzard : A major late-season blizzard affects the Northeastern United States, New England and Canada , dumping up to three feet of snow in the hardest hit areas. [ 16 ] March 29 – The United Kingdom triggers Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty , starting the Brexit negotiations, the talks for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union . [ 17 ] March 30 – SpaceX conducts the world's first reflight of an orbital-class rocket. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] March 31 – Horacio Cartes presents to Congress his plans of allowing the re-election of the president of Paraguay for a second term, going against the Constitution of Paraguay , leading to a political crisis which ended in the storm of Congress by liberal activists and in the assassination of Rodrigo Quintana by the police. After this, the Congress votes against the re-election project. [ 20 ] April April 7 – In response to a suspected chemical weapons attack on a rebel-held town, the U.S. military launches 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at an air base in Syria . Russia describes the strikes as an "aggression", adding they significantly damage U.S.–Russia ties. [ 21 ] April 13 – In the 2017 Nangarhar airstrike , the U.S. drops the GBU-43/B MOAB , the world's largest non-nuclear weapon, at an ISIL base in the Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan. [ 22 ] April 15 – Emma Morano , an Italian supercentenarian, becomes the last known person born in the 19th century to die. April 27 – The 2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament occurs. May May 9 – 13 – The Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Kyiv , Ukraine, and is won by Portuguese entrant Salvador Sobral with the song " Amar Pelos Dois ". [ 23 ] May 12 – WannaCry ransomware attack : Computers around the world are hit by a large-scale ransomware cyberattack, which goes on to affect at least 150 countries. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] May 22 – An ISIL terrorist bombing attack at an Ariana Grande concert in Manchester, England , kills 22 people and injures more than 500 others. [ 26 ] June June 1 – Amidst widespread criticism, the U.S. government announces its decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement in due time. [ 27 ] June 3 London Bridge attack : Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists. Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police. ISIS claims responsibility for the attack. [ 28 ] 2017 Turin stampede : During a screening of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final , pepper spray is discharged by individuals attempting to rob soccer fans in the square, causing the crowd to panic. There are 3 deaths and 1,672 people wounded. [ 29 ] London Bridge attack : Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists. Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police. ISIS claims responsibility for the attack. [ 28 ] 2017 Turin stampede : During a screening of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final , pepper spray is discharged by individuals attempting to rob soccer fans in the square, causing the crowd to panic. There are 3 deaths and 1,672 people wounded. [ 29 ] June 5 Montenegro joins NATO as the 29th member. [ 30 ] The Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017–18 starts, as Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries block Qatari access to their seas and air. [ 31 ] Montenegro joins NATO as the 29th member. [ 30 ] The Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017–18 starts, as Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries block Qatari access to their seas and air. [ 31 ] June 7 – Two terrorist attacks are simultaneously carried out by five Islamic State (ISIL) terrorists against the Iranian Parliament building and the Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini , both in Tehran , leaving 17 civilians dead and 43 more wounded. June 8 – A snap general election is held in the United Kingdom, three years before the next was due, resulting in a hung parliament , with the Conservative Party , led by Prime Minister Theresa May , losing their majority in Parliament. The Labour Party , led by Jeremy Corbyn , makes gains for the first time since 1997 . Days later, the Conservative Party , now lacking a majority, enters a confidence-and-supply deal with the Northern Ireland loyalist party DUP . [ 32 ] June 10 – The 2017 World Expo is opened in Astana, Kazakhstan . [ 33 ] June 14 – The Grenfell Tower Fire in West London claims the lives of 72 residents, making it the worst UK residential fire since World War II. June 18 – Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) fire six surface-to-surface mid-range ballistic missiles from domestic bases targeting ISIL forces in the Syrian Deir ez-Zor Governorate in response to the terrorist attacks in Tehran earlier this month. June 21 – The Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul , Iraq, is destroyed by ISIL . [ 34 ] June 22 – The African and Caribbean War Memorial unveiled in Brixton , London. [ 35 ] June 24 – The Goodwin Fire , a wildfire, starts in Yavapai County , Arizona near Mayer and forces evacuations of more than a hundred people. [ 36 ] June 25 – The World Health Organization estimates that the 2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreak has over 200,000 cases. June 26 – The 2017 America's Cup yacht race, sailed in Bermuda, is won by New Zealand 's Aotearoa . June 27 – 2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine : A series of cyberattacks using the Petya malware begins, affecting organizations in Ukraine . [ 37 ] July July 4 – Russia and China urge North Korea to halt its missile and nuclear programs after it successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] July 7 The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is voted for by 122 states. [ 40 ] ISIL affiliated insurgents attacked an Egyptian military checkpoint in Northern Sinai's Rafah which resulted in the deaths of 26 Egyptian personnel including colonel Ahmed Mansi and 44 other insurgents. The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is voted for by 122 states. [ 40 ] ISIL affiliated insurgents attacked an Egyptian military checkpoint in Northern Sinai's Rafah which resulted in the deaths of 26 Egyptian personnel including colonel Ahmed Mansi and 44 other insurgents. July 10 – Iraqi Civil War : Mosul is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . [ 41 ] August August 5 The UN Security Council unanimously approves fresh sanctions on North Korean trade and investment. [ 42 ] Mauritania holds a constitutional referendum for approval of proposed amendments to the constitution. The UN Security Council unanimously approves fresh sanctions on North Korean trade and investment. [ 42 ] Mauritania holds a constitutional referendum for approval of proposed amendments to the constitution. August 12 – The Unite the Right rally is held in Charlottesville, Virginia , United States, by a variety of white nationalist and other far-right groups; Heather Heyer, a counter-protester, is killed after being hit by a car . August 17 The first observation of a collision of two neutron stars ( GW170817 ) [ 43 ] is hailed as a breakthrough in multi-messenger astronomy [ 44 ] when both gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the event are detected. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Data from the event provided confirmatory evidence for the r-process theory of the origin of heavy elements like gold. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 2017 Barcelona attacks : 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drives a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona , killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others. The first observation of a collision of two neutron stars ( GW170817 ) [ 43 ] is hailed as a breakthrough in multi-messenger astronomy [ 44 ] when both gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the event are detected. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Data from the event provided confirmatory evidence for the r-process theory of the origin of heavy elements like gold. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 2017 Barcelona attacks : 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drives a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona , killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others. August 18 – The first terrorist attack ever sentenced as a crime in Finland kills two people and injures eight others. Islamic terrorist Abderrahman Bouanane, a Moroccan man carried out the ISIS-inspired attack in southwest Finland. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] August 21 – A total solar eclipse (nicknamed " The Great American Eclipse ") [ 51 ] is visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States of America, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. The moon was just 3 days past perigee , making it relatively large. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] August 25 –ongoing – A military operation targeting Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar "seems a textbook example of ethnic cleansing", according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . [ 55 ] August 25 – 30 – Hurricane Harvey strikes the United States as a Category 4 hurricane , causing catastrophic damage to the Houston metropolitan area , mostly due to record-breaking floods. At least 108 deaths are recorded, and total damage reaches $125 billion (2017 USD ), making Harvey the costliest natural disaster in United States history, tied with Hurricane Katrina in 2005. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] September September 1 – Russian President Vladimir Putin expels 755 diplomats in response to United States sanctions . [ 58 ] United States Passports become invalid to travel to North Korea , in response to the death of Otto Warmbier . September 3 – North Korea conducts its sixth and most powerful nuclear test . [ 59 ] September 6 – Hurricane Irma , at peak intensity, would make the first of many powerful landfalls along the Caribbean islands and the United States. Damages would total $77.2 billion (2017 USD), and 134 would be killed by the storm. [ 60 ] September 13 – The International Olympic Committee awards Paris and Los Angeles the right to host the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics , respectively. [ 61 ] September 15 – Cassini–Huygens ends its 13-year mission by plunging into Saturn , becoming the first spacecraft to enter the planet's atmosphere. [ 62 ] September 19 – Twelve days after another powerful earthquake , and on the 32nd anniversary of the deadly 1985 Mexico City earthquake , a 7.1 M w earthquake strikes central Mexico, killing 370, leaving up to 6,000 injured [ 63 ] and thousands more homeless. [ 64 ] September 19 – 20 – Just two weeks after Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean, Hurricane Maria strikes similar areas, making landfall on Dominica as a Category 5 hurricane, and Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane. Maria caused over 3,000 deaths and damages estimated in excess of $91.6 billion (2017 USD). [ 57 ] [ 65 ] September 25 – Kurdistan Region votes in a referendum to become an independent state, in defiance of Iraq ; [ 66 ] by October 15, the crisis escalates into a short-lived armed conflict over disputed territories. September 26 – Fortnite Battle Royale releases, becoming one of the biggest video games in the world and a cultural phenomenon. October October 1 – 60 people are killed and 867 more injured when Stephen Paddock opens fire on a crowd in Las Vegas , surpassing the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting as the deadliest mass shooting perpetrated by a lone gunman in U.S. history. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] October 12 – The United States announces its decision to withdraw from UNESCO , [ 69 ] and is immediately followed by Israel . [ 70 ] October 14 – A massive blast caused by a truck bombing in Mogadishu , Somalia kills at least 587 people and injures 316 others. [ 71 ] October 17 – Syrian Civil War : Raqqa is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . October 25 – At the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party , Xi Jinping assumes his second term as General Secretary ( China 's paramount leader ), and the political theory Xi Jinping Thought is written into the party's constitution . [ 72 ] October 26 – At the level crossing of the Hanko–Hyvinkää railway line, a passenger train collided with an off-road truck of the Nyland Brigade in Raseborg , Finland; four people died and 11 were injured. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] October 27 – Based on the results of a previously held referendum , Catalonia declares independence from Spain , [ 75 ] but the Catalan Republic is not recognised by the Spanish government or any other sovereign nation. [ 76 ] November November 2 – A new species of orangutan is identified in Indonesia , becoming the third known species of orangutan as well as the first great ape to be described for almost a century. [ 77 ] November 3 – Syrian Civil War : both Deir ez-Zor in Syria and Al-Qa'im in Iraq are declared liberated from ISIL on the same day. [ 78 ] November 5 The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publishes 13.4 million documents leaked from the offshore law firm Appleby , along with business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions that reveal offshore financial activities on behalf of politicians, celebrities, corporate giants and business leaders. The newspaper shared the documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and asked it to lead the investigation. [ 79 ] Sutherland Springs church shooting : A gunman opens fire in a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas , United States, killing 26 people and injuring 20 more. It was the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship in modern history, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 [ 80 ] and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991. [ 81 ] The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publishes 13.4 million documents leaked from the offshore law firm Appleby , along with business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions that reveal offshore financial activities on behalf of politicians, celebrities, corporate giants and business leaders. The newspaper shared the documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and asked it to lead the investigation. [ 79 ] Sutherland Springs church shooting : A gunman opens fire in a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas , United States, killing 26 people and injuring 20 more. It was the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship in modern history, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 [ 80 ] and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991. [ 81 ] November 12 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake strikes the border region between Iraq and Iran leaving at least 530 dead and over 70,000 homeless. [ 82 ] November 15 Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe is placed under house arrest , as the military take control of the country. [ 83 ] He resigns six days later, after 37 years of rule. [ 84 ] A Leonardo da Vinci painting, Salvator Mundi , sells for US$450 million at Christie's in New York, a new record price for any work of art. [ 85 ] The Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan suddenly vanished with 44 crew members on board whilst on a routine patrol in the South Atlantic. It would be found one year later wrecked 907 metres (2,976 ft) below the Atlantic Ocean . [ 86 ] Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe is placed under house arrest , as the military take control of the country. [ 83 ] He resigns six days later, after 37 years of rule. [ 84 ] A Leonardo da Vinci painting, Salvator Mundi , sells for US$450 million at Christie's in New York, a new record price for any work of art. [ 85 ] The Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan suddenly vanished with 44 crew members on board whilst on a routine patrol in the South Atlantic. It would be found one year later wrecked 907 metres (2,976 ft) below the Atlantic Ocean . [ 86 ] November 20 – Nature publishes an article recognising the high-velocity asteroid ʻOumuamua as originating from outside the Solar System , i.e. the first known interstellar object . November 22 – The International Court of Justice finds Ratko Mladić guilty of genocide committed in Srebrenica during the 1990s Bosnian War , the worst massacre in Europe since World War II . He is sentenced to life in prison. [ 87 ] November 24 – A mosque attack in Sinai, Egypt kills 305 worshippers and leaves hundreds more wounded. [ 88 ] November 27 – Start of the Honduran protests . [ 89 ] December December 5 – Russia is banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang by the International Olympic Committee , following an investigation into state-sponsored doping . [ 90 ] December 6 – The United States officially recognizes Jerusalem as Israel 's capital. [ 91 ] December 9 – The Iraqi military announces that it has "fully liberated" all of Iraq's territory from " ISIS terrorist gangs" and retaken full control of the Iraqi-Syrian border. [ 92 ] December 14 – The Walt Disney Company announces that it will acquire most of 21st Century Fox , including the 20th Century Fox film studio, for $66 billion. [ 93 ] December 22 – The UN Security Council votes 15–0 in favor of additional sanctions on North Korea , including measures to slash the country's petroleum imports by up to 90%. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] December 24 – Guatemala follows in the footsteps of the United States by announcing that they will also move their Israeli embassy to Jerusalem , followed by Honduras and Panama two days later. [ 96 ] Births and deaths Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Jacques Dubochet , Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson Economics – Richard Thaler Literature – Sir Kazuo Ishiguro Peace – International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Physics – Barry Barish , Kip Thorne and Rainer Weiss Physiology or Medicine – Jeffrey C. Hall , Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young See also List of International observances § Years 2010s portal References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "United Nations Observances: International Years" . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Qualifications 3 State House 4 See also 5 References 6 External links President of Uganda Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item President of the Republic of Uganda Presidential Standard Incumbent Yoweri Museveni since 29 January 1986 Type Head of state Head of government Residence State House , Entebbe Term length Five years, no term limits Constituting instrument Constitution of Uganda (1995) Precursor Queen of Uganda Formation 9 October 1963 ; 62 years ago ( 1963-10-09 ) First holder Kabaka Sir Edward Muteesa Deputy Vice President Salary 33,600,000 Ugandan shilling /US$9130 annually [ 1 ] Website statehouse .go .ug Politics of Uganda Constitution Human rights Human rights Government President ( List ) Yoweri Museveni Vice President Jessica Alupo Prime Minister Robinah Nabbanja Cabinet President ( List ) Yoweri Museveni Vice President Jessica Alupo Prime Minister Robinah Nabbanja Cabinet Parliament Speaker Anita Among Constituencies Speaker Anita Among Constituencies Judiciary Supreme Court Court of Appeal/Constitutional Court High Court Magistrate Courts Industrial Court Supreme Court Court of Appeal/Constitutional Court High Court Magistrate Courts Industrial Court Court of Appeal/Constitutional Court High Court Magistrate Courts Industrial Court High Court Magistrate Courts Magistrate Courts Industrial Court Administrative divisions Regions Districts Counties Sub-counties Local Council Regions Districts Regions Districts Counties Sub-counties Counties Sub-counties Local Council Elections Recent elections General: 2016 2021 2026 Electoral Commission Political parties Recent elections General: 2016 2021 2026 General: 2016 2021 2026 Electoral Commission Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Jeje Odongo Diplomatic missions of / in Uganda Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Jeje Odongo Diplomatic missions of / in Uganda Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Uganda portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The president of the Republic of Uganda is the head of state and the head of government of Uganda . The president leads the executive branch of the government of Uganda and is the commander-in-chief of the Uganda People's Defence Force . [ 2 ] Background The office of the president of Uganda was formed on 9th October 1962 to replace the queen of Uganda (which was last held by Elizabeth II ) as head of state. It was entirely a ceremonial role i.e without executive powers during the time of the first holder Mutesa II of Buganda until the end of the Mengo Crisis in 1967 when Milton Obote took over ending the alliance between the Uganda People’s Congress and the Kabaka Yekka parties combining the roles of prime minister and president and therefore creating the first president of Uganda with executive powers. The office has been held by 9 people, 8 of whom (besides Edward Muteesa) came into power through military coups and civil war. The incumbent Yoweri Museveni came to power in 1986 and is the longest serving president of Uganda, ahead of Idi Amin who ruled from 1971 to 1979. Qualifications In 2005 presidential term limits were removed, [ 3 ] and in 2017, the previous upper age limit of 75 was also removed. [ 4 ] Under Article 102 of the Constitution, in order to be allowed to run for the presidency one must be a citizen of Uganda by birth, be no younger than thirty-five and eligible to be a member of Parliament. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] State House State House is the official residence of the president of Uganda. The main State House was constructed in 1925 during the governorship of Sir Geoffrey Archer at Entebbe the then capital to serve as the official viceregal residence ( Government House ) of the Governor of Uganda . After the country gained independence in 1962, the residence continued to be the official residence of the president of the Republic of Uganda. However, it was first inhabited by Sir William Frederick Gowers , while the second State House is at Nakasero . [ 8 ] See also List of heads of state of Uganda Vice President of Uganda Prime Minister of Uganda Politics of Uganda History of Uganda List of political parties in Uganda References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The highest and lowest paid African presidents - Business Daily" . Business Daily. 27 December 2020. ^ "The President" . Government of Uganda . Archived from the original on 2019-02-27 . Retrieved 2019-02-26 . ^ Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa" . Africa Center for Strategic Studies . ^ Athumani, Halima (September 21, 2017). "Proposed Changes to Uganda's Presidential Age Limit Hit Roadblock" . Voice of America . ^ "Constitution of The Republic of Uganda on Facebook" . Facebook . Archived from the original on 2022-04-30. [ user-generated source ] ^ "Constitution of The Republic of Uganda on Facebook" . Facebook . Archived from the original on 2022-04-30. [ user-generated source ] ^ "Uganda" . ^ "State House of Uganda" . www.ugandahighcommissionpretoria.com . Archived from the original on January 20, 2022 . Retrieved 2023-01-12 . External links State House of the Republic of Uganda official site Uganda Elections 2006: Coverage on UGPulse Uganda's Rulers Past and Present , Children's Welfare Mission, Uganda More about Uganda's current President Youtube's Channel v t e Presidents of Uganda v t e Edward Mutesa II 1 Milton Obote Idi Amin Yusuf Lule Godfrey Binaisa Paulo Muwanga Presidential Commission Milton Obote Bazilio Olara-Okello 2 Tito Okello Yoweri Museveni Edward Mutesa II 1 Milton Obote Idi Amin Yusuf Lule Godfrey Binaisa Paulo Muwanga Presidential Commission Milton Obote Bazilio Olara-Okello 2 Tito Okello Yoweri Museveni 1 Non-executive 2 de facto 1 Non-executive 2 de facto v t e Uganda articles v t e History Early (pre-1894) Egyptian rule British rule (1894–1962) Early independence (1962–1971) Idi Amin (1971–1979) Uganda–Tanzania War Third Republic Uganda since 1986 Early (pre-1894) Egyptian rule Egyptian rule British rule (1894–1962) Early independence (1962–1971) Idi Amin (1971–1979) Uganda–Tanzania War Third Republic Uganda since 1986 Geography Cities and towns Conservation Lakes Mountains Protected areas Rivers Wildlife Cities and towns Conservation Lakes Mountains Protected areas Rivers Wildlife Cities and towns Conservation Lakes Mountains Protected areas Rivers Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Corruption Elections Foreign relations Government President Prime Minister Cabinet Human rights Intersex LGBT rights Military Law enforcement Political parties Rebel groups Flag Administrative divisions Constitution Corruption Elections Foreign relations Government President Prime Minister Cabinet Human rights Intersex LGBT rights Military Law enforcement Political parties Rebel groups Flag Administrative divisions Constitution Corruption Elections Foreign relations Government President Prime Minister Cabinet President Prime Minister Cabinet Human rights Intersex Intersex LGBT rights Military Law enforcement Political parties Rebel groups Flag Economy Agriculture 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 arbitration 26 comments 2 Page 10 comments 3 Am I being bullied? 3 comments 4 How do I ask for a move request to be closed? 3 comments 5 I need urgent help. 3 comments 6 on involvement 5 comments 7 Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor 3 comments 8 Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey 8 comments 9 Writ petition 2 comments 10 Referencing errors on John Herdman 3 comments 11 Reference desk 2 comments 12 Hijacking of The Morning Leader 3 comments 13 My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. 26 comments 14 Edit removed 4 comments 15 How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? 4 comments 16 Copy-pasting a sentence added references 6 comments 17 How do you add a person to Wikipedia? 2 comments 18 Remove deceptive link 4 comments 19 Review 4 comments 20 Deprecated source and automatic filter 3 comments 21 URL for a physical book 10 comments 22 Drafts 14 comments 23 Editing page on John Campbell UK 4 comments 24 I can’t create an account!? 2 comments 25 Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes 8 comments 26 Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology 2 comments 27 Creating Art for Wikipedia 11 comments 28 Curly quotes 5 comments 29 Page never underwent review and was published without? 9 comments 30 Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival 2 comments 31 ISBN ===> cite book template 6 comments 32 Shady users 2 comments 33 Iraq Page 4 comments 34 png thumbnail issue 2 comments 35 Articles 2 comments 36 Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English 4 comments 37 returning image to entry. 9 comments 38 Referencing errors on Freibahn 3 comments 39 Tool for LLM detection? 3 comments 40 i can’t add message 3 comments 41 Question 5 comments 42 What if? 4 comments 43 Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels 2 comments 44 Translations 5 comments 45 Content Translation Tool Error 2 comments 46 Non-free image url 3 comments 47 How do I use Twinkle to warn? 3 comments 48 Create a wikepedia page 4 comments 49 How to translate? 3 comments 50 Edit "not been published" 15 comments 51 Contacting non-English article editors 4 comments 52 wikipedia25.org 8 comments 53 Question about source 5 comments 54 Help on creating a new article 17 comments 55 Historical Artwork owned by Gallery 5 comments 56 How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. 4 comments 57 A disruptive user 3 comments 58 changing email login 3 comments 59 Message on new articles 3 comments 60 HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA 5 comments 61 Police#Israel 2 comments 62 Shenandoah Presbyterian Church 4 comments 63 Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? 3 comments 64 Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? 6 comments 65 I need Help 5 comments 66 Legend for map in sidebar 2 comments 67 MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR 4 comments 68 Opening a request for un-protection 4 comments 69 "Incle Vanyan" 3 comments 70 Mobile watchlist 1 comment 71 Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni 4 comments 72 Bruno fernandes 2 comments 73 WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members 3 comments 74 External guide 2 comments Wikipedia : Help desk العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español فارسی Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Lietuvių മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Project page Talk Read Edit Add topic View history Read Edit Add topic View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item Skip to TOC Skip to bottom Skip to bottom WP:HD WP:HD WP:Y WP:Y For other types of questions, use the search box , see the reference desk or Help:Contents . 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I want to open an arbitration case against it for its deletion Gnosticfind ( talk ) 21:23, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Which article are you talking about? There's no need to involve arbcom in a routine deletion case. See WP:Deletion for how the deletion process works. Page Hello, I hope this message finds you well. I am the owner and General Manager of Flex FM, and I am writing regarding our existing Wikipedia page. Unfortunately, I no longer have access to the account originally used to manage the page, and as a result I am unable to log in to update or correct information. I would like to update elements of the page, including historical information and ensuring that the content accurately reflects Flex FM’s development and current status. I understand Wikipedia’s policies regarding neutrality and conflict of interest, and I am more than willing to follow the correct process to request changes rather than editing the article directly. Here is the link to the page in question: Flex FM I can provide proof of ownership and any supporting documentation required, and I would appreciate guidance on the appropriate next steps to have these updates reviewed and applied correctly. Thank you for your time and assistance. Kind regards, Terry Little Owner & General Manager Flex FM Noelsie tl ( talk ) 15:58, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Conflicted editor does things the wrong way Conflicted editor is reverted Conflicted editor is given advice on their talk page Conflicted editor asks here for further advice in order to do things the right way, while at the same time declaring CoI Conflicted editor is correctly answered (in this case by Ivanvector) Am I being bullied? Another user has repeatedly undone my edits but I did not introduce any external links; nor did I introduce any false information. I only added information already in the sources; everything I added is verifiable. Please help! Vollerhass ( talk ) 20:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I ask for a move request to be closed? There’s been a move request for Hans Island since February 2025. I posted to it so I can’t close it. How do I request that an uninvolved admin consider whether to close it? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz ( talk ) 03:45, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need urgent help. The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Hello, I am an Afghan commando soldier living in Afghanistan. My financial situation is not very good. I need urgent help. Kusarjan ( talk ) 16:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] on involvement for the purposes of closing discussions, which of those would you consider "improper", assuming different levels of involvement, but regardless of if the closure would require admin perms? closing on non-procedural grounds (keep, merge, retarget, etc.), after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of policy (i.e. "that's a2 , not g2 ") closing on non-procedural grounds after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of a page's topic (i.e. "it's a berry , not a follicle ") that is not actually opining on the discussion closing on procedural grounds (already speedy deleted, disruptive nom, malformed or duplicate nom, redirect overwritten by an article, they took earth to afd again, etc.) after a comment or correction regarding the stuff already mentioned above closing on procedural grounds after a vote (for this, it usually shouldn't matter if the vote supported or opposed the result) yes, this is mostly a matter of opinion on stuff i'm only very slightly iffy on, so don't worry too much consarn (talck) (contirbuton s) 17:29, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Reference help requested. Thanks, Javed Khan king of India ( talk ) 07:31, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Hello, I would like to check something about non‑free images in the article Murder of Michaela McAreavey . The article currently uses a non‑free family photograph that includes Michaela McAreavey with her father and brother. I am considering whether it would be acceptable, under the Non‑free Content Criteria, to replace it with a different non‑free image that shows Michaela alone on her wedding day. This type of image seems more appropriate for identification purposes and is directly relevant to the widely reported circumstances of her murder on her honeymoon. Before doing anything, I want to confirm whether such a replacement would be allowed. If it is permitted, I would also like to know the correct way to tag the old non‑free image for deletion once the new one is in use. Could someone please advise on whether this approach complies with NFCC, and what the correct procedure would be? Thank you. ItsShandog ( talk ) 09:32, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Writ petition writ petition no. 9401 of 2019, s citation identity need for ~2026-20422-6 ( talk ) 14:25, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on John Herdman Reference help requested. Can you specific what the reference error you raised is? Thank you! Thanks, AnnWinterburne ( talk ) 17:14, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Reference desk Good saturday evening. Is it considered to spam to have too many questions on the Reference desk? I already have three there and i just got another one. I don't want to clog it. ~2025-40048-69 ( talk ) 20:51, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hijacking of The Morning Leader Hello, I am usually not editing here, so maybe posting in the wrong place -- sorry for that. I just noticed that The Morning Leader was hijacked about two weeks ago. Coming from Wikidata, a lot of the respective user's edits there seem problematic. Also, it might be coincidental, but there are contributions overlapping with activity of users blocked due to SPIs concerning Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Aboobackeramani . I hope you can do something with it. Thanks, Dorades ( talk ) 22:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. I recently created a page called Quiichaar. It is about the book series. With in a minute after it was created someone put issues at the top. They said it was focused too much on the plot and also that it seemed too real. It is a science fiction fantasy novel series. It states this in the first sentence, so I do not understand how people would think this is real. There was other information other than the plot, but obviously that would be what most people would want to know about a book series. I did not give anything away in the summation, so I do not understand how to fix this issue. My page is no longer visible. Can someone please explain what I am supposed to do. This is my first time creating something on here. Thanks in advance. Showik123 ( talk ) 00:00, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I am confused. Can you explain what you meant by "no possibility of your draft being accepted while it fails to demonstrate that the book meets our notability criteria - which is indicated though significant coverage in published reliable sources with no connection to the subject matter." It is a real book. I have held it in my hand and read from the pages. I even included the ISBN numbers. I am quite certain that I do not understand what you are saying. Can you please explain further? Is this something that I can fix? I am certainly not meaning to sound like I am arguing with you. I merely wish to understand what you mean. When you say you ran a google search, may I ask what you mean by "significant coverage in independent published reliable sources?" I guess I just don't understand what that means. Can you give me an example. Sorry, I am just very unclear as to what you mean and I don't want to make assumptions to what you are referring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Showik123 ( talk • contribs ) 01:36, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] That makes sense, but if you can buy the book on Amazon it must be real. Are they a source? Edit removed Hi, my edit on Preston Hollow, Dallas was removed automatically. It was a minor edit describing a former resident, Richard B. Spencer as a neo-Nazi, which his page describes him as, and I'm guessing it was removed due to the inflammatory nature of that topic and I think my edit was assumed to be vandalism. I added it because he is primarily known as Richard Spencer, potentially leading to confusion, and he has not been a high-profile figure for several years. IXequilibrium ( talk ) 03:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Many pages, like this one, WP:TEA , or WP:AN/I , are not talk pages, however they have the format, with the "Add topic" and "Reply" buttons. How is this done? dot . p y 05:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Copy-pasting a sentence added references So i copied a 186 char long string from a wikipedia article and I ended up putting +1,950 chars into that article, including references I - if i remember correctly - never touched. Tried again, happened again. 1st: To make a copy of that sentence i opened the editor with an old revision. 2nd: i think i made it the Question: Are there configurations of the default editor, where this could happen, as a kind of feature? Like "hey, you copied a sentence without its refs, here, take it all"? Or could this happen as a feature to prevent an edit conflict? I'm just asking to make sure, it was my mistake and that i didn't miss some feature differences between the editor software of the different languages I'm editing in. Amtiss , SNAFU ? 11:58, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Do you refer to this edit ? This text is 1925 characters <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |title=We Pressed Trump on His Conclusion About the ICE Shooting. Here's What He Said. |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This account has been contested by eyewitnesses, journalists,<ref name=LumStein /> local figures, and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] lawmakers, some of whom have called for a criminal investigation.<ref name=startribune_601559829>{{Cite news |last=Barnett |first=Sofia |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Mayor Jacob Frey's Remarks After ICE Agent Fatally Shot Woman in Minneapolis |url= |work=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 }}</ref> Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] and Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] called on the federal government to end their presence in the city. Thousands of people [[List of Renee Good protests|have protested]] in Minneapolis,<ref name="MinnPost">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Trevor |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Minneapolis Vigil Draws Thousands as City Reels Following ICE Shooting |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[MinnPost]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and more have protested in other cities including [[Chicago]], [[New York City]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="mpr" />}} -- Andy Mabbett Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy ; Andy's edits 14:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Let me be more clear. The numbers are not too important. Sorry for that. My question is: is there some kind of automatic assisting when using copy-paste or not? (I did, at no point select and copy the >1000 bytes, just the sentence.) -- Amtiss , SNAFU ? 15:18, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Y ~2026-22492-7 ( talk ) 14:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Remove deceptive link How to remove a link that appears in "Films Scored by Miklos Rozsa"? "Ministry of Fear" was actually scored by Victor Young, though some Rozsa cues may have been incorporated. Rozsaphile1 ( talk ) 14:48, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Review Can someone review the article Ogden Round Lake Wilderness Area? It is only edited by me. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 15:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Deprecated source and automatic filter Hello. When I tried to upload a finished new page, an automatic filter refused the page, saying that I was linking to a deprecated source, but I cannot find any link to a deprecated source. I'm using no source listed on the Wikipedia:Deprecated sources page. All my text links to other Wiki pages link to existing pages. I'm writing about a plant species using only technical/botanical references and there's no controversy about the topic. Thanks for any help. Gaiacoyote ( talk ) 19:43, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] URL for a physical book I've purchased an encyclopedia (The Pigeon by Wendell M. Levi) and in compiling the URL for my citation, I've found that the only websites I can use are commercial sites that sell the book, and the internet archive. Both seem insufficient to me. I'm unsure what I should do in this situation because the book hasn't got a PDF either, and the internet archive is a short review (one page) that is of the 1945 edition, while I have the 1977. Any help at all is appreciated :) Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Drafts I happened to see that Draft:Milos Ercegovac is hanging in the air. This is quite strange because as I said on the talk page there he is a big shot in computer arithmetic. FYI I have met him, but we are not friends or anything, and I have not seen him for 20 or more years. What can I do to support his page? Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 10:56, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yesterday, all my dreams... , I have moved the draft to main space since Ercegovac clearly meets WP:NACADEMIC . Thank you for your work to improve the encyclopedia. Cullen328 ( talk ) 06:05, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Editing page on John Campbell UK I signed up last year as a fact checker, I’ve only contributed to one article that incorrectly identified a public official that was sworn in and confirmed by the Senate is a nominee. It was accepted and the process went smoothly. I’m trying to suggest an added to talk to John Campbell UK I have watched him since the beginning of the pandemic, like me, he was excited about the vaccine, I took the first two Pfizer vaccines and had no side effects His views have shifted but only was peer reviewed journal articles I don’t think he is controversial but perhaps within orthodox medical circles, his podcasts there are always evidence based still properly just disclaimed, people may disagree but labeling him as a purveyor of misinformation is inaccurate. I guess controversial is a result in his focus focusing on government and pure review data that is often not widely covered. His recent highlighting of a 2013 study that supported higher vitamin D levels but calculated the amount of supplementation required is factual and extremely important information The error in the paper has been acknowledged by the authors but public health officials and some of the medical societies have not changed the RDA, only specialist to an endocrinologist seem to be aware. Can you provide me with the required background for the acceptance of characterizing John Campbell as a purveyor of misinformation? I certainly don’t want the name I just want to see the specific journal article which is almost always the basis for each episode. I do not know John Cambell and I’ve never communicated with him beyond subscribing to his YouTube channel I am based in the US and find it troubling that in 2026 we are labeling him as just “disinformation” source. I would respectfully request that you reconsider that characterization in the introduction I read Wikipedia briefly this morning because the information on vitamin D3 was consequential and the credibility Wikipedia, for me, plummeted if this description is current. I was unable to suggest an edit Z-factwriter ( talk ) 14:53, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I can’t create an account!? Hello, I’m trying to make an account so I can permanently enable dark mode on safari (iOS) lol. I keep getting the proxy error, but I don’t think I have ever made an account, or if I have, I don’t remember it and it would have been with an old email. I did have iCloud Relay active when I attempted to sign up the first time, then I turned it off and tried again. I assumed my IP would have changed to my actual one, because when it was active the the IP had been banned—it still didn’t work. Did that have something to do with it? Thanks! ~2026-25117-4 ( talk ) 15:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes Hello Wiki Help Desk, We’re reaching out for guidance regarding an article we recently submitted about our company, Candlelight Homes. The content was written to remain neutral in tone and supported by multiple third-party sources; however, it was declined due to concerns that the sources were not sufficiently in-depth. Candlelight Homes is an established, legitimate company, and our intent is not promotional. Our goal is simply to provide accurate, verifiable information so the company can be discoverable and properly represented within the community. We’d appreciate any direction on what types of sources or additional context would be required to meet Wikipedia’s notability and sourcing standards. Thank you for your time and assistance. Requesting guidance on acceptable sourcing and notability requirements for a company article that was declined due to insufficient depth of sources. ZacharyBinx99 ( talk ) 17:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find several sources which meet all the requirements in WP:42 . If you can't, stop there. If you can, effectively forget everything you know about your company and write a summary of what those sources say. They leave out something important? Tough. They are nasty about you? Tough. They are wrong, according to your knowledge? Tough. Wikipedia's fundamental principle is verifiability , not truth. Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Reference help requested. tho i've been a wiki editor for decades, i find the creation and placement of references very confusing, so i'd appreciate any help! Thanks, Lee De Cola ( talk ) 20:07, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Creating Art for Wikipedia As a user, am I permitted to create art for certain pages on Wikipedia that lack any visuals? I'd like to add images to extinct animal pages that are lacking any visual. I'm a hobbyist artist and have experience making paleoart. I know users like Apokryltaros have done valuable work for this exact situation on Wikipedia, and I would like to create art in a similar vein (mostly for Holocene extinctions that lack paleo reconstructions). Are there any qualifications I need to have before doing this, or can I just try my hand without preparation? Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Curly quotes The article United_States_v._Maduro_et_al. currently has lots of curly quotes. Question: When I see curly quotes, should I edit them into straight quotes? Is there a bot that does that? Are curly quotes OK to be left in articles? The article may have received those curly quotes from the user who was involved in an ANI thread around Jan 9, which covered LLM use, user @ ApoieRacional , a few editors mentioning LLM use on several articles... resulting in Cullen328 blocking that user from article space. Thanks. David10244 ( talk ) 03:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Page never underwent review and was published without? I just created this page today and rather than going under review when I pressed publish to save my changes, it went up instantly, skipping categorisation and now it is missing things like a Local Description and Wikidata Item ID. I've only been contributing since December and all of my other pages had to be reviewed. Sorry if this question should rather be on the page's talk page, I'm new to this. Gone Extinct ( talk ) 06:00, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival The source, as it exists, has a generic byline. There's no other author name to use. How do I rewrite the reference to reflect that, and not order the words like a name? Thanks, DavidK93 ( talk ) 08:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ISBN ===> cite book template Is there a tool to convert ISBN's to the template, populating as many fields as possible? Humpster ( talk ) 09:22, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shady users I have come across a "shady" user while tending to my watchlist. Looking through their past edits, I found weird behavior, like many small and unimpactful additions to sentences that often get reverted. There's some potential they are blindly adding AI content. I also see a pretty strict routine of editing that I find unusual. But they've done nothing blatantly wrong, which is why they haven't been banned yet. I want to assume good faith but I fear they may be farming their edit count to sell their account once it's extended confirmed. Where is the best place to discuss users who may be farming edits? Edit7hesadparts ( talk ) 11:07, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iraq Page I noticed a rule on the Iraq wiki page where it said I had to be extended confirmed to make an edit (it's only protected for confirmed/auto confirmed). Am I not allowed to do the edit request (Listed under the semi edit requests) that is requesting a typo be fixed? AirmanKitten203 ( talk ) 14:44, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] png thumbnail issue on the left hand side is the original picture; on the right hand side is the thumbnail. The thumbnail is broken on my side, but if I zoom in to 110%, it works as normal again. Does anyone know what's the problem? NDR0216 ( talk ) 15:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles Articles for creation Sumeetsinha1972 ( talk ) 15:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Could anyone help me to figure out how to translate the article of "Pharmaziemuseum Brixen" into English? When I try it tells me I don't have the rights to do so. Th article is already available also in Italian and Spanish. Thank you for your help! Pharmaziemuseum Brixen ( talk ) 16:23, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] returning image to entry. I uploaded an image of Dame Louise Richardson . It was taken down due to copyright issue. The organization I represented, Carnegie Corporation of New York , in which Mrs. Richardson is the President, owns the rights to the copyright. May I reload a new image to her biography? Looking forward toward your response. Sincerely, Ronald Sexton ( talk ) 19:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Freibahn CS1 error on Freibahn. I have no idea what went wrong. Thanks, Neptun22 ( talk ) 21:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Tool for LLM detection? There is a current discussion at WP:RSN#Tool for detecting AI writing? which indicates lack of information on that topic. I suggested a few links there because the users at large seemed not aware of them. Does anyone here know of any tools? If not where should we suggest that WMF should hire an expert to guide them on that? Text analysis is not my area of expertise, but I know that general programmers will have no hope of success in that area without guidance. Please make suggestions. Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 22:16, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] i can’t add message i want to send a message to a user but talk page says it is protected to prevent vandalism. why is this? i want to send message so that editor understands what to do. grazie. ~2026-28017-1 ( talk ) 22:57, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question Random question.. can an editor be completely blocked from Wikipedia? I.e not even aloud to visit the website? Not a topic ban, editing restrictions, indefinite block etc but completely disallowing someone from visiting/reading some/all articles ?? ~2026-19602-0 ( talk ) 01:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] What if? If someone vandalizes an article but than immediately deletes the vandalism, do they still get punished? ~2026-24671-3 ( talk ) 04:14, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels Reference help requested. Thanks, Saimi Sattar1 ( talk ) 07:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translations Courtesy link: User:PUZEG1/Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon Battalion Hello, I am writing to ask for help translating our military unit wikipedia page. As I understand, I have to be an editor who made over 500 changes in wikipedia to publish translated pages. Is it possible to publish our page translated into other languages by being new account in here? PUZEG1 ( talk ) 11:59, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Content Translation Tool Error Hello, can someone help me? I'm trying to translate a page from Spanish to English and it tells me I am not an extended confirmed user, but I am. Thanks Josep a11 ( talk ) 12:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Non-free image url I have a talk page message from Iruka13 which deals with non-free image urls. Is it still recommended to use the URL to the page displaying the image, even if the URL to the page is non-unique? Sswonk ( talk ) 14:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I use Twinkle to warn? Alright so I'm new to using Twinkle and I can't figure out how to warn people. I checked the doc and it mentions a "warn tab" but I can't find it for whatever reason? I know for a fact I have warnings enabled in configuration. Thanks in advance :) Monkeymoo458 ( talk ) 18:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Create a wikepedia page I would like an assistance in creating a wikipedia page for my football club. Maryfelsports ( talk ) 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to translate? Dear Editors, I would like to translate an article, that was written by me, from Hungarian to English. I have done it already on 'paper' but I do not know how to type it into the 'English Wikipedia' version. How to link them? I do not need automatic translation and I am not an advanced editor. Thank you for your answer and help. BEK2022 ( talk ) 21:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Edit "not been published" I recently tried to add one (1) sentence containing a quotation to a page about a prominent WWII officer Ernest N. Harmon , citing a very reliable, eminent historian who was quoting yet another reliable witness/historian in his latest, acclaimed nonfiction book. But for the very first time ever in my many years of contributing to Wikipedia, I was confronted with a box informing me "Your changes have not been published." To correct this, the same box refers me "to go to the report page and follow the instructions." But I must admit I was totally stymied by that report page and don't understand at all how to use it and resolve my edit problem. Looking for assistance to figure this out. Thanks for any reply & guidance. Mwprods2 ( talk ) 23:00, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Contacting non-English article editors Not sure if this is the right place to ask this, but does anyone know how I could do this? They don't seem to have user pages on the English edition. Thanks, Fort esc ( talk ) 23:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] wikipedia25.org Happy 25 years, but is wikipedia25.org supposed to work? It only shows a Wikimedia error. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 23:44, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about source I was using the CIA World Factbook (judicial branch section) to learn more about the judiciary of Mozambique for an article and noticed they got a basic fact wrong about the Constitutional Council judges' term renewal wrong. Should I consider the rest of the information I got from them ok, or re-source everything else in the article that used that source? Urchincrawler ( talk ) 01:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Help on creating a new article Hi, I used to edit Fandom and Wikihow pages as a child and am used to writing factual, objective information in those contexts, but am not really familiar with Wikipedia's conventions. I am looking to create an article on the now-defunct game Fight My Monster (Jan 2011-Late 2016). I have a collection of sources (Silicon Republic articles, Techcrunch articles, Guardian article, Companies House page, official FMM blog posts (from archive.org), as well as many more niche journalism and non-journalism sources) towards the game's existence and notability (5 million accounts in total throughout its lifetime, and was generally thought to be very innovative), but am unsure whether this game would meet the notability requirements for Wikipedia. The game also had commercials aired on British TV, had comics featured in The Beano, had trading cards you could order, had a book and membership cards that were in British bookstores, and had a planned animated TV series. I also have some fears that maybe I would be a conflict of interest in relation to the game, as I am a community moderator for a currently-active rewritten project. This would not be an advertisement and I have no intention on mentioning the rewritten project within the article, but I still thought a conflict of interest might need to be disclosed. My main motivations are to ensure that information on the game is briefly compiled into an article as I would love for this information to be easy to access, since even though so many sources exist, they are very disjointed. Would I just have to write the article, publish it, and then see what people think of it? Or should I create a sandbox and then ask for dynamic feedback somewhere on Wikipedia? Or should I not bother, due to lack of notability (or the conflict of interest issue)? Thank you so much for any input/feedback, I appreciate Wikipedia as a resource so much but have no idea of the inner workings of how to edit it lol. -kat279 ( talk ) 04:38, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Raising $2.1mil due to how unique the game was : (pre-the game's release) Companies house page, detailing when the company was founded/disbanded: Fight my Monster x Brown Bag Films: Fight My Monster and Brown Bag Films Announce Animated TV Series - Business Insider Growth and targeting boys: Ten Year-Olds Versus the Triple-A Market | GamesIndustry.biz (I think this might be a blog, but apparently the woman who wrote it was a Managing Editor at IGN?) Fight my monster brand ambitions: Fight My Monster Borrows From The Angry Birds Playbook - Merchandise And Movies Up Next? | TechCrunch FMM growth, including game mechanics and industry-leading parent centre: FightMyMonster.com: a monster of an idea that just keeps getting bigger | Games | The Guardian The Beano collaboration: (lasted throughout the latter half of 2013) The book they published (Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide), mostly detailing game mechanics: Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide: Amazon.co.uk: Simon & Schuster UK: 9781471115707: Books Historical Artwork owned by Gallery If our gallery reports on original artwork that we own for historical details that only we can provide, is this a conflict of interest? It has flagged a filter, almost certainly because our reference to the artwork is on our website. Before we attempt to publish again we ask so that we do not fall foul of wikipedia rules but would like to offer expert advice particularly regarding album artwork. The gallery has the largest private collection in The UK and potentially the world. This includes unseen design work for prominent and historic artworks. Popnouveau ( talk ) 13:29, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Is there a way to set what wikiproject I get important messages on? I got the messages for the wikipedia birthday celebration on my wikisource account as it was the first account i made, but I would prefer to get my messages like that either here or on meta-wiki. Is there a way i can set that? i looked for quite a bit through my various preferences but could not find anything to do so.I know you can enable global notifications, and i do have them on, but it's not the same. Sorry if this is not the right place to ask this question, i want really sure. ¿VØ!D? ☄ 13:33, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A disruptive user Some users are annoyed (including me) that there's a user who constantly makes (mostly) disruptive edits to articles without saying why that's done or by asking in the talk page and wait for consensus. The user is "Boringhuman404", but the person using it has used it from the other old names, including Urayahahah and "Renamed user c2ca70d12a943d959769c7559822e2ae". Ominae ( talk ) 17:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] changing email login I am registered to edit wikipedia under an old email address which I haven't used for several years and no longer have access to. Is there a way to retain my pervious access with a different email or would I have to start over? ~2026-31751-6 ( talk ) 17:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Message on new articles Hello Friends! I work a lot of new biographies and today, I'm seeing a message that says the page doesn't exist and to visit Wikispecies - see: Axel Hille and Alejandro Londoño-Burbano . I have never come across this before and not sure what it means or if it is supposed to be there. Any insight would be appreciated. Thank you!! Se7enNationArmy2024 ( talk ) 18:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA The dominican singer and composer Alicia Baroni meets enough merits to be in Wikipedia, but so far I could not enter her bio. Can somebody help me, please? ~2026-32405-1 ( talk ) 19:20, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find sources: Google ( books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs ) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL : This looks like it would be hard to find enough secondary coverage to create an article.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦ (talk to me) 19:52, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Police#Israel in this page it talks about policing in ancient Israel, although some of the areas existed like Jerusalem, Judah there was no Israel till 1948. Wikipedia should stay impartial and not peddle political messages to try and make out a state existed before it actually did. ~2026-31843-5 ( talk ) 20:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Courtesy link: Draft:Shenandoah (Miami) I'm trying to add a page for an historic church in Miami, Florida. Did I botch the title? It just says "Shenandoah." How do I edit it? LBK1Wiki ( talk ) 20:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? The biography of author Roald Dahl is tagged with {{ British English }} . Should this also apply to all articles about his books and short stories? Personally I think it should per MOS:TIES - but I regularly see editors changing UK to US spelling, such as this edit . (Admittedly, Dahl did live in the USA for many years, and many of his stories were first published in the USA and are set in the USA.) Muzilon ( talk ) 21:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? As seen in Talk:AmericaFest#Feedback from New Page Review process , a user told me that MSN is depreciated because the Chinese Wikipedia said so, even though it seemed to have been called generally reliable in the English Wikipedia per WP:MSNOW . They then said You should find the original URLs and use those, as these MSN sources appear to be aggregated instead. could anyone confirm that MSN should be depreciated, and if so, I'll add it onto WP:RSP ? Wikieditor662 ( talk ) 22:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need Help Is this source considered a reliable source at web archive Pinchmemore ( talk ) 00:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Legend for map in sidebar I was trying to add this map to this sidebar but I can't figure out how to make the legend visible without A. Going to Commons, or B. Having a big caption with a legend in the sidebar (which seems inappropriate). Is this possible? When I click on images like here that use {{legend}} in a caption, the colors don't appear Placeholderer ( talk ) 01:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR My Father has a page on Wikipedia and his medals are displayed. But his Purple Heart should have a SILVER STAR on it, NOT a GOLD STAR… He has 6 PURPLE HEARTS AND THE MARINES Designate that with a SILVER STAR for 5 awards and the ribbon makes it 6…. We would like to see the Gold start replaced with SILVER STAR as the award device. Mdsd77 ( talk ) 02:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Opening a request for un-protection Hello, Back in 2008, the Bulletball page was deleted. I think it's gone back and forth a few times and ended up protected indefinitely around 2012. I think, at the time, that was understandable. Bulletball was probably put on here as a joke because of that one YouTube video [3] . The thing is, many years after the American Inventor incident, it actually did make it into the Olympics, it is quite literally an Olympic sport. As such, I do think that the game itself is notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. A list of Olympic sports would, by definition, not be complete without Bulletball. We don't need to make it read like "whoa the inventor was so whacky and they made him a meme!". Just a short article about the sport, its rules, its appearance on American Inventor, and eventual debut at the 2012 Senior Olympics. I'd be happy to write it. We could semi-protect it to stop people turning it into a meme page. Anyway, sorry. My question is: Is there somewhere I can go to argue the above and at least open a vote or discussion on the issue? Thank you for your help! LegalUsername ( talk ) 03:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] "Incle Vanyan" the play Uncle Vanya" ~2026-33068-4 ( talk ) 03:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Mobile watchlist The desktop watchlist can group all edits to a single page together. Am I correct that the mobile watchlist doesn't have the option to do this? Thanks! Helpful Cat { talk } 03:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni Reference help requested. Please fix this error in the article of Mahendra Singh Dhoni now. Thanks, ~2026-33072-4 ( talk ) 04:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Bruno fernandes See I was thinking we should include something about bruno's recent Twitter hacking ~2026-14741-7 ( talk ) 06:05, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members Hello. I've noticed that in several articles for notable clergy members, It'll introduce the subject as a Anglican priest or a Baptist minister etc etc, and I'm a bit confused on how I should improve the readability, if I should improve it at all. Do I de-link the denomination or the title? Rework the sentence (somehow)? Is there any relevant consensus on this topic? Thank you. Cawfeecrow ( talk ) 06:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] External guide who is external guide ~2026-33882-3 ( talk ) 08:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia help forums Wikipedia move-protected project pages Non-talk pages that are automatically signed Pages automatically checked for incorrect links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:08 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 471 results for author: Mao, R Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2601.09259 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI MAXS: Meta-Adaptive Exploration with LLM Agents Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Yu He , Haoran Luo , li yuan , Lingling Zhang , Rui Mao , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global effectiveness and computational efficiency. To address these two issues, we propose meta-adaptive exploration with LLM agents a meta-adaptive reasoning framework based on LLM Agents that flexibly integrates tool execution and reasoning planning. MAXS employs a lookahead strategy to extend reasoning paths a few steps ahead, estimating the advantage value of tool usage, and combines step consistency variance and inter-step trend slopes to jointly select stable, consistent, and high-value reasoning steps. Additionally, we introduce a trajectory convergence mechanism that controls computational cost by halting further rollouts once path consistency is achieved, enabling a balance between resource efficiency and global effectiveness in multi-tool reasoning. We conduct extensive empirical studies across three base models (MiMo-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-32B) and five datasets, demonstrating that MAXS consistently outperforms existing methods in both performance and inference efficiency. Further analysis confirms the effectiveness of our lookahead strategy and tool usage. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09259 [ pdf , ps , other ] MAXS: Meta-Adaptive Exploration with LLM Agents Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Yu He , Haoran Luo , li yuan , Lingling Zhang , Rui Mao , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global effectiveness and computational efficiency. To address these two issues, we propose meta-adaptive exploration with LLM agents a meta-adaptive reasoning framework based on LLM Agents that flexibly integrates tool execution and reasoning planning. MAXS employs a lookahead strategy to extend reasoning paths a few steps ahead, estimating the advantage value of tool usage, and combines step consistency variance and inter-step trend slopes to jointly select stable, consistent, and high-value reasoning steps. Additionally, we introduce a trajectory convergence mechanism that controls computational cost by halting further rollouts once path consistency is achieved, enabling a balance between resource efficiency and global effectiveness in multi-tool reasoning. We conduct extensive empirical studies across three base models (MiMo-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-32B) and five datasets, demonstrating that MAXS consistently outperforms existing methods in both performance and inference efficiency. Further analysis confirms the effectiveness of our lookahead strategy and tool usage. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09258 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC cs.LG cs.OS LatencyPrism: Online Non-intrusive Latency Sculpting for SLO-Guaranteed LLM Inference Authors: Du Yin , Jiayi Ren , Xiayu Sun , Tianyao Zhou , Haizhu Zhou , Ruiyan Ma , Danyang Zhang Abstract : LLM inference latency critically determines user experience and operational costs, directly impacting throughput under SLO constraints. Even brief latency spikes degrade service quality despite acceptable average performance. However, distributed inference environments featuring diverse software frameworks and XPU architectures combined with dynamic workloads make latency analysis challenging. Con… ▽ More LLM inference latency critically determines user experience and operational costs, directly impacting throughput under SLO constraints. Even brief latency spikes degrade service quality despite acceptable average performance. However, distributed inference environments featuring diverse software frameworks and XPU architectures combined with dynamic workloads make latency analysis challenging. Constrained by intrusive designs that necessitate service restarts or even suspension, and by hardware-bound implementations that fail to adapt to heterogeneous inference environments, existing AI profiling methods are often inadequate for real-time production analysis. We present LatencyPrism, the first zero-intrusion multi-platform latency sculpting system. It aims to break down the inference latency across pipeline, proactively alert on inference latency anomalies, and guarantee adherence to SLOs, all without requiring code modifications or service restarts. LatencyPrism has been deployed across thousands of XPUs for over six months. It enables low-overhead real-time monitoring at batch level with alerts triggered in milliseconds. This approach distinguishes between workload-driven latency variations and anomalies indicating underlying issues with an F1-score of 0.98. We also conduct extensive experiments and investigations into root cause analysis to demonstrate LatencyPrism's capability. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures arXiv:2601.09258 [ pdf , ps , other ] LatencyPrism: Online Non-intrusive Latency Sculpting for SLO-Guaranteed LLM Inference Authors: Du Yin , Jiayi Ren , Xiayu Sun , Tianyao Zhou , Haizhu Zhou , Ruiyan Ma , Danyang Zhang Abstract : LLM inference latency critically determines user experience and operational costs, directly impacting throughput under SLO constraints. Even brief latency spikes degrade service quality despite acceptable average performance. However, distributed inference environments featuring diverse software frameworks and XPU architectures combined with dynamic workloads make latency analysis challenging. Con… ▽ More LLM inference latency critically determines user experience and operational costs, directly impacting throughput under SLO constraints. Even brief latency spikes degrade service quality despite acceptable average performance. However, distributed inference environments featuring diverse software frameworks and XPU architectures combined with dynamic workloads make latency analysis challenging. Constrained by intrusive designs that necessitate service restarts or even suspension, and by hardware-bound implementations that fail to adapt to heterogeneous inference environments, existing AI profiling methods are often inadequate for real-time production analysis. We present LatencyPrism, the first zero-intrusion multi-platform latency sculpting system. It aims to break down the inference latency across pipeline, proactively alert on inference latency anomalies, and guarantee adherence to SLOs, all without requiring code modifications or service restarts. LatencyPrism has been deployed across thousands of XPUs for over six months. It enables low-overhead real-time monitoring at batch level with alerts triggered in milliseconds. This approach distinguishes between workload-driven latency variations and anomalies indicating underlying issues with an F1-score of 0.98. We also conduct extensive experiments and investigations into root cause analysis to demonstrate LatencyPrism's capability. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures arXiv:2601.07316 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI BEAT-Net: Injecting Biomimetic Spatio-Temporal Priors for Interpretable ECG Classification Authors: Runze Ma , Caizhi Liao Abstract : Although deep learning has advanced automated electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis, prevalent supervised methods typically treat recordings as undifferentiated one-dimensional (1D) signals or two-dimensional (2D) images. This formulation compels models to learn physiological structures implicitly, resulting in data inefficiency and opacity that diverge from medical reasoning. To address these limitat… ▽ More Although deep learning has advanced automated electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis, prevalent supervised methods typically treat recordings as undifferentiated one-dimensional (1D) signals or two-dimensional (2D) images. This formulation compels models to learn physiological structures implicitly, resulting in data inefficiency and opacity that diverge from medical reasoning. To address these limitations, we propose BEAT-Net, a Biomimetic ECG Analysis with Tokenization framework that reformulates the problem as a language modeling task. Utilizing a QRS tokenization strategy to transform continuous signals into biologically aligned heartbeat sequences, the architecture explicitly decomposes cardiac physiology through specialized encoders that extract local beat morphology while normalizing spatial lead perspectives and modeling temporal rhythm dependencies. Evaluations across three large-scale benchmarks demonstrate that BEAT-Net matches the diagnostic accuracy of dominant convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures while substantially improving robustness. The framework exhibits exceptional data efficiency, recovering fully supervised performance using only 30 to 35 percent of annotated data. Moreover, learned attention mechanisms provide inherent interpretability by spontaneously reproducing clinical heuristics, such as Lead II prioritization for rhythm analysis, without explicit supervision. These findings indicate that integrating biological priors offers a computationally efficient and interpretable alternative to data-intensive large-scale pre-training. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures and 2 tables arXiv:2601.07316 [ pdf , ps , other ] BEAT-Net: Injecting Biomimetic Spatio-Temporal Priors for Interpretable ECG Classification Authors: Runze Ma , Caizhi Liao Abstract : Although deep learning has advanced automated electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis, prevalent supervised methods typically treat recordings as undifferentiated one-dimensional (1D) signals or two-dimensional (2D) images. This formulation compels models to learn physiological structures implicitly, resulting in data inefficiency and opacity that diverge from medical reasoning. To address these limitat… ▽ More Although deep learning has advanced automated electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis, prevalent supervised methods typically treat recordings as undifferentiated one-dimensional (1D) signals or two-dimensional (2D) images. This formulation compels models to learn physiological structures implicitly, resulting in data inefficiency and opacity that diverge from medical reasoning. To address these limitations, we propose BEAT-Net, a Biomimetic ECG Analysis with Tokenization framework that reformulates the problem as a language modeling task. Utilizing a QRS tokenization strategy to transform continuous signals into biologically aligned heartbeat sequences, the architecture explicitly decomposes cardiac physiology through specialized encoders that extract local beat morphology while normalizing spatial lead perspectives and modeling temporal rhythm dependencies. Evaluations across three large-scale benchmarks demonstrate that BEAT-Net matches the diagnostic accuracy of dominant convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures while substantially improving robustness. The framework exhibits exceptional data efficiency, recovering fully supervised performance using only 30 to 35 percent of annotated data. Moreover, learned attention mechanisms provide inherent interpretability by spontaneously reproducing clinical heuristics, such as Lead II prioritization for rhythm analysis, without explicit supervision. These findings indicate that integrating biological priors offers a computationally efficient and interpretable alternative to data-intensive large-scale pre-training. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures and 2 tables arXiv:2601.06753 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Towards Computational Chinese Paleography Authors: Yiran Rex Ma Abstract : Chinese paleography, the study of ancient Chinese writing, is undergoing a computational turn powered by artificial intelligence. This position paper charts the trajectory of this emerging field, arguing that it is evolving from automating isolated visual tasks to creating integrated digital ecosystems for scholarly research. We first map the landscape of digital resources, analyzing critical data… ▽ More Chinese paleography, the study of ancient Chinese writing, is undergoing a computational turn powered by artificial intelligence. This position paper charts the trajectory of this emerging field, arguing that it is evolving from automating isolated visual tasks to creating integrated digital ecosystems for scholarly research. We first map the landscape of digital resources, analyzing critical datasets for oracle bone, bronze, and bamboo slip scripts. The core of our analysis follows the field's methodological pipeline: from foundational visual processing (image restoration, character recognition), through contextual analysis (artifact rejoining, dating), to the advanced reasoning required for automated decipherment and human-AI collaboration. We examine the technological shift from classical computer vision to modern deep learning paradigms, including transformers and large multimodal models. Finally, we synthesize the field's core challenges -- notably data scarcity and a disconnect between current AI capabilities and the holistic nature of humanistic inquiry -- and advocate for a future research agenda focused on creating multimodal, few-shot, and human-centric systems to augment scholarly expertise. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: A position paper in progress with Peking University & ByteDance Digital Humanities Open Lab arXiv:2601.06753 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards Computational Chinese Paleography Authors: Yiran Rex Ma Abstract : Chinese paleography, the study of ancient Chinese writing, is undergoing a computational turn powered by artificial intelligence. This position paper charts the trajectory of this emerging field, arguing that it is evolving from automating isolated visual tasks to creating integrated digital ecosystems for scholarly research. We first map the landscape of digital resources, analyzing critical data… ▽ More Chinese paleography, the study of ancient Chinese writing, is undergoing a computational turn powered by artificial intelligence. This position paper charts the trajectory of this emerging field, arguing that it is evolving from automating isolated visual tasks to creating integrated digital ecosystems for scholarly research. We first map the landscape of digital resources, analyzing critical datasets for oracle bone, bronze, and bamboo slip scripts. The core of our analysis follows the field's methodological pipeline: from foundational visual processing (image restoration, character recognition), through contextual analysis (artifact rejoining, dating), to the advanced reasoning required for automated decipherment and human-AI collaboration. We examine the technological shift from classical computer vision to modern deep learning paradigms, including transformers and large multimodal models. Finally, we synthesize the field's core challenges -- notably data scarcity and a disconnect between current AI capabilities and the holistic nature of humanistic inquiry -- and advocate for a future research agenda focused on creating multimodal, few-shot, and human-centric systems to augment scholarly expertise. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: A position paper in progress with Peking University & ByteDance Digital Humanities Open Lab arXiv:2601.06216 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI LLM Agents in Law: Taxonomy, Applications, and Challenges Authors: Shuang Liu , Ruijia Zhang , Ruoyun Ma , Yujia Deng , Lanyi Zhu , Jiayu Li , Zelong Li , Zhibin Shen , Mengnan Du Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have precipitated a dramatic improvement in the legal domain, yet the deployment of standalone models faces significant limitations regarding hallucination, outdated information, and verifiability. Recently, LLM agents have attracted significant attention as a solution to these challenges, utilizing advanced capabilities such as planning, memory, and tool usage to meet… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have precipitated a dramatic improvement in the legal domain, yet the deployment of standalone models faces significant limitations regarding hallucination, outdated information, and verifiability. Recently, LLM agents have attracted significant attention as a solution to these challenges, utilizing advanced capabilities such as planning, memory, and tool usage to meet the rigorous standards of legal practice. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of LLM agents for legal tasks, analyzing how these architectures bridge the gap between technical capabilities and domain-specific needs. Our major contributions include: (1) systematically analyzing the technical transition from standard legal LLMs to legal agents; (2) presenting a structured taxonomy of current agent applications across distinct legal practice areas; (3) discussing evaluation methodologies specifically for agentic performance in law; and (4) identifying open challenges and outlining future directions for developing robust and autonomous legal assistants. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06216 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLM Agents in Law: Taxonomy, Applications, and Challenges Authors: Shuang Liu , Ruijia Zhang , Ruoyun Ma , Yujia Deng , Lanyi Zhu , Jiayu Li , Zelong Li , Zhibin Shen , Mengnan Du Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have precipitated a dramatic improvement in the legal domain, yet the deployment of standalone models faces significant limitations regarding hallucination, outdated information, and verifiability. Recently, LLM agents have attracted significant attention as a solution to these challenges, utilizing advanced capabilities such as planning, memory, and tool usage to meet… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have precipitated a dramatic improvement in the legal domain, yet the deployment of standalone models faces significant limitations regarding hallucination, outdated information, and verifiability. Recently, LLM agents have attracted significant attention as a solution to these challenges, utilizing advanced capabilities such as planning, memory, and tool usage to meet the rigorous standards of legal practice. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of LLM agents for legal tasks, analyzing how these architectures bridge the gap between technical capabilities and domain-specific needs. Our major contributions include: (1) systematically analyzing the technical transition from standard legal LLMs to legal agents; (2) presenting a structured taxonomy of current agent applications across distinct legal practice areas; (3) discussing evaluation methodologies specifically for agentic performance in law; and (4) identifying open challenges and outlining future directions for developing robust and autonomous legal assistants. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05629 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Cumulative Path-Level Semantic Reasoning for Inductive Knowledge Graph Completion Authors: Jiapu Wang , Xinghe Cheng , Zezheng Wu , Ruiqi Ma , Rui Wang , Zhichao Yan , Haoran Luo , Yuhao Jiang , Kai Sun Abstract : Conventional Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC) methods aim to infer missing information in incomplete Knowledge Graphs (KGs) by leveraging existing information, which struggle to perform effectively in scenarios involving emerging entities. Inductive KGC methods can handle the emerging entities and relations in KGs, offering greater dynamic adaptability. While existing inductive KGC methods have ac… ▽ More Conventional Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC) methods aim to infer missing information in incomplete Knowledge Graphs (KGs) by leveraging existing information, which struggle to perform effectively in scenarios involving emerging entities. Inductive KGC methods can handle the emerging entities and relations in KGs, offering greater dynamic adaptability. While existing inductive KGC methods have achieved some success, they also face challenges, such as susceptibility to noisy structural information during reasoning and difficulty in capturing long-range dependencies in reasoning paths. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the Cumulative Path-Level Semantic Reasoning for inductive knowledge graph completion (CPSR) framework, which simultaneously captures both the structural and semantic information of KGs to enhance the inductive KGC task. Specifically, the proposed CPSR employs a query-dependent masking module to adaptively mask noisy structural information while retaining important information closely related to the targets. Additionally, CPSR introduces a global semantic scoring module that evaluates both the individual contributions and the collective impact of nodes along the reasoning path within KGs. The experimental results demonstrate that CPSR achieves state-of-the-art performance. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05629 [ pdf , ps , other ] Cumulative Path-Level Semantic Reasoning for Inductive Knowledge Graph Completion Authors: Jiapu Wang , Xinghe Cheng , Zezheng Wu , Ruiqi Ma , Rui Wang , Zhichao Yan , Haoran Luo , Yuhao Jiang , Kai Sun Abstract : Conventional Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC) methods aim to infer missing information in incomplete Knowledge Graphs (KGs) by leveraging existing information, which struggle to perform effectively in scenarios involving emerging entities. Inductive KGC methods can handle the emerging entities and relations in KGs, offering greater dynamic adaptability. While existing inductive KGC methods have ac… ▽ More Conventional Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC) methods aim to infer missing information in incomplete Knowledge Graphs (KGs) by leveraging existing information, which struggle to perform effectively in scenarios involving emerging entities. Inductive KGC methods can handle the emerging entities and relations in KGs, offering greater dynamic adaptability. While existing inductive KGC methods have achieved some success, they also face challenges, such as susceptibility to noisy structural information during reasoning and difficulty in capturing long-range dependencies in reasoning paths. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the Cumulative Path-Level Semantic Reasoning for inductive knowledge graph completion (CPSR) framework, which simultaneously captures both the structural and semantic information of KGs to enhance the inductive KGC task. Specifically, the proposed CPSR employs a query-dependent masking module to adaptively mask noisy structural information while retaining important information closely related to the targets. Additionally, CPSR introduces a global semantic scoring module that evaluates both the individual contributions and the collective impact of nodes along the reasoning path within KGs. The experimental results demonstrate that CPSR achieves state-of-the-art performance. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.01695 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Learnability-Driven Submodular Optimization for Active Roadside 3D Detection Authors: Ruiyu Mao , Baoming Zhang , Nicholas Ruozzi , Yunhui Guo Abstract : Roadside perception datasets are typically constructed via cooperative labeling between synchronized vehicle and roadside frame pairs. However, real deployment often requires annotation of roadside-only data due to hardware and privacy constraints. Even human experts struggle to produce accurate labels without vehicle-side data (image, LIDAR), which not only increases annotation difficulty and cos… ▽ More Roadside perception datasets are typically constructed via cooperative labeling between synchronized vehicle and roadside frame pairs. However, real deployment often requires annotation of roadside-only data due to hardware and privacy constraints. Even human experts struggle to produce accurate labels without vehicle-side data (image, LIDAR), which not only increases annotation difficulty and cost, but also reveals a fundamental learnability problem: many roadside-only scenes contain distant, blurred, or occluded objects whose 3D properties are ambiguous from a single view and can only be reliably annotated by cross-checking paired vehicle--roadside frames. We refer to such cases as inherently ambiguous samples. To reduce wasted annotation effort on inherently ambiguous samples while still obtaining high-performing models, we turn to active learning. This work focuses on active learning for roadside monocular 3D object detection and proposes a learnability-driven framework that selects scenes which are both informative and reliably labelable, suppressing inherently ambiguous samples while ensuring coverage. Experiments demonstrate that our method, LH3D, achieves 86.06%, 67.32%, and 78.67% of full-performance for vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists respectively, using only 25% of the annotation budget on DAIR-V2X-I, significantly outperforming uncertainty-based baselines. This confirms that learnability, not uncertainty, matters for roadside 3D perception. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to CVPR 2026 arXiv:2601.01695 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learnability-Driven Submodular Optimization for Active Roadside 3D Detection Authors: Ruiyu Mao , Baoming Zhang , Nicholas Ruozzi , Yunhui Guo Abstract : Roadside perception datasets are typically constructed via cooperative labeling between synchronized vehicle and roadside frame pairs. However, real deployment often requires annotation of roadside-only data due to hardware and privacy constraints. Even human experts struggle to produce accurate labels without vehicle-side data (image, LIDAR), which not only increases annotation difficulty and cos… ▽ More Roadside perception datasets are typically constructed via cooperative labeling between synchronized vehicle and roadside frame pairs. However, real deployment often requires annotation of roadside-only data due to hardware and privacy constraints. Even human experts struggle to produce accurate labels without vehicle-side data (image, LIDAR), which not only increases annotation difficulty and cost, but also reveals a fundamental learnability problem: many roadside-only scenes contain distant, blurred, or occluded objects whose 3D properties are ambiguous from a single view and can only be reliably annotated by cross-checking paired vehicle--roadside frames. We refer to such cases as inherently ambiguous samples. To reduce wasted annotation effort on inherently ambiguous samples while still obtaining high-performing models, we turn to active learning. This work focuses on active learning for roadside monocular 3D object detection and proposes a learnability-driven framework that selects scenes which are both informative and reliably labelable, suppressing inherently ambiguous samples while ensuring coverage. Experiments demonstrate that our method, LH3D, achieves 86.06%, 67.32%, and 78.67% of full-performance for vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists respectively, using only 25% of the annotation budget on DAIR-V2X-I, significantly outperforming uncertainty-based baselines. This confirms that learnability, not uncertainty, matters for roadside 3D perception. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to CVPR 2026 arXiv:2601.01357 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG physics.flu-dyn Towards LLM-enabled autonomous combustion research: A literature-aware agent for self-corrective modeling workflows Authors: Ke Xiao , Haoze Zhang , Runze Mao , Han Li , Zhi X. Chen Abstract : The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) is transforming artificial intelligence into autonomous research partners, yet a critical gap persists in complex scientific domains such as combustion modeling. Here, practical AI assistance requires the seamless integration of domain literature knowledge with robust execution capabilities for expertise-intensive tools such as computational flui… ▽ More The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) is transforming artificial intelligence into autonomous research partners, yet a critical gap persists in complex scientific domains such as combustion modeling. Here, practical AI assistance requires the seamless integration of domain literature knowledge with robust execution capabilities for expertise-intensive tools such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. To bridge this gap, we introduce FlamePilot, an LLM agent designed to empower combustion modeling research through automated and self-corrective CFD workflows. FlamePilot differentiates itself through an architecture that leverages atomic tools to ensure the robust setup and execution of complex simulations in both OpenFOAM and extended frameworks such as DeepFlame. The system is also capable of learning from scientific articles, extracting key information to guide the simulation from initial setup to optimized results. Validation on a public benchmark shows FlamePilot achieved a perfect 1.0 executability score and a 0.438 success rate, surpassing the prior best reported agent scores of 0.625 and 0.250, respectively. Furthermore, a detailed case study on Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion simulation demonstrates its efficacy as a collaborative research copilot, where FlamePilot autonomously translated a research paper into a configured simulation, conducted the simulation, post-processed the results, proposed evidence-based refinements, and managed a multi-step parameter study to convergence under minimal human intervention. By adopting a transparent and interpretable paradigm, FlamePilot establishes a foundational framework for AI-empowered combustion modeling, fostering a collaborative partnership where the agent manages workflow orchestration, freeing the researcher for high-level analysis. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01357 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards LLM-enabled autonomous combustion research: A literature-aware agent for self-corrective modeling workflows Authors: Ke Xiao , Haoze Zhang , Runze Mao , Han Li , Zhi X. Chen Abstract : The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) is transforming artificial intelligence into autonomous research partners, yet a critical gap persists in complex scientific domains such as combustion modeling. Here, practical AI assistance requires the seamless integration of domain literature knowledge with robust execution capabilities for expertise-intensive tools such as computational flui… ▽ More The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) is transforming artificial intelligence into autonomous research partners, yet a critical gap persists in complex scientific domains such as combustion modeling. Here, practical AI assistance requires the seamless integration of domain literature knowledge with robust execution capabilities for expertise-intensive tools such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. To bridge this gap, we introduce FlamePilot, an LLM agent designed to empower combustion modeling research through automated and self-corrective CFD workflows. FlamePilot differentiates itself through an architecture that leverages atomic tools to ensure the robust setup and execution of complex simulations in both OpenFOAM and extended frameworks such as DeepFlame. The system is also capable of learning from scientific articles, extracting key information to guide the simulation from initial setup to optimized results. Validation on a public benchmark shows FlamePilot achieved a perfect 1.0 executability score and a 0.438 success rate, surpassing the prior best reported agent scores of 0.625 and 0.250, respectively. Furthermore, a detailed case study on Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion simulation demonstrates its efficacy as a collaborative research copilot, where FlamePilot autonomously translated a research paper into a configured simulation, conducted the simulation, post-processed the results, proposed evidence-based refinements, and managed a multi-step parameter study to convergence under minimal human intervention. By adopting a transparent and interpretable paradigm, FlamePilot establishes a foundational framework for AI-empowered combustion modeling, fostering a collaborative partnership where the agent manages workflow orchestration, freeing the researcher for high-level analysis. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.23808 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.SD eess.AS MiMo-Audio: Audio Language Models are Few-Shot Learners Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Dong Zhang , Gang Wang , Jinlong Xue , Kai Fang , Liang Zhao , Rui Ma , Shuhuai Ren , Shuo Liu , Tao Guo , Weiji Zhuang , Xin Zhang , Xingchen Song , Yihan Yan , Yongzhe He , Cici , Bowen Shen , Chengxuan Zhu , Chong Ma , Chun Chen , Heyu Chen , Jiawei Li , Lei Li , Menghang Zhu , et al. (76 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the aud… ▽ More Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the audio domain. By scaling MiMo-Audio's pretraining data to over one hundred million of hours, we observe the emergence of few-shot learning capabilities across a diverse set of audio tasks. We develop a systematic evaluation of these capabilities and find that MiMo-Audio-7B-Base achieves SOTA performance on both speech intelligence and audio understanding benchmarks among open-source models. Beyond standard metrics, MiMo-Audio-7B-Base generalizes to tasks absent from its training data, such as voice conversion, style transfer, and speech editing. MiMo-Audio-7B-Base also demonstrates powerful speech continuation capabilities, capable of generating highly realistic talk shows, recitations, livestreaming and debates. At the post-training stage, we curate a diverse instruction-tuning corpus and introduce thinking mechanisms into both audio understanding and generation. MiMo-Audio-7B-Instruct achieves open-source SOTA on audio understanding benchmarks (MMSU, MMAU, MMAR, MMAU-Pro), spoken dialogue benchmarks (Big Bench Audio, MultiChallenge Audio) and instruct-TTS evaluations, approaching or surpassing closed-source models. Model checkpoints and full evaluation suite are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23808 [ pdf , ps , other ] MiMo-Audio: Audio Language Models are Few-Shot Learners Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Dong Zhang , Gang Wang , Jinlong Xue , Kai Fang , Liang Zhao , Rui Ma , Shuhuai Ren , Shuo Liu , Tao Guo , Weiji Zhuang , Xin Zhang , Xingchen Song , Yihan Yan , Yongzhe He , Cici , Bowen Shen , Chengxuan Zhu , Chong Ma , Chun Chen , Heyu Chen , Jiawei Li , Lei Li , Menghang Zhu , et al. (76 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the aud… ▽ More Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the audio domain. By scaling MiMo-Audio's pretraining data to over one hundred million of hours, we observe the emergence of few-shot learning capabilities across a diverse set of audio tasks. We develop a systematic evaluation of these capabilities and find that MiMo-Audio-7B-Base achieves SOTA performance on both speech intelligence and audio understanding benchmarks among open-source models. Beyond standard metrics, MiMo-Audio-7B-Base generalizes to tasks absent from its training data, such as voice conversion, style transfer, and speech editing. MiMo-Audio-7B-Base also demonstrates powerful speech continuation capabilities, capable of generating highly realistic talk shows, recitations, livestreaming and debates. At the post-training stage, we curate a diverse instruction-tuning corpus and introduce thinking mechanisms into both audio understanding and generation. MiMo-Audio-7B-Instruct achieves open-source SOTA on audio understanding benchmarks (MMSU, MMAU, MMAR, MMAU-Pro), spoken dialogue benchmarks (Big Bench Audio, MultiChallenge Audio) and instruct-TTS evaluations, approaching or surpassing closed-source models. Model checkpoints and full evaluation suite are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22334 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL SciEvalKit: An Open-source Evaluation Toolkit for Scientific General Intelligence Authors: Yiheng Wang , Yixin Chen , Shuo Li , Yifan Zhou , Bo Liu , Hengjian Gao , Jiakang Yuan , Jia Bu , Wanghan Xu , Yuhao Zhou , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhiwang Zhou , Fengxiang Wang , Haodong Duan , Songyang Zhang , Jun Yao , Han Deng , Yizhou Wang , Jiabei Xiao , Jiaqi Liu , Encheng Su , Yujie Liu , Weida Wang , Junchi Yao , Shenghe Zheng , et al. (11 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce SciEvalKit, a unified benchmarking toolkit designed to evaluate AI models for science across a broad range of scientific disciplines and task capabilities. Unlike general-purpose evaluation platforms, SciEvalKit focuses on the core competencies of scientific intelligence, including Scientific Multimodal Perception, Scientific Multimodal Reasoning, Scientific Multimodal Understanding,… ▽ More We introduce SciEvalKit, a unified benchmarking toolkit designed to evaluate AI models for science across a broad range of scientific disciplines and task capabilities. Unlike general-purpose evaluation platforms, SciEvalKit focuses on the core competencies of scientific intelligence, including Scientific Multimodal Perception, Scientific Multimodal Reasoning, Scientific Multimodal Understanding, Scientific Symbolic Reasoning, Scientific Code Generation, Science Hypothesis Generation and Scientific Knowledge Understanding. It supports six major scientific domains, spanning from physics and chemistry to astronomy and materials science. SciEvalKit builds a foundation of expert-grade scientific benchmarks, curated from real-world, domain-specific datasets, ensuring that tasks reflect authentic scientific challenges. The toolkit features a flexible, extensible evaluation pipeline that enables batch evaluation across models and datasets, supports custom model and dataset integration, and provides transparent, reproducible, and comparable results. By bridging capability-based evaluation and disciplinary diversity, SciEvalKit offers a standardized yet customizable infrastructure to benchmark the next generation of scientific foundation models and intelligent agents. The toolkit is open-sourced and actively maintained to foster community-driven development and progress in AI4Science. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22334 [ pdf , ps , other ] SciEvalKit: An Open-source Evaluation Toolkit for Scientific General Intelligence Authors: Yiheng Wang , Yixin Chen , Shuo Li , Yifan Zhou , Bo Liu , Hengjian Gao , Jiakang Yuan , Jia Bu , Wanghan Xu , Yuhao Zhou , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhiwang Zhou , Fengxiang Wang , Haodong Duan , Songyang Zhang , Jun Yao , Han Deng , Yizhou Wang , Jiabei Xiao , Jiaqi Liu , Encheng Su , Yujie Liu , Weida Wang , Junchi Yao , Shenghe Zheng , et al. (11 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce SciEvalKit, a unified benchmarking toolkit designed to evaluate AI models for science across a broad range of scientific disciplines and task capabilities. Unlike general-purpose evaluation platforms, SciEvalKit focuses on the core competencies of scientific intelligence, including Scientific Multimodal Perception, Scientific Multimodal Reasoning, Scientific Multimodal Understanding,… ▽ More We introduce SciEvalKit, a unified benchmarking toolkit designed to evaluate AI models for science across a broad range of scientific disciplines and task capabilities. Unlike general-purpose evaluation platforms, SciEvalKit focuses on the core competencies of scientific intelligence, including Scientific Multimodal Perception, Scientific Multimodal Reasoning, Scientific Multimodal Understanding, Scientific Symbolic Reasoning, Scientific Code Generation, Science Hypothesis Generation and Scientific Knowledge Understanding. It supports six major scientific domains, spanning from physics and chemistry to astronomy and materials science. SciEvalKit builds a foundation of expert-grade scientific benchmarks, curated from real-world, domain-specific datasets, ensuring that tasks reflect authentic scientific challenges. The toolkit features a flexible, extensible evaluation pipeline that enables batch evaluation across models and datasets, supports custom model and dataset integration, and provides transparent, reproducible, and comparable results. By bridging capability-based evaluation and disciplinary diversity, SciEvalKit offers a standardized yet customizable infrastructure to benchmark the next generation of scientific foundation models and intelligent agents. The toolkit is open-sourced and actively maintained to foster community-driven development and progress in AI4Science. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19292 [ pdf ] cs.GT LOCO: A Low-Cost SNU-Self-Resilient Latch Using an Output-Split C-Element Authors: Ruijun Ma , Xin Chen , Xiaoqing Wen , Hui Xu , Shengnan Ye , Chuanjian Zhang , Senling Wang Abstract : As the CMOS technology enters nanometer scales, integrated circuits (ICs) become increasingly sensitive to radiation-induced soft errors, which can corrupt the state of storage elements and cause severe reliability issues. Many hardened designs have been proposed to mitigate soft errors by using filtering elements. However, existing filtering elements only protect their inputs against soft errors… ▽ More As the CMOS technology enters nanometer scales, integrated circuits (ICs) become increasingly sensitive to radiation-induced soft errors, which can corrupt the state of storage elements and cause severe reliability issues. Many hardened designs have been proposed to mitigate soft errors by using filtering elements. However, existing filtering elements only protect their inputs against soft errors and leave their outputs unprotected. Therefore, additional filtering elements must be added to protect outputs, resulting in extra overhead. In this paper, we first propose a novel Output-Split C-element (OSC) to protect both its input and output nodes, and then a novel LOw-COst single-node-upset (SNU) self-resilient latch (LOCO) to use OSCs to achieve both soft error resilience and low overhead. The usage of OSCs effectively reduce the short-circuit current of the LOCO latch during switching activities. Furthermore, the usage of clock gating and high-speed path reduces power consumption and delay, respectively. Compared with state-of-the-art SNU-resilient hardened designs, the LOCO latch achieves 19% fewer transistors, 63.58% lower power, 74% less delay, and 92% lower power-delay-product (PDP) on average. In addition, the LOCO latch exhibits better stability under variations in PVT (Process, Voltage, and Temperature). △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19292 [ pdf ] LOCO: A Low-Cost SNU-Self-Resilient Latch Using an Output-Split C-Element Authors: Ruijun Ma , Xin Chen , Xiaoqing Wen , Hui Xu , Shengnan Ye , Chuanjian Zhang , Senling Wang Abstract : As the CMOS technology enters nanometer scales, integrated circuits (ICs) become increasingly sensitive to radiation-induced soft errors, which can corrupt the state of storage elements and cause severe reliability issues. Many hardened designs have been proposed to mitigate soft errors by using filtering elements. However, existing filtering elements only protect their inputs against soft errors… ▽ More As the CMOS technology enters nanometer scales, integrated circuits (ICs) become increasingly sensitive to radiation-induced soft errors, which can corrupt the state of storage elements and cause severe reliability issues. Many hardened designs have been proposed to mitigate soft errors by using filtering elements. However, existing filtering elements only protect their inputs against soft errors and leave their outputs unprotected. Therefore, additional filtering elements must be added to protect outputs, resulting in extra overhead. In this paper, we first propose a novel Output-Split C-element (OSC) to protect both its input and output nodes, and then a novel LOw-COst single-node-upset (SNU) self-resilient latch (LOCO) to use OSCs to achieve both soft error resilience and low overhead. The usage of OSCs effectively reduce the short-circuit current of the LOCO latch during switching activities. Furthermore, the usage of clock gating and high-speed path reduces power consumption and delay, respectively. Compared with state-of-the-art SNU-resilient hardened designs, the LOCO latch achieves 19% fewer transistors, 63.58% lower power, 74% less delay, and 92% lower power-delay-product (PDP) on average. In addition, the LOCO latch exhibits better stability under variations in PVT (Process, Voltage, and Temperature). △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19070 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL Watch Closely: Mitigating Object Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models with Disentangled Decoding Authors: Ruiqi Ma , Yu Yan , Chunhong Zhang , Minghao Yin , XinChao Liu , Zhihong Jin , Zheng Hu Abstract : Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) bridge the gap between visual and linguistic modalities, demonstrating strong potential across a variety of domains. However, despite significant progress, LVLMs still suffer from severe hallucination issues in object recognition tasks. These models often fail to accurately identify certain objects, leading to text generation that appears fluent but does not co… ▽ More Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) bridge the gap between visual and linguistic modalities, demonstrating strong potential across a variety of domains. However, despite significant progress, LVLMs still suffer from severe hallucination issues in object recognition tasks. These models often fail to accurately identify certain objects, leading to text generation that appears fluent but does not correspond to the visual content, which can have serious consequences in real-world applications. Recently, several methods have been proposed to alleviate LVLM hallucinations, but most focus solely on reducing hallucinations in the language modality. To mitigate hallucinations in both the language and visual modalities, we introduce Hallucination Disentangled Decoding (HDD) method that requires no training. HDD enhances the original image by segmenting it and selecting images that augment the original, while also utilizing a blank image to eliminate language prior hallucinations in both the original and segmented images. This design not only reduces the model's dependence on language priors but also enhances its visual performance. (Code: △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19070 [ pdf , ps , other ] Watch Closely: Mitigating Object Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models with Disentangled Decoding Authors: Ruiqi Ma , Yu Yan , Chunhong Zhang , Minghao Yin , XinChao Liu , Zhihong Jin , Zheng Hu Abstract : Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) bridge the gap between visual and linguistic modalities, demonstrating strong potential across a variety of domains. However, despite significant progress, LVLMs still suffer from severe hallucination issues in object recognition tasks. These models often fail to accurately identify certain objects, leading to text generation that appears fluent but does not co… ▽ More Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) bridge the gap between visual and linguistic modalities, demonstrating strong potential across a variety of domains. However, despite significant progress, LVLMs still suffer from severe hallucination issues in object recognition tasks. These models often fail to accurately identify certain objects, leading to text generation that appears fluent but does not correspond to the visual content, which can have serious consequences in real-world applications. Recently, several methods have been proposed to alleviate LVLM hallucinations, but most focus solely on reducing hallucinations in the language modality. To mitigate hallucinations in both the language and visual modalities, we introduce Hallucination Disentangled Decoding (HDD) method that requires no training. HDD enhances the original image by segmenting it and selecting images that augment the original, while also utilizing a blank image to eliminate language prior hallucinations in both the original and segmented images. This design not only reduces the model's dependence on language priors but also enhances its visual performance. (Code: △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18595 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Benchmarking neural surrogates on realistic spatiotemporal multiphysics flows Authors: Runze Mao , Rui Zhang , Xuan Bai , Tianhao Wu , Teng Zhang , Zhenyi Chen , Minqi Lin , Bocheng Zeng , Yangchen Xu , Yingxuan Xiang , Haoze Zhang , Shubham Goswami , Pierre A. Dawe , Yifan Xu , Zhenhua An , Mengtao Yan , Xiaoyi Lu , Yi Wang , Rongbo Bai , Haobu Gao , Xiaohang Fang , Han Li , Hao Sun , Zhi X. Chen Abstract : Predicting multiphysics dynamics is computationally expensive and challenging due to the severe coupling of multi-scale, heterogeneous physical processes. While neural surrogates promise a paradigm shift, the field currently suffers from an "illusion of mastery", as repeatedly emphasized in top-tier commentaries: existing evaluations overly rely on simplified, low-dimensional proxies, which fail t… ▽ More Predicting multiphysics dynamics is computationally expensive and challenging due to the severe coupling of multi-scale, heterogeneous physical processes. While neural surrogates promise a paradigm shift, the field currently suffers from an "illusion of mastery", as repeatedly emphasized in top-tier commentaries: existing evaluations overly rely on simplified, low-dimensional proxies, which fail to expose the models' inherent fragility in realistic regimes. To bridge this critical gap, we present REALM (REalistic AI Learning for Multiphysics), a rigorous benchmarking framework designed to test neural surrogates on challenging, application-driven reactive flows. REALM features 11 high-fidelity datasets spanning from canonical multiphysics problems to complex propulsion and fire safety scenarios, alongside a standardized end-to-end training and evaluation protocol that incorporates multiphysics-aware preprocessing and a robust rollout strategy. Using this framework, we systematically benchmark over a dozen representative surrogate model families, including spectral operators, convolutional models, Transformers, pointwise operators, and graph/mesh networks, and identify three robust trends: (i) a scaling barrier governed jointly by dimensionality, stiffness, and mesh irregularity, leading to rapidly growing rollout errors; (ii) performance primarily controlled by architectural inductive biases rather than parameter count; and (iii) a persistent gap between nominal accuracy metrics and physically trustworthy behavior, where models with high correlations still miss key transient structures and integral quantities. Taken together, REALM exposes the limits of current neural surrogates on realistic multiphysics flows and offers a rigorous testbed to drive the development of next-generation physics-aware architectures. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 52 pages, 20 figures. Code and data available at Companion website and leaderboard at arXiv:2512.18595 [ pdf , ps , other ] Benchmarking neural surrogates on realistic spatiotemporal multiphysics flows Authors: Runze Mao , Rui Zhang , Xuan Bai , Tianhao Wu , Teng Zhang , Zhenyi Chen , Minqi Lin , Bocheng Zeng , Yangchen Xu , Yingxuan Xiang , Haoze Zhang , Shubham Goswami , Pierre A. Dawe , Yifan Xu , Zhenhua An , Mengtao Yan , Xiaoyi Lu , Yi Wang , Rongbo Bai , Haobu Gao , Xiaohang Fang , Han Li , Hao Sun , Zhi X. Chen Abstract : Predicting multiphysics dynamics is computationally expensive and challenging due to the severe coupling of multi-scale, heterogeneous physical processes. While neural surrogates promise a paradigm shift, the field currently suffers from an "illusion of mastery", as repeatedly emphasized in top-tier commentaries: existing evaluations overly rely on simplified, low-dimensional proxies, which fail t… ▽ More Predicting multiphysics dynamics is computationally expensive and challenging due to the severe coupling of multi-scale, heterogeneous physical processes. While neural surrogates promise a paradigm shift, the field currently suffers from an "illusion of mastery", as repeatedly emphasized in top-tier commentaries: existing evaluations overly rely on simplified, low-dimensional proxies, which fail to expose the models' inherent fragility in realistic regimes. To bridge this critical gap, we present REALM (REalistic AI Learning for Multiphysics), a rigorous benchmarking framework designed to test neural surrogates on challenging, application-driven reactive flows. REALM features 11 high-fidelity datasets spanning from canonical multiphysics problems to complex propulsion and fire safety scenarios, alongside a standardized end-to-end training and evaluation protocol that incorporates multiphysics-aware preprocessing and a robust rollout strategy. Using this framework, we systematically benchmark over a dozen representative surrogate model families, including spectral operators, convolutional models, Transformers, pointwise operators, and graph/mesh networks, and identify three robust trends: (i) a scaling barrier governed jointly by dimensionality, stiffness, and mesh irregularity, leading to rapidly growing rollout errors; (ii) performance primarily controlled by architectural inductive biases rather than parameter count; and (iii) a persistent gap between nominal accuracy metrics and physically trustworthy behavior, where models with high correlations still miss key transient structures and integral quantities. Taken together, REALM exposes the limits of current neural surrogates on realistic multiphysics flows and offers a rigorous testbed to drive the development of next-generation physics-aware architectures. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 52 pages, 20 figures. Code and data available at Companion website and leaderboard at arXiv:2512.15792 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.CL A Systematic Analysis of Biases in Large Language Models Authors: Xulang Zhang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly become indispensable tools for acquiring information and supporting human decision-making. However, ensuring that these models uphold fairness across varied contexts is critical to their safe and responsible deployment. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of four widely adopted LLMs, probing their underlying biases and inclinations acro… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly become indispensable tools for acquiring information and supporting human decision-making. However, ensuring that these models uphold fairness across varied contexts is critical to their safe and responsible deployment. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of four widely adopted LLMs, probing their underlying biases and inclinations across the dimensions of politics, ideology, alliance, language, and gender. Through a series of carefully designed experiments, we investigate their political neutrality using news summarization, ideological biases through news stance classification, tendencies toward specific geopolitical alliances via United Nations voting patterns, language bias in the context of multilingual story completion, and gender-related affinities as revealed by responses to the World Values Survey. Results indicate that while the LLMs are aligned to be neutral and impartial, they still show biases and affinities of different types. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.15792 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Systematic Analysis of Biases in Large Language Models Authors: Xulang Zhang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly become indispensable tools for acquiring information and supporting human decision-making. However, ensuring that these models uphold fairness across varied contexts is critical to their safe and responsible deployment. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of four widely adopted LLMs, probing their underlying biases and inclinations acro… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly become indispensable tools for acquiring information and supporting human decision-making. However, ensuring that these models uphold fairness across varied contexts is critical to their safe and responsible deployment. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of four widely adopted LLMs, probing their underlying biases and inclinations across the dimensions of politics, ideology, alliance, language, and gender. Through a series of carefully designed experiments, we investigate their political neutrality using news summarization, ideological biases through news stance classification, tendencies toward specific geopolitical alliances via United Nations voting patterns, language bias in the context of multilingual story completion, and gender-related affinities as revealed by responses to the World Values Survey. Results indicate that while the LLMs are aligned to be neutral and impartial, they still show biases and affinities of different types. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.14965 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC Analyzing Social Media Claims regarding Youth Online Safety Features to Identify Problem Areas and Communication Gaps Authors: Renkai Ma , Dominique Geissler , Stefan Feuerriegel , Tobias Lauinger , Damon McCoy , Pamela Wisniewski Abstract : Social media platforms have faced increasing scrutiny over whether and how they protect youth online. While online risks to children have been well-documented by prior research, how social media platforms communicate about these risks and their efforts to improve youth safety have not been holistically examined. To fill this gap, we analyzed N=352 press releases and safety-related blogs published… ▽ More Social media platforms have faced increasing scrutiny over whether and how they protect youth online. While online risks to children have been well-documented by prior research, how social media platforms communicate about these risks and their efforts to improve youth safety have not been holistically examined. To fill this gap, we analyzed N=352 press releases and safety-related blogs published between 2019 and 2024 by four platforms popular among youth: YouTube, TikTok, Meta (Facebook and Instagram), and Snapchat. Leveraging both inductive and deductive qualitative approaches, we developed a comprehensive framework of seven problem areas where risks arise, and a taxonomy of safety features that social media platforms claim address these risks. Our analysis revealed uneven emphasis across problem areas, with most communications focused on Content Exposure and Interpersonal Communication, whereas less emphasis was placed on Content Creation, Data Access, and Platform Access. Additionally, we identified three problematic communication practices related to their described safety features, including discrepancies between feature implementation and availability, unclear or inconsistent explanations of safety feature operation, and a lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of safety features in mitigating risks once implemented. Based on these findings, we discuss the communication gaps between risks and the described safety features, as well as the tensions in achieving transparency in platform communication. Our analysis of platform communication informs guidelines for responsibly communicating about youth safety features. △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; v1 submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted to ACM CSCW 2026. 31 pages arXiv:2512.14965 [ pdf , ps , other ] Analyzing Social Media Claims regarding Youth Online Safety Features to Identify Problem Areas and Communication Gaps Authors: Renkai Ma , Dominique Geissler , Stefan Feuerriegel , Tobias Lauinger , Damon McCoy , Pamela Wisniewski Abstract : Social media platforms have faced increasing scrutiny over whether and how they protect youth online. While online risks to children have been well-documented by prior research, how social media platforms communicate about these risks and their efforts to improve youth safety have not been holistically examined. To fill this gap, we analyzed N=352 press releases and safety-related blogs published… ▽ More Social media platforms have faced increasing scrutiny over whether and how they protect youth online. While online risks to children have been well-documented by prior research, how social media platforms communicate about these risks and their efforts to improve youth safety have not been holistically examined. To fill this gap, we analyzed N=352 press releases and safety-related blogs published between 2019 and 2024 by four platforms popular among youth: YouTube, TikTok, Meta (Facebook and Instagram), and Snapchat. Leveraging both inductive and deductive qualitative approaches, we developed a comprehensive framework of seven problem areas where risks arise, and a taxonomy of safety features that social media platforms claim address these risks. Our analysis revealed uneven emphasis across problem areas, with most communications focused on Content Exposure and Interpersonal Communication, whereas less emphasis was placed on Content Creation, Data Access, and Platform Access. Additionally, we identified three problematic communication practices related to their described safety features, including discrepancies between feature implementation and availability, unclear or inconsistent explanations of safety feature operation, and a lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of safety features in mitigating risks once implemented. Based on these findings, we discuss the communication gaps between risks and the described safety features, as well as the tensions in achieving transparency in platform communication. Our analysis of platform communication informs guidelines for responsibly communicating about youth safety features. △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; v1 submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted to ACM CSCW 2026. 31 pages arXiv:2512.14806 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.AI Let the Barbarians In: How AI Can Accelerate Systems Performance Research Authors: Audrey Cheng , Shu Liu , Melissa Pan , Zhifei Li , Shubham Agarwal , Mert Cemri , Bowen Wang , Alexander Krentsel , Tian Xia , Jongseok Park , Shuo Yang , Jeff Chen , Lakshya Agrawal , Ashwin Naren , Shulu Li , Ruiying Ma , Aditya Desai , Jiarong Xing , Koushik Sen , Matei Zaharia , Ion Stoica Abstract : Artificial Intelligence (AI) is beginning to transform the research process by automating the discovery of new solutions. This shift depends on the availability of reliable verifiers, which AI-driven approaches require to validate candidate solutions. Research focused on improving systems performance is especially well-suited to this paradigm because system performance problems naturally admit suc… ▽ More Artificial Intelligence (AI) is beginning to transform the research process by automating the discovery of new solutions. This shift depends on the availability of reliable verifiers, which AI-driven approaches require to validate candidate solutions. Research focused on improving systems performance is especially well-suited to this paradigm because system performance problems naturally admit such verifiers: candidates can be implemented in real systems or simulators and evaluated against predefined workloads. We term this iterative cycle of generation, evaluation, and refinement AI-Driven Research for Systems (ADRS). Using several open-source ADRS instances (i.e., OpenEvolve, GEPA, and ShinkaEvolve), we demonstrate across ten case studies (e.g., multi-region cloud scheduling, mixture-of-experts load balancing, LLM-based SQL, transaction scheduling) that ADRS-generated solutions can match or even outperform human state-of-the-art designs. Based on these findings, we outline best practices (e.g., level of prompt specification, amount of feedback, robust evaluation) for effectively using ADRS, and we discuss future research directions and their implications. Although we do not yet have a universal recipe for applying ADRS across all of systems research, we hope our preliminary findings, together with the challenges we identify, offer meaningful guidance for future work as researcher effort shifts increasingly toward problem formulation and strategic oversight. Note: This paper is an extension of our prior work [14]. It adds extensive evaluation across multiple ADRS frameworks and provides deeper analysis and insights into best practices. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; v1 submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2510.06189 arXiv:2512.14806 [ pdf , ps , other ] Let the Barbarians In: How AI Can Accelerate Systems Performance Research Authors: Audrey Cheng , Shu Liu , Melissa Pan , Zhifei Li , Shubham Agarwal , Mert Cemri , Bowen Wang , Alexander Krentsel , Tian Xia , Jongseok Park , Shuo Yang , Jeff Chen , Lakshya Agrawal , Ashwin Naren , Shulu Li , Ruiying Ma , Aditya Desai , Jiarong Xing , Koushik Sen , Matei Zaharia , Ion Stoica Abstract : Artificial Intelligence (AI) is beginning to transform the research process by automating the discovery of new solutions. This shift depends on the availability of reliable verifiers, which AI-driven approaches require to validate candidate solutions. Research focused on improving systems performance is especially well-suited to this paradigm because system performance problems naturally admit suc… ▽ More Artificial Intelligence (AI) is beginning to transform the research process by automating the discovery of new solutions. This shift depends on the availability of reliable verifiers, which AI-driven approaches require to validate candidate solutions. Research focused on improving systems performance is especially well-suited to this paradigm because system performance problems naturally admit such verifiers: candidates can be implemented in real systems or simulators and evaluated against predefined workloads. We term this iterative cycle of generation, evaluation, and refinement AI-Driven Research for Systems (ADRS). Using several open-source ADRS instances (i.e., OpenEvolve, GEPA, and ShinkaEvolve), we demonstrate across ten case studies (e.g., multi-region cloud scheduling, mixture-of-experts load balancing, LLM-based SQL, transaction scheduling) that ADRS-generated solutions can match or even outperform human state-of-the-art designs. Based on these findings, we outline best practices (e.g., level of prompt specification, amount of feedback, robust evaluation) for effectively using ADRS, and we discuss future research directions and their implications. Although we do not yet have a universal recipe for applying ADRS across all of systems research, we hope our preliminary findings, together with the challenges we identify, offer meaningful guidance for future work as researcher effort shifts increasingly toward problem formulation and strategic oversight. Note: This paper is an extension of our prior work [14]. It adds extensive evaluation across multiple ADRS frameworks and provides deeper analysis and insights into best practices. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; v1 submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2510.06189 arXiv:2512.14654 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV ViRC: Enhancing Visual Interleaved Mathematical CoT with Reason Chunking Authors: Lihong Wang , Liangqi Li , Weiwei Feng , Jiamin Wu , Changtao Miao , Tieru Wu , Rui Ma , Bo Zhang , Zhe Li Abstract : CoT has significantly enhanced the reasoning ability of LLMs while it faces challenges when extended to multimodal domains, particularly in mathematical tasks. Existing MLLMs typically perform textual reasoning solely from a single static mathematical image, overlooking dynamic visual acquisition during reasoning. In contrast, humans repeatedly examine visual image and employ step-by-step reasonin… ▽ More CoT has significantly enhanced the reasoning ability of LLMs while it faces challenges when extended to multimodal domains, particularly in mathematical tasks. Existing MLLMs typically perform textual reasoning solely from a single static mathematical image, overlooking dynamic visual acquisition during reasoning. In contrast, humans repeatedly examine visual image and employ step-by-step reasoning to prove intermediate propositions. This strategy of decomposing the problem-solving process into key logical nodes adheres to Miller's Law in cognitive science. Inspired by this insight, we propose a ViRC framework for multimodal mathematical tasks, introducing a Reason Chunking mechanism that structures multimodal mathematical CoT into consecutive Critical Reasoning Units (CRUs) to simulate human expert problem-solving patterns. CRUs ensure intra-unit textual coherence for intermediate proposition verification while integrating visual information across units to generate subsequent propositions and support structured reasoning. To this end, we present CRUX dataset by using three visual tools and four reasoning patterns to provide explicitly annotated CRUs across multiple reasoning paths for each mathematical problem. Leveraging the CRUX dataset, we propose a progressive training strategy inspired by human cognitive learning, which includes Instructional SFT, Practice SFT, and Strategic RL, aimed at further strengthening the Reason Chunking ability of the model. The resulting ViRC-7B model achieves a 18.8% average improvement over baselines across multiple mathematical benchmarks. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; v1 submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Code is available at arXiv:2512.14654 [ pdf , ps , other ] ViRC: Enhancing Visual Interleaved Mathematical CoT with Reason Chunking Authors: Lihong Wang , Liangqi Li , Weiwei Feng , Jiamin Wu , Changtao Miao , Tieru Wu , Rui Ma , Bo Zhang , Zhe Li Abstract : CoT has significantly enhanced the reasoning ability of LLMs while it faces challenges when extended to multimodal domains, particularly in mathematical tasks. Existing MLLMs typically perform textual reasoning solely from a single static mathematical image, overlooking dynamic visual acquisition during reasoning. In contrast, humans repeatedly examine visual image and employ step-by-step reasonin… ▽ More CoT has significantly enhanced the reasoning ability of LLMs while it faces challenges when extended to multimodal domains, particularly in mathematical tasks. Existing MLLMs typically perform textual reasoning solely from a single static mathematical image, overlooking dynamic visual acquisition during reasoning. In contrast, humans repeatedly examine visual image and employ step-by-step reasoning to prove intermediate propositions. This strategy of decomposing the problem-solving process into key logical nodes adheres to Miller's Law in cognitive science. Inspired by this insight, we propose a ViRC framework for multimodal mathematical tasks, introducing a Reason Chunking mechanism that structures multimodal mathematical CoT into consecutive Critical Reasoning Units (CRUs) to simulate human expert problem-solving patterns. CRUs ensure intra-unit textual coherence for intermediate proposition verification while integrating visual information across units to generate subsequent propositions and support structured reasoning. To this end, we present CRUX dataset by using three visual tools and four reasoning patterns to provide explicitly annotated CRUs across multiple reasoning paths for each mathematical problem. Leveraging the CRUX dataset, we propose a progressive training strategy inspired by human cognitive learning, which includes Instructional SFT, Practice SFT, and Strategic RL, aimed at further strengthening the Reason Chunking ability of the model. The resulting ViRC-7B model achieves a 18.8% average improvement over baselines across multiple mathematical benchmarks. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; v1 submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Code is available at arXiv:2512.12348 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC Understanding Trust Toward Human versus AI-generated Health Information through Behavioral and Physiological Sensing Authors: Xin Sun , Rongjun Ma , Shu Wei , Pablo Cesar , Jos A. Bosch , Abdallah El Ali Abstract : As AI-generated health information proliferates online and becomes increasingly indistinguishable from human-sourced information, it becomes critical to understand how people trust and label such content, especially when the information is inaccurate. We conducted two complementary studies: (1) a mixed-methods survey (N=142) employing a 2 (source: Human vs. LLM) $\times$ 2 (label: Human vs. AI)… ▽ More As AI-generated health information proliferates online and becomes increasingly indistinguishable from human-sourced information, it becomes critical to understand how people trust and label such content, especially when the information is inaccurate. We conducted two complementary studies: (1) a mixed-methods survey (N=142) employing a 2 (source: Human vs. LLM) $\times$ 2 (label: Human vs. AI) $\times$ 3 (type: General, Symptom, Treatment) design, and (2) a within-subjects lab study (N=40) incorporating eye-tracking and physiological sensing (ECG, EDA, skin temperature). Participants were presented with health information varying by source-label combinations and asked to rate their trust, while their gaze behavior and physiological signals were recorded. We found that LLM-generated information was trusted more than human-generated content, whereas information labeled as human was trusted more than that labeled as AI. Trust remained consistent across information types. Eye-tracking and physiological responses varied significantly by source and label. Machine learning models trained on these behavioral and physiological features predicted binary self-reported trust levels with 73% accuracy and information source with 65% accuracy. Our findings demonstrate that adding transparency labels to online health information modulates trust. Behavioral and physiological features show potential to verify trust perceptions and indicate if additional transparency is needed. △ Less Submitted 13 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.12348 [ pdf , ps , other ] Understanding Trust Toward Human versus AI-generated Health Information through Behavioral and Physiological Sensing Authors: Xin Sun , Rongjun Ma , Shu Wei , Pablo Cesar , Jos A. Bosch , Abdallah El Ali Abstract : As AI-generated health information proliferates online and becomes increasingly indistinguishable from human-sourced information, it becomes critical to understand how people trust and label such content, especially when the information is inaccurate. We conducted two complementary studies: (1) a mixed-methods survey (N=142) employing a 2 (source: Human vs. LLM) $\times$ 2 (label: Human vs. AI)… ▽ More As AI-generated health information proliferates online and becomes increasingly indistinguishable from human-sourced information, it becomes critical to understand how people trust and label such content, especially when the information is inaccurate. We conducted two complementary studies: (1) a mixed-methods survey (N=142) employing a 2 (source: Human vs. LLM) $\times$ 2 (label: Human vs. AI) $\times$ 3 (type: General, Symptom, Treatment) design, and (2) a within-subjects lab study (N=40) incorporating eye-tracking and physiological sensing (ECG, EDA, skin temperature). Participants were presented with health information varying by source-label combinations and asked to rate their trust, while their gaze behavior and physiological signals were recorded. We found that LLM-generated information was trusted more than human-generated content, whereas information labeled as human was trusted more than that labeled as AI. Trust remained consistent across information types. Eye-tracking and physiological responses varied significantly by source and label. Machine learning models trained on these behavioral and physiological features predicted binary self-reported trust levels with 73% accuracy and information source with 65% accuracy. Our findings demonstrate that adding transparency labels to online health information modulates trust. Behavioral and physiological features show potential to verify trust perceptions and indicate if additional transparency is needed. △ Less Submitted 13 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.10756 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.LG OPV: Outcome-based Process Verifier for Efficient Long Chain-of-Thought Verification Authors: Zijian Wu , Lingkai Kong , Wenwei Zhang , Songyang Gao , Yuzhe Gu , Zhongrui Cai , Tianyou Ma , Yuhong Liu , Zhi Wang , Runyuan Ma , Guangyu Wang , Wei Li , Conghui He , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant progress in solving complex reasoning tasks by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). This advancement is also inseparable from the oversight automated by reliable verifiers. However, current outcome-based verifiers (OVs) are unable to inspect the unreliable intermediate steps in the long reasoning chains of thought (CoTs). Mea… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant progress in solving complex reasoning tasks by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). This advancement is also inseparable from the oversight automated by reliable verifiers. However, current outcome-based verifiers (OVs) are unable to inspect the unreliable intermediate steps in the long reasoning chains of thought (CoTs). Meanwhile, current process-based verifiers (PVs) have difficulties in reliably detecting errors in the complex long CoTs, limited by the scarcity of high-quality annotations due to the prohibitive costs of human annotations. Therefore, we propose the Outcome-based Process Verifier (OPV), which verifies the rationale process of summarized outcomes from long CoTs to achieve both accurate and efficient verification and enable large-scale annotation. To empower the proposed verifier, we adopt an iterative active learning framework with expert annotations to progressively improve the verification capability of OPV with fewer annotation costs. Specifically, in each iteration, the most uncertain cases of the current best OPV are annotated and then subsequently used to train a new OPV through Rejection Fine-Tuning (RFT) and RLVR for the next round. Extensive experiments demonstrate OPV's superior performance and broad applicability. It achieves new state-of-the-art results on our held-out OPV-Bench, outperforming much larger open-source models such as Qwen3-Max-Preview with an F1 score of 83.1 compared to 76.3. Furthermore, OPV effectively detects false positives within synthetic dataset, closely align with expert assessment. When collaborating with policy models, OPV consistently yields performance gains, e.g., raising the accuracy of DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B from 55.2% to 73.3% on AIME2025 as the compute budget scales. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.10756 [ pdf , ps , other ] OPV: Outcome-based Process Verifier for Efficient Long Chain-of-Thought Verification Authors: Zijian Wu , Lingkai Kong , Wenwei Zhang , Songyang Gao , Yuzhe Gu , Zhongrui Cai , Tianyou Ma , Yuhong Liu , Zhi Wang , Runyuan Ma , Guangyu Wang , Wei Li , Conghui He , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant progress in solving complex reasoning tasks by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). This advancement is also inseparable from the oversight automated by reliable verifiers. However, current outcome-based verifiers (OVs) are unable to inspect the unreliable intermediate steps in the long reasoning chains of thought (CoTs). Mea… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant progress in solving complex reasoning tasks by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). This advancement is also inseparable from the oversight automated by reliable verifiers. However, current outcome-based verifiers (OVs) are unable to inspect the unreliable intermediate steps in the long reasoning chains of thought (CoTs). Meanwhile, current process-based verifiers (PVs) have difficulties in reliably detecting errors in the complex long CoTs, limited by the scarcity of high-quality annotations due to the prohibitive costs of human annotations. Therefore, we propose the Outcome-based Process Verifier (OPV), which verifies the rationale process of summarized outcomes from long CoTs to achieve both accurate and efficient verification and enable large-scale annotation. To empower the proposed verifier, we adopt an iterative active learning framework with expert annotations to progressively improve the verification capability of OPV with fewer annotation costs. Specifically, in each iteration, the most uncertain cases of the current best OPV are annotated and then subsequently used to train a new OPV through Rejection Fine-Tuning (RFT) and RLVR for the next round. Extensive experiments demonstrate OPV's superior performance and broad applicability. It achieves new state-of-the-art results on our held-out OPV-Bench, outperforming much larger open-source models such as Qwen3-Max-Preview with an F1 score of 83.1 compared to 76.3. Furthermore, OPV effectively detects false positives within synthetic dataset, closely align with expert assessment. When collaborating with policy models, OPV consistently yields performance gains, e.g., raising the accuracy of DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B from 55.2% to 73.3% on AIME2025 as the compute budget scales. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.08980 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Training Multi-Image Vision Agents via End2End Reinforcement Learning Authors: Chengqi Dong , Chuhuai Yue , Hang He , Rongge Mao , Fenghe Tang , S Kevin Zhou , Zekun Xu , Xiaohan Wang , Jiajun Chai , Wei Lin , Guojun Yin Abstract : Recent VLM-based agents aim to replicate OpenAI O3's ``thinking with images" via tool use, but most open-source methods limit input to a single image, falling short on real-world multi-image QA tasks. To address this, we propose IMAgent, an open-source vision agent trained via end-to-end reinforcement learning dedicated for complex multi-image tasks. By leveraging a multi-agent system, we generate… ▽ More Recent VLM-based agents aim to replicate OpenAI O3's ``thinking with images" via tool use, but most open-source methods limit input to a single image, falling short on real-world multi-image QA tasks. To address this, we propose IMAgent, an open-source vision agent trained via end-to-end reinforcement learning dedicated for complex multi-image tasks. By leveraging a multi-agent system, we generate challenging and visually-rich multi-image QA pairs to fully activate the tool-use potential of the base VLM. Through manual verification, we obtain MIFG-QA, comprising 10k samples for training and evaluation. With deeper reasoning steps, VLMs may increasingly ignore visual inputs. We therefore develop two specialized tools for visual reflection and confirmation, allowing the model to proactively reallocate its attention to image content during inference. Benefiting from our well-designed action-trajectory two-level mask strategy, IMAgent achieves stable tool use behavior via pure RL training without requiring costly supervised fine-tuning data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that IMAgent maintains strong performance on existing single-image benchmarks while achieving substantial improvements on our proposed multi-image dataset, with our analysis providing actionable insights for the research community. Codes and data will be released soon. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; v1 submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.08980 [ pdf , ps , other ] Training Multi-Image Vision Agents via End2End Reinforcement Learning Authors: Chengqi Dong , Chuhuai Yue , Hang He , Rongge Mao , Fenghe Tang , S Kevin Zhou , Zekun Xu , Xiaohan Wang , Jiajun Chai , Wei Lin , Guojun Yin Abstract : Recent VLM-based agents aim to replicate OpenAI O3's ``thinking with images" via tool use, but most open-source methods limit input to a single image, falling short on real-world multi-image QA tasks. To address this, we propose IMAgent, an open-source vision agent trained via end-to-end reinforcement learning dedicated for complex multi-image tasks. By leveraging a multi-agent system, we generate… ▽ More Recent VLM-based agents aim to replicate OpenAI O3's ``thinking with images" via tool use, but most open-source methods limit input to a single image, falling short on real-world multi-image QA tasks. To address this, we propose IMAgent, an open-source vision agent trained via end-to-end reinforcement learning dedicated for complex multi-image tasks. By leveraging a multi-agent system, we generate challenging and visually-rich multi-image QA pairs to fully activate the tool-use potential of the base VLM. Through manual verification, we obtain MIFG-QA, comprising 10k samples for training and evaluation. With deeper reasoning steps, VLMs may increasingly ignore visual inputs. We therefore develop two specialized tools for visual reflection and confirmation, allowing the model to proactively reallocate its attention to image content during inference. Benefiting from our well-designed action-trajectory two-level mask strategy, IMAgent achieves stable tool use behavior via pure RL training without requiring costly supervised fine-tuning data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that IMAgent maintains strong performance on existing single-image benchmarks while achieving substantial improvements on our proposed multi-image dataset, with our analysis providing actionable insights for the research community. Codes and data will be released soon. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; v1 submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.07797 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY LLM Use for Mental Health: Crowdsourcing Users' Sentiment-based Perspectives and Values from Social Discussions Authors: Lingyao Li , Xiaoshan Huang , Renkai Ma , Ben Zefeng Zhang , Haolun Wu , Fan Yang , Chen Chen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) chatbots like ChatGPT are increasingly used for mental health support. They offer accessible, therapeutic support but also raise concerns about misinformation, over-reliance, and risks in high-stakes contexts of mental health. We crowdsource large-scale users' posts from six major social media platforms to examine how people discuss their interactions with LLM chatbots… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) chatbots like ChatGPT are increasingly used for mental health support. They offer accessible, therapeutic support but also raise concerns about misinformation, over-reliance, and risks in high-stakes contexts of mental health. We crowdsource large-scale users' posts from six major social media platforms to examine how people discuss their interactions with LLM chatbots across different mental health conditions. Through an LLM-assisted pipeline grounded in Value-Sensitive Design (VSD), we mapped the relationships across user-reported sentiments, mental health conditions, perspectives, and values. Our results reveal that the use of LLM chatbots is condition-specific. Users with neurodivergent conditions (e.g., ADHD, ASD) report strong positive sentiments and instrumental or appraisal support, whereas higher-risk disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) show more negative sentiments. We further uncover how user perspectives co-occur with underlying values, such as identity, autonomy, and privacy. Finally, we discuss shifting from "one-size-fits-all" chatbot design toward condition-specific, value-sensitive LLM design. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.07797 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLM Use for Mental Health: Crowdsourcing Users' Sentiment-based Perspectives and Values from Social Discussions Authors: Lingyao Li , Xiaoshan Huang , Renkai Ma , Ben Zefeng Zhang , Haolun Wu , Fan Yang , Chen Chen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) chatbots like ChatGPT are increasingly used for mental health support. They offer accessible, therapeutic support but also raise concerns about misinformation, over-reliance, and risks in high-stakes contexts of mental health. We crowdsource large-scale users' posts from six major social media platforms to examine how people discuss their interactions with LLM chatbots… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) chatbots like ChatGPT are increasingly used for mental health support. They offer accessible, therapeutic support but also raise concerns about misinformation, over-reliance, and risks in high-stakes contexts of mental health. We crowdsource large-scale users' posts from six major social media platforms to examine how people discuss their interactions with LLM chatbots across different mental health conditions. Through an LLM-assisted pipeline grounded in Value-Sensitive Design (VSD), we mapped the relationships across user-reported sentiments, mental health conditions, perspectives, and values. Our results reveal that the use of LLM chatbots is condition-specific. Users with neurodivergent conditions (e.g., ADHD, ASD) report strong positive sentiments and instrumental or appraisal support, whereas higher-risk disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) show more negative sentiments. We further uncover how user perspectives co-occur with underlying values, such as identity, autonomy, and privacy. Finally, we discuss shifting from "one-size-fits-all" chatbot design toward condition-specific, value-sensitive LLM design. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.05470 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE Everything is Context: Agentic File System Abstraction for Context Engineering Authors: Xiwei Xu , Robert Mao , Quan Bai , Xuewu Gu , Yechao Li , Liming Zhu Abstract : Generative AI (GenAI) has reshaped software system design by introducing foundation models as pre-trained subsystems that redefine architectures and operations. The emerging challenge is no longer model fine-tuning but context engineering-how systems capture, structure, and govern external knowledge, memory, tools, and human input to enable trustworthy reasoning. Existing practices such as prompt… ▽ More Generative AI (GenAI) has reshaped software system design by introducing foundation models as pre-trained subsystems that redefine architectures and operations. The emerging challenge is no longer model fine-tuning but context engineering-how systems capture, structure, and govern external knowledge, memory, tools, and human input to enable trustworthy reasoning. Existing practices such as prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and tool integration remain fragmented, producing transient artefacts that limit traceability and accountability. This paper proposes a file-system abstraction for context engineering, inspired by the Unix notion that 'everything is a file'. The abstraction offers a persistent, governed infrastructure for managing heterogeneous context artefacts through uniform mounting, metadata, and access control. Implemented within the open-source AIGNE framework, the architecture realises a verifiable context-engineering pipeline, comprising the Context Constructor, Loader, and Evaluator, that assembles, delivers, and validates context under token constraints. As GenAI becomes an active collaborator in decision support, humans play a central role as curators, verifiers, and co-reasoners. The proposed architecture establishes a reusable foundation for accountable and human-centred AI co-work, demonstrated through two exemplars: an agent with memory and an MCP-based GitHub assistant. The implementation within the AIGNE framework demonstrates how the architecture can be operationalised in developer and industrial settings, supporting verifiable, maintainable, and industry-ready GenAI systems. △ Less Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Submitted arXiv:2512.05470 [ pdf , ps , other ] Everything is Context: Agentic File System Abstraction for Context Engineering Authors: Xiwei Xu , Robert Mao , Quan Bai , Xuewu Gu , Yechao Li , Liming Zhu Abstract : Generative AI (GenAI) has reshaped software system design by introducing foundation models as pre-trained subsystems that redefine architectures and operations. The emerging challenge is no longer model fine-tuning but context engineering-how systems capture, structure, and govern external knowledge, memory, tools, and human input to enable trustworthy reasoning. Existing practices such as prompt… ▽ More Generative AI (GenAI) has reshaped software system design by introducing foundation models as pre-trained subsystems that redefine architectures and operations. The emerging challenge is no longer model fine-tuning but context engineering-how systems capture, structure, and govern external knowledge, memory, tools, and human input to enable trustworthy reasoning. Existing practices such as prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and tool integration remain fragmented, producing transient artefacts that limit traceability and accountability. This paper proposes a file-system abstraction for context engineering, inspired by the Unix notion that 'everything is a file'. The abstraction offers a persistent, governed infrastructure for managing heterogeneous context artefacts through uniform mounting, metadata, and access control. Implemented within the open-source AIGNE framework, the architecture realises a verifiable context-engineering pipeline, comprising the Context Constructor, Loader, and Evaluator, that assembles, delivers, and validates context under token constraints. As GenAI becomes an active collaborator in decision support, humans play a central role as curators, verifiers, and co-reasoners. The proposed architecture establishes a reusable foundation for accountable and human-centred AI co-work, demonstrated through two exemplars: an agent with memory and an MCP-based GitHub assistant. The implementation within the AIGNE framework demonstrates how the architecture can be operationalised in developer and industrial settings, supporting verifiable, maintainable, and industry-ready GenAI systems. △ Less Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Submitted arXiv:2512.04578 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL LexGenius: An Expert-Level Benchmark for Large Language Models in Legal General Intelligence Authors: Wenjin Liu , Haoran Luo , Xin Feng , Xiang Ji , Lijuan Zhou , Rui Mao , Jiapu Wang , Shirui Pan , Erik Cambria Abstract : Legal general intelligence (GI) refers to artificial intelligence (AI) that encompasses legal understanding, reasoning, and decision-making, simulating the expertise of legal experts across domains. However, existing benchmarks are result-oriented and fail to systematically evaluate the legal intelligence of large language models (LLMs), hindering the development of legal GI. To address this, we p… ▽ More Legal general intelligence (GI) refers to artificial intelligence (AI) that encompasses legal understanding, reasoning, and decision-making, simulating the expertise of legal experts across domains. However, existing benchmarks are result-oriented and fail to systematically evaluate the legal intelligence of large language models (LLMs), hindering the development of legal GI. To address this, we propose LexGenius, an expert-level Chinese legal benchmark for evaluating legal GI in LLMs. It follows a Dimension-Task-Ability framework, covering seven dimensions, eleven tasks, and twenty abilities. We use the recent legal cases and exam questions to create multiple-choice questions with a combination of manual and LLM reviews to reduce data leakage risks, ensuring accuracy and reliability through multiple rounds of checks. We evaluate 12 state-of-the-art LLMs using LexGenius and conduct an in-depth analysis. We find significant disparities across legal intelligence abilities for LLMs, with even the best LLMs lagging behind human legal professionals. We believe LexGenius can assess the legal intelligence abilities of LLMs and enhance legal GI development. Our project is available at △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.04578 [ pdf , ps , other ] LexGenius: An Expert-Level Benchmark for Large Language Models in Legal General Intelligence Authors: Wenjin Liu , Haoran Luo , Xin Feng , Xiang Ji , Lijuan Zhou , Rui Mao , Jiapu Wang , Shirui Pan , Erik Cambria Abstract : Legal general intelligence (GI) refers to artificial intelligence (AI) that encompasses legal understanding, reasoning, and decision-making, simulating the expertise of legal experts across domains. However, existing benchmarks are result-oriented and fail to systematically evaluate the legal intelligence of large language models (LLMs), hindering the development of legal GI. To address this, we p… ▽ More Legal general intelligence (GI) refers to artificial intelligence (AI) that encompasses legal understanding, reasoning, and decision-making, simulating the expertise of legal experts across domains. However, existing benchmarks are result-oriented and fail to systematically evaluate the legal intelligence of large language models (LLMs), hindering the development of legal GI. To address this, we propose LexGenius, an expert-level Chinese legal benchmark for evaluating legal GI in LLMs. It follows a Dimension-Task-Ability framework, covering seven dimensions, eleven tasks, and twenty abilities. We use the recent legal cases and exam questions to create multiple-choice questions with a combination of manual and LLM reviews to reduce data leakage risks, ensuring accuracy and reliability through multiple rounds of checks. We evaluate 12 state-of-the-art LLMs using LexGenius and conduct an in-depth analysis. We find significant disparities across legal intelligence abilities for LLMs, with even the best LLMs lagging behind human legal professionals. We believe LexGenius can assess the legal intelligence abilities of LLMs and enhance legal GI development. Our project is available at △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.00306 [ pdf , ps , other ] q-bio.CB cs.AI cs.LG VCWorld: A Biological World Model for Virtual Cell Simulation Authors: Zhijian Wei , Runze Ma , Zichen Wang , Zhongmin Li , Shuotong Song , Shuangjia Zheng Abstract : Virtual cell modeling aims to predict cellular responses to perturbations. Existing virtual cell models rely heavily on large-scale single-cell datasets, learning explicit mappings between gene expression and perturbations. Although recent models attempt to incorporate multi-source biological information, their generalization remains constrained by data quality, coverage, and batch effects. More c… ▽ More Virtual cell modeling aims to predict cellular responses to perturbations. Existing virtual cell models rely heavily on large-scale single-cell datasets, learning explicit mappings between gene expression and perturbations. Although recent models attempt to incorporate multi-source biological information, their generalization remains constrained by data quality, coverage, and batch effects. More critically, these models often function as black boxes, offering predictions without interpretability or consistency with biological principles, which undermines their credibility in scientific research. To address these challenges, we present VCWorld, a cell-level white-box simulator that integrates structured biological knowledge with the iterative reasoning capabilities of large language models to instantiate a biological world model. VCWorld operates in a data-efficient manner to reproduce perturbation-induced signaling cascades and generates interpretable, stepwise predictions alongside explicit mechanistic hypotheses. In drug perturbation benchmarks, VCWorld achieves state-of-the-art predictive performance, and the inferred mechanistic pathways are consistent with publicly available biological evidence. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.00306 [ pdf , ps , other ] VCWorld: A Biological World Model for Virtual Cell Simulation Authors: Zhijian Wei , Runze Ma , Zichen Wang , Zhongmin Li , Shuotong Song , Shuangjia Zheng Abstract : Virtual cell modeling aims to predict cellular responses to perturbations. Existing virtual cell models rely heavily on large-scale single-cell datasets, learning explicit mappings between gene expression and perturbations. Although recent models attempt to incorporate multi-source biological information, their generalization remains constrained by data quality, coverage, and batch effects. More c… ▽ More Virtual cell modeling aims to predict cellular responses to perturbations. Existing virtual cell models rely heavily on large-scale single-cell datasets, learning explicit mappings between gene expression and perturbations. Although recent models attempt to incorporate multi-source biological information, their generalization remains constrained by data quality, coverage, and batch effects. More critically, these models often function as black boxes, offering predictions without interpretability or consistency with biological principles, which undermines their credibility in scientific research. To address these challenges, we present VCWorld, a cell-level white-box simulator that integrates structured biological knowledge with the iterative reasoning capabilities of large language models to instantiate a biological world model. VCWorld operates in a data-efficient manner to reproduce perturbation-induced signaling cascades and generates interpretable, stepwise predictions alongside explicit mechanistic hypotheses. In drug perturbation benchmarks, VCWorld achieves state-of-the-art predictive performance, and the inferred mechanistic pathways are consistent with publicly available biological evidence. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2511.23119 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Dripper: Token-Efficient Main HTML Extraction with a Lightweight LM Authors: Mengjie Liu , Jiahui Peng , Pei Chu , Jiantao Qiu , Ren Ma , He Zhu , Rui Min , Lindong Lu , Wenchang Ning , Linfeng Hou , Kaiwen Liu , Yuan Qu , Zhenxiang Li , Chao Xu , Zhongying Tu , Wentao Zhang , Conghui He Abstract : Accurately and efficiently extracting main content from general web pages is of great significance for obtaining training data for large models. Using well-pre-trained decoder-only generative language models offers excellent document comprehension capabilities, thereby effectively enhancing parsing quality. However, it remains constrained by issues such as context window length, inference cost, an… ▽ More Accurately and efficiently extracting main content from general web pages is of great significance for obtaining training data for large models. Using well-pre-trained decoder-only generative language models offers excellent document comprehension capabilities, thereby effectively enhancing parsing quality. However, it remains constrained by issues such as context window length, inference cost, and format hallucination. We present Dripper, an efficient HTML main content extraction framework powered by lightweight language models, which addresses these challenges through four key innovations: (1) We design a specialized HTML simplification algorithm that reduces input token count to 22\% compared to raw HTML while preserving critical structural information; (2) We reformulate main content extraction as a semantic block sequence classification task, significantly reducing inference cost; (3) We introduce a controlled decoding mechanism that strictly constrains the output space through logits processors, effectively eliminating hallucination issues common in small-scale models; (4) We propose WebMainBench, an evaluation dataset containing over 7,800 web pages with meticulously human-annotated main content extraction labels. Experimental results demonstrate that using only a 0.6B parameter model, Dripper achieves state-of-the-art performance across all evaluation benchmarks and outperforms all baseline methods, attaining an ROUGE-N F1 score of 81.58\%( 83.13\% with fall-back strategy) on our proposed WebMainBench dataset. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.23119 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dripper: Token-Efficient Main HTML Extraction with a Lightweight LM Authors: Mengjie Liu , Jiahui Peng , Pei Chu , Jiantao Qiu , Ren Ma , He Zhu , Rui Min , Lindong Lu , Wenchang Ning , Linfeng Hou , Kaiwen Liu , Yuan Qu , Zhenxiang Li , Chao Xu , Zhongying Tu , Wentao Zhang , Conghui He Abstract : Accurately and efficiently extracting main content from general web pages is of great significance for obtaining training data for large models. Using well-pre-trained decoder-only generative language models offers excellent document comprehension capabilities, thereby effectively enhancing parsing quality. However, it remains constrained by issues such as context window length, inference cost, an… ▽ More Accurately and efficiently extracting main content from general web pages is of great significance for obtaining training data for large models. Using well-pre-trained decoder-only generative language models offers excellent document comprehension capabilities, thereby effectively enhancing parsing quality. However, it remains constrained by issues such as context window length, inference cost, and format hallucination. We present Dripper, an efficient HTML main content extraction framework powered by lightweight language models, which addresses these challenges through four key innovations: (1) We design a specialized HTML simplification algorithm that reduces input token count to 22\% compared to raw HTML while preserving critical structural information; (2) We reformulate main content extraction as a semantic block sequence classification task, significantly reducing inference cost; (3) We introduce a controlled decoding mechanism that strictly constrains the output space through logits processors, effectively eliminating hallucination issues common in small-scale models; (4) We propose WebMainBench, an evaluation dataset containing over 7,800 web pages with meticulously human-annotated main content extraction labels. Experimental results demonstrate that using only a 0.6B parameter model, Dripper achieves state-of-the-art performance across all evaluation benchmarks and outperforms all baseline methods, attaining an ROUGE-N F1 score of 81.58\%( 83.13\% with fall-back strategy) on our proposed WebMainBench dataset. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.22481 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC OmniInfer: System-Wide Acceleration Techniques for Optimizing LLM Serving Throughput and Latency Authors: Jun Wang , Yunxiang Yao , Wenwei Kuang , Runze Mao , Zhenhao Sun , Zhuang Tao , Ziyang Zhang , Dengyu Li , Jiajun Chen , Zhili Wang , Kai Cui , Congzhi Cai , Longwen Lan , Ken Zhang Abstract : Large Language Models drive a wide range of modern AI applications but impose substantial challenges on large-scale serving systems due to intensive computation, strict latency constraints, and throughput bottlenecks. We introduce OmniInfer, a unified system-level acceleration framework designed to maximize end-to-end serving efficiency through fine-grained optimization of expert placement, cache… ▽ More Large Language Models drive a wide range of modern AI applications but impose substantial challenges on large-scale serving systems due to intensive computation, strict latency constraints, and throughput bottlenecks. We introduce OmniInfer, a unified system-level acceleration framework designed to maximize end-to-end serving efficiency through fine-grained optimization of expert placement, cache compression, and scheduling. OmniInfer integrates three complementary components: OmniPlacement for load-aware Mixture-of-Experts scheduling, OmniAttn for sparse attention acceleration, and OmniProxy for disaggregation-aware request scheduling. Built atop vLLM, OmniInfer delivers system-wide performance gains through adaptive resource disaggregation, efficient sparsity exploitation, and global coordination across prefill and decode phases. Evaluated on DeepSeek-R1 within a 10-node Ascend 910C cluster, OmniInfer achieves 616 QPM, where the unified framework reduces TPOT by 36\%, and the superimposition of OmniProxy further slashes TTFT by 38\%. The project is open-sourced at [this https URL]( △ Less Submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Project page: [this https URL]( arXiv:2511.22481 [ pdf , ps , other ] OmniInfer: System-Wide Acceleration Techniques for Optimizing LLM Serving Throughput and Latency Authors: Jun Wang , Yunxiang Yao , Wenwei Kuang , Runze Mao , Zhenhao Sun , Zhuang Tao , Ziyang Zhang , Dengyu Li , Jiajun Chen , Zhili Wang , Kai Cui , Congzhi Cai , Longwen Lan , Ken Zhang Abstract : Large Language Models drive a wide range of modern AI applications but impose substantial challenges on large-scale serving systems due to intensive computation, strict latency constraints, and throughput bottlenecks. We introduce OmniInfer, a unified system-level acceleration framework designed to maximize end-to-end serving efficiency through fine-grained optimization of expert placement, cache… ▽ More Large Language Models drive a wide range of modern AI applications but impose substantial challenges on large-scale serving systems due to intensive computation, strict latency constraints, and throughput bottlenecks. We introduce OmniInfer, a unified system-level acceleration framework designed to maximize end-to-end serving efficiency through fine-grained optimization of expert placement, cache compression, and scheduling. OmniInfer integrates three complementary components: OmniPlacement for load-aware Mixture-of-Experts scheduling, OmniAttn for sparse attention acceleration, and OmniProxy for disaggregation-aware request scheduling. Built atop vLLM, OmniInfer delivers system-wide performance gains through adaptive resource disaggregation, efficient sparsity exploitation, and global coordination across prefill and decode phases. Evaluated on DeepSeek-R1 within a 10-node Ascend 910C cluster, OmniInfer achieves 616 QPM, where the unified framework reduces TPOT by 36\%, and the superimposition of OmniProxy further slashes TTFT by 38\%. The project is open-sourced at [this https URL]( △ Less Submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Project page: [this https URL]( arXiv:2511.18780 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI ConceptGuard: Proactive Safety in Text-and-Image-to-Video Generation through Multimodal Risk Detection Authors: Ruize Ma , Minghong Cai , Yilei Jiang , Jiaming Han , Yi Feng , Yingshui Tan , Xiaoyong Zhu , Bo Zhang , Bo Zheng , Xiangyu Yue Abstract : Recent progress in video generative models has enabled the creation of high-quality videos from multimodal prompts that combine text and images. While these systems offer enhanced controllability, they also introduce new safety risks, as harmful content can emerge from individual modalities or their interaction. Existing safety methods are often text-only, require prior knowledge of the risk categ… ▽ More Recent progress in video generative models has enabled the creation of high-quality videos from multimodal prompts that combine text and images. While these systems offer enhanced controllability, they also introduce new safety risks, as harmful content can emerge from individual modalities or their interaction. Existing safety methods are often text-only, require prior knowledge of the risk category, or operate as post-generation auditors, struggling to proactively mitigate such compositional, multimodal risks. To address this challenge, we present ConceptGuard, a unified safeguard framework for proactively detecting and mitigating unsafe semantics in multimodal video generation. ConceptGuard operates in two stages: First, a contrastive detection module identifies latent safety risks by projecting fused image-text inputs into a structured concept space; Second, a semantic suppression mechanism steers the generative process away from unsafe concepts by intervening in the prompt's multimodal conditioning. To support the development and rigorous evaluation of this framework, we introduce two novel benchmarks: ConceptRisk, a large-scale dataset for training on multimodal risks, and T2VSafetyBench-TI2V, the first benchmark adapted from T2VSafetyBench for the Text-and-Image-to-Video (TI2V) safety setting. Comprehensive experiments on both benchmarks show that ConceptGuard consistently outperforms existing baselines, achieving state-of-the-art results in both risk detection and safe video generation. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 24 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.18780 [ pdf , ps , other ] ConceptGuard: Proactive Safety in Text-and-Image-to-Video Generation through Multimodal Risk Detection Authors: Ruize Ma , Minghong Cai , Yilei Jiang , Jiaming Han , Yi Feng , Yingshui Tan , Xiaoyong Zhu , Bo Zhang , Bo Zheng , Xiangyu Yue Abstract : Recent progress in video generative models has enabled the creation of high-quality videos from multimodal prompts that combine text and images. While these systems offer enhanced controllability, they also introduce new safety risks, as harmful content can emerge from individual modalities or their interaction. Existing safety methods are often text-only, require prior knowledge of the risk categ… ▽ More Recent progress in video generative models has enabled the creation of high-quality videos from multimodal prompts that combine text and images. While these systems offer enhanced controllability, they also introduce new safety risks, as harmful content can emerge from individual modalities or their interaction. Existing safety methods are often text-only, require prior knowledge of the risk category, or operate as post-generation auditors, struggling to proactively mitigate such compositional, multimodal risks. To address this challenge, we present ConceptGuard, a unified safeguard framework for proactively detecting and mitigating unsafe semantics in multimodal video generation. ConceptGuard operates in two stages: First, a contrastive detection module identifies latent safety risks by projecting fused image-text inputs into a structured concept space; Second, a semantic suppression mechanism steers the generative process away from unsafe concepts by intervening in the prompt's multimodal conditioning. To support the development and rigorous evaluation of this framework, we introduce two novel benchmarks: ConceptRisk, a large-scale dataset for training on multimodal risks, and T2VSafetyBench-TI2V, the first benchmark adapted from T2VSafetyBench for the Text-and-Image-to-Video (TI2V) safety setting. Comprehensive experiments on both benchmarks show that ConceptGuard consistently outperforms existing baselines, achieving state-of-the-art results in both risk detection and safe video generation. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 24 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.16712 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI PairHuman: A High-Fidelity Photographic Dataset for Customized Dual-Person Generation Authors: Ting Pan , Ye Wang , Peiguang Jing , Rui Ma , Zili Yi , Yu Liu Abstract : Personalized dual-person portrait customization has considerable potential applications, such as preserving emotional memories and facilitating wedding photography planning. However, the absence of a benchmark dataset hinders the pursuit of high-quality customization in dual-person portrait generation. In this paper, we propose the PairHuman dataset, which is the first large-scale benchmark datase… ▽ More Personalized dual-person portrait customization has considerable potential applications, such as preserving emotional memories and facilitating wedding photography planning. However, the absence of a benchmark dataset hinders the pursuit of high-quality customization in dual-person portrait generation. In this paper, we propose the PairHuman dataset, which is the first large-scale benchmark dataset specifically designed for generating dual-person portraits that meet high photographic standards. The PairHuman dataset contains more than 100K images that capture a variety of scenes, attire, and dual-person interactions, along with rich metadata, including detailed image descriptions, person localization, human keypoints, and attribute tags. We also introduce DHumanDiff, which is a baseline specifically crafted for dual-person portrait generation that features enhanced facial consistency and simultaneously balances in personalized person generation and semantic-driven scene creation. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that our dataset and method produce highly customized portraits with superior visual quality that are tailored to human preferences. Our dataset is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 24 November, 2025; v1 submitted 20 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 46 pages, 31 figures MSC Class: 68Txx ACM Class: I.2; I.4 arXiv:2511.16712 [ pdf , ps , other ] PairHuman: A High-Fidelity Photographic Dataset for Customized Dual-Person Generation Authors: Ting Pan , Ye Wang , Peiguang Jing , Rui Ma , Zili Yi , Yu Liu Abstract : Personalized dual-person portrait customization has considerable potential applications, such as preserving emotional memories and facilitating wedding photography planning. However, the absence of a benchmark dataset hinders the pursuit of high-quality customization in dual-person portrait generation. In this paper, we propose the PairHuman dataset, which is the first large-scale benchmark datase… ▽ More Personalized dual-person portrait customization has considerable potential applications, such as preserving emotional memories and facilitating wedding photography planning. However, the absence of a benchmark dataset hinders the pursuit of high-quality customization in dual-person portrait generation. In this paper, we propose the PairHuman dataset, which is the first large-scale benchmark dataset specifically designed for generating dual-person portraits that meet high photographic standards. The PairHuman dataset contains more than 100K images that capture a variety of scenes, attire, and dual-person interactions, along with rich metadata, including detailed image descriptions, person localization, human keypoints, and attribute tags. We also introduce DHumanDiff, which is a baseline specifically crafted for dual-person portrait generation that features enhanced facial consistency and simultaneously balances in personalized person generation and semantic-driven scene creation. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that our dataset and method produce highly customized portraits with superior visual quality that are tailored to human preferences. Our dataset is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 24 November, 2025; v1 submitted 20 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 46 pages, 31 figures MSC Class: 68Txx ACM Class: I.2; I.4 arXiv:2511.16397 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL AICC: Parse HTML Finer, Make Models Better -- A 7.3T AI-Ready Corpus Built by a Model-Based HTML Parser Authors: Ren Ma , Jiantao Qiu , Chao Xu , Pei Chu , Kaiwen Liu , Pengli Ren , Yuan Qu , Jiahui Peng , Linfeng Hou , Mengjie Liu , Lindong Lu , Wenchang Ning , Jia Yu , Rui Min , Jin Shi , Haojiong Chen , Peng Zhang , Wenjian Zhang , Qian Jiang , Zengjie Hu , Guoqiang Yang , Zhenxiang Li , Fukai Shang , Runyuan Ma , Chenlin Su , et al. (4 additional authors not shown) Abstract : While web data quality is crucial for large language models, most curation efforts focus on filtering and deduplication,treating HTML-to-text extraction as a fixed pre-processing step. Existing web corpora rely on heuristic-based extractors like Trafilatura, which struggle to preserve document structure and frequently corrupt structured elements such as formulas, codes, and tables. We hypothesize… ▽ More While web data quality is crucial for large language models, most curation efforts focus on filtering and deduplication,treating HTML-to-text extraction as a fixed pre-processing step. Existing web corpora rely on heuristic-based extractors like Trafilatura, which struggle to preserve document structure and frequently corrupt structured elements such as formulas, codes, and tables. We hypothesize that improving extraction quality can be as impactful as aggressive filtering strategies for downstream performance. We introduce MinerU-HTML, a novel extraction pipeline that reformulates content extraction as a sequence labeling problem solved by a 0.6B-parameter language model. Unlike text-density heuristics, MinerU-HTML leverages semantic understanding and employs a two-stage formatting pipeline that explicitly categorizes semantic elements before converting to Markdown. Crucially, its model-based approach is inherently scalable, whereas heuristic methods offer limited improvement pathways. On MainWebBench, our benchmark of 7,887 annotated web pages, MinerU-HTML achieves 81.8\% ROUGE-N F1 compared to Trafilatura's 63.6\%, with exceptional structured element preservation (90.9\% for code blocks, 94.0\% for formulas). Using MinerU-HTML, we construct AICC (AI-ready Common Crawl), a 7.3-trillion token multilingual corpus from two Common Crawl snapshots. In controlled pretraining experiments where AICC and Trafilatura-extracted TfCC undergo identical filtering, models trained on AICC (62B tokens) achieve 50.8\% average accuracy across 13 benchmarks, outperforming TfCC by 1.08pp-providing direct evidence that extraction quality significantly impacts model capabilities. AICC also surpasses RefinedWeb and FineWeb on key benchmarks. We publicly release MainWebBench, MinerU-HTML, and AICC, demonstrating that HTML extraction is a critical, often underestimated component of web corpus construction. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 20 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.16397 [ pdf , ps , other ] AICC: Parse HTML Finer, Make Models Better -- A 7.3T AI-Ready Corpus Built by a Model-Based HTML Parser Authors: Ren Ma , Jiantao Qiu , Chao Xu , Pei Chu , Kaiwen Liu , Pengli Ren , Yuan Qu , Jiahui Peng , Linfeng Hou , Mengjie Liu , Lindong Lu , Wenchang Ning , Jia Yu , Rui Min , Jin Shi , Haojiong Chen , Peng Zhang , Wenjian Zhang , Qian Jiang , Zengjie Hu , Guoqiang Yang , Zhenxiang Li , Fukai Shang , Runyuan Ma , Chenlin Su , et al. (4 additional authors not shown) Abstract : While web data quality is crucial for large language models, most curation efforts focus on filtering and deduplication,treating HTML-to-text extraction as a fixed pre-processing step. Existing web corpora rely on heuristic-based extractors like Trafilatura, which struggle to preserve document structure and frequently corrupt structured elements such as formulas, codes, and tables. We hypothesize… ▽ More While web data quality is crucial for large language models, most curation efforts focus on filtering and deduplication,treating HTML-to-text extraction as a fixed pre-processing step. Existing web corpora rely on heuristic-based extractors like Trafilatura, which struggle to preserve document structure and frequently corrupt structured elements such as formulas, codes, and tables. We hypothesize that improving extraction quality can be as impactful as aggressive filtering strategies for downstream performance. We introduce MinerU-HTML, a novel extraction pipeline that reformulates content extraction as a sequence labeling problem solved by a 0.6B-parameter language model. Unlike text-density heuristics, MinerU-HTML leverages semantic understanding and employs a two-stage formatting pipeline that explicitly categorizes semantic elements before converting to Markdown. Crucially, its model-based approach is inherently scalable, whereas heuristic methods offer limited improvement pathways. On MainWebBench, our benchmark of 7,887 annotated web pages, MinerU-HTML achieves 81.8\% ROUGE-N F1 compared to Trafilatura's 63.6\%, with exceptional structured element preservation (90.9\% for code blocks, 94.0\% for formulas). Using MinerU-HTML, we construct AICC (AI-ready Common Crawl), a 7.3-trillion token multilingual corpus from two Common Crawl snapshots. In controlled pretraining experiments where AICC and Trafilatura-extracted TfCC undergo identical filtering, models trained on AICC (62B tokens) achieve 50.8\% average accuracy across 13 benchmarks, outperforming TfCC by 1.08pp-providing direct evidence that extraction quality significantly impacts model capabilities. AICC also surpasses RefinedWeb and FineWeb on key benchmarks. We publicly release MainWebBench, MinerU-HTML, and AICC, demonstrating that HTML extraction is a critical, often underestimated component of web corpus construction. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 20 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.14348 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG physics.comp-ph Enforcing hidden physics in physics-informed neural networks Authors: Nanxi Chen , Sifan Wang , Rujin Ma , Airong Chen , Chuanjie Cui Abstract : Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) represent a new paradigm for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by integrating physical laws into the learning process of neural networks. However, ensuring that such frameworks fully reflect the physical structure embedded in the governing equations remains an open challenge, particularly for maintaining robustness across diverse scientific prob… ▽ More Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) represent a new paradigm for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by integrating physical laws into the learning process of neural networks. However, ensuring that such frameworks fully reflect the physical structure embedded in the governing equations remains an open challenge, particularly for maintaining robustness across diverse scientific problems. In this work, we address this issue by introducing a simple, generalized, yet robust irreversibility-regularized strategy that enforces hidden physical laws as soft constraints during training, thereby recovering the missing physics associated with irreversible processes in the conventional PINN. This approach ensures that the learned solutions consistently respect the intrinsic one-way nature of irreversible physical processes. Across a wide range of benchmarks spanning traveling wave propagation, steady combustion, ice melting, corrosion evolution, and crack growth, we observe substantial performance improvements over the conventional PINN, demonstrating that our regularization scheme reduces predictive errors by more than an order of magnitude, while requiring only minimal modification to existing PINN frameworks. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.14348 [ pdf , ps , other ] Enforcing hidden physics in physics-informed neural networks Authors: Nanxi Chen , Sifan Wang , Rujin Ma , Airong Chen , Chuanjie Cui Abstract : Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) represent a new paradigm for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by integrating physical laws into the learning process of neural networks. However, ensuring that such frameworks fully reflect the physical structure embedded in the governing equations remains an open challenge, particularly for maintaining robustness across diverse scientific prob… ▽ More Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) represent a new paradigm for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by integrating physical laws into the learning process of neural networks. However, ensuring that such frameworks fully reflect the physical structure embedded in the governing equations remains an open challenge, particularly for maintaining robustness across diverse scientific problems. In this work, we address this issue by introducing a simple, generalized, yet robust irreversibility-regularized strategy that enforces hidden physical laws as soft constraints during training, thereby recovering the missing physics associated with irreversible processes in the conventional PINN. This approach ensures that the learned solutions consistently respect the intrinsic one-way nature of irreversible physical processes. Across a wide range of benchmarks spanning traveling wave propagation, steady combustion, ice melting, corrosion evolution, and crack growth, we observe substantial performance improvements over the conventional PINN, demonstrating that our regularization scheme reduces predictive errors by more than an order of magnitude, while requiring only minimal modification to existing PINN frameworks. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.09593 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG DynamicRTL: RTL Representation Learning for Dynamic Circuit Behavior Authors: Ruiyang Ma , Yunhao Zhou , Yipeng Wang , Yi Liu , Zhengyuan Shi , Ziyang Zheng , Kexin Chen , Zhiqiang He , Lingwei Yan , Gang Chen , Qiang Xu , Guojie Luo Abstract : There is a growing body of work on using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to learn representations of circuits, focusing primarily on their static characteristics. However, these models fail to capture circuit runtime behavior, which is crucial for tasks like circuit verification and optimization. To address this limitation, we introduce DR-GNN (DynamicRTL-GNN), a novel approach that learns RTL circui… ▽ More There is a growing body of work on using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to learn representations of circuits, focusing primarily on their static characteristics. However, these models fail to capture circuit runtime behavior, which is crucial for tasks like circuit verification and optimization. To address this limitation, we introduce DR-GNN (DynamicRTL-GNN), a novel approach that learns RTL circuit representations by incorporating both static structures and multi-cycle execution behaviors. DR-GNN leverages an operator-level Control Data Flow Graph (CDFG) to represent Register Transfer Level (RTL) circuits, enabling the model to capture dynamic dependencies and runtime execution. To train and evaluate DR-GNN, we build the first comprehensive dynamic circuit dataset, comprising over 6,300 Verilog designs and 63,000 simulation traces. Our results demonstrate that DR-GNN outperforms existing models in branch hit prediction and toggle rate prediction. Furthermore, its learned representations transfer effectively to related dynamic circuit tasks, achieving strong performance in power estimation and assertion prediction. △ Less Submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAAI'2026 arXiv:2511.09593 [ pdf , ps , other ] DynamicRTL: RTL Representation Learning for Dynamic Circuit Behavior Authors: Ruiyang Ma , Yunhao Zhou , Yipeng Wang , Yi Liu , Zhengyuan Shi , Ziyang Zheng , Kexin Chen , Zhiqiang He , Lingwei Yan , Gang Chen , Qiang Xu , Guojie Luo Abstract : There is a growing body of work on using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to learn representations of circuits, focusing primarily on their static characteristics. However, these models fail to capture circuit runtime behavior, which is crucial for tasks like circuit verification and optimization. To address this limitation, we introduce DR-GNN (DynamicRTL-GNN), a novel approach that learns RTL circui… ▽ More There is a growing body of work on using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to learn representations of circuits, focusing primarily on their static characteristics. However, these models fail to capture circuit runtime behavior, which is crucial for tasks like circuit verification and optimization. To address this limitation, we introduce DR-GNN (DynamicRTL-GNN), a novel approach that learns RTL circuit representations by incorporating both static structures and multi-cycle execution behaviors. DR-GNN leverages an operator-level Control Data Flow Graph (CDFG) to represent Register Transfer Level (RTL) circuits, enabling the model to capture dynamic dependencies and runtime execution. To train and evaluate DR-GNN, we build the first comprehensive dynamic circuit dataset, comprising over 6,300 Verilog designs and 63,000 simulation traces. Our results demonstrate that DR-GNN outperforms existing models in branch hit prediction and toggle rate prediction. Furthermore, its learned representations transfer effectively to related dynamic circuit tasks, achieving strong performance in power estimation and assertion prediction. △ Less Submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAAI'2026 arXiv:2511.08065 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV I2E: Real-Time Image-to-Event Conversion for High-Performance Spiking Neural Networks Authors: Ruichen Ma , Liwei Meng , Guanchao Qiao , Ning Ning , Yang Liu , Shaogang Hu Abstract : Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise highly energy-efficient computing, but their adoption is hindered by a critical scarcity of event-stream data. This work introduces I2E, an algorithmic framework that resolves this bottleneck by converting static images into high-fidelity event streams. By simulating microsaccadic eye movements with a highly parallelized convolution, I2E achieves a conversion… ▽ More Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise highly energy-efficient computing, but their adoption is hindered by a critical scarcity of event-stream data. This work introduces I2E, an algorithmic framework that resolves this bottleneck by converting static images into high-fidelity event streams. By simulating microsaccadic eye movements with a highly parallelized convolution, I2E achieves a conversion speed over 300x faster than prior methods, uniquely enabling on-the-fly data augmentation for SNN training. The framework's effectiveness is demonstrated on large-scale benchmarks. An SNN trained on the generated I2E-ImageNet dataset achieves a state-of-the-art accuracy of 60.50%. Critically, this work establishes a powerful sim-to-real paradigm where pre-training on synthetic I2E data and fine-tuning on the real-world CIFAR10-DVS dataset yields an unprecedented accuracy of 92.5%. This result validates that synthetic event data can serve as a high-fidelity proxy for real sensor data, bridging a long-standing gap in neuromorphic engineering. By providing a scalable solution to the data problem, I2E offers a foundational toolkit for developing high-performance neuromorphic systems. The open-source algorithm and all generated datasets are provided to accelerate research in the field. △ Less Submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: AAAI-26 Oral arXiv:2511.08065 [ pdf , ps , other ] I2E: Real-Time Image-to-Event Conversion for High-Performance Spiking Neural Networks Authors: Ruichen Ma , Liwei Meng , Guanchao Qiao , Ning Ning , Yang Liu , Shaogang Hu Abstract : Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise highly energy-efficient computing, but their adoption is hindered by a critical scarcity of event-stream data. This work introduces I2E, an algorithmic framework that resolves this bottleneck by converting static images into high-fidelity event streams. By simulating microsaccadic eye movements with a highly parallelized convolution, I2E achieves a conversion… ▽ More Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise highly energy-efficient computing, but their adoption is hindered by a critical scarcity of event-stream data. This work introduces I2E, an algorithmic framework that resolves this bottleneck by converting static images into high-fidelity event streams. By simulating microsaccadic eye movements with a highly parallelized convolution, I2E achieves a conversion speed over 300x faster than prior methods, uniquely enabling on-the-fly data augmentation for SNN training. The framework's effectiveness is demonstrated on large-scale benchmarks. An SNN trained on the generated I2E-ImageNet dataset achieves a state-of-the-art accuracy of 60.50%. Critically, this work establishes a powerful sim-to-real paradigm where pre-training on synthetic I2E data and fine-tuning on the real-world CIFAR10-DVS dataset yields an unprecedented accuracy of 92.5%. This result validates that synthetic event data can serve as a high-fidelity proxy for real sensor data, bridging a long-standing gap in neuromorphic engineering. By providing a scalable solution to the data problem, I2E offers a foundational toolkit for developing high-performance neuromorphic systems. The open-source algorithm and all generated datasets are provided to accelerate research in the field. △ Less Submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: AAAI-26 Oral arXiv:2511.06722 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CL Revisiting the Data Sampling in Multimodal Post-training from a Difficulty-Distinguish View Authors: Jianyu Qi , Ding Zou , Wenrui Yan , Rui Ma , Jiaxu Li , Zhijie Zheng , Zhiguo Yang , Rongchang Zhao Abstract : Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have spurred significant progress in Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. Building on the success of Deepseek-R1, researchers extended multimodal reasoning to post-training paradigms based on reinforcement learning (RL), focusing predominantly on mathematical datasets. However, existing post-training paradigms tend to neglect two critical as… ▽ More Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have spurred significant progress in Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. Building on the success of Deepseek-R1, researchers extended multimodal reasoning to post-training paradigms based on reinforcement learning (RL), focusing predominantly on mathematical datasets. However, existing post-training paradigms tend to neglect two critical aspects: (1) The lack of quantifiable difficulty metrics capable of strategically screening samples for post-training optimization. (2) Suboptimal post-training paradigms that fail to jointly optimize perception and reasoning capabilities. To address this gap, we propose two novel difficulty-aware sampling strategies: Progressive Image Semantic Masking (PISM) quantifies sample hardness through systematic image degradation, while Cross-Modality Attention Balance (CMAB) assesses cross-modal interaction complexity via attention distribution analysis. Leveraging these metrics, we design a hierarchical training framework that incorporates both GRPO-only and SFT+GRPO hybrid training paradigms, and evaluate them across six benchmark datasets. Experiments demonstrate consistent superiority of GRPO applied to difficulty-stratified samples compared to conventional SFT+GRPO pipelines, indicating that strategic data sampling can obviate the need for supervised fine-tuning while improving model accuracy. Our code will be released at △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accpeted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2511.06722 [ pdf , ps , other ] Revisiting the Data Sampling in Multimodal Post-training from a Difficulty-Distinguish View Authors: Jianyu Qi , Ding Zou , Wenrui Yan , Rui Ma , Jiaxu Li , Zhijie Zheng , Zhiguo Yang , Rongchang Zhao Abstract : Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have spurred significant progress in Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. Building on the success of Deepseek-R1, researchers extended multimodal reasoning to post-training paradigms based on reinforcement learning (RL), focusing predominantly on mathematical datasets. However, existing post-training paradigms tend to neglect two critical as… ▽ More Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have spurred significant progress in Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. Building on the success of Deepseek-R1, researchers extended multimodal reasoning to post-training paradigms based on reinforcement learning (RL), focusing predominantly on mathematical datasets. However, existing post-training paradigms tend to neglect two critical aspects: (1) The lack of quantifiable difficulty metrics capable of strategically screening samples for post-training optimization. (2) Suboptimal post-training paradigms that fail to jointly optimize perception and reasoning capabilities. To address this gap, we propose two novel difficulty-aware sampling strategies: Progressive Image Semantic Masking (PISM) quantifies sample hardness through systematic image degradation, while Cross-Modality Attention Balance (CMAB) assesses cross-modal interaction complexity via attention distribution analysis. Leveraging these metrics, we design a hierarchical training framework that incorporates both GRPO-only and SFT+GRPO hybrid training paradigms, and evaluate them across six benchmark datasets. Experiments demonstrate consistent superiority of GRPO applied to difficulty-stratified samples compared to conventional SFT+GRPO pipelines, indicating that strategic data sampling can obviate the need for supervised fine-tuning while improving model accuracy. Our code will be released at △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accpeted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2511.06174 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AR cs.AI LUT-LLM: Efficient Large Language Model Inference with Memory-based Computations on FPGAs Authors: Zifan He , Shengyu Ye , Rui Ma , Yang Wang , Jason Cong Abstract : The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) has advanced numerous applications, yet efficient single-batch inference remains vital for on-device intelligence. While FPGAs offer fine-grained data control and high energy efficiency, recent GPU optimizations have narrowed their advantage, especially under arithmetic-based computation. To overcome this, we leverage FPGAs' abundant on-chip memor… ▽ More The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) has advanced numerous applications, yet efficient single-batch inference remains vital for on-device intelligence. While FPGAs offer fine-grained data control and high energy efficiency, recent GPU optimizations have narrowed their advantage, especially under arithmetic-based computation. To overcome this, we leverage FPGAs' abundant on-chip memory to shift LLM inference from arithmetic- to memory-based computation through table lookups. We present LUT-LLM, the first FPGA accelerator enabling 1B+ LLM inference via vector-quantized memory operations. Our analysis identifies activation-weight co-quantization as the most effective scheme, supported by (1) bandwidth-aware parallel centroid search, (2) efficient 2D table lookups, and (3) a spatial-temporal hybrid design minimizing data caching. Implemented on an AMD V80 FPGA for a customized Qwen 3 1.7B model, LUT-LLM achieves 1.66x lower latency than AMD MI210 and 1.72x higher energy efficiency than NVIDIA A100, scaling to 32B models with 2.16x efficiency gain over A100. △ Less Submitted 8 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.06174 [ pdf , ps , other ] LUT-LLM: Efficient Large Language Model Inference with Memory-based Computations on FPGAs Authors: Zifan He , Shengyu Ye , Rui Ma , Yang Wang , Jason Cong Abstract : The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) has advanced numerous applications, yet efficient single-batch inference remains vital for on-device intelligence. While FPGAs offer fine-grained data control and high energy efficiency, recent GPU optimizations have narrowed their advantage, especially under arithmetic-based computation. To overcome this, we leverage FPGAs' abundant on-chip memor… ▽ More The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) has advanced numerous applications, yet efficient single-batch inference remains vital for on-device intelligence. While FPGAs offer fine-grained data control and high energy efficiency, recent GPU optimizations have narrowed their advantage, especially under arithmetic-based computation. To overcome this, we leverage FPGAs' abundant on-chip memory to shift LLM inference from arithmetic- to memory-based computation through table lookups. We present LUT-LLM, the first FPGA accelerator enabling 1B+ LLM inference via vector-quantized memory operations. Our analysis identifies activation-weight co-quantization as the most effective scheme, supported by (1) bandwidth-aware parallel centroid search, (2) efficient 2D table lookups, and (3) a spatial-temporal hybrid design minimizing data caching. Implemented on an AMD V80 FPGA for a customized Qwen 3 1.7B model, LUT-LLM achieves 1.66x lower latency than AMD MI210 and 1.72x higher energy efficiency than NVIDIA A100, scaling to 32B models with 2.16x efficiency gain over A100. △ Less Submitted 8 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.04962 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Too Good to be Bad: On the Failure of LLMs to Role-Play Villains Authors: Zihao Yi , Qingxuan Jiang , Ruotian Ma , Xingyu Chen , Qu Yang , Mengru Wang , Fanghua Ye , Ying Shen , Zhaopeng Tu , Xiaolong Li , Linus Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly tasked with creative generation, including the simulation of fictional characters. However, their ability to portray non-prosocial, antagonistic personas remains largely unexamined. We hypothesize that the safety alignment of modern LLMs creates a fundamental conflict with the task of authentically role-playing morally ambiguous or villainous character… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly tasked with creative generation, including the simulation of fictional characters. However, their ability to portray non-prosocial, antagonistic personas remains largely unexamined. We hypothesize that the safety alignment of modern LLMs creates a fundamental conflict with the task of authentically role-playing morally ambiguous or villainous characters. To investigate this, we introduce the Moral RolePlay benchmark, a new dataset featuring a four-level moral alignment scale and a balanced test set for rigorous evaluation. We task state-of-the-art LLMs with role-playing characters from moral paragons to pure villains. Our large-scale evaluation reveals a consistent, monotonic decline in role-playing fidelity as character morality decreases. We find that models struggle most with traits directly antithetical to safety principles, such as ``Deceitful'' and ``Manipulative'', often substituting nuanced malevolence with superficial aggression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that general chatbot proficiency is a poor predictor of villain role-playing ability, with highly safety-aligned models performing particularly poorly. Our work provides the first systematic evidence of this critical limitation, highlighting a key tension between model safety and creative fidelity. Our benchmark and findings pave the way for developing more nuanced, context-aware alignment methods. △ Less Submitted 12 November, 2025; v1 submitted 6 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.04962 [ pdf , ps , other ] Too Good to be Bad: On the Failure of LLMs to Role-Play Villains Authors: Zihao Yi , Qingxuan Jiang , Ruotian Ma , Xingyu Chen , Qu Yang , Mengru Wang , Fanghua Ye , Ying Shen , Zhaopeng Tu , Xiaolong Li , Linus Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly tasked with creative generation, including the simulation of fictional characters. However, their ability to portray non-prosocial, antagonistic personas remains largely unexamined. We hypothesize that the safety alignment of modern LLMs creates a fundamental conflict with the task of authentically role-playing morally ambiguous or villainous character… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly tasked with creative generation, including the simulation of fictional characters. However, their ability to portray non-prosocial, antagonistic personas remains largely unexamined. We hypothesize that the safety alignment of modern LLMs creates a fundamental conflict with the task of authentically role-playing morally ambiguous or villainous characters. To investigate this, we introduce the Moral RolePlay benchmark, a new dataset featuring a four-level moral alignment scale and a balanced test set for rigorous evaluation. We task state-of-the-art LLMs with role-playing characters from moral paragons to pure villains. Our large-scale evaluation reveals a consistent, monotonic decline in role-playing fidelity as character morality decreases. We find that models struggle most with traits directly antithetical to safety principles, such as ``Deceitful'' and ``Manipulative'', often substituting nuanced malevolence with superficial aggression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that general chatbot proficiency is a poor predictor of villain role-playing ability, with highly safety-aligned models performing particularly poorly. Our work provides the first systematic evidence of this critical limitation, highlighting a key tension between model safety and creative fidelity. Our benchmark and findings pave the way for developing more nuanced, context-aware alignment methods. △ Less Submitted 12 November, 2025; v1 submitted 6 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.02888 [ pdf , ps , other ] q-bio.GN cs.AI NABench: Large-Scale Benchmarks of Nucleotide Foundation Models for Fitness Prediction Authors: Zhongmin Li , Runze Ma , Jiahao Tan , Chengzi Tan , Shuangjia Zheng Abstract : Nucleotide sequence variation can induce significant shifts in functional fitness. Recent nucleotide foundation models promise to predict such fitness effects directly from sequence, yet heterogeneous datasets and inconsistent preprocessing make it difficult to compare methods fairly across DNA and RNA families. Here we introduce NABench, a large-scale, systematic benchmark for nucleic acid fitnes… ▽ More Nucleotide sequence variation can induce significant shifts in functional fitness. Recent nucleotide foundation models promise to predict such fitness effects directly from sequence, yet heterogeneous datasets and inconsistent preprocessing make it difficult to compare methods fairly across DNA and RNA families. Here we introduce NABench, a large-scale, systematic benchmark for nucleic acid fitness prediction. NABench aggregates 162 high-throughput assays and curates 2.6 million mutated sequences spanning diverse DNA and RNA families, with standardized splits and rich metadata. We show that NABench surpasses prior nucleotide fitness benchmarks in scale, diversity, and data quality. Under a unified evaluation suite, we rigorously assess 29 representative foundation models across zero-shot, few-shot prediction, transfer learning, and supervised settings. The results quantify performance heterogeneity across tasks and nucleic-acid types, demonstrating clear strengths and failure modes for different modeling choices and establishing strong, reproducible baselines. We release NABench to advance nucleic acid modeling, supporting downstream applications in RNA/DNA design, synthetic biology, and biochemistry. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.02888 [ pdf , ps , other ] NABench: Large-Scale Benchmarks of Nucleotide Foundation Models for Fitness Prediction Authors: Zhongmin Li , Runze Ma , Jiahao Tan , Chengzi Tan , Shuangjia Zheng Abstract : Nucleotide sequence variation can induce significant shifts in functional fitness. Recent nucleotide foundation models promise to predict such fitness effects directly from sequence, yet heterogeneous datasets and inconsistent preprocessing make it difficult to compare methods fairly across DNA and RNA families. Here we introduce NABench, a large-scale, systematic benchmark for nucleic acid fitnes… ▽ More Nucleotide sequence variation can induce significant shifts in functional fitness. Recent nucleotide foundation models promise to predict such fitness effects directly from sequence, yet heterogeneous datasets and inconsistent preprocessing make it difficult to compare methods fairly across DNA and RNA families. Here we introduce NABench, a large-scale, systematic benchmark for nucleic acid fitness prediction. NABench aggregates 162 high-throughput assays and curates 2.6 million mutated sequences spanning diverse DNA and RNA families, with standardized splits and rich metadata. We show that NABench surpasses prior nucleotide fitness benchmarks in scale, diversity, and data quality. Under a unified evaluation suite, we rigorously assess 29 representative foundation models across zero-shot, few-shot prediction, transfer learning, and supervised settings. The results quantify performance heterogeneity across tasks and nucleic-acid types, demonstrating clear strengths and failure modes for different modeling choices and establishing strong, reproducible baselines. We release NABench to advance nucleic acid modeling, supporting downstream applications in RNA/DNA design, synthetic biology, and biochemistry. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01210 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.RO OmniVLA: Physically-Grounded Multimodal VLA with Unified Multi-Sensor Perception for Robotic Manipulation Authors: Heyu Guo , Shanmu Wang , Ruichun Ma , Shiqi Jiang , Yasaman Ghasempour , Omid Abari , Baining Guo , Lili Qiu Abstract : Vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown strong generalization for robotic action prediction through large-scale vision-language pretraining. However, most existing models rely solely on RGB cameras, limiting their perception and, consequently, manipulation capabilities. We present OmniVLA, an omni-modality VLA model that integrates novel sensing modalities for physically-grounded spatial in… ▽ More Vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown strong generalization for robotic action prediction through large-scale vision-language pretraining. However, most existing models rely solely on RGB cameras, limiting their perception and, consequently, manipulation capabilities. We present OmniVLA, an omni-modality VLA model that integrates novel sensing modalities for physically-grounded spatial intelligence beyond RGB perception. The core of our approach is the sensor-masked image, a unified representation that overlays spatially grounded and physically meaningful masks onto the RGB images, derived from sensors including an infrared camera, a mmWave radar, and a microphone array. This image-native unification keeps sensor input close to RGB statistics to facilitate training, provides a uniform interface across sensor hardware, and enables data-efficient learning with lightweight per-sensor projectors. Built on this, we present a multisensory vision-language-action model architecture and train the model based on an RGB-pretrained VLA backbone. We evaluate OmniVLA on challenging real-world tasks where sensor-modality perception guides the robotic manipulation. OmniVLA achieves an average task success rate of 84%, significantly outperforms both RGB-only and raw-sensor-input baseline models by 59% and 28% respectively, meanwhile showing higher learning efficiency and stronger generalization capability. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2025; v1 submitted 2 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01210 [ pdf , ps , other ] OmniVLA: Physically-Grounded Multimodal VLA with Unified Multi-Sensor Perception for Robotic Manipulation Authors: Heyu Guo , Shanmu Wang , Ruichun Ma , Shiqi Jiang , Yasaman Ghasempour , Omid Abari , Baining Guo , Lili Qiu Abstract : Vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown strong generalization for robotic action prediction through large-scale vision-language pretraining. However, most existing models rely solely on RGB cameras, limiting their perception and, consequently, manipulation capabilities. We present OmniVLA, an omni-modality VLA model that integrates novel sensing modalities for physically-grounded spatial in… ▽ More Vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown strong generalization for robotic action prediction through large-scale vision-language pretraining. However, most existing models rely solely on RGB cameras, limiting their perception and, consequently, manipulation capabilities. We present OmniVLA, an omni-modality VLA model that integrates novel sensing modalities for physically-grounded spatial intelligence beyond RGB perception. The core of our approach is the sensor-masked image, a unified representation that overlays spatially grounded and physically meaningful masks onto the RGB images, derived from sensors including an infrared camera, a mmWave radar, and a microphone array. This image-native unification keeps sensor input close to RGB statistics to facilitate training, provides a uniform interface across sensor hardware, and enables data-efficient learning with lightweight per-sensor projectors. Built on this, we present a multisensory vision-language-action model architecture and train the model based on an RGB-pretrained VLA backbone. We evaluate OmniVLA on challenging real-world tasks where sensor-modality perception guides the robotic manipulation. OmniVLA achieves an average task success rate of 84%, significantly outperforms both RGB-only and raw-sensor-input baseline models by 59% and 28% respectively, meanwhile showing higher learning efficiency and stronger generalization capability. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2025; v1 submitted 2 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01016 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Prompt-R1: Collaborative Automatic Prompting Framework via End-to-end Reinforcement Learning Authors: Wenjin Liu , Haoran Luo , Xueyuan Lin , Haoming Liu , Tiesunlong Shen , Jiapu Wang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria Abstract : Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged at an increasingly rapid pace. However, when faced with complex problems, most users are often unable to provide accurate and effective prompts to interact with LLMs, thus limiting the performance of LLMs. To address this challenge, we propose Prompt-R1, an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework that uses a small-scale LLM to collab… ▽ More Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged at an increasingly rapid pace. However, when faced with complex problems, most users are often unable to provide accurate and effective prompts to interact with LLMs, thus limiting the performance of LLMs. To address this challenge, we propose Prompt-R1, an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework that uses a small-scale LLM to collaborate with large-scale LLMs, replacing user interaction to solve problems better. This collaboration is cast as a multi-turn prompt interaction, where the small-scale LLM thinks and generates prompts, and the large-scale LLM performs complex reasoning. A dual-constrained reward is designed to optimize for correctness, generation quality, and reasoning accuracy. Prompt-R1 provides a plug-and-play framework that supports both inference and training with various large-scale LLMs. Experiments on multiple public datasets show that Prompt-R1 significantly outperforms baseline models across tasks. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 2 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01016 [ pdf , ps , other ] Prompt-R1: Collaborative Automatic Prompting Framework via End-to-end Reinforcement Learning Authors: Wenjin Liu , Haoran Luo , Xueyuan Lin , Haoming Liu , Tiesunlong Shen , Jiapu Wang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria Abstract : Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged at an increasingly rapid pace. However, when faced with complex problems, most users are often unable to provide accurate and effective prompts to interact with LLMs, thus limiting the performance of LLMs. To address this challenge, we propose Prompt-R1, an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework that uses a small-scale LLM to collab… ▽ More Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged at an increasingly rapid pace. However, when faced with complex problems, most users are often unable to provide accurate and effective prompts to interact with LLMs, thus limiting the performance of LLMs. To address this challenge, we propose Prompt-R1, an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework that uses a small-scale LLM to collaborate with large-scale LLMs, replacing user interaction to solve problems better. This collaboration is cast as a multi-turn prompt interaction, where the small-scale LLM thinks and generates prompts, and the large-scale LLM performs complex reasoning. A dual-constrained reward is designed to optimize for correctness, generation quality, and reasoning accuracy. Prompt-R1 provides a plug-and-play framework that supports both inference and training with various large-scale LLMs. Experiments on multiple public datasets show that Prompt-R1 significantly outperforms baseline models across tasks. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 2 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2510.27168 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DB ShapleyPipe: Hierarchical Shapley Search for Data Preparation Pipeline Construction Authors: Jing Chang , Chang Liu , Jinbin Huang , Shuyuan Zheng , Rui Mao , Jianbin Qin Abstract : Automated data preparation pipeline construction is critical for machine learning success, yet existing methods suffer from two fundamental limitations: they treat pipeline construction as black-box optimization without quantifying individual operator contributions, and they struggle with the combinatorial explosion of the search space ($N^M$ configurations for N operators and pipeline length M).… ▽ More Automated data preparation pipeline construction is critical for machine learning success, yet existing methods suffer from two fundamental limitations: they treat pipeline construction as black-box optimization without quantifying individual operator contributions, and they struggle with the combinatorial explosion of the search space ($N^M$ configurations for N operators and pipeline length M). We introduce ShapleyPipe, a principled framework that leverages game-theoretic Shapley values to systematically quantify each operator's marginal contribution while maintaining full interpretability. Our key innovation is a hierarchical decomposition that separates category-level structure search from operator-level refinement, reducing the search complexity from exponential to polynomial. To make Shapley computation tractable, we develop: (1) a Multi-Armed Bandit mechanism for intelligent category evaluation with provable convergence guarantees, and (2) Permutation Shapley values to correctly capture position-dependent operator interactions. Extensive evaluation on 18 diverse datasets demonstrates that ShapleyPipe achieves 98.1\% of high-budget baseline performance while using 24\% fewer evaluations, and outperforms the state-of-the-art reinforcement learning method by 3.6\%. Beyond performance gains, ShapleyPipe provides interpretable operator valuations ($ρ$=0.933 correlation with empirical performance) that enable data-driven pipeline analysis and systematic operator library refinement. △ Less Submitted 31 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.27168 [ pdf , ps , other ] ShapleyPipe: Hierarchical Shapley Search for Data Preparation Pipeline Construction Authors: Jing Chang , Chang Liu , Jinbin Huang , Shuyuan Zheng , Rui Mao , Jianbin Qin Abstract : Automated data preparation pipeline construction is critical for machine learning success, yet existing methods suffer from two fundamental limitations: they treat pipeline construction as black-box optimization without quantifying individual operator contributions, and they struggle with the combinatorial explosion of the search space ($N^M$ configurations for N operators and pipeline length M).… ▽ More Automated data preparation pipeline construction is critical for machine learning success, yet existing methods suffer from two fundamental limitations: they treat pipeline construction as black-box optimization without quantifying individual operator contributions, and they struggle with the combinatorial explosion of the search space ($N^M$ configurations for N operators and pipeline length M). We introduce ShapleyPipe, a principled framework that leverages game-theoretic Shapley values to systematically quantify each operator's marginal contribution while maintaining full interpretability. Our key innovation is a hierarchical decomposition that separates category-level structure search from operator-level refinement, reducing the search complexity from exponential to polynomial. To make Shapley computation tractable, we develop: (1) a Multi-Armed Bandit mechanism for intelligent category evaluation with provable convergence guarantees, and (2) Permutation Shapley values to correctly capture position-dependent operator interactions. Extensive evaluation on 18 diverse datasets demonstrates that ShapleyPipe achieves 98.1\% of high-budget baseline performance while using 24\% fewer evaluations, and outperforms the state-of-the-art reinforcement learning method by 3.6\%. Beyond performance gains, ShapleyPipe provides interpretable operator valuations ($ρ$=0.933 correlation with empirical performance) that enable data-driven pipeline analysis and systematic operator library refinement. △ Less Submitted 31 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.26082 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO Beyond the Uncanny Valley: A Mixed-Method Investigation of Anthropomorphism in Protective Responses to Robot Abuse Authors: Fan Yang , Lingyao Li , Yaxin Hu , Michael Rodgers , Renkai Ma Abstract : Robots with anthropomorphic features are increasingly shaping how humans perceive and morally engage with them. Our research investigates how different levels of anthropomorphism influence protective responses to robot abuse, extending the Computers as Social Actors (CASA) and uncanny valley theories into a moral domain. In an experiment, we invite 201 participants to view videos depicting abuse t… ▽ More Robots with anthropomorphic features are increasingly shaping how humans perceive and morally engage with them. Our research investigates how different levels of anthropomorphism influence protective responses to robot abuse, extending the Computers as Social Actors (CASA) and uncanny valley theories into a moral domain. In an experiment, we invite 201 participants to view videos depicting abuse toward a robot with low (Spider), moderate (Two-Foot), or high (Humanoid) anthropomorphism. To provide a comprehensive analysis, we triangulate three modalities: self-report surveys measuring emotions and uncanniness, physiological data from automated facial expression analysis, and qualitative reflections. Findings indicate that protective responses are not linear. The moderately anthropomorphic Two-Foot robot, rated highest in eeriness and "spine-tingling" sensations consistent with the uncanny valley, elicited the strongest physiological anger expressions. Self-reported anger and guilt are significantly higher for both the Two-Foot and Humanoid robots compared to the Spider. Qualitative findings further reveal that as anthropomorphism increases, moral reasoning shifts from technical assessments of property damage to condemnation of the abuser's character, while governance proposals expand from property law to calls for quasi-animal rights and broader societal responsibility. These results suggest that the uncanny valley does not dampen moral concern but paradoxically heightens protective impulses, offering critical implications for robot design, policy, and future legal frameworks. △ Less Submitted 1 November, 2025; v1 submitted 29 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.26082 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond the Uncanny Valley: A Mixed-Method Investigation of Anthropomorphism in Protective Responses to Robot Abuse Authors: Fan Yang , Lingyao Li , Yaxin Hu , Michael Rodgers , Renkai Ma Abstract : Robots with anthropomorphic features are increasingly shaping how humans perceive and morally engage with them. Our research investigates how different levels of anthropomorphism influence protective responses to robot abuse, extending the Computers as Social Actors (CASA) and uncanny valley theories into a moral domain. In an experiment, we invite 201 participants to view videos depicting abuse t… ▽ More Robots with anthropomorphic features are increasingly shaping how humans perceive and morally engage with them. Our research investigates how different levels of anthropomorphism influence protective responses to robot abuse, extending the Computers as Social Actors (CASA) and uncanny valley theories into a moral domain. In an experiment, we invite 201 participants to view videos depicting abuse toward a robot with low (Spider), moderate (Two-Foot), or high (Humanoid) anthropomorphism. To provide a comprehensive analysis, we triangulate three modalities: self-report surveys measuring emotions and uncanniness, physiological data from automated facial expression analysis, and qualitative reflections. Findings indicate that protective responses are not linear. The moderately anthropomorphic Two-Foot robot, rated highest in eeriness and "spine-tingling" sensations consistent with the uncanny valley, elicited the strongest physiological anger expressions. Self-reported anger and guilt are significantly higher for both the Two-Foot and Humanoid robots compared to the Spider. Qualitative findings further reveal that as anthropomorphism increases, moral reasoning shifts from technical assessments of property damage to condemnation of the abuser's character, while governance proposals expand from property law to calls for quasi-animal rights and broader societal responsibility. These results suggest that the uncanny valley does not dampen moral concern but paradoxically heightens protective impulses, offering critical implications for robot design, policy, and future legal frameworks. △ Less Submitted 1 November, 2025; v1 submitted 29 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.26080 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO I don't Want You to Die: A Shared Responsibility Framework for Safeguarding Child-Robot Companionship Authors: Fan Yang , Renkai Ma , Yaxin Hu , Michael Rodgers , Lingyao Li Abstract : Social robots like Moxie are designed to form strong emotional bonds with children, but their abrupt discontinuation can cause significant struggles and distress to children. When these services end, the resulting harm raises complex questions of who bears responsibility when children's emotional bonds are broken. Using the Moxie shutdown as a case study through a qualitative survey of 72 U.S. par… ▽ More Social robots like Moxie are designed to form strong emotional bonds with children, but their abrupt discontinuation can cause significant struggles and distress to children. When these services end, the resulting harm raises complex questions of who bears responsibility when children's emotional bonds are broken. Using the Moxie shutdown as a case study through a qualitative survey of 72 U.S. participants, our findings show that the responsibility is viewed as a shared duty across the robot company, parents, developers, and government. However, these attributions varied by political ideology and parental status of whether they have children. Participants' perceptions of whether the robot service should continue are highly polarized; supporters propose technical, financial, and governmental pathways for continuity, while opponents cite business realities and risks of unhealthy emotional dependency. Ultimately, this research contributes an empirically grounded shared responsibility framework for safeguarding child-robot companionship by detailing how accountability is distributed and contested, informing concrete design and policy implications to mitigate the emotional harm of robot discontinuation. △ Less Submitted 29 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.26080 [ pdf , ps , other ] I don't Want You to Die: A Shared Responsibility Framework for Safeguarding Child-Robot Companionship Authors: Fan Yang , Renkai Ma , Yaxin Hu , Michael Rodgers , Lingyao Li Abstract : Social robots like Moxie are designed to form strong emotional bonds with children, but their abrupt discontinuation can cause significant struggles and distress to children. When these services end, the resulting harm raises complex questions of who bears responsibility when children's emotional bonds are broken. Using the Moxie shutdown as a case study through a qualitative survey of 72 U.S. par… ▽ More Social robots like Moxie are designed to form strong emotional bonds with children, but their abrupt discontinuation can cause significant struggles and distress to children. When these services end, the resulting harm raises complex questions of who bears responsibility when children's emotional bonds are broken. Using the Moxie shutdown as a case study through a qualitative survey of 72 U.S. participants, our findings show that the responsibility is viewed as a shared duty across the robot company, parents, developers, and government. However, these attributions varied by political ideology and parental status of whether they have children. Participants' perceptions of whether the robot service should continue are highly polarized; supporters propose technical, financial, and governmental pathways for continuity, while opponents cite business realities and risks of unhealthy emotional dependency. Ultimately, this research contributes an empirically grounded shared responsibility framework for safeguarding child-robot companionship by detailing how accountability is distributed and contested, informing concrete design and policy implications to mitigate the emotional harm of robot discontinuation. △ Less Submitted 29 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.22172 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.CL M-CIF: Multi-Scale Alignment For CIF-Based Non-Autoregressive ASR Authors: Ruixiang Mao , Xiangnan Ma , Qing Yang , Ziming Zhu , Yucheng Qiao , Yuan Ge , Tong Xiao , Shengxiang Gao , Zhengtao Yu , Jingbo Zhu Abstract : The Continuous Integrate-and-Fire (CIF) mechanism provides effective alignment for non-autoregressive (NAR) speech recognition. This mechanism creates a smooth and monotonic mapping from acoustic features to target tokens, achieving performance on Mandarin competitive with other NAR approaches. However, without finer-grained guidance, its stability degrades in some languages such as English and Fr… ▽ More The Continuous Integrate-and-Fire (CIF) mechanism provides effective alignment for non-autoregressive (NAR) speech recognition. This mechanism creates a smooth and monotonic mapping from acoustic features to target tokens, achieving performance on Mandarin competitive with other NAR approaches. However, without finer-grained guidance, its stability degrades in some languages such as English and French. In this paper, we propose Multi-scale CIF (M-CIF), which performs multi-level alignment by integrating character and phoneme level supervision progressively distilled into subword representations, thereby enhancing robust acoustic-text alignment. Experiments show that M-CIF reduces WER compared to the Paraformer baseline, especially on CommonVoice by 4.21% in German and 3.05% in French. To further investigate these gains, we define phonetic confusion errors (PE) and space-related segmentation errors (SE) as evaluation metrics. Analysis of these metrics across different M-CIF settings reveals that the phoneme and character layers are essential for enhancing progressive CIF alignment. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.22172 [ pdf , ps , other ] M-CIF: Multi-Scale Alignment For CIF-Based Non-Autoregressive ASR Authors: Ruixiang Mao , Xiangnan Ma , Qing Yang , Ziming Zhu , Yucheng Qiao , Yuan Ge , Tong Xiao , Shengxiang Gao , Zhengtao Yu , Jingbo Zhu Abstract : The Continuous Integrate-and-Fire (CIF) mechanism provides effective alignment for non-autoregressive (NAR) speech recognition. This mechanism creates a smooth and monotonic mapping from acoustic features to target tokens, achieving performance on Mandarin competitive with other NAR approaches. However, without finer-grained guidance, its stability degrades in some languages such as English and Fr… ▽ More The Continuous Integrate-and-Fire (CIF) mechanism provides effective alignment for non-autoregressive (NAR) speech recognition. This mechanism creates a smooth and monotonic mapping from acoustic features to target tokens, achieving performance on Mandarin competitive with other NAR approaches. However, without finer-grained guidance, its stability degrades in some languages such as English and French. In this paper, we propose Multi-scale CIF (M-CIF), which performs multi-level alignment by integrating character and phoneme level supervision progressively distilled into subword representations, thereby enhancing robust acoustic-text alignment. Experiments show that M-CIF reduces WER compared to the Paraformer baseline, especially on CommonVoice by 4.21% in German and 3.05% in French. To further investigate these gains, we define phonetic confusion errors (PE) and space-related segmentation errors (SE) as evaluation metrics. Analysis of these metrics across different M-CIF settings reveals that the phoneme and character layers are essential for enhancing progressive CIF alignment. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.21103 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI cs.DC Sensing and Storing Less: A MARL-based Solution for Energy Saving in Edge Internet of Things Authors: Zongyang Yuan , Lailong Luo , Qianzhen Zhang , Bangbang Ren , Deke Guo , Richard T. B. Ma Abstract : As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices continuously grows and application scenarios constantly enrich, the volume of sensor data experiences an explosive increase. However, substantial data demands considerable energy during computation and transmission. Redundant deployment or mobile assistance is essential to cover the target area reliably with fault-prone sensors. Consequently, the `… ▽ More As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices continuously grows and application scenarios constantly enrich, the volume of sensor data experiences an explosive increase. However, substantial data demands considerable energy during computation and transmission. Redundant deployment or mobile assistance is essential to cover the target area reliably with fault-prone sensors. Consequently, the ``butterfly effect" may appear during the IoT operation, since unreasonable data overlap could result in many duplicate data. To this end, we propose Senses, a novel online energy saving solution for edge IoT networks, with the insight of sensing and storing less at the network edge by adopting Muti-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL). Senses achieves data de-duplication by dynamically adjusting sensor coverage at the sensor level. For exceptional cases where sensor coverage cannot be altered, Senses conducts data partitioning and eliminates redundant data at the controller level. Furthermore, at the global level, considering the heterogeneity of IoT devices, Senses balances the operational duration among the devices to prolong the overall operational duration of edge IoT networks. We evaluate the performance of Senses through testbed experiments and simulations. The results show that Senses saves 11.37% of energy consumption on control devices and prolongs 20% overall operational duration of the IoT device network. △ Less Submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.21103 [ pdf , ps , other ] Sensing and Storing Less: A MARL-based Solution for Energy Saving in Edge Internet of Things Authors: Zongyang Yuan , Lailong Luo , Qianzhen Zhang , Bangbang Ren , Deke Guo , Richard T. B. Ma Abstract : As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices continuously grows and application scenarios constantly enrich, the volume of sensor data experiences an explosive increase. However, substantial data demands considerable energy during computation and transmission. Redundant deployment or mobile assistance is essential to cover the target area reliably with fault-prone sensors. Consequently, the `… ▽ More As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices continuously grows and application scenarios constantly enrich, the volume of sensor data experiences an explosive increase. However, substantial data demands considerable energy during computation and transmission. Redundant deployment or mobile assistance is essential to cover the target area reliably with fault-prone sensors. Consequently, the ``butterfly effect" may appear during the IoT operation, since unreasonable data overlap could result in many duplicate data. To this end, we propose Senses, a novel online energy saving solution for edge IoT networks, with the insight of sensing and storing less at the network edge by adopting Muti-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL). Senses achieves data de-duplication by dynamically adjusting sensor coverage at the sensor level. For exceptional cases where sensor coverage cannot be altered, Senses conducts data partitioning and eliminates redundant data at the controller level. Furthermore, at the global level, considering the heterogeneity of IoT devices, Senses balances the operational duration among the devices to prolong the overall operational duration of edge IoT networks. We evaluate the performance of Senses through testbed experiments and simulations. The results show that Senses saves 11.37% of energy consumption on control devices and prolongs 20% overall operational duration of the IoT device network. △ Less Submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.20498 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Robust Preference Alignment via Directional Neighborhood Consensus Authors: Ruochen Mao , Yuling Shi , Xiaodong Gu , Jiaheng Wei Abstract : Aligning large language models with human preferences is critical for creating reliable and controllable AI systems. A human preference can be visualized as a high-dimensional vector where different directions represent trade-offs between desired attributes (e.g., helpfulness vs. verbosity). Yet, because the training data often reflects dominant, average preferences, LLMs tend to perform well on c… ▽ More Aligning large language models with human preferences is critical for creating reliable and controllable AI systems. A human preference can be visualized as a high-dimensional vector where different directions represent trade-offs between desired attributes (e.g., helpfulness vs. verbosity). Yet, because the training data often reflects dominant, average preferences, LLMs tend to perform well on common requests but fall short in specific, individual needs. This mismatch creates a preference coverage gap. Existing methods often address this through costly retraining, which may not be generalized to the full spectrum of diverse preferences. This brittleness means that when a user's request reflects a nuanced preference deviating from the training data's central tendency, model performance can degrade unpredictably. To address this challenge, we introduce Robust Preference Selection (RPS), a post-hoc, training-free method by leveraging directional neighborhood consensus. Instead of forcing a model to generate a response from a single, highly specific preference, RPS samples multiple responses from a local neighborhood of related preferences to create a superior candidate pool. It then selects the response that best aligns with the user's original intent. We provide a theoretical framework showing our neighborhood generation strategy is provably superior to a strong baseline that also samples multiple candidates. Comprehensive experiments across three distinct alignment paradigms (DPA, DPO, and SFT) demonstrate that RPS consistently improves robustness against this baseline, achieving win rates of up to 69% on challenging preferences from under-represented regions of the space without any model retraining. Our work presents a practical, theoretically-grounded solution for enhancing the reliability of preference-aligned models. △ Less Submitted 23 October, 2025; v1 submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.20498 [ pdf , ps , other ] Robust Preference Alignment via Directional Neighborhood Consensus Authors: Ruochen Mao , Yuling Shi , Xiaodong Gu , Jiaheng Wei Abstract : Aligning large language models with human preferences is critical for creating reliable and controllable AI systems. A human preference can be visualized as a high-dimensional vector where different directions represent trade-offs between desired attributes (e.g., helpfulness vs. verbosity). Yet, because the training data often reflects dominant, average preferences, LLMs tend to perform well on c… ▽ More Aligning large language models with human preferences is critical for creating reliable and controllable AI systems. A human preference can be visualized as a high-dimensional vector where different directions represent trade-offs between desired attributes (e.g., helpfulness vs. verbosity). Yet, because the training data often reflects dominant, average preferences, LLMs tend to perform well on common requests but fall short in specific, individual needs. This mismatch creates a preference coverage gap. Existing methods often address this through costly retraining, which may not be generalized to the full spectrum of diverse preferences. This brittleness means that when a user's request reflects a nuanced preference deviating from the training data's central tendency, model performance can degrade unpredictably. To address this challenge, we introduce Robust Preference Selection (RPS), a post-hoc, training-free method by leveraging directional neighborhood consensus. Instead of forcing a model to generate a response from a single, highly specific preference, RPS samples multiple responses from a local neighborhood of related preferences to create a superior candidate pool. It then selects the response that best aligns with the user's original intent. We provide a theoretical framework showing our neighborhood generation strategy is provably superior to a strong baseline that also samples multiple candidates. Comprehensive experiments across three distinct alignment paradigms (DPA, DPO, and SFT) demonstrate that RPS consistently improves robustness against this baseline, achieving win rates of up to 69% on challenging preferences from under-represented regions of the space without any model retraining. Our work presents a practical, theoretically-grounded solution for enhancing the reliability of preference-aligned models. △ Less Submitted 23 October, 2025; v1 submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.20252 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Individualized Cognitive Simulation in Large Language Models: Evaluating Different Cognitive Representation Methods Authors: Tianyi Zhang , Xiaolin Zhou , Yunzhe Wang , Erik Cambria , David Traum , Rui Mao Abstract : Individualized cognitive simulation (ICS) aims to build computational models that approximate the thought processes of specific individuals. While large language models (LLMs) convincingly mimic surface-level human behavior such as role-play, their ability to simulate deeper individualized cognitive processes remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task that evaluates… ▽ More Individualized cognitive simulation (ICS) aims to build computational models that approximate the thought processes of specific individuals. While large language models (LLMs) convincingly mimic surface-level human behavior such as role-play, their ability to simulate deeper individualized cognitive processes remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task that evaluates different cognitive representation methods in ICS. We construct a dataset from recently published novels (later than the release date of the tested LLMs) and propose an 11-condition cognitive evaluation framework to benchmark seven off-the-shelf LLMs in the context of authorial style emulation. We hypothesize that effective cognitive representations can help LLMs generate storytelling that better mirrors the original author. Thus, we test different cognitive representations, e.g., linguistic features, concept mappings, and profile-based information. Results show that combining conceptual and linguistic features is particularly effective in ICS, outperforming static profile-based cues in overall evaluation. Importantly, LLMs are more effective at mimicking linguistic style than narrative structure, underscoring their limits in deeper cognitive simulation. These findings provide a foundation for developing AI systems that adapt to individual ways of thinking and expression, advancing more personalized and human-aligned creative technologies. △ Less Submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.20252 [ pdf , ps , other ] Individualized Cognitive Simulation in Large Language Models: Evaluating Different Cognitive Representation Methods Authors: Tianyi Zhang , Xiaolin Zhou , Yunzhe Wang , Erik Cambria , David Traum , Rui Mao Abstract : Individualized cognitive simulation (ICS) aims to build computational models that approximate the thought processes of specific individuals. While large language models (LLMs) convincingly mimic surface-level human behavior such as role-play, their ability to simulate deeper individualized cognitive processes remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task that evaluates… ▽ More Individualized cognitive simulation (ICS) aims to build computational models that approximate the thought processes of specific individuals. While large language models (LLMs) convincingly mimic surface-level human behavior such as role-play, their ability to simulate deeper individualized cognitive processes remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task that evaluates different cognitive representation methods in ICS. We construct a dataset from recently published novels (later than the release date of the tested LLMs) and propose an 11-condition cognitive evaluation framework to benchmark seven off-the-shelf LLMs in the context of authorial style emulation. We hypothesize that effective cognitive representations can help LLMs generate storytelling that better mirrors the original author. Thus, we test different cognitive representations, e.g., linguistic features, concept mappings, and profile-based information. Results show that combining conceptual and linguistic features is particularly effective in ICS, outperforming static profile-based cues in overall evaluation. Importantly, LLMs are more effective at mimicking linguistic style than narrative structure, underscoring their limits in deeper cognitive simulation. These findings provide a foundation for developing AI systems that adapt to individual ways of thinking and expression, advancing more personalized and human-aligned creative technologies. △ Less Submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.10462 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Learning from Disagreement: A Group Decision Simulation Framework for Robust Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Chen Zhong , Yuxuan Yang , Xinyue Zhang , Ruohan Ma , Yong Guo , Gang Li , Jupeng Li Abstract : Medical image segmentation annotation suffers from inter-rater variability (IRV) due to differences in annotators' expertise and the inherent blurriness of medical images. Standard approaches that simply average expert labels are flawed, as they discard the valuable clinical uncertainty revealed in disagreements. We introduce a fundamentally new approach with our group decision simulation framewor… ▽ More Medical image segmentation annotation suffers from inter-rater variability (IRV) due to differences in annotators' expertise and the inherent blurriness of medical images. Standard approaches that simply average expert labels are flawed, as they discard the valuable clinical uncertainty revealed in disagreements. We introduce a fundamentally new approach with our group decision simulation framework, which works by mimicking the collaborative decision-making process of a clinical panel. Under this framework, an Expert Signature Generator (ESG) learns to represent individual annotator styles in a unique latent space. A Simulated Consultation Module (SCM) then intelligently generates the final segmentation by sampling from this space. This method achieved state-of-the-art results on challenging CBCT and MRI datasets (92.11% and 90.72% Dice scores). By treating expert disagreement as a useful signal instead of noise, our work provides a clear path toward more robust and trustworthy AI systems for healthcare. △ Less Submitted 12 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.10462 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learning from Disagreement: A Group Decision Simulation Framework for Robust Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Chen Zhong , Yuxuan Yang , Xinyue Zhang , Ruohan Ma , Yong Guo , Gang Li , Jupeng Li Abstract : Medical image segmentation annotation suffers from inter-rater variability (IRV) due to differences in annotators' expertise and the inherent blurriness of medical images. Standard approaches that simply average expert labels are flawed, as they discard the valuable clinical uncertainty revealed in disagreements. We introduce a fundamentally new approach with our group decision simulation framewor… ▽ More Medical image segmentation annotation suffers from inter-rater variability (IRV) due to differences in annotators' expertise and the inherent blurriness of medical images. Standard approaches that simply average expert labels are flawed, as they discard the valuable clinical uncertainty revealed in disagreements. We introduce a fundamentally new approach with our group decision simulation framework, which works by mimicking the collaborative decision-making process of a clinical panel. Under this framework, an Expert Signature Generator (ESG) learns to represent individual annotator styles in a unique latent space. A Simulated Consultation Module (SCM) then intelligently generates the final segmentation by sampling from this space. This method achieved state-of-the-art results on challenging CBCT and MRI datasets (92.11% and 90.72% Dice scores). By treating expert disagreement as a useful signal instead of noise, our work provides a clear path toward more robust and trustworthy AI systems for healthcare. △ Less Submitted 12 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.10365 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV PointMAC: Meta-Learned Adaptation for Robust Test-Time Point Cloud Completion Authors: Linlian Jiang , Rui Ma , Li Gu , Ziqiang Wang , Xinxin Zuo , Yang Wang Abstract : Point cloud completion is essential for robust 3D perception in safety-critical applications such as robotics and augmented reality. However, existing models perform static inference and rely heavily on inductive biases learned during training, limiting their ability to adapt to novel structural patterns and sensor-induced distortions at test time. To address this limitation, we propose PointMAC,… ▽ More Point cloud completion is essential for robust 3D perception in safety-critical applications such as robotics and augmented reality. However, existing models perform static inference and rely heavily on inductive biases learned during training, limiting their ability to adapt to novel structural patterns and sensor-induced distortions at test time. To address this limitation, we propose PointMAC, a meta-learned framework for robust test-time adaptation in point cloud completion. It enables sample-specific refinement without requiring additional supervision. Our method optimizes the completion model under two self-supervised auxiliary objectives that simulate structural and sensor-level incompleteness. A meta-auxiliary learning strategy based on Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) ensures that adaptation driven by auxiliary objectives is consistently aligned with the primary completion task. During inference, we adapt the shared encoder on-the-fly by optimizing auxiliary losses, with the decoder kept fixed. To further stabilize adaptation, we introduce Adaptive $λ$-Calibration, a meta-learned mechanism for balancing gradients between primary and auxiliary objectives. Extensive experiments on synthetic, simulated, and real-world datasets demonstrate that PointMAC achieves state-of-the-art results by refining each sample individually to produce high-quality completions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to apply meta-auxiliary test-time adaptation to point cloud completion. △ Less Submitted 11 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2510.10365 [ pdf , ps , other ] PointMAC: Meta-Learned Adaptation for Robust Test-Time Point Cloud Completion Authors: Linlian Jiang , Rui Ma , Li Gu , Ziqiang Wang , Xinxin Zuo , Yang Wang Abstract : Point cloud completion is essential for robust 3D perception in safety-critical applications such as robotics and augmented reality. However, existing models perform static inference and rely heavily on inductive biases learned during training, limiting their ability to adapt to novel structural patterns and sensor-induced distortions at test time. To address this limitation, we propose PointMAC,… ▽ More Point cloud completion is essential for robust 3D perception in safety-critical applications such as robotics and augmented reality. However, existing models perform static inference and rely heavily on inductive biases learned during training, limiting their ability to adapt to novel structural patterns and sensor-induced distortions at test time. To address this limitation, we propose PointMAC, a meta-learned framework for robust test-time adaptation in point cloud completion. It enables sample-specific refinement without requiring additional supervision. Our method optimizes the completion model under two self-supervised auxiliary objectives that simulate structural and sensor-level incompleteness. A meta-auxiliary learning strategy based on Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) ensures that adaptation driven by auxiliary objectives is consistently aligned with the primary completion task. During inference, we adapt the shared encoder on-the-fly by optimizing auxiliary losses, with the decoder kept fixed. To further stabilize adaptation, we introduce Adaptive $λ$-Calibration, a meta-learned mechanism for balancing gradients between primary and auxiliary objectives. Extensive experiments on synthetic, simulated, and real-world datasets demonstrate that PointMAC achieves state-of-the-art results by refining each sample individually to produce high-quality completions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to apply meta-auxiliary test-time adaptation to point cloud completion. △ Less Submitted 11 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2510.08959 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI DualResearch: Entropy-Gated Dual-Graph Retrieval for Answer Reconstruction Authors: Jinxin Shi , Zongsheng Cao , Runmin Ma , Yusong Hu , Jie Zhou , Xin Li , Lei Bai , Liang He , Bo Zhang Abstract : The deep-research framework orchestrates external tools to perform complex, multi-step scientific reasoning that exceeds the native limits of a single large language model. However, it still suffers from context pollution, weak evidentiary support, and brittle execution paths. To address these issues, we propose DualResearch, a retrieval and fusion framework that matches the epistemic structure of… ▽ More The deep-research framework orchestrates external tools to perform complex, multi-step scientific reasoning that exceeds the native limits of a single large language model. However, it still suffers from context pollution, weak evidentiary support, and brittle execution paths. To address these issues, we propose DualResearch, a retrieval and fusion framework that matches the epistemic structure of tool-intensive reasoning by jointly modeling two complementary graphs: a breadth semantic graph that encodes stable background knowledge, and a depth causal graph that captures execution provenance. Each graph has a layer-native relevance function, seed-anchored semantic diffusion for breadth, and causal-semantic path matching with reliability weighting for depth. To reconcile their heterogeneity and query-dependent uncertainty, DualResearch converts per-layer path evidence into answer distributions and fuses them in log space via an entropy-gated rule with global calibration. The fusion up-weights the more certain channel and amplifies agreement. As a complement to deep-research systems, DualResearch compresses lengthy multi-tool execution logs into a concise reasoning graph, and we show that it can reconstruct answers stably and effectively. On the scientific reasoning benchmarks HLE and GPQA, DualResearch achieves competitive performance. Using log files from the open-source system InternAgent, its accuracy improves by 7.7% on HLE and 6.06% on GPQA. △ Less Submitted 9 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables, Under Review arXiv:2510.08959 [ pdf , ps , other ] DualResearch: Entropy-Gated Dual-Graph Retrieval for Answer Reconstruction Authors: Jinxin Shi , Zongsheng Cao , Runmin Ma , Yusong Hu , Jie Zhou , Xin Li , Lei Bai , Liang He , Bo Zhang Abstract : The deep-research framework orchestrates external tools to perform complex, multi-step scientific reasoning that exceeds the native limits of a single large language model. However, it still suffers from context pollution, weak evidentiary support, and brittle execution paths. To address these issues, we propose DualResearch, a retrieval and fusion framework that matches the epistemic structure of… ▽ More The deep-research framework orchestrates external tools to perform complex, multi-step scientific reasoning that exceeds the native limits of a single large language model. However, it still suffers from context pollution, weak evidentiary support, and brittle execution paths. To address these issues, we propose DualResearch, a retrieval and fusion framework that matches the epistemic structure of tool-intensive reasoning by jointly modeling two complementary graphs: a breadth semantic graph that encodes stable background knowledge, and a depth causal graph that captures execution provenance. Each graph has a layer-native relevance function, seed-anchored semantic diffusion for breadth, and causal-semantic path matching with reliability weighting for depth. To reconcile their heterogeneity and query-dependent uncertainty, DualResearch converts per-layer path evidence into answer distributions and fuses them in log space via an entropy-gated rule with global calibration. The fusion up-weights the more certain channel and amplifies agreement. As a complement to deep-research systems, DualResearch compresses lengthy multi-tool execution logs into a concise reasoning graph, and we show that it can reconstruct answers stably and effectively. On the scientific reasoning benchmarks HLE and GPQA, DualResearch achieves competitive performance. Using log files from the open-source system InternAgent, its accuracy improves by 7.7% on HLE and 6.06% on GPQA. △ Less Submitted 9 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables, Under Review 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Construction 2 End of World War II 3 Post-war events 4 See also 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Führerbunker العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Führerbunker Führer's bunker July 1947 photo of the rear entrance to the Führerbunker in the garden of the Reich Chancellery . The corpses of Hitler and Eva Braun were burned in a shell hole in front of the emergency exit at left; the conical structure in the centre served for ventilation, and as a bomb shelter for the guards. [ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Location within Central Berlin General information Location Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815 Construction started 1943 Completed 1944 Destroyed started 1947, completed 1980s Cost 1.35 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €5 million in 2021) Design and construction Architects Albert Speer , Karl Piepenburg Architecture firm Hochtief AG The Führerbunker ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐˌbʊŋkɐ] ⓘ ) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin , Germany . It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters ( Führerhauptquartiere ) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II . Hitler took up residence in the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide . After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviet Red Army . The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist, but are sealed off from the public. Construction The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker ("forward bunker"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Führerbunker , located 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door. [ 4 ] The Vorbunker was located 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77. [ 5 ] The Führerbunker was located about 8.5 m (28 ft) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, 120 m (390 ft) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6. [ 6 ] Besides being deeper under ground, the Führerbunker had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick. [ 7 ] About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately 4 m (13 ft 1 in) of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Führerbunker development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940. [ 8 ] The construction cost for the Führerbunker totaled 1,349,899.29 Reichsmarks . [ 9 ] Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings. [ 10 ] After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side. [ 11 ] On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard. [ 11 ] On the left side was Eva Braun 's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), and an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great , one of Hitler's heroes. [ 14 ] A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom. [ 13 ] Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The bunker complex was self-contained. [ 15 ] However, as the Führerbunker was below the water table , conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater . A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply. [ 16 ] Communications systems included a telex , a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier. [ 17 ] End of World War II Hitler moved into the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945. His senior staff, including Martin Bormann and Joseph Goebbels , as well as Braun, joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . [ 18 ] Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge ), a nurse named Erna Flegel , and Sergeant Rochus Misch , who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study. [ 19 ] Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi . [ 19 ] The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily. [ 20 ] Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep. [ 21 ] Conferences took place for much of the night, [ 20 ] often until 05:00. [ 22 ] On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin , and they started to encircle the city by 19 April. [ 23 ] Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth . [ 24 ] That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time. [ 25 ] Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner , the Armeeabteilung Steiner (" Army Detachment Steiner "). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army , south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin. [ 28 ] Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 29 ] On 23 April, [ a ] Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling , commander of the LVI Panzer Corps , as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant Colonel ( Oberstleutnant ) Ernst Kaether . [ 30 ] The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Führerbunker . There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture. [ 31 ] Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring , and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch . [ 32 ] On 28 April, Hitler learned that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte , [ 33 ] and Hitler considered this treason. [ 34 ] Himmler's SS representative in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein , was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest. [ 35 ] [ 32 ] On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg . Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck , commander of the Twelfth Army , and Theodor Busse , commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz : "Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble." [ 32 ] He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner , Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer". [ 36 ] That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz , only a city block from the Führerbunker . [ b ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin. [ 39 ] Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt. [ 36 ] Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker . He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . [ 40 ] [ c ] Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf , Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00. [ 40 ] Hitler then retired to bed. [ 41 ] Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste 's spearhead." [ 39 ] In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake . Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive." [ 39 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ d ] SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00. [ 44 ] Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's lifeless bodies were wrapped in blankets, carried outside, and burned. [ 47 ] Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany ( Reichskanzler ) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany ( Reichspräsident ), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. [ 48 ] Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov , commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army , at about 04:00 on 1 May, [ e ] and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker. [ 49 ] In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned , and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30. [ 50 ] There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards. [ 51 ] Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move. [ 50 ] The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried. [ 51 ] Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH , like others who were captured from the Führerbunker . The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree . Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge . [ 52 ] [ f ] At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Führerbunker , General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head. [ 53 ] The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne , others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland , Latvian SS and Spanish SS units. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May. [ 56 ] The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 57 ] General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23. [ 39 ] Johannes Hentschel , the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May. [ 58 ] The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces. [ 59 ] Post-war events The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945. [ 62 ] That month, Life photojournalist William Vandivert photographed the bunker. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] During separate investigations by the Western allies, a bloodstain was noted on Hitler's bed frame. [ 65 ] According to historian Mark Felton , a British officer surmised that Hitler could have been shot in bed, with a less bloody death occurring on the sofa. [ 65 ] On 11 December 1945, the Soviet Union allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil, including the site where Hitler's remains had allegedly been exhumed that May. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied and no further outside probes were allowed for years. [ 66 ] As part of a disinformation campaign, the Soviets alleged that Hitler escaped or died by poison [ 67 ] [ 68 ] while maintaining secrecy about their investigation. [ 69 ] In May 1946, the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs tasked forensicist Piotr Semenovsky with investigating the scene, although it had by then already been contaminated by numerous individuals. In the bunker study, Semenovsky observed blood stains on the sofa and possibly traces of blood on the wall. [ 70 ] He also found blood in some corridors and spurts of blood on the upper walls of the stairwell leading to the emergency exit. The forensicist concluded these were the result of Hitler's body, wrapped in a blanket, being carried outside for burning. Semenovsky surmised that the blanket became blood-soaked in the process. [ 70 ] The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946. [ 71 ] Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker. [ 72 ] Because it was near the Berlin Wall , the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89. [ 73 ] During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but were filled in, resealed, or ignored. [ 74 ] Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks. [ 75 ] The construction of the buildings in the area around the Führerbunker was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable. [ 76 ] The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park . [ 77 ] On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , an information board was installed to mark the location of the Führerbunker . The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz . Rochus Misch , one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony. [ 78 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to a relative's DNA. [ 79 ] Ruins of the bunker after demolition in 1947 Site of Führerbunker and information board on Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße in October 2023 A side angle view of the site in July 2007 See also Berghof The Bunker – 1970 book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book Downfall – 2004 film Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters Nazi architecture Presidential Emergency Operations Center Stalin's bunker Wolf's Lair Fahrerbunker References Informational notes ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 286 states the appointment was 23 April; Hamilton 2008 , p. 160 states "officially" it was the morning of 24 April; Dollinger 1997 , p. 228, gives 26 April for the appointment. ^ The Luftwaffe order differs in different sources. Beevor 2002 , p. 342 states it was to attack Potsdamerplatz , but Ziemke states it was to support Wenck's Twelfth Army attack. Both agree that von Greim was also ordered to make sure Himmler was punished. ^ " MI5 staff 2005 : Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Hugh Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, says Jodl replied, but Ziemke 1969 , p. 120, and Beevor 2002 , p. 537, say it was Keitel. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, states 03:00, and Beevor 2002 , p. 367, 04:00, for Krebs' meeting with Chuikov. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 126 says that Weidling gave no orders for a break-out. Citations ^ Arnold 2012 . ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 123. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 56. ^ Mollo 1988 , p. 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 117. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 123. ^ McNab 2014 , pp. 21, 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 121–123. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 124. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 97. ^ a b McNab 2014 , p. 28. ^ a b McNab 2011 , p. 109. ^ a b c McNab 2014 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 97, 901–902. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 901. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 124–125. ^ Taylor 2007 , p. 184. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 278. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 902. ^ a b Bullock 1999 , p. 785. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 597. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 903. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 217–233. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 255. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 267–268. ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 87–88. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255, 256. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 934. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 111. ^ a b c Dollinger 1997 , p. 228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 946. ^ a b Ziemke 1969 , p. 119. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 118. ^ a b c d Dollinger 1997 , p. 239. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 950. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 120. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 357, last paragraph. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 956–957. ^ Williams 2005 , pp. 324, 325. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1135–1137. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 52. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 383, 389. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Weale 2012 , p. 407. ^ Hamilton 2020 , pp. 349, 386. ^ Hamilton 2020 , p. 408. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 398. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 9–12. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–99. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–101. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Hitler's Destroyed Bunker - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ "Hitler's Underground Shelter - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ a b Felton, Mark (2023). "Back in the Bunker". Find the Führer: The Secret Soviet Investigation . Episode 4. 7:00, 8:30 minutes in. ^ Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . pp. 233– 34. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ "Hitlers letzte Reise" . Der Spiegel (in German). 19 July 1992 . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ a b Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 257–259. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 101–102. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 48, 49. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 49, 50. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 46, 48, 50–53. ^ McNab 2014 , p. 21. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 27, 28. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 27. ^ Der Spiegel 2006 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . Bibliography Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. "Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker" . Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Brisard, Jean-Christophe and Parshina, Lana (2018). The Death of Hitler . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306922589 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9 . Eberle, Henrik ; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1 . Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5 . Hamilton, A. Stephan (2020) [2008]. Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth . London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker . Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex . An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4 . Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End . London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich . Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962 . McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45 . Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6 . Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International. MI5 staff (2005). "Hitler's last days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Staff (9 June 2006). "Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker" . Spiegel Online . Spiegel-Verlag . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945 . Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4 . Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS . New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0 . Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich . London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605 . Further reading Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days . New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7 . C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings . After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1 . de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders . Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3 . Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary . New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2 . Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle . New York: Simon and Schuster. Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin . London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0 . Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3 . External links Cosgrove, Ben. "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life Magazine . Latson, Jennifer (16 January 2015). "The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin" . Time Magazine . Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). "Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place" . Slate Magazine . 3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery Hitler's Bunker , National Geographic UK. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January Toggle January subsection 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 2 References 3 External links Deaths in 2026 العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano کٲشُر Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The following notable deaths occurred in 2026. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. January 17 16 Olena Grechanina , 90, Ukrainian scientist. [ 1 ] Ratbek hadji Nysanbayev , 85, Kazakh religious figure, supreme mufti of Kazakhstan (1990–2000). [ 2 ] (death announced on this date) 15 Abdullahi Abubakar , 90, Nigerian Islamic cleric and humanitarian. [ 3 ] Ante Grgurević , 50, Croatian basketball player ( Split , Lugano Tigers ) and coach (Split). [ 4 ] Rafael Gvaladze , 78, Azerbaijani jurist, judge of the Constitutional Court (1998–2025). [ 5 ] Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark , 83, Greek-Spanish royal. [ 6 ] Kim Sin-yong , 80, South Korean writer. [ 7 ] Mutumwa Mawere , 66, Zimbabwean-South African mining industry executive. [ 8 ] Kenny Morris , 68, English drummer ( Siouxsie and the Banshees ). [ 9 ] (death announced on this date) Edgar Salvé , 79, Belgian Olympic middle-distance runner ( 1968 , 1972 ). [ 10 ] Ajay Varma , 62, Indian cricketer ( Bengal ). [ 11 ] Gagik Yeganyan , 69, Armenian politician. [ 12 ] 14 Layonel Adams , 31, Russian footballer ( Banants , Cerceda , Isloch Minsk Raion ), fall. [ 13 ] Dmitri Akimov , 45, Russian footballer ( Metallurg Lipetsk , Sibir Novosibirsk , Rostov ). [ 14 ] Aroha Awarau , 49, New Zealand playwright and journalist. [ 15 ] Namirembe Bitamazire , 84, Ugandan academic and politician, MP (2001–2011). [ 16 ] Alfonso Castellanos , 91, Colombian radio broadcaster and journalist. [ 17 ] Jean-Hugues Colonna , 91, French politician, deputy (1981–1988). [ 18 ] (death announced on this date) Valeria Fedeli , 76, Italian politician, minister of education (2016–2018) and senator (2013–2022). [ 19 ] Oleksandr Kabanov , 52, Ukrainian politician, deputy (since 2019). [ 20 ] Kim Min-jae , 53, South Korean baseball player ( Lotte Giants , Hanwha Eagles ) and coach ( Doosan Bears ), cancer. [ 21 ] Rick Link , 66, American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter. [ 22 ] Nie Weiping , 73, Chinese Go player. [ 23 ] Melania Pérez [ es ] , 76, Argentine singer. [ 24 ] Ricard Pérez Casado , 80, Spanish politician, mayor of Valencia (1979–1988) and deputy (2000–2004). [ 25 ] Seppo Reijonen , 81, Finnish Olympic ski jumper ( 1968 ). [ 26 ] Jean Rossier , 81, Belgian biologist and academic. [ 27 ] (death announced on this date) Ernestine Russell , 87, Canadian Olympic gymnast ( 1956 , 1960 ). [ 28 ] Ado Schlier , 90, German radio personality ( Radio Salzburg , Bayerischer Rundfunk ). [ 29 ] Vera Valdez , 89, Brazilian model. [ 30 ] Quemil Yambay , 87, Paraguayan musician and composer. [ 31 ] Igor Zolotovitskiy , 64, Russian actor ( Taxi Blues , Luna Park , Composition for Victory Day ), academic and television director, cancer. [ 32 ] 13 Scott Adams , 68, American cartoonist ( Dilbert ), prostate cancer. [ 33 ] Iqbal Athas , 81, Sri Lankan journalist ( The Sunday Times , Jane's Defence Weekly ). [ 34 ] Lina Bernardi [ it ] , 87, Italian actress ( The Story of Piera , The Last Kiss , The Embalmer ). [ 35 ] Alfred Blumstein , 95, American scientist. [ 36 ] Mark Brnovich , 59, American politician and attorney, Arizona attorney general (2015–2023), heart attack. [ 37 ] Paola Cardia [ it ] , 73, Italian footballer ( national team ). [ 38 ] David Collier , 70, English sports administrator, chief executive of the England and Wales Cricket Board (2004–2014). [ 39 ] Claudette Colvin , 86, American civil rights activist ( Browder v. Gayle ). [ 40 ] Indira Devi Dhanrajgir , 95, Indian poet and socialite. [ 41 ] Catherine Duprat , 89, French historian. [ 42 ] Barbara Eustachiewicz , 87, Polish Olympic gymnast ( 1960 , 1964 ). [ 43 ] Jesse Flis , 92, Canadian politician, MP (1979–1984, 1988–1997). [ 44 ] Bir Bhadra Hagjer , 75, Indian politician, Assam MLA (2016–2021). [ 45 ] Ali Hassan , 61, Mozambican footballer ( Sporting , Vitória de Setúbal , national team ), cancer. [ 46 ] Hun Yuan , 81, Taiwanese religious leader, founder of Weixinism . [ 47 ] Heiki Kranich , 64, Estonian politician, twice MP , minister of finance (1994) and environment (1999–2003). [ 48 ] Jason Lafreniere , 59, Canadian ice hockey player ( Quebec Nordiques , Tampa Bay Lightning , New York Rangers ). [ 49 ] (death announced on this date) Blanche Marvin , 100, American-born British theatre critic, producer and writer. [ 50 ] Doug McConnell , 80, American television journalist. [ 51 ] Bruce McLeod , 96, Canadian clergyman, moderator of the United Church of Canada (1972–1974). [ 52 ] Rolando Nannicini , 79, Italian politician, deputy (2001–2013). [ 53 ] Seán Ó Sé , 89, Irish tenor singer. [ 54 ] Ivan Onufriyev , 58, Russian footballer ( Geolog Tyumen , MTsOP-Metallurg Verkhnyaya Pyshma , Dynamo Stavropol ). [ 55 ] Annemarie Prins , 93, Dutch actress ( Accused , Memory Lane ), director and writer. [ 56 ] Renzo Ragonesi [ it ] , 82, Italian footballer ( Venezia , Reggiana , Modena ). [ 57 ] Jean-Loup Trassard , 92, French photographer. [ 58 ] (death announced on this date) Rudolf Urc [ sk ] , 88, Slovak director of documentary and animated films and academic. [ 59 ] George Vassiliou , 94, Cypriot politician, president (1988–1993) and MP (1996–2001), respiratory infection. [ 60 ] David Webb , 60, British-born Hong Kong activist investor, prostate cancer. [ 61 ] Hans Wiktorsson [ sv ] , 75, Swedish actor ( The Painter , Kurt Olssons julkalender ), complications from a brain injury. [ 62 ] Brian Wilshire , 81, Australian radio broadcaster ( 2GB ). [ 63 ] Razmik Zohrabyan , 75, Armenian politician, MP (2007–2017). [ 64 ] 12 Oba C. D. Akran , 89, Nigerian politician and traditional ruler. [ 65 ] Mahmoud Al-Astal , Palestinian police chief, shot. [ 66 ] Sheila Bernette , 94, English singer ( The Good Old Days , The Black and White Minstrel Show ) and actress ( The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ). [ 67 ] Paul Clauson , 76, Australian politician, Queensland MP (1985–1989), attorney-general (1986–1989). [ 68 ] Rolland Courbis , 72, French football player ( Monaco ) and manager ( Bordeaux , Marseille ). [ 69 ] Bill Courtney , 55, American college basketball coach ( Cornell Big Red , Miami Hurricanes , Temple Owls ). [ 70 ] Mochammad Djamhari , 82, Indonesian military officer and politician, Regent of Bekasi Regency (1993–1998). [ 71 ] John Forté , 50, American rapper ( Refugee Camp All-Stars ) and producer ( The Score ). [ 72 ] Rick Garcia , 69, American LGBTQ activist. [ 73 ] Mohammad Ilyas , 79, Pakistani cricketer ( Lahore , Pakistan International Airlines , national team ), cancer. [ 74 ] Asda Jayanama , 84, Thai diplomat. [ 75 ] Robert Jensen , 52, Dutch television personality ( Jensen! ), cardiac arrest. [ 76 ] Jayashree Kabir , 73, Indian actress ( Pratidwandi , Simana Periye , Rupali Saikate ). [ 77 ] Robert V. Kohn , 72, American mathematician, cancer. [ 78 ] Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin , 26, British guitarist ( Black Midi ). [ 79 ] (death announced on this date) Jan Mårtenson , 92, Swedish author and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (1993–1995). [ 80 ] Eddie McCreadie , 85, Scottish football player ( Chelsea , national team ) and manager (Chelsea). [ 81 ] Luigi Nicolais , 83, Italian engineer and politician, minister for public administration (2006–2008), deputy (2008–2012), and president of the National Research Council (2012–2016). [ 82 ] Alain Orsoni , 71, French politician, Corsican independence militant ( FLNC ) and football executive ( AC Ajaccio ), shot. [ 83 ] Mario Rigutti , 99, Italian astronomer. [ 84 ] Roland Riz , 98, Italian politician, deputy (1958–1963, 1968–1987), senator (1987–1996). [ 85 ] Catherine Samie , 92, French actress ( Lovers of Paris , The Old Maid , They Came Back ). [ 86 ] Michel Tombereau , 80, French painter, complications from influenza. [ 87 ] Karen Vold , 86, American Hall of Fame trick rider. [ 88 ] Martin Willich , 80, German politician, member of the Hamburg Parliament (1974–1995). [ 89 ] Isaac Witz , 91, Austrian-born Israeli immunologist. [ 90 ] Benjaminas Zelkevičius , 81, Lithuanian football player ( Žalgiris Vilnius , Shakhtar Donetsk ) and manager ( national team ). [ 91 ] 11 Pavel Akishev , 42, Russian baseball player ( national team ). [ 92 ] (death announced on this date) Gabriel Barkay , 81, Israeli archaeologist. [ 93 ] Alberto Benzoni , 90, Italian journalist and politician. [ 94 ] Louis E. Brus , 82, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (2023). [ 95 ] Thomas Causey , 76, American sound engineer ( Dick Tracy , Star Trek Generations , Escape from New York ). [ 96 ] Giancarlo Cauteruccio , 69, Italian theatre actor and director. [ 97 ] Richard Codey , 79, American politician, governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), member of the New Jersey Senate (1982–2024). [ 98 ] Marcus Gilbert , 67, British actor ( Army of Darkness , The Masks of Death , Rambo III ), throat cancer. [ 99 ] Dave Giusti , 86, American baseball player ( Houston Astros , Pittsburgh Pirates ), World Series champion ( 1971 ). [ 100 ] Robert Hopkins , 64, English footballer ( Birmingham City , West Bromwich Albion , Shrewsbury Town ). [ 101 ] Bennie Carlton Keel , 91, American archaeologist. [ 102 ] Ueli Kestenholz , 50, Swiss snowboarder, Olympic bronze medallist ( 1998 ), avalanche. [ 103 ] Mukharby Kirzhinov , 77, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion ( 1972 ). [ 104 ] Kōtarō Kodama , 91, Japanese politician, mayor of Akitakata (1980–2008). [ 105 ] Nelson Manrique , 78, Peruvian historian and sociologist. [ 106 ] Titina Medeiros , 48, Brazilian actress ( Cheias de Charme , A Lei do Amor , Now Generation ), pancreatic cancer. [ 107 ] Ahmad Melli , 76–77, Syrian actor. [ 108 ] Miquel Naudí , 77, Andorran politician, member of the General Council (1981–1983). [ 109 ] Takashi Ono , 97, Japanese-born American mathematician. [ 110 ] Park Soon-yong , 81, South Korean lawyer, prosecutor general (1999–2001). [ 111 ] Miroslava Pešíková , 79, Czech dancer and ballet master. [ 112 ] Clarence Pierce , 97, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1952–1984). [ 113 ] Eugen Pojoni , 84, Romanian footballer ( Viitorul București , Crișul Oradea , UTA Arad ). [ 114 ] Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell , Samoan politician, MLA (2021–2025). [ 115 ] Samir Putatundu , 73, Indian politician. [ 116 ] Nasser bin Radan Al Rashid Al Wadaei , Saudi longevity claimant. [ 117 ] Grete Salomonsen , 74, Norwegian film director ( Kamilla and the Thief , Yohan: The Child Wanderer ). [ 118 ] Robert G. Shulman , 101, American biophysicist. [ 119 ] Aniceto Sobrepeña , 77, Filipino banker and public servant. [ 120 ] Prashant Tamang , 43, Indian singer ( Indian Idol ) and actor ( Paatal Lok ), cardiac arrest. [ 121 ] Sergio Tarquinio , 100, Italian painter. [ 122 ] Trevor A. Toussaint , 65, British actor ( Hollyoaks ). [ 123 ] John Wallace , 76, Scottish trumpeter, composer and arts educator. [ 124 ] Herman Wouters , 85, Belgian politician, mayor of Grobbendonk (1989–1997). [ 125 ] 10 Sturla Böðvarsson , 80, Icelandic politician, minister of communications and transportation (1999–2007), president of the Althing (2007–2009). [ 126 ] Manoel Carlos , 92, Brazilian television writer ( Por Amor , Laços de Família , Mulheres Apaixonadas ). [ 127 ] Daniel Colson , 82, French sociologist and academic. [ 128 ] Yolande Viviane Compaoré , Burkinabe politician, governor of Nord Region . [ 129 ] Erich von Däniken , 90, Swiss author and ufologist ( Chariots of the Gods? ). [ 130 ] Distorted Humor , 32, American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanized. [ 131 ] Sergey Galkov , 60, Russian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 1988 ). [ 132 ] Richard Hynes , 81, British biologist. [ 133 ] (death announced on this date) Jim Hartung , 65, American gymnast, Olympic champion ( 1984 ), and coach. [ 134 ] Mario Jacquet [ es ] , 79, Paraguayan footballer ( Cerro Porteño , Real Oviedo , Real Valladolid ). [ 135 ] Włodzimierz Jakubowski , 86, Polish football player ( Lech Poznań ) and manager ( Mieszko Gniezno , Bałtyk Gdynia ). [ 136 ] Kathy Javner , 52, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (since 2018), breast cancer. [ 137 ] Yeison Jiménez , 34, Colombian singer, plane crash . [ 138 ] Václav Klučka , 72, Czech politician, deputy (1992–1996, 2006–2017). [ 139 ] Robert Kostelka , 92, American politician, member of the Louisiana State Senate (2003–2016). [ 140 ] Derek Martin , 92, British actor ( Law & Order , Eldorado , EastEnders ). [ 141 ] Marco Proaño Maya , 80, Ecuadorian politician, three-time deputy . [ 142 ] Davinder Singh , 73, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion ( 1980 ). [ 143 ] Ivan Štampach , 79, Czech religionist and theologian. [ 144 ] Thierry Steimetz , 42, French footballer ( Amnéville , Metz , Homburg ), cancer. [ 145 ] Orazio Svelto , 89, Italian physicist. [ 146 ] Isabel Veloso , 19, Brazilian social media influencer, complications from bone marrow transplant. [ 147 ] Manolo Villaverde , 91, Cuban-American actor ( ¿Qué Pasa, USA? , Taina , Wiseguy ). [ 148 ] Prawase Wasi , 93, Thai hematologist. [ 149 ] Bob Weir , 78, American Hall of Fame musician ( Grateful Dead ) and songwriter (" Sugar Magnolia ", " One More Saturday Night "), complications from cancer. [ 150 ] Robert Wolgemuth , 77, American author, chairman of the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association . [ 151 ] 9 Ai , 49, Japanese Western chimpanzee , subject of cognition studies, multiple organ failure. [ 152 ] Zeno Bianu , 75, French writer. [ 153 ] Andrés Caniulef , 48, Chilean journalist, heart attack. [ 154 ] T. K. Carter , 69, American actor ( The Thing , Punky Brewster , Runaway Train ). [ 155 ] Robert Croft , 91, American freediver. [ 156 ] Jean-Louis Duplat , 88, Belgian magistrate. [ 157 ] Beatriz González , 93, Colombian painter, sculptor and art historian. [ 158 ] Ulf Granberg , 80, Swedish comics creator and editor ( The Phantom ). [ 159 ] Jitka Gruntová , 80, Czech politician, deputy (2002–2006). [ 160 ] Hans Herrmann , 97, German racing driver ( Formula One ). [ 161 ] Sandra Hester , 68, American socio-political activist. [ 162 ] Pirkko Ikonen , 98, Finnish politician, MP (1983–1991). [ 163 ] Heber Jentzsch , 90, American Scientology executive ( Church of Scientology International ), actor and journalist ( Los Angeles Free Press ). [ 164 ] (death announced on this date) Manfred Kuhmichel , 82, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1990–2012). [ 165 ] Lê Văn Dũng , 80, Vietnamese military officer and politician, chief of the general staff (1998–2001). [ 166 ] Khawlhring Lalremruata , 38, Indian cricketer ( Mizoram ), heart attack. [ 167 ] Diane Munday , 94, British political activist, co-founder of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service . [ 168 ] Valery Noskov [ ru ] , 59, Russian biathlete. [ 169 ] Tina Packer , 87, British actress ( David Copperfield , Doctor Who ) and stage director, co-founder of Shakespeare & Company . [ 170 ] Zelico Petrovic [ it ] , 77, Yugoslav-born Italian footballer ( Taranto , Rimini , Catania ). [ 171 ] Larry Snook , 84, American politician. [ 172 ] Terry Sullivan , 87, British drummer ( Renaissance ). [ 173 ] Josep Maria Triginer , 82, Spanish politician. [ 174 ] Eleni Varikas , 76, Greek-born French political philosopher and academic, lung cancer. [ 175 ] Yao Chiang-lin [ zh ] , 75, Taiwanese politician. [ 176 ] Vincenzo Zarri , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Bologna (1976–1988) and bishop of Forlì-Bertinoro (1988–2005). [ 177 ] 8 Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki , 96, British occult writer. [ 178 ] Musa Gibril Bala Gaye , 79, Gambian economist and politician, minister of finance (2003–2009) and foreign affairs (2005). [ 179 ] Murat Bisembin , 53, Kazakh actor, cancer. [ 180 ] Loraine Braham , 87, Australian politician, member (1994–2008) and speaker (1997–1999, 2001–2005) of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly . [ 181 ] Günther Brendel , 95, German painter, graphic artist and academic. [ 182 ] Heloísa de Carvalho , 56, Brazilian writer and political activist. [ 183 ] Václav Cigler , 96, Czech sculptor and visual artist. [ 184 ] Conrado Corsalette , 47, Brazilian journalist. [ 185 ] Mieczysław Czerniawski , 77, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991, 1993–2005). [ 186 ] Nelly Chatué Diop , 41, Cameroonian computer scientist. [ 187 ] Jean-Luc Domenach , 80, French historian, sinologist and political scientist. [ 188 ] Jim Furlong , 85, Canadian football player ( Calgary Stampeders ). [ 189 ] Sergio Goizauskas , 69, Argentine-born French cartoonist. [ 190 ] Vijay Singh Gond , 68, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–2007, since 2024), kidney failure. [ 191 ] Dave Hitchcock , 76, English record producer ( In the Land of Grey and Pink , Foxtrot , The Snow Goose ) and accountant. [ 192 ] Jian Shuisheng [ zh ] , 96, Chinese academic. [ 193 ] Philippe Junot , 85, French venture capitalist and property developer. [ 194 ] Madalitso Kazombo , 46, Malawian politician, first deputy speaker of the National Assembly (2019–2025), asthma attack. [ 195 ] Dieudonné Larose , 80, Haitian singer. [ 196 ] Rhoda Levine , 93, American opera director and choreographer. [ 197 ] (death announced on this date) Elisa Lisboa [ pt ] , 81, Portuguese actress ( Sabor da Paixão , Morangos com Açúcar , A Impostora ). [ 198 ] Evgeny Lyubivyi , 51, Russian politician. [ 199 ] Antonino Mangano [ it ] , 75, Italian marathon and middle-distance runner. [ 200 ] Guy Moon , 63, American composer ( The Fairly OddParents , Big Time Rush , Danny Phantom ), traffic collision. [ 201 ] Jafar Nainggolan , 79, Indonesian politician, MP (2009–2014). [ 202 ] Hiroshi Nakamura , 93, Japanese surrealist painter, pancreatic cancer. [ 203 ] Álvaro Peña-Rojas , 82, Chilean-German singer and songwriter. [ 204 ] Howard Riley , 87, English footballer ( Leicester City , Walsall , Barrow ). [ 205 ] Astrid Roemer , 78, Surinamese-Dutch writer and teacher. [ 206 ] Kjersti Scheen , 82, Norwegian journalist and writer. [ 207 ] Uljana Semjonova , 73, Latvian basketball player, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1980 ). [ 208 ] Sir Tim Shadbolt , 78, New Zealand politician, mayor of Waitemata City (1983–1989) and Invercargill (1993–1995, 1998–2022). [ 209 ] Meinam Bhorot Singh , 75, Indian politician, Manipur MLA (2002–2007). [ 210 ] Mojtaba Tarshiz , 47, Iranian footballer ( Shahr Khodro F.C. , Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. , Gostaresh Foulad F.C. ), shot . [ 211 ] Matthew Taylor , 57–58, American musician ( Bellini ) and artist, heart attack. [ 212 ] Wim Van Belleghem , 62, Belgian Olympic rower ( 1988 , 1992 ), world champion ( 1987 ). [ 213 ] Paul Calvin Visser , 89, American politician, mayor of Flint, Michigan (1973–1975). [ 214 ] Terry Yorath , 75, Welsh football player ( Leeds United , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 215 ] 7 Ali Ardestani , Iranian convicted spy, execution by hanging. [ 216 ] Madjoulba Batocfetou , Togolese agronomic engineer. [ 217 ] James Bernard , American music journalist and magazine editor ( The Source , XXL ). [ 218 ] (death announced on this date) Ihor Blazhkov , 89, Ukrainian conductor. [ 219 ] Albert Bourgi , 90, French jurist. [ 220 ] Raffaella Bragazzi , 66, Italian television presenter and radio host. [ 221 ] Frank S. Cerveny , 92, American Episcopalian clergyman, bishop of Florida (1974–1992). [ 222 ] Camilo Isaac Chavarría , 27, Panamanian model ( Mister Panamá ) and reality show contestant ( Calle 7 ), heart attack. [ 223 ] Martin Chivers , 80, English footballer ( Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , national team ). [ 224 ] Ángel Coerezza , 92, Argentine football referee ( AFA ). [ 225 ] John W. Derr , 84, American politician, member of the Maryland Senate (1983–1999), cancer. [ 226 ] Hiroya Ebina , 67, Japanese politician, mayor of Kushiro (2008–2024), member of the Hokkaido Legislative Assembly (1999–2008), cardiac arrest. [ 227 ] Tony Field , 79, English footballer ( Blackburn Rovers , Southport , Memphis Rogues ). [ 228 ] Vera Frances , 95, English actress ( Back-Room Boy , King Arthur Was a Gentleman , It's That Man Again ). [ 229 ] Madhav Gadgil , 83, Indian ecologist. [ 230 ] Renee Good , 37, American poet and writer, shot . [ 231 ] Domenico Graziani , 81, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Cassano all'Jonio (1999–2006) and archbishop of Crotone-Santa Severina (2006–2019). [ 232 ] Glenn Hall , 94, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , St. Louis Blues ), Stanley Cup champion ( 1952 , 1961 ). [ 233 ] Sidney de Jong , 46, Dutch Olympic baseball player ( 2004 , 2008 ). [ 234 ] Rebecca Kilgore , 76, American jazz vocalist. [ 235 ] Jon Lindsay , 90, American politician, member of the Texas Senate (1997–2007). [ 236 ] Uri Lupolianski , 74, Israeli politician, mayor of Jerusalem (2003–2008) and founder of Yad Sarah . [ 237 ] Ian McCrae , 84, Scottish rugby union player ( Gordonians , national team ). [ 238 ] Randy McMillan , 67, American football player ( Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ). [ 239 ] Roberto Mondragón , 85, American politician, lieutenant governor of New Mexico (1971–1975, 1979–1983). [ 240 ] Kabindra Purkayastha , 94, Indian politician, MP (1991–2014). [ 241 ] Howard Sanderford , 90, American politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1989–2022). [ 242 ] Dietrich Stratmann , 88, German politician, member of the Landtag of Lower Saxony (1982–2003). [ 243 ] Seydou Madani Sy , 92, Senegalese jurist and politician, minister of justice (1986–1990). [ 244 ] Kim Thorson , 93, Canadian politician, Saskatchewan MLA (1956–1960, 1971–1975). [ 245 ] Billy Truax , 82, American football player ( Los Angeles Rams , Dallas Cowboys ). [ 246 ] Chiara Valentini , 84, Italian journalist and writer. [ 247 ] Murad Wahba , 99, Egyptian writer, philosopher and academic. [ 248 ] Athol Webb , 90, Australian footballer ( Melbourne ). [ 249 ] 6 Ang Ziming [ zh ] , 65, Chinese academic. [ 250 ] Joe Arlooktoo , 86, Canadian visual artist and politician, Northwest Territories MLA (1979–1991). [ 251 ] (death announced on this date) Odette Bergoffen , 101, French resistance fighter. [ 252 ] Andrzej Bogusławski , 94, Polish philologist and semanticist. [ 253 ] Ron Boswell , 85, Australian politician, senator (1983–2014). [ 254 ] John Cunningham , 93, American actor ( Titanic , Company , Mystic Pizza ). [ 255 ] Dick Dull , 80, American athletic director ( Maryland Terrapins ). [ 256 ] V. K. Ebrahimkunju , 73, Indian politician, Kerala MLA (2011–2021). [ 257 ] Anna Eder [ de ] , 75, German politician, mayor of Deggendorf (2000–2012). [ 258 ] Johannes Fabian , 88, German anthropologist. [ 259 ] Alex Felipe , 32, Brazilian futsal player ( Sporting CP , Norilsk Nickel , national team ). [ 260 ] Angella D. Ferguson , 100, American pediatrician. [ 261 ] Edith M. Flanigen , 96, American chemist. [ 262 ] Robert Goebbels , 81, Luxembourgish politician, minister for the economy (1989–1999) and energy (1994–1999), signatory of the Schengen Agreement . [ 263 ] Suresh Kalmadi , 81, Indian politician and sports administrator, MP (1982–2014) and president of the IOA (1996–2011). [ 264 ] Doug LaMalfa , 65, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 2013), heart attack. [ 265 ] József Láyer , 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1998–2006). [ 266 ] Jim McBride , 78, American country music songwriter (" Chasing That Neon Rainbow ", " (Who Says) You Can't Have It All ", " Chattahoochee "). [ 267 ] Jack McGregor , 91, American politician and sports team owner, member of the Pennsylvania State Senate (1963–1970) and founder of the Pittsburgh Penguins . [ 268 ] Kathleen Muxel , 54, German politician, member of the Landtag of Brandenburg (since 2019). [ 269 ] Raffaele Nogaro , 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Sessa Aurunca (1982–1990) and of Caserta (1990–2009). [ 270 ] James E. O'Grady , 96, American law enforcement officer, Cook County sheriff (1986–1990). [ 271 ] Saeid Pirdoost , 85, Iranian actor ( Snake Fang , Son of Adam, Daughter of Eve , Great Award ), cancer. [ 272 ] Claude Pivi , 66, Guinean military officer, complications from diabetes. [ 273 ] Jaap Pop , 84, Dutch politician, mayor of Haarlem (1995–2006). [ 274 ] David Quail , 88, South African politician and educator, member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature (1999–2009). [ 275 ] Nihal Seneviratne , 91, Sri Lankan civil servant, secretary general of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1981–1994). [ 276 ] Baghir Suleimanov , 66, Azerbaijani petroleum scientist. [ 277 ] Béla Tarr , 70, Hungarian film director ( Sátántangó , Werckmeister Harmonies , The Turin Horse ). [ 278 ] Jerry Thomas , 90, American baseball player ( Minnesota Golden Gophers ). [ 279 ] Gianpaolo Tosel [ it ] , 85, Italian magistrate. [ 280 ] Robert Vicot , 94, French football player ( SC Toulon ) and manager ( Paris Saint-Germain FC , Gabon national team ). [ 281 ] Anatoly Yevtushenko , 91, Russian handball coach, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1988 ). [ 282 ] Zhang Shaokang [ zh ] , 90, Chinese scholar. [ 283 ] Zhou Liwei [ zh ] , 94, Chinese electro-optics professor. [ 284 ] 5 Ahn Sung-ki , 74, South Korean actor ( Silmido , Two Cops , Radio Star ), blood cancer. [ 285 ] Aldrich Ames , 84, American counterintelligence officer ( CIA ) and convicted Soviet-era spy. [ 286 ] Bonifacio Ávila , 75, Colombian Olympic boxer ( 1972 ). [ 287 ] Herbert Beck , 84, German art historian. [ 288 ] Andrew Bodnar , 71, English bass guitarist ( The Rumour ) and songwriter (" I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass "). [ 289 ] (death announced on this date) Andrew Carter , 86, English composer ( Benedicite ) and conductor. [ 290 ] Tom Cherones , 86, American television director ( Seinfeld , NewsRadio , Ellen ), complications from Alzheimer's disease. [ 291 ] Beatriz de Lenclós [ es ] , 102, Spanish dancer. [ 292 ] Jim Dennison , 87, American football coach ( Akron Zips , Walsh Cavaliers ). [ 293 ] Marian Diamond , 89, English actress ( Subterfuge , Goodbye Gemini , The Lord of the Rings ). [ 294 ] Miklós Dudás , 34, Hungarian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 2012 ), world champion ( 2014 ). [ 295 ] Mike Embro , 63, Canadian drummer ( Razor ). [ 296 ] (death announced on this date) Aoi Fujino , 27, Japanese gravure idol , rhabdomyosarcoma . [ 297 ] Paolo Gillet , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Albano (1993–2005). [ 298 ] Pier Francesco Guarguaglini , 88, Italian defense industry executive, chairman of Finmeccanica (2002–2011). [ 299 ] Bruce Hammock , 78, American entomologist. [ 300 ] Ad van Kempen , 81, Dutch actor ( 1-900 , 'n Beetje Verliefd , Winter in Wartime ), prostate cancer. [ 301 ] Wiktor Kinecki , 96, Polish politician, MP (1976–1980). [ 302 ] José Mingorance , 87, Spanish football player ( Espanyol , national team ) and manager ( Granada ). [ 303 ] Reza Moradi Abdolvand , 18, Iranian protester, shot. [ 304 ] Jawann Oldham , 68, American basketball player ( Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , New York Knicks ). [ 305 ] Induratana Paribatra , 103, Thai royal. [ 306 ] Molly Parkin , 93, Welsh painter, novelist and journalist. [ 307 ] Christos Politis [ el ] , 83, Greek actor ( Lampsi ). [ 308 ] Bob Pulford , 89, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Toronto Maple Leafs , Los Angeles Kings ), coach ( Chicago Blackhawks ), and executive, NHLPA president (1967–1972), four-time Stanley Cup champion. [ 309 ] Cosimo Scaglioso , 89, Italian politician, senator (1994–1996). [ 310 ] Elle Simone , 49, American chef ( America's Test Kitchen ) and food stylist. [ 311 ] Miroslav Stárek [ cs ] , 77, Czech footballer ( Sparta Prague , Slavia Prague , Mladá Boleslav ). [ 312 ] Elsje de Wijn , 82, Dutch actress ( De stille Oceaan , For a Lost Soldier , Het 14e kippetje ) and singer. [ 313 ] Ken Wilcock , 91, British sprinter. [ 314 ] (death announced on this date) Mike Wilson , 66, British kart racer, six-time world champion . [ 315 ] Jiří Witzany [ cs ] , 84, Czech academic and rector of ČVUT (2000–2006). [ 316 ] Wu Lintao [ zh ] , 105, Chinese politician. [ 317 ] 4 Forest Able , 93, American basketball player ( Syracuse Nationals ). [ 318 ] Ali Abu al-Ragheb , 79, Jordanian politician, prime minister (2000–2003). [ 319 ] Fazl-ur-Raheem Ashrafi , 81, Pakistani Islamic scholar, patron of Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia . [ 320 ] Céline Bellot , 55, Canadian criminologist and academic, breast cancer. [ 321 ] Mario Blasone [ it ] , 85, Italian basketball player. [ 322 ] Bob Boyer , 93, Canadian professional wrestler. [ 323 ] David Branch , 77, Canadian ice hockey administrator, commissioner of the OHL (1979–2024) and president of the CHL (1996–2019). [ 324 ] Calbo , 52, French rapper ( Ärsenik ). [ 325 ] Germaine Cousin-Zermatten , 100, Swiss herbalist. [ 326 ] Kamiel Dierckx [ nl ] , 84, Belgian basketball player ( Belgian Lions ). [ 327 ] Frank Dunlop , 98, British theatre director. [ 328 ] Manuel Fernández Ilarraza , 85, Spanish gynaecologist and politician, president of the Parliament of La Rioja (1987–1988). [ 329 ] Miloslav Fiala , 97, Czech Roman Catholic priest. [ 330 ] Andy Friendly , 74, American television producer ( Entertainment Tonight ). [ 331 ] L. Ganesan , 91, Indian politician, MP (1980–1986, 2004–2009). [ 332 ] Anne-Claire Goulon , 51, French businesswoman, breast cancer. [ 333 ] Vicki L. Gregory , 75, American academic and librarian. [ 334 ] Michel Griffon , 77, French agronomist. [ 335 ] Roger Guesnerie , 82–83, French economist and academic. [ 336 ] Denise Harlow , 55, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (2010–2018), cancer. [ 337 ] Bobby Holmes , 93, Scottish footballer ( St Mirren ). [ 338 ] (death announced on this date) Nora Ikstena , 56, Latvian writer and cultural manager. [ 339 ] Klaus Keitel , 86, German politician, member (1990–2002) and president (1990–1998) of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt . [ 340 ] Kim Young-in [ ko ] , 85, South Korean actor ( Dachimawa Lee , No Blood No Tears , Arahan ). [ 341 ] Milorad Kosanović , 75, Serbian football player ( Proleter Zrenjanin , Vojvodina ) and manager ( Malta national team ). [ 342 ] Bernard Lemoux , 83, French businessman, president of Stade Rennais FC (1973–1977). [ 343 ] George C. Lodge , 98, American politician. [ 344 ] Oscar Lofton , 87, American football player ( Boston Patriots ) and coach ( Southeastern Louisiana Lions ). [ 345 ] Naser Toure Mahama , 60, Ghanaian politician, MP (since 2012). [ 346 ] Miloslav Masopust , 101, Czech general. [ 347 ] Giorgos Papadakis [ el ] , 74, Greek journalist and television presenter, heart attack. [ 348 ] Daniel Pelletti , 77, Belgian painter. [ 349 ] Jules Radich , 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2022–2025), heart attack. [ 350 ] Michael Reagan , 80, American political commentator. [ 351 ] Marissa Sanchez , 69, Filipino tennis player. [ 352 ] Jacqueline Schaeffer , 91, French psychoanalyst. [ 353 ] Steve Sheetz , 77, American convenience store operator, CEO and president of Sheetz, Inc. (1984–1995). [ 354 ] Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo , 79, Indian historian and archaeologist. [ 355 ] Ralph L. Thomas , 86, Brazilian-born Canadian film director ( The Terry Fox Story , Apprentice to Murder , Ticket to Heaven ) and screenwriter, complications from heart disease. [ 356 ] Horacio Usandizaga , 85, Argentine politician, senator (1995–2003) and mayor of Rosario (1983–1989), complications from multiple strokes. [ 357 ] Mary White , 81, Irish businesswoman and politician, senator (2002–2016). [ 358 ] Xiao Zhuang , 92–93, Chinese photographer. [ 359 ] Teresa Zalewska , 83, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991). [ 360 ] 3 Hushang Ansary , 98, Iranian-American diplomat and politician, minister of finance (1974–1977) and information (1971–1974), ambassador to the United States (1967–1969), cardiac arrest. [ 361 ] Joan Costa Armengol [ es ] , 91, Spanish journalist. [ 362 ] Jamil Azar , 89, Jordanian journalist and broadcaster, founder of Al Jazeera . [ 363 ] Dietmar Bachmann , 91, Austrian politician, member of the Landtag of Tyrol (1965–1994). [ 364 ] Claude-Inga Barbey , 64, Swiss comedian, writer, and actress ( The Death of Mario Ricci ). [ 365 ] Stephen E. Braude , 80, American philosopher. [ 366 ] Natale Carlotto , 94, Italian politician, senator (1987–1994) and deputy (1976–1987). [ 367 ] Francesco Paolo Casavola , 94, Italian jurist, president of the Constitutional Court (1992–1995). [ 368 ] Frédéric Cerdal , 81, French actor and stage director. [ 369 ] Maria Eugènia Cuenca , 78, Spanish politician, member of the Catalan parliament (1999–2006) and the Congress of Deputies (1986–1992). [ 370 ] Tony Dennis , 63, Canadian football player ( Saskatchewan Roughriders ), multiple organ failure. [ 371 ] Dong Xiaoping [ zh ] , 75, Chinese folklorist. [ 372 ] Gerry Gable , 88, British political activist and magazine editor ( Searchlight ). [ 373 ] Bret Hanna-Shuford , 46, American actor ( Paramour , Amazing Grace , The Wolf of Wall Street ), cancer. [ 374 ] Franz Herre , 99, German journalist and biographer. [ 375 ] Marvalene Hughes , 88, American educator and academic administrator. [ 376 ] Mesut İktu , 78, Turkish operatic baritone. [ 377 ] Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo , 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Pereira (1984–1987), bishop of Málaga–Soatá (1987–2001) and of Buga (2001–2012). [ 378 ] Nalani Kanakaʻole , 79, American kumu hula . [ 379 ] Latif Karimi , Iranian protester, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier general, shot . [ 380 ] Michael Kemner , 72, German bass guitarist ( Fehlfarben ), cancer. [ 381 ] David M. Maddox , 87, American army general. [ 382 ] Guðmundur Oddur Magnússon , 70, Icelandic artist and academic. [ 383 ] Sir Graham McCamley , 93, Australian beef producer. [ 384 ] John Meredith , 85, English footballer ( Doncaster Rovers , Chesterfield , Gillingham ). [ 385 ] Errol Moorcroft , 85, South African politician, member of the House of Assembly (1981–1987, 1989–1994) and National Assembly (1999–2004). [ 386 ] Dastagir Hossain Nira , 60, Bangladeshi footballer ( Dhaka Abahani , Mohammedan , national team ), cardiac arrest. [ 387 ] Pa O'Dwyer , 40, Irish strongman. [ 388 ] Sverre Anker Ousdal , 81, Norwegian actor ( Insomnia , Flight of the Eagle , The Last Place on Earth ). [ 389 ] Andrzej Paczkowski , 87, Polish historian. [ 390 ] Dimitar Penev , 80, Bulgarian football player ( CSKA Sofia , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 391 ] Jenny Plocki , 100, French women's rights activist. [ 392 ] Rolf Riehm , 88, German composer ( Sirenen ), oboist and academic ( Musikhochschule Frankfurt ). [ 393 ] Randy Riley , 63, American librarian. [ 394 ] Eva Schloss , 96, Austrian-British Holocaust survivor and memoirist. [ 395 ] Robert K. Tanenbaum , 83, American trial attorney and novelist, mayor of Beverly Hills, California (1988–1989, 1992–1993), cancer. [ 396 ] Nam Singh Thapa , 79, Nepali Olympic boxer ( 1964 ), cancer. [ 397 ] Samuel O. Thier , 88, American doctor and academic, president of Brandeis University (1991–1994). [ 398 ] Ivan Varshavsky , 87, Russian engineer and railway track foreman. [ 399 ] Wang Zheng , 64, Chinese vice admiral. [ 400 ] Terry Wharton , 83, English footballer ( Wolverhampton Wanderers , Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace ). [ 401 ] William H. Yohn Jr. , 90, American jurist and politician, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (since 1991), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1968–1980). [ 402 ] Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi , 76, Indonesian Muslim scholar. [ 403 ] Mirosław Zdanowicz [ pl ] , 88, Polish social activist. [ 404 ] Zhang Kerang [ zh ] , 78, Chinese Peking opera actor. [ 405 ] 2 Ritva Auvinen , 93, Finnish opera singer. [ 406 ] Ian Balding , 87, British horse trainer. [ 407 ] Sukumar Barua , 87, Bangladeshi poet. [ 408 ] Shyam Bihari Lal , 60, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), heart attack. [ 409 ] Carmen Arnold Biucchi , Swiss numismatist and archaeologist. [ 410 ] Dominique Bucchini , 82, French politician, MEP (1979–1984) and mayor of Sartène (1977–2001). [ 411 ] Tony Carr , 98, Maltese session drummer and percussionist ( CCS , Hot Chocolate ). [ 412 ] Jean-Max Causse , 85, French actor ( I Stand Alone ). [ 413 ] Bohdan Chufus , 75, Ukrainian journalist, actor and singer. [ 414 ] Jenny Collins , 83, English radio presenter ( BBC Radio Merseyside ). [ 415 ] (death announced on this date) Miquel Contestí , 92, Spanish football executive, president of RCD Mallorca (1978–1992). [ 416 ] Sir Patrick Duffy , 105, British politician, MP (1963–1966, 1970–1992) and president of the NATO Assembly (1988–1990). [ 417 ] Toshio Fujii , 83, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (1998–2004), heart failure. [ 418 ] Francis Grant , 101, British marine and World War II veteran. [ 419 ] Stephen E. Haggerty , 87, American geophysicist. [ 420 ] Evan Hammond , 45, Canadian radio host and sports broadcaster ( CJAV-FM ), stroke. [ 421 ] Sidney Kibrick , 97, American actor ( Our Gang ). [ 422 ] Kristi Kiick , 58, American academic. [ 423 ] Elbert Kimbrough , 87, American football player ( San Francisco 49ers , Los Angeles Rams , New Orleans Saints ). [ 424 ] Anna Kurek , 96, Polish nurse and Warsaw Uprising participant. [ 425 ] Paul C. Lambert , 97, American diplomat, ambassador to Ecuador (1990–1992). [ 426 ] Johnny Legend , 77, American rockabilly musician, film producer and wrestling manager, stroke and heart failure. [ 427 ] Vladimir Lukić , 92, Bosnian Serb politician, prime minister of Republika Srpska (1993–1994). [ 428 ] Ashok Gajanan Modak , 85, Indian politician and academic, Maharashtra MLC (1994–2006). [ 429 ] Con Pederson , 91, American visual effects artist ( 2001: A Space Odyssey , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Garfield: The Movie ). [ 430 ] Valery Fyodorovich Plotnikov , 82, Russian photographer. [ 431 ] Tim Robertson , 81, English-born Australian actor ( Chances , Australia You're Standing In It , Stingers ). [ 432 ] (death announced on this date) Lajos Rovátkay , 92, Hungarian-born German harpsichordist and musicologist. [ 433 ] Saleh Rusheidat , 80, Jordanian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1993–1997) and Senate (since 2009). [ 434 ] Edith Renfrow Smith , 111, American supercentenarian. [ 435 ] Phoenix Spicer , 23, Australian footballer ( North Melbourne ). [ 436 ] Ivanne Trebbi , 97, Italian partisan and politician, deputy (1979–1987). [ 437 ] Jim Willis , 98, American baseball player ( Chicago Cubs ). [ 438 ] Robert Wolski , 43, Polish Olympic high jumper ( 2004 ), traffic collision. [ 439 ] Nellie Wong , 91, American poet. [ 440 ] 1 Marat Amankulov , 55, Kyrgyz politician, MP (2015–2021). [ 441 ] Yvan Aumont , 87, French engineer and journalist ( Lys rouge ). [ 442 ] Alan Baker , 81, English footballer ( Aston Villa ). [ 443 ] Allyn Bromley , 97, American visual artist and art educator. [ 444 ] Xesús Cañedo [ es ] , 67, Spanish politician, co-founder of the Partíu Asturianista . [ 445 ] Lana Chornohorska , 26, Ukrainian soldier. [ 446 ] Diane Crump , 77, American jockey and horse trainer, glioblastoma. [ 447 ] Nexhat Daci , 81, Kosovan politician, acting president (2006) and chairman of the Assembly (2001–2006). [ 448 ] Brian Doyle , 90, Canadian writer. [ 449 ] Yehezkel Dror , 97, Austrian-born Israeli political scientist. [ 450 ] Imants Freibergs , 91, Latvian computer scientist, first gentleman (1999–2007). [ 451 ] James Grauerholz , 72, American writer, pneumonia. [ 452 ] Mohamed Harbi , 92, Algerian historian. [ 453 ] Huang Dongbi , 86, Chinese diplomat. [ 454 ] Jeon Jun-ho [ ko ] , 50, South Korean baseball player ( Hyundai Unicorns , Woori Heroes , SK Wyverns ), lung cancer. [ 455 ] Victoria Jones , 34, American actress. [ 456 ] Morris Kahn , 95, South African-born Israeli telecommunications industry executive, founder of Golden Pages , Amdocs and the Aurec Group . [ 457 ] Andrey Khoroshev [ ru ] , 66, Russian actor and screenwriter ( Engineering Red , 8 ½ $ , Admiral ). [ 458 ] Harvey C. Krautschun , 76, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1985–1996). [ 459 ] Hiroshi Kume , 81, Japanese television host, lung cancer. [ 460 ] John Langdon , 79, American typographer and graphic designer. [ 461 ] Arno Liiver , 71, Estonian actor ( Spring , Summer , Autumn ). [ 462 ] Lin Chaoqiang , 92, Chinese aerodynamicist. [ 463 ] Arnold Long , 85, British cricketer ( Sussex , MCC , Surrey ), cancer. [ 464 ] Volodymyr Marchenko , 103, Ukrainian mathematician ( Marchenko equation , Marchenko–Pastur distribution ). [ 465 ] Hélio Mauro , 83, Brazilian politician, deputy (1975–1978), mayor of Goiânia (1978–1979), cardiac arrest. [ 466 ] Paul McCullagh Jr. , 25, Northern Irish boxer, bone cancer. [ 467 ] Colin McDonald , 95, English footballer ( Burnley , Headington United , national team ). [ 468 ] Enric Mestre , 89, Spanish sculptor. [ 469 ] Mukhsin Mukhamadiev , 59, Tajik-Russian football player ( Tajikistan national team , Russia national team ) and manager (Tajikistan national team). [ 470 ] Sir James Munby , 77, English judge, president of the Family Division (2013–2018). [ 471 ] Hubertus von Pilgrim , 94, German sculptor. [ 472 ] Gregory de Polnay , 82, English actor ( Dixon of Dock Green , Doctor Who , Howards' Way ). [ 473 ] Dame Karen Poutasi , 76, New Zealand public health official, director general of health (1995–2006). [ 474 ] Candy Raymond , 75, Australian actress ( Don's Party , Number 96 , Prisoner ). [ 475 ] (death announced on this date) Amit Saar , 47, Israeli intelligence officer, head of the Military Intelligence Research Department (2020–2024), brain cancer. [ 476 ] Roland Schäfer , 76, German politician, mayor of Bergkamen (1998–2020). [ 477 ] Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo , 80, Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Luanda (1990–1992) and bishop of Mbanza Congo (1992–2008). [ 478 ] Margaret Anne Staggers , 79, American politician, member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (2007–2014). [ 479 ] Hessy Levinsons Taft , 91, German chemist and child model. [ 480 ] Ruben Yesayan , 79, Russian-Armenian test pilot. [ 481 ] Yuen Cheung-yan , 68, Hong Kong actor ( The Miracle Fighters , Drunken Tai Chi , Flying Dagger ), director, and martial arts choreographer. [ 482 ] Valentin Zakharov , 92, Russian figure skater. [ 483 ] References ^ На 91-му році життя померла фахівчиня у галузі медичної генетики Олена Гречаніна ^ First mufti of Kazakhstan passes away ^ Plateau Imam who shielded 262 Christians during attack is dead ^ Preminuo je Ante Grgurević (51), jedan od najomiljenijih splitskih košarkaša i trenera! Bio je sinonim za borbenost (in Croatian) ^ Rafael Qvaladze vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Muere Irene de Grecia, hermana y fiel escudera de la reina Sofía (in Spanish) ^ '한국의 장 주네' 김신용 시인 별세…향년 81세 (in Korean) ^ Zimbabwean Tycoon Mutumwa Mawere Dies in SA Days After 66th Birthday ^ Siouxsie And the Banshees Drummer Kenny Morris Has Died ^ Athlétisme : décès d’Edgar Salvé, ex-champion d’Europe indoor du 1.500 m (in French) ^ বাংলার প্রাক্তন ক্রিকেটার অজয় ভার্মা প্রয়াত, শোকের ছায়া ময়দানে (in Bengali) ^ Մահացել է Գագիկ Եգանյանը (in Armenian) ^ Воспитанник ЦСКА найден мертвым в Подмосковье (in Russian) ^ Умер Дмитрий Акимов (in Russian) ^ Queer Māori Playwright Aroha Awarau Passes Away Peacefully in Ponsonby ^ Uganda mourns loss of education pioneer Namirembe Bitamazire ^ Murió el periodista colombiano Alfonso Castellanos (in Spanish) ^ Ancien député et père d'Yvan Colonna, Jean-Hugues Colonna est mort (in French) ^ È morta Valeria Fedeli, ex ministra dell’Istruzione (in Italian) ^ Помер народний депутат від "Слуги народу" Олександр Кабанов: перші подробиці (in Ukrainian) ^ Former Lotte Coach Kim Min-jae, National Team Shortstop, Dies ^ Rick Link Passes Away ^ Chinese Go legend Nie Weiping passes away ^ Adiós a Melania Pérez, voz emblema de la música argentina y del Festival de Cosquín (in Spanish) ^ Fallece el exalcalde de València Ricard Pérez Casado a los 80 años (in Spanish) ^ Jyväskylässä vaikuttanut olympiaurheilija Seppo Reijonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Décès de Jean Rossier, président de Parole et Musique (in French) ^ Ernestine Russell Weaver, two-time Canadian Olympian and legendary U.S. coach, passes away at age 87 ^ Radio-Legende Ado Schlier mit 90 Jahren in Würzburg gestorben (in German) ^ Morre a atriz e modelo Vera Barreto Leite Valdez aos 89 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Fallece el músico Quemil Yambay, ícono del folclore paraguayo (in Spanish) ^ Умер Игорь Золотовицкий (in Russian) ^ Scott Adams, Creator of the ‘Dilbert’ Comic Strip, Dies at 68 ^ Veteran journalist Iqbal Athas passes away ^ Addio a Lina Bernardi, l’attrice di Latina aveva lavorato con i più grandi registi (in Italian) ^ Alfred Blumstein ^ Former Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich dies at age 59 ^ Capoterra, addio alla calciatrice Paola Cardia, 74 anni, nota Paoletta: il centrocampo era il suo mondo (in Italian) ^ Former ECB chief executive David Collier dies aged 70 ^ Claudette Colvin, US civil rights pioneer, dies at 86 ^ Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away ^ Mort de Catherine Duprat, historienne de la Révolution française (in French) ^ Nie żyje Barbara Eustachiewicz-Kowal, wybitna polska gimnastyczka sportowa (in Polish) ^ Odszedł Jesse Philip Flis (1933–2026) – rozmowa z 2018 r. (in Polish) ^ Assam: Retired IAS officer Bir Bhadra Hagjer passes away at 75 ^ Mozambique: Footballer Ali Hassan passes away at 61 ^ 混元禪師圓寂！曾腎臟萎縮病危、長期糖尿病 醫示警6徵兆快就醫 (in Chinese) ^ Suri endine poliitik Heiki Kranich (in Estonian) ^ 97 Play Off Champion Jason Lafreniere Passes Away, aged 59 ^ Theatre world pays tribute to Blanche Marvin, who has died aged 100 ^ Doug McConnell, longtime host of OpenRoad with Doug McConnell and Friends, dies ^ Bruce McLeod, 25th Moderator of The United Church of Canada, Dies at Age 97 ^ Addio a Rolando Nannicini, il cordoglio del mondo politico (in Italian) ^ Renowned Cork singer Seán Ó Sé dies aged 89 ^ Ушёл из жизни бывший футболист тюменского «Геолога» Иван Онуфриев (in Russian) ^ Voor theatermaker Annemarie Prins was maatschappijkritiek en engagement tweede natuur (in Dutch) ^ Lutto nel calcio, si è spento l'ex calciatore della Spal: vinse un campionato di Serie C (in Italian) ^ « Écrivain de l’agriculture » et photographe, le Mayennais Jean-Loup Trassard est décédé (in French) ^ Zomrel režisér, dramaturg a publicista Rudolf Urc, významná osobnosť slovenskej kinematografie (in Slovak) ^ Former Cyprus President George Vassiliou, who put the country on the path to EU membership, has died ^ Hong Kong corporate governance activist David Webb dies at 60 ^ ”Arne” i Kurt Olsson död (in Swedish) ^ Veteran 2GB radio announcer Bruce Wilshire has died aged 81 ^ Մահացել է հայ քաղաքական գործիչ, ՀՀԿ առանցքային ներկայացուցիչ Ռազմիկ Զոհրաբյանը (in Armenian) ^ Oba Babatunde Akran of Badagry dies at 89 ^ Israeli-backed group kills a senior Hamas police officer in Gaza, threatens more attacks ^ BBC's Good Old Days and Coronation Street star and singer Sheila Bernette dies aged 94 ^ Clauson, Paul John ^ Entraîneur français emblématique, Rolland Courbis est mort (in French) ^ George Mason Athletics Mourns The Loss of Longtime Assistant Bill Courtney ^ Mantan Bupati Bekasi Mochammad Djamhari Tutup Usia di Bandung (in Indonesian) ^ John Forté, celebrated recording artist, dies suddenly at 50 ^ Rick Garcia, activist and leader in Chicago's LGBTQ+ civil rights movement, dies at 69 ^ Ex-cricketer Mohammad Ilyas passes away in Lahore ^ สิ้น “อัษฎา ชัยนาม” อดีตเอกอัครราชทูตและผู้แทนถาวรไทยประจำUN ถึงแก่อนิจกรรม (in Thai) ^ Presentator Robert Jensen (52) overleden aan hartstilstand (in Dutch) ^ Renowned actress Jayasree Kabir passes away in London ^ Professor Emeritus Robert Kohn (1953-2026) ^ Black Midi Co-Founder Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin Dies at 26 ^ Author Jan Mårtenson dies at 92 ^ Eddie McCreadie – 1940-2026 ^ Morto Luigi Nicolais, è stato presidente della fondazione Reggia di Carditello (in Italian) ^ Alain Orsoni, ancien dirigeant nationaliste, abattu lors des obsèques de sa mère en Corse (in French) ^ Mario Rigutti (in Italian) ^ Südtirol trauert um Roland Riz (in German) ^ Décès de Catherine Samie, pilier de la Comédie-Française (in French) ^ e peintre nîmois Michel Tombereau est mort (in French) ^ Hall of Fame Trick Rider and Wife of Hall of Fame Stock Contractor Passes Away ^ „Einer der besten Debattenredner": Martin Willich ist tot (in German) ^ הפקולטה למדעי החיים מרכינה ראשה בצער על פטירתו של פרופ' יצחק (איציק) ויץ ז"ל (in Hebrew) ^ Mirė legendinis Lietuvos futbolo treneris Benjaminas Zelkevičius (in Lithuanian) ^ Умер бывший бейсболист сборной России Павел Акишев (in Russian) ^ The Passing of Dr. Gabriel Barkay ^ Addio Alberto Benzoni. Socialista di valore dallo sguardo acuto (in Italian) ^ Brus, Rice alumnus and Nobel laureate, passes away at 82 ^ Thomas Causey, Sound Mixer on ‘Dick Tracy,’ ‘Broadcast News’ and ‘Defending Your Life,’ Dies at 76 ^ [1] (in Italian) ^ Richard Codey, former governor of New Jersey, dies at 79 ^ Marcus Gilbert 1958 - 2026 RIP ^ Pirates World Series champion Dave Giusti dies at age 86 ^ Clubs pay tribute to former player Hopkins ^ Bernie Carlton Keel ^ Ueli Kestenholz, snowboarder e sportivo estremo svizzero, è morto travolto da una valanga (in Italian) ^ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике (in Russian) ^ 児玉更太郎さん（こだま・こうたろう＝元安芸高田市長) (in Japanese) (subscription required) ^ Falleció el huancaíno Nelson Manrique, referente de las ciencias sociales del Perú (in Spanish) ^ Morre a atriz Titina Medeiros, aos 48 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Veteran Syrian Actor Ahmad Melli dies at 80 ^ Mor als 77 anys Miquel Naudí, qui va ser conseller general entre 1981 i 1983 i conseller comunal de Canillo (in Catalan) ^ Takashi Ono, 1928–2026 ^ 박순용(전 검찰총장)씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Zemřela Miroslava Pešíková, osobnost našeho baletu a sólistka Národního divadla (in Czech) ^ Clarence Pierce ^ Doliu la UTA Arad » Eugen Pojoni, dublu campion al României, a murit la 84 de ani (in Romanian) ^ Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell passes away ^ Veteran Left leader Samir Putatundu dies following prolonged illness ^ Saudi Arabia’s oldest man dies at 142, leaves 134 children and grandchildren ^ Filmskaper Grete Salomonsen Hynnekleiv er død (in Norwegian) ^ Robert G. Shulman, Yale biophysicist and pioneer of spectroscopy ^ Aniceto “Chito” Sobrepeña, veteran public servant and corporate leader, dies at 77 ^ Singer-actor Prashant Tamang passes away at 43 in Delhi ^ Addio a Sergio Tarquinio, una vita lunga un secolo tra fumetto e arte (in Italian) ^ ‘Enigmatic’ Hollyoaks star Trevor A Toussaint dies aged 65 ^ Tributes paid to 'extraordinary musician' John Wallace ^ Oud-burgemeester van Grobbendonk Herman Wouters overleden in ziekenhuis (in Dutch) ^ Andlát: Sturla Böðvarsson (in Icelandic) ^ Manoel Carlos, autor de grandes novelas da TV brasileira, morre aos 92 anos no Rio (in Portuguese) ^ Daniel Colson (1943-2026) ^ Former Burkinabe minister Viviane Compaoré found murdered ^ Schweizer Autor und Publizist Erich von Däniken ist gestorben (in German) ^ Leading Sire Distorted Humor Dies at 33 ^ Умер призер чемпионатов мира по гребле на байдарках Сергей Галков (in Russian) ^ In Memoriam: Richard Hynes ^ Husker Legend Jim Hartung Passes Away ^ Fallece el exblanquivioleta Mario Jacquet a los 79 años (in Spanish) ^ Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski (in Polish) ^ Sitting Maine representative Kathy Javner dies of cancer ^ Atención: en accidente de avioneta esta tarde en Paipa (Boyacá) muere el cantante Yeison Jiménez y sus músicos (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel opavský politik, bývalý poslanec Václav Klučka (in Czech) ^ Former Louisiana State Senator Robert Kostelka dies at 92 ^ EastEnders actor Derek Martin dies aged 92 ^ Fallece Marco Proaño Maya, exvicepresidente del Congreso Nacional (in Spanish) ^ Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away ^ Zemřel religionista Ivan Štampach. Spojoval křesťanství s otevřeností a dialogem (in Czech) ^ Monsieur Thierry STEINMETZ footballeur professionnel (in French) ^ Addio a Orazio Svelto, pioniere della ricerca sui laser in Italia (in Italian) ^ Isabel Veloso Dead: Influencer Dies at Age 19 After Battling Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ^ Fallece el actor cubano Manolo Villaverde, el querido Pepe en "¿Qué pasa USA? (in Spanish) ^ Honoured health reformer Prawase dies aged 93 ^ Bob Weir, co-founder of rock group the Grateful Dead, dies at age 78 ^ Robert Wolgemuth, Best-Selling Christian Author and Husband of Nancy DeMoss, Dies at 77 ^ Genius Chimpanzee Ai Dies at Age 49, Primate Known for Enthusiastic Role in Research on Learning, Memory ^ Zéno Bianu (1950-2025) (in French) ^ Muere el periodista Andrés Caniulef a los 48 años de edad - Chilevisión (in Spanish) ^ 'The Thing' Actor T.K. Carter Dead at 69 ^ Father of American Freediving Bob Croft Dies Aged 91 ^ Décès de Jean-Louis Duplat, ancien président de la Commission bancaire (in French) ^ Murió la maestra Beatriz González, ícono del arte colombiano (in Spanish) ^ Serieskaparen Ulf Granberg död (in Swedish) ^ Zemřela PaedDr. Jitka Gruntová (in Czech) ^ Porsche mourns the loss of Hans Herrmann ^ Longtime New Orleans activist Sandra Wheeler Hester dies ^ Entinen keskisuomalainen kansanedustaja Pirkko Ikonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Heber Jentzsch Dead at 90: Scientology's Longtime 'President' Dies Years After Being Transferred to a Nursing Home ^ CDU Essen trauert um Manfred Kuhmichel (in German) ^ Đại tướng, Anh hùng LLVT nhân dân Lê Văn Dũng – Một cuộc đời trọn vẹn với non sông (in Vietnamese) ^ Former Ranji Trophy Cricketer from Mizoram Dies After Collapsing During Match ^ Humanists UK mourns Diane Munday, leading campaigner for the Abortion Act (1931-2026) ^ Ушел из жизни Валерий Носков (in Russian) ^ Shakespeare and Company Founding Artistic Director Tina Packer dies ^ Ci lascia Zelico Petrovic, stagioni meravigliose a Taranto (in Italian) ^ Larry Snook ^ Renaissance drummer Terry Sullivan has died ^ Muere Josep Maria Triginer, fundador del PSC y firmante de los Pactos de la Moncloa (in Spanish) ^ Eleni Varikas: the years with the FI in Greece ^ 前中常委「姚董」姚江臨辭世 國民黨工感念：他永遠走在第一線 (in Chinese) ^ Bishop Vincenzo Zarri † ^ Farewell to a great lady ^ Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Musa Gibril Bala Gaye ^ Танымал қазақстандық актер Мұрат Бисенбин өмірден өтті (in Kazakh) ^ Loraine Braham, trailblazing Northern Territory politician dies, aged 87 ^ Maler Günther Brendel gestorben (in German) ^ Filha de Olavo de Carvalho é encontrada morta (in Portuguese) ^ Zemřel sochař Václav Cigler, bylo mu 96 let. Poprvé v historii použil optické sklo k tvorbě uměleckého díla (in Czech) ^ Jornalista Conrado Corsalette morre em São Paulo aos 47 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Nie żyje były poseł i prezydent Łomży. Mieczysław Czerniawski miał 77 lat (in Polish) ^ Nelly Chatue-Diop, pionnière de la crypto pour tous en Afrique, est morte (in French) ^ La disparition de Jean-Luc Domenach (in French) ^ Former all-star linebacker, Grey Cup champion with Stamps, Jim Furlong, dead at 85 ^ Serguei, dessinateur au « Monde » depuis quarante-cinq ans, est mort (in French) ^ Veteran SP Leader, Eight-Time MLA Vijay Singh Gond Passes Away at 68 ^ Foxtrot producer David Hitchcock has passed away ^ 痛别！简水生院士逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Mort de l’ex-mari de Caroline de Monaco, le déchirant message de sa fille Victoria Junot : "À mon papa légendaire…" (in French) ^ Malawi Mourns Former Deputy Speaker Madalitso Kazombo ^ Larose, whose signature voice helped shape Haitian music, dies at 80 ^ Obituary: Opera Director Rhoda Levine Dies at 93 ^ Atriz Elisa Lisboa morreu aos 81 anos (in Portuguese) ^ В Кургане погиб экс-глава Калининграда Евгений Любивый (in Russian) ^ Padova piange Antonino Mangano, il maestro dell’atletica veneta (in Italian) ^ Guy Moon Dies: Emmy-Nominated ‘Fairly OddParents’ Composer Was 63 ^ Politikus Demokrat dan Mantan Ketua Komisi IV DPR RI, Kolonel (Purn) Jafar Nainggolan Wafat (in Indonesian) ^ 画家・中村宏さん死去 砂川闘争描いた「ルポルタージュ絵画」：朝日新聞 (in Japanese) ^ El Punk está de luto: falleció el gran músico Álvaro Peña Rojas (1943-2026) (in Spanish) ^ Howard Riley: 1938–2026 ^ Schrijfster Astrid Roemer overleden (in Dutch) ^ Kjersti Scheen (in Norwegian) ^ Sēru vēsts: mūžībā devusies Latvijas un pasaules basketbola leģenda Uļjana Semjonova (in Latvian) ^ Sir Tim Shadbolt has died at age 78 ^ Manipur BJP leader Meinam Bhorot Singh dies after prolonged illness in Imphal ^ جمهوری اسلامی مجتبی ترشیز، بازیکن پیشین تراکتور و همسرش را به قتل رساند (in Persian) ^ Matthew Taylor RIP ^ Le sport belge en deuil : le rameur Wim Van Belleghem, le seul Belge champion du monde en aviron, est décédé (in French) ^ Paul Visser ^ Terry Yorath obituary ^ Iran executes a man convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad ^ Madjoulba Batocfetou, patron de l'ICAT s'est éteint (in French) ^ James Bernard, founding editor of ‘The Source’ and co-founder of ‘XXL,’ dies ^ Помер український композитор Блажков, Гордон, 8.1.2026, автор - Ельчін Садаєв (in Ukrainian) ^ Mort d'Albert Bourgi, professeur de droit et figure du socialisme en Afrique (in French) ^ È morta Raffaella Bragazzi, storica voce di «Ok, il prezzo è giusto», aveva 66 anni (in Italian) ^ Frank Stanley Cerveny ^ Muere "El Chiri", excompetidor de Calle y beisbolista chiricano (in Spanish) ^ Obituary | Martin Chivers ^ Falleció Ángel Coerezza, uno de los mejores árbitros argentinos y ejemplo de persona (in Spanish) ^ John Witt Derr ^ 北海道・前釧路市長の蝦名大也さん（67）死去 議員秘書や北海道議などを経て4期16年釧路市長 防災インフラの整備に尽力 関係者からも悼む声 (in Japanese) ^ Former Memphis Rogues soccer star Tony Field dies at 79 ^ Vera Frances dead: Child star dies surrounded by family as tributes pour in ^ Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026) ^ Woman killed by ICE in Minneapolis identified ^ Morto monsignor Domenico Graziani, fu vescovo di Cassano e arcivescovo di Crotone (in Italian) ^ Hall, ironman goaltender with record 502 consecutive starts, dies at 94 ^ Sidney de Jong ^ Rebecca, Becky, Roo: Missing Miss Kilgore ^ Jon Lindsay, the longest-serving Harris County judge, dies at 90 ^ Former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski dies at 74 ^ Obituary: Ian McCrae ^ Former Colts RB Randy McMillan dies at 67 ^ New Mexico remembers former lieutenant governor, musician ^ Kabindra Purkayastha, the Patriarch of Assam BJP Passes Away at 94 ^ Former State Rep. Howard Sanderford dies at 90 ^ Dietrich Stratmann (in German) ^ Death of Seydou Madani Sy, former Minister of Justice and first Senegalese rector of UCAD ^ Kim Thorson ^ Hall of Fame tight end Billy Truax dies at 82 ^ Muore a 84 anni la giornalista parmigiana Chiara Valentini, è stata la biografa di Berlinguer (in Italian) ^ وفاة المفكر والفيلسوف المصري مراد وهبة عن 100 عام (in Arabic) ^ Vale Athol Webb | Melbourne mourns premiership hero ^ 云南省民间文艺家协会第六届副主席昂自明逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Former MLA and mayor Joe Arlooktoo passes away at 86 ^ Elle avait risqué sa vie pour en sauver d'autres : Odette Bergoffen, Juste parmi les Nations, est morte à 101 ans (in French) ^ Odszedł Profesor Andrzej Bogusławski (in Polish) ^ Former Queensland senator Ron 'Bozzie' Boswell dies aged 85 ^ John Cunningham, Veteran Broadway Actor, Dies at 93 ^ Former Maryland AD Dick Dull Passes Away ^ V.K. Ebrahim Kunju, IUML leader and former Kerala Minister, passes away ^ Deggendorfs frühere Oberbürgermeisterin Anna Eder ist gestorben (in German) ^ Johannes Fabian (in Dutch) ^ В Ухте скончался 32-летний нападающий МФК «Норильский никель» Алекс Фелипе (in Russian) ^ Angella Ferguson ^ Edith Flanigen ^ Schengen signatory Robert Goebbels passes away at 81 ^ Former Union minister Suresh Kalmadi passes away at 81 after prolonged illness ^ Doug LaMalfa, California Republican congressman, dies aged 65 ^ Elhunyt Láyer József volt országgyűlési képviselő (in Hungarian) ^ Alabama Music Hall of Famer, Huntsville native Jim McBride, dies at 78 ^ Jack McGregor, original founder of Pittsburgh Penguins, dies at 91 ^ AfD-Landtagsabgeordnete Muxel gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Raffaele Nogaro † ^ James E. O'Grady ^ Veteran Iranian actor Saeid Pirdoost passes away ^ Guinea ex-security chief convicted over crimes against humanity dies ^ Oud-burgemeester Jaap Pop overleden (in Dutch) ^ DA Gauteng mourns passing of former MPL David Quail ^ Obituary: Nihal Seneviratne ^ Bağır Süleymanov vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Meghalt Tarr Béla (in Hungarian) ^ Jerry Thomas, MVP of 1956 College World Series with Gophers, dies at 90 ^ Morto Gianpaolo Tosel, è stato per anni giudice sportivo della Serie A: aveva 85 anni (in Italian) ^ Le PSG en deuil, une figure historique du club s'est éteinte (in French) ^ Не стало Анатолия Евтушенко (in Russian) ^ 著名文艺理论家、北大中文系教授张少康逝世 (in Chinese) ^ 周立伟院士逝世：他“创立了自己的科学学派” (in Chinese) ^ South Korean Film Legend Ahn Sung-ki Dies at 75 ^ Aldrich Ames, CIA officer convicted of spying for Russia, dies at age 84 ^ Luto en el boxeo colombiano por la muerte del legendario 'Bony' Ávila (in Spanish) ^ Mustergültiger Aufklärer (in German) ^ Bassist Andrew Bodnar (o.a. Graham Parker & The Rumour) overleden (in Dutch) ^ Andrew Carter - In Memoriam ^ Tom Cherones, Emmy-Winning ‘Seinfeld’ Director and Producer, Dies at 86 ^ Fallece Beatriz de Lenclós, la gran vedette vitoriana que marcó época (in Spanish) ^ Jim Dennison, winningest football coach at Akron and Walsh, dies ^ Marian Diamond: Miriam Margolyes pays tribute to 'dear friend' after Jackanory star's death aged 89 ^ Meghalt Dudás Miki (in Hungarian) ^ Razor – Former Drummer Mike Embro Dead At 63 ^ 元グラドル藤乃あおいさんが死去、27歳 親族が発表 23年に希少がんを公表 闘病続けていた (in Japanese) ^ Bishop Paolo Gillet † ^ Morto Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, Crosetto: uomo di intelligenza e visione (in Italian) ^ Bruce Hammock: 1947-2026 ^ Acteur Ad van Kempen overleden op 81-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Odszedł na Wieczną Wartę Druh harcmistrz Wiktor Kinecki (in Polish) ^ Fallece José Mingorance, leyenda de la época dorada del Córdoba CF en Primera División (in Spanish) ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن رضا مرادی عبدالوند ششمین جانباخته اعتراضات شهر ازنا (in Persian) ^ Jawann Oldham, a basketball star at Cleveland High, Seattle U, dies at 68 ^ “พระองค์หญิงอินทุรัตนา บริพัตร” (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าอินทุรัตนา) สิ้นพระชนม์ สิริพระชันษา ๑๐๓ ปี (in Thai) ^ Artist and fashion writer Molly Parkin dies ^ Χρήστος Πολίτης: Πέθανε τη Δευτέρα και τον βρήκε ο αδελφός του νεκρό μια μέρα αργότερα (in Greek) ^ Pulford, 4-time Stanley Cup champion with Maple Leafs, dies at 89 ^ La città piange Cosimo Scaglioso. Fu docente emerito e senatore (in Italian) ^ Chef and food stylist Elle Simone Scott dies at 49 ^ Zemřel specialista na pokutové kopy. Brankář si zachytal za Slavii i Spartu (in Czech) ^ Karel-zangeres Elsje de Wijn overleden op 82-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Tribute to Sutton Harrier Ken Wilcock, who has died aged 91 ^ Mike Wilson (1959-2026): The King of Karting takes his final bow ^ Po těžké nemoci zemřel bývalý rektor ČVUT Jiří Witzany, bylo mu 84 let (in Czech) ^ 105岁东北妇运工作开拓者之一、黑龙江省妇联原主任吴琳涛逝世 (in Chinese) ^ WKU Athletics Hall of Famer Forest "Frosty" Able Passes Away ^ رئيس الوزراء الأسبق علي ابو الراغب في ذمة الله (in Arabic) ^ Jamia Ashrafia head Maulana Ashrafi passes away ^ Pionnière du travail social sur l’itinérance et le profilage, la chercheuse Céline Bellot s’éteint (in French) ^ Ci ha lasciati coach Mario Blasone. Le condoglianze del presidente Petrucci. Disposto minuto di silenzio (in Italian) ^ Robert Gerald Boyer ^ OHL, CHL Mourn the Loss of David Branch, Transformative Commissioner and Hockey Visionary ^ Le rappeur Calbo, membre du duo emblématique Ärsenik, est mort à l’âge de 52 ans (in French) ^ Gardienne des remèdes d'antan, la Valaisanne Germaine Cousin-Zermatten s'est éteinte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Le magicien de bal Kamiel Dierckx est décédé à l’âge de 84 ans (in French) ^ Edinburgh's last star director has died, at 97 ^ Muere Manuel Fernández Ilarraza, expresidente del Parlamento (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel kněz Miloslav Fiala (in Czech) ^ Andy Friendly Dies: First ‘Entertainment Tonight’ Producer, Son Of Legendary CBS Newsman Fred Friendly Was 74 ^ Veteran Dravidian ideologue L. Ganesan no more ^ Anne-Claire Goulon, ex-dirigeante du groupe Livio, s'est éteinte à 51 ans (in French) ^ Vicki Gregory ^ Hommage à Michel Griffon (in French) ^ Hommage à Roger Guesnerie (in French) ^ Former Portland lawmaker Denise Harlow dies at 55 ^ Bobby Holmes ^ Mūžībā devusies rakstniece Nora Ikstena (in Latvian) ^ Erster Landtagspräsident von Sachsen-Anhalt ist verstorben (in German) ^ '원조 스턴트맨'…60년간 배우 활동한 김영인씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Na svoj rođendan preminuo Milorad Kosanović (in Serbian) ^ Stade Rennais : l'ancien président du club Bernard Lemoux est décédé (in French) ^ George Lodge ^ Oscar Warren Lofton ^ Ayawaso East MP Mahama Naser Toure dies after short illness ^ Zemřel válečný veterán Miloslav Masopust (in Czech) ^ Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο Γιώργος Παπαδάκης ύστερα από έμφραγμα (in Greek) ^ La Louvière perd l'un de ses artistes emblématiques : Daniel Pelletti a tiré sa révérence à l'âge de 77 ans (in French) ^ Former mayor of Dunedin Jules Radich dies ^ Michael Reagan, Eldest Son Of Ronald Reagan, Has Died ^ ‘70s PHL tennis star Marissa Sanchez dies at 69 ^ Décès de Jacqueline Schaeffer (1934-2026) (in French) ^ Former Sheetz president and CEO Steve Sheetz dies at age 77 ^ Khadial King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80 ^ Ralph L. Thomas, ‘The Terry Fox Story’ Director and Journalist, Dies at 86 ^ Murió Horacio Usandizaga, histórico dirigente de la UCR y primer intendente de Rosario tras el regreso de la democracia (in Spanish) ^ ‘She was a force of nature’ – Mary White, former senator and founder of Lir Chocolates, dies aged 81 ^ 著名摄影家、新中国第一批女摄影记者晓庄逝世，享年94岁 (in Chinese) ^ Zmarła Pani Teresa Zalewska (in Polish) ^ Hushang Ansary (98) overleden (in Dutch) ^ S’ha mort el periodista Joan Armengol a 91 anys (in Catalan) ^ وفاة الإعلامي الأردني جميل عازر أحد مؤسسي قناة “الجزيرة” القطرية (in Arabic) ^ Langjähriger Tiroler ÖVP-Mandatar Bachmann 91-jährig verstorben (in German) ^ La comédienne genevoise Claude-Inga Barbey s'en est allée (in French) ^ Stephen Edward Braude ^ Morto a 94 anni l'ex senatore Natale Carlotto (in Italian) ^ Morto Francesco Paolo Casavola, il diritto come missione (in Italian) ^ Il prêtait sa voix à une légende du cinéma : le comédien français Frédéric Cerdal nous a quittés à l'âge de 81 ans (in French) ^ Mor Maria Eugènia Cuenca, la primera dona que va ser consellera de la Generalitat (in Catalan) ^ Obit: Former Windsor CFL receiver Tony Dennis dies after multiple organ failure ^ 著名民俗学家、教育家、北京师大教授董晓萍逝世，享年75岁 (in Chinese) ^ Gerry Gable (1937–2026) ^ Broadway Alum Bret Hanna-Shuford Passes Away at 46 ^ Franz Herre (in German) ^ Marvalene Hughes ^ Opera sanatçısı Prof. Dr. Mesut İktu vefat etti (in Turkish) ^ Bishop Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo † ^ Nālani Kanakaʻole, revered Kumu Hula and cultural matriarch, passes at 79 ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن لطیف کریمی با شلیک مستقیم نیروهای حکومتی/ تلاش حکومت برای مصادره و وارونهسازی واقعیت (in Persian) ^ Zum Tod des Fehlfarben-Bassisten Michael Kemner: Ohne Atempause Rockgeschichte gemacht (in German) ^ E-News — January 2026 ^ Goddur er látinn (in Icelandic) ^ Tributes flow for founding father of Australian beef industry, Sir Graham McCamley ^ John Meredith (1940 – 2026) ^ Former DA Federal Chairperson Errol Moorcroft Has Passed Away ^ Former Bangladesh footballer Golam Dostogir no more ^ Strongman turned hilarious Instagram star dies aged 40 ^ Sverre Anker Ousdal er død (in Norwegian) ^ Zmarł prof. Andrzej Paczkowski, jeden z najwybitniejszych polskich historyków (in Polish) ^ The great coach and football player Dimitar Penev has passed away ^ Jenny Plocki, rescapée de la rafle du Vél' d'Hiv et témoin du siècle, est morte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Komponist Rolf Riehm ist gestorben: Immer mit Einspruch (in German) ^ Randy Joseph Riley ^ In memoriam – Eva Schloss-Geiringer ^ Former Deputy Chief Counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Robert K. Tanenbaum, has died at the age of 83 ^ Nam Singh Thapa, Nepal's first Olympian, dies ^ Remembering Samuel O. Thier, IOM President (1985-1991) ^ В Тынде умер легендарный строитель БАМа Иван Варшавский (in Russian) ^ 海军原副政委王征中将逝世，享年64岁 (in Chinese) ^ Terry Wharton | 1942-2026 ^ Yohn, William Hendricks, Jr. ^ Pimpinan PMDG Gontor KH Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi wafat (in Indonesian) ^ Zmarł Mirosław Zdanowicz - przedsiębiorca i legenda sportu (in Polish) ^ 著名京剧表演艺术家、马连良先生入室弟子张克让逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Ihana ja ihmeellinen karjalainen, muistelee Sinikka Sokka tätiään Ritva Auvista (in Finnish) ^ Ian Balding, legendary trainer of Mill Reef, dies aged 87 ^ Rhymester Sukumar Barua passes away ^ Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief ^ In memoriam: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, respected numismatist and educator ^ Ancien président de l'Assemblée de Corse et maire de Sartène, Dominique Bucchini est décédé (in French) ^ Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies aged 98 ^ Jean-Max Causse, exploitant de cinémas et grand nom de la cinéphilie parisienne, est mort (in French) ^ Odesa reports the death of artist Bohdan Chufus ^ BBC Radio Merseyside founding member dies as tributes paid ^ Mor Miquel Contestí, històric expresident del RCE Mallorca (in Catalan) ^ Sir Patrick Duffy, Britain’s oldest living former MP, passes away at the age of 105 ^ 藤井俊男さん死去 元民主党参院議員 (in Japanese) ^ D-Day veteran who escorted allied troops landing in Normandy dies aged 101 ^ Diamond legend Steve Haggerty has died ^ 'He was awesome': Fans grieve death of beloved Island radio host ^ Sidney Kibrick, Last of the 'Our Gang' Kids, Dies at 97 ^ Kristi L. Kiick ^ Elbert Leon Kimbrough ^ Anna Kurek, medic of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, has died ^ Paul Lambert ’46, Former Trustee, Dies at 97 ^ Daily Update: NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20, CMLL Sin Salida, Johnny Legend ^ Преминуо проф. Владимир Лукић (in Serbian) ^ Former MLC Ashok Modak passes away at 85 ^ Con Pederson, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Special Effects Supervisor, Dies at 91 ^ В Петербурге умер снимавший Высоцкого фотограф Валерий Плотников (in Russian) ^ Vale: Tim Robertson ^ Rovátkay Lajostól búcsúzunk (in Hungarian) ^ PM Mourns Former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister Saleh Irshaidat ^ Edith Renfrow Smith, a 'memory keeper' and living link to history, dies at 111 ^ Former AFL player Phoenix Spicer dies as heartbroken family and football figures pay tribute ^ Ivonne Trebbi è morta, addio alla partigiana Bruna. Aveva 97 anni (in Italian) ^ James Gladden Willis ^ Tragiczna śmierć polskiego olimpijczyka. Robert Wolski nie żyje (in Polish) ^ Remembering Nellie Wong ^ Former Speaker of Bishkek City Council Marat Amankulov passes away ^ Communiqué d'Action française – Un camelot du roi exemplaire (in French) ^ Walsall confirm death of former Saddlers and Aston Villa creative favourite Alan Baker ^ Allyn Bromley-Baron ^ Fallece Xesús Cañedo, referente del asturianismo político y cultural (in Spanish) ^ "Це велика втрата": на фронті загинула операторка дронів і мисткиня Лана Чорногорська (in Ukrainian) ^ Diane Crump, the first female jockey to race in the Kentucky Derby, dies at 77 ^ Figura e shquar e politikës dhe shkencës - liderët politikë shprehin dhimbjen dhe mirënjohjen për Nexhat Dacin (in Albanian) ^ Brian Doyle, celebrated Ottawa author, dies at age 90 ^ פרופסור יחזקאל דרור, חתן פרס ישראל, מת בגיל 98 (in Hebrew) ^ Ex-president Vīķe-Freiberga's husband Imants Freibergs dies ^ Obituary #8: James Grauerholz ^ وفاة مؤرخ الثورة الجزائرية محمد حربي (in Arabic) ^ 中国驻瓦努阿图原大使、驻美国芝加哥原总领事黄东璧逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Hyundai Dynasty's 2006 Win Rate King Jeon Joon-ho Dies ^ Victoria Jones, daughter of Tommy Lee Jones, found dead in San Francisco ^ Billionaire philanthropist Morris Kahn dies at 95 ^ Умер известный телеведущий Андрей Хорошев (in Russian) ^ Harvey C. Krautschun ^ Famed TV presenter Hiroshi Kume passes away at 81 ^ Remembering John Langdon ^ Suri Arno Talit kehastanud näitleja Arno Liiver (in Estonian) ^ 我国空气动力学界先驱、西北工业大学资深教授林超强逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Arnold Long (1940-2026) - Obituary ^ З глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 1 січня ц.р. на 104-му році пішов із життя видатний український математик та організатор науки академік НАН України Володимир Олександрович Марченко (in Ukrainian) ^ Ex-prefeito de Goiânia na década de 1970, Hélio Mauro Umbelino Lobo morre em Anápolis (in Portuguese) ^ Paul McCullagh Jr: Boxer dies age 25 as father confirms heartbreaking cause of death ^ Burnley pay tribute to their former great and England goalkeeper Colin McDonald ^ Fallece a los 89 años Enric Mestre, referente mundial de la cerámica (in Spanish) ^ Умер бывший футболист "Спартака" Мухсин Мухамадиев (in Russian) ^ Death of Sir James Munby ^ Skulpteur der Erinnerung (in German) ^ Monsieur Gregory, Peter de Polnay ^ Dame Karen Poutasi, first female director-general of health, dies aged 76 ^ Tributes paid to Australian actor Candy Raymond who has died aged 75 ^ Amit Saar, top IDF intelligence officer on Oct. 7, dies of cancer at 47 ^ 31 Jahre für Bergkamen: Früherer Bürgermeister Roland Schäfer gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo, O.F.M. Cap. † ^ Former Fayette County delegate and physician Dr. Margaret Staggers has passed away ^ Jewish woman whose baby photo was chosen by Goebbels as Aryan exemplar dies at 91 ^ Умер заслуженный летчик-испытатель Рубен Есаян, критиковавший «Сухой суперджет» (in Russian) ^ 港星病逝！享壽69歲 妻證實噩耗 (in Chinese) ^ Ушел из жизни первый советский фигурист – участник чемпионатов Европы и мира Захаров Валентин Дмитриевич (in Russian) External links The Guardian (UK) obituaries The Telegraph (UK) obituaries The Irish Times obituaries Obituaries, Irish Examiner Obituaries, Chicago Tribune Obituaries, Los Angeles Times The New York Times , obituaries The Washington Post obituaries The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) obituaries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 2020s deaths by month v t e 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2000s ← 2010s ← Lists of deaths by year 2026 deaths Lists of deaths in 2026 Articles with Croatian-language sources (hr) Articles with Azerbaijani-language sources (az) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with Korean-language sources (ko) Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with Bengali-language sources (bn) Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy) Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk) Articles with Finnish-language sources (fi) Articles with German-language sources (de) Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with Estonian-language sources (et) 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Portal : Current events/February 2022 Portal Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version February 2022 was the second month of that common year. The month, which began on a Tuesday , ended on a Monday after 28 days. Portal:Current events This is an archived version of Wikipedia's Current events Portal from February 2022. edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War War in Donbas A Ukrainian Air Force drone strike kills a pro-Russian insurgent on the frontline in Donbas , according to the head of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic . (Skai) The Luhansk People's Republic accuses Ukraine of deploying a 9K33 Osa anti-aircraft missile system in a residential area of Popasna , a majority Russian-speaking city near the frontline. (TASS) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis , Russia–United States relations Russian President Vladimir Putin accuses the United States of trying to "draw Russia into war" in Ukraine as a pretext to impose more sanctions in order to "contain Russia's development". Putin also says that the U.S. has ignored Russia's concerns about the expansion of NATO in Eastern Europe . (BBC News) War in Donbas A Ukrainian Air Force drone strike kills a pro-Russian insurgent on the frontline in Donbas , according to the head of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic . (Skai) The Luhansk People's Republic accuses Ukraine of deploying a 9K33 Osa anti-aircraft missile system in a residential area of Popasna , a majority Russian-speaking city near the frontline. (TASS) A Ukrainian Air Force drone strike kills a pro-Russian insurgent on the frontline in Donbas , according to the head of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic . (Skai) The Luhansk People's Republic accuses Ukraine of deploying a 9K33 Osa anti-aircraft missile system in a residential area of Popasna , a majority Russian-speaking city near the frontline. (TASS) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis , Russia–United States relations Russian President Vladimir Putin accuses the United States of trying to "draw Russia into war" in Ukraine as a pretext to impose more sanctions in order to "contain Russia's development". Putin also says that the U.S. has ignored Russia's concerns about the expansion of NATO in Eastern Europe . (BBC News) Russian President Vladimir Putin accuses the United States of trying to "draw Russia into war" in Ukraine as a pretext to impose more sanctions in order to "contain Russia's development". Putin also says that the U.S. has ignored Russia's concerns about the expansion of NATO in Eastern Europe . (BBC News) 2022 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état attempt A coup attempt is made in Guinea-Bissau . President Umaro Sissoco Embaló says that "many" members of the security forces have been killed in a "failed attack against democracy" as both the African Union and ECOWAS condemn the attempted coup. (France 24) A coup attempt is made in Guinea-Bissau . President Umaro Sissoco Embaló says that "many" members of the security forces have been killed in a "failed attack against democracy" as both the African Union and ECOWAS condemn the attempted coup. (France 24) Disasters and accidents 2022 Haiti floods Three people are killed and at least 2,500 families have been evacuated amid heavy rains and flooding in Haiti . (Al Jazeera) Three people are killed and at least 2,500 families have been evacuated amid heavy rains and flooding in Haiti . (Al Jazeera) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Norway Norway lifts almost all remaining COVID-19 -related restrictions except for face mask rules due to the country's high vaccination rate. ( The Local Norway ) COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa announces that he has tested positive for COVID-19. ( Politico.eu ) COVID-19 pandemic in Spain , COVID-19 vaccination in Spain The Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices approves the phase III trial of the Hipra COVID-19 vaccine candidate. ( The Olive Press ) COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey Turkey reports a record 102,601 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( Hürriyet Daily News ) European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic , Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic The European Union restricts the validity of the EU Digital COVID certificate to only nine months after having received their second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine . ( Schengen Visa Info ) COVID-19 pandemic in North America COVID-19 pandemic in Canada , COVID-19 vaccination in Canada COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec , COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec Quebec Premier François Legault suspends a plan to tax people who are unvaccinated against COVID-19 in order to protect "social cohesion" in the province. (CBC) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States The United States surpasses 900,000 deaths from COVID-19. ( New York Daily News ) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Norway Norway lifts almost all remaining COVID-19 -related restrictions except for face mask rules due to the country's high vaccination rate. ( The Local Norway ) COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa announces that he has tested positive for COVID-19. ( Politico.eu ) COVID-19 pandemic in Spain , COVID-19 vaccination in Spain The Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices approves the phase III trial of the Hipra COVID-19 vaccine candidate. ( The Olive Press ) COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey Turkey reports a record 102,601 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( Hürriyet Daily News ) European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic , Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic The European Union restricts the validity of the EU Digital COVID certificate to only nine months after having received their second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine . ( Schengen Visa Info ) COVID-19 pandemic in Norway Norway lifts almost all remaining COVID-19 -related restrictions except for face mask rules due to the country's high vaccination rate. ( The Local Norway ) Norway lifts almost all remaining COVID-19 -related restrictions except for face mask rules due to the country's high vaccination rate. ( The Local Norway ) COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa announces that he has tested positive for COVID-19. ( Politico.eu ) Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa announces that he has tested positive for COVID-19. ( Politico.eu ) COVID-19 pandemic in Spain , COVID-19 vaccination in Spain The Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices approves the phase III trial of the Hipra COVID-19 vaccine candidate. ( The Olive Press ) The Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices approves the phase III trial of the Hipra COVID-19 vaccine candidate. ( The Olive Press ) COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey Turkey reports a record 102,601 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( Hürriyet Daily News ) Turkey reports a record 102,601 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( Hürriyet Daily News ) European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic , Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic The European Union restricts the validity of the EU Digital COVID certificate to only nine months after having received their second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine . ( Schengen Visa Info ) The European Union restricts the validity of the EU Digital COVID certificate to only nine months after having received their second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine . ( Schengen Visa Info ) COVID-19 pandemic in North America COVID-19 pandemic in Canada , COVID-19 vaccination in Canada COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec , COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec Quebec Premier François Legault suspends a plan to tax people who are unvaccinated against COVID-19 in order to protect "social cohesion" in the province. (CBC) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States The United States surpasses 900,000 deaths from COVID-19. ( New York Daily News ) COVID-19 pandemic in Canada , COVID-19 vaccination in Canada COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec , COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec Quebec Premier François Legault suspends a plan to tax people who are unvaccinated against COVID-19 in order to protect "social cohesion" in the province. (CBC) COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec , COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec Quebec Premier François Legault suspends a plan to tax people who are unvaccinated against COVID-19 in order to protect "social cohesion" in the province. (CBC) Quebec Premier François Legault suspends a plan to tax people who are unvaccinated against COVID-19 in order to protect "social cohesion" in the province. (CBC) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States The United States surpasses 900,000 deaths from COVID-19. ( New York Daily News ) The United States surpasses 900,000 deaths from COVID-19. ( New York Daily News ) International relations 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Belarus–United States relations The U.S. State Department announces that they have ordered government employees and their families to leave Belarus amid ongoing tensions between Russia and Ukraine . ( The Hill ) Belarus–United States relations The U.S. State Department announces that they have ordered government employees and their families to leave Belarus amid ongoing tensions between Russia and Ukraine . ( The Hill ) The U.S. State Department announces that they have ordered government employees and their families to leave Belarus amid ongoing tensions between Russia and Ukraine . ( The Hill ) Sports Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports 2022 Winter Olympics American bobsledder Elana Meyers announces that she has tested positive for COVID-19 ahead of the upcoming Winter Olympics . ( Time ) 2022 Winter Olympics American bobsledder Elana Meyers announces that she has tested positive for COVID-19 ahead of the upcoming Winter Olympics . ( Time ) American bobsledder Elana Meyers announces that she has tested positive for COVID-19 ahead of the upcoming Winter Olympics . ( Time ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Belarus–Russia relations A video is shown of troops from the Armed Forces of Belarus and the Eastern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces conducting military drills and "combat cohesions" in Belarus amid ongoing tensions between Russia and Ukraine . (TASS) (ABC News) Pentagon Press Secretary John Kirby announces that the Pentagon will deploy 3,000 troops to Eastern Europe in order to defend its allies and counter Russian aggression against Ukraine. (NBC News) Belarus–Russia relations A video is shown of troops from the Armed Forces of Belarus and the Eastern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces conducting military drills and "combat cohesions" in Belarus amid ongoing tensions between Russia and Ukraine . (TASS) (ABC News) A video is shown of troops from the Armed Forces of Belarus and the Eastern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces conducting military drills and "combat cohesions" in Belarus amid ongoing tensions between Russia and Ukraine . (TASS) (ABC News) Pentagon Press Secretary John Kirby announces that the Pentagon will deploy 3,000 troops to Eastern Europe in order to defend its allies and counter Russian aggression against Ukraine. (NBC News) Ituri conflict ; 2021–2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo attacks Plaine Savo massacre Over 60 people are killed by CODECO militiamen during a mass stabbing at a camp for internally displaced people in Djugu , Ituri , Democratic Republic of the Congo . (Al Jazeera) Plaine Savo massacre Over 60 people are killed by CODECO militiamen during a mass stabbing at a camp for internally displaced people in Djugu , Ituri , Democratic Republic of the Congo . (Al Jazeera) Over 60 people are killed by CODECO militiamen during a mass stabbing at a camp for internally displaced people in Djugu , Ituri , Democratic Republic of the Congo . (Al Jazeera) 2022 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état attempt Guinea-Bissau President Umaro Sissoco Embaló says that gunmen tried to kill him and his entire cabinet at the government palace yesterday during the coup d'état attempt. The heavy gunfire, which lasted for five hours, resulted in the deaths of at least four attackers and two guards. The attackers are said to be "linked to drug trafficking in the country". (BBC News) Guinea-Bissau President Umaro Sissoco Embaló says that gunmen tried to kill him and his entire cabinet at the government palace yesterday during the coup d'état attempt. The heavy gunfire, which lasted for five hours, resulted in the deaths of at least four attackers and two guards. The attackers are said to be "linked to drug trafficking in the country". (BBC News) Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkish airstrikes target PKK and SDF positions in Northern Iraq and Syria , killing 12 people and injuring 17 others. ( Middle East Eye ) Turkish airstrikes target PKK and SDF positions in Northern Iraq and Syria , killing 12 people and injuring 17 others. ( Middle East Eye ) Business and economy CNN president Jeff Zucker resigns for failing to disclose that he was in a relationship with the network's executive vice president . The relationship was discovered during a misconduct investigation into the network's former anchor Chris Cuomo . (BBC News) Disasters and accidents Kinshasa power cable collapse A power cable collapse kills at least 26 people in Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo . (BBC News) A power cable collapse kills at least 26 people in Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo . (BBC News) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic The Czech Republic reports a record 66,970 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. (Radio Prague International) COVID-19 pandemic in France France begins to lift the mandatory outdoor mask wearing and work from home orders despite a high number of COVID-19 cases. (Euronews) COVID-19 pandemic in Germany Germany surpasses ten million COVID-19 cases. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga Tonga enters a nationwide lockdown after the country reported its first locally transmitted COVID-19 cases. (NPR) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic The Czech Republic reports a record 66,970 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. (Radio Prague International) COVID-19 pandemic in France France begins to lift the mandatory outdoor mask wearing and work from home orders despite a high number of COVID-19 cases. (Euronews) COVID-19 pandemic in Germany Germany surpasses ten million COVID-19 cases. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic The Czech Republic reports a record 66,970 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. (Radio Prague International) The Czech Republic reports a record 66,970 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. (Radio Prague International) COVID-19 pandemic in France France begins to lift the mandatory outdoor mask wearing and work from home orders despite a high number of COVID-19 cases. (Euronews) France begins to lift the mandatory outdoor mask wearing and work from home orders despite a high number of COVID-19 cases. (Euronews) COVID-19 pandemic in Germany Germany surpasses ten million COVID-19 cases. (Reuters) Germany surpasses ten million COVID-19 cases. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga Tonga enters a nationwide lockdown after the country reported its first locally transmitted COVID-19 cases. (NPR) Tonga enters a nationwide lockdown after the country reported its first locally transmitted COVID-19 cases. (NPR) Politics and elections Canadian Opposition Leader Erin O'Toole is removed from his leadership position in a 73–45 no-confidence vote by his party . Deputy Leader Candice Bergen is announced as the interim leader of the party. (CBC) Human rights in Chechnya , Corruption in Russia Mass government-organized protests against the Yangulbayev family occur in the Russian city of Grozny , Chechnya. The Chechen government claimed that protests were spontaneous and gathered 400,000 men, "not counting women," though the total population of Grozny is 325,000 people. [1] Despite the COVID-19 restrictions, Rospotrebnadzor did nothing because they "couldn't find protest organizers." [2] Earlier a member of the Russian State Duma, Adam Delimkhanov , stated that he will rip the heads off of Yangulbayevs and those who translate his speech from the Chechen language to Russian. [3] [4] Mass government-organized protests against the Yangulbayev family occur in the Russian city of Grozny , Chechnya. The Chechen government claimed that protests were spontaneous and gathered 400,000 men, "not counting women," though the total population of Grozny is 325,000 people. [1] Despite the COVID-19 restrictions, Rospotrebnadzor did nothing because they "couldn't find protest organizers." [2] Earlier a member of the Russian State Duma, Adam Delimkhanov , stated that he will rip the heads off of Yangulbayevs and those who translate his speech from the Chechen language to Russian. [3] [4] Sports Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports 2021–22 NHL season 2022 National Hockey League All-Star Game It is announced that Washington Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin will miss the upcoming NHL All-Star game after testing positive for COVID-19 . (ESPN) Denmark at the 2022 Winter Olympics , Ice hockey at the 2022 Winter Olympics Six players from the Danish men's national hockey team test positive for COVID-19 ahead of the upcoming Winter Olympics . ( The Hill ) 2021–22 NHL season 2022 National Hockey League All-Star Game It is announced that Washington Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin will miss the upcoming NHL All-Star game after testing positive for COVID-19 . (ESPN) 2022 National Hockey League All-Star Game It is announced that Washington Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin will miss the upcoming NHL All-Star game after testing positive for COVID-19 . (ESPN) It is announced that Washington Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin will miss the upcoming NHL All-Star game after testing positive for COVID-19 . (ESPN) Denmark at the 2022 Winter Olympics , Ice hockey at the 2022 Winter Olympics Six players from the Danish men's national hockey team test positive for COVID-19 ahead of the upcoming Winter Olympics . ( The Hill ) Six players from the Danish men's national hockey team test positive for COVID-19 ahead of the upcoming Winter Olympics . ( The Hill ) Washington Redskins name controversy , Native American mascot controversy It is announced that, starting in the 2022 NFL season , the Washington Football Team will be renamed as the Washington Commanders in order to replace the Redskins name , considered a racial slur, which was retired in mid-2020 following the nationwide George Floyd protests . (Reuters) ( The Washington Post ) It is announced that, starting in the 2022 NFL season , the Washington Football Team will be renamed as the Washington Commanders in order to replace the Redskins name , considered a racial slur, which was retired in mid-2020 following the nationwide George Floyd protests . (Reuters) ( The Washington Post ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis War in Donbas The United States Embassy in Kyiv calls on Russia to "fully comply" with the ceasefire in Donbas after pro-Russian forces shelled the strategic Hnutove entry-exit checkpoint and a humanitarian road corridor. (Ukranews) Belarus–Ukraine relations Belarus says that a Ukrainian Air Force drone violated its airspace over a military training area , and that the military forced the aircraft to land. The Belarusian Ministry of Foreign Affairs summons the Ukrainian ambassador in response to the incident. (Belta) War in Donbas The United States Embassy in Kyiv calls on Russia to "fully comply" with the ceasefire in Donbas after pro-Russian forces shelled the strategic Hnutove entry-exit checkpoint and a humanitarian road corridor. (Ukranews) The United States Embassy in Kyiv calls on Russia to "fully comply" with the ceasefire in Donbas after pro-Russian forces shelled the strategic Hnutove entry-exit checkpoint and a humanitarian road corridor. (Ukranews) Belarus–Ukraine relations Belarus says that a Ukrainian Air Force drone violated its airspace over a military training area , and that the military forced the aircraft to land. The Belarusian Ministry of Foreign Affairs summons the Ukrainian ambassador in response to the incident. (Belta) Belarus says that a Ukrainian Air Force drone violated its airspace over a military training area , and that the military forced the aircraft to land. The Belarusian Ministry of Foreign Affairs summons the Ukrainian ambassador in response to the incident. (Belta) Syrian civil war Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi , the leader of the Islamic State , dies after killing himself with a suicide bombing during a U.S. Joint Special Operations Command raid and battle in Atme , Idlib Governorate , Syria . Twelve more people are killed during the raid. (BBC News) Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi , the leader of the Islamic State , dies after killing himself with a suicide bombing during a U.S. Joint Special Operations Command raid and battle in Atme , Idlib Governorate , Syria . Twelve more people are killed during the raid. (BBC News) Disasters and accidents The oil tanker Trinity Spirit catches fire and explodes off the coast of Nigeria . ( Newsweek ) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in India India surpasses 500,000 deaths from COVID-19, becoming the third country to do so after the United States and Brazil . ( The Times of India ) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan surpasses three million COVID-19 cases after a record 104,270 new cases in the past 24 hours. (Anadolu Agency) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia , COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia Malaysia begins administering COVID-19 vaccines for children between the ages of 5 and 11 years using the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine . (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in France France surpasses 20 million COVID-19 cases. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Germany , COVID-19 vaccination in Germany The Standing Committee on Vaccination issues a recommendation for the approval of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults. (Deutsche Welle) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom , COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency approves the use of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults over the age of 18 years. ( The Guardian ) COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil Brazil reports a record 298,408 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 26.09 million. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa , History of COVID-19 vaccine development South Africa's Afrigen Biologics uses the publicly available sequence of the mRNA-based Moderna COVID-19 vaccine to make its own version of the vaccine, which will become the world's first vaccine based on an existing vaccine once it is tested on humans later this year. (Al Jazeera) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in India India surpasses 500,000 deaths from COVID-19, becoming the third country to do so after the United States and Brazil . ( The Times of India ) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan surpasses three million COVID-19 cases after a record 104,270 new cases in the past 24 hours. (Anadolu Agency) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia , COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia Malaysia begins administering COVID-19 vaccines for children between the ages of 5 and 11 years using the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine . (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in India India surpasses 500,000 deaths from COVID-19, becoming the third country to do so after the United States and Brazil . ( The Times of India ) India surpasses 500,000 deaths from COVID-19, becoming the third country to do so after the United States and Brazil . ( The Times of India ) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan surpasses three million COVID-19 cases after a record 104,270 new cases in the past 24 hours. (Anadolu Agency) Japan surpasses three million COVID-19 cases after a record 104,270 new cases in the past 24 hours. (Anadolu Agency) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia , COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia Malaysia begins administering COVID-19 vaccines for children between the ages of 5 and 11 years using the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine . (CNA) Malaysia begins administering COVID-19 vaccines for children between the ages of 5 and 11 years using the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine . (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in France France surpasses 20 million COVID-19 cases. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Germany , COVID-19 vaccination in Germany The Standing Committee on Vaccination issues a recommendation for the approval of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults. (Deutsche Welle) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom , COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency approves the use of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults over the age of 18 years. ( The Guardian ) COVID-19 pandemic in France France surpasses 20 million COVID-19 cases. (Reuters) France surpasses 20 million COVID-19 cases. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Germany , COVID-19 vaccination in Germany The Standing Committee on Vaccination issues a recommendation for the approval of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults. (Deutsche Welle) The Standing Committee on Vaccination issues a recommendation for the approval of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults. (Deutsche Welle) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom , COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency approves the use of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults over the age of 18 years. ( The Guardian ) The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency approves the use of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults over the age of 18 years. ( The Guardian ) COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil Brazil reports a record 298,408 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 26.09 million. (Reuters) Brazil reports a record 298,408 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 26.09 million. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa , History of COVID-19 vaccine development South Africa's Afrigen Biologics uses the publicly available sequence of the mRNA-based Moderna COVID-19 vaccine to make its own version of the vaccine, which will become the world's first vaccine based on an existing vaccine once it is tested on humans later this year. (Al Jazeera) South Africa's Afrigen Biologics uses the publicly available sequence of the mRNA-based Moderna COVID-19 vaccine to make its own version of the vaccine, which will become the world's first vaccine based on an existing vaccine once it is tested on humans later this year. (Al Jazeera) International relations Germany–Russia relations , Media freedom in Russia , Censorship in Germany Russia withdraws the press credentials of all Deutsche Welle staff and closes the German media organization's studio in Moscow in response to German regulators blocking the Russian television channel RT Deutsch . (Deutsche Welle) Russia withdraws the press credentials of all Deutsche Welle staff and closes the German media organization's studio in Moscow in response to German regulators blocking the Russian television channel RT Deutsch . (Deutsche Welle) Law and crime Twenty people die and 74 others are hospitalized in Buenos Aires , Argentina , after consuming cocaine laced with poison or "cut" with another substance. Nine people are arrested. (BBC News) Politics and elections Partygate Four senior aides to UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson resign, including Downing Street Chief of Staff Dan Rosenfield , Principal Private Secretary Martin Reynolds , Downing Street Director of Communications Jack Doyle , and political adviser Munira Mirza , amid controversy over the Prime Minister's handling of the Partygate scandal. (Reuters) Four senior aides to UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson resign, including Downing Street Chief of Staff Dan Rosenfield , Principal Private Secretary Martin Reynolds , Downing Street Director of Communications Jack Doyle , and political adviser Munira Mirza , amid controversy over the Prime Minister's handling of the Partygate scandal. (Reuters) Sports 2022 Caribbean Series Professional baseball team Caimanes de Barranquilla defeats the Gigantes del Cibao 4–1 to win the 2022 Caribbean Series and becoming the first Colombian team to win the tournament. (MLB) Professional baseball team Caimanes de Barranquilla defeats the Gigantes del Cibao 4–1 to win the 2022 Caribbean Series and becoming the first Colombian team to win the tournament. (MLB) edit history watch Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Austria Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen signs a law that makes the country the first in the European Union to mandate that people over the age of 18 years receive the COVID-19 vaccine after the Bundesrat voted 47–12 yesterday to approve the law. ( The Guardian ) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia reports a record for the 15th consecutive day of 168,201 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 12.45 million. (Interfax) COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey Turkey reports a record 111,157 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( Hürriyet Daily News ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States The United States surpasses 900,000 deaths from COVID-19. (Al Jazeera) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Austria Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen signs a law that makes the country the first in the European Union to mandate that people over the age of 18 years receive the COVID-19 vaccine after the Bundesrat voted 47–12 yesterday to approve the law. ( The Guardian ) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia reports a record for the 15th consecutive day of 168,201 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 12.45 million. (Interfax) COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey Turkey reports a record 111,157 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( Hürriyet Daily News ) COVID-19 pandemic in Austria Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen signs a law that makes the country the first in the European Union to mandate that people over the age of 18 years receive the COVID-19 vaccine after the Bundesrat voted 47–12 yesterday to approve the law. ( The Guardian ) Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen signs a law that makes the country the first in the European Union to mandate that people over the age of 18 years receive the COVID-19 vaccine after the Bundesrat voted 47–12 yesterday to approve the law. ( The Guardian ) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia reports a record for the 15th consecutive day of 168,201 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 12.45 million. (Interfax) Russia reports a record for the 15th consecutive day of 168,201 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 12.45 million. (Interfax) COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey Turkey reports a record 111,157 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( Hürriyet Daily News ) Turkey reports a record 111,157 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( Hürriyet Daily News ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States The United States surpasses 900,000 deaths from COVID-19. (Al Jazeera) The United States surpasses 900,000 deaths from COVID-19. (Al Jazeera) Law and crime Whaling in Iceland Iceland announces it will end the practice of whaling by 2024, citing the decreasing price of whale meat . (Al Jazeera) Iceland announces it will end the practice of whaling by 2024, citing the decreasing price of whale meat . (Al Jazeera) Politics and elections Politics of Montenegro , 2022 Montenegrin crisis The Government of Zdravko Krivokapić is ousted after a motion of no confidence passes 43–11. (Deutsche Welle) The Government of Zdravko Krivokapić is ousted after a motion of no confidence passes 43–11. (Deutsche Welle) Sports 2022 Winter Olympics The 2022 Winter Olympics begin in Beijing . (CNN) Dutch journalist Sjoerd den Daas is interrupted and dragged away by a Chinese security guard as he broadcasts live from the ongoing Olympics. ( Newsweek ) The 2022 Winter Olympics begin in Beijing . (CNN) Dutch journalist Sjoerd den Daas is interrupted and dragged away by a Chinese security guard as he broadcasts live from the ongoing Olympics. ( Newsweek ) Iran–United States relations An American visa is denied for an Iranian national wrestling team that had a coach who advocated Death to America . (Fox News) An American visa is denied for an Iranian national wrestling team that had a coach who advocated Death to America . (Fox News) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis A pair of Tu-22M3 bombers are seen flying across Belarus amid large joint military drills and tensions between Russia and Ukraine . (AP) Protesters gather in Kharkiv , Ukraine, to protest Russian aggression. Code Pink and other anti-war protesters also gather in Topsham , Maine and other cities across the U.S. to protest the escalation. (VOA) (WABI-TV) ( San Francisco Chronicle ) A pair of Tu-22M3 bombers are seen flying across Belarus amid large joint military drills and tensions between Russia and Ukraine . (AP) Protesters gather in Kharkiv , Ukraine, to protest Russian aggression. Code Pink and other anti-war protesters also gather in Topsham , Maine and other cities across the U.S. to protest the escalation. (VOA) (WABI-TV) ( San Francisco Chronicle ) Insurgency in Balochistan Twenty Baloch Nationalist Army separatists and nine Pakistani soldiers are killed during raids in Panjgur and Nushki , after the BNA attacked two security posts two days ago, killing four soldiers and a civilian. (Al Jazeera) Twenty Baloch Nationalist Army separatists and nine Pakistani soldiers are killed during raids in Panjgur and Nushki , after the BNA attacked two security posts two days ago, killing four soldiers and a civilian. (Al Jazeera) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 351 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 15,066. ( The Standard ) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Singapore reports a record 13,046 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 379,681. ( The Star ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record for the third consecutive day of 36,362 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 971,018. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania COVID-19 pandemic in Australia COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland Queensland reports a record 21 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the statewide death toll to 268. (News.com.au) COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand New Zealand reports a record 243 new community transmitted COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. (RNZ) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia reports a record for the 16th consecutive day of 177,282 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 12.63 million. (TASS) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 351 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 15,066. ( The Standard ) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Singapore reports a record 13,046 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 379,681. ( The Star ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record for the third consecutive day of 36,362 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 971,018. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 351 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 15,066. ( The Standard ) Hong Kong reports a record 351 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 15,066. ( The Standard ) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Singapore reports a record 13,046 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 379,681. ( The Star ) Singapore reports a record 13,046 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 379,681. ( The Star ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record for the third consecutive day of 36,362 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 971,018. ( The Korea Herald ) South Korea reports a record for the third consecutive day of 36,362 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 971,018. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania COVID-19 pandemic in Australia COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland Queensland reports a record 21 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the statewide death toll to 268. (News.com.au) COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand New Zealand reports a record 243 new community transmitted COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. (RNZ) COVID-19 pandemic in Australia COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland Queensland reports a record 21 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the statewide death toll to 268. (News.com.au) COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland Queensland reports a record 21 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the statewide death toll to 268. (News.com.au) Queensland reports a record 21 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the statewide death toll to 268. (News.com.au) COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand New Zealand reports a record 243 new community transmitted COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. (RNZ) New Zealand reports a record 243 new community transmitted COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. (RNZ) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia reports a record for the 16th consecutive day of 177,282 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 12.63 million. (TASS) Russia reports a record for the 16th consecutive day of 177,282 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 12.63 million. (TASS) International relations Iran nuclear deal framework The Biden administration announces the restoration of sanctions relief to Iran 's civilian nuclear sector, as it attempts to entice Iran back to talks on a nuclear deal. (AP) The Biden administration announces the restoration of sanctions relief to Iran 's civilian nuclear sector, as it attempts to entice Iran back to talks on a nuclear deal. (AP) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Russia–NATO relations French President Emmanuel Macron says that a deal to "avoid war in Ukraine " is "within reach" and that it is legitimate for Russia to raise its own security concerns to NATO . Macron will meet with Vladimir Putin in Moscow tomorrow. (BBC News) Russia–NATO relations French President Emmanuel Macron says that a deal to "avoid war in Ukraine " is "within reach" and that it is legitimate for Russia to raise its own security concerns to NATO . Macron will meet with Vladimir Putin in Moscow tomorrow. (BBC News) French President Emmanuel Macron says that a deal to "avoid war in Ukraine " is "within reach" and that it is legitimate for Russia to raise its own security concerns to NATO . Macron will meet with Vladimir Putin in Moscow tomorrow. (BBC News) Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Five Pakistani troops are killed after " militants from inside Afghanistan " opened fire on a border post in Kurram District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The army says that it retaliated, causing heavy casualties among the militants. The Taliban government denies that the firing came from within Afghan territory. (Reuters) Five Pakistani troops are killed after " militants from inside Afghanistan " opened fire on a border post in Kurram District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The army says that it retaliated, causing heavy casualties among the militants. The Taliban government denies that the firing came from within Afghan territory. (Reuters) Disasters and accidents 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season Cyclone Batsirai , a category 4 cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson scale , kills at least 10 people and displaces more than 48,000 after making landfall in Madagascar . (AFP via France 24) Cyclone Batsirai , a category 4 cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson scale , kills at least 10 people and displaces more than 48,000 after making landfall in Madagascar . (AFP via France 24) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras President Xiomara Castro tests positive for COVID-19 . (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea Prime Minister James Marape tests positive for COVID-19 and returns home after attending the 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony . (Voice of America) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia lifts its seven-day quarantine guideline for people who had contact with positive COVID-19 patients despite reporting a record 189,071 new cases. (ABC News) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea surpasses one million cases of COVID-19 after reporting a record 38,690 new cases in the past 24 hours. (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras President Xiomara Castro tests positive for COVID-19 . (Reuters) President Xiomara Castro tests positive for COVID-19 . (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea Prime Minister James Marape tests positive for COVID-19 and returns home after attending the 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony . (Voice of America) Prime Minister James Marape tests positive for COVID-19 and returns home after attending the 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony . (Voice of America) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia lifts its seven-day quarantine guideline for people who had contact with positive COVID-19 patients despite reporting a record 189,071 new cases. (ABC News) Russia lifts its seven-day quarantine guideline for people who had contact with positive COVID-19 patients despite reporting a record 189,071 new cases. (ABC News) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea surpasses one million cases of COVID-19 after reporting a record 38,690 new cases in the past 24 hours. (CNA) South Korea surpasses one million cases of COVID-19 after reporting a record 38,690 new cases in the past 24 hours. (CNA) Politics and elections COVID-19 protests in Canada Freedom Convoy 2022 Ottawa Mayor Jim Watson declares a state of emergency in the capital as a trucker protest against COVID-19 vaccine mandates enters its second week. ( The Independent ) Freedom Convoy 2022 Ottawa Mayor Jim Watson declares a state of emergency in the capital as a trucker protest against COVID-19 vaccine mandates enters its second week. ( The Independent ) Ottawa Mayor Jim Watson declares a state of emergency in the capital as a trucker protest against COVID-19 vaccine mandates enters its second week. ( The Independent ) 2022 Costa Rican general election A general election is held in Costa Rica . (Al Jazeera) A general election is held in Costa Rica . (Al Jazeera) 2021–2022 Tunisian political crisis Tunisian president Kais Saied dissolves the nation's Supreme Judicial Council. The Council's leaders declare the dissolution as illegal. (DW) Tunisian president Kais Saied dissolves the nation's Supreme Judicial Council. The Council's leaders declare the dissolution as illegal. (DW) Sports 2022 Winter Olympics New Zealand at the 2022 Winter Olympics New Zealand snowboarder Zoi Sadowski-Synnott wins a gold medal in women’s slopestyle , winning New Zealand its first-ever gold medal at the Winter Olympics . ( Forbes ) (RNZ) New Zealand at the 2022 Winter Olympics New Zealand snowboarder Zoi Sadowski-Synnott wins a gold medal in women’s slopestyle , winning New Zealand its first-ever gold medal at the Winter Olympics . ( Forbes ) (RNZ) New Zealand snowboarder Zoi Sadowski-Synnott wins a gold medal in women’s slopestyle , winning New Zealand its first-ever gold medal at the Winter Olympics . ( Forbes ) (RNZ) 2021 Africa Cup of Nations In association football , Senegal win their first international trophy after beating Egypt on penalties in the final at the Olembe Stadium in Yaoundé , Cameroon . Senegalese forward Sadio Mané is named the tournament's Best Player. (CNN) In association football , Senegal win their first international trophy after beating Egypt on penalties in the final at the Olembe Stadium in Yaoundé , Cameroon . Senegalese forward Sadio Mané is named the tournament's Best Player. (CNN) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Germany–United States relations German chancellor Olaf Scholz meets with U.S. president Joe Biden during his first visit to the United States in order to discuss the situation in Ukraine , saying that Germany will be "acting together" with the United States if Russia invades Ukraine. (CNN) Germany–United States relations German chancellor Olaf Scholz meets with U.S. president Joe Biden during his first visit to the United States in order to discuss the situation in Ukraine , saying that Germany will be "acting together" with the United States if Russia invades Ukraine. (CNN) German chancellor Olaf Scholz meets with U.S. president Joe Biden during his first visit to the United States in order to discuss the situation in Ukraine , saying that Germany will be "acting together" with the United States if Russia invades Ukraine. (CNN) Disasters and accidents Thirteen people are killed and 34 injured after a tour bus crashed while descending a steep hill at Bantul, Yogyakarta , Indonesia . (Union of Catholic Asian News) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Africa COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria Nigeria receives two million doses of the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine donated by the European Union . (All Africa) COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa , COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa The South African Health Products Regulatory Authority approves the use of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine for adults aged above 18 years. ( The Straits Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record for the third consecutive day of 614 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 16,022. ( The Guardian ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea ditches its Test-and-Trace strategy and instead focuses on maintaining essential social functions amid a rising number of COVID-19 cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant . ( Financial Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Australia , Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic Australia announces that it will reopen its international borders to fully vaccinated tourists on February 21, after a closure of almost two years in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . However, Western Australia is expected to continue to close its borders to tourists. (ABC News Australia) COVID-19 pandemic in Africa COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria Nigeria receives two million doses of the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine donated by the European Union . (All Africa) COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa , COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa The South African Health Products Regulatory Authority approves the use of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine for adults aged above 18 years. ( The Straits Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria Nigeria receives two million doses of the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine donated by the European Union . (All Africa) Nigeria receives two million doses of the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine donated by the European Union . (All Africa) COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa , COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa The South African Health Products Regulatory Authority approves the use of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine for adults aged above 18 years. ( The Straits Times ) The South African Health Products Regulatory Authority approves the use of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine for adults aged above 18 years. ( The Straits Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record for the third consecutive day of 614 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 16,022. ( The Guardian ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea ditches its Test-and-Trace strategy and instead focuses on maintaining essential social functions amid a rising number of COVID-19 cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant . ( Financial Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record for the third consecutive day of 614 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 16,022. ( The Guardian ) Hong Kong reports a record for the third consecutive day of 614 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 16,022. ( The Guardian ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea ditches its Test-and-Trace strategy and instead focuses on maintaining essential social functions amid a rising number of COVID-19 cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant . ( Financial Times ) South Korea ditches its Test-and-Trace strategy and instead focuses on maintaining essential social functions amid a rising number of COVID-19 cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant . ( Financial Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Australia , Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic Australia announces that it will reopen its international borders to fully vaccinated tourists on February 21, after a closure of almost two years in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . However, Western Australia is expected to continue to close its borders to tourists. (ABC News Australia) Australia announces that it will reopen its international borders to fully vaccinated tourists on February 21, after a closure of almost two years in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . However, Western Australia is expected to continue to close its borders to tourists. (ABC News Australia) Politics and elections COVID-19 protests in Canada Freedom Convoy 2022 In Ottawa , seven people are arrested, more than 500 others are ticketed, and sixty criminal investigations are commenced, for a number of offenses related to the truckers' protest, including violations of the Highway Traffic Act , vandalism , and the smuggling of gasoline . (MSN) Freedom Convoy 2022 In Ottawa , seven people are arrested, more than 500 others are ticketed, and sixty criminal investigations are commenced, for a number of offenses related to the truckers' protest, including violations of the Highway Traffic Act , vandalism , and the smuggling of gasoline . (MSN) In Ottawa , seven people are arrested, more than 500 others are ticketed, and sixty criminal investigations are commenced, for a number of offenses related to the truckers' protest, including violations of the Highway Traffic Act , vandalism , and the smuggling of gasoline . (MSN) 2021–2022 Tunisian political crisis Tunisian police close the Supreme Judicial Council building in Tunis and prevent its members and their staff from entering. The legal body was dissolved yesterday by President Kais Saied in a move widely decried within the nation as illegal. (Al Jazeera) Tunisian police close the Supreme Judicial Council building in Tunis and prevent its members and their staff from entering. The legal body was dissolved yesterday by President Kais Saied in a move widely decried within the nation as illegal. (Al Jazeera) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian civil war Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war Israel says that the Syrian military fired an anti-aircraft missile towards its territory, which exploded in mid-air over the north of the country, triggering air raid sirens . However, Syrian state television reports that an Israeli Air Force airstrike occurred near Damascus . (Reuters) The IDF says it has struck several Syrian air defense batteries and radars in response to the missile entering Israeli airspace . ( Times of Israel ) Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war Israel says that the Syrian military fired an anti-aircraft missile towards its territory, which exploded in mid-air over the north of the country, triggering air raid sirens . However, Syrian state television reports that an Israeli Air Force airstrike occurred near Damascus . (Reuters) The IDF says it has struck several Syrian air defense batteries and radars in response to the missile entering Israeli airspace . ( Times of Israel ) Israel says that the Syrian military fired an anti-aircraft missile towards its territory, which exploded in mid-air over the north of the country, triggering air raid sirens . However, Syrian state television reports that an Israeli Air Force airstrike occurred near Damascus . (Reuters) The IDF says it has struck several Syrian air defense batteries and radars in response to the missile entering Israeli airspace . ( Times of Israel ) Insurgency in the Maghreb W National Park land mine attack Eight people, including five park rangers and a soldier are killed by land mines in the W National Park in Benin . (Al Jazeera) W National Park land mine attack Eight people, including five park rangers and a soldier are killed by land mines in the W National Park in Benin . (Al Jazeera) Eight people, including five park rangers and a soldier are killed by land mines in the W National Park in Benin . (Al Jazeera) Israeli–Palestinian conflict Shin Bet officers kill three Palestinian al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades militants in the West Bank after opening fire on their vehicle. Israel says that the men were armed and were responsible for a series of drive-by shootings in recent weeks. Protests occur in the West Bank in response to the killings. (Reuters) Shin Bet officers kill three Palestinian al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades militants in the West Bank after opening fire on their vehicle. Israel says that the men were armed and were responsible for a series of drive-by shootings in recent weeks. Protests occur in the West Bank in response to the killings. (Reuters) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq An Iraqi airstrike kills seven Islamic State members in Hatra District , Nineveh Governorate . (ANI) An Iraqi airstrike kills seven Islamic State members in Hatra District , Nineveh Governorate . (ANI) Kurdish–Turkish conflict In an operation against the PKK , the Turkish Air Force bombards a city in Erbil District . No known casualties are recorded. (Rudaw) In an operation against the PKK , the Turkish Air Force bombards a city in Erbil District . No known casualties are recorded. (Rudaw) Mali War A joint operation by the Malian Armed Forces and the French-led Takuba Task Force kills at least 30 jihadists . A Mirage 2000 fighter jet was involved in the operation, bombing a group of militants on motorbikes. (Reuters) A joint operation by the Malian Armed Forces and the French-led Takuba Task Force kills at least 30 jihadists . A Mirage 2000 fighter jet was involved in the operation, bombing a group of militants on motorbikes. (Reuters) Felix Tshisekedi and his office report an attempted coup d'etat in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . (ABC News) Business and economy A planned US$ 66 billion merger between British semiconductor company Arm Ltd. and American hardware company Nvidia is cancelled after facing regulatory pressures from the United States , the European Union , the United Kingdom , and China . Arm says that it will instead go public sometime before March 2023. If the deal were successful, it would have been the largest merger in the history of the semiconductor industry. (Reuters) ( Ars Technica ) Disasters and accidents 2022 Colombia landslides Landslides kill at least 14 people and injure 35 in Dosquebradas , Risaralda Department . (BBC News) (DW News) Landslides kill at least 14 people and injure 35 in Dosquebradas , Risaralda Department . (BBC News) (DW News) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record for the fourth consecutive day of 625 new COVID-19 cases, prompting the government to impose strict social distancing measures in places of worship and hair salons as well as limiting private gatherings to two people beginning on February 10. (Al-Arabiya) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan reports a record 159 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (Jiji Press) COVID-19 pandemic in Poland Poland indefinitely postpones its deadline of March 1 for mandatory full vaccination of teachers, members of the army and police officers, due to the current vaccination rate. (AP) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record for the fourth consecutive day of 625 new COVID-19 cases, prompting the government to impose strict social distancing measures in places of worship and hair salons as well as limiting private gatherings to two people beginning on February 10. (Al-Arabiya) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan reports a record 159 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (Jiji Press) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record for the fourth consecutive day of 625 new COVID-19 cases, prompting the government to impose strict social distancing measures in places of worship and hair salons as well as limiting private gatherings to two people beginning on February 10. (Al-Arabiya) Hong Kong reports a record for the fourth consecutive day of 625 new COVID-19 cases, prompting the government to impose strict social distancing measures in places of worship and hair salons as well as limiting private gatherings to two people beginning on February 10. (Al-Arabiya) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan reports a record 159 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (Jiji Press) Japan reports a record 159 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (Jiji Press) COVID-19 pandemic in Poland Poland indefinitely postpones its deadline of March 1 for mandatory full vaccination of teachers, members of the army and police officers, due to the current vaccination rate. (AP) Poland indefinitely postpones its deadline of March 1 for mandatory full vaccination of teachers, members of the army and police officers, due to the current vaccination rate. (AP) International relations Slovakia–United States relations Thousands of Slovaks protest in Bratislava against a potential military defense treaty between Slovakia and the United States . Police prevented some protesters from entering the National Council building, where the bill is being debated by lawmakers. (ABC News) Thousands of Slovaks protest in Bratislava against a potential military defense treaty between Slovakia and the United States . Police prevented some protesters from entering the National Council building, where the bill is being debated by lawmakers. (ABC News) Law and crime Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Europe In a letter published by the Vatican , ex-Pope Benedict XVI expresses "my profound shame, my deep sorrow and my heartfelt request for forgiveness," in response to inquiry into his handling of child sex abuse when he was Archbishop of Munich and Freising between 1977 and 1982. In a statement published with the letter, his aides insist that "as an archbishop , Cardinal Ratzinger was not involved in any cover-up of acts of abuse". (France 24) In a letter published by the Vatican , ex-Pope Benedict XVI expresses "my profound shame, my deep sorrow and my heartfelt request for forgiveness," in response to inquiry into his handling of child sex abuse when he was Archbishop of Munich and Freising between 1977 and 1982. In a statement published with the letter, his aides insist that "as an archbishop , Cardinal Ratzinger was not involved in any cover-up of acts of abuse". (France 24) Science and technology Mars sample-return mission NASA awards Lockheed Martin a contract to build a next-generation "Mars Ascent Vehicle" to return the first rock samples from Mars to Earth in the 2030s. (Phys) NASA awards Lockheed Martin a contract to build a next-generation "Mars Ascent Vehicle" to return the first rock samples from Mars to Earth in the 2030s. (Phys) Sports 2022 Winter Olympics Italy at the 2022 Winter Olympics Unexpectedly undefeated in all 11 competitions at the Olympic curling mixed doubles tournament , Italy wins a first historic gold medal in the sport: the curling broom used in the final has been donated to the Olympic Museum . (Eurosport) Italy at the 2022 Winter Olympics Unexpectedly undefeated in all 11 competitions at the Olympic curling mixed doubles tournament , Italy wins a first historic gold medal in the sport: the curling broom used in the final has been donated to the Olympic Museum . (Eurosport) Unexpectedly undefeated in all 11 competitions at the Olympic curling mixed doubles tournament , Italy wins a first historic gold medal in the sport: the curling broom used in the final has been donated to the Olympic Museum . (Eurosport) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Colombian conflict Two soldiers are killed during an insurgent attack against Infantry Battalion 21 of the Colombian Army in Granada, Meta . (La FM) Two soldiers are killed during an insurgent attack against Infantry Battalion 21 of the Colombian Army in Granada, Meta . (La FM) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark Queen Margrethe II tests positive for COVID-19 , with mild symptoms . (NDTV) COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša tests positive for COVID-19, with mild symptoms. ( Barron's ) COVID-19 pandemic in Spain King Felipe VI tests positive for COVID-19, with mild symptoms. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden Sweden scraps almost all pandemic restrictions, essentially declaring the pandemic as "over". The move is condemned by scientists in Sweden and abroad, who warn the pandemic still persists and continues to represent serious dangers. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record for the fifth consecutive day of 1,161 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 17,808. Hong Kong also reports their first two deaths from COVID-19 since September. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 vaccine Johnson & Johnson officially suspends production of its COVID-19 vaccine . It says production will likely resume later, and that millions of doses remain stocked for distribution per earlier agreements. (CBS News) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark Queen Margrethe II tests positive for COVID-19 , with mild symptoms . (NDTV) COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša tests positive for COVID-19, with mild symptoms. ( Barron's ) COVID-19 pandemic in Spain King Felipe VI tests positive for COVID-19, with mild symptoms. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden Sweden scraps almost all pandemic restrictions, essentially declaring the pandemic as "over". The move is condemned by scientists in Sweden and abroad, who warn the pandemic still persists and continues to represent serious dangers. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark Queen Margrethe II tests positive for COVID-19 , with mild symptoms . (NDTV) Queen Margrethe II tests positive for COVID-19 , with mild symptoms . (NDTV) COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša tests positive for COVID-19, with mild symptoms. ( Barron's ) Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša tests positive for COVID-19, with mild symptoms. ( Barron's ) COVID-19 pandemic in Spain King Felipe VI tests positive for COVID-19, with mild symptoms. (Reuters) King Felipe VI tests positive for COVID-19, with mild symptoms. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden Sweden scraps almost all pandemic restrictions, essentially declaring the pandemic as "over". The move is condemned by scientists in Sweden and abroad, who warn the pandemic still persists and continues to represent serious dangers. (Reuters) Sweden scraps almost all pandemic restrictions, essentially declaring the pandemic as "over". The move is condemned by scientists in Sweden and abroad, who warn the pandemic still persists and continues to represent serious dangers. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record for the fifth consecutive day of 1,161 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 17,808. Hong Kong also reports their first two deaths from COVID-19 since September. ( South China Morning Post ) Hong Kong reports a record for the fifth consecutive day of 1,161 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 17,808. Hong Kong also reports their first two deaths from COVID-19 since September. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 vaccine Johnson & Johnson officially suspends production of its COVID-19 vaccine . It says production will likely resume later, and that millions of doses remain stocked for distribution per earlier agreements. (CBS News) Johnson & Johnson officially suspends production of its COVID-19 vaccine . It says production will likely resume later, and that millions of doses remain stocked for distribution per earlier agreements. (CBS News) Sports 2022 Winter Olympics ROC at the 2022 Winter Olympics , Doping in Russia Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva tests positive for banned substances after winning gold in the team event, delaying the medal ceremony. (AP News) ROC at the 2022 Winter Olympics , Doping in Russia Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva tests positive for banned substances after winning gold in the team event, delaying the medal ceremony. (AP News) Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva tests positive for banned substances after winning gold in the team event, delaying the medal ceremony. (AP News) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Belarus–Russia relations Russia and Belarus begin a 10-day military exercise known as "Allied Resolve-2022" amid ongoing tensions with Ukraine . The United States and NATO denounce the exercise, with NATO calling it the biggest deployment of Russian troops since the Cold War . (CNBC) Russia–Ukraine relations Ukraine says that Russian Navy drills in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov have made navigation "virtually impossible", stating that the drills are part of a " hybrid war " against the country. Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba says that the Sea of Azov is completely blocked, essentially blockading Ukrainian ports. (Reuters) (BBC News) Ukraine–United States relations U.S. President Joe Biden calls on any remaining Americans to leave Ukraine immediately due to increased threats of Russian military action. The U.S. State Department issues a level 4 travel warning, the highest level. (BBC News) Belarus–Russia relations Russia and Belarus begin a 10-day military exercise known as "Allied Resolve-2022" amid ongoing tensions with Ukraine . The United States and NATO denounce the exercise, with NATO calling it the biggest deployment of Russian troops since the Cold War . (CNBC) Russia and Belarus begin a 10-day military exercise known as "Allied Resolve-2022" amid ongoing tensions with Ukraine . The United States and NATO denounce the exercise, with NATO calling it the biggest deployment of Russian troops since the Cold War . (CNBC) Russia–Ukraine relations Ukraine says that Russian Navy drills in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov have made navigation "virtually impossible", stating that the drills are part of a " hybrid war " against the country. Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba says that the Sea of Azov is completely blocked, essentially blockading Ukrainian ports. (Reuters) (BBC News) Ukraine says that Russian Navy drills in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov have made navigation "virtually impossible", stating that the drills are part of a " hybrid war " against the country. Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba says that the Sea of Azov is completely blocked, essentially blockading Ukrainian ports. (Reuters) (BBC News) Ukraine–United States relations U.S. President Joe Biden calls on any remaining Americans to leave Ukraine immediately due to increased threats of Russian military action. The U.S. State Department issues a level 4 travel warning, the highest level. (BBC News) U.S. President Joe Biden calls on any remaining Americans to leave Ukraine immediately due to increased threats of Russian military action. The U.S. State Department issues a level 4 travel warning, the highest level. (BBC News) Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso Four civilians are killed during a battle between French troops and Ansar ul Islam in Burkina Faso . Ten militants are killed in the clash, which involved support from an attack helicopter . (Reuters) Four civilians are killed during a battle between French troops and Ansar ul Islam in Burkina Faso . Ten militants are killed in the clash, which involved support from an attack helicopter . (Reuters) Yemeni Civil War (2014-present) Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict An airstrike on Abha International Airport in the Saudi Arabian city of Abha injures twelve people. The attack was done by members of the Houthi movement . (Al Jazeera) Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict An airstrike on Abha International Airport in the Saudi Arabian city of Abha injures twelve people. The attack was done by members of the Houthi movement . (Al Jazeera) An airstrike on Abha International Airport in the Saudi Arabian city of Abha injures twelve people. The attack was done by members of the Houthi movement . (Al Jazeera) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Spain Spain lifts its outdoor mask mandate due to a decline in the spread of the Omicron variant . (GMA News Network) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Charles, Prince of Wales , tests positive for COVID-19 for the second time. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Australia COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia Western Australia reports a record 37 locally transmitted cases of COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (ABC News Australia) COVID-19 vaccination in Australia The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation proposes changing the definition of a fully vaccinated person to only include people who have received a booster dose. (ABC News Australia) COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica Costa Rican president Carlos Alvarado Quesada tests positive for COVID-19. (Anadolu Agency) COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia Tunisia lifts its nightly curfew due to a decrease in the number of COVID-19 cases, but extends the ban on gatherings for one week. ( National Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Spain Spain lifts its outdoor mask mandate due to a decline in the spread of the Omicron variant . (GMA News Network) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Charles, Prince of Wales , tests positive for COVID-19 for the second time. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Spain Spain lifts its outdoor mask mandate due to a decline in the spread of the Omicron variant . (GMA News Network) Spain lifts its outdoor mask mandate due to a decline in the spread of the Omicron variant . (GMA News Network) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Charles, Prince of Wales , tests positive for COVID-19 for the second time. (Reuters) Charles, Prince of Wales , tests positive for COVID-19 for the second time. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Australia COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia Western Australia reports a record 37 locally transmitted cases of COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (ABC News Australia) COVID-19 vaccination in Australia The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation proposes changing the definition of a fully vaccinated person to only include people who have received a booster dose. (ABC News Australia) COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia Western Australia reports a record 37 locally transmitted cases of COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (ABC News Australia) Western Australia reports a record 37 locally transmitted cases of COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (ABC News Australia) COVID-19 vaccination in Australia The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation proposes changing the definition of a fully vaccinated person to only include people who have received a booster dose. (ABC News Australia) The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation proposes changing the definition of a fully vaccinated person to only include people who have received a booster dose. (ABC News Australia) COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica Costa Rican president Carlos Alvarado Quesada tests positive for COVID-19. (Anadolu Agency) Costa Rican president Carlos Alvarado Quesada tests positive for COVID-19. (Anadolu Agency) COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia Tunisia lifts its nightly curfew due to a decrease in the number of COVID-19 cases, but extends the ban on gatherings for one week. ( National Post ) Tunisia lifts its nightly curfew due to a decrease in the number of COVID-19 cases, but extends the ban on gatherings for one week. ( National Post ) Law and crime Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic A South Korean envoy in New York City is attacked in an unprovoked assault. (Yahoo! News) A South Korean envoy in New York City is attacked in an unprovoked assault. (Yahoo! News) Politics and elections Aftermath of the Second Libyan Civil War The interim Government of National Unity , intended to be dissolved by the 2021 Libyan presidential election before its indefinite postponement, chooses former Interior Minister Fathi Bashagha to replace the incumbent, UN -recognized Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh , for his failure to hold the elections as agreed during the peace process . Dbeibeh rejects the appointment, saying that his replacement must be chosen by the eventual national election as per the aforementioned ceasefire agreement , reigniting fears of renewed warfare. (Al-Jazeera) The interim Government of National Unity , intended to be dissolved by the 2021 Libyan presidential election before its indefinite postponement, chooses former Interior Minister Fathi Bashagha to replace the incumbent, UN -recognized Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh , for his failure to hold the elections as agreed during the peace process . Dbeibeh rejects the appointment, saying that his replacement must be chosen by the eventual national election as per the aforementioned ceasefire agreement , reigniting fears of renewed warfare. (Al-Jazeera) Science and technology Archaeologists announce the discovery of a human tooth in the Grotte Mandrin near Malataverne , France , dating to 54,000 YBP , around 10,000 years before the currently accepted date for the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe . (CNN) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Russia–NATO relations The Biden administration says that Russia now has enough troops and military equipment in place in order to launch an invasion of Ukraine and warns Americans to leave the country within the next 48 hours. (BBC News) The British Foreign Office advises British nationals to leave Ukraine immediately. ( The Independent ) (FCDO) It is announced that the United States Armed Forces will deploy 3,000 additional troops from the 82nd Airborne Division to Poland in the "coming days" amid tensions with Russia. (Reuters) Israel begins evacuating embassy staff and diplomats’ families from Kyiv , and also orders a travel warning for all Israelis, saying that a large scale Russian offensive may occur soon. ( Times of Israel ) Japan urges its citizens to leave Ukraine immediately. There are about 150 Japanese citizens currently living in Ukraine. (Nikkei) South Korea bans all travel to Ukraine and asks its citizens to leave Ukraine immediately. ( Newsweek ) Satellite imagery records Russia amassing more troops near the Russia–Ukraine border . (Reuters) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Russia–NATO relations The Biden administration says that Russia now has enough troops and military equipment in place in order to launch an invasion of Ukraine and warns Americans to leave the country within the next 48 hours. (BBC News) The British Foreign Office advises British nationals to leave Ukraine immediately. ( The Independent ) (FCDO) It is announced that the United States Armed Forces will deploy 3,000 additional troops from the 82nd Airborne Division to Poland in the "coming days" amid tensions with Russia. (Reuters) Israel begins evacuating embassy staff and diplomats’ families from Kyiv , and also orders a travel warning for all Israelis, saying that a large scale Russian offensive may occur soon. ( Times of Israel ) Japan urges its citizens to leave Ukraine immediately. There are about 150 Japanese citizens currently living in Ukraine. (Nikkei) South Korea bans all travel to Ukraine and asks its citizens to leave Ukraine immediately. ( Newsweek ) Satellite imagery records Russia amassing more troops near the Russia–Ukraine border . (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Russia–NATO relations The Biden administration says that Russia now has enough troops and military equipment in place in order to launch an invasion of Ukraine and warns Americans to leave the country within the next 48 hours. (BBC News) The British Foreign Office advises British nationals to leave Ukraine immediately. ( The Independent ) (FCDO) It is announced that the United States Armed Forces will deploy 3,000 additional troops from the 82nd Airborne Division to Poland in the "coming days" amid tensions with Russia. (Reuters) Israel begins evacuating embassy staff and diplomats’ families from Kyiv , and also orders a travel warning for all Israelis, saying that a large scale Russian offensive may occur soon. ( Times of Israel ) Japan urges its citizens to leave Ukraine immediately. There are about 150 Japanese citizens currently living in Ukraine. (Nikkei) South Korea bans all travel to Ukraine and asks its citizens to leave Ukraine immediately. ( Newsweek ) Russia–NATO relations The Biden administration says that Russia now has enough troops and military equipment in place in order to launch an invasion of Ukraine and warns Americans to leave the country within the next 48 hours. (BBC News) The British Foreign Office advises British nationals to leave Ukraine immediately. ( The Independent ) (FCDO) It is announced that the United States Armed Forces will deploy 3,000 additional troops from the 82nd Airborne Division to Poland in the "coming days" amid tensions with Russia. (Reuters) The Biden administration says that Russia now has enough troops and military equipment in place in order to launch an invasion of Ukraine and warns Americans to leave the country within the next 48 hours. (BBC News) The British Foreign Office advises British nationals to leave Ukraine immediately. ( The Independent ) (FCDO) It is announced that the United States Armed Forces will deploy 3,000 additional troops from the 82nd Airborne Division to Poland in the "coming days" amid tensions with Russia. (Reuters) Israel begins evacuating embassy staff and diplomats’ families from Kyiv , and also orders a travel warning for all Israelis, saying that a large scale Russian offensive may occur soon. ( Times of Israel ) Japan urges its citizens to leave Ukraine immediately. There are about 150 Japanese citizens currently living in Ukraine. (Nikkei) South Korea bans all travel to Ukraine and asks its citizens to leave Ukraine immediately. ( Newsweek ) Satellite imagery records Russia amassing more troops near the Russia–Ukraine border . (Reuters) Iran–Israel proxy conflict Israel announces the arrest of eight alleged Iranian spies for organizing a plot to kill an Israeli businessman in Istanbul in retaliation for the 2020 assassination of the chief of Iran's nuclear program , Mohsen Fakhrizadeh , widely regarded to be the work of the Israeli intelligence agency , Mossad . Turkish intelligence shared with the Mossad apparently contributed to the arrests, and several Turkish operatives were among those arrested. ( Times of Israel ) Israel announces the arrest of eight alleged Iranian spies for organizing a plot to kill an Israeli businessman in Istanbul in retaliation for the 2020 assassination of the chief of Iran's nuclear program , Mohsen Fakhrizadeh , widely regarded to be the work of the Israeli intelligence agency , Mossad . Turkish intelligence shared with the Mossad apparently contributed to the arrests, and several Turkish operatives were among those arrested. ( Times of Israel ) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 1,325 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 20,119. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 53,926 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1,239,287. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in France The Government of France announces that mask mandate in indoor public places will be eased beginning on February 28 as the number of COVID-19 declines. (Euronews) COVID-19 pandemic in Italy Italy lifts its outdoor mask mandate and reopens nightclubs as the number of COVID-19 cases declines. (France 24) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia reports a record 203,949 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 13.7 million. ( The Moscow Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 1,325 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 20,119. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 53,926 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1,239,287. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 1,325 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 20,119. ( South China Morning Post ) Hong Kong reports a record 1,325 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 20,119. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 53,926 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1,239,287. ( The Korea Herald ) South Korea reports a record 53,926 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1,239,287. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in France The Government of France announces that mask mandate in indoor public places will be eased beginning on February 28 as the number of COVID-19 declines. (Euronews) COVID-19 pandemic in Italy Italy lifts its outdoor mask mandate and reopens nightclubs as the number of COVID-19 cases declines. (France 24) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia reports a record 203,949 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 13.7 million. ( The Moscow Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in France The Government of France announces that mask mandate in indoor public places will be eased beginning on February 28 as the number of COVID-19 declines. (Euronews) The Government of France announces that mask mandate in indoor public places will be eased beginning on February 28 as the number of COVID-19 declines. (Euronews) COVID-19 pandemic in Italy Italy lifts its outdoor mask mandate and reopens nightclubs as the number of COVID-19 cases declines. (France 24) Italy lifts its outdoor mask mandate and reopens nightclubs as the number of COVID-19 cases declines. (France 24) COVID-19 pandemic in Russia Russia reports a record 203,949 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 13.7 million. ( The Moscow Times ) Russia reports a record 203,949 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 13.7 million. ( The Moscow Times ) Koala conservation The Australian Government officially lists the koala as an endangered species due to a combination of factors including drought , bushfires , disease and habitat loss . ( The Guardian ) The Australian Government officially lists the koala as an endangered species due to a combination of factors including drought , bushfires , disease and habitat loss . ( The Guardian ) Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest , Deforestation in Brazil Satellite imagery shows 430 square kilometres of Amazon rainforest was deforested in January, five times more than last January. (BBC News) Satellite imagery shows 430 square kilometres of Amazon rainforest was deforested in January, five times more than last January. (BBC News) International relations Somaliland–Taiwan relations Somaliland Foreign Minister Essa Kayd rebukes China 's apparent attempts to dictate the unrecognized breakaway state's foreign relations with Taiwan and reaffirms the state's recognition of the Republic of China. (Reuters) Somaliland Foreign Minister Essa Kayd rebukes China 's apparent attempts to dictate the unrecognized breakaway state's foreign relations with Taiwan and reaffirms the state's recognition of the Republic of China. (Reuters) Finland–United States relations Finland agrees to a $ 9.4 billion deal with the United States to purchase 64 F-35 Lightning II stealth fighter-jets for its air force . The agreement also includes buying advanced surface-to-surface missiles from Lockheed Martin in order to upgrade the country's missile systems. The munition deliveries are expected to begin by 2025. (Reuters) Finland agrees to a $ 9.4 billion deal with the United States to purchase 64 F-35 Lightning II stealth fighter-jets for its air force . The agreement also includes buying advanced surface-to-surface missiles from Lockheed Martin in order to upgrade the country's missile systems. The munition deliveries are expected to begin by 2025. (Reuters) Law and crime Canada convoy protest Ontario Premier Doug Ford declares a state of emergency over the protest-related blockades in the City of Ottawa and at the Ambassador Bridge . (CBC) Ontario Premier Doug Ford declares a state of emergency over the protest-related blockades in the City of Ottawa and at the Ambassador Bridge . (CBC) Crime in Portugal Portuguese police , with help from the FBI , arrest an 18-year-old boy for planning an armed attack on a university in Lisbon . (Reuters) Portuguese police , with help from the FBI , arrest an 18-year-old boy for planning an armed attack on a university in Lisbon . (Reuters) Politics and elections Aftermath of the 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état Lt. Col. Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba , leader of the military junta , is declared president by the Burkinabé Constitutional Council. His "election", deemed retroactively effective since the coup on January 24, will be made official by an inauguration on February 16. (AP) Lt. Col. Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba , leader of the military junta , is declared president by the Burkinabé Constitutional Council. His "election", deemed retroactively effective since the coup on January 24, will be made official by an inauguration on February 16. (AP) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis All British troops are ordered to withdraw from Ukraine . ( The Independent ) Multiple nations, including Estonia , Iraq , Palestine , Spain and Taiwan , warn against traveling to Ukraine and urge their citizens to leave the country. (ERR) (NRT) (WAFA) ( El País ) ( Focus Taiwan ) Israel declares a state of emergency due to tensions between Russia and Ukraine. ( Haaretz ) KLM suspends all flights to Ukraine. (NL Times) The Pentagon orders the departure of U.S. troops in Ukraine as tensions between Ukraine and Russia escalate. (CNBC) The United States orders the evacuation of its embassy staff in Kyiv . (CNN) Thousands of people protest against Russian military aggression in Kyiv, chanting " Glory to Ukraine " and " Ukrainians will resist". (Reuters) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis All British troops are ordered to withdraw from Ukraine . ( The Independent ) Multiple nations, including Estonia , Iraq , Palestine , Spain and Taiwan , warn against traveling to Ukraine and urge their citizens to leave the country. (ERR) (NRT) (WAFA) ( El País ) ( Focus Taiwan ) Israel declares a state of emergency due to tensions between Russia and Ukraine. ( Haaretz ) KLM suspends all flights to Ukraine. (NL Times) The Pentagon orders the departure of U.S. troops in Ukraine as tensions between Ukraine and Russia escalate. (CNBC) The United States orders the evacuation of its embassy staff in Kyiv . (CNN) Thousands of people protest against Russian military aggression in Kyiv, chanting " Glory to Ukraine " and " Ukrainians will resist". (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis All British troops are ordered to withdraw from Ukraine . ( The Independent ) Multiple nations, including Estonia , Iraq , Palestine , Spain and Taiwan , warn against traveling to Ukraine and urge their citizens to leave the country. (ERR) (NRT) (WAFA) ( El País ) ( Focus Taiwan ) Israel declares a state of emergency due to tensions between Russia and Ukraine. ( Haaretz ) KLM suspends all flights to Ukraine. (NL Times) The Pentagon orders the departure of U.S. troops in Ukraine as tensions between Ukraine and Russia escalate. (CNBC) The United States orders the evacuation of its embassy staff in Kyiv . (CNN) Thousands of people protest against Russian military aggression in Kyiv, chanting " Glory to Ukraine " and " Ukrainians will resist". (Reuters) All British troops are ordered to withdraw from Ukraine . ( The Independent ) Multiple nations, including Estonia , Iraq , Palestine , Spain and Taiwan , warn against traveling to Ukraine and urge their citizens to leave the country. (ERR) (NRT) (WAFA) ( El País ) ( Focus Taiwan ) Israel declares a state of emergency due to tensions between Russia and Ukraine. ( Haaretz ) KLM suspends all flights to Ukraine. (NL Times) The Pentagon orders the departure of U.S. troops in Ukraine as tensions between Ukraine and Russia escalate. (CNBC) The United States orders the evacuation of its embassy staff in Kyiv . (CNN) Thousands of people protest against Russian military aggression in Kyiv, chanting " Glory to Ukraine " and " Ukrainians will resist". (Reuters) Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso French forces launch an airstrike on a jihadist camp in southern Burkina Faso , near the border with Benin , killing 40 combatants . The attack was a retaliation for the massacre of nine people (including a Frenchman) in Benin's W National Park earlier that week. (Voice of America) French forces launch an airstrike on a jihadist camp in southern Burkina Faso , near the border with Benin , killing 40 combatants . The attack was a retaliation for the massacre of nine people (including a Frenchman) in Benin's W National Park earlier that week. (Voice of America) Business and economy 2018–2022 Turkish currency and debt crisis President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announces that the value-added tax (VAT) will be lowered from 8% to 1% on dairy products, fruit, vegetables, and other basic foods. The VAT reduction, aimed at countering soaring inflation , will go into effect on Monday. ( Daily Sabah ) President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announces that the value-added tax (VAT) will be lowered from 8% to 1% on dairy products, fruit, vegetables, and other basic foods. The VAT reduction, aimed at countering soaring inflation , will go into effect on Monday. ( Daily Sabah ) International relations Bahrain–Israel relations Bahraini authorities confirm that an Israeli military officer will be stationed inside the country as part of an upcoming international coalition consisting of 34 countries. This is the first time an Israeli officer has been sent to a military post in the Arab World . (Reuters) Bahraini authorities confirm that an Israeli military officer will be stationed inside the country as part of an upcoming international coalition consisting of 34 countries. This is the first time an Israeli officer has been sent to a military post in the Arab World . (Reuters) Law and crime Lynching of Mushtaq Ahmed A man accused of blasphemy is lynched by a mob in Tulamba , Mian Channu Tehsil , Khanewal District , Punjab , Pakistan . (BBC News) A man accused of blasphemy is lynched by a mob in Tulamba , Mian Channu Tehsil , Khanewal District , Punjab , Pakistan . (BBC News) Politics and elections COVID-19 protests in Canada Freedom Convoy 2022 Protesters gather at the Peace Bridge near the Canada–United States border in an attempt to end the COVID-19 mandates in Canada . ( USA Today ) ( Buffalo News ) Freedom Convoy 2022 Protesters gather at the Peace Bridge near the Canada–United States border in an attempt to end the COVID-19 mandates in Canada . ( USA Today ) ( Buffalo News ) Protesters gather at the Peace Bridge near the Canada–United States border in an attempt to end the COVID-19 mandates in Canada . ( USA Today ) ( Buffalo News ) Sports 2021 FIFA Club World Cup In association football , English club Chelsea win their first FIFA Club World Cup title after beating Brazilian club Palmeiras 2–1 after extra time in the final at the Mohammed bin Zayed Stadium in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . Chelsea defender Thiago Silva wins the tournament's Golden Ball award. (Al Jazeera) In association football , English club Chelsea win their first FIFA Club World Cup title after beating Brazilian club Palmeiras 2–1 after extra time in the final at the Mohammed bin Zayed Stadium in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . Chelsea defender Thiago Silva wins the tournament's Golden Ball award. (Al Jazeera) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Operation Unifier Canada withdraws its military advisors from Ukraine and relocates them to an undisclosed destination in Europe . It moves its diplomatic staff to Lviv , suspending all operations at its embassy in Kyiv . (Reuters) Ukraine receives a shipment of FIM-92 Stinger anti-aircraft missile systems from Lithuania . (Reuters) Ukraine formally requests a meeting with Russia and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe within the next 48 hours in response to the crisis. (Daily Sabah) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Operation Unifier Canada withdraws its military advisors from Ukraine and relocates them to an undisclosed destination in Europe . It moves its diplomatic staff to Lviv , suspending all operations at its embassy in Kyiv . (Reuters) Ukraine receives a shipment of FIM-92 Stinger anti-aircraft missile systems from Lithuania . (Reuters) Ukraine formally requests a meeting with Russia and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe within the next 48 hours in response to the crisis. (Daily Sabah) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Operation Unifier Canada withdraws its military advisors from Ukraine and relocates them to an undisclosed destination in Europe . It moves its diplomatic staff to Lviv , suspending all operations at its embassy in Kyiv . (Reuters) Ukraine receives a shipment of FIM-92 Stinger anti-aircraft missile systems from Lithuania . (Reuters) Operation Unifier Canada withdraws its military advisors from Ukraine and relocates them to an undisclosed destination in Europe . It moves its diplomatic staff to Lviv , suspending all operations at its embassy in Kyiv . (Reuters) Canada withdraws its military advisors from Ukraine and relocates them to an undisclosed destination in Europe . It moves its diplomatic staff to Lviv , suspending all operations at its embassy in Kyiv . (Reuters) Ukraine receives a shipment of FIM-92 Stinger anti-aircraft missile systems from Lithuania . (Reuters) Ukraine formally requests a meeting with Russia and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe within the next 48 hours in response to the crisis. (Daily Sabah) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal , Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education Schools are reopened in Nepal after being closed for more than a month. ( Times of India ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record of 56,431 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.35 million. ( Manila Bulletin ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal , Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education Schools are reopened in Nepal after being closed for more than a month. ( Times of India ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record of 56,431 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.35 million. ( Manila Bulletin ) COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal , Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education Schools are reopened in Nepal after being closed for more than a month. ( Times of India ) Schools are reopened in Nepal after being closed for more than a month. ( Times of India ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record of 56,431 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.35 million. ( Manila Bulletin ) South Korea reports a record of 56,431 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.35 million. ( Manila Bulletin ) Law and crime Eleven people are injured during a mass stabbing by a man riding a bicycle through Albuquerque, New Mexico , United States. The suspect is taken into custody. (ABC News) ( Albuquerque Journal ) A car bombing in Ashkelon , Israel , kills one person and injures two more. The incident is most likely related to organized crime in Israel . ( Times of Israel ) Politics and elections Canada convoy protest Canadian police say a major demonstration at the Ambassador Bridge in Windsor, Ontario , has dispersed peacefully. The protesters had been given warnings for several days. (BBC News) Canadian police say a major demonstration at the Ambassador Bridge in Windsor, Ontario , has dispersed peacefully. The protesters had been given warnings for several days. (BBC News) 2022 German presidential election Frank-Walter Steinmeier is re-elected as president of Germany . (Deutsche Welle) Frank-Walter Steinmeier is re-elected as president of Germany . (Deutsche Welle) Sports 2021 NFL season The Los Angeles Rams defeat the Cincinnati Bengals , 23–20, to win Super Bowl LVI . (ESPN) The Los Angeles Rams defeat the Cincinnati Bengals , 23–20, to win Super Bowl LVI . (ESPN) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Belarus–United States relations The U.S. State Department tells Americans to leave Belarus immediately due to the threat of war. ( National Post ) The United States relocates its embassy operations from the capital Kyiv to Lviv in western Ukraine, citing a "dramatic acceleration in the buildup of Russian forces " on the Russia–Ukraine border . (Reuters) Russia rejects an official Ukrainian request for a meeting between both countries and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in order to discuss the crisis. (ABC News Australia) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy declares February 16 as a "day of unity". On this day, all Ukrainians will be asked to display the national flag from their buildings, and sing the national anthem in unison. Western intelligence has cited the day as the most likely time of a Russian attack against the country. (Reuters) U.S. officials say that Russian troops , along with long-range artillery and missile launchers have begun moving into staging areas near the Ukrainian border after leaving their assembly areas. (CBS News) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Belarus–United States relations The U.S. State Department tells Americans to leave Belarus immediately due to the threat of war. ( National Post ) The United States relocates its embassy operations from the capital Kyiv to Lviv in western Ukraine, citing a "dramatic acceleration in the buildup of Russian forces " on the Russia–Ukraine border . (Reuters) Russia rejects an official Ukrainian request for a meeting between both countries and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in order to discuss the crisis. (ABC News Australia) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy declares February 16 as a "day of unity". On this day, all Ukrainians will be asked to display the national flag from their buildings, and sing the national anthem in unison. Western intelligence has cited the day as the most likely time of a Russian attack against the country. (Reuters) U.S. officials say that Russian troops , along with long-range artillery and missile launchers have begun moving into staging areas near the Ukrainian border after leaving their assembly areas. (CBS News) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Belarus–United States relations The U.S. State Department tells Americans to leave Belarus immediately due to the threat of war. ( National Post ) The United States relocates its embassy operations from the capital Kyiv to Lviv in western Ukraine, citing a "dramatic acceleration in the buildup of Russian forces " on the Russia–Ukraine border . (Reuters) Belarus–United States relations The U.S. State Department tells Americans to leave Belarus immediately due to the threat of war. ( National Post ) The U.S. State Department tells Americans to leave Belarus immediately due to the threat of war. ( National Post ) The United States relocates its embassy operations from the capital Kyiv to Lviv in western Ukraine, citing a "dramatic acceleration in the buildup of Russian forces " on the Russia–Ukraine border . (Reuters) Russia rejects an official Ukrainian request for a meeting between both countries and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in order to discuss the crisis. (ABC News Australia) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy declares February 16 as a "day of unity". On this day, all Ukrainians will be asked to display the national flag from their buildings, and sing the national anthem in unison. Western intelligence has cited the day as the most likely time of a Russian attack against the country. (Reuters) U.S. officials say that Russian troops , along with long-range artillery and missile launchers have begun moving into staging areas near the Ukrainian border after leaving their assembly areas. (CBS News) Yemeni Civil War Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen The Saudi-led coalition airstrikes Sanaa , Yemen , in retaliation for an attack by Houthi forces on the Saudi Arabian city of Abha . A Houthi telecommunications system used to command drones is destroyed. (Al Jazeera) Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen The Saudi-led coalition airstrikes Sanaa , Yemen , in retaliation for an attack by Houthi forces on the Saudi Arabian city of Abha . A Houthi telecommunications system used to command drones is destroyed. (Al Jazeera) The Saudi-led coalition airstrikes Sanaa , Yemen , in retaliation for an attack by Houthi forces on the Saudi Arabian city of Abha . A Houthi telecommunications system used to command drones is destroyed. (Al Jazeera) Disasters and accidents Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque explosion Seven people are killed and 20 others injured by an explosion and fire at a block of flats in Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque , Pyrénées-Orientales , France . Firefighters are searching for survivors. (BBC News) Seven people are killed and 20 others injured by an explosion and fire at a block of flats in Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque , Pyrénées-Orientales , France . Firefighters are searching for survivors. (BBC News) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 2,071 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 25,051. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait , Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic Kuwait lifts many of its COVID-19-related restrictions, including allowing foreign travel for unvaccinated and vaccinated citizens and allowing the entry of unvaccinated people into shopping malls as long as they show a negative PCR COVID-19 test from the previous 72 hours. (Al-Arabiya English) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore , COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore The Singaporean Health Sciences Authority grants interim authorisation for the use of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine . (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden , COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden The Public Health Agency of Sweden recommends that people over the age of 80 years, residents of nursing homes, and people receiving at-home care should receive a fourth dose of the COVID-19 vaccine . (MedicalXpress) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall , tests positive for COVID-19 . (BBC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 2,071 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 25,051. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait , Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic Kuwait lifts many of its COVID-19-related restrictions, including allowing foreign travel for unvaccinated and vaccinated citizens and allowing the entry of unvaccinated people into shopping malls as long as they show a negative PCR COVID-19 test from the previous 72 hours. (Al-Arabiya English) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore , COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore The Singaporean Health Sciences Authority grants interim authorisation for the use of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine . (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 2,071 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 25,051. ( South China Morning Post ) Hong Kong reports a record 2,071 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 25,051. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait , Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic Kuwait lifts many of its COVID-19-related restrictions, including allowing foreign travel for unvaccinated and vaccinated citizens and allowing the entry of unvaccinated people into shopping malls as long as they show a negative PCR COVID-19 test from the previous 72 hours. (Al-Arabiya English) Kuwait lifts many of its COVID-19-related restrictions, including allowing foreign travel for unvaccinated and vaccinated citizens and allowing the entry of unvaccinated people into shopping malls as long as they show a negative PCR COVID-19 test from the previous 72 hours. (Al-Arabiya English) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore , COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore The Singaporean Health Sciences Authority grants interim authorisation for the use of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine . (CNA) The Singaporean Health Sciences Authority grants interim authorisation for the use of the protein-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine . (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden , COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden The Public Health Agency of Sweden recommends that people over the age of 80 years, residents of nursing homes, and people receiving at-home care should receive a fourth dose of the COVID-19 vaccine . (MedicalXpress) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall , tests positive for COVID-19 . (BBC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden , COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden The Public Health Agency of Sweden recommends that people over the age of 80 years, residents of nursing homes, and people receiving at-home care should receive a fourth dose of the COVID-19 vaccine . (MedicalXpress) The Public Health Agency of Sweden recommends that people over the age of 80 years, residents of nursing homes, and people receiving at-home care should receive a fourth dose of the COVID-19 vaccine . (MedicalXpress) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall , tests positive for COVID-19 . (BBC News) Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall , tests positive for COVID-19 . (BBC News) International relations Mexico–United States relations The United States suspends all imports of Mexican avocados after threats are made against an American plant safety inspector in Uruapan , Michoacán . (AP) The United States suspends all imports of Mexican avocados after threats are made against an American plant safety inspector in Uruapan , Michoacán . (AP) Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute The flag of Mauritius is raised on the British-controlled Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean for the first time in history. Mauritian Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth describes the event as a "historic moment", saying that it was time for the United Kingdom to cede control of the archipelago. (BBC News) The flag of Mauritius is raised on the British-controlled Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean for the first time in history. Mauritian Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth describes the event as a "historic moment", saying that it was time for the United Kingdom to cede control of the archipelago. (BBC News) Law and crime Canada convoy protest The government of Canada invokes the Emergencies Act for the first time since the law was passed in 1988, thereby giving the federal government temporary powers to deal with ongoing blockades associated with the protests. (CBC News) Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Chrystia Freeland announces that, as part of the invoking of the Act, crowdfunding platforms such as GoFundMe and GiveSendGo must immediately register with the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC) and authorizes banks to freeze accounts suspected to be involved in the blockades. (CTV News) The government of Canada invokes the Emergencies Act for the first time since the law was passed in 1988, thereby giving the federal government temporary powers to deal with ongoing blockades associated with the protests. (CBC News) Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Chrystia Freeland announces that, as part of the invoking of the Act, crowdfunding platforms such as GoFundMe and GiveSendGo must immediately register with the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC) and authorizes banks to freeze accounts suspected to be involved in the blockades. (CTV News) The United States Department of Justice asks Honduras for the arrest and extradition of former Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández , who left office less than a month ago. (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Vladimir Putin claims that a " genocide " is occurring in Eastern Ukraine. (Reuters) The State Duma of Russia passes a bill to officially recognise the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in Eastern Ukraine as independent states. The bill has been sent to President Vladimir Putin for final approval. (Xinhuanet) (Deutsche Welle) Russian President Vladimir Putin says that diplomatic talks will continue. Russia also announces that troops will be partially pulled out from the border but that exercises will continue. ( Wall Street Journal ) (Truthout.org) Several Ukrainian websites, including the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine , Privatbank , and Oschadbank are affected by cyberattacks . (CBS News) The U.S. and its NATO allies in Europe say that they are ready to retaliate against Russian cyberwarfare on Ukraine depending on the severity of the attacks. (Reuters) War in Donbas The Luhansk People's Republic says that a service member has been killed on the frontline by a Ukrainian military sniper , according to its office at the Joint Centre of Control and Coordination . (Urdu Point) An attempted terrorist attack on a memorial rally in the city of Luhansk is reportedly stopped. Russian media blames the Ukrainian Defence Ministry and "special services" of being involved in the attack. A video shows an improvised explosive device being discovered inside a garbage can. ( The Jerusalem Post ) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Vladimir Putin claims that a " genocide " is occurring in Eastern Ukraine. (Reuters) The State Duma of Russia passes a bill to officially recognise the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in Eastern Ukraine as independent states. The bill has been sent to President Vladimir Putin for final approval. (Xinhuanet) (Deutsche Welle) Russian President Vladimir Putin says that diplomatic talks will continue. Russia also announces that troops will be partially pulled out from the border but that exercises will continue. ( Wall Street Journal ) (Truthout.org) Several Ukrainian websites, including the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine , Privatbank , and Oschadbank are affected by cyberattacks . (CBS News) The U.S. and its NATO allies in Europe say that they are ready to retaliate against Russian cyberwarfare on Ukraine depending on the severity of the attacks. (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Vladimir Putin claims that a " genocide " is occurring in Eastern Ukraine. (Reuters) The State Duma of Russia passes a bill to officially recognise the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in Eastern Ukraine as independent states. The bill has been sent to President Vladimir Putin for final approval. (Xinhuanet) (Deutsche Welle) Vladimir Putin claims that a " genocide " is occurring in Eastern Ukraine. (Reuters) The State Duma of Russia passes a bill to officially recognise the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in Eastern Ukraine as independent states. The bill has been sent to President Vladimir Putin for final approval. (Xinhuanet) (Deutsche Welle) Russian President Vladimir Putin says that diplomatic talks will continue. Russia also announces that troops will be partially pulled out from the border but that exercises will continue. ( Wall Street Journal ) (Truthout.org) Several Ukrainian websites, including the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine , Privatbank , and Oschadbank are affected by cyberattacks . (CBS News) The U.S. and its NATO allies in Europe say that they are ready to retaliate against Russian cyberwarfare on Ukraine depending on the severity of the attacks. (Reuters) War in Donbas The Luhansk People's Republic says that a service member has been killed on the frontline by a Ukrainian military sniper , according to its office at the Joint Centre of Control and Coordination . (Urdu Point) An attempted terrorist attack on a memorial rally in the city of Luhansk is reportedly stopped. Russian media blames the Ukrainian Defence Ministry and "special services" of being involved in the attack. A video shows an improvised explosive device being discovered inside a garbage can. ( The Jerusalem Post ) The Luhansk People's Republic says that a service member has been killed on the frontline by a Ukrainian military sniper , according to its office at the Joint Centre of Control and Coordination . (Urdu Point) An attempted terrorist attack on a memorial rally in the city of Luhansk is reportedly stopped. Russian media blames the Ukrainian Defence Ministry and "special services" of being involved in the attack. A video shows an improvised explosive device being discovered inside a garbage can. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Disasters and accidents Capsizing of the Villa de Pitanxo A Spanish -owned fishing trawler , Villa de Pitanxo , sinks off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada , killing 10 crew members and leaving 11 others missing. A search and rescue operation is underway. (BBC News) A Spanish -owned fishing trawler , Villa de Pitanxo , sinks off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada , killing 10 crew members and leaving 11 others missing. A search and rescue operation is underway. (BBC News) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia reports a record 57,049 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 4.9 million. ( Kompas ) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan reports a record 236 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. Meanwhile, the number of cumulative COVID-19 cases surpasses four million. ( The Japan Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 57,177 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.46 million. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam Vietnam lifts its COVID-19-related curbs on international passenger flights with no limitation on the number of flights in order to restore the travel to pre-pandemic level. (Al-Jazeera) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia reports a record 57,049 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 4.9 million. ( Kompas ) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan reports a record 236 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. Meanwhile, the number of cumulative COVID-19 cases surpasses four million. ( The Japan Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 57,177 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.46 million. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam Vietnam lifts its COVID-19-related curbs on international passenger flights with no limitation on the number of flights in order to restore the travel to pre-pandemic level. (Al-Jazeera) COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia reports a record 57,049 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 4.9 million. ( Kompas ) Indonesia reports a record 57,049 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 4.9 million. ( Kompas ) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan reports a record 236 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. Meanwhile, the number of cumulative COVID-19 cases surpasses four million. ( The Japan Times ) Japan reports a record 236 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. Meanwhile, the number of cumulative COVID-19 cases surpasses four million. ( The Japan Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 57,177 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.46 million. ( The Korea Herald ) South Korea reports a record 57,177 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.46 million. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam Vietnam lifts its COVID-19-related curbs on international passenger flights with no limitation on the number of flights in order to restore the travel to pre-pandemic level. (Al-Jazeera) Vietnam lifts its COVID-19-related curbs on international passenger flights with no limitation on the number of flights in order to restore the travel to pre-pandemic level. (Al-Jazeera) Law and crime Canada convoy protest 2022 alleged plot to kill Coutts RCMP officers Four men are arrested on suspicion of plotting to murder officers with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . The arrests occurred during a protest blockading the Canada–U.S. border near Coutts, Alberta . ( The Globe and Mail ) A number of protestors at Coutts have dispersed after an RCMP raid on a "smaller group within the larger protest" resulted in the seizure of weapons, ammunition, and body armour and the arrests of 13 people on Monday. (CTV News) Chief of police of the Ottawa Police Service Peter Sloly resigns amid criticism of his handling of the protests. (CTV News Ottawa) 2022 alleged plot to kill Coutts RCMP officers Four men are arrested on suspicion of plotting to murder officers with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . The arrests occurred during a protest blockading the Canada–U.S. border near Coutts, Alberta . ( The Globe and Mail ) Four men are arrested on suspicion of plotting to murder officers with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . The arrests occurred during a protest blockading the Canada–U.S. border near Coutts, Alberta . ( The Globe and Mail ) A number of protestors at Coutts have dispersed after an RCMP raid on a "smaller group within the larger protest" resulted in the seizure of weapons, ammunition, and body armour and the arrests of 13 people on Monday. (CTV News) Chief of police of the Ottawa Police Service Peter Sloly resigns amid criticism of his handling of the protests. (CTV News Ottawa) Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting Families of nine victims of the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting reach a $73 million settlement with Remington Arms , according to their attorney, Josh Koskoff. (CNN) Families of nine victims of the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting reach a $73 million settlement with Remington Arms , according to their attorney, Josh Koskoff. (CNN) Former Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández is arrested in Tegucigalpa after the U.S. requested his extradition on charges of drug trafficking. (EFE) Politics and elections 2022 United States elections 2022 Louisville mayoral election In Louisville, Kentucky , council candidate Quintez Brown is charged with attempted murder, a day after he allegedly opened fire on mayoral candidate Craig Greenberg in his campaign office, narrowly missing him. (AP via The Washington Post ) 2022 Louisville mayoral election In Louisville, Kentucky , council candidate Quintez Brown is charged with attempted murder, a day after he allegedly opened fire on mayoral candidate Craig Greenberg in his campaign office, narrowly missing him. (AP via The Washington Post ) In Louisville, Kentucky , council candidate Quintez Brown is charged with attempted murder, a day after he allegedly opened fire on mayoral candidate Craig Greenberg in his campaign office, narrowly missing him. (AP via The Washington Post ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian civil war Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war Syrian state media agency SANA reports that Israel has fired missiles at the Syrian town of Zakiyah , with no recorded casualties. ( Toronto Star ) Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war Syrian state media agency SANA reports that Israel has fired missiles at the Syrian town of Zakiyah , with no recorded casualties. ( Toronto Star ) Syrian state media agency SANA reports that Israel has fired missiles at the Syrian town of Zakiyah , with no recorded casualties. ( Toronto Star ) Arts and culture Cristina Calderón , the last full-blooded Yahgan and last native speaker of the Yahgan language , dies in Chile . (France 24) Disasters and accidents 2022 Brazil floods and landslides 2022 Petrópolis floods At least 117 people are killed by mudslides and flooding in Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro . It is the heaviest rainfall registered in the city since 1932 . (Reuters) 2022 Petrópolis floods At least 117 people are killed by mudslides and flooding in Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro . It is the heaviest rainfall registered in the city since 1932 . (Reuters) At least 117 people are killed by mudslides and flooding in Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro . It is the heaviest rainfall registered in the city since 1932 . (Reuters) List of fatal shark attacks in Australia A man is killed in a shark attack off Little Bay , Sydney , Australia . It is the first fatal shark attack in Sydney since 1963 . A witness estimated that the shark was about 4.5 metres (15 ft) in length. (Reuters) A man is killed in a shark attack off Little Bay , Sydney , Australia . It is the first fatal shark attack in Sydney since 1963 . A witness estimated that the shark was about 4.5 metres (15 ft) in length. (Reuters) At least 13 people are killed after wedding guests fall into a well in Kushinagar , Uttar Pradesh , India . (CNN) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia reports a record for the second consecutive day of 64,718 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 4.96 million. (detikHealth) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Malaysia reports a record 27,831 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.11 million. ( The Star ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 90,443 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.55 million. (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland Switzerland lifts almost all of its COVID-19-related restrictions, with people no longer needing to show COVID-19 vaccine certificates to enter public venues, due to confidence that infection rates had been uncoupled from hospitalization. ( Politico.eu ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia reports a record for the second consecutive day of 64,718 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 4.96 million. (detikHealth) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Malaysia reports a record 27,831 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.11 million. ( The Star ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 90,443 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.55 million. (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia reports a record for the second consecutive day of 64,718 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 4.96 million. (detikHealth) Indonesia reports a record for the second consecutive day of 64,718 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 4.96 million. (detikHealth) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Malaysia reports a record 27,831 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.11 million. ( The Star ) Malaysia reports a record 27,831 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.11 million. ( The Star ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 90,443 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.55 million. (CNA) South Korea reports a record 90,443 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.55 million. (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland Switzerland lifts almost all of its COVID-19-related restrictions, with people no longer needing to show COVID-19 vaccine certificates to enter public venues, due to confidence that infection rates had been uncoupled from hospitalization. ( Politico.eu ) Switzerland lifts almost all of its COVID-19-related restrictions, with people no longer needing to show COVID-19 vaccine certificates to enter public venues, due to confidence that infection rates had been uncoupled from hospitalization. ( Politico.eu ) Law and crime Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation The European Court of Justice dismisses Poland and Hungary 's challenges against the regulation and confirms that the regulation is in compliance with the treaties of the European Union . This will allow the European Commission to suspend funds from the EU budget to member states that have rule of law issues which are likely to affect the management of EU funds. (Al Jazeera) The European Court of Justice dismisses Poland and Hungary 's challenges against the regulation and confirms that the regulation is in compliance with the treaties of the European Union . This will allow the European Commission to suspend funds from the EU budget to member states that have rule of law issues which are likely to affect the management of EU funds. (Al Jazeera) Sports Philippine Basketball Association The Alaska Aces , the second most successful team in the history of the league with 14 championship titles in 35 years, announced that it will cease to exist after the conclusion of the ongoing 2021 PBA Governors' Cup . (ESPN) The Alaska Aces , the second most successful team in the history of the league with 14 championship titles in 35 years, announced that it will cease to exist after the conclusion of the ongoing 2021 PBA Governors' Cup . (ESPN) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis War in Donbas The Ukrainian government accuses Russian separatists of shelling a kindergarten in Stanytsia Luhanska , Luhansk Oblast using artillery , injuring three civilians. The Luhansk People's Republic says that its forces were attacked by the Ukrainian military with mortars , grenade launchers and machine gun fire. At least 32 shells hit the city, causing power outages and damaging multiple structures. (MSN) ( The Guardian ) The United Nations Security Council convenes in order to discuss Russia 's military buildup on the Ukrainian border . (C-SPAN) The U.S. State Department confirms that the U.S. deputy ambassador to Russia was expelled from the country. White House Principal Deputy Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre calls the expulsion "unprovoked". (Reuters) The EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell says that shelling has begun in eastern Ukraine . ( La Vanguardia ) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Senior British officials say that Russian President Vladimir Putin has now decided to invade Ukraine following "changes in the last 24 hours". ( The Times ) Germany deploys 130 troops and 60 armoured personnel carriers to Lithuania . Lithuanian President Gitanas Nauseda says that the German forces are authorized to defend the country from threats. More troops are expected to arrive later this week. (Reuters) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis War in Donbas The Ukrainian government accuses Russian separatists of shelling a kindergarten in Stanytsia Luhanska , Luhansk Oblast using artillery , injuring three civilians. The Luhansk People's Republic says that its forces were attacked by the Ukrainian military with mortars , grenade launchers and machine gun fire. At least 32 shells hit the city, causing power outages and damaging multiple structures. (MSN) ( The Guardian ) The United Nations Security Council convenes in order to discuss Russia 's military buildup on the Ukrainian border . (C-SPAN) The U.S. State Department confirms that the U.S. deputy ambassador to Russia was expelled from the country. White House Principal Deputy Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre calls the expulsion "unprovoked". (Reuters) The EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell says that shelling has begun in eastern Ukraine . ( La Vanguardia ) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Senior British officials say that Russian President Vladimir Putin has now decided to invade Ukraine following "changes in the last 24 hours". ( The Times ) Germany deploys 130 troops and 60 armoured personnel carriers to Lithuania . Lithuanian President Gitanas Nauseda says that the German forces are authorized to defend the country from threats. More troops are expected to arrive later this week. (Reuters) War in Donbas The Ukrainian government accuses Russian separatists of shelling a kindergarten in Stanytsia Luhanska , Luhansk Oblast using artillery , injuring three civilians. The Luhansk People's Republic says that its forces were attacked by the Ukrainian military with mortars , grenade launchers and machine gun fire. At least 32 shells hit the city, causing power outages and damaging multiple structures. (MSN) ( The Guardian ) The United Nations Security Council convenes in order to discuss Russia 's military buildup on the Ukrainian border . (C-SPAN) The U.S. State Department confirms that the U.S. deputy ambassador to Russia was expelled from the country. White House Principal Deputy Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre calls the expulsion "unprovoked". (Reuters) The EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell says that shelling has begun in eastern Ukraine . ( La Vanguardia ) The Ukrainian government accuses Russian separatists of shelling a kindergarten in Stanytsia Luhanska , Luhansk Oblast using artillery , injuring three civilians. The Luhansk People's Republic says that its forces were attacked by the Ukrainian military with mortars , grenade launchers and machine gun fire. At least 32 shells hit the city, causing power outages and damaging multiple structures. (MSN) ( The Guardian ) The United Nations Security Council convenes in order to discuss Russia 's military buildup on the Ukrainian border . (C-SPAN) The U.S. State Department confirms that the U.S. deputy ambassador to Russia was expelled from the country. White House Principal Deputy Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre calls the expulsion "unprovoked". (Reuters) The EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell says that shelling has begun in eastern Ukraine . ( La Vanguardia ) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Senior British officials say that Russian President Vladimir Putin has now decided to invade Ukraine following "changes in the last 24 hours". ( The Times ) Germany deploys 130 troops and 60 armoured personnel carriers to Lithuania . Lithuanian President Gitanas Nauseda says that the German forces are authorized to defend the country from threats. More troops are expected to arrive later this week. (Reuters) Senior British officials say that Russian President Vladimir Putin has now decided to invade Ukraine following "changes in the last 24 hours". ( The Times ) Germany deploys 130 troops and 60 armoured personnel carriers to Lithuania . Lithuanian President Gitanas Nauseda says that the German forces are authorized to defend the country from threats. More troops are expected to arrive later this week. (Reuters) Mali War , Operation Barkhane France and the EU -wide Takuba Task Force announce that they will begin withdrawing from Mali , stating that the military government in place since last year's coup has placed "multiple obstructions" to their counter-terrorism operations. (Al Jazeera) France and the EU -wide Takuba Task Force announce that they will begin withdrawing from Mali , stating that the military government in place since last year's coup has placed "multiple obstructions" to their counter-terrorism operations. (Al Jazeera) Disasters and accidents Panama -flagged car carrier MV Felicity Ace is abandoned approximately 90 nautical miles southwest of the Azores following a severe fire onboard. The ship's entire 22-man crew safely evacuates using lifeboats. (CNN) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in North America COVID-19 pandemic in Canada COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia British Columbia lifts most of its COVID-19 restrictions, allowing all businesses to reopen and operate at full capacity. Indoor gatherings and organized events are also permitted to operate without occupancy limits. However, provincial mandates requiring the use of vaccine cards for entry into businesses and the use of masks in indoor settings remain in effect. (CBC) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in California Governor Gavin Newsom announces that California will become the first U.S. state to approach COVID-19 as an endemic rather than a pandemic . (CBS News) COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic ends all COVID-19-related public health measures, including mask wearing mandates and use of vaccine passes in order to enter public places, despite not reaching 70% of its vaccination target. ( U.S. News & World Report ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia surpasses 5 million cases of COVID-19. (Medcom.id) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan reports a record 269 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (Nippon.com) COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand New Zealand reports a record 1,929 new community transmitted COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( New Zealand Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland Swiss President Ignazio Cassis tests positive for COVID-19. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in North America COVID-19 pandemic in Canada COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia British Columbia lifts most of its COVID-19 restrictions, allowing all businesses to reopen and operate at full capacity. Indoor gatherings and organized events are also permitted to operate without occupancy limits. However, provincial mandates requiring the use of vaccine cards for entry into businesses and the use of masks in indoor settings remain in effect. (CBC) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in California Governor Gavin Newsom announces that California will become the first U.S. state to approach COVID-19 as an endemic rather than a pandemic . (CBS News) COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic ends all COVID-19-related public health measures, including mask wearing mandates and use of vaccine passes in order to enter public places, despite not reaching 70% of its vaccination target. ( U.S. News & World Report ) COVID-19 pandemic in Canada COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia British Columbia lifts most of its COVID-19 restrictions, allowing all businesses to reopen and operate at full capacity. Indoor gatherings and organized events are also permitted to operate without occupancy limits. However, provincial mandates requiring the use of vaccine cards for entry into businesses and the use of masks in indoor settings remain in effect. (CBC) COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia British Columbia lifts most of its COVID-19 restrictions, allowing all businesses to reopen and operate at full capacity. Indoor gatherings and organized events are also permitted to operate without occupancy limits. However, provincial mandates requiring the use of vaccine cards for entry into businesses and the use of masks in indoor settings remain in effect. (CBC) British Columbia lifts most of its COVID-19 restrictions, allowing all businesses to reopen and operate at full capacity. Indoor gatherings and organized events are also permitted to operate without occupancy limits. However, provincial mandates requiring the use of vaccine cards for entry into businesses and the use of masks in indoor settings remain in effect. (CBC) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in California Governor Gavin Newsom announces that California will become the first U.S. state to approach COVID-19 as an endemic rather than a pandemic . (CBS News) COVID-19 pandemic in California Governor Gavin Newsom announces that California will become the first U.S. state to approach COVID-19 as an endemic rather than a pandemic . (CBS News) Governor Gavin Newsom announces that California will become the first U.S. state to approach COVID-19 as an endemic rather than a pandemic . (CBS News) COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic ends all COVID-19-related public health measures, including mask wearing mandates and use of vaccine passes in order to enter public places, despite not reaching 70% of its vaccination target. ( U.S. News & World Report ) The Dominican Republic ends all COVID-19-related public health measures, including mask wearing mandates and use of vaccine passes in order to enter public places, despite not reaching 70% of its vaccination target. ( U.S. News & World Report ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia surpasses 5 million cases of COVID-19. (Medcom.id) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan reports a record 269 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (Nippon.com) COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia surpasses 5 million cases of COVID-19. (Medcom.id) Indonesia surpasses 5 million cases of COVID-19. (Medcom.id) COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Japan reports a record 269 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (Nippon.com) Japan reports a record 269 deaths from COVID-19 in the past 24 hours. (Nippon.com) COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand New Zealand reports a record 1,929 new community transmitted COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( New Zealand Herald ) New Zealand reports a record 1,929 new community transmitted COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours. ( New Zealand Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland Swiss President Ignazio Cassis tests positive for COVID-19. (Reuters) Swiss President Ignazio Cassis tests positive for COVID-19. (Reuters) Law and crime Canada convoy protest Tamara Lich and Chris Barber, two organizers of the protest in Ottawa , are arrested by police. (CTV News) Tamara Lich and Chris Barber, two organizers of the protest in Ottawa , are arrested by police. (CTV News) Designated terrorist organisations in Australia Australia designates the entirety of Hamas , including its political wing, as a terrorist organisation , and also designates Atomwaffen Division , Tahrir al-Sham and the Guardians of Religion Organization as terrorist organisations. (SBS News) Australia designates the entirety of Hamas , including its political wing, as a terrorist organisation , and also designates Atomwaffen Division , Tahrir al-Sham and the Guardians of Religion Organization as terrorist organisations. (SBS News) Politics and elections The Kuwaiti Ministers of Defense and the Interior , both members of the ruling Al-Sabah family , resign. The resignations are accepted by the Emir , who appoints a different member of the Al-Sabah family and Mohammad al-Fares, the current Oil Minister , to their respective posts. (Reuters) The British government ends its immigrant investor programs , known as a Tier 1 (Investor) visa, with "immediate effect". The scheme was introduced in 2008 in order to encourage wealthy people from outside the European Union to invest in the United Kingdom . (BBC News) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis War in Donbas The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic order mandatory mass evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities, Donetsk and Luhansk . Around 700,000 people are expected to be evacuated to Russia with the first buses carrying civilians to the Russian border already travelling to Rostov Oblast . Russian President Vladimir Putin orders lump-sum allowances of 10,000 rubles (130 US dollars ) to be paid to refugees from Donbas . (MSN) (TASS) A UAZ-469 jeep is blown up outside of a building of the Donetsk People's Republic government in Donetsk city. No injuries are reported. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Russia confirms that the Druzhba pipeline is on fire in rebel -held Luhansk Oblast after a massive explosion cut off gas to almost a hundred households. Transit supplies to Europe were not affected and continue as usual. (Reuters) Additional explosions are reported in Luhansk. The Luhansk People's Republic authorities state that a gas station has been blown up. ( Metro ) ( National Post ) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis The British government relocates its embassy from Kyiv to the western Ukrainian city of Lviv , and again urges its citizens to leave the country while they still can. (Reuters) Estonia delivers a shipment of U.S. -made FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missiles to Ukraine. (Reuters) U.S. President Joe Biden says that Vladimir Putin will launch a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in the "coming days" and that Russian troops will try to capture the capital Kyiv . (Reuters) ( Mirror ) Anti-war protesters gather in Burlington , Vermont to call for a peaceful solution to the ongoing conflict amidst fears of a war with Ukraine. (MyChamplainValley.com) (WCAX-TV) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis War in Donbas The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic order mandatory mass evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities, Donetsk and Luhansk . Around 700,000 people are expected to be evacuated to Russia with the first buses carrying civilians to the Russian border already travelling to Rostov Oblast . Russian President Vladimir Putin orders lump-sum allowances of 10,000 rubles (130 US dollars ) to be paid to refugees from Donbas . (MSN) (TASS) A UAZ-469 jeep is blown up outside of a building of the Donetsk People's Republic government in Donetsk city. No injuries are reported. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Russia confirms that the Druzhba pipeline is on fire in rebel -held Luhansk Oblast after a massive explosion cut off gas to almost a hundred households. Transit supplies to Europe were not affected and continue as usual. (Reuters) Additional explosions are reported in Luhansk. The Luhansk People's Republic authorities state that a gas station has been blown up. ( Metro ) ( National Post ) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis The British government relocates its embassy from Kyiv to the western Ukrainian city of Lviv , and again urges its citizens to leave the country while they still can. (Reuters) Estonia delivers a shipment of U.S. -made FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missiles to Ukraine. (Reuters) U.S. President Joe Biden says that Vladimir Putin will launch a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in the "coming days" and that Russian troops will try to capture the capital Kyiv . (Reuters) ( Mirror ) Anti-war protesters gather in Burlington , Vermont to call for a peaceful solution to the ongoing conflict amidst fears of a war with Ukraine. (MyChamplainValley.com) (WCAX-TV) War in Donbas The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic order mandatory mass evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities, Donetsk and Luhansk . Around 700,000 people are expected to be evacuated to Russia with the first buses carrying civilians to the Russian border already travelling to Rostov Oblast . Russian President Vladimir Putin orders lump-sum allowances of 10,000 rubles (130 US dollars ) to be paid to refugees from Donbas . (MSN) (TASS) A UAZ-469 jeep is blown up outside of a building of the Donetsk People's Republic government in Donetsk city. No injuries are reported. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Russia confirms that the Druzhba pipeline is on fire in rebel -held Luhansk Oblast after a massive explosion cut off gas to almost a hundred households. Transit supplies to Europe were not affected and continue as usual. (Reuters) Additional explosions are reported in Luhansk. The Luhansk People's Republic authorities state that a gas station has been blown up. ( Metro ) ( National Post ) The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic order mandatory mass evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities, Donetsk and Luhansk . Around 700,000 people are expected to be evacuated to Russia with the first buses carrying civilians to the Russian border already travelling to Rostov Oblast . Russian President Vladimir Putin orders lump-sum allowances of 10,000 rubles (130 US dollars ) to be paid to refugees from Donbas . (MSN) (TASS) A UAZ-469 jeep is blown up outside of a building of the Donetsk People's Republic government in Donetsk city. No injuries are reported. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Russia confirms that the Druzhba pipeline is on fire in rebel -held Luhansk Oblast after a massive explosion cut off gas to almost a hundred households. Transit supplies to Europe were not affected and continue as usual. (Reuters) Additional explosions are reported in Luhansk. The Luhansk People's Republic authorities state that a gas station has been blown up. ( Metro ) ( National Post ) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis The British government relocates its embassy from Kyiv to the western Ukrainian city of Lviv , and again urges its citizens to leave the country while they still can. (Reuters) Estonia delivers a shipment of U.S. -made FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missiles to Ukraine. (Reuters) U.S. President Joe Biden says that Vladimir Putin will launch a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in the "coming days" and that Russian troops will try to capture the capital Kyiv . (Reuters) ( Mirror ) Anti-war protesters gather in Burlington , Vermont to call for a peaceful solution to the ongoing conflict amidst fears of a war with Ukraine. (MyChamplainValley.com) (WCAX-TV) The British government relocates its embassy from Kyiv to the western Ukrainian city of Lviv , and again urges its citizens to leave the country while they still can. (Reuters) Estonia delivers a shipment of U.S. -made FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missiles to Ukraine. (Reuters) U.S. President Joe Biden says that Vladimir Putin will launch a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in the "coming days" and that Russian troops will try to capture the capital Kyiv . (Reuters) ( Mirror ) Anti-war protesters gather in Burlington , Vermont to call for a peaceful solution to the ongoing conflict amidst fears of a war with Ukraine. (MyChamplainValley.com) (WCAX-TV) Mali War Eight Malian soldiers and 57 Islamist militants are killed during a gunfight in the Archam region, after 40 civilians were killed there during terrorist attacks last week. (Al Jazeera) Mali 's ruling military junta demands that French forces leave the country "without delay" after French President Emmanuel Macron announced a withdrawal of troops in an "orderly fashion" in the coming months. (France 24) Eight Malian soldiers and 57 Islamist militants are killed during a gunfight in the Archam region, after 40 civilians were killed there during terrorist attacks last week. (Al Jazeera) Mali 's ruling military junta demands that French forces leave the country "without delay" after French President Emmanuel Macron announced a withdrawal of troops in an "orderly fashion" in the coming months. (France 24) Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Denmark recalls its frigate HDMS Esbern Snare from the Gulf of Guinea following a request from NATO to increase readiness and contribute to deterrence in Europe . The warship has been conducting anti-piracy measures in the Gulf since October. ( The Local ) Denmark recalls its frigate HDMS Esbern Snare from the Gulf of Guinea following a request from NATO to increase readiness and contribute to deterrence in Europe . The warship has been conducting anti-piracy measures in the Gulf since October. ( The Local ) Iran–Israel proxy conflict Israel's Iron Dome fails to intercept a Hezbollah -operated military drone from Lebanon that penetrated seventy kilometers into Israeli airspace. The drone flew for forty minutes before returning to Lebanon. Israeli jets fly at very low altitude over Beirut in response to the incident. ( Times of Israel ) (ABC News) Israel's Iron Dome fails to intercept a Hezbollah -operated military drone from Lebanon that penetrated seventy kilometers into Israeli airspace. The drone flew for forty minutes before returning to Lebanon. Israeli jets fly at very low altitude over Beirut in response to the incident. ( Times of Israel ) (ABC News) Disasters and accidents 2021–22 European windstorm season At least seventeen people are killed in Belgium , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , Poland and the United Kingdom as Storm Eunice impacts northwestern Europe. Millions are also left without power. (BBC News) (Dutch News) (Euronews) England records a record wind gust of 122 mph (196 kmh) on the Isle of Wight in the English Channel . (Reuters) The Grain Power Station in Kent , England, goes offline following the collapse of one of its towers and the roof of The O2 Arena in London is severely damaged due to high winds. (BBC News) (ITV News) The roof of the ADO Den Haag Stadium , in The Hague , the Netherlands, is severely damaged. ( The Guardian ) At least seventeen people are killed in Belgium , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , Poland and the United Kingdom as Storm Eunice impacts northwestern Europe. Millions are also left without power. (BBC News) (Dutch News) (Euronews) England records a record wind gust of 122 mph (196 kmh) on the Isle of Wight in the English Channel . (Reuters) The Grain Power Station in Kent , England, goes offline following the collapse of one of its towers and the roof of The O2 Arena in London is severely damaged due to high winds. (BBC News) (ITV News) The roof of the ADO Den Haag Stadium , in The Hague , the Netherlands, is severely damaged. ( The Guardian ) Eleven people are missing after a ferry travelling between Greece and Italy catches fire. (Reuters) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 109,831 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.75 million. (Al Jazeera) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports a record 109,831 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.75 million. (Al Jazeera) South Korea reports a record 109,831 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 1.75 million. (Al Jazeera) International relations India–United Arab Emirates relations India and the United Arab Emirates sign a free trade agreement over digital goods, raw materials, and apparels. It is the first major trade deal signed by India since Prime Minister Narendra Modi came into power in 2014. (Moneycontrol) India and the United Arab Emirates sign a free trade agreement over digital goods, raw materials, and apparels. It is the first major trade deal signed by India since Prime Minister Narendra Modi came into power in 2014. (Moneycontrol) Poland–United States relations U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announces the sale of 250 M1 Abrams main battle tanks to Poland amid tensions with Russia . The Polish Land Forces will become the first European military to operate the American M1 Abrams. (Reuters) U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announces the sale of 250 M1 Abrams main battle tanks to Poland amid tensions with Russia . The Polish Land Forces will become the first European military to operate the American M1 Abrams. (Reuters) Law and crime Canada convoy protest The Ottawa Police Service makes over 100 arrests, including the arrest of protest organizer Pat King. Police accuse protestors of assaulting officers with one person being arrested after allegedly throwing a bicycle at a horse with a mounted officer on it. (CBC News) (MSN) The Ottawa Police Service makes over 100 arrests, including the arrest of protest organizer Pat King. Police accuse protestors of assaulting officers with one person being arrested after allegedly throwing a bicycle at a horse with a mounted officer on it. (CBC News) (MSN) Killing of Daunte Wright Former Minneapolis police officer Kim Potter is sentenced to 2 years in prison for the killing of Daunte Wright in April 2021. During the sentencing, Potter expressed condolences to Wright's family. ( ABC News ) Former Minneapolis police officer Kim Potter is sentenced to 2 years in prison for the killing of Daunte Wright in April 2021. During the sentencing, Potter expressed condolences to Wright's family. ( ABC News ) Sports 2022 Winter Olympics LGBT athletes in the Olympic and Paralympic Games Timothy LeDuc becomes the first openly non-binary athlete to compete at a Winter Olympics. They competed in figure skating with their skating partner Ashley Cain-Gribble for the United States. ( HuffPost ) LGBT athletes in the Olympic and Paralympic Games Timothy LeDuc becomes the first openly non-binary athlete to compete at a Winter Olympics. They competed in figure skating with their skating partner Ashley Cain-Gribble for the United States. ( HuffPost ) Timothy LeDuc becomes the first openly non-binary athlete to compete at a Winter Olympics. They competed in figure skating with their skating partner Ashley Cain-Gribble for the United States. ( HuffPost ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis War in Donbas The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic declare a full military mobilisation , a day after beginning to evacuate civilians to Russia . (Reuters) Two Ukrainian troops are killed and four others are injured by shelling from separatist forces . Separatists have opened fire on more than 30 settlements with artillery , according to the Ukrainian military . (Reuters) Russia launches an investigation following reports that shells landed inside Rostov Oblast , 2 km from the Russia–Ukraine border . At least one structure on a farm is reportedly destroyed. (Reuters) (TASS) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis British Prime Minister Boris Johnson says that Vladimir Putin is planning "the biggest war in Europe since 1945 " and that Russia intends to launch an invasion that will encircle the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv . (BBC News) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis War in Donbas The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic declare a full military mobilisation , a day after beginning to evacuate civilians to Russia . (Reuters) Two Ukrainian troops are killed and four others are injured by shelling from separatist forces . Separatists have opened fire on more than 30 settlements with artillery , according to the Ukrainian military . (Reuters) Russia launches an investigation following reports that shells landed inside Rostov Oblast , 2 km from the Russia–Ukraine border . At least one structure on a farm is reportedly destroyed. (Reuters) (TASS) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis British Prime Minister Boris Johnson says that Vladimir Putin is planning "the biggest war in Europe since 1945 " and that Russia intends to launch an invasion that will encircle the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv . (BBC News) War in Donbas The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic declare a full military mobilisation , a day after beginning to evacuate civilians to Russia . (Reuters) Two Ukrainian troops are killed and four others are injured by shelling from separatist forces . Separatists have opened fire on more than 30 settlements with artillery , according to the Ukrainian military . (Reuters) Russia launches an investigation following reports that shells landed inside Rostov Oblast , 2 km from the Russia–Ukraine border . At least one structure on a farm is reportedly destroyed. (Reuters) (TASS) The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic declare a full military mobilisation , a day after beginning to evacuate civilians to Russia . (Reuters) Two Ukrainian troops are killed and four others are injured by shelling from separatist forces . Separatists have opened fire on more than 30 settlements with artillery , according to the Ukrainian military . (Reuters) Russia launches an investigation following reports that shells landed inside Rostov Oblast , 2 km from the Russia–Ukraine border . At least one structure on a farm is reportedly destroyed. (Reuters) (TASS) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis British Prime Minister Boris Johnson says that Vladimir Putin is planning "the biggest war in Europe since 1945 " and that Russia intends to launch an invasion that will encircle the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv . (BBC News) British Prime Minister Boris Johnson says that Vladimir Putin is planning "the biggest war in Europe since 1945 " and that Russia intends to launch an invasion that will encircle the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv . (BBC News) Somali Civil War 2022 Beledweyne bombing Fourteen people are killed by an al-Shabaab suicide bomber at a restaurant in Beledweyne , Somalia . ( The Guardian ) 2022 Beledweyne bombing Fourteen people are killed by an al-Shabaab suicide bomber at a restaurant in Beledweyne , Somalia . ( The Guardian ) Fourteen people are killed by an al-Shabaab suicide bomber at a restaurant in Beledweyne , Somalia . ( The Guardian ) International relations International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russia–United States relations U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris warns that the United States will impose sanctions on Russia if it invades Ukraine . (NBC News) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy urges sanctions on Russia before a potential invasion occurs. (CBS News) Russia–United States relations U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris warns that the United States will impose sanctions on Russia if it invades Ukraine . (NBC News) U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris warns that the United States will impose sanctions on Russia if it invades Ukraine . (NBC News) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy urges sanctions on Russia before a potential invasion occurs. (CBS News) Law and crime Canada convoy protest Ottawa police continue clearing protesters on Parliament Hill . Over 170 people have been arrested since Thursday as part of an effort to end the protests. (NBC News) ( India Times ) Freedom Convoy demonstrators admit that the protests are near the end. ( The Washington Post ) Ottawa police continue clearing protesters on Parliament Hill . Over 170 people have been arrested since Thursday as part of an effort to end the protests. (NBC News) ( India Times ) Freedom Convoy demonstrators admit that the protests are near the end. ( The Washington Post ) Jeffrey Epstein associate Jean-Luc Brunel is found dead inside his cell at La Santé Prison in Paris . Brunel faced allegations of sexual assault spanning three decades and of participating in the sex trafficking ring run by Epstein. (Sky News) Sports 2022 Winter Olympics Slovakia at the 2022 Winter Olympics , Ice hockey at the 2022 Winter Olympics The Slovakia men's hockey team wins their first medal at the Winter Olympics after defeating Sweden in the men's tournament . ( The Hockey News ) Slovakia at the 2022 Winter Olympics , Ice hockey at the 2022 Winter Olympics The Slovakia men's hockey team wins their first medal at the Winter Olympics after defeating Sweden in the men's tournament . ( The Hockey News ) The Slovakia men's hockey team wins their first medal at the Winter Olympics after defeating Sweden in the men's tournament . ( The Hockey News ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Belarus–Russia relations Military exercises between Belarusian and Russian forces in Belarus are extended amid tensions with Ukraine. Around 30,000 Russian troops are currently stationed in Belarus, according to NATO . (Reuters) U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken says a decision by Russia and Belarus to extend military drills is Moscow following its "playbook" for an invasion of Ukraine. ( New York Post ) France–Russia relations Russian President Vladimir Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron announce that they will work toward a ceasefire agreement in order to avert war with Ukraine . ( Firstpost ) Russia–United States relations Biden has agreed "in principle" to meet with Putin in French-brokered summit talks as long as Russia does not invade Ukraine, the White House says. (CNN) The United States says it has intelligence indicating orders have been sent to Russian military commanders to proceed with an incursion on Ukraine. (NBC News) U.S. President Joe Biden holds a National Security Council meeting on the ongoing crisis. ( Barron's ) Following the meeting, Biden abruptly cancels plans to go to his home in Delaware for the Presidents' Day holiday. It is a rare occurrence for a U.S. president's travel plans to change in this manner, especially when the plans involve the president leaving Washington, D.C. (CNBC) Biden speaks with Macron on diplomacy with and deterrence efforts against Russia, after Macron and Putin agreed to work towards a ceasefire agreement between Russia and Ukraine. (Asian News International) Satellite imagery shows a shift in Russia's military deployment around Ukraine, with several units or troops deployed outside of bases or training grounds and some positioned along tree lines, according to an analysis by Maxar Technologies , who released the imagery. (CNA) War in Donbas The Luhansk People's Republic says that two civilians have been killed by Ukrainian military shelling in the village of Pionerskoye, near the Russia–Ukraine border . Five buildings were also destroyed. (TASS) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Belarus–Russia relations Military exercises between Belarusian and Russian forces in Belarus are extended amid tensions with Ukraine. Around 30,000 Russian troops are currently stationed in Belarus, according to NATO . (Reuters) U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken says a decision by Russia and Belarus to extend military drills is Moscow following its "playbook" for an invasion of Ukraine. ( New York Post ) France–Russia relations Russian President Vladimir Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron announce that they will work toward a ceasefire agreement in order to avert war with Ukraine . ( Firstpost ) Russia–United States relations Biden has agreed "in principle" to meet with Putin in French-brokered summit talks as long as Russia does not invade Ukraine, the White House says. (CNN) The United States says it has intelligence indicating orders have been sent to Russian military commanders to proceed with an incursion on Ukraine. (NBC News) U.S. President Joe Biden holds a National Security Council meeting on the ongoing crisis. ( Barron's ) Following the meeting, Biden abruptly cancels plans to go to his home in Delaware for the Presidents' Day holiday. It is a rare occurrence for a U.S. president's travel plans to change in this manner, especially when the plans involve the president leaving Washington, D.C. (CNBC) Biden speaks with Macron on diplomacy with and deterrence efforts against Russia, after Macron and Putin agreed to work towards a ceasefire agreement between Russia and Ukraine. (Asian News International) Satellite imagery shows a shift in Russia's military deployment around Ukraine, with several units or troops deployed outside of bases or training grounds and some positioned along tree lines, according to an analysis by Maxar Technologies , who released the imagery. (CNA) Belarus–Russia relations Military exercises between Belarusian and Russian forces in Belarus are extended amid tensions with Ukraine. Around 30,000 Russian troops are currently stationed in Belarus, according to NATO . (Reuters) U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken says a decision by Russia and Belarus to extend military drills is Moscow following its "playbook" for an invasion of Ukraine. ( New York Post ) Military exercises between Belarusian and Russian forces in Belarus are extended amid tensions with Ukraine. Around 30,000 Russian troops are currently stationed in Belarus, according to NATO . (Reuters) U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken says a decision by Russia and Belarus to extend military drills is Moscow following its "playbook" for an invasion of Ukraine. ( New York Post ) France–Russia relations Russian President Vladimir Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron announce that they will work toward a ceasefire agreement in order to avert war with Ukraine . ( Firstpost ) Russian President Vladimir Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron announce that they will work toward a ceasefire agreement in order to avert war with Ukraine . ( Firstpost ) Russia–United States relations Biden has agreed "in principle" to meet with Putin in French-brokered summit talks as long as Russia does not invade Ukraine, the White House says. (CNN) Biden has agreed "in principle" to meet with Putin in French-brokered summit talks as long as Russia does not invade Ukraine, the White House says. (CNN) The United States says it has intelligence indicating orders have been sent to Russian military commanders to proceed with an incursion on Ukraine. (NBC News) U.S. President Joe Biden holds a National Security Council meeting on the ongoing crisis. ( Barron's ) Following the meeting, Biden abruptly cancels plans to go to his home in Delaware for the Presidents' Day holiday. It is a rare occurrence for a U.S. president's travel plans to change in this manner, especially when the plans involve the president leaving Washington, D.C. (CNBC) Biden speaks with Macron on diplomacy with and deterrence efforts against Russia, after Macron and Putin agreed to work towards a ceasefire agreement between Russia and Ukraine. (Asian News International) Satellite imagery shows a shift in Russia's military deployment around Ukraine, with several units or troops deployed outside of bases or training grounds and some positioned along tree lines, according to an analysis by Maxar Technologies , who released the imagery. (CNA) War in Donbas The Luhansk People's Republic says that two civilians have been killed by Ukrainian military shelling in the village of Pionerskoye, near the Russia–Ukraine border . Five buildings were also destroyed. (TASS) The Luhansk People's Republic says that two civilians have been killed by Ukrainian military shelling in the village of Pionerskoye, near the Russia–Ukraine border . Five buildings were also destroyed. (TASS) Australia–China relations Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton reveals that a Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy destroyer fired at a Royal Australian Air Force Boeing P-8 Poseidon over the exclusive economic zone of Australia with a military-grade laser weapon as the ship transited through the Arafura Sea last week. (Sky News Australia) Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton reveals that a Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy destroyer fired at a Royal Australian Air Force Boeing P-8 Poseidon over the exclusive economic zone of Australia with a military-grade laser weapon as the ship transited through the Arafura Sea last week. (Sky News Australia) Seven children are killed and five more are injured during a Nigerian Air Force airstrike in the Maradi region of Niger . The army reported that the airstrike was the result of "a mistake on the border". (Al Jazeera) Business and economy Suisse secrets Leaked data from Credit Suisse exposes the identities of over 30,000 of the bank 's clients whose anonymous numbered Swiss bank accounts , which collectively held over $100 billion, had allowed them to keep their identities secret . Its clients included heads of state (such as king Abdullah II of Jordan ), human rights abusers, drug traffickers , intelligence officials , and individuals under sanctions or involved in financial crimes such as tax evasion or corruption, among others. The secret data from Switzerland 's second largest bank was leaked about 1 year ago to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and was analyzed by the non-profit Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) and 46 other news organizations, including The New York Times , Le Monde and The Guardian . (Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project) (AP) ( The Guardian ) ( The New York Times ) Leaked data from Credit Suisse exposes the identities of over 30,000 of the bank 's clients whose anonymous numbered Swiss bank accounts , which collectively held over $100 billion, had allowed them to keep their identities secret . Its clients included heads of state (such as king Abdullah II of Jordan ), human rights abusers, drug traffickers , intelligence officials , and individuals under sanctions or involved in financial crimes such as tax evasion or corruption, among others. The secret data from Switzerland 's second largest bank was leaked about 1 year ago to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and was analyzed by the non-profit Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) and 46 other news organizations, including The New York Times , Le Monde and The Guardian . (Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project) (AP) ( The Guardian ) ( The New York Times ) The controversial Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam begins producing electricity , with Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed attending the inauguration of the dam. (Al Jazeera) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Italy COVID-19 vaccination in Italy The Italian Health ministry recommends that severely immunocompromised people should receive a fourth dose of the mRNA -based COVID-19 vaccine at least 120 days after receiving their previous booster. ( U.S. News & World Report ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II tests positive for COVID-19 with "mild cold -like symptoms". (BBC News) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in California COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area The Point Bonita Lighthouse , a lighthouse located at the Marin Headlands near Sausalito , reopens to visitors for the first time after two years of closure due to the pandemic . (CBS News) COVID-19 pandemic in Europe COVID-19 pandemic in Italy COVID-19 vaccination in Italy The Italian Health ministry recommends that severely immunocompromised people should receive a fourth dose of the mRNA -based COVID-19 vaccine at least 120 days after receiving their previous booster. ( U.S. News & World Report ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II tests positive for COVID-19 with "mild cold -like symptoms". (BBC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Italy COVID-19 vaccination in Italy The Italian Health ministry recommends that severely immunocompromised people should receive a fourth dose of the mRNA -based COVID-19 vaccine at least 120 days after receiving their previous booster. ( U.S. News & World Report ) COVID-19 vaccination in Italy The Italian Health ministry recommends that severely immunocompromised people should receive a fourth dose of the mRNA -based COVID-19 vaccine at least 120 days after receiving their previous booster. ( U.S. News & World Report ) The Italian Health ministry recommends that severely immunocompromised people should receive a fourth dose of the mRNA -based COVID-19 vaccine at least 120 days after receiving their previous booster. ( U.S. News & World Report ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II tests positive for COVID-19 with "mild cold -like symptoms". (BBC News) Queen Elizabeth II tests positive for COVID-19 with "mild cold -like symptoms". (BBC News) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in California COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area The Point Bonita Lighthouse , a lighthouse located at the Marin Headlands near Sausalito , reopens to visitors for the first time after two years of closure due to the pandemic . (CBS News) COVID-19 pandemic in California COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area The Point Bonita Lighthouse , a lighthouse located at the Marin Headlands near Sausalito , reopens to visitors for the first time after two years of closure due to the pandemic . (CBS News) COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area The Point Bonita Lighthouse , a lighthouse located at the Marin Headlands near Sausalito , reopens to visitors for the first time after two years of closure due to the pandemic . (CBS News) The Point Bonita Lighthouse , a lighthouse located at the Marin Headlands near Sausalito , reopens to visitors for the first time after two years of closure due to the pandemic . (CBS News) International relations Cross-Strait relations Taiwan announces that its army will conduct live military drills next month which will simulate an invasion attempt of its islets of Dongyin and Kinmen , and its coast guard will conduct similar drills near Pratas Island , amid rising tensions between Taiwan and China . ( South China Morning Post ) Taiwan announces that its army will conduct live military drills next month which will simulate an invasion attempt of its islets of Dongyin and Kinmen , and its coast guard will conduct similar drills near Pratas Island , amid rising tensions between Taiwan and China . ( South China Morning Post ) Nepal–United States relations , Millennium Challenge Corporation's Nepal Compact Hundreds of protestors gather outside the Nepalese parliament in Kathmandu in order to protest a United States grant from the Millennium Challenge Corporation for infrastructure projects, stating the deal undermines Nepal 's sovereignty. Several protesters are injured following clashes with police . (BBC News) Hundreds of protestors gather outside the Nepalese parliament in Kathmandu in order to protest a United States grant from the Millennium Challenge Corporation for infrastructure projects, stating the deal undermines Nepal 's sovereignty. Several protesters are injured following clashes with police . (BBC News) Sports 2022 Winter Olympics The closing ceremony for the Winter Olympics is held in Beijing . (NPR) The closing ceremony for the Winter Olympics is held in Beijing . (NPR) 2022 NASCAR Cup Series Rookie Austin Cindric wins the 64th running of the Daytona 500 , becoming the ninth driver to score his first career Cup Series victory in the event. (Fox Sports) Rookie Austin Cindric wins the 64th running of the Daytona 500 , becoming the ninth driver to score his first career Cup Series victory in the event. (Fox Sports) Juwan Howard , head coach of the Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team , strikes Joe Krabbenhoft , assistant coach of the Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team , in an altercation following a 76–61 loss to the Badgers. Howard says Greg Gard , the Badgers' head coach, touched him in the handshake line, and that he was also upset that Gard had called a timeout with 20 seconds left in the game, which Gard had done to avoid a 10-second violation . ( Sports Illustrated ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic The European Union says it is prepared to issue sanctions against Russia if the country recognizes the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic , breakaway regions of Ukraine that declared independence in 2014. Ukraine considers the quasi-states terrorist organizations. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin signs decrees recognising the independence of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic with immediate effect. He also asks the parliament to ratify the treaties on friendship and mutual aid with the breakaway territories . (BBC News) ( Axios ) (CNN) President Putin addresses the nation and declares that Ukraine is a country with "no tradition of independent statehood and an artificial creation of Soviet Union founder Vladimir Lenin ", and that the country has become a " U.S. puppet regime rife with corruption ". He also reiterates his claim that Ukraine joining NATO would be a security risk to Russia. (Reuters) (CNN International) (Sputnik) Russian Armed Forces are deployed to the separatist republics of Donetsk and Luhansk for a "peacekeeping mission", shortly after Russia recognized the independence of the republics. ( Axios ) A senior U.S. official says Russian troops could move into the separatist regions of Ukraine by the end of the day. (CNN) A large column of military vehicles , including tanks, is reported on the outskirts of Donetsk city hours after Russia formally recognised the self-proclaimed republic as an independent state. (Reuters) Russia says that it has killed five Ukrainian soldiers who tried to infiltrate its territory. Ukraine disputes the claim as " fake news ". (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis The U.S. State Department evacuates its remaining diplomats in Ukraine to Poland . ( The Straits Times ) National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan states that the United States will rally the international community to hold Russia accountable should it invade Ukraine. (CBS News) The U.S. says it will impose sanctions on the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in response to Putin recognizing their independence and sovereignty. ( The Guardian ) War in Donbas Separatist forces shell the village of Zaitseve , Donetsk Oblast , killing two Ukrainian soldiers and a civilian. ( The Times of Israel ) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic The European Union says it is prepared to issue sanctions against Russia if the country recognizes the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic , breakaway regions of Ukraine that declared independence in 2014. Ukraine considers the quasi-states terrorist organizations. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin signs decrees recognising the independence of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic with immediate effect. He also asks the parliament to ratify the treaties on friendship and mutual aid with the breakaway territories . (BBC News) ( Axios ) (CNN) President Putin addresses the nation and declares that Ukraine is a country with "no tradition of independent statehood and an artificial creation of Soviet Union founder Vladimir Lenin ", and that the country has become a " U.S. puppet regime rife with corruption ". He also reiterates his claim that Ukraine joining NATO would be a security risk to Russia. (Reuters) (CNN International) (Sputnik) Russian Armed Forces are deployed to the separatist republics of Donetsk and Luhansk for a "peacekeeping mission", shortly after Russia recognized the independence of the republics. ( Axios ) A senior U.S. official says Russian troops could move into the separatist regions of Ukraine by the end of the day. (CNN) A large column of military vehicles , including tanks, is reported on the outskirts of Donetsk city hours after Russia formally recognised the self-proclaimed republic as an independent state. (Reuters) Russia says that it has killed five Ukrainian soldiers who tried to infiltrate its territory. Ukraine disputes the claim as " fake news ". (Reuters) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic The European Union says it is prepared to issue sanctions against Russia if the country recognizes the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic , breakaway regions of Ukraine that declared independence in 2014. Ukraine considers the quasi-states terrorist organizations. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin signs decrees recognising the independence of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic with immediate effect. He also asks the parliament to ratify the treaties on friendship and mutual aid with the breakaway territories . (BBC News) ( Axios ) (CNN) President Putin addresses the nation and declares that Ukraine is a country with "no tradition of independent statehood and an artificial creation of Soviet Union founder Vladimir Lenin ", and that the country has become a " U.S. puppet regime rife with corruption ". He also reiterates his claim that Ukraine joining NATO would be a security risk to Russia. (Reuters) (CNN International) (Sputnik) The European Union says it is prepared to issue sanctions against Russia if the country recognizes the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic , breakaway regions of Ukraine that declared independence in 2014. Ukraine considers the quasi-states terrorist organizations. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin signs decrees recognising the independence of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic with immediate effect. He also asks the parliament to ratify the treaties on friendship and mutual aid with the breakaway territories . (BBC News) ( Axios ) (CNN) President Putin addresses the nation and declares that Ukraine is a country with "no tradition of independent statehood and an artificial creation of Soviet Union founder Vladimir Lenin ", and that the country has become a " U.S. puppet regime rife with corruption ". He also reiterates his claim that Ukraine joining NATO would be a security risk to Russia. (Reuters) (CNN International) (Sputnik) Russian Armed Forces are deployed to the separatist republics of Donetsk and Luhansk for a "peacekeeping mission", shortly after Russia recognized the independence of the republics. ( Axios ) A senior U.S. official says Russian troops could move into the separatist regions of Ukraine by the end of the day. (CNN) A large column of military vehicles , including tanks, is reported on the outskirts of Donetsk city hours after Russia formally recognised the self-proclaimed republic as an independent state. (Reuters) Russia says that it has killed five Ukrainian soldiers who tried to infiltrate its territory. Ukraine disputes the claim as " fake news ". (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis The U.S. State Department evacuates its remaining diplomats in Ukraine to Poland . ( The Straits Times ) National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan states that the United States will rally the international community to hold Russia accountable should it invade Ukraine. (CBS News) The U.S. says it will impose sanctions on the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in response to Putin recognizing their independence and sovereignty. ( The Guardian ) The U.S. State Department evacuates its remaining diplomats in Ukraine to Poland . ( The Straits Times ) National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan states that the United States will rally the international community to hold Russia accountable should it invade Ukraine. (CBS News) The U.S. says it will impose sanctions on the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in response to Putin recognizing their independence and sovereignty. ( The Guardian ) War in Donbas Separatist forces shell the village of Zaitseve , Donetsk Oblast , killing two Ukrainian soldiers and a civilian. ( The Times of Israel ) Separatist forces shell the village of Zaitseve , Donetsk Oblast , killing two Ukrainian soldiers and a civilian. ( The Times of Israel ) Business and economy Suisse secrets In response to yesterday's leak of client data from Credit Suisse , Switzerland 's second largest bank , the EU 's European Commission is asked to "re-evaluate Switzerland as a high-risk money-laundering country" by the European People's Party , which is the group with the largest number of seats in the European Parliament . (Reuters) In response to yesterday's leak of client data from Credit Suisse , Switzerland 's second largest bank , the EU 's European Commission is asked to "re-evaluate Switzerland as a high-risk money-laundering country" by the European People's Party , which is the group with the largest number of seats in the European Parliament . (Reuters) Disasters and accidents Gbomblora explosion At least 63 people are killed and 40 others injured by an explosion at a gold mine in Gbomblora , Poni , Burkina Faso . (Reuters) At least 63 people are killed and 40 others injured by an explosion at a gold mine in Gbomblora , Poni , Burkina Faso . (Reuters) An Iranian F-5 jet crashes into a school in Tabriz , East Azerbaijan Province , killing both pilots as well as a person on the ground. (Reuters) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 7,533 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the total number of confirmed cases in the territory to 60,383. ( The Standard ) COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan Jordanian Prime Minister Bisher Al-Khasawneh tested positive for COVID-19 while leading his country delegation in Cairo . (AP) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea surpasses 2 million COVID-19 cases. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom COVID-19 pandemic in England British Prime Minister Boris Johnson says that he is lifting domestic coronavirus restrictions in England, including the legal requirement for people with COVID-19 to self-isolate, from February 24. As part of the plan, free self-testing will end by April 1. ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa , COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa South Africa changes its COVID-19 vaccination rules to allow mixing of vaccines between the Pfizer–BioNTech and Janssen COVID-19 vaccines for second and third doses and also reduces the interval between the second and third doses of the Pfizer vaccine in order to increase the country's vaccination rate. (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 7,533 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the total number of confirmed cases in the territory to 60,383. ( The Standard ) COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan Jordanian Prime Minister Bisher Al-Khasawneh tested positive for COVID-19 while leading his country delegation in Cairo . (AP) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea surpasses 2 million COVID-19 cases. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 7,533 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the total number of confirmed cases in the territory to 60,383. ( The Standard ) Hong Kong reports a record 7,533 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the total number of confirmed cases in the territory to 60,383. ( The Standard ) COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan Jordanian Prime Minister Bisher Al-Khasawneh tested positive for COVID-19 while leading his country delegation in Cairo . (AP) Jordanian Prime Minister Bisher Al-Khasawneh tested positive for COVID-19 while leading his country delegation in Cairo . (AP) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea surpasses 2 million COVID-19 cases. ( The Korea Herald ) South Korea surpasses 2 million COVID-19 cases. ( The Korea Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom COVID-19 pandemic in England British Prime Minister Boris Johnson says that he is lifting domestic coronavirus restrictions in England, including the legal requirement for people with COVID-19 to self-isolate, from February 24. As part of the plan, free self-testing will end by April 1. ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) COVID-19 pandemic in England British Prime Minister Boris Johnson says that he is lifting domestic coronavirus restrictions in England, including the legal requirement for people with COVID-19 to self-isolate, from February 24. As part of the plan, free self-testing will end by April 1. ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) British Prime Minister Boris Johnson says that he is lifting domestic coronavirus restrictions in England, including the legal requirement for people with COVID-19 to self-isolate, from February 24. As part of the plan, free self-testing will end by April 1. ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa , COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa South Africa changes its COVID-19 vaccination rules to allow mixing of vaccines between the Pfizer–BioNTech and Janssen COVID-19 vaccines for second and third doses and also reduces the interval between the second and third doses of the Pfizer vaccine in order to increase the country's vaccination rate. (CNA) South Africa changes its COVID-19 vaccination rules to allow mixing of vaccines between the Pfizer–BioNTech and Janssen COVID-19 vaccines for second and third doses and also reduces the interval between the second and third doses of the Pfizer vaccine in order to increase the country's vaccination rate. (CNA) International relations Israel–Morocco relations Morocco 's trade minister, Ryad Mezzour, and Israel 's economy minister, Orna Barbivai , sign a trade deal in Rabat . ( National Post ) Morocco 's trade minister, Ryad Mezzour, and Israel 's economy minister, Orna Barbivai , sign a trade deal in Rabat . ( National Post ) China–United States relations Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin announces that China will sanction American defense contractors Lockheed Martin and Raytheon after the United States approved a US$ 100 million missile defense repair deal between the two companies and Taiwan . (Al Jazeera English) Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin announces that China will sanction American defense contractors Lockheed Martin and Raytheon after the United States approved a US$ 100 million missile defense repair deal between the two companies and Taiwan . (Al Jazeera English) Law and crime Abortion in Colombia The Constitutional Court decriminalizes abortion in all cases for up to six months of gestation, and removes time limits in cases of rape, fetal defects , or if the mother's life is in danger. (Reuters) The Constitutional Court decriminalizes abortion in all cases for up to six months of gestation, and removes time limits in cases of rape, fetal defects , or if the mother's life is in danger. (Reuters) Politics and elections Aftermath of the 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état Burkinabé President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba orders an inquiry into the deaths of two civilians during last month's coup d'état . (Agence France-Presse via Barron's ) Burkinabé President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba orders an inquiry into the deaths of two civilians during last month's coup d'état . (Agence France-Presse via Barron's ) Science and technology Social media use by Donald Trump Former U.S. President Donald Trump 's Truth Social app launches in the Apple Store . ( The Guardian ) Former U.S. President Donald Trump 's Truth Social app launches in the Apple Store . ( The Guardian ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Syria voices support for Russia 's recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Anti-war protesters gather at the Russian Embassy in Berlin , Germany , to oppose President Vladimir Putin 's decision to send soldiers to separatist regions in Ukraine . (CTV News) Protesters also gather at the Russian Embassy in Kyiv to protest ongoing tensions between Russia and Ukraine. ( Firstpost ) The United States calls the Russian troop deployments in eastern Ukraine "an invasion". (CTV News) The Russian parliament ratifies the friendship and cooperation treaties with the DPR and LPR, following Putin's request made the previous day. (TASS) The foreign ministers of European Union member states agree on a package of new sanctions against Russia. (Al Jazeera) Germany suspends the Nord Stream 2 project in response to Russia 's recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. (Deutsche Welle) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Syria voices support for Russia 's recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. (Reuters) Syria voices support for Russia 's recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Anti-war protesters gather at the Russian Embassy in Berlin , Germany , to oppose President Vladimir Putin 's decision to send soldiers to separatist regions in Ukraine . (CTV News) Protesters also gather at the Russian Embassy in Kyiv to protest ongoing tensions between Russia and Ukraine. ( Firstpost ) The United States calls the Russian troop deployments in eastern Ukraine "an invasion". (CTV News) The Russian parliament ratifies the friendship and cooperation treaties with the DPR and LPR, following Putin's request made the previous day. (TASS) The foreign ministers of European Union member states agree on a package of new sanctions against Russia. (Al Jazeera) Anti-war protesters gather at the Russian Embassy in Berlin , Germany , to oppose President Vladimir Putin 's decision to send soldiers to separatist regions in Ukraine . (CTV News) Protesters also gather at the Russian Embassy in Kyiv to protest ongoing tensions between Russia and Ukraine. ( Firstpost ) The United States calls the Russian troop deployments in eastern Ukraine "an invasion". (CTV News) The Russian parliament ratifies the friendship and cooperation treaties with the DPR and LPR, following Putin's request made the previous day. (TASS) The foreign ministers of European Union member states agree on a package of new sanctions against Russia. (Al Jazeera) Germany suspends the Nord Stream 2 project in response to Russia 's recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. (Deutsche Welle) The U.N. Security Council unanimously passes a resolution declaring that Iraq is no longer required to pay out to victims of its 1990 invasion of Kuwait . Iraq had paid out US$ 50 billion to 1.4 million claimants, including one claim to the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation that totaled US$14.7 billion, by the time of the resolution's passage. ( Toronto Star ) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam announces a citywide testing campaign due to surge of the cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant . It is planned to test each citizen three times during the campaign. (ABC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Singapore reports a record 26,032 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 622,293. (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam announces a citywide testing campaign due to surge of the cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant . It is planned to test each citizen three times during the campaign. (ABC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Singapore reports a record 26,032 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 622,293. (CNA) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam announces a citywide testing campaign due to surge of the cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant . It is planned to test each citizen three times during the campaign. (ABC News) Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam announces a citywide testing campaign due to surge of the cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant . It is planned to test each citizen three times during the campaign. (ABC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Singapore reports a record 26,032 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 622,293. (CNA) Singapore reports a record 26,032 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 622,293. (CNA) Law and crime Aftermath of the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks A public inquiry into the 2020 shootings in Nova Scotia , Canada , that killed 22 people is opened. (CBC News) A public inquiry into the 2020 shootings in Nova Scotia , Canada , that killed 22 people is opened. (CBC News) Persecution of Christians in North Korea , Religion in North Korea A South Korean state commission confirms that retreating North Korean soldiers murdered over 1,150 South Korean Christian civilians in the early stages of the Korean War due to a state anti-religion campaign. ( The Korea Times ) A South Korean state commission confirms that retreating North Korean soldiers murdered over 1,150 South Korean Christian civilians in the early stages of the Korean War due to a state anti-religion campaign. ( The Korea Times ) Politics and elections 20th National Congress of the People's Party (Spain) The secretary general of the People's Party , Teodoro García Egea , resigns after a scandal over alleged spying on the President of the Community of Madrid Isabel Díaz Ayuso . (Swissinfo) The secretary general of the People's Party , Teodoro García Egea , resigns after a scandal over alleged spying on the President of the Community of Madrid Isabel Díaz Ayuso . (Swissinfo) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Ukraine announces the mobilization of its military reserves with a maximum service length of one year for reservists between the ages of 18 and 60 years. ( The Hill ) Ukraine urges all citizens to leave Russia immediately, following an increase in tensions in the region. (MSN) Ukraine closes its civilian airspace nationwide due to potential hazards. (Reuters) Russia closes its airspace in a region to the east of its border with Ukraine. (FlightGlobal) 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Ukraine announces the mobilization of its military reserves with a maximum service length of one year for reservists between the ages of 18 and 60 years. ( The Hill ) Ukraine urges all citizens to leave Russia immediately, following an increase in tensions in the region. (MSN) Ukraine closes its civilian airspace nationwide due to potential hazards. (Reuters) Russia closes its airspace in a region to the east of its border with Ukraine. (FlightGlobal) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Ukraine announces the mobilization of its military reserves with a maximum service length of one year for reservists between the ages of 18 and 60 years. ( The Hill ) Ukraine urges all citizens to leave Russia immediately, following an increase in tensions in the region. (MSN) Ukraine closes its civilian airspace nationwide due to potential hazards. (Reuters) Russia closes its airspace in a region to the east of its border with Ukraine. (FlightGlobal) Ukraine announces the mobilization of its military reserves with a maximum service length of one year for reservists between the ages of 18 and 60 years. ( The Hill ) Ukraine urges all citizens to leave Russia immediately, following an increase in tensions in the region. (MSN) Ukraine closes its civilian airspace nationwide due to potential hazards. (Reuters) Russia closes its airspace in a region to the east of its border with Ukraine. (FlightGlobal) Arts and culture Tunisia announces that they will remove Death on the Nile from theaters over Gal Gadot ’s role in the film and her normalization of Israel . (Al Mayadeen) Business and economy 2021–2022 global energy crisis Brent Crude oil reaches its highest price since its 2014 peak, at $ 99 per barrel, amid rising tensions between Russia and Ukraine . (BBC News) Brent Crude oil reaches its highest price since its 2014 peak, at $ 99 per barrel, amid rising tensions between Russia and Ukraine . (BBC News) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea South Korea approves the use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children between the ages of 5 and 11 years. (AP) South Korea reports a record 171,452 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 2,329,182. ( The Straits Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia , COVID-19 vaccination in Cambodia Cambodia begins its COVID-19 vaccination rollout for children over the age of three years, becoming the world's first country to administer vaccines for children under the age of five years. ( Bangkok Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 8,674 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 75,248. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Canada , COVID-19 drug development The Canadian government signs an agreement with AstraZeneca to procure 100,000 doses of the Evushield COVID-19 antibody therapy for use in high-risk patients. (CTV News) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea South Korea approves the use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children between the ages of 5 and 11 years. (AP) South Korea reports a record 171,452 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 2,329,182. ( The Straits Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia , COVID-19 vaccination in Cambodia Cambodia begins its COVID-19 vaccination rollout for children over the age of three years, becoming the world's first country to administer vaccines for children under the age of five years. ( Bangkok Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 8,674 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 75,248. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea South Korea approves the use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children between the ages of 5 and 11 years. (AP) South Korea reports a record 171,452 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 2,329,182. ( The Straits Times ) COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea South Korea approves the use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children between the ages of 5 and 11 years. (AP) South Korea approves the use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children between the ages of 5 and 11 years. (AP) South Korea reports a record 171,452 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 2,329,182. ( The Straits Times ) COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia , COVID-19 vaccination in Cambodia Cambodia begins its COVID-19 vaccination rollout for children over the age of three years, becoming the world's first country to administer vaccines for children under the age of five years. ( Bangkok Post ) Cambodia begins its COVID-19 vaccination rollout for children over the age of three years, becoming the world's first country to administer vaccines for children under the age of five years. ( Bangkok Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 8,674 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 75,248. ( South China Morning Post ) Hong Kong reports a record 8,674 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the territory-wide total of confirmed cases to 75,248. ( South China Morning Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Canada , COVID-19 drug development The Canadian government signs an agreement with AstraZeneca to procure 100,000 doses of the Evushield COVID-19 antibody therapy for use in high-risk patients. (CTV News) The Canadian government signs an agreement with AstraZeneca to procure 100,000 doses of the Evushield COVID-19 antibody therapy for use in high-risk patients. (CTV News) Politics and elections Canada convoy protest Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau revokes the state of emergency that was declared under the Emergencies Act on February 14. (Reuters) Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau revokes the state of emergency that was declared under the Emergencies Act on February 14. (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Battle of Chernobyl Russian troops enter the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone . Ukraine says that Russian forces have captured the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls the attack on Chernobyl a "declaration of war on all of Europe". ( Daily Sabah ) ( The Independent ) (Unian) Attack on Snake Island Ukraine reports that Russian Navy warships have attacked Snake Island near the Danube Delta . (IndiaTV) Battle of Sumy Russian troops enter Sumy and take control of the road leading from Kyiv to Moscow . Battles for strategic cities on the railway to Sumy are also underway. ( Novoye Vremya ) Battle of Antonov Airport Russian gunships bombard Hostomel Airport near Kyiv. Ukraine says that three helicopters were shot down in defence. Russian Airborne Forces seized control of the airport, but the Ukrainian Ground Forces have recaptured the airport. ( The Moscow Times ) (Reuters) (Ukrinform) An-225 Mriya , the largest aircraft in the world by weight and by wingspan , is destroyed during a Russian air strike on the suburb of Kyiv . The plane did not manage to leave Hostomel before hostilities began. (Radio Liberty Ukraine) Battle of Kyiv , Kyiv Offensive The Mayor of Kyiv , Vitali Klitschko , announces a curfew in the capital from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin orders a military operation to " demilitarise and denazify " Ukraine . Putin also warns of "consequences you have never seen in history" for anyone who tries to interfere or "create threats for our country". (CNN) (AP) Ukraine confirms that Russian Ground Forces have entered Luhansk , Sumy , Kharkiv , Kherson , Chernihiv , and Zhytomyr Oblasts and have also crossed the border from occupied Crimea . Russian troops also attack the port cities of Odesa and Mariupol in amphibious landings . (CNN) ( The Business Standard ) Russia announces that they have taken control of the North Crimean Canal in the Kherson Oblast and have restored the supply of water to Crimea. (Reuters) Russian ballistic and cruise missiles strike multiple Ukrainian cities and airfields, with eighteen people being killed in Odesa . A missile also strikes the Ministry of Defence intelligence headquarters in Kyiv . (CNN) (NDTV) (Reuters) A Ukrainian Air Force Antonov An-26 is shot down and crashes in Obukhiv , killing five crew members, according to the State Emergency Service of Ukraine . (Interfax) An attack on a military unit in Podilsk kills six civilians and injures seven others. (BBC News) Ukraine's military reports that at least 137 of its soldiers have been killed in Eastern Ukraine , with a senior Ukrainian government official estimating that hundreds of Ukrainian troops have been killed by airstrikes . Ukraine's military also says that 50 Russian soldiers have been killed in action . ( The Wall Street Journal ) (CNN) ( The Guardian ) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy declares martial law across the country in response to the invasion. Zelenskyy also orders a general military mobilization of fit-to-serve Ukrainian citizens, with men between the ages of 18 and 60 years prohibited from leaving the country. (TASS) (CNN) The Russian Armed Forces says that its "lightning offensive" has crippled the Ukrainian military and suppressed its air defense systems. However, the Ukrainian Air Force says that it is repelling Russian invaders. (TASS) (BBC News) The Russian Defence Ministry says that it has destroyed 83 Ukrainian "above-ground military facilities", including 11 aerodromes . (Reuters) Ukraine says that it has shot down six Russian warplanes and two helicopters, and destroyed dozens of enemy armored vehicles, according to its Joint Centre of Control and Coordination . However, Russian military representatives deny the claims. (Mil.gov.ua) ( Firstpost ) Russia says that two Russian civilian ships have been hit by anti-ship missiles in the Sea of Azov , causing multiple deaths. Russia subsequently restricts access for civilian vessels on the Sea of Azov. (Ynet) (Reuters) A Turkish -owned vessel is bombed off the coast of Odesa, according to Turkey's Directorate General of Coastal Safety . No casualties are reported. ( Daily Sabah ) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Russia–NATO relations Romania , Poland , and the Baltic states agree to trigger article 4 of NATO 's North Atlantic Treaty in response to Russian aggression. (ERR) (Digi24) German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock states that Germany will "launch the full package with the most massive sanctions against Russia." (EURACTIV) Russia–Ukraine relations Ukraine suspends diplomatic relations with Russia in response to the invasion. ( The Times of Israel ) Lithuanian president Gitanas Nausėda announces that he will sign a decree declaring a state of emergency and asks Seimas to ratify it in an extraordinary session. (ERR) Moldova declares a state of emergency in response to the invasion. Hundreds of Ukrainians are crossing the border , according to President Maia Sandu . ( National Post ) Ukraine , Belarus and Moldova close their airspaces to commercial aircraft. (ABC News Australia) (Reuters) U.S. President Joe Biden orders Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin to send 7,000 troops to Germany in order to assist NATO allies. (Reuters) ( Army Times ) 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Battle of Chernobyl Russian troops enter the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone . Ukraine says that Russian forces have captured the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls the attack on Chernobyl a "declaration of war on all of Europe". ( Daily Sabah ) ( The Independent ) (Unian) Attack on Snake Island Ukraine reports that Russian Navy warships have attacked Snake Island near the Danube Delta . (IndiaTV) Battle of Sumy Russian troops enter Sumy and take control of the road leading from Kyiv to Moscow . Battles for strategic cities on the railway to Sumy are also underway. ( Novoye Vremya ) Battle of Antonov Airport Russian gunships bombard Hostomel Airport near Kyiv. Ukraine says that three helicopters were shot down in defence. Russian Airborne Forces seized control of the airport, but the Ukrainian Ground Forces have recaptured the airport. ( The Moscow Times ) (Reuters) (Ukrinform) An-225 Mriya , the largest aircraft in the world by weight and by wingspan , is destroyed during a Russian air strike on the suburb of Kyiv . The plane did not manage to leave Hostomel before hostilities began. (Radio Liberty Ukraine) Battle of Kyiv , Kyiv Offensive The Mayor of Kyiv , Vitali Klitschko , announces a curfew in the capital from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin orders a military operation to " demilitarise and denazify " Ukraine . Putin also warns of "consequences you have never seen in history" for anyone who tries to interfere or "create threats for our country". (CNN) (AP) Ukraine confirms that Russian Ground Forces have entered Luhansk , Sumy , Kharkiv , Kherson , Chernihiv , and Zhytomyr Oblasts and have also crossed the border from occupied Crimea . Russian troops also attack the port cities of Odesa and Mariupol in amphibious landings . (CNN) ( The Business Standard ) Russia announces that they have taken control of the North Crimean Canal in the Kherson Oblast and have restored the supply of water to Crimea. (Reuters) Russian ballistic and cruise missiles strike multiple Ukrainian cities and airfields, with eighteen people being killed in Odesa . A missile also strikes the Ministry of Defence intelligence headquarters in Kyiv . (CNN) (NDTV) (Reuters) A Ukrainian Air Force Antonov An-26 is shot down and crashes in Obukhiv , killing five crew members, according to the State Emergency Service of Ukraine . (Interfax) An attack on a military unit in Podilsk kills six civilians and injures seven others. (BBC News) Ukraine's military reports that at least 137 of its soldiers have been killed in Eastern Ukraine , with a senior Ukrainian government official estimating that hundreds of Ukrainian troops have been killed by airstrikes . Ukraine's military also says that 50 Russian soldiers have been killed in action . ( The Wall Street Journal ) (CNN) ( The Guardian ) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy declares martial law across the country in response to the invasion. Zelenskyy also orders a general military mobilization of fit-to-serve Ukrainian citizens, with men between the ages of 18 and 60 years prohibited from leaving the country. (TASS) (CNN) The Russian Armed Forces says that its "lightning offensive" has crippled the Ukrainian military and suppressed its air defense systems. However, the Ukrainian Air Force says that it is repelling Russian invaders. (TASS) (BBC News) The Russian Defence Ministry says that it has destroyed 83 Ukrainian "above-ground military facilities", including 11 aerodromes . (Reuters) Ukraine says that it has shot down six Russian warplanes and two helicopters, and destroyed dozens of enemy armored vehicles, according to its Joint Centre of Control and Coordination . However, Russian military representatives deny the claims. (Mil.gov.ua) ( Firstpost ) Russia says that two Russian civilian ships have been hit by anti-ship missiles in the Sea of Azov , causing multiple deaths. Russia subsequently restricts access for civilian vessels on the Sea of Azov. (Ynet) (Reuters) A Turkish -owned vessel is bombed off the coast of Odesa, according to Turkey's Directorate General of Coastal Safety . No casualties are reported. ( Daily Sabah ) Battle of Chernobyl Russian troops enter the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone . Ukraine says that Russian forces have captured the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls the attack on Chernobyl a "declaration of war on all of Europe". ( Daily Sabah ) ( The Independent ) (Unian) Russian troops enter the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone . Ukraine says that Russian forces have captured the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls the attack on Chernobyl a "declaration of war on all of Europe". ( Daily Sabah ) ( The Independent ) (Unian) Attack on Snake Island Ukraine reports that Russian Navy warships have attacked Snake Island near the Danube Delta . (IndiaTV) Ukraine reports that Russian Navy warships have attacked Snake Island near the Danube Delta . (IndiaTV) Battle of Sumy Russian troops enter Sumy and take control of the road leading from Kyiv to Moscow . Battles for strategic cities on the railway to Sumy are also underway. ( Novoye Vremya ) Russian troops enter Sumy and take control of the road leading from Kyiv to Moscow . Battles for strategic cities on the railway to Sumy are also underway. ( Novoye Vremya ) Battle of Antonov Airport Russian gunships bombard Hostomel Airport near Kyiv. Ukraine says that three helicopters were shot down in defence. Russian Airborne Forces seized control of the airport, but the Ukrainian Ground Forces have recaptured the airport. ( The Moscow Times ) (Reuters) (Ukrinform) An-225 Mriya , the largest aircraft in the world by weight and by wingspan , is destroyed during a Russian air strike on the suburb of Kyiv . The plane did not manage to leave Hostomel before hostilities began. (Radio Liberty Ukraine) Russian gunships bombard Hostomel Airport near Kyiv. Ukraine says that three helicopters were shot down in defence. Russian Airborne Forces seized control of the airport, but the Ukrainian Ground Forces have recaptured the airport. ( The Moscow Times ) (Reuters) (Ukrinform) An-225 Mriya , the largest aircraft in the world by weight and by wingspan , is destroyed during a Russian air strike on the suburb of Kyiv . The plane did not manage to leave Hostomel before hostilities began. (Radio Liberty Ukraine) Battle of Kyiv , Kyiv Offensive The Mayor of Kyiv , Vitali Klitschko , announces a curfew in the capital from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. (Reuters) The Mayor of Kyiv , Vitali Klitschko , announces a curfew in the capital from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin orders a military operation to " demilitarise and denazify " Ukraine . Putin also warns of "consequences you have never seen in history" for anyone who tries to interfere or "create threats for our country". (CNN) (AP) Ukraine confirms that Russian Ground Forces have entered Luhansk , Sumy , Kharkiv , Kherson , Chernihiv , and Zhytomyr Oblasts and have also crossed the border from occupied Crimea . Russian troops also attack the port cities of Odesa and Mariupol in amphibious landings . (CNN) ( The Business Standard ) Russia announces that they have taken control of the North Crimean Canal in the Kherson Oblast and have restored the supply of water to Crimea. (Reuters) Russian ballistic and cruise missiles strike multiple Ukrainian cities and airfields, with eighteen people being killed in Odesa . A missile also strikes the Ministry of Defence intelligence headquarters in Kyiv . (CNN) (NDTV) (Reuters) A Ukrainian Air Force Antonov An-26 is shot down and crashes in Obukhiv , killing five crew members, according to the State Emergency Service of Ukraine . (Interfax) An attack on a military unit in Podilsk kills six civilians and injures seven others. (BBC News) Ukraine's military reports that at least 137 of its soldiers have been killed in Eastern Ukraine , with a senior Ukrainian government official estimating that hundreds of Ukrainian troops have been killed by airstrikes . Ukraine's military also says that 50 Russian soldiers have been killed in action . ( The Wall Street Journal ) (CNN) ( The Guardian ) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy declares martial law across the country in response to the invasion. Zelenskyy also orders a general military mobilization of fit-to-serve Ukrainian citizens, with men between the ages of 18 and 60 years prohibited from leaving the country. (TASS) (CNN) The Russian Armed Forces says that its "lightning offensive" has crippled the Ukrainian military and suppressed its air defense systems. However, the Ukrainian Air Force says that it is repelling Russian invaders. (TASS) (BBC News) The Russian Defence Ministry says that it has destroyed 83 Ukrainian "above-ground military facilities", including 11 aerodromes . (Reuters) Ukraine says that it has shot down six Russian warplanes and two helicopters, and destroyed dozens of enemy armored vehicles, according to its Joint Centre of Control and Coordination . However, Russian military representatives deny the claims. (Mil.gov.ua) ( Firstpost ) Russia says that two Russian civilian ships have been hit by anti-ship missiles in the Sea of Azov , causing multiple deaths. Russia subsequently restricts access for civilian vessels on the Sea of Azov. (Ynet) (Reuters) A Turkish -owned vessel is bombed off the coast of Odesa, according to Turkey's Directorate General of Coastal Safety . No casualties are reported. ( Daily Sabah ) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Russia–NATO relations Romania , Poland , and the Baltic states agree to trigger article 4 of NATO 's North Atlantic Treaty in response to Russian aggression. (ERR) (Digi24) German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock states that Germany will "launch the full package with the most massive sanctions against Russia." (EURACTIV) Russia–Ukraine relations Ukraine suspends diplomatic relations with Russia in response to the invasion. ( The Times of Israel ) Lithuanian president Gitanas Nausėda announces that he will sign a decree declaring a state of emergency and asks Seimas to ratify it in an extraordinary session. (ERR) Moldova declares a state of emergency in response to the invasion. Hundreds of Ukrainians are crossing the border , according to President Maia Sandu . ( National Post ) Ukraine , Belarus and Moldova close their airspaces to commercial aircraft. (ABC News Australia) (Reuters) U.S. President Joe Biden orders Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin to send 7,000 troops to Germany in order to assist NATO allies. (Reuters) ( Army Times ) Russia–NATO relations Romania , Poland , and the Baltic states agree to trigger article 4 of NATO 's North Atlantic Treaty in response to Russian aggression. (ERR) (Digi24) German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock states that Germany will "launch the full package with the most massive sanctions against Russia." (EURACTIV) Romania , Poland , and the Baltic states agree to trigger article 4 of NATO 's North Atlantic Treaty in response to Russian aggression. (ERR) (Digi24) German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock states that Germany will "launch the full package with the most massive sanctions against Russia." (EURACTIV) Russia–Ukraine relations Ukraine suspends diplomatic relations with Russia in response to the invasion. ( The Times of Israel ) Ukraine suspends diplomatic relations with Russia in response to the invasion. ( The Times of Israel ) Lithuanian president Gitanas Nausėda announces that he will sign a decree declaring a state of emergency and asks Seimas to ratify it in an extraordinary session. (ERR) Moldova declares a state of emergency in response to the invasion. Hundreds of Ukrainians are crossing the border , according to President Maia Sandu . ( National Post ) Ukraine , Belarus and Moldova close their airspaces to commercial aircraft. (ABC News Australia) (Reuters) U.S. President Joe Biden orders Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin to send 7,000 troops to Germany in order to assist NATO allies. (Reuters) ( Army Times ) Afghanistan conflict Eight polio vaccination workers are killed by unknown gunmen in Kunduz and Takhar , leading to the suspension of the vaccination campaign in the two provinces. The campaign was launched nationwide in November 2021. (VOA) Eight polio vaccination workers are killed by unknown gunmen in Kunduz and Takhar , leading to the suspension of the vaccination campaign in the two provinces. The campaign was launched nationwide in November 2021. (VOA) Israel's role in the Syrian Civil War Israel fires several missiles towards Damascus , Syria , killing three Syrian soldiers . ( The Washington Post ) ( Times of Israel ) Israel fires several missiles towards Damascus , Syria , killing three Syrian soldiers . ( The Washington Post ) ( Times of Israel ) Arts and culture Eurovision Song Contest 2022 It is announced that Russia will participate in the upcoming Eurovision Song Contest in Turin , Italy despite invading Ukraine . (AOL) It is announced that Russia will participate in the upcoming Eurovision Song Contest in Turin , Italy despite invading Ukraine . (AOL) Iraq unveils three monumental structures in Hatra in an effort to restore the city after it was destroyed by the Islamic State in 2015. (France 24) Business and economy Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis A massive selloff occurs on the Moscow Stock Exchange , which prompts its operator to trigger circuit breakers twice in three hours. The Russian ruble 's exchange rate falls to a record low of ₽89.98 per US dollar. ( Rzeczpospolita ) (Reuters) The National Bank of Ukraine pegs the official hryvnia rate to the US dollar at ₴ 29.25, bans foreign currency purchases on the interbank market and introduces cash withdrawal limits. The central bank also orders a suspension of all transactions with Russian accounts and introduces unlimited short-term liquidity loans for banks. ( National Post ) ( Ekonomichna Pravda ) A massive selloff occurs on the Moscow Stock Exchange , which prompts its operator to trigger circuit breakers twice in three hours. The Russian ruble 's exchange rate falls to a record low of ₽89.98 per US dollar. ( Rzeczpospolita ) (Reuters) The National Bank of Ukraine pegs the official hryvnia rate to the US dollar at ₴ 29.25, bans foreign currency purchases on the interbank market and introduces cash withdrawal limits. The central bank also orders a suspension of all transactions with Russian accounts and introduces unlimited short-term liquidity loans for banks. ( National Post ) ( Ekonomichna Pravda ) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong begins rolling out COVID-19 vaccine passports for people over the age of 12 years. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Malaysia reports a record 31,199 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.3 million. ( The Star ) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Singapore suspends a plan to ease and simplify COVID-19-related rules, including home gatherings, which was expected to begin tomorrow due to an increase in new COVID-19 cases. (Bloomberg) COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand Thailand reports a record 23,557 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 2.79 million. ( Bangkok Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in North America COVID-19 pandemic in Canada COVID-19 vaccination in Canada Health Canada approves Medicago 's CoVLP COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults, making it the first domestic vaccine to be approved for use in Canada . ( The Vancouver Sun ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in Maine Maine surpasses 2,000 deaths from COVID-19 . ( Portland Press Herald ) European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic The European Medicines Agency recommends the usage of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine as a booster dose for teenagers over the age of 12 years and also approves the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine for children between the ages of 6 and 11 years. ( The Journal.ie ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong begins rolling out COVID-19 vaccine passports for people over the age of 12 years. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Malaysia reports a record 31,199 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.3 million. ( The Star ) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Singapore suspends a plan to ease and simplify COVID-19-related rules, including home gatherings, which was expected to begin tomorrow due to an increase in new COVID-19 cases. (Bloomberg) COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand Thailand reports a record 23,557 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 2.79 million. ( Bangkok Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong begins rolling out COVID-19 vaccine passports for people over the age of 12 years. (Reuters) Hong Kong begins rolling out COVID-19 vaccine passports for people over the age of 12 years. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Malaysia reports a record 31,199 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.3 million. ( The Star ) Malaysia reports a record 31,199 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.3 million. ( The Star ) COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Singapore suspends a plan to ease and simplify COVID-19-related rules, including home gatherings, which was expected to begin tomorrow due to an increase in new COVID-19 cases. (Bloomberg) Singapore suspends a plan to ease and simplify COVID-19-related rules, including home gatherings, which was expected to begin tomorrow due to an increase in new COVID-19 cases. (Bloomberg) COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand Thailand reports a record 23,557 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 2.79 million. ( Bangkok Post ) Thailand reports a record 23,557 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 2.79 million. ( Bangkok Post ) COVID-19 pandemic in North America COVID-19 pandemic in Canada COVID-19 vaccination in Canada Health Canada approves Medicago 's CoVLP COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults, making it the first domestic vaccine to be approved for use in Canada . ( The Vancouver Sun ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in Maine Maine surpasses 2,000 deaths from COVID-19 . ( Portland Press Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Canada COVID-19 vaccination in Canada Health Canada approves Medicago 's CoVLP COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults, making it the first domestic vaccine to be approved for use in Canada . ( The Vancouver Sun ) COVID-19 vaccination in Canada Health Canada approves Medicago 's CoVLP COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults, making it the first domestic vaccine to be approved for use in Canada . ( The Vancouver Sun ) Health Canada approves Medicago 's CoVLP COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults, making it the first domestic vaccine to be approved for use in Canada . ( The Vancouver Sun ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in Maine Maine surpasses 2,000 deaths from COVID-19 . ( Portland Press Herald ) COVID-19 pandemic in Maine Maine surpasses 2,000 deaths from COVID-19 . ( Portland Press Herald ) Maine surpasses 2,000 deaths from COVID-19 . ( Portland Press Herald ) European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic The European Medicines Agency recommends the usage of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine as a booster dose for teenagers over the age of 12 years and also approves the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine for children between the ages of 6 and 11 years. ( The Journal.ie ) The European Medicines Agency recommends the usage of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine as a booster dose for teenagers over the age of 12 years and also approves the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine for children between the ages of 6 and 11 years. ( The Journal.ie ) International relations Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russia–European Union relations The European Union says that it will introduce the "strongest, harshest package" of sanctions on the Russian economy in response to the invasion. (AP) Russia–New Zealand relations The New Zealand government is expected to introduce a package of sanctions against Russia that includes a ban on the entry into and transit through the country of Russian government officials and other people connected to the invasion, as well as a ban on the export of goods to Russian military and security forces. (RNZ) Russia–South Korea relations South Korean president Moon Jae-in announces that the country will impose economic sanctions against Russia. (Reuters) Russia–United Kingdom relations Prime Minister Boris Johnson announces that the United Kingdom will impose sanctions on Russian banks and oligarchs. Russian airline Aeroflot will also be banned from operating flights to the UK due to the invasion. (BBC News) Canada–Russia relations Canada terminates all export permits with Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine . ( U.S. News & World Report ) Russia–United States relations U.S. President Joe Biden announces sanctions against Russia and vows that additional sanctions could be coming. He also reaffirms that the U.S. will not directly intervene in Ukraine but will continue to defend NATO . (NBC News) (BuzzFeed) India–Russia relations Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin hold a telephone meeting. During the meeting, Modi called for Russia and Ukraine to "end the violence". ( Telangana Today ) Latvia and the Czech Republic suspend issuing visas to Russian citizens. (RusTourismNews) International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russia–European Union relations The European Union says that it will introduce the "strongest, harshest package" of sanctions on the Russian economy in response to the invasion. (AP) Russia–New Zealand relations The New Zealand government is expected to introduce a package of sanctions against Russia that includes a ban on the entry into and transit through the country of Russian government officials and other people connected to the invasion, as well as a ban on the export of goods to Russian military and security forces. (RNZ) Russia–South Korea relations South Korean president Moon Jae-in announces that the country will impose economic sanctions against Russia. (Reuters) Russia–United Kingdom relations Prime Minister Boris Johnson announces that the United Kingdom will impose sanctions on Russian banks and oligarchs. Russian airline Aeroflot will also be banned from operating flights to the UK due to the invasion. (BBC News) Canada–Russia relations Canada terminates all export permits with Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine . ( U.S. News & World Report ) Russia–United States relations U.S. President Joe Biden announces sanctions against Russia and vows that additional sanctions could be coming. He also reaffirms that the U.S. will not directly intervene in Ukraine but will continue to defend NATO . (NBC News) (BuzzFeed) India–Russia relations Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin hold a telephone meeting. During the meeting, Modi called for Russia and Ukraine to "end the violence". ( Telangana Today ) Latvia and the Czech Republic suspend issuing visas to Russian citizens. (RusTourismNews) Russia–European Union relations The European Union says that it will introduce the "strongest, harshest package" of sanctions on the Russian economy in response to the invasion. (AP) The European Union says that it will introduce the "strongest, harshest package" of sanctions on the Russian economy in response to the invasion. (AP) Russia–New Zealand relations The New Zealand government is expected to introduce a package of sanctions against Russia that includes a ban on the entry into and transit through the country of Russian government officials and other people connected to the invasion, as well as a ban on the export of goods to Russian military and security forces. (RNZ) The New Zealand government is expected to introduce a package of sanctions against Russia that includes a ban on the entry into and transit through the country of Russian government officials and other people connected to the invasion, as well as a ban on the export of goods to Russian military and security forces. (RNZ) Russia–South Korea relations South Korean president Moon Jae-in announces that the country will impose economic sanctions against Russia. (Reuters) South Korean president Moon Jae-in announces that the country will impose economic sanctions against Russia. (Reuters) Russia–United Kingdom relations Prime Minister Boris Johnson announces that the United Kingdom will impose sanctions on Russian banks and oligarchs. Russian airline Aeroflot will also be banned from operating flights to the UK due to the invasion. (BBC News) Prime Minister Boris Johnson announces that the United Kingdom will impose sanctions on Russian banks and oligarchs. Russian airline Aeroflot will also be banned from operating flights to the UK due to the invasion. (BBC News) Canada–Russia relations Canada terminates all export permits with Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine . ( U.S. News & World Report ) Canada terminates all export permits with Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine . ( U.S. News & World Report ) Russia–United States relations U.S. President Joe Biden announces sanctions against Russia and vows that additional sanctions could be coming. He also reaffirms that the U.S. will not directly intervene in Ukraine but will continue to defend NATO . (NBC News) (BuzzFeed) U.S. President Joe Biden announces sanctions against Russia and vows that additional sanctions could be coming. He also reaffirms that the U.S. will not directly intervene in Ukraine but will continue to defend NATO . (NBC News) (BuzzFeed) India–Russia relations Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin hold a telephone meeting. During the meeting, Modi called for Russia and Ukraine to "end the violence". ( Telangana Today ) Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin hold a telephone meeting. During the meeting, Modi called for Russia and Ukraine to "end the violence". ( Telangana Today ) Latvia and the Czech Republic suspend issuing visas to Russian citizens. (RusTourismNews) Law and crime Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 anti-war protests in Russia Protesters in Russia are detained as people gather in cities across the country in order to protest Putin's invasion of Ukraine. ( The Moscow Times ) ( Newsweek ) Russian activist Marina Litvinovich is detained by Moscow police after calling for anti-war demonstrations across Russia. (Reuters) Anti-war protesters gather at Russian embassies in many countries to oppose President Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine. (Axios) (CBS News) Protesters gather at 10 Downing Street to denounce Russia's invasion of Ukraine and to call for Prime Minister Boris Johnson and the United Kingdom to support Ukraine. ( The Big Issue ) ( The New York Times ) 2022 anti-war protests in Russia Protesters in Russia are detained as people gather in cities across the country in order to protest Putin's invasion of Ukraine. ( The Moscow Times ) ( Newsweek ) Russian activist Marina Litvinovich is detained by Moscow police after calling for anti-war demonstrations across Russia. (Reuters) Protesters in Russia are detained as people gather in cities across the country in order to protest Putin's invasion of Ukraine. ( The Moscow Times ) ( Newsweek ) Russian activist Marina Litvinovich is detained by Moscow police after calling for anti-war demonstrations across Russia. (Reuters) Anti-war protesters gather at Russian embassies in many countries to oppose President Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine. (Axios) (CBS News) Protesters gather at 10 Downing Street to denounce Russia's invasion of Ukraine and to call for Prime Minister Boris Johnson and the United Kingdom to support Ukraine. ( The Big Issue ) ( The New York Times ) Murder of George Floyd Three former Minneapolis police officers, J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas K. Lane and Tou Thao, are found guilty of violating the civil rights of George Floyd under government authority. (NBC News) Three former Minneapolis police officers, J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas K. Lane and Tou Thao, are found guilty of violating the civil rights of George Floyd under government authority. (NBC News) Kyrgyzstan President Sadyr Japarov signs a decree that bans the slaughtering of cattle during funerals in the country . (AKIpress) Sports Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis UEFA announces that the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final will be moved from Saint Petersburg , Russia, in response to the invasion of Ukraine. (Sky News) Formula 1 driver Sebastian Vettel says that he will not participate in the 2022 Russian Grand Prix , which is expected to be held on September 24 in Sochi . ( RACER ) (CTV News) UEFA announces that the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final will be moved from Saint Petersburg , Russia, in response to the invasion of Ukraine. (Sky News) Formula 1 driver Sebastian Vettel says that he will not participate in the 2022 Russian Grand Prix , which is expected to be held on September 24 in Sochi . ( RACER ) (CTV News) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Kyiv offensive , Battle of Kyiv The Ukrainian military says that it has blown up a bridge in order to prevent Russian forces from advancing to Kyiv. (Ukrinform) Ukraine says that Russian troops have entered Kyiv and heavy fighting is underway. Videos on social media show tanks advancing through the city's Obolon neighbourhood. Gunfire and explosions are also reported in the city's Podilskyi District . (BBC News) ( The Guardian ) The US Department of Defense says that Russia is losing momentum in its attack on Ukraine . (CNN) Millerovo air base attack Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka missiles attack the Millerovo air base in Rostov oblast , Russia, destroying two Russian Air Force warplanes according to Ukrainian officials. Images appear to show the airbase on fire. ( Newsweek ) ( RostovGazeta ) Battle of Starobilsk A column of Russian soldiers is defeated by the Ukrainian army in Starobilsk . ( Gazeta.ua ) Battle of Ivankiv Ukrainian airborne assault troops engage Russian soldiers at Ivankiv and Dymer . ( Gazeta.ua ) Battle of Chernihiv A captain and corporal from the Russian 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade surrender to the Armed Forces of Ukraine near Chernihiv . ( Gazeta.ua ) Battle of Sumy Russian forces reportedly retreat from Sumy . (Channel 24) Battle of Chernobyl The Ukrainian government 's State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate says that higher than usual gamma radiation levels have been detected in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone after the power plant was captured by Russia. ( The Telegraph ) Battle of Antonov Airport The Russian Defence Ministry says that Russian Airborne Forces have recaptured the strategic Hostomel Airport near Kyiv , after assaulting the airbase with 200 helicopters. (BBC News) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Ukraine–NATO relations , 2022 NATO virtual summit During an emergency NATO summit , Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg announces that NATO will provide weapons to Ukraine . He also announces that the NATO Response Force will be activated for the first time in history. (Reuters) ( Stars and Stripes ) Kazakhstan–Russia relations Kazakhstan will deny Russia’s request for troops to join the war . It will also not join Putin’s recognition of Donetsk People's Republic or Luhansk People's Republic . (NBC News) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy accuses European leadership of "inaction" in face of the Russian invasion, saying "Like World War II , you said never again , but here it is again and you're not doing enough to respond". Zelenskyy also calls on citizens across the European Union to protest and force their governments to take more decisive action. ( The Business Standard ) A Moldovan -flagged chemical tanker is hit by a missile near the Port of Odesa , seriously injuring two crew members, according to Moldova's naval agency. It is unclear who launched the missile. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin urges the Armed Forces of Ukraine to "take power in your own hands" and overthrow the Ukrainian government , which he referred to as a "gang of drug addicts and neo-Nazis". ( The Guardian ) Russian foreign ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova warns both Finland and Sweden that they could face "detrimental military and political consequences" if they attempt to join NATO . ( The Guardian ) 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Kyiv offensive , Battle of Kyiv The Ukrainian military says that it has blown up a bridge in order to prevent Russian forces from advancing to Kyiv. (Ukrinform) Ukraine says that Russian troops have entered Kyiv and heavy fighting is underway. Videos on social media show tanks advancing through the city's Obolon neighbourhood. Gunfire and explosions are also reported in the city's Podilskyi District . (BBC News) ( The Guardian ) The US Department of Defense says that Russia is losing momentum in its attack on Ukraine . (CNN) Millerovo air base attack Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka missiles attack the Millerovo air base in Rostov oblast , Russia, destroying two Russian Air Force warplanes according to Ukrainian officials. Images appear to show the airbase on fire. ( Newsweek ) ( RostovGazeta ) Battle of Starobilsk A column of Russian soldiers is defeated by the Ukrainian army in Starobilsk . ( Gazeta.ua ) Battle of Ivankiv Ukrainian airborne assault troops engage Russian soldiers at Ivankiv and Dymer . ( Gazeta.ua ) Battle of Chernihiv A captain and corporal from the Russian 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade surrender to the Armed Forces of Ukraine near Chernihiv . ( Gazeta.ua ) Battle of Sumy Russian forces reportedly retreat from Sumy . (Channel 24) Battle of Chernobyl The Ukrainian government 's State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate says that higher than usual gamma radiation levels have been detected in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone after the power plant was captured by Russia. ( The Telegraph ) Battle of Antonov Airport The Russian Defence Ministry says that Russian Airborne Forces have recaptured the strategic Hostomel Airport near Kyiv , after assaulting the airbase with 200 helicopters. (BBC News) Kyiv offensive , Battle of Kyiv The Ukrainian military says that it has blown up a bridge in order to prevent Russian forces from advancing to Kyiv. (Ukrinform) Ukraine says that Russian troops have entered Kyiv and heavy fighting is underway. Videos on social media show tanks advancing through the city's Obolon neighbourhood. Gunfire and explosions are also reported in the city's Podilskyi District . (BBC News) ( The Guardian ) The US Department of Defense says that Russia is losing momentum in its attack on Ukraine . (CNN) The Ukrainian military says that it has blown up a bridge in order to prevent Russian forces from advancing to Kyiv. (Ukrinform) Ukraine says that Russian troops have entered Kyiv and heavy fighting is underway. Videos on social media show tanks advancing through the city's Obolon neighbourhood. Gunfire and explosions are also reported in the city's Podilskyi District . (BBC News) ( The Guardian ) The US Department of Defense says that Russia is losing momentum in its attack on Ukraine . (CNN) Millerovo air base attack Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka missiles attack the Millerovo air base in Rostov oblast , Russia, destroying two Russian Air Force warplanes according to Ukrainian officials. Images appear to show the airbase on fire. ( Newsweek ) ( RostovGazeta ) Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka missiles attack the Millerovo air base in Rostov oblast , Russia, destroying two Russian Air Force warplanes according to Ukrainian officials. Images appear to show the airbase on fire. ( Newsweek ) ( RostovGazeta ) Battle of Starobilsk A column of Russian soldiers is defeated by the Ukrainian army in Starobilsk . ( Gazeta.ua ) A column of Russian soldiers is defeated by the Ukrainian army in Starobilsk . ( Gazeta.ua ) Battle of Ivankiv Ukrainian airborne assault troops engage Russian soldiers at Ivankiv and Dymer . ( Gazeta.ua ) Ukrainian airborne assault troops engage Russian soldiers at Ivankiv and Dymer . ( Gazeta.ua ) Battle of Chernihiv A captain and corporal from the Russian 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade surrender to the Armed Forces of Ukraine near Chernihiv . ( Gazeta.ua ) A captain and corporal from the Russian 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade surrender to the Armed Forces of Ukraine near Chernihiv . ( Gazeta.ua ) Battle of Sumy Russian forces reportedly retreat from Sumy . (Channel 24) Russian forces reportedly retreat from Sumy . (Channel 24) Battle of Chernobyl The Ukrainian government 's State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate says that higher than usual gamma radiation levels have been detected in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone after the power plant was captured by Russia. ( The Telegraph ) The Ukrainian government 's State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate says that higher than usual gamma radiation levels have been detected in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone after the power plant was captured by Russia. ( The Telegraph ) Battle of Antonov Airport The Russian Defence Ministry says that Russian Airborne Forces have recaptured the strategic Hostomel Airport near Kyiv , after assaulting the airbase with 200 helicopters. (BBC News) The Russian Defence Ministry says that Russian Airborne Forces have recaptured the strategic Hostomel Airport near Kyiv , after assaulting the airbase with 200 helicopters. (BBC News) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Ukraine–NATO relations , 2022 NATO virtual summit During an emergency NATO summit , Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg announces that NATO will provide weapons to Ukraine . He also announces that the NATO Response Force will be activated for the first time in history. (Reuters) ( Stars and Stripes ) Kazakhstan–Russia relations Kazakhstan will deny Russia’s request for troops to join the war . It will also not join Putin’s recognition of Donetsk People's Republic or Luhansk People's Republic . (NBC News) Ukraine–NATO relations , 2022 NATO virtual summit During an emergency NATO summit , Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg announces that NATO will provide weapons to Ukraine . He also announces that the NATO Response Force will be activated for the first time in history. (Reuters) ( Stars and Stripes ) During an emergency NATO summit , Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg announces that NATO will provide weapons to Ukraine . He also announces that the NATO Response Force will be activated for the first time in history. (Reuters) ( Stars and Stripes ) Kazakhstan–Russia relations Kazakhstan will deny Russia’s request for troops to join the war . It will also not join Putin’s recognition of Donetsk People's Republic or Luhansk People's Republic . (NBC News) Kazakhstan will deny Russia’s request for troops to join the war . It will also not join Putin’s recognition of Donetsk People's Republic or Luhansk People's Republic . (NBC News) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy accuses European leadership of "inaction" in face of the Russian invasion, saying "Like World War II , you said never again , but here it is again and you're not doing enough to respond". Zelenskyy also calls on citizens across the European Union to protest and force their governments to take more decisive action. ( The Business Standard ) A Moldovan -flagged chemical tanker is hit by a missile near the Port of Odesa , seriously injuring two crew members, according to Moldova's naval agency. It is unclear who launched the missile. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin urges the Armed Forces of Ukraine to "take power in your own hands" and overthrow the Ukrainian government , which he referred to as a "gang of drug addicts and neo-Nazis". ( The Guardian ) Russian foreign ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova warns both Finland and Sweden that they could face "detrimental military and political consequences" if they attempt to join NATO . ( The Guardian ) Colombian conflict At least 23 FARC dissidents are killed by the Colombian Army during an operation in Arauca Department . (Al Jazeera) At least 23 FARC dissidents are killed by the Colombian Army during an operation in Arauca Department . (Al Jazeera) Arts and culture Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia is disqualified from competing in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 due to its invasion of Ukraine. (Euronews) Expo 2020 The Dubai expo will be open to all nations despite Russia's invasion of Ukraine. (Reuters) Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia is disqualified from competing in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 due to its invasion of Ukraine. (Euronews) Russia is disqualified from competing in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 due to its invasion of Ukraine. (Euronews) Expo 2020 The Dubai expo will be open to all nations despite Russia's invasion of Ukraine. (Reuters) The Dubai expo will be open to all nations despite Russia's invasion of Ukraine. (Reuters) Disasters and accidents 2022 Sumatra earthquake At least seven people are killed and 85 others are injured by an earthquake in Sumatra , Indonesia . The 6.2 magnitude earthquake is felt as far away as Malaysia and Singapore . ( The Straits Times ) At least seven people are killed and 85 others are injured by an earthquake in Sumatra , Indonesia . The 6.2 magnitude earthquake is felt as far away as Malaysia and Singapore . ( The Straits Times ) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 10,010 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, which is the first time that the territory has reported more than 10,000 cases since the beginning of the pandemic. (ABC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia reports a record 61,631 new COVID-19 recoveries in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of recoveries to 4.73 million. (detikNews) COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan The Kyrgyzstan Health Ministry announces that the country plans to purchase doses of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine , as well as around 100,800 doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine . (Trend) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Malaysia reports a record for the second consecutive day of 32,070 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.33 million. ( Malay Mail ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 10,010 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, which is the first time that the territory has reported more than 10,000 cases since the beginning of the pandemic. (ABC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia reports a record 61,631 new COVID-19 recoveries in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of recoveries to 4.73 million. (detikNews) COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan The Kyrgyzstan Health Ministry announces that the country plans to purchase doses of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine , as well as around 100,800 doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine . (Trend) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Malaysia reports a record for the second consecutive day of 32,070 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.33 million. ( Malay Mail ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 10,010 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, which is the first time that the territory has reported more than 10,000 cases since the beginning of the pandemic. (ABC News) Hong Kong reports a record 10,010 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, which is the first time that the territory has reported more than 10,000 cases since the beginning of the pandemic. (ABC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia Indonesia reports a record 61,631 new COVID-19 recoveries in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of recoveries to 4.73 million. (detikNews) Indonesia reports a record 61,631 new COVID-19 recoveries in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of recoveries to 4.73 million. (detikNews) COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan The Kyrgyzstan Health Ministry announces that the country plans to purchase doses of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine , as well as around 100,800 doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine . (Trend) The Kyrgyzstan Health Ministry announces that the country plans to purchase doses of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine , as well as around 100,800 doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine . (Trend) COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Malaysia reports a record for the second consecutive day of 32,070 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.33 million. ( Malay Mail ) Malaysia reports a record for the second consecutive day of 32,070 new COVID-19 cases, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.33 million. ( Malay Mail ) International relations Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russia–Taiwan relations Taiwanese Premier Su Tseng-chang announces that Taiwan will impose sanctions on Russia following the invasion of Ukraine . ( Financial Post ) Russia–United Kingdom relations Russia bans all British airlines from its airspace and airports in response to the UK's ban on its flag carrier Aeroflot . (Reuters) Russia–European Union relations The European Union freezes all assets held by Russian President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in the EU. ( National Post ) Russia–United States relations The Biden administration announces that the U.S. will join the European Union in imposing sanctions on Putin. (NBC News) The Council of Europe announces the suspension of Russia's membership. ( The Business Standard ) The Council of the OECD formally terminates the accession process of Russia to the organisation. (OECD) Russia–Ukraine relations Russian President Vladimir Putin tells Chinese President Xi Jinping that Russia is willing to hold talks with Ukraine . (Reuters) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy urges Vladimir Putin to engage in talks in order to end the conflict. (Armenpress) Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov says that Russia has agreed to hold talks and will send a delegation to Minsk , Belarus . ( The Wall Street Journal ) Ukrainian presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak says that the country is ready to hold talks with Russia on neutral status in order to implement a ceasefire. A time and place is expected to be announced. (Reuters) ( The Independent ) President Zelenskyy calls for Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett to serve as a mediator in talks between Ukraine and Russia. ( Times of Israel ) Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia The Federated States of Micronesia suspends diplomatic ties with Russia. ( Barron's ) China–Russia relations Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi urges Russia to respect the "territorial sovereignty" of Ukraine and to "put an end to civilian casualties by resuming negotiations." (CNN) Belarus–Ukraine relations Secretary of the Belarus Foreign Ministry Anatoly Glaz says that Belarus is ready to help bring peace to Ukraine amid reports of possible peace talks in Minsk . (Belta) International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russia–Taiwan relations Taiwanese Premier Su Tseng-chang announces that Taiwan will impose sanctions on Russia following the invasion of Ukraine . ( Financial Post ) Russia–United Kingdom relations Russia bans all British airlines from its airspace and airports in response to the UK's ban on its flag carrier Aeroflot . (Reuters) Russia–European Union relations The European Union freezes all assets held by Russian President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in the EU. ( National Post ) Russia–United States relations The Biden administration announces that the U.S. will join the European Union in imposing sanctions on Putin. (NBC News) The Council of Europe announces the suspension of Russia's membership. ( The Business Standard ) The Council of the OECD formally terminates the accession process of Russia to the organisation. (OECD) Russia–Taiwan relations Taiwanese Premier Su Tseng-chang announces that Taiwan will impose sanctions on Russia following the invasion of Ukraine . ( Financial Post ) Taiwanese Premier Su Tseng-chang announces that Taiwan will impose sanctions on Russia following the invasion of Ukraine . ( Financial Post ) Russia–United Kingdom relations Russia bans all British airlines from its airspace and airports in response to the UK's ban on its flag carrier Aeroflot . (Reuters) Russia bans all British airlines from its airspace and airports in response to the UK's ban on its flag carrier Aeroflot . (Reuters) Russia–European Union relations The European Union freezes all assets held by Russian President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in the EU. ( National Post ) The European Union freezes all assets held by Russian President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in the EU. ( National Post ) Russia–United States relations The Biden administration announces that the U.S. will join the European Union in imposing sanctions on Putin. (NBC News) The Biden administration announces that the U.S. will join the European Union in imposing sanctions on Putin. (NBC News) The Council of Europe announces the suspension of Russia's membership. ( The Business Standard ) The Council of the OECD formally terminates the accession process of Russia to the organisation. (OECD) Russia–Ukraine relations Russian President Vladimir Putin tells Chinese President Xi Jinping that Russia is willing to hold talks with Ukraine . (Reuters) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy urges Vladimir Putin to engage in talks in order to end the conflict. (Armenpress) Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov says that Russia has agreed to hold talks and will send a delegation to Minsk , Belarus . ( The Wall Street Journal ) Ukrainian presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak says that the country is ready to hold talks with Russia on neutral status in order to implement a ceasefire. A time and place is expected to be announced. (Reuters) ( The Independent ) President Zelenskyy calls for Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett to serve as a mediator in talks between Ukraine and Russia. ( Times of Israel ) Russian President Vladimir Putin tells Chinese President Xi Jinping that Russia is willing to hold talks with Ukraine . (Reuters) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy urges Vladimir Putin to engage in talks in order to end the conflict. (Armenpress) Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov says that Russia has agreed to hold talks and will send a delegation to Minsk , Belarus . ( The Wall Street Journal ) Ukrainian presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak says that the country is ready to hold talks with Russia on neutral status in order to implement a ceasefire. A time and place is expected to be announced. (Reuters) ( The Independent ) President Zelenskyy calls for Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett to serve as a mediator in talks between Ukraine and Russia. ( Times of Israel ) Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia The Federated States of Micronesia suspends diplomatic ties with Russia. ( Barron's ) The Federated States of Micronesia suspends diplomatic ties with Russia. ( Barron's ) China–Russia relations Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi urges Russia to respect the "territorial sovereignty" of Ukraine and to "put an end to civilian casualties by resuming negotiations." (CNN) Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi urges Russia to respect the "territorial sovereignty" of Ukraine and to "put an end to civilian casualties by resuming negotiations." (CNN) Belarus–Ukraine relations Secretary of the Belarus Foreign Ministry Anatoly Glaz says that Belarus is ready to help bring peace to Ukraine amid reports of possible peace talks in Minsk . (Belta) Secretary of the Belarus Foreign Ministry Anatoly Glaz says that Belarus is ready to help bring peace to Ukraine amid reports of possible peace talks in Minsk . (Belta) Nuclear program of Iran Russia–United States relations U.S. State Department spokesperson Ned Price says that the U.S. will still engage with Russia in efforts to revive the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons despite Russia's invasion of Ukraine. (Reuters) Russia–United States relations U.S. State Department spokesperson Ned Price says that the U.S. will still engage with Russia in efforts to revive the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons despite Russia's invasion of Ukraine. (Reuters) U.S. State Department spokesperson Ned Price says that the U.S. will still engage with Russia in efforts to revive the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons despite Russia's invasion of Ukraine. (Reuters) Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil , COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela Brazil and Venezuela will reopen their border after a two year closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic . (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil , COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela Brazil and Venezuela will reopen their border after a two year closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic . (Reuters) Brazil and Venezuela will reopen their border after a two year closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic . (Reuters) Law and crime Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Ukrainians , Norwegians , and Russians hold a joint anti-war protest in Kirkenes , Norway , calling for Vladimir Putin to be tried at the International Criminal Court at The Hague , Netherlands . ( BarentsObserver ) Protesters gather in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina , to stand in solidarity with Ukraine. (Reuters) Protesters gather at the Russian consulate in Edinburgh , Scotland , for a second consecutive day to express outrage over the war . (AOL) Ukrainians , Norwegians , and Russians hold a joint anti-war protest in Kirkenes , Norway , calling for Vladimir Putin to be tried at the International Criminal Court at The Hague , Netherlands . ( BarentsObserver ) Protesters gather in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina , to stand in solidarity with Ukraine. (Reuters) Protesters gather at the Russian consulate in Edinburgh , Scotland , for a second consecutive day to express outrage over the war . (AOL) Science and technology Media freedom in Russia Russia announces that it has partially restricted access to Facebook . (CNET) Russia announces that it has partially restricted access to Facebook . (CNET) Sports Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis 2021–22 UEFA Champions League UEFA announces the relocation of this year's Champions League final from the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg to the Stade de France near Paris , in response to the crisis. (CNN) 2022 Formula One World Championship The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile cancels this year's edition of the Russian Grand Prix in Sochi initially scheduled for September 25, stating that "it is impossible to hold the Russian Grand Prix in the current circumstances". (BBC Sport) 2021–22 UEFA Champions League UEFA announces the relocation of this year's Champions League final from the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg to the Stade de France near Paris , in response to the crisis. (CNN) UEFA announces the relocation of this year's Champions League final from the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg to the Stade de France near Paris , in response to the crisis. (CNN) 2022 Formula One World Championship The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile cancels this year's edition of the Russian Grand Prix in Sochi initially scheduled for September 25, stating that "it is impossible to hold the Russian Grand Prix in the current circumstances". (BBC Sport) The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile cancels this year's edition of the Russian Grand Prix in Sochi initially scheduled for September 25, stating that "it is impossible to hold the Russian Grand Prix in the current circumstances". (BBC Sport) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Kyiv offensive , Battle of Kyiv Russian Ground Forces attempt to attack an army base near Kyiv on Victory Avenue as well as an electricity generating station in the city. The Ukrainian military says that they repelled both attacks. (Reuters) A residential tower block near Kyiv International Airport is hit by a missile. (Al Jazeera) Ukraine's army claims that its air defences shot down two Russian Ilyushin Il-76 transport planes carrying paratroopers near the cities of Vasylkiv and Bila Tserkva in Kyiv Oblast , but did not provide any video evidence or details on crash sites. Ukraine also claims that a Sukhoi Su-25 attack jet was shot down. ( Times of Israel ) Battle of Melitopol The Russian Armed Forces report that they have captured the city of Melitopol in Zaporizhzhia Oblast . However, this claim is disputed. Russian state media says that Russian troops entered the city after facing "no resistance". (Reuters) (TASS) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy posts a video of himself in the capital Kyiv amid rumors that he left the country. ( Times of Israel ) The Russian Navy warns that all civilian ships and vessels attempting to approach the Ukrainian Black Sea coast will be destroyed as " terrorist threats". ( Ukrainska Pravda ) Poland says that around 100,000 Ukrainians have crossed the border since the invasion began. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin issues orders to expand the offensive, after declaring peace talks "dead". (Bloomberg) The Ukrainian military destroys rails at all railway junctions leading to Russia as part of an attempt to prevent Russian military supplies from being delivered by freight trains. ( Ukrainska Pravda ) Sergey Aksyonov , the head of the Republic of Crimea , says that supplies of water via the North Crimean Canal returned after Russians destroyed the dam that prevented the flow of water from the Dnieper river. (TASS) Russian forces shell the city of Sartana, Ukraine , and the nearby village of Buhas, killing ten Greek nationals. (Al Jazeera) 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Kyiv offensive , Battle of Kyiv Russian Ground Forces attempt to attack an army base near Kyiv on Victory Avenue as well as an electricity generating station in the city. The Ukrainian military says that they repelled both attacks. (Reuters) A residential tower block near Kyiv International Airport is hit by a missile. (Al Jazeera) Ukraine's army claims that its air defences shot down two Russian Ilyushin Il-76 transport planes carrying paratroopers near the cities of Vasylkiv and Bila Tserkva in Kyiv Oblast , but did not provide any video evidence or details on crash sites. Ukraine also claims that a Sukhoi Su-25 attack jet was shot down. ( Times of Israel ) Battle of Melitopol The Russian Armed Forces report that they have captured the city of Melitopol in Zaporizhzhia Oblast . However, this claim is disputed. Russian state media says that Russian troops entered the city after facing "no resistance". (Reuters) (TASS) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy posts a video of himself in the capital Kyiv amid rumors that he left the country. ( Times of Israel ) The Russian Navy warns that all civilian ships and vessels attempting to approach the Ukrainian Black Sea coast will be destroyed as " terrorist threats". ( Ukrainska Pravda ) Poland says that around 100,000 Ukrainians have crossed the border since the invasion began. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin issues orders to expand the offensive, after declaring peace talks "dead". (Bloomberg) The Ukrainian military destroys rails at all railway junctions leading to Russia as part of an attempt to prevent Russian military supplies from being delivered by freight trains. ( Ukrainska Pravda ) Sergey Aksyonov , the head of the Republic of Crimea , says that supplies of water via the North Crimean Canal returned after Russians destroyed the dam that prevented the flow of water from the Dnieper river. (TASS) Russian forces shell the city of Sartana, Ukraine , and the nearby village of Buhas, killing ten Greek nationals. (Al Jazeera) Kyiv offensive , Battle of Kyiv Russian Ground Forces attempt to attack an army base near Kyiv on Victory Avenue as well as an electricity generating station in the city. The Ukrainian military says that they repelled both attacks. (Reuters) A residential tower block near Kyiv International Airport is hit by a missile. (Al Jazeera) Ukraine's army claims that its air defences shot down two Russian Ilyushin Il-76 transport planes carrying paratroopers near the cities of Vasylkiv and Bila Tserkva in Kyiv Oblast , but did not provide any video evidence or details on crash sites. Ukraine also claims that a Sukhoi Su-25 attack jet was shot down. ( Times of Israel ) Russian Ground Forces attempt to attack an army base near Kyiv on Victory Avenue as well as an electricity generating station in the city. The Ukrainian military says that they repelled both attacks. (Reuters) A residential tower block near Kyiv International Airport is hit by a missile. (Al Jazeera) Ukraine's army claims that its air defences shot down two Russian Ilyushin Il-76 transport planes carrying paratroopers near the cities of Vasylkiv and Bila Tserkva in Kyiv Oblast , but did not provide any video evidence or details on crash sites. Ukraine also claims that a Sukhoi Su-25 attack jet was shot down. ( Times of Israel ) Battle of Melitopol The Russian Armed Forces report that they have captured the city of Melitopol in Zaporizhzhia Oblast . However, this claim is disputed. Russian state media says that Russian troops entered the city after facing "no resistance". (Reuters) (TASS) The Russian Armed Forces report that they have captured the city of Melitopol in Zaporizhzhia Oblast . However, this claim is disputed. Russian state media says that Russian troops entered the city after facing "no resistance". (Reuters) (TASS) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy posts a video of himself in the capital Kyiv amid rumors that he left the country. ( Times of Israel ) The Russian Navy warns that all civilian ships and vessels attempting to approach the Ukrainian Black Sea coast will be destroyed as " terrorist threats". ( Ukrainska Pravda ) Poland says that around 100,000 Ukrainians have crossed the border since the invasion began. (Reuters) Russian President Vladimir Putin issues orders to expand the offensive, after declaring peace talks "dead". (Bloomberg) The Ukrainian military destroys rails at all railway junctions leading to Russia as part of an attempt to prevent Russian military supplies from being delivered by freight trains. ( Ukrainska Pravda ) Sergey Aksyonov , the head of the Republic of Crimea , says that supplies of water via the North Crimean Canal returned after Russians destroyed the dam that prevented the flow of water from the Dnieper river. (TASS) Russian forces shell the city of Sartana, Ukraine , and the nearby village of Buhas, killing ten Greek nationals. (Al Jazeera) Business and economy 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War In an official joint statement, the European Commission , France , Germany , Italy , the United Kingdom , Canada , and the United States , agree to remove some Russian banks from SWIFT . The group also commits to "imposing restrictive measures that will prevent the Russian Central Bank from deploying its international reserves in ways that undermine the impact of our sanctions." ( The Guardian ) Several computer chip manufacturers, including TSMC and Intel , halt supplies of their products as a result of sanctions against Russia. ( The Washington Post ) International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War In an official joint statement, the European Commission , France , Germany , Italy , the United Kingdom , Canada , and the United States , agree to remove some Russian banks from SWIFT . The group also commits to "imposing restrictive measures that will prevent the Russian Central Bank from deploying its international reserves in ways that undermine the impact of our sanctions." ( The Guardian ) Several computer chip manufacturers, including TSMC and Intel , halt supplies of their products as a result of sanctions against Russia. ( The Washington Post ) In an official joint statement, the European Commission , France , Germany , Italy , the United Kingdom , Canada , and the United States , agree to remove some Russian banks from SWIFT . The group also commits to "imposing restrictive measures that will prevent the Russian Central Bank from deploying its international reserves in ways that undermine the impact of our sanctions." ( The Guardian ) Several computer chip manufacturers, including TSMC and Intel , halt supplies of their products as a result of sanctions against Russia. ( The Washington Post ) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports 112 deaths from COVID-19 , a new single-day record. (AP) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates , Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic The United Arab Emirates removes the mandatory face masks mandate in outdoor spaces, making the use of them optional. ( The National ) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports 112 deaths from COVID-19 , a new single-day record. (AP) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates , Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic The United Arab Emirates removes the mandatory face masks mandate in outdoor spaces, making the use of them optional. ( The National ) COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea South Korea reports 112 deaths from COVID-19 , a new single-day record. (AP) South Korea reports 112 deaths from COVID-19 , a new single-day record. (AP) COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates , Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic The United Arab Emirates removes the mandatory face masks mandate in outdoor spaces, making the use of them optional. ( The National ) The United Arab Emirates removes the mandatory face masks mandate in outdoor spaces, making the use of them optional. ( The National ) International relations Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis , International reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Estonia–Russia relations Estonia announces that it will close its airspace to all Russian airlines . (Reuters) Turkey–Ukraine relations Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan says that Turkey is making efforts for an immediate ceasefire between Ukraine and Russia . (Reuters) In a phone call, French President Emmanuel Macron calls for Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko to demand the withdrawal of Russian troops from Ukraine. During the phone call, Lukashenko also called reports of Belarus potentially having nuclear weapons "fake news". (Big News Network) (Belta) International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Estonia–Russia relations Estonia announces that it will close its airspace to all Russian airlines . (Reuters) Estonia–Russia relations Estonia announces that it will close its airspace to all Russian airlines . (Reuters) Estonia announces that it will close its airspace to all Russian airlines . (Reuters) Turkey–Ukraine relations Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan says that Turkey is making efforts for an immediate ceasefire between Ukraine and Russia . (Reuters) Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan says that Turkey is making efforts for an immediate ceasefire between Ukraine and Russia . (Reuters) In a phone call, French President Emmanuel Macron calls for Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko to demand the withdrawal of Russian troops from Ukraine. During the phone call, Lukashenko also called reports of Belarus potentially having nuclear weapons "fake news". (Big News Network) (Belta) Nuclear program of Iran Iran Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian announces that Iran will be studying a rough draft aimed at reviving the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action . ( Times of Israel ) Iran Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian announces that Iran will be studying a rough draft aimed at reviving the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action . ( Times of Israel ) Law and crime Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 anti-war protests in Russia Around 3,000 anti-war protesters across Russia have been detained since Russian President Vladimir Putin launched an invasion of Ukraine. ( Times of Israel ) Protesters gather at the Russian embassy in London . During the protest, demonstrators are seen throwing eggs at the embassy , and call for Vladimir Putin to withdraw troops from Ukraine. ( The Independent ) Around 200 demonstrators in Taipei , Taiwan call for the war to end. ( Taiwan News ) Iranian police disperse protesters chanting "Death to Putin" outside the Ukrainian embassy in Tehran . (Iran International) Protesters gather in Kansas City , Salt Lake City , the Space Needle in Seattle , and other cities across the U.S. to stand in solitary with Ukraine and call for peace. ( The Kansas City Star ) ( The Salt Lake Tribune ) ( Seattle Times ) Several Freedom Convoy truckers gather at the Grant Park in Chicago to protest in solitary with Ukraine . (Jalopnik) 2022 anti-war protests in Russia Around 3,000 anti-war protesters across Russia have been detained since Russian President Vladimir Putin launched an invasion of Ukraine. ( Times of Israel ) Around 3,000 anti-war protesters across Russia have been detained since Russian President Vladimir Putin launched an invasion of Ukraine. ( Times of Israel ) Protesters gather at the Russian embassy in London . During the protest, demonstrators are seen throwing eggs at the embassy , and call for Vladimir Putin to withdraw troops from Ukraine. ( The Independent ) Around 200 demonstrators in Taipei , Taiwan call for the war to end. ( Taiwan News ) Iranian police disperse protesters chanting "Death to Putin" outside the Ukrainian embassy in Tehran . (Iran International) Protesters gather in Kansas City , Salt Lake City , the Space Needle in Seattle , and other cities across the U.S. to stand in solitary with Ukraine and call for peace. ( The Kansas City Star ) ( The Salt Lake Tribune ) ( Seattle Times ) Several Freedom Convoy truckers gather at the Grant Park in Chicago to protest in solitary with Ukraine . (Jalopnik) Politics and elections Education in Afghanistan Universities reopen in Afghanistan to male and female students for the first time since the Taliban took power 6 months ago . (VOA) Universities reopen in Afghanistan to male and female students for the first time since the Taliban took power 6 months ago . (VOA) Science and technology Internet censorship in Russia Russia blocks access to social media platform Twitter . ( The Verge ) Russia blocks access to social media platform Twitter . ( The Verge ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Battle of Kharkiv , Battle of Kyiv Russian Ground Forces begin targeting gas and oil pipelines outside Kharkiv and Kyiv in an attempt to incapacitate their defenses, with multiple explosions being reported at an oil depot near Vasylkiv , Kyiv Oblast . (BBC News) The Ukrainian Army announces that they remain in control of Kyiv. Additionally, regional governor Oleh Synyehubov announces that Ukraine remains in control of Kharkiv . ( India Today ) ( Daily Sabah ) Ukraine's military says that it has destroyed a convoy of 56 tanks near the capital Kyiv and killed Chechen General Magomed Tushayev . ( Times of Israel ) Kherson offensive Russian troops enter the port city of Berdiansk and seize all administrative buildings, according to the city's mayor. ( The Jerusalem Post ) (Ukrinform) 368,000 refugees have fled Ukraine since the invasion started, according to an estimate by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . (Euronews) Russian President Vladimir Putin orders Russia's nuclear forces placed on high alert, in response to what he considered "aggressive statements" by NATO members. (AP) Ukraine says that they have used Baykar Bayraktar TB2 drones against Russian forces. ( The Wall Street Journal ) The European Union says that it will provide fighter aircraft and finance € 500 million in procurement and delivery of weapons to Ukraine, the first time that the EU has done so. The EU will also provide €50 million in medical supplies. (Ukrinform) (Reuters) Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen allows volunteers to join Ukrainian soldiers to fight against Russia. ( Jyllands Posten ) 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Battle of Kharkiv , Battle of Kyiv Russian Ground Forces begin targeting gas and oil pipelines outside Kharkiv and Kyiv in an attempt to incapacitate their defenses, with multiple explosions being reported at an oil depot near Vasylkiv , Kyiv Oblast . (BBC News) The Ukrainian Army announces that they remain in control of Kyiv. Additionally, regional governor Oleh Synyehubov announces that Ukraine remains in control of Kharkiv . ( India Today ) ( Daily Sabah ) Ukraine's military says that it has destroyed a convoy of 56 tanks near the capital Kyiv and killed Chechen General Magomed Tushayev . ( Times of Israel ) Kherson offensive Russian troops enter the port city of Berdiansk and seize all administrative buildings, according to the city's mayor. ( The Jerusalem Post ) (Ukrinform) 368,000 refugees have fled Ukraine since the invasion started, according to an estimate by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . (Euronews) Russian President Vladimir Putin orders Russia's nuclear forces placed on high alert, in response to what he considered "aggressive statements" by NATO members. (AP) Ukraine says that they have used Baykar Bayraktar TB2 drones against Russian forces. ( The Wall Street Journal ) The European Union says that it will provide fighter aircraft and finance € 500 million in procurement and delivery of weapons to Ukraine, the first time that the EU has done so. The EU will also provide €50 million in medical supplies. (Ukrinform) (Reuters) Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen allows volunteers to join Ukrainian soldiers to fight against Russia. ( Jyllands Posten ) Battle of Kharkiv , Battle of Kyiv Russian Ground Forces begin targeting gas and oil pipelines outside Kharkiv and Kyiv in an attempt to incapacitate their defenses, with multiple explosions being reported at an oil depot near Vasylkiv , Kyiv Oblast . (BBC News) The Ukrainian Army announces that they remain in control of Kyiv. Additionally, regional governor Oleh Synyehubov announces that Ukraine remains in control of Kharkiv . ( India Today ) ( Daily Sabah ) Ukraine's military says that it has destroyed a convoy of 56 tanks near the capital Kyiv and killed Chechen General Magomed Tushayev . ( Times of Israel ) Russian Ground Forces begin targeting gas and oil pipelines outside Kharkiv and Kyiv in an attempt to incapacitate their defenses, with multiple explosions being reported at an oil depot near Vasylkiv , Kyiv Oblast . (BBC News) The Ukrainian Army announces that they remain in control of Kyiv. Additionally, regional governor Oleh Synyehubov announces that Ukraine remains in control of Kharkiv . ( India Today ) ( Daily Sabah ) Ukraine's military says that it has destroyed a convoy of 56 tanks near the capital Kyiv and killed Chechen General Magomed Tushayev . ( Times of Israel ) Kherson offensive Russian troops enter the port city of Berdiansk and seize all administrative buildings, according to the city's mayor. ( The Jerusalem Post ) (Ukrinform) Russian troops enter the port city of Berdiansk and seize all administrative buildings, according to the city's mayor. ( The Jerusalem Post ) (Ukrinform) 368,000 refugees have fled Ukraine since the invasion started, according to an estimate by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . (Euronews) Russian President Vladimir Putin orders Russia's nuclear forces placed on high alert, in response to what he considered "aggressive statements" by NATO members. (AP) Ukraine says that they have used Baykar Bayraktar TB2 drones against Russian forces. ( The Wall Street Journal ) The European Union says that it will provide fighter aircraft and finance € 500 million in procurement and delivery of weapons to Ukraine, the first time that the EU has done so. The EU will also provide €50 million in medical supplies. (Ukrinform) (Reuters) Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen allows volunteers to join Ukrainian soldiers to fight against Russia. ( Jyllands Posten ) Syrian civil war Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reports that a Turkish drone has targeted Tell Rifaat near the Aleppo Governorate . No casualties are reported. (Kurdistan 24) Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reports that a Turkish drone has targeted Tell Rifaat near the Aleppo Governorate . No casualties are reported. (Kurdistan 24) The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reports that a Turkish drone has targeted Tell Rifaat near the Aleppo Governorate . No casualties are reported. (Kurdistan 24) Business and economy 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Canada , the European Union , the United Kingdom , the United States and Japan freeze all assets of the Russian Central Bank and the Russian National Wealth Fund under their jurisdiction, preventing the usage of more than a third of Russia's $630 billion of foreign exchange reserves . ( Rzeczpospolita ) ( The Japan Times ) British Petroleum liquidates its 19.75% stake in Russian state-owned oil company Rosneft . ( The Daily Telegraph) Norway 's sovereign fund will divest its Russian holdings. (Reuters) The Russian ruble experiences extreme buy–sell spreads . While the currency exchanges in banks offer a range of 70–90 rubles per US dollar and 80–100 rubles per euro , sell quotes vary from 100 rubles to over 150 rubles for 1 US dollar. Panic selling is suspected as a reason for the fluctuations. ( The Wall Street Journal ) ( Izvestiya ) International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Canada , the European Union , the United Kingdom , the United States and Japan freeze all assets of the Russian Central Bank and the Russian National Wealth Fund under their jurisdiction, preventing the usage of more than a third of Russia's $630 billion of foreign exchange reserves . ( Rzeczpospolita ) ( The Japan Times ) British Petroleum liquidates its 19.75% stake in Russian state-owned oil company Rosneft . ( The Daily Telegraph) Norway 's sovereign fund will divest its Russian holdings. (Reuters) The Russian ruble experiences extreme buy–sell spreads . While the currency exchanges in banks offer a range of 70–90 rubles per US dollar and 80–100 rubles per euro , sell quotes vary from 100 rubles to over 150 rubles for 1 US dollar. Panic selling is suspected as a reason for the fluctuations. ( The Wall Street Journal ) ( Izvestiya ) Canada , the European Union , the United Kingdom , the United States and Japan freeze all assets of the Russian Central Bank and the Russian National Wealth Fund under their jurisdiction, preventing the usage of more than a third of Russia's $630 billion of foreign exchange reserves . ( Rzeczpospolita ) ( The Japan Times ) British Petroleum liquidates its 19.75% stake in Russian state-owned oil company Rosneft . ( The Daily Telegraph) Norway 's sovereign fund will divest its Russian holdings. (Reuters) The Russian ruble experiences extreme buy–sell spreads . While the currency exchanges in banks offer a range of 70–90 rubles per US dollar and 80–100 rubles per euro , sell quotes vary from 100 rubles to over 150 rubles for 1 US dollar. Panic selling is suspected as a reason for the fluctuations. ( The Wall Street Journal ) ( Izvestiya ) Disasters and accidents 2022 Eastern Australia floods Six people are killed and another is missing during heavy floods in Queensland . (7 News) Six people are killed and another is missing during heavy floods in Queensland . (7 News) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 26,062 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the total number of confirmed cases in the territory to 138,955. ( The Standard ) COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand The Thailand Public Health Ministry calls for hospitals in Thailand to treat COVID-19 like an endemic instead of a pandemic beginning on March 1. ( The Nation ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state) COVID-19 pandemic in New York City New York City Mayor Eric Adams announces that the city will lift their vaccine mandate for indoor businesses and dining on March 7. (NBC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Peru , Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic The Peruvian Ministry of Transport and Communications announces that they have extended the suspension of passenger flights from South Africa until March 31. (Andina) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 26,062 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the total number of confirmed cases in the territory to 138,955. ( The Standard ) COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand The Thailand Public Health Ministry calls for hospitals in Thailand to treat COVID-19 like an endemic instead of a pandemic beginning on March 1. ( The Nation ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong Hong Kong reports a record 26,062 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the total number of confirmed cases in the territory to 138,955. ( The Standard ) Hong Kong reports a record 26,062 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the total number of confirmed cases in the territory to 138,955. ( The Standard ) COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand The Thailand Public Health Ministry calls for hospitals in Thailand to treat COVID-19 like an endemic instead of a pandemic beginning on March 1. ( The Nation ) The Thailand Public Health Ministry calls for hospitals in Thailand to treat COVID-19 like an endemic instead of a pandemic beginning on March 1. ( The Nation ) COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state) COVID-19 pandemic in New York City New York City Mayor Eric Adams announces that the city will lift their vaccine mandate for indoor businesses and dining on March 7. (NBC News) COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state) COVID-19 pandemic in New York City New York City Mayor Eric Adams announces that the city will lift their vaccine mandate for indoor businesses and dining on March 7. (NBC News) COVID-19 pandemic in New York City New York City Mayor Eric Adams announces that the city will lift their vaccine mandate for indoor businesses and dining on March 7. (NBC News) New York City Mayor Eric Adams announces that the city will lift their vaccine mandate for indoor businesses and dining on March 7. (NBC News) COVID-19 pandemic in Peru , Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic The Peruvian Ministry of Transport and Communications announces that they have extended the suspension of passenger flights from South Africa until March 31. (Andina) The Peruvian Ministry of Transport and Communications announces that they have extended the suspension of passenger flights from South Africa until March 31. (Andina) International relations Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis , International reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Russia–Ukraine relations Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov says that a Russian delegation has arrived in Gomel , Belarus , to hold talks as part of an effort to end the war . However, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy rejects Belarus as the country is a non-neutral party in the conflict. Ukraine and Russia eventually agree to hold negotiations on the Belarus–Ukraine border near the Pripyat river tomorrow as the Ukrainian delegation is travelling to the location via Poland for safety reasons. (Belarusian Telegraph Agency) ( The Washington Post ) ( Ukrainska Pravda ) ( Rzeczpospolita ) Ukraine sues Russia in the International Court of Justice , seeking an injunction ordering an immediate end to Russian military activities. (Ukrinform) During a meeting intended to approve a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Russian delegate Oleg Anisimov apologizes to Ukraine and says that there was "no justification" for invading Ukraine. ( Politico.eu ) Russia–European Union relations , Canada–Russia relations The European Union and Canada close their airspaces to Russian aircraft. (Reuters) Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu , the foreign minister of Turkey, triggers the wartime clause of the Montreux Convention and limits movements of military vessels whose bases are not on the Black Sea coast. (Reuters) Belarus–European Union relations The European Union imposes sanctions on Belarus , forbidding the import of some commodities, including timber, steel, oil-derived fuels and cement. ( Ekonomichna Pravda ) (Reuters) Israel–Russia relations , Israel–Ukraine relations Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett offers to mediate a ceasefire between Russia and Ukraine. (Axios) Germany–Ukraine relations Germany announces it will send weapons to Ukraine . ( The Wall Street Journal ) Russia–Ukraine relations Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov says that a Russian delegation has arrived in Gomel , Belarus , to hold talks as part of an effort to end the war . However, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy rejects Belarus as the country is a non-neutral party in the conflict. Ukraine and Russia eventually agree to hold negotiations on the Belarus–Ukraine border near the Pripyat river tomorrow as the Ukrainian delegation is travelling to the location via Poland for safety reasons. (Belarusian Telegraph Agency) ( The Washington Post ) ( Ukrainska Pravda ) ( Rzeczpospolita ) Ukraine sues Russia in the International Court of Justice , seeking an injunction ordering an immediate end to Russian military activities. (Ukrinform) During a meeting intended to approve a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Russian delegate Oleg Anisimov apologizes to Ukraine and says that there was "no justification" for invading Ukraine. ( Politico.eu ) Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov says that a Russian delegation has arrived in Gomel , Belarus , to hold talks as part of an effort to end the war . However, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy rejects Belarus as the country is a non-neutral party in the conflict. Ukraine and Russia eventually agree to hold negotiations on the Belarus–Ukraine border near the Pripyat river tomorrow as the Ukrainian delegation is travelling to the location via Poland for safety reasons. (Belarusian Telegraph Agency) ( The Washington Post ) ( Ukrainska Pravda ) ( Rzeczpospolita ) Ukraine sues Russia in the International Court of Justice , seeking an injunction ordering an immediate end to Russian military activities. (Ukrinform) During a meeting intended to approve a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Russian delegate Oleg Anisimov apologizes to Ukraine and says that there was "no justification" for invading Ukraine. ( Politico.eu ) Russia–European Union relations , Canada–Russia relations The European Union and Canada close their airspaces to Russian aircraft. (Reuters) The European Union and Canada close their airspaces to Russian aircraft. (Reuters) Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu , the foreign minister of Turkey, triggers the wartime clause of the Montreux Convention and limits movements of military vessels whose bases are not on the Black Sea coast. (Reuters) Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu , the foreign minister of Turkey, triggers the wartime clause of the Montreux Convention and limits movements of military vessels whose bases are not on the Black Sea coast. (Reuters) Belarus–European Union relations The European Union imposes sanctions on Belarus , forbidding the import of some commodities, including timber, steel, oil-derived fuels and cement. ( Ekonomichna Pravda ) (Reuters) The European Union imposes sanctions on Belarus , forbidding the import of some commodities, including timber, steel, oil-derived fuels and cement. ( Ekonomichna Pravda ) (Reuters) Israel–Russia relations , Israel–Ukraine relations Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett offers to mediate a ceasefire between Russia and Ukraine. (Axios) Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett offers to mediate a ceasefire between Russia and Ukraine. (Axios) Germany–Ukraine relations Germany announces it will send weapons to Ukraine . ( The Wall Street Journal ) Germany announces it will send weapons to Ukraine . ( The Wall Street Journal ) 2021–2022 North Korean missile tests North Korea says that it has tested a ballistic missile that entered the sea. (AP) North Korea says that it has tested a ballistic missile that entered the sea. (AP) China–European Union relations China and the European Union will host a virtual summit on April 1 as part of an effort to deescalate the economic and geopolitical tensions between the two governments, particularly with respect to Lithuania . ( Politico.eu ) China and the European Union will host a virtual summit on April 1 as part of an effort to deescalate the economic and geopolitical tensions between the two governments, particularly with respect to Lithuania . ( Politico.eu ) Law and crime Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Anti-war demonstrators gather in Minsk , Belarus , to protest Russia 's invasion of Ukraine despite Belarus's involvement in the invasion. Around 440 people are detained in the protests. ( Times of Israel ) (Interfax) Anti-war demonstrators gather in Minsk , Belarus , to protest Russia 's invasion of Ukraine despite Belarus's involvement in the invasion. Around 440 people are detained in the protests. ( Times of Israel ) (Interfax) Politics and elections 2022 Belarusian constitutional referendum Belarus holds a constitutional referendum . (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty) Belarus holds a constitutional referendum . (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty) 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état The ruling military junta of Burkina Faso , the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration , says that it is considering beginning a thirty-month transition to democracy . (Bloomberg) The ruling military junta of Burkina Faso , the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration , says that it is considering beginning a thirty-month transition to democracy . (Bloomberg) Science and technology Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Censorship in the European Union The European Union bans the Sputnik news agency and RT , both state-sponsored news outlets which are widely considered to be promoting Russian propaganda . (Reuters) Censorship in the European Union The European Union bans the Sputnik news agency and RT , both state-sponsored news outlets which are widely considered to be promoting Russian propaganda . (Reuters) The European Union bans the Sputnik news agency and RT , both state-sponsored news outlets which are widely considered to be promoting Russian propaganda . (Reuters) Sports Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Boycott of Russia and Belarus FIFA prohibits Russia from playing under its own flag , but will allow the country to compete under a neutral banner of " Football Union of Russia ", which is similar to how the International Olympic Committee requires Russian athletes to compete at the Olympics under the name of the Russian Olympic Committee . International football matches that would have taken place in Russia may only be played without spectators in other, neutral countries. However, several teams, including all possible playoff opponents for the 2022 FIFA World Cup , refuse to compete against the Russian team. ( The Guardian ) The International Judo Federation suspends Russian president Vladimir Putin's titles as the honorary president and ambassador of the federation, "in light of the ongoing war... in Ukraine". (AFP via RFI) Latvian ice hockey club Dinamo Riga withdraws from the Kontinental Hockey League in protest of the invasion, joining Finland club Jokerit . (Sportsnet) Boycott of Russia and Belarus FIFA prohibits Russia from playing under its own flag , but will allow the country to compete under a neutral banner of " Football Union of Russia ", which is similar to how the International Olympic Committee requires Russian athletes to compete at the Olympics under the name of the Russian Olympic Committee . International football matches that would have taken place in Russia may only be played without spectators in other, neutral countries. However, several teams, including all possible playoff opponents for the 2022 FIFA World Cup , refuse to compete against the Russian team. ( The Guardian ) The International Judo Federation suspends Russian president Vladimir Putin's titles as the honorary president and ambassador of the federation, "in light of the ongoing war... in Ukraine". (AFP via RFI) Latvian ice hockey club Dinamo Riga withdraws from the Kontinental Hockey League in protest of the invasion, joining Finland club Jokerit . (Sportsnet) FIFA prohibits Russia from playing under its own flag , but will allow the country to compete under a neutral banner of " Football Union of Russia ", which is similar to how the International Olympic Committee requires Russian athletes to compete at the Olympics under the name of the Russian Olympic Committee . International football matches that would have taken place in Russia may only be played without spectators in other, neutral countries. However, several teams, including all possible playoff opponents for the 2022 FIFA World Cup , refuse to compete against the Russian team. ( The Guardian ) The International Judo Federation suspends Russian president Vladimir Putin's titles as the honorary president and ambassador of the federation, "in light of the ongoing war... in Ukraine". (AFP via RFI) Latvian ice hockey club Dinamo Riga withdraws from the Kontinental Hockey League in protest of the invasion, joining Finland club Jokerit . (Sportsnet) 2022 FIFA World Cup The Associated Press reveals that Qatar , the host of the World Cup, paid more than $10 million for "Project Riverbed", a covert influence campaign run between 2012 and 2014 by a former CIA operative's company, which was aimed at neutralising Theo Zwanziger 's criticism of FIFA 's decision making process for Qatar's host bid, which Zwanziger accused of being corrupt. (AP) The Associated Press reveals that Qatar , the host of the World Cup, paid more than $10 million for "Project Riverbed", a covert influence campaign run between 2012 and 2014 by a former CIA operative's company, which was aimed at neutralising Theo Zwanziger 's criticism of FIFA 's decision making process for Qatar's host bid, which Zwanziger accused of being corrupt. (AP) 2022 EFL Cup Final Liverpool beat Chelsea 11–10 in a penalty shoot-out at Wembley Stadium to win the 2021–22 EFL Cup and claim a record ninth cup title. ( The Guardian ) Liverpool beat Chelsea 11–10 in a penalty shoot-out at Wembley Stadium to win the 2021–22 EFL Cup and claim a record ninth cup title. ( The Guardian ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian War 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Battle of Kharkiv Dozens of people are killed and hundreds more are injured in a massive MLRS attack on Kharkiv , according to the Ukrainian Interior Ministry . Videos appear to show cluster munitions being used in the rocket attack. ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) Hennadiy Matsehora, the mayor of Kupiansk who surrendered the city to the Russians in exchange for peace the previous day, is now indicted for treason by Ukrainian officials. ( Ukrainska Pravda ) (Ukrainska Pravda 2) Kyiv offensive A 64-kilometre (40 mi) long convoy of Russian Ground Forces armoured vehicles, tanks and artillery continues to advance towards Kyiv . (BBC News) Battle of Okhtyrka Ukrainian Ambassador to the U.S. Oksana Markarova confirms that Russian forces attacked Okhtyrka with a vacuum bomb . (Reuters) ( The Independent ) Zhytomyr Airport attack Russia attacks the Zhytomyr Airport using Iskander ballistic missiles launched from Belarus . ( The Times of Israel ) Kherson offensive The Russian Defence Ministry says Russian Ground Forces have captured the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Zaporizhzhia Oblast , and that the plant's operations have continued normally under the guard of soldiers. However, Ukraine denies that the power plant has been seized by Russian forces. (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Ukraine–NATO relations Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls for U.S. President Joe Biden and NATO to impose a no-fly zone over Ukraine . However, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki , British Defense Secretary Ben Wallace , and NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg state that NATO and the U.S. have ruled out imposing a no-fly zone. (Axios) Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov accuses the European Union of "hostile behaviour" towards Russia, and says that the arming of Ukraine was an "extremely dangerous and destabilising factor". Peskov says that Western arms supplies to Kyiv shows that Moscow was justified in demilitarising Ukraine. (Reuters) Dmitry Peskov says that Vladimir Putin's nuclear deterrent order remarks were in response to comments made by British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss . ( The Independent ) Latvia allows volunteers to participate in the Russo-Ukrainian war. (Reuters) Belarus–Ukraine relations Belarus is expected to directly deploy its armed forces in Ukraine, thereby aiding Russia in its invasion . However, a senior U.S. defense official says that there are no indications that Belarusian troops have been deployed yet. ( The Washington Post ) ( The Hill ) France–Russia relations The office of French President Emmanuel Macron states that during a phone call with the Russian President , " Putin confirmed his willingness to make commitments" to stop attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure and secure major roadways. ( Times of Israel ) (Reuters) The United Nations reports at least 406 civilian casualties in Ukraine . (CNN) The Ukrainian engineer of the Russian yacht Princess Anastasia attempts to scuttle the vessel in the port of Mallorca , Spain , damaging the yacht's engine room. ( Newsweek ) Two ethnic Greeks are killed after the city of Sartana is bombarded by the Russian Air Force. (Greek City Times) Ukrainian Air Force pilots begin arriving in Poland to begin taking control of fighter aircraft donated by European Union countries. The Ukrainian government says that the EU is handing over 70 fighter jets to its air force including 28 MiG-29s from Poland, 12 from Slovakia , 16 from Bulgaria , and 14 Sukhoi Su-25s from Bulgaria. Bulgarian Prime Minister Kiril Petkov said he had rejected the request. European Union security chief Josep Borrell later clarified that the donations were done "bilaterally" by individual EU member states and not from the EU itself. ( Politico ) 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Battle of Kharkiv Dozens of people are killed and hundreds more are injured in a massive MLRS attack on Kharkiv , according to the Ukrainian Interior Ministry . Videos appear to show cluster munitions being used in the rocket attack. ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) Hennadiy Matsehora, the mayor of Kupiansk who surrendered the city to the Russians in exchange for peace the previous day, is now indicted for treason by Ukrainian officials. ( Ukrainska Pravda ) (Ukrainska Pravda 2) Kyiv offensive A 64-kilometre (40 mi) long convoy of Russian Ground Forces armoured vehicles, tanks and artillery continues to advance towards Kyiv . (BBC News) Battle of Okhtyrka Ukrainian Ambassador to the U.S. Oksana Markarova confirms that Russian forces attacked Okhtyrka with a vacuum bomb . (Reuters) ( The Independent ) Zhytomyr Airport attack Russia attacks the Zhytomyr Airport using Iskander ballistic missiles launched from Belarus . ( The Times of Israel ) Kherson offensive The Russian Defence Ministry says Russian Ground Forces have captured the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Zaporizhzhia Oblast , and that the plant's operations have continued normally under the guard of soldiers. However, Ukraine denies that the power plant has been seized by Russian forces. (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Ukraine–NATO relations Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls for U.S. President Joe Biden and NATO to impose a no-fly zone over Ukraine . However, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki , British Defense Secretary Ben Wallace , and NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg state that NATO and the U.S. have ruled out imposing a no-fly zone. (Axios) Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov accuses the European Union of "hostile behaviour" towards Russia, and says that the arming of Ukraine was an "extremely dangerous and destabilising factor". Peskov says that Western arms supplies to Kyiv shows that Moscow was justified in demilitarising Ukraine. (Reuters) Dmitry Peskov says that Vladimir Putin's nuclear deterrent order remarks were in response to comments made by British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss . ( The Independent ) Latvia allows volunteers to participate in the Russo-Ukrainian war. (Reuters) Belarus–Ukraine relations Belarus is expected to directly deploy its armed forces in Ukraine, thereby aiding Russia in its invasion . However, a senior U.S. defense official says that there are no indications that Belarusian troops have been deployed yet. ( The Washington Post ) ( The Hill ) France–Russia relations The office of French President Emmanuel Macron states that during a phone call with the Russian President , " Putin confirmed his willingness to make commitments" to stop attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure and secure major roadways. ( Times of Israel ) (Reuters) The United Nations reports at least 406 civilian casualties in Ukraine . (CNN) The Ukrainian engineer of the Russian yacht Princess Anastasia attempts to scuttle the vessel in the port of Mallorca , Spain , damaging the yacht's engine room. ( Newsweek ) Two ethnic Greeks are killed after the city of Sartana is bombarded by the Russian Air Force. (Greek City Times) Ukrainian Air Force pilots begin arriving in Poland to begin taking control of fighter aircraft donated by European Union countries. The Ukrainian government says that the EU is handing over 70 fighter jets to its air force including 28 MiG-29s from Poland, 12 from Slovakia , 16 from Bulgaria , and 14 Sukhoi Su-25s from Bulgaria. Bulgarian Prime Minister Kiril Petkov said he had rejected the request. European Union security chief Josep Borrell later clarified that the donations were done "bilaterally" by individual EU member states and not from the EU itself. ( Politico ) Battle of Kharkiv Dozens of people are killed and hundreds more are injured in a massive MLRS attack on Kharkiv , according to the Ukrainian Interior Ministry . Videos appear to show cluster munitions being used in the rocket attack. ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) Hennadiy Matsehora, the mayor of Kupiansk who surrendered the city to the Russians in exchange for peace the previous day, is now indicted for treason by Ukrainian officials. ( Ukrainska Pravda ) (Ukrainska Pravda 2) Dozens of people are killed and hundreds more are injured in a massive MLRS attack on Kharkiv , according to the Ukrainian Interior Ministry . Videos appear to show cluster munitions being used in the rocket attack. ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) Hennadiy Matsehora, the mayor of Kupiansk who surrendered the city to the Russians in exchange for peace the previous day, is now indicted for treason by Ukrainian officials. ( Ukrainska Pravda ) (Ukrainska Pravda 2) Kyiv offensive A 64-kilometre (40 mi) long convoy of Russian Ground Forces armoured vehicles, tanks and artillery continues to advance towards Kyiv . (BBC News) A 64-kilometre (40 mi) long convoy of Russian Ground Forces armoured vehicles, tanks and artillery continues to advance towards Kyiv . (BBC News) Battle of Okhtyrka Ukrainian Ambassador to the U.S. Oksana Markarova confirms that Russian forces attacked Okhtyrka with a vacuum bomb . (Reuters) ( The Independent ) Ukrainian Ambassador to the U.S. Oksana Markarova confirms that Russian forces attacked Okhtyrka with a vacuum bomb . (Reuters) ( The Independent ) Zhytomyr Airport attack Russia attacks the Zhytomyr Airport using Iskander ballistic missiles launched from Belarus . ( The Times of Israel ) Russia attacks the Zhytomyr Airport using Iskander ballistic missiles launched from Belarus . ( The Times of Israel ) Kherson offensive The Russian Defence Ministry says Russian Ground Forces have captured the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Zaporizhzhia Oblast , and that the plant's operations have continued normally under the guard of soldiers. However, Ukraine denies that the power plant has been seized by Russian forces. (Reuters) The Russian Defence Ministry says Russian Ground Forces have captured the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Zaporizhzhia Oblast , and that the plant's operations have continued normally under the guard of soldiers. However, Ukraine denies that the power plant has been seized by Russian forces. (Reuters) Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Ukraine–NATO relations Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls for U.S. President Joe Biden and NATO to impose a no-fly zone over Ukraine . However, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki , British Defense Secretary Ben Wallace , and NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg state that NATO and the U.S. have ruled out imposing a no-fly zone. (Axios) Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov accuses the European Union of "hostile behaviour" towards Russia, and says that the arming of Ukraine was an "extremely dangerous and destabilising factor". Peskov says that Western arms supplies to Kyiv shows that Moscow was justified in demilitarising Ukraine. (Reuters) Dmitry Peskov says that Vladimir Putin's nuclear deterrent order remarks were in response to comments made by British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss . ( The Independent ) Latvia allows volunteers to participate in the Russo-Ukrainian war. (Reuters) Ukraine–NATO relations Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls for U.S. President Joe Biden and NATO to impose a no-fly zone over Ukraine . However, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki , British Defense Secretary Ben Wallace , and NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg state that NATO and the U.S. have ruled out imposing a no-fly zone. (Axios) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls for U.S. President Joe Biden and NATO to impose a no-fly zone over Ukraine . However, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki , British Defense Secretary Ben Wallace , and NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg state that NATO and the U.S. have ruled out imposing a no-fly zone. (Axios) Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov accuses the European Union of "hostile behaviour" towards Russia, and says that the arming of Ukraine was an "extremely dangerous and destabilising factor". Peskov says that Western arms supplies to Kyiv shows that Moscow was justified in demilitarising Ukraine. (Reuters) Dmitry Peskov says that Vladimir Putin's nuclear deterrent order remarks were in response to comments made by British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss . ( The Independent ) Latvia allows volunteers to participate in the Russo-Ukrainian war. (Reuters) Belarus–Ukraine relations Belarus is expected to directly deploy its armed forces in Ukraine, thereby aiding Russia in its invasion . However, a senior U.S. defense official says that there are no indications that Belarusian troops have been deployed yet. ( The Washington Post ) ( The Hill ) Belarus is expected to directly deploy its armed forces in Ukraine, thereby aiding Russia in its invasion . However, a senior U.S. defense official says that there are no indications that Belarusian troops have been deployed yet. ( The Washington Post ) ( The Hill ) France–Russia relations The office of French President Emmanuel Macron states that during a phone call with the Russian President , " Putin confirmed his willingness to make commitments" to stop attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure and secure major roadways. ( Times of Israel ) (Reuters) The office of French President Emmanuel Macron states that during a phone call with the Russian President , " Putin confirmed his willingness to make commitments" to stop attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure and secure major roadways. ( Times of Israel ) (Reuters) The United Nations reports at least 406 civilian casualties in Ukraine . (CNN) The Ukrainian engineer of the Russian yacht Princess Anastasia attempts to scuttle the vessel in the port of Mallorca , Spain , damaging the yacht's engine room. ( Newsweek ) Two ethnic Greeks are killed after the city of Sartana is bombarded by the Russian Air Force. (Greek City Times) Ukrainian Air Force pilots begin arriving in Poland to begin taking control of fighter aircraft donated by European Union countries. The Ukrainian government says that the EU is handing over 70 fighter jets to its air force including 28 MiG-29s from Poland, 12 from Slovakia , 16 from Bulgaria , and 14 Sukhoi Su-25s from Bulgaria. Bulgarian Prime Minister Kiril Petkov said he had rejected the request. European Union security chief Josep Borrell later clarified that the donations were done "bilaterally" by individual EU member states and not from the EU itself. ( Politico ) Business and economy 2022 Russian financial crisis The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) raises the interest rate from 9.5% to 20%, the highest rate since 2003. The Russian ruble also loses more than a quarter of its value at the beginning of trading, with ranges of 100–120 rubles to the US dollar. ( The Guardian ) (Reuters) The CBR orders all companies receiving foreign currency to exchange 80% of the revenue into rubles, in an attempt to stabilise the market. ( Forbes Russia) Russia institutes capital controls , banning all trading of Russian securities by foreign legal entities. (Reuters) The Moscow Stock Exchange , which did not open for trade on Monday, will remain closed until Saturday, as Russian regulators attempt to contain the selloff of Russian assets and rubles. ( The Wall Street Journal ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) President Vladimir Putin ordered a ban on transferring hard currency , such as U.S. dollars and euros, abroad, including by servicing foreign debt. Whether this constitutes a debt default is unclear. (Bloomberg) The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) raises the interest rate from 9.5% to 20%, the highest rate since 2003. The Russian ruble also loses more than a quarter of its value at the beginning of trading, with ranges of 100–120 rubles to the US dollar. ( The Guardian ) (Reuters) The CBR orders all companies receiving foreign currency to exchange 80% of the revenue into rubles, in an attempt to stabilise the market. ( Forbes Russia) Russia institutes capital controls , banning all trading of Russian securities by foreign legal entities. (Reuters) The Moscow Stock Exchange , which did not open for trade on Monday, will remain closed until Saturday, as Russian regulators attempt to contain the selloff of Russian assets and rubles. ( The Wall Street Journal ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) President Vladimir Putin ordered a ban on transferring hard currency , such as U.S. dollars and euros, abroad, including by servicing foreign debt. Whether this constitutes a debt default is unclear. (Bloomberg) 2021–2022 global energy crisis Petrol prices in the United Kingdom reach an all-time high, according to the RAC . (BBC News) Petrol prices in the United Kingdom reach an all-time high, according to the RAC . (BBC News) An EU subsidiary of Sberbank is declared to be "failing or likely to be failing" by European banking regulators. The bank's assets amount to € 13.64 billion. ( The Wall Street Journal ) ( Ekonomichna Pravda ) Health and environment COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in India COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat Gujarat will lift their COVID-19 restrictions on March 2. ( New Indian Express ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong A third team of medical health experts arrive in Hong Kong amid an increase in the number of new COVID-19 cases. ( Shanghai Daily ) History of COVID-19 vaccine development Novavax says that it will pursue full approval for its COVID-19 vaccine during the second half of this year. (Reuters) COVID-19 pandemic in Asia COVID-19 pandemic in India COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat Gujarat will lift their COVID-19 restrictions on March 2. ( New Indian Express ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong A third team of medical health experts arrive in Hong Kong amid an increase in the number of new COVID-19 cases. ( Shanghai Daily ) COVID-19 pandemic in India COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat Gujarat will lift their COVID-19 restrictions on March 2. ( New Indian Express ) COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat Gujarat will lift their COVID-19 restrictions on March 2. ( New Indian Express ) Gujarat will lift their COVID-19 restrictions on March 2. ( New Indian Express ) COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong A third team of medical health experts arrive in Hong Kong amid an increase in the number of new COVID-19 cases. ( Shanghai Daily ) A third team of medical health experts arrive in Hong Kong amid an increase in the number of new COVID-19 cases. ( Shanghai Daily ) History of COVID-19 vaccine development Novavax says that it will pursue full approval for its COVID-19 vaccine during the second half of this year. (Reuters) Novavax says that it will pursue full approval for its COVID-19 vaccine during the second half of this year. (Reuters) International relations Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis , International reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Russia–Ukraine relations A Ukrainian government delegation arrives in Belarus for peace talks with the Russian delegation in an attempt to end the war. ( The Independent Uganda ) Ukrainian presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak announces that peace talks have begun as part of an effort to end the war. During the talks, Ukraine calls for a ceasefire to end the war. (Reuters) (BBC News) Russian negotiator Vladimir Medinsky says that Russia and Ukraine are interested in reaching an agreement aimed at ending the war. (Forexlive) The first round of peace talks conclude. Both delegations will return to their respective capitals for consultations prior to a second round of talks, which will be held at the Belarus–Poland border . (Mint) Russia–European Union relations , Russia–United Kingdom relations In retaliation of the Russian aircraft ban, Russian authorities prohibit EU and UK airlines from landing in or crossing Russian airspace. ( Bloomberg ) Russia–Monaco relations Monaco , a city favoured by Russian oligarchs , adopts sanctions against Russia in line with current EU sanctions. (Reuters) Russia–Switzerland relations Breaking from a historic tradition of Swiss neutrality , Switzerland says it will adopt all EU sanctions on Russia effective immediately in response to the invasion. Swiss banks are believed to hold billions of dollars in Russian funds. (Reuters) Russia–United Kingdom relations The United Kingdom bans Russian ships from docking at its ports. ( Politico ) Canada–Russia relations Canada bans the importation of Russian crude oil , becoming the first G7 member to ban the importation of Russian oil. Canada also approves the delivery of 100 Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifles and 2,000 anti-tank rockets to Ukraine. (CBC) Belarus–United States relations , Russia–United States relations The United States closes its embassy in Minsk , Belarus , and allows "non-essential staff" at its embassy in Moscow to leave the country amid war in neighbouring Ukraine. ( The Independent ) The United States announces it is expelling 12 Russian people in New York who are a part of Russia's delegation to the United Nations , saying they are "intelligence operatives" who have "abused their privileges of residency" by engaging in "espionage activities." ( The Hill ) Ukraine–United States relations The United States says it will continue to provide arms to Ukraine to aid that country in its defense against Russian aggression. (MilitaryNews) Sweden–Ukraine relations Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson announces that the country will send military equipment, including anti-tank launchers, to Ukraine , breaking with a doctrine of not sending arms to countries that are engaged in active conflict. (The Defense Post) Russia–Ukraine relations A Ukrainian government delegation arrives in Belarus for peace talks with the Russian delegation in an attempt to end the war. ( The Independent Uganda ) Ukrainian presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak announces that peace talks have begun as part of an effort to end the war. During the talks, Ukraine calls for a ceasefire to end the war. (Reuters) (BBC News) Russian negotiator Vladimir Medinsky says that Russia and Ukraine are interested in reaching an agreement aimed at ending the war. (Forexlive) The first round of peace talks conclude. Both delegations will return to their respective capitals for consultations prior to a second round of talks, which will be held at the Belarus–Poland border . (Mint) A Ukrainian government delegation arrives in Belarus for peace talks with the Russian delegation in an attempt to end the war. ( The Independent Uganda ) Ukrainian presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak announces that peace talks have begun as part of an effort to end the war. During the talks, Ukraine calls for a ceasefire to end the war. (Reuters) (BBC News) Russian negotiator Vladimir Medinsky says that Russia and Ukraine are interested in reaching an agreement aimed at ending the war. (Forexlive) The first round of peace talks conclude. Both delegations will return to their respective capitals for consultations prior to a second round of talks, which will be held at the Belarus–Poland border . (Mint) Russia–European Union relations , Russia–United Kingdom relations In retaliation of the Russian aircraft ban, Russian authorities prohibit EU and UK airlines from landing in or crossing Russian airspace. ( Bloomberg ) In retaliation of the Russian aircraft ban, Russian authorities prohibit EU and UK airlines from landing in or crossing Russian airspace. ( Bloomberg ) Russia–Monaco relations Monaco , a city favoured by Russian oligarchs , adopts sanctions against Russia in line with current EU sanctions. (Reuters) Monaco , a city favoured by Russian oligarchs , adopts sanctions against Russia in line with current EU sanctions. (Reuters) Russia–Switzerland relations Breaking from a historic tradition of Swiss neutrality , Switzerland says it will adopt all EU sanctions on Russia effective immediately in response to the invasion. Swiss banks are believed to hold billions of dollars in Russian funds. (Reuters) Breaking from a historic tradition of Swiss neutrality , Switzerland says it will adopt all EU sanctions on Russia effective immediately in response to the invasion. Swiss banks are believed to hold billions of dollars in Russian funds. (Reuters) Russia–United Kingdom relations The United Kingdom bans Russian ships from docking at its ports. ( Politico ) The United Kingdom bans Russian ships from docking at its ports. ( Politico ) Canada–Russia relations Canada bans the importation of Russian crude oil , becoming the first G7 member to ban the importation of Russian oil. Canada also approves the delivery of 100 Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifles and 2,000 anti-tank rockets to Ukraine. (CBC) Canada bans the importation of Russian crude oil , becoming the first G7 member to ban the importation of Russian oil. Canada also approves the delivery of 100 Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifles and 2,000 anti-tank rockets to Ukraine. (CBC) Belarus–United States relations , Russia–United States relations The United States closes its embassy in Minsk , Belarus , and allows "non-essential staff" at its embassy in Moscow to leave the country amid war in neighbouring Ukraine. ( The Independent ) The United States announces it is expelling 12 Russian people in New York who are a part of Russia's delegation to the United Nations , saying they are "intelligence operatives" who have "abused their privileges of residency" by engaging in "espionage activities." ( The Hill ) The United States closes its embassy in Minsk , Belarus , and allows "non-essential staff" at its embassy in Moscow to leave the country amid war in neighbouring Ukraine. ( The Independent ) The United States announces it is expelling 12 Russian people in New York who are a part of Russia's delegation to the United Nations , saying they are "intelligence operatives" who have "abused their privileges of residency" by engaging in "espionage activities." ( The Hill ) Ukraine–United States relations The United States says it will continue to provide arms to Ukraine to aid that country in its defense against Russian aggression. (MilitaryNews) The United States says it will continue to provide arms to Ukraine to aid that country in its defense against Russian aggression. (MilitaryNews) Sweden–Ukraine relations Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson announces that the country will send military equipment, including anti-tank launchers, to Ukraine , breaking with a doctrine of not sending arms to countries that are engaged in active conflict. (The Defense Post) Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson announces that the country will send military equipment, including anti-tank launchers, to Ukraine , breaking with a doctrine of not sending arms to countries that are engaged in active conflict. (The Defense Post) Nuclear program of Iran Diplomats from the U.S. , United Kingdom , France , Germany , Russia , China , and Iran gather in Vienna , Austria to seek a deal to revive the 2015 Iran deal . (Euronews) An Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson says that efforts to revive the 2015 Iran deal could succeed if the U.S. and other Western powers take steps to solve three issues. These three issues include the extent to which sanctions would be rolled back, providing guarantees that the U.S. will not withdraw from the deal again, and resolving questions over uranium traces found at several old but undeclared sites in Iran . (Al Arabiya) France calls for the talks to end this week and for Iran and the Western countries to reach an agreement to revive the deal. ( Times of Israel ) Diplomats from the U.S. , United Kingdom , France , Germany , Russia , China , and Iran gather in Vienna , Austria to seek a deal to revive the 2015 Iran deal . (Euronews) An Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson says that efforts to revive the 2015 Iran deal could succeed if the U.S. and other Western powers take steps to solve three issues. These three issues include the extent to which sanctions would be rolled back, providing guarantees that the U.S. will not withdraw from the deal again, and resolving questions over uranium traces found at several old but undeclared sites in Iran . (Al Arabiya) France calls for the talks to end this week and for Iran and the Western countries to reach an agreement to revive the deal. ( Times of Israel ) Taiwan–United States relations U.S. President Joe Biden announces that the U.S. will send a delegation to Taiwan in order to reaffirm its commitment to the country. ( The Washington Post ) U.S. President Joe Biden announces that the U.S. will send a delegation to Taiwan in order to reaffirm its commitment to the country. ( The Washington Post ) 2021–2022 North Korean missile tests The KCNA says that the missile test that North Korea conducted on Sunday was to develop a "reconnaissance" satellite system . (Reuters) The KCNA says that the missile test that North Korea conducted on Sunday was to develop a "reconnaissance" satellite system . (Reuters) Law and crime Russo-Ukrainian War 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan announces that the International Criminal Court will conduct a criminal investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity in Ukraine . (CBS News) 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan announces that the International Criminal Court will conduct a criminal investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity in Ukraine . (CBS News) Prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan announces that the International Criminal Court will conduct a criminal investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity in Ukraine . (CBS News) Lynching in the United States The U.S. House of Representatives votes 422–3 to pass the Emmett Till Antilynching Act , a bill that would make lynching a federal crime in the U.S. ( The Washington Post ) The U.S. House of Representatives votes 422–3 to pass the Emmett Till Antilynching Act , a bill that would make lynching a federal crime in the U.S. ( The Washington Post ) Politics and elections 2022 Belarusian constitutional referendum Belarus approves the adoption of the changes to the Constitution of Belarus according to President Alexander Lukashenko 's proposal, with just over 65% support, according to Belarusian electoral officials. (France 24) Belarus confirms that it has revoked its status as a non-nuclear state, thus allowing the country to host and develop its own nuclear weapons . President Lukashenko says that he could ask Russia to return nuclear missiles to his country if any nuclear weapons are transferred to Poland or Lithuania . (Reuters) Belarus approves the adoption of the changes to the Constitution of Belarus according to President Alexander Lukashenko 's proposal, with just over 65% support, according to Belarusian electoral officials. (France 24) Belarus confirms that it has revoked its status as a non-nuclear state, thus allowing the country to host and develop its own nuclear weapons . President Lukashenko says that he could ask Russia to return nuclear missiles to his country if any nuclear weapons are transferred to Poland or Lithuania . (Reuters) Potential enlargement of the European Union Accession of Ukraine to the European Union Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy signs an application for the country to join the European Union . ( Newsweek ) Accession of Ukraine to the European Union Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy signs an application for the country to join the European Union . ( Newsweek ) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy signs an application for the country to join the European Union . ( Newsweek ) Yemeni Civil War The United Nations Security Council votes in favour of a British -drafted resolution to place an arms embargo on the Houthis . (Voice of America) The United Nations Security Council votes in favour of a British -drafted resolution to place an arms embargo on the Houthis . (Voice of America) Science and technology IPCC Sixth Assessment Report A report from the second IPCC working group is published, focusing on adaptation to climate change and population vulnerability. ( The Conversation ) A report from the second IPCC working group is published, focusing on adaptation to climate change and population vulnerability. ( The Conversation ) Discoveries of exoplanets In new research published by the Nature journal, it is revealed that the Hot Jupiter exoplanet WASP-121b has clouds of metal and rains gems. (Joe) In new research published by the Nature journal, it is revealed that the Hot Jupiter exoplanet WASP-121b has clouds of metal and rains gems. (Joe) Sports International reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine FIFA and UEFA suspend all Russian football clubs from international competitions and also ban the Russian national football team from competing at the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar . UEFA also ends its sponsorship with Russian energy firm Gazprom . (BBC Sport) The International Ice Hockey Federation suspends all Russian and Belarusian clubs, as well as the respective national teams of the two countries, from its competitions. It also withdraws Russia's hosting rights of the 2023 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . ( USA Today ) FIFA and UEFA suspend all Russian football clubs from international competitions and also ban the Russian national football team from competing at the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar . UEFA also ends its sponsorship with Russian energy firm Gazprom . (BBC Sport) The International Ice Hockey Federation suspends all Russian and Belarusian clubs, as well as the respective national teams of the two countries, from its competitions. It also withdraws Russia's hosting rights of the 2023 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . ( USA Today ) S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ongoing events Disasters Climate crisis COVID-19 pandemic Opioid epidemic 2021–22 European windstorm season 2020–2022 H5N8 outbreak Madagascar famine Yemeni famine Economic 2020–present global chip shortage 2021–2022 global energy crisis 2021–2022 global supply chain crisis COVID-19 recession Lebanese liquidity crisis Pandora Papers leak Russian financial crisis Suisse secrets Sri Lankan economic and food crisis Turkish currency and debt crisis Politics Belarus−European Union border crisis Brazilian protests Haitian protests Insulate Britain protests Libyan peace process Malaysian political crisis Myanmar protests Nicaraguan protests Nigerian protests Partygate Peruvian crisis Russo−Ukrainian crisis Somali political crisis Tigrayan peace process Thai protests Tunisian political crisis Venezuelan presidential crisis Xinjiang internment camps Elections and referendums Recent February 13: Germany , President (indirect) 13: Switzerland , Referendums 27: Belarus , Constitutional referendum 13: Germany , President (indirect) 13: Switzerland , Referendums 27: Belarus , Constitutional referendum Upcoming March 3: Armenia , President (indirect) 9: South Korea , President 10: Hungary , President (indirect) 12: Abkhazia , People's Assembly 12: Turkmenistan , President 13: Colombia , House of Representatives, Senate 3: Armenia , President (indirect) 9: South Korea , President 10: Hungary , President (indirect) 12: Abkhazia , People's Assembly 12: Turkmenistan , President 13: Colombia , House of Representatives, Senate Trials Recently concluded United States: Michael Avenatti , Elizabeth Holmes Ongoing Armenia: Serzh Sargsyan France: Brussels Islamic State Israel: Benjamin Netanyahu Italy: Matteo Salvini Kosovo: Specialist Chambers Kyrgyzstan: Almazbek Atambayev Malta: Yorgen Fenech Philippines: Leila de Lima Sudan: Omar al-Bashir Sweden: Hamid Nouri United States: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Upcoming Canada: Peter Nygård Nigeria: Nnamdi Kanu Vatican City: Giovanni Angelo Becciu ICC: Ali Kushayb Sport Association football 2021–22 UEFA Europa League 2021–22 UEFA Champions League 2021–22 Premier League 2021–22 Bundesliga 2021–22 Serie A 2021–22 La Liga 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification 2020–21 UEFA Nations League 2021–22 UEFA Europa League 2021–22 UEFA Champions League 2021–22 Premier League 2021–22 Bundesliga 2021–22 Serie A 2021–22 La Liga 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification 2020–21 UEFA Nations League Basketball 2021–22 NBA season 2021–22 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Season 2021–22 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Season 2021–22 NBA season 2021–22 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Season 2021–22 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Season Cricket 2021–23 ICC World Test Championship 2020–23 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League 2019–23 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 2019–22 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League 2021–23 ICC World Test Championship 2020–23 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League 2019–23 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 2019–22 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League Golf 2021–22 PGA Tour 2021–22 PGA Tour Ice hockey 2021–22 NHL season 2021–22 IIHF Continental Cup 2021–22 NHL season 2021–22 IIHF Continental Cup Motorsport 2021–22 Formula E World Championship 2021–22 Formula E World Championship Rugby union 2021–22 Premiership Rugby 2021–22 United Rugby Championship 2021–22 Top 14 2021 Super Rugby season 2021–22 Premiership Rugby 2021–22 United Rugby Championship 2021–22 Top 14 2021 Super Rugby season Tennis 2022 ATP Tour 2022 WTA Tour 2021–22 King Cup 2022 ATP Tour 2022 WTA Tour 2021–22 King Cup Other sports seasons 2021–22 International cricket season 2021–22 snooker season 2021–22 curling season 2021–22 International cricket season 2021–22 snooker season 2021–22 curling season Recent deaths February 24: Sally Kellerman 24: John Landy 24: Va'aiga Tuigamala 22: The Amazing Johnathan 22: Anna Karen 22: Mark Lanegan 21: Paul Farmer 21: Chor Yuen 20: Bob Beckel 20: Joni James 20: Jamal Edwards 19: Emile Francis 19: Nightbirde 19: Charley Taylor 19: Gary Brooker 19: Jean-Luc Brunel 17: David Brenner 17: Jim Hagedorn 17: Martin Tolchin 16: Cristina Calderón 16: Walter Dellinger 16: Gail Halvorsen 16: Amos Sawyer 15: P. J. O'Rourke 15: Alfred Sole 15: Bappi Lahiri 12: Valerie Boyd 12: Carmen Herrera 12: Ivan Reitman 12: Hugo Torres Jiménez 12: Beryl Vertue 12: Rahul Bajaj 10: Manuel Esquivel 9: Jim Angle 9: Betty Davis 9: Jeremy Giambi 9: Ian McDonald 9: Johnny Raper 8: Ricky Hunter 8: Bamber Gascoigne 8: Luc Montagnier 7: Douglas Trumbull 6: George Crumb 6: Syl Johnson 6: Frank Pesce 6: Ronnie Hellström 6: Hans Neuenfels 6: John Vinocur 6: Lata Mangeshkar 5: Todd Gitlin 5: John Honderich 5: Don Johnston 5: Rayan Oram 4: Ashley Bryan 4: Jason Epstein 3: Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi 3: Christos Sartzetakis 2: Bill Fitch 2: Robert Blalack 2: Monica Vitti 1: Robin Herman 1: Safi Golpaygani 1: Shintaro Ishihara 1: Glenn Wheatley January 31: Carleton Carpenter 30: Jon Appleton 30: Art Cooley 30: Cheslie Kryst 30: Hargus "Pig" Robbins 30: Robert Wall 30: Norma Waterson 29: Leonard Fenton 29: Howard Hesseman 29: Sam Lay 29: John K. Singlaub 29: Jo Kendall Ongoing conflicts Africa Angola Cabinda War Cabinda War Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso Cameroon Anglophone Crisis Anglophone Crisis Central African Republic Civil War Civil War Chad Insurgency in Northern Chad Insurgency in Northern Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Kivu conflict Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Ituri conflict Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Kivu conflict Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Ituri conflict Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Ethiopia Tigray War ( spillover ) Oromo conflict Tigray War ( spillover ) Oromo conflict Ethiopia and Sudan Sudanese–Ethiopian clashes Sudanese–Ethiopian clashes Ghana Western Togoland Rebellion Western Togoland Rebellion Maghreb and Sahel regions Maghreb insurgency Maghreb insurgency Mali Mali War Mali War Mozambique Insurgency in Cabo Delgado Insurgency in Cabo Delgado Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency (incl. Lake Chad region) Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency (incl. Lake Chad region) Communal conflicts in Nigeria Senegal Casamance conflict Casamance conflict Somalia Civil war Civil war South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Sudan War in Darfur South Kordofan conflict Sudanese nomadic conflicts (incl. South Sudan) War in Darfur South Kordofan conflict Sudanese nomadic conflicts (incl. South Sudan) Tunisia ISIL insurgency in Tunisia ISIL insurgency in Tunisia Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes (2020–present) Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes (2020–present) Western Saharan clashes (2020–present) Americas Colombia Colombian conflict Colombian conflict Mexico Mexican drug war Mexican drug war Paraguay Insurgency in Paraguay Insurgency in Paraguay Peru Internal conflict in Peru Internal conflict in Peru Asia-Pacific Afghanistan Panjshir conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Panjshir conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict India Insurgency in Northeast India Assam separatist movements Insurgency in Manipur Ethnic conflict in Nagaland Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Northeast India Assam separatist movements Insurgency in Manipur Ethnic conflict in Nagaland Assam separatist movements Insurgency in Manipur Ethnic conflict in Nagaland Naxalite–Maoist insurgency India and Pakistan Kashmir conflict Kashmir conflict Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines Moro conflict Cross border attacks in Sabah Moro conflict Cross border attacks in Sabah Cross border attacks in Sabah Indonesia Papua conflict Papua conflict Myanmar Internal conflict in Myanmar Kachin conflict Karen conflict Rohingya conflict Internal conflict in Myanmar Kachin conflict Karen conflict Rohingya conflict Kachin conflict Karen conflict Rohingya conflict Pakistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Insurgency in Balochistan Philippines Communist rebellion Philippine drug war Communist rebellion Philippine drug war Thailand South Thailand insurgency South Thailand insurgency Europe Armenia and Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Ireland and the UK Dissident Irish republican campaign Dissident Irish republican campaign Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Kurdish–Turkish conflict Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian War War in Donbas Russo-Ukrainian War War in Donbas War in Donbas Global War on terror Middle East Egypt Sinai insurgency Sinai insurgency Iran and the Persian Gulf Iran–Israel proxy conflict Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–Israel proxy conflict Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iraq Iraqi conflict American-led intervention in Iraq Iranian intervention in Iraq Iraqi conflict American-led intervention in Iraq Iranian intervention in Iraq Iraq and Syria ( map ) International military intervention against ISIL International military intervention against ISIL Israel and Gaza Israel and Syria Israeli-Syrian border conflict Israeli-Syrian ceasefire line incidents Israeli-Syrian border conflict Israeli-Syrian ceasefire line incidents Israeli-Syrian ceasefire line incidents Syria American-led intervention in Syria Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war Turkish occupation of northern Syria American-led intervention in Syria Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war Turkish occupation of northern Syria Yemen and Saudi Arabia Yemeni Civil War Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Yemeni Civil War Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 2022 events and developments by topic Arts Animation ( Anime ) Architecture Comics Film ( Horror , Science fiction ) Literature ( Poetry ) Music ( Classical , Country , Hip hop , Jazz , Latin , Metal , Rock , UK , US , Korea ) Radio Television ( Australia , Canada , Ireland , UK , Scotland , US ) Video games Politics and government Elections International leaders Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Science and technology Archaeology Biotechnology Computing Palaeontology Quantum computing and communication Senescence research Space/Astronomy Spaceflight Sustainable energy research Environment and environmental sciences Climate change Weather ( Heat waves 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Projects and initiatives Toggle Projects and initiatives subsection 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 3 Technology Toggle Technology subsection 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 4 Corporate identity 5 Finances Toggle Finances subsection 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 6 Board of trustees 7 Staff Toggle Staff subsection 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 8 Disputes Toggle Disputes subsection 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 9 References 10 External links Toggle External links subsection 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community Wikimedia Foundation Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Tyap Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Kumoring ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item Abbreviation WMF Founded June 20, 2003 ; 22 years ago ( 2003-06-20 ) , St. Petersburg, Florida , U.S. Founder Jimmy Wales Type 501(c)(3) , charitable organization Tax ID no. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} EIN 200049703 Focus Free, open-content , multilingual , wiki -based Internet projects Location .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. Area served Worldwide (banned in some territories) Products Wikipedia , MediaWiki , Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wikifunctions , Wikimedia Commons , Wikinews , Wikiquote , Wikisource , Wikispecies , Wikiversity , Wikivoyage , Wiktionary Membership Board-only CEO Maryana Iskander Revenue $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) Expenses $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) Endowment > $100 million (2021) Employees 650 (2025) [ 1 ] Volunteers 277,000 (2024) Website wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) ASNs 14907 , 11820 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. ( WMF ) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in San Francisco , California, and registered there as a charitable foundation . [ 7 ] The Foundation is most known for being the host of Wikipedia , one of the most visited websites in the world. It also hosts fourteen related open collaboration projects, and supports the development of MediaWiki , the wiki software which underpins them all. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The foundation was established in 2003 in St. Petersburg , Florida by Jimmy Wales , as a non-profit way to fund Wikipedia and other wiki projects [ 2 ] which had previously been hosted by Bomis , Wales' for-profit company. [ 2 ] The Wikimedia Foundation provides the technical and organizational infrastructure to enable members of the public to develop wiki-based content in languages across the world. [ 11 ] The foundation does not write or curate any of the content on the projects themselves. [ 12 ] Instead, this is done by volunteer editors, such as the Wikipedians . However, it does collaborate with a network of individual volunteers and affiliated organizations, such as Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, user groups and other partners. The foundation finances itself mainly through millions of small donations from readers and editors, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia and its sister projects. [ 13 ] These are complemented by grants from philanthropic organizations and tech companies, and starting in 2022, by services income from Wikimedia Enterprise . As of 2023, it has employed over 700 staff and contractors, with net assets of $255 million and an endowment which has surpassed $100 million. History Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger founded Wikipedia in 2001 as a feeder project to supplement Nupedia . The project was originally funded by Bomis , Wales's for-profit business, and edited by a rapidly growing community of volunteer editors. The early community discussed a variety of ways to support the ongoing costs of upkeep, and was broadly opposed to running ads on the site, [ 14 ] so the idea of setting up a charitable foundation gained prominence. [ 15 ] That addressed an open question of what entity should hold onto trademarks for the project. The Wikimedia Foundation was incorporated in St. Petersburg, Florida , on June 20, 2003. [ 2 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] A small fundraising campaign to keep the servers running was run in October 2003. [ 18 ] In 2005, the foundation was granted section 501(c)(3) status by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a public charity, making donations to the foundation tax-deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. [ 19 ] Its National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) code is B60 ( Adult , Continuing education ). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The foundation filed an application to trademark the name Wikipedia in the US to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences on September 14, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded also by Japan on December 16, 2004, and by the European Union on January 20, 2005. Subsets of Wikipedia were already being distributed in book and DVD form, and there were discussions about licensing the logo and wordmark. [ 22 ] On December 11, 2006, the foundation's board noted that it could not become a membership organization , as initially planned but not implemented, due to an inability to meet the registration requirements of Florida statutory law. The bylaws were accordingly amended to remove all references to membership rights and activities. [ 23 ] In 2007, the foundation decided to move its headquarters from Florida to the San Francisco Bay Area . Considerations cited for choosing San Francisco were proximity to like-minded organizations and potential partners, a better talent pool, as well as cheaper and more convenient international travel. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The move was completed by January 31, 2008, into a headquarters on Stillman Street in San Francisco. [ 27 ] It later moved to New Montgomery Street, and then in 2017 to One Montgomery Tower . [ 28 ] On October 25, 2021, the foundation launched Wikimedia Enterprise , a commercial Wikimedia content delivery service aimed at groups that want to use high-volume APIs, starting with Big Tech enterprises. [ 9 ] [ 29 ] In June 2022, Google and the Internet Archive were announced as the service's first customers, though only Google will pay for the service. [ 30 ] The same announcement noted a shifting focus towards smaller companies with similar data needs, supporting the service through "a lot paying a little". Projects and initiatives Content projects The foundation operates 12 wiki-based content projects that are written and governed by volunteer editors. They include, by launch date: Wikipedia – online encyclopedia Wiktionary – online dictionary and thesaurus Wikibooks – a collection of books , mostly textbooks Wikiquote – a collection of quotations Wikivoyage – travel guide Wikisource – digital library Wikimedia Commons – repository of images, sounds, videos, and general media Wikispecies – taxonomic catalog of species Wikinews – online newspaper Wikiversity – a collection of tutorials and courses, also a hosting point to coordinate research Wikidata – knowledge base Wikifunctions – a catalog of computer functions The foundation also operates wikis and services that provide infrastructure or coordination of the content projects. These include: Meta-Wiki – a central wiki for coordinating all projects and the Wikimedia community Wikimedia Incubator – a wiki for drafting the core pages of new language editions in development MediaWiki.org – a wiki for coordinating work on the MediaWiki software Wikitech – a wiki for hosting technical documentation for Wikimedia infrastructure and other projects Wikimedia Cloud Services — hosting provider for tools Wikimedia Phabricator – a global ticketing system for tracking issues and feature requests powered by Phorge, a fork of the open-source development collaboration tool Phabricator Wikimedia Enterprise Wikimedia Enterprise is a commercial product by the Wikimedia Foundation to provide, in a more easily consumable way, the data of the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia . [ 31 ] It allows customers to retrieve data at large scale and high availability through different formats like Web APIs , data snapshots or streams . It was announced in March 2021, [ 9 ] [ 32 ] and launched on October 26, 2021. [ 30 ] [ 33 ] Google and the Internet Archive were its first customers, although Internet Archive is not paying for the product. [ 30 ] A New York Times Magazine article was reporting that Wikimedia Enterprise made $3.1 million in total revenue in 2022. [ 31 ] Affiliates Wikimedia affiliates are independent and formally recognized groups of people working together to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement. The Wikimedia Foundation officially recognizes three types of affiliates: chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups. Affiliates organize and engage in activities to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement, such as regional conferences, outreach, edit-a-thons , hackathons , public relations , public policy advocacy, GLAM engagement, and Wikimania . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] While many of these things are also done by individual contributors or less formal groups, they are not referred to as affiliates. Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations are incorporated non-profit organizations. They are recognized by the foundation as affiliates officially when its board does so. The board's decisions are based on recommendations of an Affiliations Committee (AffCom), composed of Wikimedia community members, which reports regularly to the board. The Affiliations Committee directly approves the recognition of unincorporated user groups. Affiliates are formally recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, but are independent of it, with no legal control of or responsibility for Wikimedia projects and their content. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The foundation began recognizing chapters in 2004. [ 38 ] In 2012, the foundation approved, finalized and adopted the thematic organization and user group recognition models. An additional model for movement partners, was also approved, but as of May 19, 2022 [update] has not yet been finalized or adopted. [ 36 ] [ 39 ] Wikimania Wikimania is an annual global conference for Wikimedians and Wikipedians, started in 2005. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt , Germany, in 2005. Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the local national chapter, with support from local institutions (such as a library or university) and usually from the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimania has been held in cities such as Buenos Aires , [ 40 ] Cambridge , [ 41 ] Haifa , [ 42 ] Hong Kong , [ 43 ] Taipei , London , [ 44 ] Mexico City , [ 45 ] Esino Lario , Italy , [ 46 ] Montreal , Canada, Cape Town , Stockholm , and Nairobi . [ 47 ] The 2020 conference scheduled to take place in Bangkok was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic , along with those of 2021 and 2022, which were held online as a series of virtual, interactive presentations. The in-person conference returned in 2023 when it was held in Singapore, at which UNESCO joined as a partner organization. [ 48 ] In 2024, Wikimania was held in Katowice , Poland. Technology The Wikimedia Foundation maintains the hardware that runs its projects in its own servers. It also maintains the MediaWiki platform and many other software libraries that run its projects. [ 49 ] Hardware Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture . [ 50 ] Server downtime in 2003 led to the first fundraising drive. By December 2009, Wikimedia ran on co-located servers, with 300 servers in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam . [ 51 ] In 2008, it also switched from multiple different Linux operating system vendors to Ubuntu Linux . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] In 2019, it switched to Debian . [ 54 ] By January 2013, Wikimedia transitioned to newer infrastructure in an Equinix facility in Ashburn , Virginia, citing reasons of "more reliable connectivity" and "fewer hurricanes ". [ 55 ] [ 56 ] In years prior, the hurricane seasons had been a cause of distress. [ 57 ] In October 2013, Wikimedia Foundation started looking for a second facility that would be used side by side with the main facility in Ashburn, citing reasons of redundancy (e.g. emergency fallback ) and to prepare for simultaneous multi-datacenter service. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] This followed a year in which a fiber cut caused the Wikimedia projects to be unavailable for one hour in August 2012. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The result of this was another datacenter being added in 2014 at a CyrusOne facility in Carrollton, Texas , to further improve reliability. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 64 ] Apart from the second facility for redundancy coming online in 2014, [ 65 ] [ 66 ] the number of servers needed to run the infrastructure in a single facility has been mostly stable since 2009. As of November 2015, the main facility in Ashburn hosts 520 servers in total which includes servers for newer services besides Wikimedia project wikis , such as cloud services (Toolforge) [ 67 ] [ 68 ] and various services for metrics, monitoring, and other system administration. [ 69 ] In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation deployed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ 70 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ 71 ] Software The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MariaDB database since 2013; [ 72 ] previously the MySQL database was used. [ 73 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Some MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, an Apache Lucene extension [ 74 ] [ 75 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene and later switched to CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch for searching. [ 76 ] The Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM [ 77 ] and WordPress . [ 78 ] The foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user-friendly features. [ 79 ] Corporate identity The Wikimedia Foundation was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales so that there would be an independent charitable entity responsible for company domains and trademarks, and so that Wikipedia and its sister projects could be funded through non-profit means in the future. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] The name "Wikimedia", a compound of wiki and media , was coined by American author Sheldon Rampton in a post to the English Wikipedia mailing list in March 2003, [ 82 ] three months after Wiktionary became the second wiki-based project hosted on the original server. The foundation's mission is collection and distribution of educational knowledge under free licenses or public domain and promised to keep these projects free of charge. [ 11 ] All intellectual property rights and domain names about Wikipedia were moved to the foundation after its inception, [ 83 ] and it currently owns the domain names and maintains most of the Wikimedia movement 's websites. [ 84 ] WMF is now the registrant of the domain wikipedia.org , owner of the trademark and operator of the wiki platform. It runs projects like Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons ; it raises money, distributes grants, controls the servers, develops and deploys software, and does outreach to support Wikimedia projects, including the English Wikipedia . It also engages in political advocacy regarding copyright, press freedom and legal protection of websites from liability related to user content. [ 85 ] Finances The Wikimedia Foundation mainly finances itself through donations from the public, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia, as well as grants from various tech companies and philanthropic organizations. [ 13 ] [ 87 ] Campaigns for the Wikimedia Endowment have included emails asking donors to leave Wikimedia money in their will. [ 88 ] As a 501(c)(3) charity, the foundation is exempt from federal and state income tax. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions. [ 87 ] In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of four out of four possible stars, [ 91 ] increased from three to four stars in 2010. [ 92 ] As of January 2020 [update] , the rating was still four stars (overall score 98.14 out of 100), based on data from FY2018. [ 93 ] The foundation also increases its revenue through federal grants , sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, was a source of revenue for a number of years. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge. [ 96 ] An expanded version of data feeds and content services was launched in 2021 as Wikimedia Enterprise, an LLC subsidiary of the foundation. [ 97 ] In July 2014, the foundation announced it would accept Bitcoin donations. [ 98 ] In 2021, cryptocurrencies accounted for just 0.08% of all donations [ 99 ] [ 100 ] and on May 1, 2022, the foundation stopped accepting cryptocurrency donations, following a Wikimedia community vote. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The foundation's net assets grew from an initial $57,000 at the end of its first fiscal year, ending June 30, 2004, [ 102 ] to $53.5 million in mid-2014 [ 103 ] [ 104 ] and $231 million (plus a $100 million endowment) by the end of June 2021; that year, the foundation also announced plans to launch Wikimedia Enterprise, to let large organizations pay by volume for high-volume access to otherwise rate-limited APIs. [ 105 ] In 2020, the foundation donated $4.5 million to Tides Advocacy to create a "Knowledge Equity Fund", to provide grants to organizations whose work would not otherwise be covered by Wikimedia grants but addresses racial inequities in accessing and contributing to free knowledge resources. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Wikimedia Endowment In January 2016, the foundation announced the creation of an endowment to safeguard its future. [ 108 ] The Wikimedia Endowment was established as a donor-advised fund at the Tides Foundation , with a stated goal to raise $100 million in the next 10 years. [ 109 ] Craig Newmark was one of the initial donors, giving $1 million. [ 110 ] Peter Baldwin and Lisbet Rausing , of Arcadia Fund , donated $5 million in 2017. [ 111 ] In 2018, major donations to the endowment were received from Amazon and Facebook ($1 million each) and George Soros ($2 million). [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] In 2019, donations included $2 million from Google, [ 115 ] $3.5 million more from Baldwin and Rausing, [ 111 ] $2.5 million more from Newmark, [ 116 ] and another $1 million from Amazon in October 2019 and again in September 2020. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] As of 2023, [update] the advisory board consists of Jimmy Wales , Peter Baldwin , former Wikimedia Foundation Trustees Patricio Lorente and Phoebe Ayers , former Wikimedia Foundation Board Visitor Doron Weber of the Sloan Foundation , investor Annette Campbell-White , venture capitalist Michael Kim, portfolio manager Alexander M. Farman-Farmaian, and strategist Lisa Lewin. [ 111 ] The foundation itself has provided annual grants of $5 million to its Endowment since 2016. [ 119 ] These amounts have been recorded as part of the foundation's "awards and grants" expenses. [ 120 ] The Endowment pays the foundation for expenses the foundation incurs on behalf of the Endowment, mostly salaries of staff; in 2022–2023, this payment was 1.8 million. [ 121 ] In September 2021, the foundation announced that the Wikimedia Endowment had reached its initial $100 million fundraising goal in June 2021, five years ahead of its initial target. [ 5 ] In January 2024, the endowment was reported to have a value of $140 million. [ 122 ] Financial development The foundation summarizes its assets in the "Statements of Activities" in its audited reports. These do not include funds in the Wikimedia Endowment, however expenses from the 2015–16 financial year onward include payments to the Wikimedia Endowment. [ 123 ] Year Source Revenue Expenses Asset rise Net assets at end of year 2023/2024 PDF $185,383,511 $178,471,109 $16,584,053 $271,555,390 2022/2023 PDF $180,174,103 $169,095,381 $15,619,804 $254,971,336 2021/2022 PDF $154,686,521 $145,970,915 $8,173,996 $239,351,532 2020/2021 PDF $162,886,686 $111,839,819 $50,861,811 $231,177,536 2019/2020 PDF $129,234,327 $112,489,397 $14,674,300 $180,315,725 2018/2019 PDF $120,067,266 $91,414,010 $30,691,855 $165,641,425 2017/2018 PDF $104,505,783 $81,442,265 $21,619,373 $134,949,570 2016/2017 PDF $91,242,418 $69,136,758 $21,547,402 $113,330,197 2015/2016 PDF $81,862,724 $65,947,465 $13,962,497 $91,782,795 2014/2015 PDF $75,797,223 $52,596,782 $24,345,277 $77,820,298 2013/2014 PDF $52,465,287 $45,900,745 $8,285,897 $53,475,021 2012/2013 PDF $48,635,408 $35,704,796 $10,260,066 $45,189,124 2011/2012 PDF $38,479,665 $29,260,652 $10,736,914 $34,929,058 2010/2011 PDF $24,785,092 $17,889,794 $9,649,413 $24,192,144 2009/2010 PDF $17,979,312 $10,266,793 $6,310,964 $14,542,731 2008/2009 PDF $8,658,006 $5,617,236 $3,053,599 $8,231,767 2007/2008 PDF $5,032,981 $3,540,724 $3,519,886 $5,178,168 2006/2007 PDF $2,734,909 $2,077,843 $654,066 $1,658,282 2005/2006 PDF $1,508,039 $791,907 $736,132 $1,004,216 2004/2005 PDF $379,088 $177,670 $211,418 $268,084 2003/2004 PDF $80,129 $23,463 $56,666 $56,666 Expenses (2004–2020) A plurality of Wikimedia Foundation expenses are salaries and wages, followed by community and affiliate grants, contributions to the endowment, and other professional operating expenses and services. [ 124 ] [ 86 ] Wikimedia Foundation's expenses evolution by type in USD Wikimedia Foundation's expenses as a percentage of the whole Grants The Wikimedia Foundation has received a steady stream of grants from other foundations throughout its history. In 2008, the foundation received a $40,000 grant from the Open Society Institute to create a printable version of Wikipedia. [ 125 ] It also received a $262,000 grant from the Stanton Foundation to purchase hardware , [ 126 ] a $500,000 unrestricted grant from Vinod and Neeru Khosla , [ 127 ] who later that year joined the foundation advisory board, [ 128 ] and $177,376 from the historians Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin ( Arcadia Fund ), among others. [ 126 ] In March 2008, the foundation announced what was then its largest donation yet: a three-year, $3 million grant from the Sloan Foundation . [ 129 ] In 2009, the foundation received four grants. The first was a $890,000 Stanton Foundation grant to help study and simplify the user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia. [ 130 ] The second was a $300,000 Ford Foundation grant in July 2009 for Wikimedia Commons , to improve the interface for uploading multimedia files. [ 131 ] In August 2009, the foundation received a $500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation . [ 132 ] Also in August 2009, the Omidyar Network committed up to $2 million over two years to Wikimedia. [ 133 ] In 2010, Google donated $2 million [ 134 ] and the Stanton Foundation granted $1.2 million to fund the Public Policy Initiative, a pilot program for what later became the Wikipedia Education Program (and the spin-off Wiki Education Foundation ). [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] In March 2011, the Sloan Foundation authorized another $3 million grant, to be funded over three years, with the first $1 million to come in July 2011 and the remaining $2 million to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. As a donor, Doron Weber from the Sloan Foundation gained Board Visitor status at the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. [ 138 ] In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a $3.6 million grant of which $1.8 million was funded and the remainder was to come in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant the Wikimedia Foundation had ever received. [ 139 ] In November 2011, the foundation received a $500,000 donation from the Brin Wojcicki Foundation . [ 140 ] [ 141 ] In 2012, the foundation was awarded a grant of $1.25 million from Lisbet Rausing [ 140 ] and Peter Baldwin through the Charities Aid Foundation , scheduled to be funded in five equal installments from 2012 through 2015. In 2014, the foundation received the largest single gift in its history, a $5 million unrestricted donation from an anonymous donor supporting $1 million worth of expenses annually for the next five years. [ 142 ] In March 2012, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation , established by the Intel co-founder and his wife, awarded the Wikimedia Foundation a $449,636 grant to develop Wikidata . [ 143 ] This was part of a larger grant, much of which went to Wikimedia Germany, which took on ownership of the development effort. [ 144 ] Between 2014 and 2015, the foundation received $500,000 from the Monarch Fund, $100,000 from the Arcadia Fund and an undisclosed amount from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation to support the Wikipedia Zero initiative. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] In 2015, a grant agreement was reached with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to build a search engine called the " Knowledge Engine ", a project that proved controversial . [ 148 ] [ 149 ] In 2017, the Sloan Foundation awarded another $3 million grant for a three-year period, [ 138 ] and Google donated another $1.1 million to the foundation in 2019. [ 150 ] The following have donated $500,000 or more each (2008–2019, not including gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment): Total ($000s) Donor Years 9,000 Sloan Foundation .mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "} 2008–2013 2017–2019 2008–2013 2017–2019 5,952 Stanton Foundation 2009–2012 5,000 (anonymous) 2014–2018 3,100 Google 2010, 2019 2,000 Omidyar Network 2009–2010 1,527 Rausing, Baldwin via Arcadia, Charities Aid 2008 2012–2015 2008 2012–2015 1,300 Hewlett 2009–2010 500 Sergey Brin & Anne Wojcicki 2010 500 Monarch Fund 2014–2015 Board of trustees The foundation's board of trustees supervises the activities of the foundation. The founding board had three members, to which two community-elected trustees were added. Starting in 2008 it was composed of ten members: three selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects; two selected by Wikimedia chapters; four appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat, reserved for Jimmy Wales. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Over time, the size of the board and details of the selection processes have evolved. As of 2020, the board may have up to 16 trustees: [ 153 ] eight seats sourced from the wider Wikimedia community (affiliates and volunteer community); seven appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat reserved for Wales. In 2015, James Heilman , a trustee recently elected to the board by the community, [ 154 ] was removed from his position by a vote of the rest of the board. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] This decision generated dispute among members of the Wikipedia community. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Heilman later said that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me." [ 159 ] He subsequently added that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's Knowledge Engine project and its financing, [ 160 ] and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal. [ 161 ] Heilman was reelected to the board by the community in 2017. [ 162 ] In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri joined the board before stepping down amid community controversy about a " no poach " agreement he executed when at Google , which violated United States antitrust law and for which the participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] As of January 2024, the board comprised six community-and-affiliate-selected trustees (Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak , Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight , Victoria Doronina, Mike Peel and Lorenzo Losa); [ 165 ] five Board-appointed trustees ( McKinsey & Company director Raju Narisetti , [ 166 ] Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei , [ 167 ] technology officer Luis Bitencourt-Emilio, Nataliia Tymkiv, and financial expert Kathy Collins); and Wales. [ 152 ] Tymkiv chairs the board, with Al Shafei and Sigalov as vice chairs. [ 168 ] As of March 2024 there are six committees of the Board of Trustees: the executive committee (Chair: Nataliia Tymkiv, as the chair of the board), the Audit Committee (Chair: Kathy Collins, appointed in 2023), the Governance Committee (Chair: Dariusz Jemielniak, appointed in 2021), the Talent and Culture Committee (Chair: Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, appointed in 2023), the Community Affairs Committee (Chair: Shani Evenstein Sigalov, appointed in 2021), and the Product and Technology Committee (Chair: Lorenzo Losa, appointed in 2023). [ 169 ] Staff History In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer ( finance , budgeting , and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Möller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments. [ 170 ] In January 2006, the foundation created a number of committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities somewhat handled by volunteers at that time. [ 171 ] As of October 4, 2006 [update] , the foundation had five paid employees: [ 172 ] two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director , [ 173 ] Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel . Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007 and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007 [ 174 ] to 2010. In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications . [ 175 ] Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency . Doran, found to have had a criminal record, [ 176 ] left the foundation in July 2007 and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor; she became the executive director in December 2007. [ 177 ] Florence Devouard cited Doran's departure from the organization as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit. [ 178 ] Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator and also involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. He accused Wales of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes and said that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied. [ 179 ] In February 2007, the foundation added a position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Ménard, [ 180 ] who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development and Jay Walsh as head of communications. In March 2013, Gardner announced she would be leaving her position at the foundation. [ 181 ] Lila Tretikov was appointed executive director in May 2014; [ 182 ] [ 183 ] she resigned in March 2016. Former chief communications officer Katherine Maher (joined Wikimedia in 2014 [ 122 ] ) was appointed the interim executive director, a position made permanent in June 2016. [ 184 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021 [ 185 ] [ 186 ] and is credited with building the foundation endowment in her tenure. [ 122 ] Present department structure As of October 23, 2023, [update] there were over 700 people working at the foundation. [ 187 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. [ 188 ] In May 2025, Iskander told Axios that she would be leaving her position and would remain with the foundation until her replacement was filled by early 2026. [ 189 ] As of August 2024, the WMF has the following department structure: [ 190 ] Office of the chief executive officer : supports the work of the Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer. Advancement : responsible for fundraising, strategic partnerships, and grantmaking programs. Communications : responsible for Wikimedia brand development, marketing, social media, public relations, and global awareness efforts. Finance and Administration : responsible for ensuring responsible management of Wikimedia Foundation funds and resources. Legal : responsible for mounting opposition to government surveillance and censorship, defending volunteer communities, facilitating policy discussions, and advocating for privacy. Product and Technology : builds, improves, and maintains the infrastructure of Wikimedia sites. Talent and Culture : responsible for recruitment and training. Disputes A number of disputes have resulted in litigation [ 191 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] while others have not. [ 195 ] Attorney Matt Zimmerman has said, "Without strong liability protection, it would be difficult for Wikipedia to continue to provide a platform for user-created encyclopedia content." [ 196 ] In December 2011, the foundation hired Washington, D.C., lobbyist Dow Lohnes Government Strategies LLC to lobby Congress . [ 197 ] At the time of the hire, the foundation was concerned about a bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act . [ 198 ] The communities were as well, organizing some of the most visible protest against the bill on the Internet alongside other popular websites. In October 2013, a German court ruled that the Wikimedia Foundation can be held liable for content added to Wikipedia when there has been a specific complaint; otherwise, the Wikimedia Foundation does not check the content Wikipedia publishes and has no duty to do so. [ 199 ] In June 2014, Bildkonst Upphovsrätt i Sverige filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Wikimedia Sweden . [ 200 ] On June 20, 2014, a defamation lawsuit (Law Division civil case No. L-1400-14) involving Wikipedia editors was filed with the Mercer County Superior Court in New Jersey seeking, inter alia, compensatory and punitive damages. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In a March 10, 2015, op-ed for The New York Times , Wales and Tretikov announced the foundation was filing a lawsuit against the National Security Agency and five other government agencies and officials, including DOJ , calling into question its practice of mass surveillance , which they argued infringed the constitutional rights of the foundation's readers, editors and staff. They were joined in the suit by eight additional plaintiffs, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On October 23, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the suit Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA on grounds of standing . U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis III ruled that the plaintiffs could not plausibly prove they were subject to upstream surveillance , and that their argument is "riddled with assumptions", "speculations" and "mathematical gymnastics". [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016. [ 208 ] In September 2020, WMF's application to become an observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was blocked after objections from the government of China [ 209 ] over the existence of a Wikimedia Foundation affiliate in Taiwan . [ 210 ] In October 2021, WMF's second application was blocked by the government of China for the same reason. [ 211 ] In May 2022, six Wikimedia movement affiliate chapters were blocked from being accredited to WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) by China, claiming that the chapters were spreading disinformation. [ 212 ] In July 2022, China blocked an application by seven Wikimedia chapters to be accredited as permanent observers to WIPO; [ 213 ] China's position was supported by a number of other countries, including Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Algeria, Zimbabwe and Venezuela. [ 214 ] Spending and fundraising practices In 2014, Jimmy Wales was confronted with allegations that WMF had "a miserable cost/benefit ratio and for years now has spent millions on software development without producing anything that actually works". He acknowledged that he had "been frustrated as well about the endless controversies about the rollout of inadequate software not developed with sufficient community consultation and without proper incremental rollout to catch show-stopping bugs". [ 215 ] During the 2015 fundraising campaign, members of the community voiced their concerns about the fundraising banners. They argued that they were obtrusive and could deceive potential donors by giving the impression that Wikipedia had immediate financial problems, which was not true. The Wikimedia Foundation vowed to improve wording on further fundraising campaigns to avoid these issues. [ 216 ] Despite this, the foundation has continued to come under criticism for running campaigns seemingly designed to "make its readers feel guilty." Such campaigns have additionally been condemned for, in 2021, being run in countries that had been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic , such as Argentina and Brazil , [ 217 ] as well as for sparking fears in India that Wikipedia might be "dying". [ 218 ] This is despite the foundation being in ownership of "vast money reserves", in 2021 reaching its 10-year goal of compiling a $100 million endowment fund in only 5 years. [ 217 ] In February 2017, an op-ed published by The Signpost , the English Wikipedia 's online newspaper, titled "Wikipedia has Cancer", [ 219 ] [ 220 ] produced a debate in both the Wikipedian community and the wider public. The author criticized the Wikimedia Foundation for its ever-increasing annual spending, which, he argued, could put the project at financial risk should an unexpected event happen. The author proposed to cap spending, build up the endowment, and restructure the endowment so that WMF cannot dip into the principal when times get bad. [ 221 ] As of June 2022, the WMF reported $239 million in net assets. It is expected to raise $174 million in revenue in the 2023. [ 222 ] Despite expenses on the foundation staff's salaries, there's a significant surplus left. To manage these funds, the WMF has created an endowment composed of investments and cash. This is managed not by the WMF but by the Tides Foundation. [ 222 ] The endowment aims to grow this capital to $130.4 million in the next fiscal year. However, there has been controversy over the administration of the funds. While the Tides Foundation has promised to become a more transparent 501(c)(3) organization to reveal how it manages funds, details on expenses and salaries are still lacking seven years later. Additionally, the WMF's salary costs have risen from $7 million in 2010/11 to $88 million in 2021/22. [ 222 ] Knowledge Engine project Knowledge Engine was a search engine project initiated in 2015 by WMF to locate and display verifiable and trustworthy information on the Internet. [ 223 ] The KE's goal was to be less reliant on traditional search engines. It was funded with a $250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation . [ 224 ] Some perceived the project as a scandal, mainly because it was conceived in secrecy, and the project proposal was even a surprise to some staff, in contrast with a general culture of transparency in the organization and on the projects. Some of the information available to the community was received through leaked documents published by The Signpost in 2016. [ 225 ] [ 223 ] Following this dispute, Executive Director Lila Tretikov resigned. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References ^ "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . November 9, 2025. ^ a b c d Wales, Jimmy (June 20, 2003). "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation" . mail:wikipedia-l . 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Charity status Wikimedia Foundation profile at Charity Navigator , charitynavigator.org Community Wikimedia mailing list archives Global community site for the Wikimedia Foundation's projects (meta.wikimedia.org) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikimedia Foundation v t e People Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Abstract Wikipedia Other Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.1.1 Subdivisions 1.2 Microanatomy 1.2.1 Layers of the cerebellar cortex 1.2.1.1 Molecular layer 1.2.1.2 Purkinje layer 1.2.1.3 Granular layer 1.2.2 Mossy fibers 1.2.3 Climbing fibers 1.2.4 Deep nuclei 1.2.5 Compartments 1.3 Blood supply 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.1.1 Subdivisions 1.1.1 Subdivisions 1.2 Microanatomy 1.2.1 Layers of the cerebellar cortex 1.2.1.1 Molecular layer 1.2.1.2 Purkinje layer 1.2.1.3 Granular layer 1.2.2 Mossy fibers 1.2.3 Climbing fibers 1.2.4 Deep nuclei 1.2.5 Compartments 1.2.1 Layers of the cerebellar cortex 1.2.1.1 Molecular layer 1.2.1.2 Purkinje layer 1.2.1.3 Granular layer 1.2.1.1 Molecular layer 1.2.1.2 Purkinje layer 1.2.1.3 Granular layer 1.2.2 Mossy fibers 1.2.3 Climbing fibers 1.2.4 Deep nuclei 1.2.5 Compartments 1.3 Blood supply 2 Function Toggle Function subsection 2.1 Principles 2.2 Learning 2.3 Theories and computational models 2.1 Principles 2.2 Learning 2.3 Theories and computational models 3 Clinical significance Toggle Clinical significance subsection 3.1 Aging 3.2 Developmental and degenerative disorders 3.3 Pain 3.1 Aging 3.2 Developmental and degenerative disorders 3.3 Pain 4 Comparative anatomy and evolution Toggle Comparative anatomy and evolution subsection 4.1 Cerebellum-like structures 4.1 Cerebellum-like structures 5 History Toggle History subsection 5.1 Descriptions 5.2 Etymology 5.1 Descriptions 5.2 Etymology 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Cerebellum العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Cerebellum Position of the human cerebellum (sagittal view) Animation of the cerebellum Details Pronunciation / ˌ s ɛ r ə ˈ b ɛ l ə m / Part of Hindbrain Artery SCA , AICA , PICA Vein Superior , inferior Identifiers Latin cerebellum MeSH D002531 NeuroNames 643 NeuroLex ID birnlex_1489 TA98 A14.1.07.001 TA2 5788 FMA 67944 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata ] The cerebellum ( pl. : cerebella or cerebellums ; Latin for 'little brain') is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates . Although usually smaller than the cerebrum , in some animals such as the mormyrid fishes it may be as large as it or even larger. [ 1 ] In humans, the cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and cognitive functions such as attention and language as well as emotional control such as regulating fear and pleasure responses, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. The human cerebellum does not initiate movement, but contributes to coordination , precision, and accurate timing: it receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain , and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity. [ 5 ] Cerebellar damage produces disorders in fine movement , equilibrium , posture , and motor learning in humans. [ 5 ] Anatomically, the human cerebellum has the appearance of a separate structure attached to the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres . Its cortical surface is covered with finely spaced parallel grooves, in striking contrast to the broad irregular convolutions of the cerebral cortex . These parallel grooves conceal the fact that the cerebellar cortex is actually a thin, continuous layer of tissue tightly folded in the style of an accordion . Within this thin layer are several types of neurons with a highly regular arrangement, the most important being Purkinje cells and granule cells . This complex neural organization gives rise to a massive signal-processing capability, but almost all of the output from the cerebellar cortex passes through a set of small deep nuclei lying in the white matter interior of the cerebellum. [ 6 ] In addition to its direct role in motor control, the cerebellum is necessary for several types of motor learning , most notably learning to adjust to changes in sensorimotor relationships . Several theoretical models have been developed to explain sensorimotor calibration in terms of synaptic plasticity within the cerebellum. These models derive from those formulated by David Marr and James Albus , based on the observation that each cerebellar Purkinje cell receives two dramatically different types of input: one comprises thousands of weak inputs from the parallel fibers of the granule cells; the other is an extremely strong input from a single climbing fiber . [ 7 ] The basic concept of the Marr–Albus theory is that the climbing fiber serves as a "teaching signal", which induces a long-lasting change in the strength of parallel fiber inputs. Observations of long-term depression in parallel fiber inputs have provided some support for theories of this type, but their validity remains controversial. [ 8 ] Structure At the level of gross anatomy , the cerebellum consists of a tightly folded layer of cortex , with white matter underneath and a fluid-filled ventricle at the base. Four deep cerebellar nuclei are embedded in the white matter. [ 9 ] Each part of the cortex consists of the same small set of neuronal elements, laid out in a highly stereotyped geometry. At an intermediate level, the cerebellum and its auxiliary structures can be separated into several hundred or thousand independently functioning modules called "microzones" or "microcompartments". Gross anatomy The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa . The fourth ventricle , pons and medulla are in front of the cerebellum. [ 10 ] It is separated from the overlying cerebrum by a layer of leathery dura mater , the cerebellar tentorium ; all of its connections with other parts of the brain travel through the pons. Anatomists classify the cerebellum as part of the metencephalon , which also includes the pons; the metencephalon is the upper part of the rhombencephalon or "hindbrain". Like the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum is divided into two cerebellar hemispheres ; it also contains a narrow midline zone (the vermis ). A set of large folds is, by convention, used to divide the overall structure into 10 smaller "lobules". Because of its large number of tiny granule cells , the cerebellum contains more neurons than the total from the rest of the brain, but takes up only 10% of the total brain volume. [ 11 ] The number of neurons in the cerebellum is related to the number of neurons in the neocortex . There are about 3.6 times as many neurons in the cerebellum as in the neocortex, a ratio that is conserved across many different mammalian species. [ 12 ] The unusual surface appearance of the cerebellum conceals the fact that most of its volume is made up of a very tightly folded layer of gray matter : the cerebellar cortex . Each ridge or gyrus in this layer is called a folium . High‑resolution MRI finds the adult human cerebellar cortex has an area of 730 square cm, [ 13 ] packed within a volume of dimensions 6 cm × 5 cm × 10 cm. [ 11 ] Underneath the gray matter of the cortex lies white matter , made up largely of myelinated nerve fibers running to and from the cortex. Embedded within the white matter—which is sometimes called the arbor vitae (tree of life) because of its branched, tree-like appearance in cross-section—are four deep cerebellar nuclei , composed of gray matter. [ 14 ] Connecting the cerebellum to different parts of the nervous system are three paired cerebellar peduncles . These are the superior cerebellar peduncle , the middle cerebellar peduncle and the inferior cerebellar peduncle , named by their position relative to the vermis. The superior cerebellar peduncle is mainly an output to the cerebral cortex, carrying efferent fibers via thalamic nuclei to upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex. The fibers arise from the deep cerebellar nuclei. The middle cerebellar peduncle is connected to the pons and receives all of its input from the pons mainly from the pontine nuclei . The input to the pons is from the cerebral cortex and is relayed from the pontine nuclei via transverse pontine fibers to the cerebellum. The middle peduncle is the largest of the three and its afferent fibers are grouped into three separate fascicles taking their inputs to different parts of the cerebellum. The inferior cerebellar peduncle receives input from afferent fibers from the vestibular nuclei, spinal cord and the tegmentum. Output from the inferior peduncle is via efferent fibers to the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation . The whole of the cerebellum receives modulatory input from the inferior olivary nucleus via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. [ 6 ] Subdivisions Based on the surface appearance, three lobes can be distinguished within the cerebellum: the anterior lobe (above the primary fissure ), the posterior lobe (below the primary fissure), and the flocculonodular lobe (below the posterior fissure). These lobes divide the cerebellum from rostral to caudal (in humans, top to bottom). In terms of function, however, there is a more important distinction along the medial-to-lateral dimension. Leaving out the flocculonodular lobe, which has distinct connections and functions, the cerebellum can be parsed functionally into a medial sector called the spinocerebellum and a larger lateral sector called the cerebrocerebellum . [ 14 ] A narrow strip of protruding tissue along the midline is called the cerebellar vermis . ( Vermis is Latin for "worm".) [ 14 ] The smallest region, the flocculonodular lobe, is often called the vestibulocerebellum . It is the oldest part in evolutionary terms (archicerebellum) and participates mainly in balance and spatial orientation; its primary connections are with the vestibular nuclei , although it also receives visual and other sensory input. Damage to this region causes disturbances of balance and gait . [ 14 ] The medial zone of the anterior and posterior lobes constitutes the spinocerebellum, also known as paleocerebellum. This sector of the cerebellum functions mainly to fine-tune body and limb movements. It receives proprioceptive input from the dorsal columns of the spinal cord (including the spinocerebellar tract ) and from the cranial trigeminal nerve , as well as from visual and auditory systems. [ 15 ] It sends fibers to deep cerebellar nuclei that, in turn, project to both the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, thus providing modulation of descending motor systems. [ 14 ] The lateral zone, which in humans is by far the largest part, constitutes the cerebrocerebellum, also known as neocerebellum. It receives input exclusively from the cerebral cortex (especially the parietal lobe ) via the pontine nuclei (forming cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways), and sends output mainly to the ventrolateral thalamus (in turn connected to motor areas of the premotor cortex and primary motor area of the cerebral cortex) and to the red nucleus . [ 14 ] There is disagreement about the best way to describe the functions of the lateral cerebellum: It is thought to be involved in planning movement that is about to occur, [ 16 ] in evaluating sensory information for action, [ 14 ] and in a number of purely cognitive functions, such as determining the verb which best fits with a certain noun (as in "sit" for "chair"). [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Microanatomy Two types of neuron play dominant roles in the cerebellar circuit: Purkinje cells and granule cells . Three types of axons also play dominant roles: mossy fibers and climbing fibers (which enter the cerebellum from outside), and parallel fibers (which are the axons of granule cells). There are two main pathways through the cerebellar circuit, originating from mossy fibers and climbing fibers, both eventually terminating in the deep cerebellar nuclei. [ 11 ] Mossy fibers project directly to the deep nuclei, but also give rise to the following pathway: mossy fibers → granule cells → parallel fibers → Purkinje cells → deep nuclei. Climbing fibers project to Purkinje cells and also send collaterals directly to the deep nuclei. [ 11 ] The mossy fiber and climbing fiber inputs each carry fiber-specific information; the cerebellum also receives dopaminergic , serotonergic , noradrenergic , and cholinergic inputs that presumably perform global modulation. [ 21 ] The cerebellar cortex is divided into three layers. At the bottom lies the thick granular layer, densely packed with granule cells, along with interneurons , mainly Golgi cells but also including Lugaro cells and unipolar brush cells . In the middle lies the Purkinje layer, a narrow zone that contains the cell bodies of Purkinje cells and Bergmann glial cells . At the top lies the molecular layer, which contains the flattened dendritic trees of Purkinje cells, along with the huge array of parallel fibers penetrating the Purkinje cell dendritic trees at right angles. This outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex also contains two types of inhibitory interneuron: stellate cells and basket cells . Both stellate and basket cells form GABAergic synapses onto Purkinje cell dendrites. [ 11 ] Layers of the cerebellar cortex Molecular layer The top, outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex is the molecular layer. This layer contains the flattened dendritic trees of Purkinje cells, and the huge array of parallel fibers, from the granular layer, that penetrate the Purkinje cell dendritic trees at right angles. The molecular layer also contains two types of inhibitory interneuron: stellate cells and basket cells . Both stellate and basket cells form GABAergic synapses onto Purkinje cell dendrites. [ 11 ] Purkinje layer Purkinje cells are among the most distinctive neurons in the brain, and one of the earliest types to be recognized—they were first described by the Czech anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyně in 1837. They are distinguished by the shape of their dendritic tree: the dendrites branch very profusely, but are severely flattened in a plane perpendicular to the cerebellar folds. Thus, the dendrites of a Purkinje cell form a dense planar net, through which parallel fibers pass at right angles. [ 11 ] The dendrites are covered with dendritic spines , each of which receives synaptic input from a parallel fiber. Purkinje cells receive more synaptic inputs than any other type of cell in the brain—estimates of the number of spines on a single human Purkinje cell run as high as 200,000. [ 11 ] The large, spherical cell bodies of Purkinje cells are packed into a narrow layer (one cell thick) of the cerebellar cortex, called the Purkinje layer . After emitting collaterals that affect nearby parts of the cortex, their axons travel into the deep cerebellar nuclei , where they make on the order of 1,000 contacts each with several types of nuclear cells, all within a small domain. Purkinje cells use GABA as their neurotransmitter, and therefore exert inhibitory effects on their targets. [ 11 ] Purkinje cells form the heart of the cerebellar circuit, and their large size and distinctive activity patterns have made it relatively easy to study their response patterns in behaving animals using extracellular recording techniques. Purkinje cells normally emit action potentials at a high rate even in the absence of the synaptic input. In awake, behaving animals, mean rates averaging around 40 Hz are typical. The spike trains show a mixture of what are called simple and complex spikes. A simple spike is a single action potential followed by a refractory period of about 10 ms; a complex spike is a stereotyped sequence of action potentials with very short inter-spike intervals and declining amplitudes. [ 23 ] Physiological studies have shown that complex spikes (which occur at baseline rates around 1 Hz and never at rates much higher than 10 Hz) are reliably associated with climbing fiber activation, while simple spikes are produced by a combination of baseline activity and parallel fiber input. Complex spikes are often followed by a pause of several hundred milliseconds during which simple spike activity is suppressed. [ 24 ] A specific, recognizable feature of Purkinje neurons is the expression of calbindin . [ 25 ] Calbindin staining of rat brain after unilateral chronic sciatic nerve injury suggests that Purkinje neurons may be newly generated in the adult brain, initiating the organization of new cerebellar lobules. [ 26 ] Granular layer Cerebellar granule cells , in contrast to Purkinje cells, are among the smallest neurons in the brain. They are also the most numerous neurons in the brain: In humans, estimates of their total number average around 50 billion, which means that about 3/4 of the brain's neurons are cerebellar granule cells. [ 11 ] Their cell bodies are packed into a thick layer at the bottom of the cerebellar cortex. A granule cell emits only four to five dendrites, each of which ends in an enlargement called a dendritic claw . [ 11 ] These enlargements are sites of excitatory input from mossy fibers and inhibitory input from Golgi cells . [ 11 ] The thin, unmyelinated axons of granule cells rise vertically to the upper (molecular) layer of the cortex, where they split in two, with each branch traveling horizontally to form a parallel fiber ; the splitting of the vertical branch into two horizontal branches gives rise to a distinctive "T" shape. A human parallel fiber runs for an average of 3 mm in each direction from the split, for a total length of about 6 mm (about 1/10 of the total width of the cortical layer). [ 11 ] As they run along, the parallel fibers pass through the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells, contacting one of every 3–5 that they pass, making a total of 80–100 synaptic connections with Purkinje cell dendritic spines. [ 11 ] Granule cells use glutamate as their neurotransmitter, and therefore exert excitatory effects on their targets. [ 11 ] Granule cells receive all of their input from mossy fibers, but outnumber them by 200 to 1 (in humans). Thus, the information in the granule cell population activity state is the same as the information in the mossy fibers, but recoded in a much more expansive way. Because granule cells are so small and so densely packed, it is difficult to record their spike activity in behaving animals, so there is little data to use as a basis for theorizing. The most popular concept of their function was proposed in 1969 by David Marr , who suggested that they could encode combinations of mossy fiber inputs. The idea is that with each granule cell receiving input from only 4–5 mossy fibers, a granule cell would not respond if only a single one of its inputs were active, but would respond if more than one were active. This combinatorial coding scheme would potentially allow the cerebellum to make much finer distinctions between input patterns than the mossy fibers alone would permit. [ 27 ] Mossy fibers Mossy fibers enter the granular layer from their points of origin, many arising from the pontine nuclei , others from the spinal cord, vestibular nuclei etc. In the human cerebellum, the total number of mossy fibers has been estimated at 200 million. [ 11 ] These fibers form excitatory synapses with the granule cells and the cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Within the granular layer, a mossy fiber generates a series of enlargements called rosettes . The contacts between mossy fibers and granule cell dendrites take place within structures called glomeruli . Each glomerulus has a mossy fiber rosette at its center, and up to 20 granule cell dendritic claws contacting it. Terminals from Golgi cells infiltrate the structure and make inhibitory synapses onto the granule cell dendrites. The entire assemblage is surrounded by a sheath of glial cells. [ 11 ] Each mossy fiber sends collateral branches to several cerebellar folia, generating a total of 20–30 rosettes; thus a single mossy fiber makes contact with an estimated 400–600 granule cells. [ 11 ] Climbing fibers Purkinje cells also receive input from the inferior olivary nucleus on the contralateral side of the brainstem via climbing fibers . Although the inferior olive lies in the medulla oblongata and receives input from the spinal cord, brainstem and cerebral cortex, its output goes entirely to the cerebellum. A climbing fiber gives off collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei before entering the cerebellar cortex, where it splits into about 10 terminal branches, each of which gives input to a single Purkinje cell. [ 11 ] In striking contrast to the 100,000-plus inputs from parallel fibers, each Purkinje cell receives input from exactly one climbing fiber; but this single fiber "climbs" the dendrites of the Purkinje cell, winding around them and making a total of up to 300 synapses as it goes. [ 11 ] The net input is so strong that a single action potential from a climbing fiber is capable of producing an extended complex spike in the Purkinje cell: a burst of several spikes in a row, with diminishing amplitude, followed by a pause during which activity is suppressed. The climbing fiber synapses cover the cell body and proximal dendrites; this zone is devoid of parallel fiber inputs. [ 11 ] Climbing fibers fire at low rates, but a single climbing fiber action potential induces a burst of several action potentials in a target Purkinje cell (a complex spike). The contrast between parallel fiber and climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje cells (over 100,000 of one type versus exactly one of the other type) is perhaps the most provocative feature of cerebellar anatomy, and has motivated much of the theorizing. In fact, the function of climbing fibers is the most controversial topic concerning the cerebellum. There are two schools of thought, one following Marr and Albus in holding that climbing fiber input serves primarily as a teaching signal, the other holding that its function is to shape cerebellar output directly. Both views have been defended in great length in numerous publications. In the words of one review, "In trying to synthesize the various hypotheses on the function of the climbing fibers, one has the sense of looking at a drawing by Escher. Each point of view seems to account for a certain collection of findings, but when one attempts to put the different views together, a coherent picture of what the climbing fibers are doing does not appear. For the majority of researchers, the climbing fibers signal errors in motor performance, either in the usual manner of discharge frequency modulation or as a single announcement of an 'unexpected event'. For other investigators, the message lies in the degree of ensemble synchrony and rhythmicity among a population of climbing fibers." [ 24 ] Deep nuclei The deep nuclei of the cerebellum are clusters of gray matter lying within the white matter at the core of the cerebellum. They are, with the minor exception of the nearby vestibular nuclei, the sole sources of output from the cerebellum. These nuclei receive collateral projections from mossy fibers and climbing fibers as well as inhibitory input from the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. The four nuclei ( dentate , globose , emboliform , and fastigial ) each communicate with different parts of the brain and cerebellar cortex. (The globose and the emboliform nuclei are also referred to as combined in the interposed nucleus ). The fastigial and interposed nuclei belong to the spinocerebellum. The dentate nucleus, which in mammals is much larger than the others, is formed as a thin, convoluted layer of gray matter, and communicates exclusively with the lateral parts of the cerebellar cortex. The flocculus of the flocculonodular lobe is the only part of the cerebellar cortex that does not project to the deep nuclei—its output goes to the vestibular nuclei instead. [ 11 ] The majority of neurons in the deep nuclei have large cell bodies and spherical dendritic trees with a radius of about 400 μm, and use glutamate as their neurotransmitter. These cells project to a variety of targets outside the cerebellum. Intermixed with them are a lesser number of small cells, which use GABA as a neurotransmitter and project exclusively to the inferior olivary nucleus , the source of climbing fibers . Thus, the nucleo-olivary projection provides an inhibitory feedback to match the excitatory projection of climbing fibers to the nuclei. There is evidence that each small cluster of nuclear cells projects to the same cluster of olivary cells that send climbing fibers to it; there is strong and matching topography in both directions. [ 11 ] When a Purkinje cell axon enters one of the deep nuclei, it branches to make contact with both large and small nuclear cells, but the total number of cells contacted is only about 35 (in cats). Conversely, a single deep nuclear cell receives input from approximately 860 Purkinje cells (again in cats). [ 11 ] Compartments From the viewpoint of gross anatomy, the cerebellar cortex appears to be a homogeneous sheet of tissue, and, from the viewpoint of microanatomy, all parts of this sheet appear to have the same internal structure. There are, however, a number of respects in which the structure of the cerebellum is compartmentalized. There are large compartments that are generally known as zones ; these can be divided into smaller compartments known as microzones . [ 28 ] The first indications of compartmental structure came from studies of the receptive fields of cells in various parts of the cerebellar cortex. [ 28 ] Each body part maps to specific points in the cerebellum, but there are numerous repetitions of the basic map, forming an arrangement that has been called "fractured somatotopy". [ 29 ] A clearer indication of compartmentalization is obtained by immunostaining the cerebellum for certain types of protein. The best-known of these markers are called "zebrins", because staining for them gives rise to a complex pattern reminiscent of the stripes on a zebra. The stripes generated by zebrins and other compartmentalization markers are oriented perpendicular to the cerebellar folds—that is, they are narrow in the mediolateral direction, but much more extended in the longitudinal direction. Different markers generate different sets of stripes, the widths and lengths vary as a function of location, but they all have the same general shape. [ 28 ] Oscarsson in the late 1970s proposed that these cortical zones can be partitioned into smaller units called microzones. [ 30 ] A microzone is defined as a group of Purkinje cells all having the same somatotopic receptive field. Microzones were found to contain on the order of 1000 Purkinje cells each, arranged in a long, narrow strip, oriented perpendicular to the cortical folds. [ 28 ] Thus, as the adjoining diagram illustrates, Purkinje cell dendrites are flattened in the same direction as the microzones extend, while parallel fibers cross them at right angles. [ 11 ] It is not only receptive fields that define the microzone structure: The climbing fiber input from the inferior olivary nucleus is equally important. The branches of a climbing fiber (usually numbering about 10) usually activate Purkinje cells belonging to the same microzone. Moreover, olivary neurons that send climbing fibers to the same microzone tend to be coupled by gap junctions , which synchronize their activity, causing Purkinje cells within a microzone to show correlated complex spike activity on a millisecond time scale. [ 28 ] Also, the Purkinje cells belonging to a microzone all send their axons to the same small cluster of output cells within the deep cerebellar nuclei . [ 28 ] Finally, the axons of basket cells are much longer in the longitudinal direction than in the mediolateral direction, causing them to be confined largely to a single microzone. [ 28 ] The consequence of all this structure is that cellular interactions within a microzone are much stronger than interactions between different microzones. [ 28 ] In 2005, Richard Apps and Martin Garwicz summarized evidence that microzones themselves form part of a larger entity they call a multizonal microcomplex. Such a microcomplex includes several spatially separated cortical microzones, all of which project to the same group of deep cerebellar neurons, plus a group of coupled olivary neurons that project to all of the included microzones as well as to the deep nuclear area. [ 28 ] Blood supply The cerebellum is provided with blood from three paired major arteries: the superior cerebellar artery (SCA), the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). The SCA supplies the upper region of the cerebellum. It divides at the upper surface and branches into the pia mater where the branches anastomose with those of the anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. The AICA supplies the front part of the undersurface of the cerebellum. The PICA arrives at the undersurface, where it divides into a medial branch and a lateral branch. The medial branch continues backward to the cerebellar notch between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum; while the lateral branch supplies the under surface of the cerebellum, as far as its lateral border, where it anastomoses with the AICA and the SCA. Function The strongest clues to the function of the cerebellum have come from examining the consequences of damage to it. Animals and humans with cerebellar dysfunction show, above all, problems with motor control, on the same side of the body as the damaged part of the cerebellum. They continue to be able to generate motor activity but lose precision, producing erratic, uncoordinated, or incorrectly timed movements. A standard test of cerebellar function is to reach with the tip of the finger for a target at arm's length: A healthy person will move the fingertip in a rapid straight trajectory, whereas a person with cerebellar damage will reach slowly and erratically, with many mid-course corrections. Deficits in non-motor functions are more difficult to detect. Thus, the general conclusion reached decades ago is that the basic function of the cerebellum is to calibrate the detailed form of a movement, not to initiate movements or to decide which movements to execute. [ 14 ] Prior to the 1990s the function of the cerebellum was mostly believed to be purely motor-related, but later research has pointed to an expanded role of cerebellar connectivity beyond basic motoric functions. [ 31 ] Functional imaging studies have shown cerebellar activation in relation to language, attention, and mental imagery ; correlation studies have shown interactions between the cerebellum and non-motor areas of the cerebral cortex; and a variety of non-motor symptoms have been recognized in people with damage that appears to be confined to the cerebellum. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] In particular, the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome or Schmahmann's syndrome [ 34 ] has been described in adults [ 35 ] and children. [ 36 ] Estimates based on functional mapping of the cerebellum using functional MRI suggest that more than half of the cerebellar cortex is interconnected with association zones of the cerebral cortex. [ 37 ] Kenji Doya has argued that the cerebellum's function is best understood not in terms of the behaviors it affects, but the neural computations it performs; the cerebellum consists of a large number of more or less independent modules, all with the same geometrically regular internal structure, and therefore all, it is presumed, performing the same computation. If the input and output connections of a module are with motor areas (as many are), then the module will be involved in motor behavior; but, if the connections are with areas involved in non-motor cognition, the module will show other types of behavioral correlates. Thus the cerebellum has been implicated in the regulation of many differing functional traits such as affection, emotion including emotional body language perception [ 38 ] and behavior. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] The cerebellum, Doya proposes, is best understood as predictive action selection based on "internal models" of the environment or a device for supervised learning , in contrast to the basal ganglia , which perform reinforcement learning , and the cerebral cortex , which performs unsupervised learning . [ 33 ] [ 41 ] Three decades of brain research have led to the proposal that the cerebellum generates optimized mental models and interacts closely with the cerebral cortex, where updated internal models are experienced as creative intuition ("a ha") in working memory. [ 42 ] Principles The comparative simplicity and regularity of the cerebellar anatomy led to an early hope that it might imply a similar simplicity of computational function, as expressed in one of the first books on cerebellar electrophysiology, The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine by John C. Eccles , Masao Ito , and János Szentágothai . [ 43 ] Although a full understanding of cerebellar function has remained elusive, at least four principles have been identified as important: (1) feedforward processing, (2) divergence and convergence, (3) modularity, and (4) plasticity. Feedforward processing : The cerebellum differs from most other parts of the brain (especially the cerebral cortex) in that the signal processing is almost entirely feedforward —that is, signals move unidirectionally through the system from input to output, with very little recurrent internal transmission. The small amount of recurrence that does exist consists of mutual inhibition; there are no mutually excitatory circuits. This feedforward mode of operation means that the cerebellum, in contrast to the cerebral cortex, cannot generate self-sustaining patterns of neural activity. Signals enter the circuit, are processed by each stage in sequential order, and then leave. As Eccles, Ito, and Szentágothai wrote, "This elimination in the design of all possibility of reverberatory chains of neuronal excitation is undoubtedly a great advantage in the performance of the cerebellum as a computer, because what the rest of the nervous system requires from the cerebellum is presumably not some output expressing the operation of complex reverberatory circuits in the cerebellum but rather a quick and clear response to the input of any particular set of information." [ 44 ] Divergence and convergence : In the human cerebellum, information from 200 million mossy fiber inputs is expanded to 40 billion granule cells , whose parallel fiber outputs then converge onto 15 million Purkinje cells . [ 11 ] Because of the way that they are lined up longitudinally, the 1000 or so Purkinje cells belonging to a microzone may receive input from as many as 100 million parallel fibers, and focus their own output down to a group of less than 50 deep nuclear cells. [ 28 ] Thus, the cerebellar network receives a modest number of inputs, processes them very extensively through its rigorously structured internal network, and sends out the results via a very limited number of output cells. Modularity : The cerebellar system is functionally divided into more or less independent modules, which probably number in the hundreds to thousands. All modules have a similar internal structure, but different inputs and outputs. A module (a multizonal microcompartment in the terminology of Apps and Garwicz) consists of a small cluster of neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus, a set of long narrow strips of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex (microzones), and a small cluster of neurons in one of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Different modules share input from mossy fibers and parallel fibers, but in other respects they appear to function independently—the output of one module does not appear to significantly influence the activity of other modules. [ 28 ] Plasticity : The synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells, and the synapses between mossy fibers and deep nuclear cells, are both susceptible to modification of their strength. In a single cerebellar module, input from as many as a billion parallel fibers converges onto a group of less than 50 deep nuclear cells, and the influence of each parallel fiber on those nuclear cells is adjustable. This arrangement gives tremendous flexibility for fine-tuning the relationship between the cerebellar inputs and outputs. [ 45 ] Learning There is considerable evidence that the cerebellum plays an essential role in some types of motor learning. The tasks where the cerebellum most clearly comes into play are those in which it is necessary to make fine adjustments to the way an action is performed. There has, however, been much dispute about whether learning takes place within the cerebellum itself, or whether it merely serves to provide signals that promote learning in other brain structures. [ 45 ] Most theories that assign learning to the circuitry of the cerebellum are derived from the ideas of David Marr [ 27 ] and James Albus , [ 7 ] who postulated that climbing fibers provide a teaching signal that induces synaptic modification in parallel fiber – Purkinje cell synapses. [ 46 ] Marr assumed that climbing fiber input would cause synchronously activated parallel fiber inputs to be strengthened. Most subsequent cerebellar-learning models, however, have followed Albus in assuming that climbing fiber activity would be an error signal, and would cause synchronously activated parallel fiber inputs to be weakened. Some of these later models, such as the Adaptive Filter model of Fujita [ 47 ] made attempts to understand cerebellar function in terms of optimal control theory. The idea that climbing fiber activity functions as an error signal has been examined in many experimental studies, with some supporting it but others casting doubt. [ 24 ] In a pioneering study by Gilbert and Thach from 1977, Purkinje cells from monkeys learning a reaching task showed increased complex spike activity—which is known to reliably indicate activity of the cell's climbing fiber input—during periods when performance was poor. [ 48 ] Several studies of motor learning in cats observed complex spike activity when there was a mismatch between an intended movement and the movement that was actually executed. Studies of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (which stabilizes the visual image on the retina when the head turns) found that climbing fiber activity indicated "retinal slip", although not in a very straightforward way. [ 24 ] One of the most extensively studied cerebellar learning tasks is the eyeblink conditioning paradigm, in which a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) such as a tone or a light is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), such as an air puff, that elicits a blink response. After such repeated presentations of the CS and US, the CS will eventually elicit a blink before the US, a conditioned response or CR. Experiments showed that lesions localized either to a specific part of the interposed nucleus (one of the deep cerebellar nuclei) or to a few specific points in the cerebellar cortex would abolish learning of a conditionally timed blink response. If cerebellar outputs are pharmacologically inactivated while leaving the inputs and intracellular circuits intact, learning takes place even while the animal fails to show any response, whereas, if intracerebellar circuits are disrupted, no learning takes place—these facts taken together make a strong case that the learning, indeed, occurs inside the cerebellum. [ 49 ] Theories and computational models The large base of knowledge about the anatomical structure and behavioral functions of the cerebellum have made it a fertile ground for theorizing—there are perhaps more theories of the function of the cerebellum than of any other part of the brain. The most basic distinction among them is between "learning theories" and "performance theories"—that is, theories that make use of synaptic plasticity within the cerebellum to account for its role in learning, versus theories that account for aspects of ongoing behavior on the basis of cerebellar signal processing. Several theories of both types have been formulated as mathematical models and simulated using computers. [ 46 ] The Kalman filter theory fits with 2 major requirements: the cerebellum is involved in predictions and in sequencing. [ 50 ] Perhaps the earliest "performance" theory was the "delay line" hypothesis of Valentino Braitenberg . The original theory put forth by Braitenberg and Roger Atwood in 1958 proposed that slow propagation of signals along parallel fibers imposes predictable delays that allow the cerebellum to detect time relationships within a certain window. [ 51 ] Experimental data did not support the original form of the theory, but Braitenberg continued to argue for modified versions. [ 52 ] The hypothesis that the cerebellum functions essentially as a timing system has also been advocated by Richard Ivry . [ 53 ] Another influential "performance" theory is the Tensor network theory of Pellionisz and Llinás , which provided an advanced mathematical formulation of the idea that the fundamental computation performed by the cerebellum is to transform sensory into motor coordinates. [ 54 ] Theories in the "learning" category almost all derive from publications by Marr and Albus. Marr's 1969 paper proposed that the cerebellum is a device for learning to associate elemental movements encoded by climbing fibers with mossy fiber inputs that encode the sensory context. [ 27 ] Albus proposed in 1971 that a cerebellar Purkinje cell functions as a perceptron , a neurally inspired abstract learning device. [ 7 ] The most basic difference between the Marr and Albus theories is that Marr assumed that climbing fiber activity would cause parallel fiber synapses to be strengthened, whereas Albus proposed that they would be weakened. Albus also formulated his version as a software algorithm he called a CMAC (Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller), which has been tested in a number of applications. [ 55 ] Clinical significance Damage to the cerebellum often causes motor-related symptoms, the details of which depend on the part of the cerebellum involved and how it is damaged. Damage to the flocculonodular lobe may show up as a loss of equilibrium and in particular an altered, irregular walking gait, with a wide stance caused by difficulty in balancing. [ 14 ] Damage to the lateral zone typically causes problems in skilled voluntary and planned movements which can cause errors in the force, direction, speed and amplitude of movements. Other manifestations include hypotonia (decreased muscle tone), dysarthria (problems with speech articulation), dysmetria (problems judging distances or ranges of movement), dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid alternating movements such as walking), impaired check reflex or rebound phenomenon, and intention tremor (involuntary movement caused by alternating contractions of opposing muscle groups). [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Damage to the midline portion may disrupt whole-body movements, whereas damage localized more laterally is more likely to disrupt fine movements of the hands or limbs. Damage to the upper part of the cerebellum tends to cause gait impairments and other problems with leg coordination; damage to the lower part is more likely to cause uncoordinated or poorly aimed movements of the arms and hands, as well as difficulties in speed. [ 14 ] This complex of motor symptoms is called ataxia . To identify cerebellar problems, neurological examination includes assessment of gait (a broad-based gait being indicative of ataxia), finger-pointing tests and assessment of posture. [ 5 ] If cerebellar dysfunction is indicated, a magnetic resonance imaging scan can be used to obtain a detailed picture of any structural alterations that may exist. [ 58 ] The list of medical problems that can produce cerebellar damage is long, including stroke , hemorrhage , swelling of the brain ( cerebral edema ), tumors , alcoholism , physical trauma such as gunshot wounds or explosives, and chronic degenerative conditions such as olivopontocerebellar atrophy . [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Some forms of migraine headache may also produce temporary dysfunction of the cerebellum, of variable severity. [ 61 ] Infection can result in cerebellar damage in such conditions as the prion diseases [ 62 ] and Miller Fisher syndrome, a variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome . Aging The human cerebellum changes with age. These changes may differ from those of other parts of the brain. The cerebellum is the youngest brain region (and body part) in centenarians according to an epigenetic biomarker of tissue age known as epigenetic clock : it is about 15 years younger than expected in a centenarian. [ 63 ] Further, gene expression patterns in the human cerebellum show less age-related alteration than that in the cerebral cortex . [ 64 ] Some studies have reported reductions in numbers of cells or volume of tissue, but the amount of data relating to this question is not very large. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Developmental and degenerative disorders Congenital malformation, hereditary disorders, and acquired conditions can affect cerebellar structure and, consequently, cerebellar function. Unless the causative condition is reversible, the only possible treatment is to help people live with their problems. [ 67 ] Visualization of the fetal cerebellum by ultrasound scan at 18 to 20 weeks of pregnancy can be used to screen for fetal neural tube defects with a sensitivity rate of up to 99%. [ 68 ] In normal development, endogenous sonic hedgehog signaling stimulates rapid proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) in the external granule layer (EGL). Cerebellar development occurs during late embryogenesis and the early postnatal period, with CGNP proliferation in the EGL peaking during early development (postnatal day 7 in the mouse). [ 69 ] As CGNPs terminally differentiate into cerebellar granule cells (also called cerebellar granule neurons, CGNs), they migrate to the internal granule layer (IGL), forming the mature cerebellum (by post-natal day 20 in the mouse). [ 69 ] Mutations that abnormally activate Sonic hedgehog signaling predispose to cancer of the cerebellum ( medulloblastoma ) in humans with Gorlin Syndrome and in genetically engineered mouse models . [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Congenital malformation or underdevelopment ( hypoplasia ) of the cerebellar vermis is a characteristic of both Dandy–Walker syndrome and Joubert syndrome . [ 72 ] [ 73 ] In very rare cases, the entire cerebellum may be absent . [ 74 ] The inherited neurological disorders Machado–Joseph disease , ataxia telangiectasia , and Friedreich's ataxia cause progressive neurodegeneration linked to cerebellar loss. [ 59 ] [ 67 ] Congenital brain malformations outside the cerebellum can, in turn, cause herniation of cerebellar tissue , as seen in some forms of Arnold–Chiari malformation . [ 75 ] Other conditions that are closely linked to cerebellar degeneration include the idiopathic progressive neurological disorders multiple system atrophy and Ramsay Hunt syndrome type I , [ 76 ] [ 77 ] and the autoimmune disorder paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration , in which tumors elsewhere in the body elicit an autoimmune response that causes neuronal loss in the cerebellum. [ 78 ] Cerebellar atrophy can result from an acute deficiency of vitamin B1 ( thiamine ) as seen in beriberi and in Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome , [ 79 ] or vitamin E deficiency. [ 67 ] Cerebellar atrophy has been observed in many other neurological disorders including Huntington's disease , multiple sclerosis , [ 62 ] essential tremor , progressive myoclonus epilepsy , and Niemann–Pick disease . Cerebellar atrophy can also occur as a result of exposure to toxins including heavy metals or pharmaceutical or recreational drugs . [ 67 ] Pain There is a general consensus that the cerebellum is involved in pain processing. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] The cerebellum receives pain input from both descending cortico-cerebellar pathways and ascending spino-cerebellar pathways, through the pontine nuclei and inferior olives. Some of this information is transferred to the motor system inducing a conscious motor avoidance of pain, graded according to pain intensity. These direct pain inputs, as well as indirect inputs, are thought to induce long-term pain avoidance behavior that results in chronic posture changes and consequently, in functional and anatomical remodeling of vestibular and proprioceptive nuclei. As a result, chronic neuropathic pain can induce macroscopic anatomical remodeling of the hindbrain, including the cerebellum. [ 26 ] The magnitude of this remodeling and the induction of neuron progenitor markers suggest the contribution of adult neurogenesis to these changes. Comparative anatomy and evolution The circuits in the cerebellum are similar across all classes of vertebrates , including fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. [ 82 ] There is also an analogous brain structure in cephalopods with well-developed brains, such as octopuses . [ 83 ] This has been taken as evidence that the cerebellum performs functions important to all animal species with a brain. There is considerable variation in the size and shape of the cerebellum in different vertebrate species. In amphibians , it is little developed, and in lampreys , and hagfish , the cerebellum is barely distinguishable from the brain-stem. Although the spinocerebellum is present in these groups, the primary structures are small, paired-nuclei corresponding to the vestibulocerebellum. [ 84 ] The cerebellum is a bit larger in reptiles, considerably larger in birds, and larger still in mammals. The large paired and convoluted lobes found in humans are typical of mammals, but the cerebellum is, in general, a single median lobe in other groups, and is either smooth or only slightly grooved. In mammals, the neocerebellum is the major part of the cerebellum by mass, but, in other vertebrates, it is typically the spinocerebellum. [ 84 ] The cerebellum of cartilaginous and bony fishes is extraordinarily large and complex. In at least one important respect, it differs in internal structure from the mammalian cerebellum: The fish cerebellum does not contain discrete deep cerebellar nuclei . Instead, the primary targets of Purkinje cells are a distinct type of cell distributed across the cerebellar cortex, a type not seen in mammals. In mormyrid fish (a family of weakly electrosensitive freshwater fish), the cerebellum is considerably larger than the rest of the brain. The largest part of it is a special structure called the valvula , which has an unusually regular architecture and receives much of its input from the electrosensory system. [ 85 ] The hallmark of the mammalian cerebellum is an expansion of the lateral lobes, whose main interactions are with the neocortex. As monkeys evolved into great apes, the expansion of the lateral lobes continued, in tandem with the expansion of the frontal lobes of the neocortex. In ancestral hominids, and in Homo sapiens until the middle Pleistocene period, the cerebellum continued to expand, but the frontal lobes expanded more rapidly. The most recent period of human evolution, however, may actually have been associated with an increase in the relative size of the cerebellum, as the neocortex reduced its size somewhat while the cerebellum expanded. [ 86 ] The size of the human cerebellum, compared to the rest of the brain, has been increasing in size while the cerebrum decreased in size. [ 87 ] With both the development and implementation of motor tasks, visual-spatial skills and learning taking place in the cerebellum, the growth of the cerebellum is thought to have some form of correlation to greater human cognitive abilities. [ 88 ] The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are now 2.7 times greater in both humans and apes than they are in monkeys. [ 87 ] These changes in the cerebellum size cannot be explained by greater muscle mass. They show that either the development of the cerebellum is tightly linked to that of the rest of the brain or that neural activities taking place in the cerebellum were important during Hominidae evolution. Due to the cerebellum's role in cognitive functions, the increase in its size may have played a role in cognitive expansion. [ 87 ] Cerebellum-like structures Most vertebrate species have a cerebellum and one or more cerebellum-like structures, brain areas that resemble the cerebellum in terms of cytoarchitecture and neurochemistry . [ 82 ] The only cerebellum-like structure found in mammals is the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), one of the two primary sensory nuclei that receive input directly from the auditory nerve . The DCN is a layered structure, with the bottom layer containing granule cells similar to those of the cerebellum, giving rise to parallel fibers that rise to the superficial layer and travel across it horizontally. The superficial layer contains a set of GABAergic neurons called cartwheel cells that resemble Purkinje cells anatomically and chemically—they receive parallel fiber input, but do not have any inputs that resemble climbing fibers . The output neurons of the DCN are pyramidal cells . They are glutamatergic, but also resemble Purkinje cells in some respects—they have spiny, flattened superficial dendritic trees that receive parallel fiber input, but they also have basal dendrites that receive input from auditory nerve fibers, which travel across the DCN in a direction at right angles to the parallel fibers. The DCN is most highly developed in rodents and other small animals, and is considerably reduced in primates. Its function is not well understood; the most popular speculations relate it to spatial hearing in one way or another. [ 89 ] Most species of fish and amphibians possess a lateral line system that senses pressure waves in water. One of the brain areas that receives primary input from the lateral line organ, the medial octavolateral nucleus, has a cerebellum-like structure, with granule cells and parallel fibers. In electrosensitive fish, the input from the electrosensory system goes to the dorsal octavolateral nucleus, which also has a cerebellum-like structure. In ray-finned fishes (by far the largest group), the optic tectum has a layer—the marginal layer—that is cerebellum-like. [ 82 ] All of these cerebellum-like structures appear to be primarily sensory-related rather than motor-related. All of them have granule cells that give rise to parallel fibers that connect to Purkinje-like neurons with modifiable synapses , but none have climbing fibers comparable to those of the cerebellum—instead they receive direct input from peripheral sensory organs. None has a demonstrated function, but the most influential speculation is that they serve to transform sensory inputs in some sophisticated way, perhaps to compensate for changes in body posture. [ 82 ] In fact, James M. Bower and others have argued, partly on the basis of these structures and partly on the basis of cerebellar studies, that the cerebellum itself is fundamentally a sensory structure, and that it contributes to motor control by moving the body in a way that controls the resulting sensory signals. [ 90 ] Despite Bower's viewpoint, there is also strong evidence that the cerebellum directly influences motor output in mammals. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] History Descriptions Even the earliest anatomists were able to recognize the cerebellum by its distinctive appearance. Aristotle and Herophilus (quoted in Galen ) called it the παρεγκεφαλίς ( parenkephalis ), as opposed to the ἐγκέφαλος ( enkephalos ) or brain proper. Galen's extensive description is the earliest that survives. He speculated that the cerebellum was the source of motor nerves. [ 93 ] Further significant developments did not come until the Renaissance . Vesalius discussed the cerebellum briefly, and the anatomy was described more thoroughly by Thomas Willis in 1664. More anatomical work was done during the 18th century, but it was not until early in the 19th century that the first insights into the function of the cerebellum were obtained. Luigi Rolando in 1809 established the key finding that damage to the cerebellum results in motor disturbances. Jean Pierre Flourens in the first half of the 19th century carried out detailed experimental work, which revealed that animals with cerebellar damage can still move, but with a loss of coordination (strange movements, awkward gait, and muscular weakness), and that recovery after the lesion can be nearly complete unless the lesion is very extensive. [ 94 ] By the beginning of the 20th century, it was widely accepted that the primary function of the cerebellum relates to motor control; the first half of the 20th century produced several detailed descriptions of the clinical symptoms associated with cerebellar disease in humans. [ 5 ] Etymology The name cerebellum is a diminutive of cerebrum (brain); [ 95 ] it can be translated literally as little brain . The Latin name is a direct translation of the Ancient Greek παρεγκεφαλίς ( parenkephalis ), which was used in the works of Aristotle, the first known writer to describe the structure. [ 96 ] No other name is used in the English-language literature, but historically a variety of Greek or Latin-derived names have been used, including cerebrum parvum , [ 97 ] encephalion , [ 98 ] encranion , [ 97 ] cerebrum posterius , [ 99 ] and parencephalis . [ 97 ] See also Medicine portal Viruses portal Science portal Vestibulo-ocular reflex Eyeblink conditioning References This article was submitted to WikiJournal of Medicine for external academic peer review in 2016 ( reviewer reports ). The updated content was reintegrated into the Wikipedia page under a CC-BY-SA-3.0 license ( 2016 ). 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Neuroscience prehistory, brain structure, and function . Totowa: Humana Press. ^ a b c Foster FD (1891). An illustrated medical dictionary . New York: D. Appleton and Company. ^ Kraus LA (1844). Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon (Dritte Auflage) . Göttingen: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung. ^ Schreger CH (1805). Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur . Fürth. External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Cerebellum at Wikimedia Commons Llinas R, Negrello MN (2015). "Cerebellum" . Scholarpedia . 10 (1): 4606. Bibcode : 2015SchpJ..10.4606L . doi : 10.4249/scholarpedia.4606 . Cerebellum–Cell Centered Database Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders – Manto, M., Gruol, D.L., Schmahmann, J., Koibuchi, N., Rossi, F. (Eds.) – Springer – New York Stained brain slice images which include the "cerebellum" at the BrainMaps project A Man's Incomplete Brain Reveals Cerebellum's Role In Thought And Emotion Woman living without cerebellum Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders . Gruol, D.L., Koibuchi, N., Manto, M., Molinari, M., Schmahmann, J.D., Shen, Y. (Eds.). Springer, New York, 2016 Cerebellum histology images The Cerebellum – Journal (Springer Nature) Cerebellum and Ataxias – Journal (BioMed Central) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Nervous system v t e Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerves Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerves Spinal nerve Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerves Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric v t e Anatomy of the cerebellum v t e Surface Lobes Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Flocculonodular lobe Flocculus Nodule Primary fissure Medial/lateral Vermis : anterior Central lobule Culmen Lingula posterior Folium Tuber Uvula Vallecula of cerebellum Hemisphere : anterior Alar central lobule posterior Biventer lobule Cerebellar tonsil Lobes Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Flocculonodular lobe Flocculus Nodule Primary fissure Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Horizontal fissure Flocculonodular lobe Flocculus Nodule Flocculus Nodule Primary fissure Medial/lateral Vermis : anterior Central lobule Culmen Lingula posterior Folium Tuber Uvula Vallecula of cerebellum Hemisphere : anterior Alar central lobule posterior Biventer lobule Cerebellar tonsil Vermis : anterior Central lobule Culmen Lingula Central lobule Culmen Lingula posterior Folium Tuber Uvula Folium Tuber Uvula Vallecula of cerebellum Hemisphere : anterior Alar central lobule Alar central lobule posterior Biventer lobule Cerebellar tonsil Biventer lobule Cerebellar tonsil Grey matter Deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate interposed Emboliform Globose Fastigial Cerebellar cortex Molecular layer Stellate cell Basket cell Purkinje cell layer Purkinje cell Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell Fañanas cell Granule cell layer Golgi cell Granule cell Unipolar brush cell Fibers: Mossy fibers Climbing fiber Parallel fiber Deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate interposed Emboliform Globose Fastigial Dentate interposed Emboliform Globose Emboliform Globose Fastigial Cerebellar cortex Molecular layer Stellate cell Basket cell Purkinje cell layer Purkinje cell Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell Fañanas cell Granule cell layer Golgi cell Granule cell Unipolar brush cell Fibers: Mossy fibers Climbing fiber Parallel fiber Molecular layer Stellate cell Basket cell Stellate cell Basket cell Purkinje cell layer Purkinje cell Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell Fañanas cell Purkinje cell Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell Fañanas cell Granule cell layer Golgi cell Granule cell Unipolar brush cell Golgi cell Granule cell Unipolar brush cell Fibers: Mossy fibers Climbing fiber Parallel fiber White matter Internal Arbor vitae Peduncles Inferior (medulla): Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Olivocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar tract Juxtarestiform body ( Vestibulocerebellar tract ) Trigeminocerebellar fibers Middle (pons): Pontocerebellar fibers Superior (midbrain): Ventral spinocerebellar tract Dentatothalamic tract Internal Arbor vitae Arbor vitae Peduncles Inferior (medulla): Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Olivocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar tract Juxtarestiform body ( Vestibulocerebellar tract ) Trigeminocerebellar fibers Middle (pons): Pontocerebellar fibers Superior (midbrain): Ventral spinocerebellar tract Dentatothalamic tract Inferior (medulla): Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Olivocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar tract Juxtarestiform body ( Vestibulocerebellar tract ) Trigeminocerebellar fibers Middle (pons): Pontocerebellar fibers Superior (midbrain): Ventral spinocerebellar tract Dentatothalamic tract Authority control databases International GND GND National United States Czech Republic Israel United States Czech Republic Israel Other Terminologia Anatomica Yale LUX Terminologia Anatomica Yale LUX Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature Wikipedia articles published in WikiJournal of Medicine Externally peer reviewed articles Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature (W2J) Cerebellum Motor system CS1 maint: location CS1 maint: others CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Wikipedia articles incorporating text from open access publications Commons 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 Biography Politics Singapore Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX 1923 births 2015 deaths Alumni of the University of London Alumni of the London School of Economics Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Conservatism in Singapore Deaths from pneumonia in Singapore Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Singaporean politicians of Chinese descent Singaporean politicians of Hakka descent Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore Members of the Dewan Rakyat Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Lee family (Singapore) Prime ministers of Singapore Raffles Institution alumni Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers Singaporean agnostics Singaporean anti-communists Singaporean Confucianists Singaporean people of Hakka descent Hakka writers Singaporean people with disabilities Singaporean independence activists 20th-century Singaporean lawyers Lee Kuan Yew Politicians with dyslexia Lawyers with disabilities Peranakan people in Singapore Writers with dyslexia Radicals Critics of Islamism Ig Nobel laureates Singaporean Buddhists Recipients of the Order of Sikatuna All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese (Singapore)-language sources (zh-sg) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with empty listen template All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2025 CS1 French-language sources (fr) Commons category link from Wikidata People appearing on C-SPAN National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 3 Women in Congress 4 Role Toggle Role subsection 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 5 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 6 Procedures Toggle Procedures subsection 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 7 Public interaction Toggle Public interaction subsection 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 8 Privileges Toggle Privileges subsection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links United States Congress Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article has multiple issues. 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Find sources: "United States Congress" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) United States Congress 119th Congress Coat of arms of the United States Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4, 1789 (236 years ago) ( 1789-03-04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation Leadership President of the Senate JD Vance ( R ) since January 20, 2025 ( 2025-01-20 ) President pro tempore of the Senate Chuck Grassley ( R ) since January 3, 2025 ( 2025-01-03 ) Speaker of the House Mike Johnson ( R ) since October 25, 2023 ( 2023-10-25 ) Structure Seats .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Majority (53) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] House of Representatives political groups Majority (218) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Elections Last Senate election November 5, 2024 Last House of Representatives election November 5, 2024 Next Senate election November 3, 2026 Next House of Representatives election November 3, 2026 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States of America Website congress .gov Constitution United States Constitution , Article I The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body , the U.S. House of Representatives , and an upper body , the U.S. Senate . They both meet in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Members of Congress are chosen through direct election , [ b ] though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor 's appointment. Congress has a total of 535 voting members, a figure which includes 100 senators and 435 representatives ; the House of Representatives has 6 additional non-voting members . The vice president of the United States , as president of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie. [ 2 ] Congress [ c ] convenes for a two-year term (a Congress), commencing every other January. Each Congress is usually split into two sessions, one for each year. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day . The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional District Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts . It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states. Article One of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be a U.S. citizen for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times. Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution 's First Article and first met in 1789 , replacing the Congress of the Confederation in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice members of Congress since the late 19th century are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties , the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , and only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. Members can also switch parties at any time, though this is uncommon. Overview Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue -raising bills. [ citation needed ] The House initiates and decides impeachment while the Senate votes on conviction and removal of office for impeachment cases. [ 4 ] A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. [ 4 ] The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 119th Congress , began on January 3, 2025, and will end on January 3, 2027. Since the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, while members of the House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. [ citation needed ] Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government" [ 5 ] and a "remarkably resilient institution". [ 6 ] Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. [ 7 ] Several academics described Congress: Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux. [ 8 ] In recent times, the American South and West have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities . [ 8 ] While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change, the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . [ 7 ] The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state's at-large representation to the federal government by senators . [ citation needed ] Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. [ 9 ] The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . [ 10 ] Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government. [ citation needed ] History 18th century The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies . [ 11 ] On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty [ 12 ] and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral Congress. [ 15 ] Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. [ 16 ] The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. [ 17 ] A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise , was adopted with representatives chosen by population (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states). [ 8 ] [ 18 ] The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual is subject to the powers of state government and national government. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government – executive, legislative, and judicial – had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . [ 4 ] Furthermore, there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers. [ 22 ] The new government became active in 1789. [ 4 ] [ 23 ] Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era (1780s–1820s), the partisan era (1830s–1900s), the committee era (1910s–1960s), and the contemporary era (1970–present). [ 24 ] Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Republican Party [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and thus began the era of the First Party System . [ citation needed ] 19th century In 1800, Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties. John Marshall , 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court , empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The Civil War , which lasted from 1861 to 1865, resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states' rights . The Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. [ 29 ] Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics. [ 30 ] The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . [ citation needed ] 20th century By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings. [ 32 ] A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s. [ 33 ] Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment , [ 18 ] ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. [ 34 ] One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate. [ 35 ] Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. [ 36 ] The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats [ 37 ] and historic New Deal policies. Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather initiated by Congress. [ 38 ] President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees, a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. [ 39 ] The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats [ 43 ] formed the Conservative Coalition . [ 42 ] [ 44 ] Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. [ 47 ] Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy. [ 47 ] Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994. [ 50 ] Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . [ 51 ] Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . [ 7 ] Congress began reasserting its authority. [ 38 ] [ 52 ] Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. [ 53 ] While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. [ 53 ] Reforms such as the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. [ 54 ] One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". [ 55 ] From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] along with concern over PAC influence in Congress. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs [ 60 ] including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . [ 61 ] From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] From 1970 to 2009, the House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa were added. [ citation needed ] In the late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work. [ 64 ] Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions". [ 64 ] Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage. [ 8 ] Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite. [ 65 ] A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility". [ 66 ] In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative. [ 67 ] One report suggested Congress posed the "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its brinksmanship , "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed. [ 68 ] There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress, [ 69 ] with extremely low approval ratings [ 70 ] [ 71 ] which dropped to 5% in October 2013. [ 72 ] 21st century In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands . These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] On January 6, 2021, Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building . The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump supporters occupied Congress until D.C. police evacuated the area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812 that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied. [ 76 ] Despite the importance of Congress outlined in Article One , Congress has [ when? ] lost power to the executive and judiciary both intentionally and unintentionally. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Women in Congress Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women's domestic roles and the inability to vote forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and the lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow's succession – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women. [ 82 ] Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress. [ 83 ] Recruitment and financial support for women candidates were rare until the second-wave feminism movement , when activists moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees like EMILY's List began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas and the 2016 presidential election created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of the Woman and the election of members of The Squad , respectively. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws , voter suppression and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year , and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in the 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress. [ 86 ] Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people . Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color. [ 87 ] Carol Moseley Braun became the first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono , won in 2013. [ citation needed ] In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first female President of the Senate , which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States . [ citation needed ] Role Powers Overview Article One of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. [ 88 ] Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause . [ citation needed ] Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm." [ 89 ] Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. [ 89 ] The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. [ 90 ] The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. [ 90 ] Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. [ 91 ] Generally, the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . [ 4 ] Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military. [ 92 ] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war. [ 93 ] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican–American War , the Spanish–American War , World War I , and World War II , [ 94 ] although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval. [ 94 ] In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a "police action". [ 95 ] According to Time magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." [ 94 ] In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War II." [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. [ 99 ] Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. [ citation needed ] One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. [ 100 ] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. [ 101 ] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case. [ 102 ] There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions. [ 103 ] Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers. [ 104 ] There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress. [ 105 ] So-called signing statements are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account. [ 106 ] Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , [ 107 ] have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association , have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress. [ 110 ] In 2008, George F. Will called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters". [ 111 ] Enumeration The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law. [ 112 ] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. [ 113 ] Implicit, commerce clause Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". [ 114 ] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v. Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Territorial government Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C. , the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress. [ 117 ] The republican form of government in territories is devolved by congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors, the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures. [ 118 ] Each territory and Washington, D.C., elects a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout congressional history. They "possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives". They are assigned offices and allowances for staff, participate in debate, and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. [ 119 ] Washington, D.C., citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States, although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories. [ 120 ] Checks and balances Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government: To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government. Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One. [ 5 ] [ 121 ] The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership, presidential political influence, historical circumstances such as war, and individual initiative by members of Congress. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards. [ 122 ] The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . [ 123 ] Congress restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . The presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century. [ 5 ] [ 123 ] Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret; in return, knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity, congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies. [ 124 ] Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies, and this is a task that Congress is ill-suited for. Congress is slow, open, divided, and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity, according to one analysis. [ 125 ] The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach executive or judicial officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors". Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official. The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments. A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official; a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future. Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this. A convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial. Only three presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1999, Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton, and the 2019 trial of Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated his removal from office. [ citation needed ] The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate". It confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010. [ 126 ] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president. [ 4 ] In 1803, the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself. The Constitution did not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review. The notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example, mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should, might, or could have said. [ 127 ] Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law. It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially. In 1857, for example, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision. [ 128 ] At the same time, the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations. [ citation needed ] The congressional inquiry into St. Clair's Defeat of 1791 was the first congressional investigation of the executive branch. [ 129 ] Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches. Committees may hold hearings, and, if necessary, subpoena people to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public (the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception); important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards. [ 131 ] Congress, in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters, generates an incredible amount of information in various forms, and can be described as a publisher. [ 132 ] Indeed, it publishes House and Senate reports [ 132 ] and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats. [ 132 ] Congress also plays a role in presidential elections. Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes, and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority. [ 4 ] The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws, [ 133 ] most of which are contained in the United States Code, arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws "in a concise and usable form". [ 4 ] Structure Congress is split into two chambers – House and Senate – and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas. Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees. Further, Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information, and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well. In addition, a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests. Committees Specializations The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely. It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress. [ 134 ] As time goes by, members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects. Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade-offs. The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member's constituency, important regional issues, prior background and experience. [ 135 ] Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap. [ 136 ] Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation; for example, the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs. [ 137 ] Power Committees write legislation. While procedures, such as the House discharge petition process, can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input, they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action. Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information, evaluate alternatives, and identify problems. [ 138 ] They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber. [ 138 ] In addition, they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing. [ 138 ] Officer At the start of each two-year session, the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party's leader. In the Senate, the vice president is the ex officio president of the Senate. In addition, the Senate elects an officer called the president pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there is a change in party control. Accordingly, the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress. In the House and Senate, the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber. [ citation needed ] Support services Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) was established by an act of Congress in 1800. It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites: the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington, D.C.; the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper, Virginia ; a large book storage facility located in Fort Meade, Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices. The Library had mostly law books when it was burnt by British forces in 1814 during the War of 1812 , but the library's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library. One of the library's missions is to serve Congress and its staff as well as the American public. It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books, films, maps, photographs, music, manuscripts, graphics, and materials in 470 languages. [ 139 ] Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS), part of the Library of Congress, provides detailed, up-to-date and non-partisan research for senators, representatives, and their staff to help them carry out their official duties. It provides ideas for legislation, helps members analyze a bill, facilitates public hearings, makes reports, consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure, and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements. It has been called the "House's think tank" and has a staff of about 900 employees. [ 140 ] Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress. [ 141 ] It was created as an independent non-partisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process. It makes projections about such matters as the national debt [ 142 ] as well as likely costs of legislation. It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate's Appropriations Committee . The speaker of the House and the Senate's president pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO director for a four-year term. [ citation needed ] Government Accountability Office The Government Accountability Office (GAO), is a federal agency within the legislative branch that provides auditing , evaluative , and investigative services for the United States Congress in an independent and nonpartisan capacity. [ 143 ] The GAO is the supreme audit institution of the federal government of the United States . It identifies its core "mission values" as: accountability, integrity, and reliability. [ 144 ] It is also known as the "congressional watchdog". [ 145 ] Architect of the Capitol The Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is a federal agency within the legislative branch that is responsible for the maintenance , operation, development, construction , building preservation , and property management of the United States Capitol Complex [ 146 ] and is accountable directly to the United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States . [ 147 ] United States Capitol Police Lobbying Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients' needs. Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills. In 2007, there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington, D.C. [ 148 ] They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations. Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested. [ citation needed ] Partisanship versus bipartisanship Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties, known as bipartisanship , and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting, known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship, as is the case today. It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible. Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades, but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies, as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution. [ 149 ] Procedures Sessions A term of Congress is divided into two " sessions ", one for each year; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently. The Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house. Joint sessions Joint sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from House and Senate. These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president's State of the Union address. The constitutionally mandated report , normally given as an annual speech, is modeled on Britain's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913. Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the speaker of the House, except when counting presidential electoral votes when the vice president (acting as the president of the Senate) presides. [ citation needed ] Bills and resolutions Ideas for legislation can come from members, lobbyists, state legislatures, constituents, legislative counsel, or executive agencies. Anyone can write a bill, but only members of Congress may introduce bills. Most bills are not written by Congress members, but originate from the Executive branch; interest groups often draft bills as well. The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review. [ 4 ] A proposal is usually in one of these forms: Bills are laws in the making. A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it progresses. [ 133 ] Joint resolutions. There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly; a joint resolution originating from the House, for example, begins "H.J.Res." followed by its number. [ 133 ] Concurrent Resolutions affect only the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president. In the House, they begin with "H.Con.Res." [ 133 ] Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with "H.Res." or "S.Res." [ 133 ] Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk's desk. [ 133 ] It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage. [ 133 ] Drafting statutes requires "great skill, knowledge, and experience" and sometimes take a year or more. [ 4 ] Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction. Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war. On the other hand, concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house. The Constitution states: "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." While the Senate cannot originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has the power to amend or reject them. Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels. [ 4 ] Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law. In the House, a Rules Committee guides legislation; in the Senate, a Standing Rules committee is in charge. Each branch has its own traditions; for example, the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting "unanimous consent" for noncontroversial matters. [ 4 ] House and Senate rules can be complex, sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before a bill can become a law. [ 5 ] Members sometimes turn to outside experts to learn about proper congressional procedures. [ 150 ] Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . [ 4 ] Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. Standing committees meet at least once each month. [ 4 ] Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes, publicly, to close the meeting. [ 4 ] A committee might call for public hearings on important bills. [ 4 ] Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party. Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill. [ 133 ] Then, a bill may go to what is called a mark-up session, where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions. [ 133 ] Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After debate, the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house. If a bill is tabled then it is rejected. If amendments are extensive, sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number. [ 133 ] Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used. Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power. [ 151 ] A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex [ 133 ] and begins with an enacting formula such as "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled ..." Consideration of a bill requires, itself, a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate – time limits, possibility of further amendments, and such. [ 133 ] Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak. [ 133 ] Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it. [ 133 ] Generally, discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives, before discussion can begin, although there are exceptions. [ 152 ] The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows. Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other which may pass, reject, or amend it. For the bill to become law, both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill. [ 133 ] If the second house amends the bill, then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes senators and representatives [ 133 ] sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills. [ 4 ] Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay-as-you-go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts that increase budget deficits. [ 4 ] If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee, the bill passes, otherwise it fails. [ citation needed ] The Constitution specifies that a majority of members (a quorum ) be present before doing business in each house. The rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary and debate often continues despite the lack of a majority. [ citation needed ] Voting within Congress can take many forms, including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting. [ 4 ] Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto. If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually happens. The Senate uses roll-call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced. In the Senate, the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the senators are equally divided. [ citation needed ] The House reserves roll-call votes for the most formal matters, as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time; normally, members vote by using an electronic device. In the case of a tie, the motion in question fails. Most votes in the House are done electronically, allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . [ 4 ] Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose; in addition, paper ballots are used occasionally ( yea indicated by green and nay by red). [ 4 ] One member cannot cast a proxy vote for another. [ 4 ] Congressional votes are recorded on an online database. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] After passage by both houses, a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval. [ 133 ] The president may sign it making it law or veto it, perhaps returning it to Congress with the president's objections. A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the president may do nothing neither signing nor vetoing the bill and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days (not counting Sundays) according to the Constitution. But if Congress is adjourned during this period, presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and cannot be overridden by the adjourned Congress. [ citation needed ] Public interaction Advantage of incumbency Citizens and representatives Senators face reelection every six years, and representatives every two. Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts. [ 64 ] Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing, according to some critics. [ 155 ] Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters. [ citation needed ] Incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers. [ 53 ] They raise more money [ 58 ] because donors fund incumbents over challengers, perceiving the former as more likely to win, [ 56 ] [ 156 ] and donations are vital for winning elections. [ 157 ] One critic compared election to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university. [ 156 ] Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . [ 158 ] [ 159 ] After each ten-year census, states are allocated representatives based on population, and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party. As a result, reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent, [ 9 ] causing some critics to call them a privileged class. [ 8 ] Academics such as Princeton's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering in the U.S. Senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges, called franking privileges ; while these are not intended for electioneering, this rule is often skirted by borderline election-related mailings during campaigns. [ citation needed ] Expensive campaigns In 1971, the cost of running for Congress in Utah was $70,000 [ 160 ] but costs have climbed. [ 161 ] The biggest expense is television advertisements. [ 57 ] [ 156 ] [ 160 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Today's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat, and six million or more for a Senate seat. [ 8 ] [ 57 ] [ 162 ] [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Since fundraising is vital, "members of Congress are forced to spend ever-increasing hours raising money for their re-election", according to the Fair Elections Now coalition. [ 166 ] The Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue. [ 161 ] Some see money as a good influence in politics since it "enables candidates to communicate with voters". [ 161 ] Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection. [ 8 ] Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens. [ 8 ] Elections are influenced by many variables. Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect (when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by "riding on the president's coattails"), although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s. [ 53 ] Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected, and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent. If a seat becomes vacant in an open district, then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races; in California in 1992, only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive. [ 169 ] Television and negative advertising Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television, this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent's character without focusing on the issues. [ 170 ] Negative advertising is seen as effective because "the messages tend to stick." [ 171 ] These advertisements sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame. [ 172 ] One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election, which leads to a culture of risk avoidance, a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors, [ 172 ] [ 173 ] and concentrating publicity efforts in the members' home districts. [ 64 ] Perceptions Prominent Founding Fathers , writing in The Federalist Papers , felt that elections were essential to liberty, that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential, [ 174 ] and that "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured." [ 174 ] In 2009, few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since, although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election. [ 178 ] Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have, in the last few decades, hovered around 25% with some variation. [ 8 ] [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the "size, messiness, virtues, and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency, Congress is difficult to conceptualize." [ 185 ] Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism, "Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources" and that most members behave ethically. [ 6 ] They contend that "Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend" and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress, which is an "old form of American politics" that further undermines Congress's reputation with the public: [ 8 ] The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. — Smith, Roberts & Wielen [ 8 ] An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science, engineering and economics. [ 8 ] As a result, Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch. [ 8 ] Since 2006, Congress has dropped ten points in the Gallup confidence poll with only nine percent having "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in their legislators. [ 186 ] Since 2011, Gallup poll has reported Congress's approval rating among Americans at 10% or below three times. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5% in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed 'nonessential government' shut down. [ 72 ] Smaller states and bigger states When the Constitution was ratified in 1787, the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one. The Connecticut Compromise gave every state, large and small, an equal vote in the Senate. [ 187 ] Since each state has two senators, residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states. But since 1787, the population disparity between large and small states has grown; in 2006, for example, California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . [ 188 ] Critics, such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson , have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from "large states to small states". [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Others argue that the Connecticut Compromise was deliberately intended by the Founding Fathers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population, [ 187 ] and contend that the result works well on balance. Members and constituents A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . [ 192 ] Constituents request assistance with problems. [ 193 ] Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections [ 158 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] and can make a difference in close races. [ 196 ] Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies. [ 5 ] One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . [ 197 ] : 8 Motivation One way to categorize lawmakers, according to former University of Rochester political science professor Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation: Reelection: These are lawmakers who "never met a voter they didn't like" and provide excellent constituent services. Good public policy: Legislators who "burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership". Power in the chamber: Lawmakers who spend serious time along the "rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues". Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an "issue entrepreneur" who looked for issues to serve his ambitions. [ 197 ] : 34 Privileges Outside income and gifts Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on their future careers as lobbyists after serving – that Congress was a " Farm League for K Street ". [ 198 ] [ 199 ] Family members of active legislators have also been hired by lobbying firms, which while not allowed to lobby their family member, has drawn criticism as a conflict of interest. [ 200 ] Members of congress have been accused of insider trading , such as in the 2020 congressional insider trading scandal , where members of Congress or their family members have traded on stocks related to work on their committees. [ 201 ] One 2011 study concluded that portfolios of members of Congress outperformed both the market and hedge funds, which the authors suggested as evidence of insider trading. [ 202 ] Proposed solutions include putting stocks in blind trusts to prevent future insider trading. [ 203 ] Some members of Congress have gone on lavish trips paid for by outside groups, sometimes bringing family members, which are often legal even if in an ethical gray area. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Pay Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income . [ 206 ] Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . [ 179 ] Another criticism is that members of Congress are insulated from the health care market due to their coverage. [ 207 ] Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress. [ 160 ] [ 163 ] In January 2014, it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires. [ 208 ] Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute. [ 209 ] Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds. [ 210 ] The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2018, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was $75,528, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $41,208. [ 211 ] Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed, but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing. For example, The Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas, $300-per-night extra unused rooms, and shopping excursions. [ 212 ] Some lawmakers responded that "traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington" and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations. [ 212 ] By the Twenty-seventh Amendment , changes to congressional pay may not take effect before the next election to the House of the Representatives. [ 213 ] In Boehner v. Anderson , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the amendment does not affect cost-of-living adjustments . [ 214 ] [ 213 ] Postage The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense. Though they are not permitted to send election materials, borderline material is often sent, especially in the run-up to an election by those in close races. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers. [ 9 ] [ failed verification ] [ 217 ] Protection Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace , and freedom of speech in debate. This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions. [ 218 ] The term "arrest" has been interpreted broadly, and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege; a member may not waive the privilege on their own but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so. Senate rules are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose. [ 219 ] The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses, providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place." Accordingly, a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house, although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches, and may punish members who transgress. [ 220 ] Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite people for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation – the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case. If convicted in court of contempt of Congress, a person may be imprisoned for up to one year. [ 221 ] See also Caucuses of the United States Congress Congressional archives – Records documenting the history and activities of the United States Congress Congressional Baseball Game – Annual baseball game played by members of the United States Congress Divided government in the United States – Divided control of the US government between political parties Elections in the United States § Congressional elections List of current United States representatives List of current United States senators List of United States Congresses Oath of office § United States Radio and Television Correspondents' Association United States congressional hearing Notes ^ Independent Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party. [ 1 ] ^ Before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. ^ Congress does not take a grammatical article , except when referring to an individual Congress. [ 3 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats" . 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Washington D.C. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved May 22, 2018 . ^ Lipton, Eric (January 9, 2014). "Half of Congress Members Are Millionaires, Report Says" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved January 11, 2014 . ^ "A Quiet Raise – Congressional Pay – special report" . The Washington Post . 1998. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved February 23, 2015 . ^ Scott, Walter (April 25, 2010). "Personality Parade column:Q. Does Congress pay for its own health care?". New York, NY: Parade. p. 2. ^ Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress Archived October 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Congressional Research Service , August 8, 2019. ^ a b Brody Mullins & T. W. Farnam (December 17, 2009). "Congress Travels More, Public Pays: Lawmakers Ramp Up Taxpayer-Financed Journeys; Five Days in Scotland" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved December 17, 2009 . ^ a b "Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 27 – "Financial Compensation for the Congress" " . Ronald Reagan . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ 30 F.3d 156 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ^ English (2003), pp. 24–25. ^ Simpson, G. R. (October 22, 1992). "Surprise! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges". Roll Call. ^ Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). "The American Congress (Fourth Edition)" . Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781139446990 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Davidson (2006), p. 17. ^ "Rules Of The Senate" . U.S. Senate Committee on Rules & Administration . Archived from the original on December 30, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2022 . ^ Brewer, F. M. (1952). "Congressional Immunity" . CQ Press . doi : 10.4135/cqresrre1952042500 . Archived from the original on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved January 16, 2021 . ^ "Contempt of Congress" . HeinOnline . The Jurist . January 1, 1957. ProQuest 1296619169 . Retrieved September 7, 2020 . References "How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea – And A Plan – To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too" . Newsweek . October 28, 1996. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . "The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise" . PBS. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Alexander Hamilton (1788). "Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union" . FoundingFathers.info. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Bacon, Donald C.; Davidson, Roger H.; Keller, Morton, eds. (1995). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.) . Simon & Schuster. Collier, Christopher & Collier, James Lincoln (1986). Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-394-52346-6 . Davidson, Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek (2006). Congress and Its Members (10th ed.). Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press. ISBN 0-87187-325-7 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) English, Ross M. (2003). The United States Congress . Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6309-4 . Francis-Smith, Janice (October 22, 2008). "Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma" . The Oklahoma City Journal Record. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Herrnson, Paul S. (2004). Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-826-1 . Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 1-59033-509-0 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2020 . Huckabee, David C. – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division (March 8, 1995). "Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2)" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Maier, Pauline (book reviewer) (November 18, 2007). "HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Oleszek, Walter J. (2004). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press. ISBN 0-87187-477-6 . Polsby, Nelson W. (2004). How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516195-5 . Price, David E. (2000). The Congressional Experience . Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1157-8 . Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020). "Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress" . Daedalus . 149 : 40– 55. doi : 10.1162/daed_a_01772 . ISSN 0011-5266 . S2CID 209487865 . Archived from the original on April 24, 2021 . Retrieved April 6, 2021 . Struble, Robert Jr. (2007). Chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-17906-2 . Further reading Ritchie, Donald A. (2022). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction . (History, representation, and legislative procedure) Smith, Steven S.; Roberts, Jason M.; Vander Wielen, Ryan (2007). The American Congress (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19704-5 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) Hamilton, Lee H. (2004) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press. Lee, Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer. (1999). Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press: Chicago. (Equal representation in the Senate) Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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service historically Current members by wealth From multiple states Died in office 1790–1899 1900–1949 1950–1999 2000–present 1790–1899 1900–1949 1950–1999 2000–present Killed or wounded in office Party switchers Slave owners Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket 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Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Act of Congress list list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Capitol Complex on Capitol Hill and other headquarters offices Legislative offices Congressional staff Gov. 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Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness 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(1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e United States History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Transport Aviation Driving Public transportation Rail transportation Transportation policy Transportation safety Trucking industry Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal v t e National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Related Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses v t e National legislative bodies of the Americas Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Greenland Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands v t e United States congresses (and year convened) v t e 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations v t e States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Alabama H S H S Alaska H S H S Arizona H S H S Arkansas H S H S California H S H S Colorado H S H S Connecticut H S H S Delaware H S H S Florida H S H S Georgia H S H S Hawaii H S H S Idaho H S H S Illinois H S H S Indiana H S H S Iowa H S H S Kansas H S H S Kentucky H S H S Louisiana H S H S Maine H S H S Maryland H S H S Massachusetts H S H S Michigan H S H S Minnesota H S H S Mississippi H S H S Missouri H S H S Montana H S H S Nebraska H S H S Nevada H S H S New Hampshire H S H S New Jersey H S H S New Mexico H S H S New York H S H S North Carolina H S H S North Dakota H S H S Ohio H S H S Oklahoma H S H S Oregon H S H S Pennsylvania H S H S Rhode Island H S H S South Carolina H S H S South Dakota H S H S Tennessee H S H S Texas H S H S Utah H S H S Vermont H S H S Virginia H S H S Washington H S H S West Virginia H S H S Wisconsin H S H S Wyoming H S H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress v t e By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures v t e United States v t e History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy President of the United States powers Executive Office powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office House of Representatives current members Speaker current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President current members 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Pre-historic India Toggle Pre-historic India subsection 1.1 Pre-90th century BCE (BC) 1.2 90th–50th century BCE 1.1 Pre-90th century BCE (BC) 1.2 90th–50th century BCE 2 Bronze Age India Toggle Bronze Age India subsection 2.1 50th–40th century BCE 2.2 30th–20th century BCE 2.3 19th century BCE 2.4 18th century BCE 2.1 50th–40th century BCE 2.2 30th–20th century BCE 2.3 19th century BCE 2.4 18th century BCE 3 Iron Age India Toggle Iron Age India subsection 3.1 17th century BCE 3.2 16th century BCE 3.3 15th century BCE 3.4 14th century BCE 3.5 13th century BCE 3.6 12th century BCE 3.7 11th century BCE 3.8 10th century BCE 3.9 9th century BCE 3.10 8th century BCE 3.11 7th century BCE 3.12 6th century BCE 3.13 5th century BCE 3.14 4th century BCE 3.1 17th century BCE 3.2 16th century BCE 3.3 15th century BCE 3.4 14th century BCE 3.5 13th century BCE 3.6 12th century BCE 3.7 11th century BCE 3.8 10th century BCE 3.9 9th century BCE 3.10 8th century BCE 3.11 7th century BCE 3.12 6th century BCE 3.13 5th century BCE 3.14 4th century BCE 4 Classical India Toggle Classical India subsection 4.1 3rd century BCE 4.2 2nd century BCE 4.3 1st century BCE 4.4 1st century 4.5 2nd century 4.6 3rd century 4.7 4th century 4.8 5th century 4.9 6th century 4.10 7th century 4.1 3rd century BCE 4.2 2nd century BCE 4.3 1st century BCE 4.4 1st century 4.5 2nd century 4.6 3rd century 4.7 4th century 4.8 5th century 4.9 6th century 4.10 7th century 5 Medieval India Toggle Medieval India subsection 5.1 8th century 5.2 9th century 5.3 10th century 5.4 11th century 5.5 12th century 5.6 13th century 5.7 14th century 5.8 15th century 5.9 16th century 5.10 17th century 5.11 18th century 5.1 8th century 5.2 9th century 5.3 10th century 5.4 11th century 5.5 12th century 5.6 13th century 5.7 14th century 5.8 15th century 5.9 16th century 5.10 17th century 5.11 18th century 6 Modern India Toggle Modern India subsection 6.1 19th century 6.2 20th century 6.3 21st century 6.1 19th century 6.2 20th century 6.3 21st century 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Timeline of Indian history বাংলা Français हिन्दी پنجابی Português Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This is a timeline of Indian history , comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in India and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of India . Also see the list of governors-general of India , list of prime ministers of India and list of years in India . Pre-historic India Pre-90th century BCE (BC) Year Date Event 4,000,000 – 100,000 BCE Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern subcontinent. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley . [ 3 ] Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Some of the Bhimbetka rock shelters were inhabited by Homo erectus more than 100,000 years ago. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Evidence suggested that occupation of the Indian subcontinent by hominins was sporadic until circa 700,000 years ago, and was geographically widespread by around 250,000 years ago. [ 8 ] Madrasian culture sites have been found in Attirampakkam (Attrambakkam=13° 13' 50", 79° 53' 20"), which is located near Chennai (formerly known as Madras), Tamil Nadu. [ 9 ] Thereafter, tools related to this culture have been found at various other locations in this region. Bifacial handaxes and cleavers are typical assemblages recovered of this culture. [ 10 ] Flake tools, microliths and other chopping tools have also been found. Most of these tools were composed of the metamorphic rock quartzite . [ 9 ] The stone tool artifacts in this assemblage have been identified as a part of the second inter-pluvial period in India . [ 11 ] Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology 150,000–100,000 BCE in Tamil Nadu. [ 12 ] Evidence suggested that occupation of the Indian subcontinent by hominins was sporadic until circa 700,000 years ago, and was geographically widespread by around 250,000 years ago. [ 8 ] Madrasian culture sites have been found in Attirampakkam (Attrambakkam=13° 13' 50", 79° 53' 20"), which is located near Chennai (formerly known as Madras), Tamil Nadu. [ 9 ] Thereafter, tools related to this culture have been found at various other locations in this region. Bifacial handaxes and cleavers are typical assemblages recovered of this culture. [ 10 ] Flake tools, microliths and other chopping tools have also been found. Most of these tools were composed of the metamorphic rock quartzite . [ 9 ] The stone tool artifacts in this assemblage have been identified as a part of the second inter-pluvial period in India . [ 11 ] Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology 150,000–100,000 BCE in Tamil Nadu. [ 12 ] 74,000 – 30,000 BCE Technology similar to contemporary artifacts found used by Homo sapiens in Africa found in Jwalapuram around 74,000 BCE. Paleolithic industries in South India Tamil Nadu 30,000 BCE. [ 13 ] Paleolithic industries in South India Tamil Nadu 30,000 BCE. [ 13 ] 90th–50th century BCE Year Date Event 9,000 BCE Early Neolithic culture with first confirmed semi-permanent settlements appeared 11,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh , India. Some of the Stone Age cave paintings found among the Bhimbetka rock shelters are approximately 30,000 years old. [ 14 ] The ancient history of the region includes some of Indian subcontinent's oldest settlements [ 15 ] and some of its major civilisations. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The ancient history of the region includes some of Indian subcontinent's oldest settlements [ 15 ] and some of its major civilisations. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Bronze Age India 50th–40th century BCE Year Date Event 4000 BCE Phase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins. The civilization used an early form of the Indus signs, now called Indus script . Over the course of the next 1000–1500 years, inhabitants of the Civilization developed new techniques in handicraft ( carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin) had elaborate urban planning, baked brick houses, efficient drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. [ 18 ] The civilization depended significantly on trade, was the first civilization to use wheeled transport in the form of bullock carts, and also used boats. [ 19 ] Over the course of the next 1000–1500 years, inhabitants of the Civilization developed new techniques in handicraft ( carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin) had elaborate urban planning, baked brick houses, efficient drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. [ 18 ] The civilization depended significantly on trade, was the first civilization to use wheeled transport in the form of bullock carts, and also used boats. [ 19 ] 30th– 20th century BCE Year Date Event 2800 BCE The Indus Valley Civilization expand across the whole of modern-day Pakistan, much of northern India, and large parts of Afghanistan, with Harappa and Mohenjo-daro becoming large metropolises. [ 20 ] 2600 BCE End of the Early Indus Valley Civilization culture. Start of Mature Indus Valley Civilization culture 19th century BCE Year Date Event 1900 BCE End of Mature Indus Valley Civilization culture, late Indus Valley Civilization period starts 18th century BCE Year Date Event 1800 BCE Adichanallur urn-burial site in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. In 2004, a number of skeletons dating from around 3,800 years ago. Iron Age India This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) 17th century BCE Year Date Event 1700 BCE Brihadratha also known as Maharatha , was the initiator of the Brihadratha dynasty , the earliest ruling dynasty of Magadha according to the Puranas. Jarasandha was the son of Brihadratha and became the 2nd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding his father. 1665 BCE Sahadeva of Magadha became the 3rd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Jarasandha . 1661 BCE Somadhi became the 4th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sahadeva of Magadha . 1603 BCE Srutasravas became the 5th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Somadhi. 16th century BCE Year Date Event 1539 BCE Ayutayus became the 6th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Srutasravas 1503 BCE Niramitra became the 7th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Ayutayus 15th century BCE Year Date Event 1500 BCE Early Vedic period (to 1000 BCE) 1463 BCE Sukshatra became the 8th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Niramitra . 1405 BCE Brihatkarman became the 9th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sukshatra. 14th century BCE Year Date Event 1400 BCE Gopala Dynasty established by Gopa 1382 BCE Senajit became the 10th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Brihatkarman 1332 BCE Srutanjaya became the 11th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Senajit 13th century BCE Year Date Event 1300 BCE Cemetery H culture comes to an end 1300 BCE End of late Indus Valley Civilization period 1292 BCE Vipra became the 12th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Srutanjaya 1280 BCE Pundravardhana Kingdom was established sometime before 1280 BCE. 1257 BCE Suchi became the 13th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Vipra 12th century BCE Year Date Event 1200 BCE Rigveda Codified. Kuru kingdom Established. 1199 BCE Kshemya became the 14th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Suchi 1171 BCE Subrata became the 15th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Kshemya 1107 BCE Dharma became the 16th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Subrata 11th century BCE Year Date Event 1043 BCE Dharma stepped down as the 16th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha . 1008 BCE Susuma became the 17th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Dharma 10th century BCE Year Date Event 1000 BCE Middle and Late Vedic period (to 500 BCE) 1000 – 300 BCE Kanchi district, gold mine of Megalithic sites in Tamil Nadu, South India [ 21 ] 1000- 900 BCE Kingdom of the Videhas was established. 1000- 900 BCE Pañcāla Kingdom was established. 970 BCE Dridhasena became the 18th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Susuma 912 BCE Sumati became the 19th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Dridhasena 9th century BCE Year Date Event 879 BCE Subala became the 20th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sumati 877 BCE Birth of Parsvanatha , 23rd Jain Tirthankara (traditional date) 857 BCE Sunita became the 21st ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Subala 841 BCE Gopala Dynasty was de-established. 817 BCE Satyajit became the 22nd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sunita 8th century BCE Year Date Event 767 BCE Viswajit became the 23rd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Satyajit 732 BCE Ripunjaya became the 24th and the last ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Viswajit. 7th century BCE Year Date Event 700 BCE The Upanishads , a sacred text of Hinduism , are written. 700 BCE Kingdom of Kosala was established. Kosala belonged to the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (c. 700–300 BCE). [ 22 ] 6th century BCE Year Date Event 600 BCE Sixteen Maha Janapadas (" Great Realms " or " Great Kingdoms ") emerge. The Chola , Pandya , and Chera dynasties are established. The capital of the Early Pandyan Kingdom was initially Korkai , all around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunjeliyan I . 599 BCE Mahavira of the 24th Tirthankara is born. This turns out to become the most famous wave of Jainism. 563 BCE Siddhārtha Gautama , Buddha-to-be, is born in Lumbini into a leading royal family in the republic of the Shakyas, which is now part of Nepal. 543 BCE The Vanga-based Prince Vijaya (c. 543 BCE) married a daughter of the Pandyan king of Madurai, to whom he was sending rich presents every year. Sinhala chronicle Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka mentions this event [ citation needed ] 538 BCE Cyrus the Great , founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire reached up to northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent , today's Afghanistan. 527 BCE Nirvana of Mahavira , c. 525 BCE Kuru kingdom was de-established. [ 23 ] 5th century BCE Year Date Event c. 500 BCE The Vedic period ends. 483 BCE Proposed Mahaparinirvana date of Gautama Buddha at Kushinagar. 4th century BCE Year Date Event 400 BCE Siddhartha Gautama 'Buddha' of the Shakya polity in South Nepal, founds Buddhism (older date: 563–483 BCE) 350 BCE Pāṇini , labelled as the father of linguistics , a resident of Gandhara , describes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī . Pāṇini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit . 333 BCE Persian rule in the northwest ends after Darius III is defeated by Alexander the Great , who establishes the Macedonian Empire after inheriting the Persian Achaemenid Empire. 326 BCE Ambhi king of Takshila surrenders to Alexander. May Porus who ruled parts of the Punjab , fought Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes . 321 BCE Maurya Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha after he defeats the Nanda dynasty and Macedonian Seleucid Empire . Mauryan capital city is Pataliputra (Modern Patna in Bihar) 305 BCE Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid Empire . 304 BCE Seleucus gives up his territories in the subcontinent (Afghanistan/Baluchistan) to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Seleucus offers his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta to seal their friendship. Classical India 3rd century BCE Year Date Event 290–270 BCE Pingala , ancient Indian mathematician and poet writes the Chandaḥśāstra (also called the Pingala-sutras), which presents the description of a binary numeral system for prosody. He described meters in the form of short and long syllables. 273 BCE Ashoka the Great regarded as the greatest ancient Indian emperor, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, ascends as emperor of the Maurya Empire . 266 BCE Ashoka conquers and unifies most of Indian subcontinent, along with most of Afghanistan and Balochistan . 265 BCE Kalinga War takes place between Ashoka and the kingdom of Kalinga . After conquering Kalinga, Ashoka who recently converted into buddhism and made it a quasi-official state religion of the Mouryan Empire, reportedly regrets what he has done and relinquishes violence. 261 BCE Conquest of Kalinga 260 BCE Ashoka inscribes the Edicts of Ashoka , written down using Brahmi script . The Edicts describe his Buddhist religious views and his commitment to the welfare of his subjects. 232 BCE Ashoka dies and is succeeded by Kunala . 230 BCE Simuka declares independence from Mauryan rule and establishes the Satavahana Empire . 2nd century BCE Year Date Event 200 BCE Kuninda Kingdom is established. Tolkāppiyam describes the grammar and morphology of Tamil; it is the oldest existing Tamil grammar (dates vary between 200 BCE and 100 CE). Indo-Greek Kingdom (also known as the Yavana Kingdom) is established. It was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of Afghanistan and the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent (parts of modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India). The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius (and later Eucratides ) invaded India from Bactria in 200 BCE. During its existence, the kingdom was ruled over by 30 successive kings, with Menander I being the most famous Indo-Greek king. 184 BCE The Mauryan Empire, declines 165/155 BCE Menander I becomes the king of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Menander is noted for having become a patron of and convert to Greco-Buddhism and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings. 1st century BCE Year Date Event 100 BCE Birth of Charaka , [ 24 ] ancient Indian physician who writes the Charaka Samhita , an ancient text that describes theories on human body, etiology, symptomology and therapeutics for a wide range of diseases and is based on the Agnivesha Samhitā . 65 BCE The Pandyan king sends ambassadors to the Greek and Roman lands. 58 BCE Beginning of Vikram Era 1 BCE Fall of the Indo-Greek Kingdom . 1st century Year Date Event 35 Western Satraps formed. 68 Establishment of the Kushan Empire by Kujula Kadphises . 79 Gautamiputra Satakarni becomes Satavahana emperor and starts Shalivahana era calendar after defeating Scythian king Maues . 100 or after Sugar was first produced from sugarcane plants in northern India sometime after the first century. [ 25 ] 2nd century Year Date Event 113 Vima Kadphises becomes the ruler of the Kushan Empire. He was the Kushan Emperor to first introduce gold coinage, in addition to the existing silver and copper coinage. 127 Kanishka ascends the throne of the Kushan Empire, succeeding Vima Kadphises. Under his reign, the Kushan Empire reached its zenith. 3rd century Year Date Event 240 Sri-Gupta starts the Gupta Empire in Magadha, with its capital in Pataliputra 250 The Vakataka Dynasty in the Deccan is formed by Vindyashakti . He rules until 275. 275 The Pallava dynasty is established Pravarasena ascends the throne of the Vakataka Dynasty, expanding his empire. He was the first Vakataka ruler who called himself a Samrat, or emperor. He is perhaps the only emperor in his dynasty. 4th century Year Date Event 320 Chandragupta I ascends the Gupta throne . 335 Samudragupta ascends the Gupta throne and expands the empire. 345 Kadamba Kingdom established by Mayurasharma , Banavasi as its capital and they were the first kingdom to use Kannada in administration. 380 Chandragupta II , Samudragupta's son becomes the Gupta Emperor . 390 Prabhavatigupta , a Gupta Princess who was the daughter of Chandragputa II, becomes the regent of the Vakataka dynasty after the death of her husband Rudrasena II , effectively ruling the Vakatakas until 410. 5th century Year Date Event 413 Kumaragupta I , Adopted the title of Mahendraditya. 455 Skandagupta , Faced Hunas effectively. 467 Invasions by the Huna . Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 – 630 CE) Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 – 630 CE) 475 Harishena takes over the Vakataka Dynasty. He was a great patron of Buddhist Art. The World Heritage monument Ajanta Caves is a surviving example of his works. 476 Birth of Aryabhata , ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer who goes on to write the Aryabhatiya , a Sanskrit astronomical treatise and the Arya-siddhanta. 6th century Year Date Event 502 Mihirakula becomes the ruler of the Alchon Huns . He was the second and last of the Alchon Huns. He was considered to be an extremely violent and cruel ruler. He destroyed many Buddhist monasteries in his kingdom. 528 Confederation of Indian rulers Yashodharman , Narasimhagupta and Adityavardhana defeat the Huna emperor Mihirakula in the Battle of Sondani . 528–540 Yashodharman conquers vast territories from the Hunas and Guptas after the Battle of Sondani , and establishes the short-lived Aulikara Empire 554 Collapse of Gupta Empire after the death of Vishnugupta . 573 Varāhamihira , ancient Indian astrologer, astronomer, and polymath writes the Pañcasiddhāntikā, a treatise on mathematical astronomy which summarises five earlier astronomical treatises by five authors. 7th century Year Date Event 606 Harsha crowned Monarch of Kannauj. 628 Ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta completes the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta , a text on mathematical astronomy explaining the role of zero , rules for manipulating both negative and positive numbers , a method for computing square roots , methods of solving linear and quadratic equations , and rules for summing series , Brahmagupta's identity , and Brahmagupta's theorem . Brahmagupta described gravity as a force of attraction. He posited that it is the nature of the Earth to attract objects, a significant departure from the Aristotelian view of objects seeking their "natural place". 637 Badami Chalukya power at its peak. Pulakeshin II pushes north up to the Narmada and defeats the invading Harshavardhana of Kanauj 647 Death of Harsha 665 Ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta completes the astronomical treatise Khandakhadyaka covering topics such as the longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, lunar and solar eclipses, risings and settings, the moon's crescent and conjunctions of the planets. Medieval India 8th century Year Date Event 700 According to the Qissa-i Sanjan , the immigrants Parsi are granted permission to stay by the local ruler Jadi Rana 711 Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate , Muhammad bin Qasim defeats Raja Dahir , king of Sindh Region in modern-day Pakistan 728 Narasimhavarman II of the Pallava dynasty constructs the Shore Temple of Mamallapuram 736 Delhi is re-established by Bilan Deo Tomar also known as Anangpal Tomar 738 Confederacy of Indian kings consisting of Nagabhata I of Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal , ruler of Mewar defeat Arab Umayyad Caliphate invasion attempts in the Battle of Rajasthan (738 CE) 739 Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin of the Chalukyas of Navasarika kingdom defeats an invasion attempt by the Arab Umayyad Caliphate. [ 26 ] 753 Establishment of Rashtrakuta Kingdom of Manyakhet by Dantidurga by defeating Chalukyas of Badami 753 Saindhava naval fleet defeats Arab naval fleet sent by the Arab governor of Sindh. 776 Saindhava naval fleet under Agguka I defeats second Arab naval expedition. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] 788 Birth of Adi Shankara 9th century Year Date Event 800 Vikramashila University is established by the Pala emperor Dharmapala in present-day Bhagalpur district in Bihar , in early 9th century 814 Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I becomes Rashtrakuta emperor. Kannada literature flourishes. 836 Gurjara-Pratihara (to 910) 10th century Year Date Event 935 Chandrapur University established in 935 CE by Srichandra , a ruler of the Chandra dynasty 985 Rajaraja Chola ascends to the throne of Chola empire . He expands the empire to Sri Lanka and to the north to include Kalinga kingdom 993 Rajaraja Chola invades Sri Lanka and captures the northern half of Sri Lanka. 11th century Year Date Event 1000 Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni Begins (1000–1025 CE) 1003–1010 The Brihadisvara Temple is built by Raja Raja Chola I . 1014 Rajaraja Chola adds the Lakshadweep and Maldives islands to the Chola empire. [ 29 ] Rajendra Chola I became the king of Chola empire after his father Rajaraja Chola . During his reign, he extended the influences of the already vast Chola empire up to the banks of the river Ganges in the north and across the ocean. Rajendra's territories extended coastal Burma , the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Lakshadweep , Maldives , conquered the kings of Srivijaya ( Sumatra , Java and Malay Peninsula in South East Asia ) and Pegu islands with his fleet of ships. He defeated Mahipala , the Pala king of Bengal and Bihar , and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram . The Cholas became one of the most powerful dynasties in Asia during his reign. The Tamil Chola armies exacted tribute from Thailand and the Khmer kingdom of Cambodia . Rajendra Chola I was the first Indian king to take his armies overseas and make conquests of these territories, even though there is epigraphical evidence of Pallava presence in these very areas. 1014 Mahmud Ghazni defeats the Hindu Shahi king Trilochanapala and annexes Punjab. He then attempts to invade Kashmir, but is defeated by Sangramaraja He then attempts to invade Kashmir, but is defeated by Sangramaraja 1017 al-Biruni travelled to the Indian subcontinent 1017 26 April Ramanuja is born at Sriperumbudur , Tamil Nadu . 1021 Mahmud of Ghazni again attempts to invade Kashmir, but is defeated by Samgrāmarāja 1025 30 April Last invasion of Mahmud Ghazni , sacked and destroyed temple of Somnath 1027 The Sun Temple of Modhera is completed by Bhima I of the Chaulukya dynasty 1030 30 April Death of Mahmud of Ghazni 1033 15 June Suhaldev , king of Shravasti defeats and kills Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud , nephew of Mahmud of Ghazni . 1035 The Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram is built by Rajendra Chola I . 1058 Soomra dynasty ends the Arab domination and establishes its own rule over Sindh . 12th century Year Date Event 1120 Kalyani Chalukyas power at its peak. Vikramaditya VI ushers in Vikrama Chalukya era . 1121 Ajayaraja II , of the Chahamanas of Shakambhari dynasty repulse Ghaznavid invasions. 1134 Life of Basaveshwara , philosopher and social reformer. (to 1196) 1149 30 September Birth of the Great poet and writer of India Chand Baradai in Lahore 1150 Bhāskara II , mathematician and astronomer writes the Siddhānta Shiromani , consisting of three books Līlāvatī on arithmetic and measurement, Bijaganita on algebra and Gaṇitādhyāya and Golādhyāya on astronomy. 1157 The Kalachuris of Kalyani under Bijjala II capture Kalyani 1175 Muhammad of Ghor invades India. [ 30 ] 1178 Forces of the Chaulukya king Mularaja II led by his regent mother Naiki Devi defeat Ghurid invaders led by Muhammad of Ghor who escapes back to Ghazni, in the Battle of Kasahrada . 1191 First Battle of Tarain between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj III . Ghori is defeated by Prithivi Raj Chauhan III. 1192 Second Battle of Tarain fought between Muhammed Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan III. Prithviraj Chauhan III is defeated by Mohammed Ghori. 1193 Muslim general Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji destroys the ancient university of Vikramashila 1194 Battle of Chandawar fought between Muhammad of Ghor and Jaichand of Kannauj . Ghori defeated Jayachandra and killed him. 13th century Year Date Event 1206 15 March Khokhars killed Muhammad Ghori during a raid on his camp on the Jhelum River , marking the end of 14 years of Ghurid rule over northern India (1192–1206). 1206 25 June Qutb ud-Din Aibak establishes slave dynasty (Mamluk) later to be known as Delhi Sultanate, beginning 320 years rule over India (1206–1526). 1206 Raja Prithu defeats Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji , destroying his army of 12,000 with only about 100 survivors. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] 1210 Qutb ud-Din Aibak died while playing polo. 1210 Shams ud-Din Iltutmish , the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate , belonging to the Mamluk dynasty (slave dynasty), introduced IQTA (tax, revenue) system. Died in 1236. 1211–1215 Anangabhima Deva III of the Eastern Ganga dynasty in present-day Odisha defeats invasions by Ghiyāth ad-Dīn ʿIwaz Khalji the ruler of Bengal. [ 33 ] 1221 Genghis Khan invades Punjab in pursuit of the fleeing Khwarezm Shah Jalal al-Din Mangburni and defeats him in the Battle of the Indus . 1226 Raja Prithu repulses invading forces of Ghiyas ud din Balban the ninth sultan of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi , in present-day Assam [ 31 ] [ 32 ] 1229 Sandhya (ruler of Kamarupa) in present-day Assam drives Muslims out of his territory and captures territory till Karatoya river. Thereafter, to avenge previous defeats, he invades the western border of Gaur (Lakhnauti) and annexes regions across the Karatoya into his kingdom. 1236 Narasingha Deva I ruler of the Eastern Ganga dynasty in present-day Odisha launches attacks against the Turko-Afghan rulers of Mamluk dynasty in Bengal that had captured Bihar and Bengal and not only repulses their attacks, but pushes them as far back as Padma River in current-day Bangladesh. [ 33 ] 1236 10 November Rule of Razia Sultana – Daughter of Iltutmish. 1238 October Sri Madhwacharya born in Pajaka near Udupi , Karnataka 1240 14 October Murder of Razia Sultan by Turkish nobles.(Chalisa) 1243 Narasingha Deva I ruler of the Eastern Ganga dynasty defeats Tughral Tughan Khan of the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi in the Battle of Katasin and annexes several districts of Bengal into his empire. 1246–66 Rule of Nasiruddin Mahmud with support of Balban (Wazir and powerful member of Chalisa). Chalisa- a council of 40 members 1250 The Konark Sun Temple is completed, built by Narasingha Deva I. 1257 The Kamrup kingdom, led by its ruler Sandhya defeats and executes Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak , the Mamluk Governor of Bengal. His domains are split between the Kamrup kingdom and Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Empire. 1266–1286 Rule of Balban; Chalisa wiped out. 1267 The Mahanubhava philosophy established by Chakradhar Swami . 1275 Birth of saint Dnyaneshwar . 1290 Murder of Muiz ud din Qaiqabad by Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji , an army commander. 1290–96 Jalal-ud-din Khilji. Founder of Khiliji Dynasty 14th century Year Date Event 1309 Alauddin Khalji sends Malik Kafur to South. Malik Kafur Lays siege on the Kakatiya dynasty Capital Warangal and Extracts Tribute. The diamond Kohinoor was among the loot collected. 1310 Ala-ud-din Khilji 's army under Malik Kafur occupies Devagiri ending the Seuna Yadava Kingdom 1311 Malik Kafur attacks the Hoyasalas. In the aftermath of the destruction Hoyasalas abandon the old capital Halebidu. He later attacks Madurai. The attacks on Warangal, Halebidu and Madurai is accompanied by wide scale killing, destruction of temples and repatriation of wealth back to Delhi. 1323 9 November Ulugh Khan (Muhammad bin Tughluq) defeats Prataparudra II ending the Kakatiya dynasty 1333 Prithvi Chand II of the Hindu Katoch kingdom of Kangra defeats the army of Muhammad bin Tughluq who loses nearly all his 10,000 soldiers and is forced to retreat. [ 34 ] 1334 Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka with assistance from the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III leads a rebellion against the Tughluq rule of Delhi Sultanate , driving it out of Warangal region in present-day Telangana . 1336 18 April Vijayanagara Empire established by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I . Rana of Mewar Hammir Singh defeats and captures Tughlaq dynasty ruler Muhammad bin Tughluq in the Battle of Singoli . 1340 Birth of great mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama who goes on to found the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics and write the Venvaroha , which describes the methods for the computation of the true positions of the Moon at intervals of about half an hour for various days in an anomalistic cycle. 1343 Veera Ballala III captured and killed in the Battle of Kannanur . 1347 Governor Hasan Gangu revolts against Muhammad bin Tughluq founding the Bahmani Sultanate 1351 Samma Dynasty assumes rule over Sindh 1370 Bukka , the Vijayanagara ruler and his son Kumara Kamapna capture the entire Tamil speaking parts. 1398 Timur plunders Lahore 15th century Year Date Event 1401 Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India 1407 Zafar Khan : governor of Gujarat, declares himself as Sultan Muzaffar Shah founding the Gujarat Sultanate / Muzaffarid dynasty 1414 Khizr Khan , deputized by Timur to be the governor of Multan takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty 1424 Deva Raya II succeeded his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire 1437 Rana Kumbha of Mewar and Rao Ranmal Rathore of Marwar defeat and take prisoner Mahmud Khalji , Sultan of the Malwa Sultanate in the Battle of Sarangpur 1442 Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeats Mahmud Khalji in the Battle of Mandalgarh 1443 Abdur Razzaq visits India 1446 Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeats Mahmud Khalji in the Battle of Banas Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II 1449 26 September Sankardev , founder of Ekasarana Dharma was born in Nagaon, Assam. 1450 Shri Guru Ravidas Ji was born in 1450 in Varanasi. He was an Indian mystic poet-sant of the Bhakti movement during the 15th to 16th century CE. Venerated as a guru in the region of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, the devotional songs of Ravidas have had a lasting impact upon the bhakti movement. 1451 19 April Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty 1456 Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeats the combined armies of Shams Khan (sultan of Nagaur) and Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II (Sultan of Gujarat) in the Battle of Nagaur and captures Nagaur, Kasili, Khandela and Shakambhari. Nagaur Sultanate ceases to exist. 1469 15 April Guru Nanak , the founder of Sikhism is born 1483 14 February Birth of Babur in Andijan , Fergana Valley in Central Asia 1485 Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending the Sangama Dynasty 1486 Advent of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu , founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and leader of the world's first civil disobedience movement, in Navadwip , West Bengal 1490 Ahmadnagar declares independence, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year thus breaking up the Bahmani Sultanate . 1492 30 March Satal Rathore of Marwar kills Afghan warlord Gudhla Khan in the Battle of Peepar, to rescue 140 girls abducted by the Afghans. He later succumbs to injuries sustained in the battle. 1498 20 May Vasco de Gama was the first portage's sailor first voyage from Europe to India and back (in 1499) 16th century Year Date Event 1503 Kingdom of Cochin is taken over by the Portuguese creating the first European settlement in India. 1508 3 February The Christian-Islamic power struggle in Europe and the Middle East. Spills over into the Indian Ocean as Battle of Chaul during the Portuguese-Mamluk War 1509 3 February Battle of Diu marks the beginning of the dominance of the Europeans in the Asian naval theater. 1518 Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga defeats Lodi Empire under Ibrahim Lodhi in the Battle of Khatoli, gains control over north eastern Rajasthan. 1519 Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga defeats the Malwa Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate in the Battle of Gagron , obtains control of Malwa . The Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga again defeats Lodi Empire under Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Dholpur , extends control up to Agra. 1520 Vijayanagara Empire under Krishnadevaraya defeats the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Battle of Raichur . Rana Sanga leads a coalition of Rajput armies to invade the Gujarat Sultanate , reinstates Raimal as the Rao of Idar . The Sultan of Gujarat is forced to flee to Muhammadabad . The mystic poet-sant of the Bhakti movement, Shri Guru Ravidas , dies. 1522 The Portuguese land on the Coromandel Coast . 1526 21 April Sultan Ibrahim Lodi , of the Delhi Sultanate , angers local nobles, who respond by inviting Babur , the Mughal ruler of Kabul , to invade Delhi and Agra . The local population, plus the possession of artillery, assists Babur in killing the Sultan (whose soldiers desert him) at the Battle of Panipat . Marks the Beginning of Mughal Empire for 331 Years Rule Over India (1526–1757) CE. 1527 17 March Babur defeats Rana Sanga of Mewar in the Battle of Khanwa. 1530 Astronomer-mathematician Jyeṣṭhadeva of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics writes the Yuktibhāṣā , a major treatise on mathematics and astronomy in Malayalam 28 March,27 January Babur [ 7 ] completes his Baburnama , reflecting on society, politics, economics, history, geography, nature, flora and fauna, which to this day is a standard textbook in 25 countries. Babur dies, and is succeeded by his son Humayun . 1532 Ahoms under king Suhungmung defeat Turbak Khan of the Bengal Sultanate in Battle of Hatbor. 1539 Battle of Chausa fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri in which Humayun is defeated. Guru Angad Dev becomes second guru of Sikhs. 1540 18 September Battle of Kannauj fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri and Humayun was completely defeated. Humayun lost the Mughal empire to Afghans (Suri Dynasty), and passed 12 years in exile. 9 May Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar (son of Maharana Udai Singh II) is born. 1542 15 October Akbar is born at Umerkot . 1545 22 May Death of Sher Shah Suri and succeeded by Islam Shah Suri . 1552 26 March Guru Amar Das becomes third Guru of Sikhs. 1554 22 November Islam Shah Suri dies. 1555 22 May Humayun regained the throne of Delhi from the hands of weak successors of Sher Shah after Battle of Sirhind. 1556 27 January Humayun dies, and is succeeded by his son Akbar . 7 October Hindu king Hemu defeats Mughal forces in the Battle of Tughlaqabad 5 November Hindu king Hemu establishes his raj in North India and bestowed with title of Vikramaditya.He was defeated at the Second Battle of Panipat by Akbar and Bairam Khan's forces. 1565 26 January Battle of Talikota results in the rout of Vijayanagara empire. 1568 Paradesi Synagogue , the first Jewish synagogue in India constructed by the Paradesi Jews . 1572 Akbar annexes Gujarat , also shifts the Mughal capital to Fatehpur Sikri where a new township and citadel containing buildings of a unique all-India character—inspired by the architecture of Bengal, Gujarat, Malwa, Kashmir as well as the Timurid world—is born. 1574 1 September Guru Ram Das becomes fourth Guru of Sikhs. Akbar annexes Bengal . 1581 1 September Guru Arjan Dev becomes fifth Guru of Sikhs. 1582 Maharana Pratap defeats Mughal governor in Battle of Dewair in present-day Rajasthan [ 35 ] 1586 6 October Akbar annexes Kashmir . 1589 Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) build in Amritsar by Guru Arjan 1600 31 December East India Company is formed in England. Gets exclusive trading rights with India. 17th century Year Date Event 1602 Dutch came to India at Pulicut (back to 1825). 1605 27 October Akbar dies, and is succeeded by his son Jahangir . 1606 25 May Guru Hargobind is selected to becomes the sixth guru of Sikhs by Guru Arjan 30 May Guru Arjan is tortured and killed under orders of Mughal Emperor Jahangir for refusing to convert to Islam. 1612 30 November British India (to 1947) 24 August East India Company enters into a trade agreement with the Mughal Emperor Jahangir 1616 Susenghphaa , ruler of the Ahom kingdom defeats Mughal forces in a land and naval battle at Bharali, Assam. [ 36 ] 1621 Sikhs army led by Guru Hargobind defeat Mughals in the Battle of Rohilla 1628 Jahangir announces "Chain of Justice" outside his palace that anyone can ring the bell and get a personal hearing with the emperor. Jahangir dies, and is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan . 1630 19 February Birth of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj . [ citation needed ] . 1634 Sikhs armies led by Guru Hargobind defeat Mughal armies in the Battle of Amritsar (1634) and Battle of Lahira. 1635 25 April Sikhs army led by Guru Hargobind defeat a Mughal army in the Battle of Kartarpur 1636 Establishment of Kohra (estate) by Babu Himmat Sah . 1644 8 March Guru Har Rai becomes seventh guru of Sikhs 1640 Rani Karnavati of the Garhwal Kingdom repels and defeats invasion attempt by Mughal army of Shah Jahan . [ 37 ] 1658 Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal , Jama Masjid , and Red Fort . Imperial treasuries drained by architectural and military overexpenditures. Shah Jahan put under house arrest, and is succeeded by his son Aurangzeb . 1659 19 February Shivaji 's ill-equipped and small Maratha army defeat numerically much larger Adilshahi troops at the Battle of Pratapgarh marking the first victory of the Maratha Kingdom . Shivaji personally kills Adilshahi commander Afzal Khan (general) . 27 December Marathas under Shivaji defeat the Adilshahi troops in the Battle of Kolhapur 1660 13 July Maratha army of 600 defeats a much larger army of the Bijapur Sultanate of 10,000 in the Battle of Pavan Khind , near the city of Kolhapur . 1661 3 February Marathas under Shivaji defeat Mughal Empire forces in the Battle of Umberkhind. 6 October Guru Har Krishan becomes eight guru of Sikhs. 1664 6–10 January Marathas under Shivaji defeat Mughal Empire forces in the Battle of Surat . 1665 13 February Shivaji conducts a raid on the Portuguese colony in Basrur and gains a large booty which enables him to strengthen the base of his new kingdom by building a strong navy and forts. 20 March Guru Tegh Bahadur becomes ninth Guru of Sikhs. 11 June Treaty of Purandar (1665) (or पुरंदर चा तह) was signed between Shivaji and the Rajput ruler Jai Singh I. 1669 28 November Jats defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Tilpat takes control of Mathura 1670 4 February Marathas under Shivaji capture the fort of Sinhagad (then known as Kondhana) from the Mughals in the Battle of Sinhagad . 1671 Ahom kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Saraighat , takes back control of Guwahati Chhatrasal revolts against the Mughal Empire with an army of only 5 horsemen and 25 swordsmen. In ten years he conquers a large tract of land between Chitrakoot, Chhatarpur and Panna in the east and Gwalior in the west, and from Kalpi in the north to Sagar, Garhakota, Shahgarh and Damoh in the south. 1672 February Maratha forces under Prataprao Gujar defeat a Mughal army twice its size in the Battle of Salher 1674 6 June Shivaji is crowned Chhatrapati . 1675 6 May Marathas defeat the Bijapur Sultanate and capture the Fortress of Ponda after the Siege of Ponda 24 November Guru Tegh Bahadur , the ninth Guru of Sikhs is tortured and executed in Delhi by the order of Aurangzeb for his support for the Kashmiri Hindus to practice their religion and for refusing to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh becomes tenth Guru of Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh becomes tenth Guru of Sikhs. 1680 3 April Shivaji dies of fever at Raigad . 20 July Sambhaji becomes 2nd Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom Kingdom of Venad defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Manacaud 1681 Aurangzeb invades the Deccan 31 January – 2 February Maratha ruler Sambhaji attacks and sacks the Mughal city Burhanpur 1682 August Ahom kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Itakhuli , takes back control of Kamrup region 1684 Marathas under Sambhaji repel a Mughal attempt to invade Konkan . Mughals are forced into a slow retreat and suffer great losses. 1687 16 December Marathas under Sambhaji defeat the Mughal Army in the Battle of Wai . However, Maratha General Hambirrao Mohite is killed. 1688 The Sikandara was plundered by Rajaram Jat . Even the skeleton of Akbar, was taken out and the bones were consumed to flames. 1689 11 March After being ambushed and captured by the Mughals, Sambhaji is tortured and killed for refusing to convert to Islam. Rajaram I becomes the third Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom. Rajaram I becomes the third Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom. 1690 Maratha Kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Athani 1691 Joint forces of Bhim Chand (Kahlur) of Bilaspur and Guru Gobind Singh defeat Mughal army in the Battle of Nadaun . 1692 December Maratha General Santaji Ghorpade defeats Mughal General Alimardan Khan and captures him. Mughal army under Zulfikhar Ali Khan defeated by Santaji and Dhanaji Jadhav and Zulfiquar Khan is forced to sue King Rajaram for peace Mughal army under Zulfikhar Ali Khan defeated by Santaji and Dhanaji Jadhav and Zulfiquar Khan is forced to sue King Rajaram for peace 1693 21 November Maratha General Santaji Ghorpade defeats Mughal General Himmat Khan. 1695 20 November Maratha General Santaji Ghorpade defeats and kills Mughal General Kasim Khan. 1696 Sikhs under Guru Gobind Singh defeat Mughal forces in the Battle of Guler (1696) 20 November Danish India (to 1869) 1699 3 October Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs creates Khalsa , the saint-soldier at Anandpur Sahib , Punjab. 18th century Year Date Event 1700 Sikhs army of 1000 under Guru Gobind Singh defeats Mughal army numbering 10,000 in the Battle of Anandpur (1700) 3 March Rajaram I dies. The infant Shivaji II becomes the Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom, with his mother Tarabai as the regent. She continues the Maratha battles against the Mughal Empire, leading the Maratha army herself. 1702 Sikhs army under Guru Gobind Singh defeats Mughal army in the Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) 1707 13 February Birth of Suraj Mal son of Badan Singh 3 March Death of Aurangzeb the Mughal emperor. Marks the end of Mughal Territorial Expansion over India. 1708 7 October Guru Gobind Singh is assassinated by Mughals and the Guru Granth Sahib becomes the eternal Guru of the Sikhs. 1710 12 May Sikh army under Banda Singh Bahadur defeats Mughal Empire in the Battle of Chappar Chiri and establishes Sikh rule from Lahore to Delhi. 1717 Meitei king Pamheipa ( Gharib Nawaz (Manipur) ) introduces Hinduism as the state religion and changes the name of the kingdom to the Sanskrit Manipur. 1721 March – October Attingal Outbreak takes place 13–14 November Madras cyclone occurs 1720 Bajirao I appointed by Shahu as Peshwa (prime minister) who would later expand the Maratha Kingdom. 1724 Meitei king Gharib Nawaz of the Ningthouja dynasty invades Burma. 1728 28 February Bajirao I defeats the combined forces of the Mughal Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Palkhed 1729 March Maratha Kingdom under Bajirao defeats Mughal Empire, in response for an appeal for help from Chhatrasal , ruler of Bundelkhand in the Battle of Bundelkhand 1731 Maratha Kingdom under Bajirao defeats Mughal Empire and Maratha rebel factions in the Battle of Dabhoi 1737 16 March Marathas under Bajirao I defeat the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Delhi (1737) 24 December Marathas defeat a combined army of the Mughal Empire, Nizam of Hyderabad , Nawab of Awadh and Nawabs of Bhopal in the Battle of Bhopal 1739 17 February – 16 May Marathas under Bajirao I defeat the Portuguese in the Battle of Vasai , Portuguese army and administration pulled out of Baçaim ( Vasai ). March Nader Shah invades India from Iran. Nader Shah captures and sacks Delhi. 1740 May Raghoji I Bhonsle of the Maratha Confederacy defeats and kills Dost Ali Khan the Mughal Nawab of Arcot in the Battle of Damalcherry. [ 38 ] 1741 26 March Maratha army defeats the Nawab of Carnatic and captures Trichinopoly after the Siege of Trichinopoly (1741) 10 August Kingdom of Travancore under Marthanda Varma defeats the Dutch Empire in the Battle of Colachel . 1753 10 May Jats under Suraj Mal defeat the Mughal Empire in the Capture of Delhi (1753) 15 August Treaty of Mavelikkara signed between the Kingdom of Travancore and the Dutch East India Company , effectively ending the political and commercial dominance of the Dutch on the Kerala coast and beginning of the end of Dutch influence in India. 1754 20 January – 18 May Bharatpur State defeat the Marathas in Battle of Kumher . 1756 Black Hole of Calcutta infamous incident where soldiers of East India Company were held hostage in tortuous conditions, later served as a precedent for the Battle of Plassey 1757 16 January Maratha Confederacy defeats Durrani Empire , in the Battle of Narela . 23 June British East India Company defeats the Nawab of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey , marking the End of Islamic period of 565 Years over India (1192–1757) & beginning of British conquests in India. 11 August Maratha Confederacy defeats Rohilla Afghans in the Battle of Delhi (1757) , captures Delhi. 1757 12 February Jats under Suraj Mal defeat Durrani Empire, in the Battle of Bharatpur. Third Carnatic War . [ 39 ] 1758 28 April Maratha Confederacy led by Raghunathrao and Mahadaji Shinde defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Attock (1758) , captures Attock . 8 May Maratha Confederacy led by Raghunathrao, Malhar Rao Holkar and Tukoji Rao Holkar defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Peshawar (1758), captures Peshawar . 1759 French India (to 1954) Maratha Confederacy supported by Sikh Sukerchakia Misl defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Lahore (1759) 1760 3 January Marathas comprehensively defeat the Nizam in the Battle of Udgir. Maratha Confederacy reaches its zenith. Maratha Confederacy reaches its zenith. 22 January Battle of Wandiwash , British troops beat French 1761 January The Marathas are routed in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761, by the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Durrani , also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali. The battle is considered one of the largest battles fought in the 18th century. 12 June Capture of Agra Fort by the Kingdom of Bharatpur led by king Suraj Mal , defeating the armies of the Mughal Empire and Rohilla Afghans August The Sukerchakia Misl of Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire) defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Sialkot (1761) September The Sikh Confederacy defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Gujranwala (1761) 1762 5 January The Marathas under the leadership of Peshwa Madhavrao defeat the Nizam's forces in the Battle of Uruli 5 February Vadda Ghalughara , the massacre of 30,000 Sikhs, mostly non-combatants, by the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani May Sikh Misls under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Harnaulgarh 1763 10 August Maratha Confederacy led by Madhavrao I defeats the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Rakshasbhuvan and gains territory. 25 December Suraj Mal dies 1764 26 February Sikh Misls under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Sirhind (1764) and capture Sirhind 22 October Battle of Buxar (British victory against allied Mughal, Bengal and Oudh forces) 1765 February Kingdom of Bharatpur led by king Jawahar Singh defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Delhi (1764) 1767 First Anglo-Mysore War begins, in which Hyder Ali of Mysore defeats the armies of the British East India Company. 1770 Great Bengal famine of 1770 , estimated to have caused the deaths of about 10 million people. [ 40 ] Warren Hastings 's 1772 report estimated that a third of the population in the affected region starved to death. The famine is attributed to failed monsoon and exploitative policies of the East India Company. [ 41 ] 1771 Marathas led by Mahadaji Shinde defeat Rohilla Afghans and re-capture Delhi and parts of North India , thus reasserting their supremacy in north India. As revenge for the losses in the Battle of Panipat, the Maratha army devastated Rohilkhand by looting and plundering and also took the members of royal family as captives. 1772 22 May Ram Mohan Roy Born (to 1833) 1773 Narayanrao Peshwa is murdered by his uncle Raghunathrao 's wife in front of Raghunathrao. Regulating Act 1773 Warren Hastings appointed as first Governor-General of Bengal 1774 Chief Justice of the Maratha Confederacy , Ram Shastri passes death sentence against the ruling Peshwa Raghunathrao for murdering his nephew. 1775 First Anglo-Maratha War June Alliance of Shekhawat chieftains and Kingdom of Jaipur defeat the Mughal Empire supported by Baloch chieftains in the Battle of Mandan 1779 Maratha sardar Mahadji Shinde routs the East India Company army at the Battle of Wadgaon . War ends with the restoration of status quo as per Treaty of Salbai . 1780 Second Anglo-Mysore War begins. 1781 Maratha Confederacy defeats forces of the British East India Company in the Battle of Bhorghat . 1784 Second Anglo-Mysore War ends with the Treaty of Mangalore . Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam , suffer extreme hardships, torture, death, forcibly converted to Sunni Islam. Of the 60,000–80,000 Christians taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 survive. 1786 District collectors in Bengal were made responsible for settling the revenue and collecting it. 1787 Maratha Confederacy defeats Tipu Sultan , the king of Mysore in the Maratha–Mysore War , resulting in the Treaty of Gajendragad. Tipu Sultan is forced to pay 4.8 million rupees as a war cost to the Marathas, an annual tribute of 1.2 million rupees and return all the territory captured by his father Hyder Ali 1789 Third Anglo-Mysore War begins. Tipu Sultan invades Malabar (present day Kerala), destroys a number of temples including the temples of Bhagamandala , Payyavoor , Ammakoottam Mahadevi temple and Thrikkadamba Sri.mahavishnu temple. Thousands are killed, women raped and populace forced to convert to Islam, 1790 The Marathas under Holkar and General de Boigne defeat the Rajputs of Jaipur and Mughals at the Battle of Patan, where 3000+ Rajput cavalry is killed and the entire Mughal unit vanquished. The defeat crushes Rajput hope of independence from external influence May Kingdom of Travancore defeats the Kingdom of Mysore in the Battle of Nedumkotta 1792 Third Anglo-Mysore War ends. 1793 Birth of Rani Rashmoni , one of the pioneers of the Bengali Renaissance . 1795 11 March Maratha Confederacy defeats the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Kharda , Nizam ceded territory. 13 August Death of Ahilyabai Holkar 1796 Ching-Thang Khomba moves Manipur 's capital to Kangla 1798 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War begins. 1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ends with the death of Tipu Sultan , the victory of the East India Company, and the restoration of their ally, the Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore. Polygar War 1800 13 March Death of Nana Fadnavis Modern India 19th century Year Date Event 1801 12 April Maharaja Ranjit Singh establishes Khalsa rule of Punjab from Lahore. Khalsa army liberates Kashmiri Pandits and invades Afghanistan via the Khyber Pass. 1802 11 October The Kingdom of Kottayam defeats the British East India Company in the Battle of Panamarathukotta 1803 11 September The Second Anglo-Maratha War begins. 1805 24 December The Second Anglo-Maratha War ends. 1806 10 July Vellore Mutiny , the first instance of a large-scale and violent mutiny by Indian sepoys against the East India Company . 1807 10 February Hari Singh Nalwa , commander of the Sikh Khalsa Army of the Sikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Kasur , the first in a series of battles. 1809 25 April The East India Company signs the first Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh. 1811 28 October The death of Yashwantrao Holkar . 1813 13 July Dewan Mokham Chand and Hari Singh Nalwa, commanders of the Sikh Khalsa Army of the Sikh Empire defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Attock and capture Attock 1814 15 January " Atmiya Sabha " is established by Raja Ram Mohan Roy . 1817 20 January Establishment of Hindu College (Presidency College, now Presidency University, Kolkata ) 13 June The Third Anglo-Maratha War begins. 1818 March – 2 June Sikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire and captures Multan after the Siege of Multan (1818) . 1819 3 July Sikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Shopian and captures Srinagar and Kashmir . Islamic rule ends in Jammu and Kashmir. 9 April The Third Anglo-Maratha War ends with the capture of Asirgarh Fort and the end of the Maratha Confederacy , leaving the East India Company with control of almost the whole of India . 1820 26 September Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar is born (to 1891). 1823 14 March Sikh Empire defeats the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Nawab of Amb to annex Peshawar Valley , in the Battle of Nowshera 1824 12 February Dayananda Saraswati is born [ 42 ] (to 1883) 5 March First Anglo-Burmese War (to 1826) 1825 December 1825 – January 1826 Battle between East India Company and Bharatpur State 1826 4 January British rule in Burma (to 1947) 1827 11 April Jyotirao Phule is born [ 43 ] (to 1890) 1828 19 November Rani of Jhansi was born [ 44 ] (to 1858) 1831 Kol uprising [ 45 ] 6 May Sikh Empire defeats the Mujahideen forces of Syed Ahmad Barelvi in the Battle of Balakot 1834 6 May Sikh Empire defeats the forces of Afghan Durrani Empire in the Capture of Peshawar (1834) . Peshawar becomes part of the Sikh Empire. 1836 18 February Ramakrishna is born [ 46 ] (to 1886) 1837 18 February Hari Singh Nalwa , commander of the Sikh Khalsa Army defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Jamrud and extends the frontier of Sikh Empire to beyond the Indus River right up to the mouth of the Khyber Pass . 1845 11 December First Anglo-Sikh war [ 47 ] (to 1846) 4 November Vasudev Balwant Phadke is born (to 1883) 1848 22 November The Sikh Empire under Sher Singh Attariwalla defeats the British East India Company under Sir Hugh Gough in the Battle of Ramnagar 1849 13 January The Sikh Empire under Sher Singh Attariwalla defeats the British East India Company under Sir Hugh Gough in the Battle of Chillianwala 1853 1 April The Post Service started. 1853 16 April The first railway is established between Bombay and Thane . 1855 31 May Rani Rashmoni complete the Dakshineswar Kali Temple with the installation of Ma Kali. [ 48 ] 30 June Santhal rebellion 1856 25 July Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 23 July Bal Gangadhar Tilak is born (to 1920) 20 August Narayana Guru is born (to 1928) 1857 10 May British victory in Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was deposed by British East India Company and India transferred to British Crown . Marks the End of Mughal Dynasty rule over India. Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was deposed by British East India Company and India transferred to British Crown . Marks the End of Mughal Dynasty rule over India. 18 July, 24 January India's first three universities, the University of Mumbai , the University of Madras and the University of Calcutta , are established. 1858 1 November British Raj (to 1947) Marks the Beginning Of Direct British Rule Over India For 89 Years(1858–1947). 7 November Bipin Chandra Pal is born (to 1932) 1859 18 April Death of Tatya Tope 1861 7 May Rabindranath Tagore is born. 1862 The high courts of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay are established. [ 49 ] 1863 12 January Swami Vivekanand is born (to 1902) 1865 28 January Lala Lajpat Rai is born (to 1928) 1867 31 March " Prarthana Samaj " established earlier known as "Atmiya Sabha", " Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq " was started 1869 2 October Mahatma Gandhi is born (to 30 January 1948) 29 November Thakkar Bapa is born (to 1951) 1873 24 September Jyotirao Phule establishes the Satyashodhak Samaj society. 1875 May–June Deccan Riots 10 April " Arya Samaj " is established. Aligarh Muslim University 1876 25 December Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born (1876–1948) 1877 1 January The first Delhi Durbar 1883 30 October Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati dies 1885 28 December The Indian National Congress is established [ 50 ] 1889 14 November Jawaharlal Nehru is born (to 1964). 1889 3 December Khudiram Bose is born (to 1908). 1891 14 April B. R. Ambedkar is born (to 1956). 1891 31 March Anglo-Manipur War . 1895 11 May jiddu krishnamurti is born (to 17 February 1986). 1897 23 January Subhas Chandra Bose is born (to 1945); the first fingerprint bureau of India is established in Calcutta. 11 June Ram Prasad Bismil is born 22 June Chapekar brothers assassinate W.C.Rand. 20th century Year Date Event 1900 3 March Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi is born (to 1966). 1902 Anushilan Samiti , revolutionary association formed. 1903 11 December British expedition to Tibet 1 January Delhi Durbar Second Time. 1904 5 November University Act 1905 Bharat Sevak Samaj founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale . 16 October Partition of Bengal (1905) 1906 April Jugantar formed. [ 51 ] 30 December All-India Muslim League formed in Dacca . 1907 Surat Split 1908 May Alipore bomb case 1909 25 May Indian Councils Act 1909 1911 Cancellation of Partition of Bengal December Delhi Durbar Third Time 1911 12 December The British government moves the capital from Calcutta to Delhi . [ 52 ] 1912 December Delhi conspiracy case 1913 15 July Gadar Party formed. Rabindranath Tagore won Nobel Prize in Literature 1914 26 August Rodda company arms heist , in which members of Bengali revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti intercept and make away with a shipment of Mauser Pistols and ammunition. In the following years, these pistols and ammunitions were linked to almost all the instances of nationalist struggles in Bengal. Hindu–German Conspiracy 1915 Ghadar conspiracy 1 December Provisional Government of India formed in Kabul. Mahatma Gandhi returns to India. 1916 29 December Lucknow Pact . [ 53 ] 1917 Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha Justice Party (India) is founded 1918 Kheda Satyagraha and Ahmedabad Mill Strike 1919 13 April Jallianwala Bagh massacre Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 18 March Rowlatt Act is passed 23 December Government of India Act 1919 introduces a system of diarchy 1920 Non-cooperation movement and Khilafat Movement 1922 5 February Chauri Chaura incident 1924 October The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association is formed. 1925 9 August Kakori conspiracy 1925 27 September Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is founded. 1927 20 March Mahad Satyagraha November Simon Commission 1928 Bardoli Satyagraha 1929 Central Assembly bombed by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt . Purna Swaraj resolution. 1930 Salt Satyagraha , the civil disobedience movement, begins with the Dandi march. The first Round Table Conferences (India) 1931 March Gandhi–Irwin Pact 23 March Bhagat Singh , Rajguru and Sukhdev martyred September–December The second Round Table Conferences (India) 1932 24 September Poona Pact 16 August Communal Award November–December The third Round Table Conferences (India) 1935 August Government of India Act 1935 1937 1937 Indian provincial elections 1939 The All India Forward Bloc established by Subhas Chandra Bose 1940 23 March Lahore Resolution The All-India Jamhur Muslim League established by Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi to support a united India 8 August August Offer . [ 54 ] 1942 late March Cripps Mission August 1. Quit India Movement 2. The Indian National Army is established by Subhas Chandra Bose . 1943 Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind , the Provisional Government of Free India is formed by Netaji. 1944 Subhas Chandra Bose calls Mahatma Gandhi the Father of the Nation. 1945 18 August Subhas Chandra Bose died in a plane crash at Taiwan. Wavell Plan, Simla Conference 1946 February Royal Indian Navy mutiny March Cabinet Mission 16 August Direct Action Day/Great Calcutta Killings October–November Noakhali riots 1947 July Indian Independence Act 1947 by British Raj 14 August Partition of India and Pakistan becomes an independent state. [ 50 ] 15 August Indian independence from the British Raj . 22 October Pakistan starts the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal lashkar (militias) from Waziristan supported by irregular Pakistani forces, in an effort to capture Kashmir. 7 November Battle of Shalateng is fought on the outskirts of Srinagar, where on the advance of the tribal lashkar and Pakistani irregulars is halted and a counter-attack begins to push them back. Hundreds of thousands die in widespread communal bloodshed after partition, continuing to 1948. 1948 30 January Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse . [ 55 ] War with Pakistan over disputed territory of Kashmir . Telangana and other princely states are integrated into Indian union. 1950 26 January India became a republic. 1951 Reconstruction of the Somnath temple under the orders of the Home Minister of India Vallabhbhai Patel . [ 56 ] 1951 Congress Party wins first general elections under leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru (to 1952). 1955 Nationalisation of the Indian insurance sector. 1956 1 September Establishment of LIC . 14 October B. R. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism along with 600,000 followers. 6 December B. R. Ambedkar died. States Reorganization Act in force from 1 November. 1962 War over disputed territory of Kashmir [ 50 ] with China. India seizes Diu , Daman and Goa from Portuguese India . 1964 27 May Death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . 1965 6–23 September Second war with Pakistan over Kashmir. 1966 11 January Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri 's mysterious death in Tashkent. 24 January Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister. 1969 19 July Nationalisation of 14 major private Banks. 15 August Indian Space Research Organisation formed under Department of Space . 1971 3–16 December Third war with Pakistan , culminating in the creation of Bangladesh Twenty-year treaty of friendship signed with Soviet Union. 1974 18 May The Smiling Buddha is the first nuclear device in underground test. 1975 15 May Sikkim becomes part of Indian Union after a referendum in the Sikkim Assembly. 25 June Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency after being found guilty of electoral malpractice. Nearly 1,000 political opponents imprisoned and programme of compulsory birth control introduced. (to 1977) 1977 Indira Gandhi 's Congress Party loses general elections. Janata Party comes to power. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) comes into power in West Bengal. 1979 The Janata Party splits. Chaudhary Charan Singh becomes Prime Minister. 1980 Indira Gandhi returns to power heading the Congress party splinter group, Congress (Indira). 1983 N. T. Rama Rao NTR's nine-month-old Telugu Desam assumes power in AP becoming a challenger post Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan against Indira Gandhi. 1983 India won World Cup for the first time, in one day international Cricket led by Kapil Dev. 1984 Troops storm Golden Temple , the Sikhs' most holy shrine, after Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale seeks refuge inside. There are a movement to flush out Sikh separatism and calls for secularism, called Operation Blue Star . "Anti-Sikh Riots 1984". Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her bodyguards; her son, Rajiv, takes over. Many Sikhs were killed due to the assassination of Indira Gandhi. see 1984 anti-Sikh riots . 1987 India deploys troops for peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict. 1988 SEBI was established by The Government of India on 12 April 1988 and given statutory powers in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament . 1989 Falling public support leads to a Congress defeat in general election. 1989 The National Front (India) , headed by V. P. Singh and led by Janata Dal, is formed and storms into power with outside support from BJP and CPI(M). 1990 Muslim separatist groups begin campaign of violence against Hindus in Kashmir resulting in Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus . 1991 Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated by a suicide bomber sympathetic to Sri Lanka's Tamil Tigers . An economic reform programme or Economic liberalisation in India is begun by Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao . 1992 December The demolition of the Babri Masjid , triggering the Bombay riots . May Over 200 people die in Cuttack in Odisha , after drinking illegally brewed liquor in the 1992 Odisha liquor deaths incident. 1995 July West Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu made the first call from Kolkata to inaugurate the cellular services in India. 1996 Congress suffers its worst electoral defeat ever as BJP emerges as the largest single party. 1996 August The Amarnath Yatra tragedy in which at least 194 pilgrims are reported to have frozen to death in northern Kashmir after being stranded by violent rain and snow storms. 1998 BJP forms coalition government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee . India and Pakistan carry out nuclear tests, leading to widespread international condemnation. 1999 February Vajpayee makes a historic bus trip to Pakistan to meet Premier Nawaz Sharif and to sign bilateral Lahore peace declaration. May Indian Army launches operations to evict Pakistani forces occupying Indian positions on the icy heights in Kargil district , known as the Kargil War . October The Cyclone devastates eastern state of Odisha , leaving at least 10,000 dead. 2000 March US President Bill Clinton makes a groundbreaking visit to improve ties. May India marks the birth of its billionth citizen. 15 November The states of Jharkhand , Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were created 21st century Year Date Event 2001 26 January The 7.7 M w Gujarat earthquake shakes Western India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X ( Extreme ), leaving 13,805–20,023 dead and about 166,800 injured. July Vajpayee meets Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf in the first summit between the two neighbours in more than two years. The meeting ends without a breakthrough or even a joint statement because of differences over Kashmir. July Vajpayee's BJP party declines his offer to resign over a number of political scandals and the apparent failure of his talks with Pakistani President Musharraf . September US lifts sanctions which it imposed against India and Pakistan after they staged nuclear tests in 1998. The move is seen as a reward for their support for the US-led anti-terror campaign. October India and Pakistan fire at each other's military posts in the heaviest firing along the dividing line of control in Kashmir for almost a year. [ 57 ] October Pakistani forces shelled the village of Arnia about three km (two miles) from the border in the early hours of Monday 6 June, killing five and wounding at least two dozen civilians. [ 57 ] December Suicide squad attacks parliament in New Delhi, killing several police. The five gunmen die in the assault. December India imposes sanctions against Pakistan, to force it to take action against two Kashmir militant groups blamed for the suicide attack on parliament. Pakistan retaliates with similar sanctions, and bans the groups in January. December India, Pakistan mass troops on common border amid mounting fears of a looming war. 2002 War of words between Indian and Pakistani leaders intensifies. Actual war seems imminent. January India successfully test-fires a nuclear-capable ballistic missile – the Agni – off its eastern coast. February Inter-religious bloodshed breaks out after 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya are killed in a train fire in Godhra, Gujarat. More than 1,000 people, die in subsequent riots. (Police and officials blamed the fire on a Muslim mob; a 2005 government investigation said it was an accident, though later court and SIT report held Muslim mob responsible.) May Pakistan test-fires three medium-range surface-to-surface Ghauri missiles, which are capable of carrying nuclear warheads. June UK, US urge their citizens to leave India and Pakistan, while maintaining diplomatic offensive to avert war. July Retired scientist and architect of India's missile programme A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is elected president. 2003 August At least 50 people are killed in two simultaneous bomb blasts in Bombay. November India matches Pakistan's declaration of a Kashmir ceasefire. December India, Pakistan agree to resume direct air links and to allow overflights. 2004 January Groundbreaking meeting is held between government and moderate Kashmir separatists. May Surprise victory for Congress Party in general elections. Manmohan Singh is sworn in as prime minister. September India, along with Brazil, Germany and Japan, launches an application for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council . November India begins to withdraw some of its troops from Kashmir. December Thousands are killed when tsunami , caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake off the Indonesian coast, devastate coastal communities in the south and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 2005 July More than 1,000 people are killed in floods and landslides caused by monsoon rains in Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra region. 8 October The 7.6 M w Kashmir earthquake strikes with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ( Severe ), leaving 86,000–87,351 people dead, 69,000–75,266 injured, and 2.8 million homeless. 2006 February India's largest-ever rural jobs scheme is launched, aimed at lifting around 60 million families out of poverty. March US and India sign a nuclear agreement during a visit by US President George W. Bush. The US gives India access to civilian nuclear technology while India agrees to greater scrutiny for its nuclear programme. 2007 February India and Pakistan sign an agreement aimed at reducing the risk of accidental nuclear war. 18 February 68 passengers, most of them Pakistanis, are killed by bomb blasts and a blaze on a train travelling from New Delhi to the Pakistani city of Lahore. March Maoist rebels in Chhattisgarh state kill more than 50 policemen in a dawn attack. April India's first commercial space rocket is launched, carrying an Indian satellite. May Government announces its strongest economic growth figures for 20 years – 9.4% in the year to March. May At least nine people are killed in a bomb explosion at the main mosque in Hyderabad. Several others are killed in subsequent rioting. July India says the number of its people with HIV or AIDS is about half of earlier official tallies. Health ministry figures put the total at between 2 million and 3.1 million cases, compared with previous estimates of more than 5 million. 25 July Pratibha Patil becomes first woman to be elected president of India 2008 July Series of explosions kills 49 in Ahmedabad, in Gujarat state. The little-known terrorist group Indian Mujahideen claims responsibility. October Following approval by the US Congress, President George W. Bush signs into law a nuclear deal with India, which ends a three-decade ban on US nuclear trade with Delhi. 22 October India successfully launches its first mission to the moon, the uncrewed lunar probe Chandrayaan-1 . [ 58 ] 26–29 November The 2008 Mumbai attacks (often called the 26/11 attacks) kill 174 people, including 9 of the 10 terrorists from Lashkar-e-Taiba , an Islamic terrorist organisation based in Pakistan. India decides not to attack Pakistan in retaliation. December India announces "pause" in peace process with Pakistan. Indian cricket team cancels planned tour of Pakistan. 2009 February India and Russia sign deals worth $700 million, according to which Moscow will supply Uranium to Delhi. May Resounding general election victory gives governing Congress-led alliance of PM Manmohan Singh an enhanced position in parliament, only 11 seats short of an absolute majority. July Delhi court decriminalizes gay sex 2010 13 February 16 people are killed in a bomb explosion at German Bakery in the city of Pune , Maharashtra. [ 59 ] 2011 2 April India wins cricket world cup after 28 years under the captaincy of MS Dhoni . 13 May After 34 years of Left Front Government, Trinamool Congress and Congress alliance come to power in West Bengal . 2012 25 July Pranab Mukherjee , the former Finance Minister is elected as the 13th president of India. 2013 12 February Indian helicopter bribery scandal comes to light. 21 February Terror attacks in Hyderabad in Dilsukhnagar area. 5 November Mars Orbiter Mission , is successfully launched into Mars orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ] 2014 16 May Narendra Modi elected as prime minister of India, Congress was routed in the general elections. 2 June Telangana , The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014. 2016 2–5 January Terror Attacks on Pathankot Air Base. [ 63 ] 27 June India becomes a member of Missile Technology Control Regime . 23 September India signs a billion-dollar defence deal with France to buy 36 Rafale fighter jets. 27 September India launches its first space laboratory, AstroSat , in its biggest project since its Mars orbiter mission in 2014. 28 September India conducted Surgical Strike in response to Uri attack on army base on September 18, 2016 8 November In a surprise announcement, the government withdraws high denomination notes from circulation causing chaotic scenes at banks across the country as customers try to exchange old notes. 2017 30 June The Goods and Services Tax (GST) launched, the biggest tax reform in history of India. 2019 14 February A convoy of vehicles carrying Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel on the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber in the Pulwama district , Jammu and Kashmir , India. 26 February The 2019 Balakot airstrike was conducted by India, when Indian warplanes crossed the de facto border in the disputed region of Kashmir , and dropped bombs in the vicinity of the town of Balakot in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. 27 February The 2019 Balakot strike from Indian side was given a reply named "Swift Retort". After a dog fight between Pakistani and Indian Fighter Pilots. Indian Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman was captured by the Pakistani side. However acting to the pressure of various global leaders and bound by the Vienna Convention . Pakistan was Forced to release the Indian Pilot with all due respect. 22 May Narendra Modi gets re-elected as the Prime Minister of India. 5 August The state of Jammu and Kashmir divided into two separate union territories known as Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh by scrapping of Article 370 of the Constitution of India . 11 December The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019. It amended the Citizenship Act of 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014. 2020 30 January The first COVID-19 case of the country was reported in Kerala's Thrissur district. 2021 12 May COVID-19 pandemic in India : The country's death toll exceeds 250,000. Delhi cremation grounds were running out of places while hundreds of bodies were reported washed up on the banks of the Ganges . 2022 18 July Droupadi Murmu is elected as President of India , making her the first tribal woman and youngest person to the office. 30 October The collapse of a suspension bridge in Gujarat, leaves at least 135 dead. 2023 2 June A train collision in Odisha results in at least 296 deaths and more than 1,200 others injured. 3 July Indian oil refiners start payments for Russian oil imports in Chinese yuan as an alternative to the US dollar due to increasing sanctions against Russia . 23 August Chandrayaan-3 becomes the first spacecraft to land near the lunar south pole , carrying a lunar lander named Vikram and a lunar rover named Pragyan . 2 September The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launches Aditya-L1 , India's first solar observation mission. See also Chronology of Tamil history Hindu units of time Sikh gurus (1469–1666) Tamil units of measurement Timeline of Ahmedabad Timeline of Ayyavazhi history History of Hinduism Timeline of Buddhism (563 BCE – present) Timeline of Jainism Timeline of Mumbai Timeline of South Asian history References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Palaeolithic and Pleistocene of Pakistan" . Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2007 . ^ Murray, Tim (1999). Time and archaeology . London; New York: Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-415-11762-3 . ^ Rendell, H. R.; Dennell, R. W.; Halim, M. (1989). Pleistocene and Palaeolithic Investigations in the Soan Valley, Northern Pakistan . British Archaeological Reports International Series. Cambridge University Press . p. 364. ISBN 978-0-86054-691-7 . OCLC 29222688 . ^ Parth R. Chauhan. Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective . ^ Lycett, Stephen J (2007), "Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment", Journal of Archaeological Science , 34 (9): 1434– 1440, Bibcode : 2007JArSc..34.1434L , doi : 10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001 ^ Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum. World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India . 2008, page 19 ^ a b "Bhimbetka, Auditorium Cave, Madhya Pradesh: Acheulian Petroglyph Site, c. >100,000 – 500,000 BP" . Archived from the original on 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . ^ Fleagle, John G., ed. (2010). Out of Africa I: the first hominin colonization of Eurasia . Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology series. Dordrecht; New York: Springer. pp. 147– 160. ISBN 978-90-481-9035-5 . OCLC 619662409 . ^ a b Sen, Sailendra Nath (1 January 1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization . New Age International. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . ^ Reddy (1 December 2006). Indian Hist (Opt) . Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-07-063577-7 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . ^ Tribal Studies (2007). Mibang, Tamo; Behera, M. C. Mittal Publications. India. ^ Pappu, Shanni; et al. (2011). "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India" . Science Magazine . 331 (6024): 1596– 1599. Bibcode : 2011Sci...331.1596P . doi : 10.1126/science.1200183 . PMID 21436450 . S2CID 206531024 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . ^ "Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India" . Antiquity journal. September 2003. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier (1989), A survey of Hinduism , SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-88706-807-2 , archived from the original on 5 May 2016 , retrieved 15 November 2015 , ... prehistoric cave paintings at Bhimbetka (ca. 30000 BCE) ... ^ Coppa, A.; Bondioli, L; Cucina, A; Frayer, D. W.; Jarrige, C.; Jarrige, J. F.; Quivron, G; Rossi, M.; Vidale, M; Macchiarelli, R. (6 April 2006). "Palaeontology: Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry". Nature . 440 (7085): 755– 756. Bibcode : 2006Natur.440..755C . doi : 10.1038/440755a . PMID 16598247 . S2CID 6787162 . ^ Possehl, G. L. (October 1990). "Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanisation" . Annual Review of Anthropology . 19 (1): 261– 282. doi : 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001401 . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . ^ Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark; Heuston, Kimberley (May 2005). The Ancient South Asian World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-517422-9 . OCLC 56413341 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Wright 2009 , pp. 115–125. ^ Hasenpflug, Rainer, The Inscriptions of the Indus civilisation Norderstedt, Germany, 2006. ^ Beck, Roger B. (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction . Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 978-0-395-87274-1 . ^ "Kanchi district, gold mine of megalithic sites" . IBN Live . Tamil Nadu, India. 14 March 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. ^ Strickland, K. M., R. A. E. Coningham, et al., (2016). "Ancient Lumminigame: A Preliminary Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations at Lumbini's Village Mound" , in Ancient Nepal, Number 190, April 2016, p. 10. ^ Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press ^ Prithvi Nath Kaul Bamzai. History of Kashmir . Metropolitan Book Co Pvt Ltd, 1973. p. 259. ^ Satō, Tsugitaka (2015). Sugar in the social life of medieval islam . Islamic area studies. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27752-6 . ^ Durga Prasad Dikshit (1980). Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami . Abhinav. p. 166. OCLC 8313041 . ^ Kumar, Amit (2012). "Maritime History of India: An Overview". Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India . 8 (1): 93– 115. doi : 10.1080/09733159.2012.690562 . S2CID 108648910 . In 776 AD, Arabs tried to invade Sind again but were defeated by the Saindhava naval fleet. A Saindhava inscription provides information about these naval actions. ^ Sailendra Nath Sen (1 January 1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization . New Age International. pp. 343– 344. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0 . ^ "Chola dynasty" . Encyclopedia Britannica. 23 November 2023. ^ Muhammad of Ghor#Invasion of India ^ a b S.K.Sharma (2005). Discovery of North East India Volume 1 . Mittal Publications. p. 339. ISBN 81-8324-035-6 . ^ a b Bapari, Parimal (September 2010). "Chapter 1: Early Historical background and foundation of the Koch Dynasty" (PDF) . King Naranarayan and his times (PDF) (PhD). University of North Bengal. ^ a b "History of Odisha (From Earliest Times to 1434 A.D.)" (PDF) . 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Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 62 : 621– 626. ISSN 2249-1937 . JSTOR 44155808 . ^ Ramakrishna (2007). The gospel of Sri Ramakrishna . Translated by Nikhilānanda (Ten printing ed.). New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-911206-01-2 . ^ Sidhu, Amarpal S. (2016). The Second Anglo-Sikh War . Stroud, Gloucestershire [England]: Amberley. ISBN 978-1-4456-5023-4 . OCLC 936534848 . ^ "History of Dakshineswar Kali Temple" . www.dakshineswarkalitemple.org . Retrieved 13 July 2024 . ^ Chandra, Bipan. 'Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy.' Modern India. NCERT. 1971. ^ a b c "BBC News – India profile – Timeline" . BBC News . 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Shah, Mohammad (2012). "Jugantar Party" . In Islam, Sirajul ; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). 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Jain Publishers, pp. 92– 95, ISBN 81-8056-373-1 ^ a b "India-Pakistan fighting kills 9 civilians, 3 militants" . Reuters. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . ^ "PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1" . ISRO. 22 October 2008. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . ^ "Death toll rises to 15 in Pune German Bakery blast" . Daily News and Analysis . 21 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 February 2010 . ^ Walton, Zach (15 August 2012). "India Announces Mars Mission One Week After Curiosity Landing" . Web Pro News . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . ^ Staff (15 August 2012). "Manmohan Singh formally announces India's Mars mission" . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . ^ Bal, Hartosh Singh (30 August 2012). "BRICS in Space" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . 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(2009), The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-57219-4 External links BBC India Timeline .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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of India Sacred rivers of India Stones of India Environment Biogeographic classification Biosphere reserves Climate Climate change Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Forests Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Canals Coasts Desert ECZ Extreme points Glaciers Highest point by states Islands Lakes Mountains Mountain passes Plains Indo-Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions Central East North Northwest Northeast South Southwest Southeast West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Borders Towns Cities Districts Municipalities States and union territories See also National monuments of India National parks of India Nature worship in Indian-origin religions World Heritage Sites in India Culture of India History of India Tourism in India Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Heritage National Geological Monuments of India Sacred groves of India Sacred mountains of India Sacred rivers of India Stones of India National Geological Monuments of India Sacred groves of India Sacred mountains of India Sacred rivers of India Stones of India Environment Biogeographic classification Biosphere reserves Climate Climate change Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Forests Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Biogeographic classification Biosphere reserves Climate Climate change Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Forests Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Canals Coasts Desert ECZ Extreme points Glaciers Highest point by states Islands Lakes Mountains Mountain passes Plains Indo-Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Beaches Canals Coasts Desert ECZ Extreme points Glaciers Highest point by states Islands Lakes Mountains Mountain passes Plains Indo-Gangetic Eastern coastal 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entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Painting Physical culture Public holidays Sculpture tallest Sport Traditional Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Webcomics Cuisine wine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television television Martial arts Music Painting Physical culture Public holidays Sculpture tallest tallest Sport Traditional Traditional Indian history timelines Timelines by country Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Dynamic lists Use Indian English from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2021 Articles needing additional references from August 2024 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 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Astronomi Botanik Cykling Film Geografi Historie Musik Kristendom Kvinder Zoologi Flere portaler... Der findes nu over 60 millioner artikler på Wikipedia , hvoraf 312.170 er på dansk . Skribentforside • Hjælp • A–Å • Projekter • Bekendtgørelser • Wikipedia Mobil • Kontakt Wikipedia Ugens artikel Knud den Store (ca. 995 - 1035) var konge af Danmark 1018-1035, af England 1016-1035 og af Norge 1028-1035, der tilsammen ofte bliver omtalt som Nordsøimperiet . Knud var søn af Svend Tveskæg . Som dansk prins vandt han tronen i England i 1016 i kølvandet på flere hundrede års vikingeaktivitet i det nordvestlige Europa . Da han senere besteg den danske trone i 1018, bragte han den engelske og danske krone sammen. Knud forsøgte at bevare sin magtbase ved at forene danerne og englænderne igennem fælles kulturelle bånd af rigdom og tradition samt via ren brutalitet. Efter et årti i konflikt med modstandere i Skandinavien tog Knud Norges krone i Trondheim i 1028. Herredømmet over England gav danerne en vigtig forbindelse til havområdet mellem Storbritannien og Irland , hvor Knud, ligesom hans far før ham, havde store interesser og udøvede stor indflydelse blandt de norrøne gælere. Knuds besiddelser i form af Englands bispedømmer og de kontinentale bispedømmer i Danmark, som den tysk-romerske ærkebiskop af Bremen ellers havde højhedsretten over, var en kilde til stor prestige og en løftestang i forhold til den katolske kirke og blandt mange magnater i kristendommen. Efter hans sejr i 1026 over Norge og Sverige, på vej tilbage fra Rom, hvor han deltog i kroningen af den tysk-romerske kejser Konrad 2. , udnævnte han sig selv som "Konge over hele England og Danmark og nordmændene og nogle af svenskerne". Trods hans store samtidige betydning svandt arven efter Knud den Store hurtigt, først med hans børns død mindre end et tiår efter hans egen, og endeligt med den normanniske erobring af England i 1066. Han bliver populært omtalt i legenden om Kong Knud og tidevandet , der bygger på en fortælling om, hvordan Knud som en vis konge irettesatte sine hoffolk for deres sleske adfærd. ( Læs mere.. ) Seneste tre uger: Dannevirke — Den danske modstandsbevægelse — Marienborg Mere om Ugens artikel • Arkiv Dagens skandinaviske artikel Termodynamik är läran om energi, dess omvandling mellan olika former och särskilt samspelet mellan värme och arbete. Den klassiska termodynamiken studerar kopplingen mellan makroskopiska egenskaper som temperatur, volym och tryck hos termodynamiska system. Historiskt har termodynamikens utveckling drivits av önskan att öka verkningsgraden hos tidiga ångmaskiner, framför allt genom det arbete som bedrevs av den franske fysikern Sadi Carnot, ofta kallad termodynamikens fader. Den klassiska termodynamiken är en makroskopisk disciplin, till stor del baserad på mätningar och erfarenheter. I motsats bygger den statistiska termodynamiken, med grund i kvantmekaniken, på den mikroskopiska naturen hos enskilda atomer och molekyler. Utöver dessa finns ett stort antal grenar och tillämpningsområden som exempelvis kemisk termodynamik, energiteknik, meteorologi, materialvetenskap och biomedicin. 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Danmarks EU-formandskab afsluttes, da Cypern overtager formandsposten i første halvår 2026. Den bulgarske valuta lev erstattes af euro . Rediger • Flere aktuelle begivenheder I dag Den 16. januar : Marcellus' dag, opkaldt efter Pave Marcellus 1547 - Den 16-årige Ivan den Grusomme ( billedet ) krones under navnet Ivan 4. til zar af Rusland . 1969 - Studenten Jan Palach sætter ild til sig selv på Wenzelspladsen foran Nationalmuseet i Prag i protest mod den sovjetisk-ledede invasion af Tjekkoslovakiet . Han dør 3 dage senere. 1991 - USA indleder Golfkrigen med et angreb på Irak , som netop har invaderet Kuwait . Rediger • Alle månedens dage Vidste du at... Fra Wikipedias nyeste artikler… ... den tyske 1700-tals læge Franz Mesmers ( billedet ) teori om animalsk magnetisme blev en vigtig forløber for studiet af hypnose ? ... da nordic noir tv-serien Forbrydelsen blev vist på BBC , var det meget usædvanligt med dansk originaltale og engelske undertekster? ... maleren og grafikeren Herman Stilling også skrev en lang række børnebøger ? ... den berygtede tyske Gestapo -chef Fritz Bolle efter 2. Verdenskrig undgik retsforfølgelse, men i 1973 begik selvmord? Rediger • Flere vidste du at... Nyligt afdøde 9. januar – Lone Bastholm , dansk skuespiller og teaterchef (født 1934 ). 3. januar – Sverre Anker Ousdal , norsk skuespiller (født 1944 ). 30. december – Khaleda Zia ( billedet ), bangladeshisk politiker (født 1945 ). 28. december – Brigitte Bardot , fransk skuespillerinde (født 1934 ). 22. december – Chris Rea , engelsk musiker (født 1951 ). Rediger • Flere nyligt afdøde Dagens billede Langhornet næsehornsfisk ( Naso brevirostris ), en art af strålefinnede fisk , Det Røde Hav , Egypten . Arten kan blive op til 60 cm lang og lever i det Indiske Ocean og vestlige Stillehav . Rediger • Arkiv Søsterprojekter .mw-parser-output #siteContainer{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .siteItem{display:inline-block;clear:both;padding:0 0.8%}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .siteItem{padding:unset;width:49.5%;margin:2%0}.mw-parser-output .siteItem:nth-of-type(even){float:left;clear:none}.mw-parser-output .siteItem:nth-of-type(odd){float:right}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer:after{content:"";clear:both;display:block}}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer{margin-top:10px;clear:both;padding-top:5px;color:#222;line-height:120%}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer div:first-child{background:white;width:45px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:-40px}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer div:nth-of-type(2){color:#222;font-size:120%;margin-bottom:20px;padding-top:10px} Wikipedia ejes af paraplyorganisationen Wikimedia Foundation , som driver flere flersproglige og frie projekter hvor alle kan bidrage. Meta-Wiki Om Wikiprojekterne Wiktionary Flersproget ordbog Wikiquote Citatsamling Wikisource Kildemateriale Wikibooks Gratis bøger og manualer Wikiversity Fri læring Wikispecies Videnskabelig artsoversigt Commons Fildeling af billeder og lyd Wikinews Nyhedstjeneste Wikidata Vidensdatabase MediaWiki Wiki-software Wikivoyage Rejseguide Mere om Wikimedia Wikipedia på andre sprog English | Føroyskt | Íslenska | Kalaallisut | Norsk (bokmål) | Nynorsk | Suomi | Davvisámegiella | Svenska Flere end 1.500.000 artikler: English · Sinugboanong Binisaya · Deutsch · Svenska · Français · Nederlands · Русский · Español · Italiano · مصرى (Maṣrī) · Polski Flere end 1.000.000 artikler: 日本語 · 中文 · Tiếng Việt · Українська · Winaray · العربية · Português Flere end 500.000 artikler: فارسی · Català · Српски / Srpski · Bahasa Indonesia · 한국어 · Norsk (bokmål) · Нохчийн · Suomi · Čeština · Türkçe · Magyar · Tatarça / Татарча Flere end 250.000 artikler: Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски · Română · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara · Bahasa Melayu · Esperanto · עברית · Հայերեն · Dansk · Български · Cymraeg Flere end 150.000 artikler: Slovenčina · تۆرکجه · O‘zbek · Eesti · Simple English · Беларуская · Қазақша · Minangkabau · Ελληνικά · Hrvatski · Lietuvių · Galego · Azərbaycanca · اردو · Slovenščina · Ladin · ქართული · Nynorsk · हिन्दी · ไทย · தமிழ் Komplet liste Donationer Moderselskabet Wikimedia Foundation er uafhængigt af alle interesser og behøver derfor økonomisk støtte fra læsere og brugere for at holde driften i gang. Giv et bidrag til Wikimedia og vær med til at sikre udbygningen af de servere , som Wikipedia og søsterprojekterne afvikles på. Støt Wikipedia Til toppen af siden Velkommen til Wikipedia , den frie encyklopædi som alle kan redigere . Velkommen til Wikipedia , den frie encyklopædi som alle kan redigere . Astronomi Botanik Cykling Astronomi Botanik Cykling Film Geografi Historie Film Geografi Historie Musik Kristendom Kvinder Musik Kristendom Kvinder Zoologi Flere portaler... Zoologi Flere portaler... Der findes nu over 60 millioner artikler på Wikipedia , hvoraf 312.170 er på dansk . Skribentforside • Hjælp • A–Å • Projekter • Bekendtgørelser • Wikipedia Mobil • Kontakt Wikipedia Ugens artikel Knud den Store (ca. 995 - 1035) var konge af Danmark 1018-1035, af England 1016-1035 og af Norge 1028-1035, der tilsammen ofte bliver omtalt som Nordsøimperiet . Knud var søn af Svend Tveskæg . Som dansk prins vandt han tronen i England i 1016 i kølvandet på flere hundrede års vikingeaktivitet i det nordvestlige Europa . Da han senere besteg den danske trone i 1018, bragte han den engelske og danske krone sammen. Knud forsøgte at bevare sin magtbase ved at forene danerne og englænderne igennem fælles kulturelle bånd af rigdom og tradition samt via ren brutalitet. Efter et årti i konflikt med modstandere i Skandinavien tog Knud Norges krone i Trondheim i 1028. Herredømmet over England gav danerne en vigtig forbindelse til havområdet mellem Storbritannien og Irland , hvor Knud, ligesom hans far før ham, havde store interesser og udøvede stor indflydelse blandt de norrøne gælere. Knuds besiddelser i form af Englands bispedømmer og de kontinentale bispedømmer i Danmark, som den tysk-romerske ærkebiskop af Bremen ellers havde højhedsretten over, var en kilde til stor prestige og en løftestang i forhold til den katolske kirke og blandt mange magnater i kristendommen. Efter hans sejr i 1026 over Norge og Sverige, på vej tilbage fra Rom, hvor han deltog i kroningen af den tysk-romerske kejser Konrad 2. , udnævnte han sig selv som "Konge over hele England og Danmark og nordmændene og nogle af svenskerne". Trods hans store samtidige betydning svandt arven efter Knud den Store hurtigt, først med hans børns død mindre end et tiår efter hans egen, og endeligt med den normanniske erobring af England i 1066. Han bliver populært omtalt i legenden om Kong Knud og tidevandet , der bygger på en fortælling om, hvordan Knud som en vis konge irettesatte sine hoffolk for deres sleske adfærd. ( Læs mere.. ) Seneste tre uger: Dannevirke — Den danske modstandsbevægelse — Marienborg Mere om Ugens artikel • Arkiv Dagens skandinaviske artikel Termodynamik är läran om energi, dess omvandling mellan olika former och särskilt samspelet mellan värme och arbete. Den klassiska termodynamiken studerar kopplingen mellan makroskopiska egenskaper som temperatur, volym och tryck hos termodynamiska system. Historiskt har termodynamikens utveckling drivits av önskan att öka verkningsgraden hos tidiga ångmaskiner, framför allt genom det arbete som bedrevs av den franske fysikern Sadi Carnot, ofta kallad termodynamikens fader. Den klassiska termodynamiken är en makroskopisk disciplin, till stor del baserad på mätningar och erfarenheter. I motsats bygger den statistiska termodynamiken, med grund i kvantmekaniken, på den mikroskopiska naturen hos enskilda atomer och molekyler. Utöver dessa finns ett stort antal grenar och tillämpningsområden som exempelvis kemisk termodynamik, energiteknik, meteorologi, materialvetenskap och biomedicin. Läs mer Dagens skandinaviske artikel er fra svensk Wikipedia Mere om Dagens skandinaviske artikel • Skanwiki Fremhævede artikler Fremragende artikler De nyeste fremragende artikler .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Casper & Mandrilaftalen IC4 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Middelaldercentret Gode artikler De nyeste gode artikler Linje 250S Ove Sprogøe Geoteknik Shu-bi-dua Lovende artikler De nyeste lovende artikler Han-dynastiet Global opvarmning George H.W. Bush General Motors Rediger • Mere fremhævet indhold Kategorier Naturvidenskab Naturvidenskab Astronomi Biologi Datalogi Fysik Geografi Geologi Kemi Logik Lægevidenskab Matematik Humaniora Humaniora og samfundsvidenskab Antropologi Arkitektur Filosofi Historie Jura Kommunikation Psykologi Pædagogik Sociologi Sprogforskning Statskundskab Teologi Økonomi Teknik Teknik Elektronik Energi Industri Jordbrug Mekanik Militær Robotter Sundhedsvæsen Transport Kultur Kultur Dans Film Hobby Kunst Litteratur Mad og drikke Mode Musik Mytologi Personer Politik Religion Sport Teater Traditioner Turisme Underholdning Flere kategorier Aktuelle begivenheder EM i håndbold • Skolevalg 2026 • Trumps ønske om at erhverve Grønland Journalister fra Dagbladet Information og Danwatch får Cavlingprisen for artikelserie om dansk våbeneksport til Israel. Mathias Gidsel ( billedet ) bliver Årets Sportsnavn 2025. USA indleder et angreb på Venezuela og vil retsforfølge præsident Nicolás Maduro . Danmarks EU-formandskab afsluttes, da Cypern overtager formandsposten i første halvår 2026. Den bulgarske valuta lev erstattes af euro . Rediger • Flere aktuelle begivenheder I dag Den 16. januar : Marcellus' dag, opkaldt efter Pave Marcellus 1547 - Den 16-årige Ivan den Grusomme ( billedet ) krones under navnet Ivan 4. til zar af Rusland . 1969 - Studenten Jan Palach sætter ild til sig selv på Wenzelspladsen foran Nationalmuseet i Prag i protest mod den sovjetisk-ledede invasion af Tjekkoslovakiet . Han dør 3 dage senere. 1991 - USA indleder Golfkrigen med et angreb på Irak , som netop har invaderet Kuwait . Rediger • Alle månedens dage Vidste du at... Fra Wikipedias nyeste artikler… ... den tyske 1700-tals læge Franz Mesmers ( billedet ) teori om animalsk magnetisme blev en vigtig forløber for studiet af hypnose ? ... da nordic noir tv-serien Forbrydelsen blev vist på BBC , var det meget usædvanligt med dansk originaltale og engelske undertekster? ... maleren og grafikeren Herman Stilling også skrev en lang række børnebøger ? ... den berygtede tyske Gestapo -chef Fritz Bolle efter 2. Verdenskrig undgik retsforfølgelse, men i 1973 begik selvmord? Rediger • Flere vidste du at... Nyligt afdøde 9. januar – Lone Bastholm , dansk skuespiller og teaterchef (født 1934 ). 3. januar – Sverre Anker Ousdal , norsk skuespiller (født 1944 ). 30. december – Khaleda Zia ( billedet ), bangladeshisk politiker (født 1945 ). 28. december – Brigitte Bardot , fransk skuespillerinde (født 1934 ). 22. december – Chris Rea , engelsk musiker (født 1951 ). Rediger • Flere nyligt afdøde Dagens billede Langhornet næsehornsfisk ( Naso brevirostris ), en art af strålefinnede fisk , Det Røde Hav , Egypten . Arten kan blive op til 60 cm lang og lever i det Indiske Ocean og vestlige Stillehav . Rediger • Arkiv Knud den Store (ca. 995 - 1035) var konge af Danmark 1018-1035, af England 1016-1035 og af Norge 1028-1035, der tilsammen ofte bliver omtalt som Nordsøimperiet . Knud var søn af Svend Tveskæg . Som dansk prins vandt han tronen i England i 1016 i kølvandet på flere hundrede års vikingeaktivitet i det nordvestlige Europa . Da han senere besteg den danske trone i 1018, bragte han den engelske og danske krone sammen. Knud forsøgte at bevare sin magtbase ved at forene danerne og englænderne igennem fælles kulturelle bånd af rigdom og tradition samt via ren brutalitet. Efter et årti i konflikt med modstandere i Skandinavien tog Knud Norges krone i Trondheim i 1028. Herredømmet over England gav danerne en vigtig forbindelse til havområdet mellem Storbritannien og Irland , hvor Knud, ligesom hans far før ham, havde store interesser og udøvede stor indflydelse blandt de norrøne gælere. Knuds besiddelser i form af Englands bispedømmer og de kontinentale bispedømmer i Danmark, som den tysk-romerske ærkebiskop af Bremen ellers havde højhedsretten over, var en kilde til stor prestige og en løftestang i forhold til den katolske kirke og blandt mange magnater i kristendommen. Efter hans sejr i 1026 over Norge og Sverige, på vej tilbage fra Rom, hvor han deltog i kroningen af den tysk-romerske kejser Konrad 2. , udnævnte han sig selv som "Konge over hele England og Danmark og nordmændene og nogle af svenskerne". Termodynamik är läran om energi, dess omvandling mellan olika former och särskilt samspelet mellan värme och arbete. Den klassiska termodynamiken studerar kopplingen mellan makroskopiska egenskaper som temperatur, volym och tryck hos termodynamiska system. Historiskt har termodynamikens utveckling drivits av önskan att öka verkningsgraden hos tidiga ångmaskiner, framför allt genom det arbete som bedrevs av den franske fysikern Sadi Carnot, ofta kallad termodynamikens fader. Fremragende artikler De nyeste fremragende artikler .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Casper & Mandrilaftalen IC4 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Middelaldercentret De nyeste fremragende artikler .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Casper & Mandrilaftalen IC4 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Middelaldercentret De nyeste fremragende artikler Casper & Mandrilaftalen IC4 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Middelaldercentret Gode artikler De nyeste gode artikler Linje 250S Ove Sprogøe Geoteknik Shu-bi-dua De nyeste gode artikler Linje 250S Ove Sprogøe Geoteknik Shu-bi-dua De nyeste gode artikler Linje 250S Ove Sprogøe Geoteknik Shu-bi-dua Lovende artikler De nyeste lovende artikler Han-dynastiet Global opvarmning George H.W. Bush General Motors De nyeste lovende artikler Han-dynastiet Global opvarmning George H.W. Bush General Motors De nyeste lovende artikler Han-dynastiet Global opvarmning George H.W. Bush General Motors Naturvidenskab Naturvidenskab Astronomi Biologi Datalogi Fysik Geografi Geologi Kemi Logik Lægevidenskab Matematik Naturvidenskab Astronomi Biologi Datalogi Fysik Geografi Geologi Kemi Logik Lægevidenskab Matematik Naturvidenskab Astronomi Biologi Datalogi Fysik Geografi Geologi Kemi Logik Lægevidenskab Matematik Humaniora Humaniora og samfundsvidenskab Antropologi Arkitektur Filosofi Historie Jura Kommunikation Psykologi Pædagogik Sociologi Sprogforskning Statskundskab Teologi Økonomi Humaniora og samfundsvidenskab Antropologi Arkitektur Filosofi Historie Jura Kommunikation Psykologi Pædagogik Sociologi Sprogforskning Statskundskab Teologi Økonomi Humaniora og samfundsvidenskab Antropologi Arkitektur Filosofi Historie Jura Kommunikation Psykologi Pædagogik Sociologi Sprogforskning Statskundskab Teologi Økonomi Teknik Teknik Elektronik Energi Industri Jordbrug Mekanik Militær Robotter Sundhedsvæsen Transport Teknik Elektronik Energi Industri Jordbrug Mekanik Militær Robotter Sundhedsvæsen Transport Teknik Elektronik Energi Industri Jordbrug Mekanik Militær Robotter Sundhedsvæsen Transport Kultur Kultur Dans Film Hobby Kunst Litteratur Mad og drikke Mode Musik Mytologi Personer Politik Religion Sport Teater Traditioner Turisme Underholdning Kultur Dans Film Hobby Kunst Litteratur Mad og drikke Mode Musik Mytologi Personer Politik Religion Sport Teater Traditioner Turisme Underholdning Kultur Dans Film Hobby Kunst Litteratur Mad og drikke Mode Musik Mytologi Personer Politik Religion Sport Teater Traditioner Turisme Underholdning Journalister fra Dagbladet Information og Danwatch får Cavlingprisen for artikelserie om dansk våbeneksport til Israel. Mathias Gidsel ( billedet ) bliver Årets Sportsnavn 2025. USA indleder et angreb på Venezuela og vil retsforfølge præsident Nicolás Maduro . Danmarks EU-formandskab afsluttes, da Cypern overtager formandsposten i første halvår 2026. Den bulgarske valuta lev erstattes af euro . Den 16. januar : Marcellus' dag, opkaldt efter Pave Marcellus 1547 - Den 16-årige Ivan den Grusomme ( billedet ) krones under navnet Ivan 4. til zar af Rusland . 1969 - Studenten Jan Palach sætter ild til sig selv på Wenzelspladsen foran Nationalmuseet i Prag i protest mod den sovjetisk-ledede invasion af Tjekkoslovakiet . Han dør 3 dage senere. 1991 - USA indleder Golfkrigen med et angreb på Irak , som netop har invaderet Kuwait . Fra Wikipedias nyeste artikler… ... den tyske 1700-tals læge Franz Mesmers ( billedet ) teori om animalsk magnetisme blev en vigtig forløber for studiet af hypnose ? ... da nordic noir tv-serien Forbrydelsen blev vist på BBC , var det meget usædvanligt med dansk originaltale og engelske undertekster? ... maleren og grafikeren Herman Stilling også skrev en lang række børnebøger ? ... den berygtede tyske Gestapo -chef Fritz Bolle efter 2. Verdenskrig undgik retsforfølgelse, men i 1973 begik selvmord? 9. januar – Lone Bastholm , dansk skuespiller og teaterchef (født 1934 ). 3. januar – Sverre Anker Ousdal , norsk skuespiller (født 1944 ). 30. december – Khaleda Zia ( billedet ), bangladeshisk politiker (født 1945 ). 28. december – Brigitte Bardot , fransk skuespillerinde (født 1934 ). 22. december – Chris Rea , engelsk musiker (født 1951 ). Langhornet næsehornsfisk ( Naso brevirostris ), en art af strålefinnede fisk , Det Røde Hav , Egypten . Arten kan blive op til 60 cm lang og lever i det Indiske Ocean og vestlige Stillehav . Søsterprojekter .mw-parser-output #siteContainer{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .siteItem{display:inline-block;clear:both;padding:0 0.8%}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .siteItem{padding:unset;width:49.5%;margin:2%0}.mw-parser-output .siteItem:nth-of-type(even){float:left;clear:none}.mw-parser-output .siteItem:nth-of-type(odd){float:right}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer:after{content:"";clear:both;display:block}}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer{margin-top:10px;clear:both;padding-top:5px;color:#222;line-height:120%}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer div:first-child{background:white;width:45px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:-40px}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer div:nth-of-type(2){color:#222;font-size:120%;margin-bottom:20px;padding-top:10px} Wikipedia ejes af paraplyorganisationen Wikimedia Foundation , som driver flere flersproglige og frie projekter hvor alle kan bidrage. Meta-Wiki Om Wikiprojekterne Wiktionary Flersproget ordbog Wikiquote Citatsamling Wikisource Kildemateriale Wikibooks Gratis bøger og manualer Wikiversity Fri læring Wikispecies Videnskabelig artsoversigt Commons Fildeling af billeder og lyd Wikinews Nyhedstjeneste Wikidata Vidensdatabase MediaWiki Wiki-software Wikivoyage Rejseguide Mere om Wikimedia Wikipedia på andre sprog English | Føroyskt | Íslenska | Kalaallisut | Norsk (bokmål) | Nynorsk | Suomi | Davvisámegiella | Svenska Flere end 1.500.000 artikler: English · Sinugboanong Binisaya · Deutsch · Svenska · Français · Nederlands · Русский · Español · Italiano · مصرى (Maṣrī) · Polski Flere end 1.000.000 artikler: 日本語 · 中文 · Tiếng Việt · Українська · Winaray · العربية · Português Flere end 500.000 artikler: فارسی · Català · Српски / Srpski · Bahasa Indonesia · 한국어 · Norsk (bokmål) · Нохчийн · Suomi · Čeština · Türkçe · Magyar · Tatarça / Татарча Flere end 250.000 artikler: Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски · Română · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara · Bahasa Melayu · Esperanto · עברית · Հայերեն · Dansk · Български · Cymraeg Flere end 150.000 artikler: Slovenčina · تۆرکجه · O‘zbek · Eesti · Simple English · Беларуская · Қазақша · Minangkabau · Ελληνικά · Hrvatski · Lietuvių · Galego · Azərbaycanca · اردو · Slovenščina · Ladin · ქართული · Nynorsk · हिन्दी · ไทย · தமிழ் Komplet liste Donationer Moderselskabet Wikimedia Foundation er uafhængigt af alle interesser og behøver derfor økonomisk støtte fra læsere og brugere for at holde driften i gang. Giv et bidrag til Wikimedia og vær med til at sikre udbygningen af de servere , som Wikipedia og søsterprojekterne afvikles på. Støt Wikipedia Til toppen af siden Wikipedia ejes af paraplyorganisationen Wikimedia Foundation , som driver flere flersproglige og frie projekter hvor alle kan bidrage. Meta-Wiki Om Wikiprojekterne Wiktionary Flersproget ordbog Wikiquote Citatsamling Wikisource Kildemateriale Wikibooks Gratis bøger og manualer Wikiversity Fri læring Wikispecies Videnskabelig artsoversigt Commons Fildeling af billeder og lyd Wikinews Nyhedstjeneste Wikidata Vidensdatabase MediaWiki Wiki-software Wikivoyage Rejseguide English | Føroyskt | Íslenska | Kalaallisut | Norsk (bokmål) | Nynorsk | Suomi | Davvisámegiella | Svenska Flere end 1.500.000 artikler: English · Sinugboanong Binisaya · Deutsch · Svenska · Français · Nederlands · Русский · Español · Italiano · مصرى (Maṣrī) · Polski Flere end 1.000.000 artikler: 日本語 · 中文 · Tiếng Việt · Українська · Winaray · العربية · Português Flere end 500.000 artikler: فارسی · Català · Српски / Srpski · Bahasa Indonesia · 한국어 · Norsk (bokmål) · Нохчийн · Suomi · Čeština · Türkçe · Magyar · Tatarça / Татарча Flere end 250.000 artikler: Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски · Română · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara · Bahasa Melayu · Esperanto · עברית · Հայերեն · Dansk · Български · Cymraeg Flere end 150.000 artikler: Slovenčina · تۆرکجه · O‘zbek · Eesti · Simple English · Беларуская · Қазақша · Minangkabau · Ελληνικά · Hrvatski · Lietuvių · Galego · Azərbaycanca · اردو · Slovenščina · Ladin · ქართული · Nynorsk · हिन्दी · ไทย · தமிழ் Moderselskabet Wikimedia Foundation er uafhængigt af alle interesser og behøver derfor økonomisk støtte fra læsere og brugere for at holde driften i gang. Giv et bidrag til Wikimedia og vær med til at sikre udbygningen af de servere , som Wikipedia og søsterprojekterne afvikles på. Til toppen af siden Wikipedia administration Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Denne side blev senest ændret den 14. juli 2019 kl. 18:17. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 3 Women in Congress 4 Role Toggle Role subsection 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 5 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 6 Procedures Toggle Procedures subsection 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 7 Public interaction Toggle Public interaction subsection 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 8 Privileges Toggle Privileges subsection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links United States Congress Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article has multiple issues. 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Find sources: "United States Congress" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) United States Congress 119th Congress Coat of arms of the United States Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4, 1789 (236 years ago) ( 1789-03-04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation Leadership President of the Senate JD Vance ( R ) since January 20, 2025 ( 2025-01-20 ) President pro tempore of the Senate Chuck Grassley ( R ) since January 3, 2025 ( 2025-01-03 ) Speaker of the House Mike Johnson ( R ) since October 25, 2023 ( 2023-10-25 ) Structure Seats .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Majority (53) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] House of Representatives political groups Majority (218) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Elections Last Senate election November 5, 2024 Last House of Representatives election November 5, 2024 Next Senate election November 3, 2026 Next House of Representatives election November 3, 2026 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States of America Website congress .gov Constitution United States Constitution , Article I The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body , the U.S. House of Representatives , and an upper body , the U.S. Senate . They both meet in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Members of Congress are chosen through direct election , [ b ] though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor 's appointment. Congress has a total of 535 voting members, a figure which includes 100 senators and 435 representatives ; the House of Representatives has 6 additional non-voting members . The vice president of the United States , as president of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie. [ 2 ] Congress [ c ] convenes for a two-year term (a Congress), commencing every other January. Each Congress is usually split into two sessions, one for each year. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day . The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional District Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts . It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states. Article One of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be a U.S. citizen for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times. Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution 's First Article and first met in 1789 , replacing the Congress of the Confederation in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice members of Congress since the late 19th century are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties , the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , and only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. Members can also switch parties at any time, though this is uncommon. Overview Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue -raising bills. [ citation needed ] The House initiates and decides impeachment while the Senate votes on conviction and removal of office for impeachment cases. [ 4 ] A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. [ 4 ] The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 119th Congress , began on January 3, 2025, and will end on January 3, 2027. Since the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, while members of the House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. [ citation needed ] Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government" [ 5 ] and a "remarkably resilient institution". [ 6 ] Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. [ 7 ] Several academics described Congress: Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux. [ 8 ] In recent times, the American South and West have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities . [ 8 ] While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change, the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . [ 7 ] The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state's at-large representation to the federal government by senators . [ citation needed ] Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. [ 9 ] The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . [ 10 ] Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government. [ citation needed ] History 18th century The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies . [ 11 ] On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty [ 12 ] and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral Congress. [ 15 ] Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. [ 16 ] The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. [ 17 ] A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise , was adopted with representatives chosen by population (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states). [ 8 ] [ 18 ] The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual is subject to the powers of state government and national government. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government – executive, legislative, and judicial – had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . [ 4 ] Furthermore, there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers. [ 22 ] The new government became active in 1789. [ 4 ] [ 23 ] Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era (1780s–1820s), the partisan era (1830s–1900s), the committee era (1910s–1960s), and the contemporary era (1970–present). [ 24 ] Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Republican Party [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and thus began the era of the First Party System . [ citation needed ] 19th century In 1800, Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties. John Marshall , 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court , empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The Civil War , which lasted from 1861 to 1865, resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states' rights . The Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. [ 29 ] Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics. [ 30 ] The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . [ citation needed ] 20th century By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings. [ 32 ] A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s. [ 33 ] Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment , [ 18 ] ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. [ 34 ] One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate. [ 35 ] Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. [ 36 ] The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats [ 37 ] and historic New Deal policies. Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather initiated by Congress. [ 38 ] President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees, a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. [ 39 ] The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats [ 43 ] formed the Conservative Coalition . [ 42 ] [ 44 ] Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. [ 47 ] Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy. [ 47 ] Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994. [ 50 ] Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . [ 51 ] Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . [ 7 ] Congress began reasserting its authority. [ 38 ] [ 52 ] Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. [ 53 ] While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. [ 53 ] Reforms such as the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. [ 54 ] One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". [ 55 ] From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] along with concern over PAC influence in Congress. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs [ 60 ] including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . [ 61 ] From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] From 1970 to 2009, the House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa were added. [ citation needed ] In the late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work. [ 64 ] Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions". [ 64 ] Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage. [ 8 ] Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite. [ 65 ] A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility". [ 66 ] In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative. [ 67 ] One report suggested Congress posed the "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its brinksmanship , "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed. [ 68 ] There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress, [ 69 ] with extremely low approval ratings [ 70 ] [ 71 ] which dropped to 5% in October 2013. [ 72 ] 21st century In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands . These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] On January 6, 2021, Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building . The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump supporters occupied Congress until D.C. police evacuated the area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812 that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied. [ 76 ] Despite the importance of Congress outlined in Article One , Congress has [ when? ] lost power to the executive and judiciary both intentionally and unintentionally. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Women in Congress Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women's domestic roles and the inability to vote forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and the lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow's succession – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women. [ 82 ] Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress. [ 83 ] Recruitment and financial support for women candidates were rare until the second-wave feminism movement , when activists moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees like EMILY's List began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas and the 2016 presidential election created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of the Woman and the election of members of The Squad , respectively. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws , voter suppression and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year , and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in the 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress. [ 86 ] Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people . Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color. [ 87 ] Carol Moseley Braun became the first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono , won in 2013. [ citation needed ] In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first female President of the Senate , which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States . [ citation needed ] Role Powers Overview Article One of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. [ 88 ] Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause . [ citation needed ] Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm." [ 89 ] Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. [ 89 ] The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. [ 90 ] The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. [ 90 ] Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. [ 91 ] Generally, the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . [ 4 ] Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military. [ 92 ] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war. [ 93 ] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican–American War , the Spanish–American War , World War I , and World War II , [ 94 ] although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval. [ 94 ] In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a "police action". [ 95 ] According to Time magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." [ 94 ] In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War II." [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. [ 99 ] Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. [ citation needed ] One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. [ 100 ] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. [ 101 ] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case. [ 102 ] There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions. [ 103 ] Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers. [ 104 ] There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress. [ 105 ] So-called signing statements are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account. [ 106 ] Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , [ 107 ] have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association , have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress. [ 110 ] In 2008, George F. Will called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters". [ 111 ] Enumeration The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law. [ 112 ] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. [ 113 ] Implicit, commerce clause Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". [ 114 ] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v. Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Territorial government Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C. , the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress. [ 117 ] The republican form of government in territories is devolved by congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors, the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures. [ 118 ] Each territory and Washington, D.C., elects a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout congressional history. They "possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives". They are assigned offices and allowances for staff, participate in debate, and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. [ 119 ] Washington, D.C., citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States, although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories. [ 120 ] Checks and balances Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government: To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government. Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One. [ 5 ] [ 121 ] The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership, presidential political influence, historical circumstances such as war, and individual initiative by members of Congress. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards. [ 122 ] The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . [ 123 ] Congress restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . The presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century. [ 5 ] [ 123 ] Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret; in return, knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity, congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies. [ 124 ] Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies, and this is a task that Congress is ill-suited for. Congress is slow, open, divided, and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity, according to one analysis. [ 125 ] The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach executive or judicial officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors". Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official. The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments. A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official; a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future. Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this. A convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial. Only three presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1999, Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton, and the 2019 trial of Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated his removal from office. [ citation needed ] The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate". It confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010. [ 126 ] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president. [ 4 ] In 1803, the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself. The Constitution did not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review. The notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example, mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should, might, or could have said. [ 127 ] Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law. It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially. In 1857, for example, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision. [ 128 ] At the same time, the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations. [ citation needed ] The congressional inquiry into St. Clair's Defeat of 1791 was the first congressional investigation of the executive branch. [ 129 ] Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches. Committees may hold hearings, and, if necessary, subpoena people to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public (the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception); important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards. [ 131 ] Congress, in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters, generates an incredible amount of information in various forms, and can be described as a publisher. [ 132 ] Indeed, it publishes House and Senate reports [ 132 ] and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats. [ 132 ] Congress also plays a role in presidential elections. Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes, and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority. [ 4 ] The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws, [ 133 ] most of which are contained in the United States Code, arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws "in a concise and usable form". [ 4 ] Structure Congress is split into two chambers – House and Senate – and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas. Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees. Further, Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information, and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well. In addition, a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests. Committees Specializations The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely. It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress. [ 134 ] As time goes by, members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects. Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade-offs. The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member's constituency, important regional issues, prior background and experience. [ 135 ] Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap. [ 136 ] Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation; for example, the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs. [ 137 ] Power Committees write legislation. While procedures, such as the House discharge petition process, can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input, they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action. Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information, evaluate alternatives, and identify problems. [ 138 ] They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber. [ 138 ] In addition, they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing. [ 138 ] Officer At the start of each two-year session, the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party's leader. In the Senate, the vice president is the ex officio president of the Senate. In addition, the Senate elects an officer called the president pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there is a change in party control. Accordingly, the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress. In the House and Senate, the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber. [ citation needed ] Support services Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) was established by an act of Congress in 1800. It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites: the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington, D.C.; the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper, Virginia ; a large book storage facility located in Fort Meade, Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices. The Library had mostly law books when it was burnt by British forces in 1814 during the War of 1812 , but the library's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library. One of the library's missions is to serve Congress and its staff as well as the American public. It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books, films, maps, photographs, music, manuscripts, graphics, and materials in 470 languages. [ 139 ] Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS), part of the Library of Congress, provides detailed, up-to-date and non-partisan research for senators, representatives, and their staff to help them carry out their official duties. It provides ideas for legislation, helps members analyze a bill, facilitates public hearings, makes reports, consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure, and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements. It has been called the "House's think tank" and has a staff of about 900 employees. [ 140 ] Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress. [ 141 ] It was created as an independent non-partisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process. It makes projections about such matters as the national debt [ 142 ] as well as likely costs of legislation. It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate's Appropriations Committee . The speaker of the House and the Senate's president pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO director for a four-year term. [ citation needed ] Government Accountability Office The Government Accountability Office (GAO), is a federal agency within the legislative branch that provides auditing , evaluative , and investigative services for the United States Congress in an independent and nonpartisan capacity. [ 143 ] The GAO is the supreme audit institution of the federal government of the United States . It identifies its core "mission values" as: accountability, integrity, and reliability. [ 144 ] It is also known as the "congressional watchdog". [ 145 ] Architect of the Capitol The Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is a federal agency within the legislative branch that is responsible for the maintenance , operation, development, construction , building preservation , and property management of the United States Capitol Complex [ 146 ] and is accountable directly to the United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States . [ 147 ] United States Capitol Police Lobbying Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients' needs. Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills. In 2007, there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington, D.C. [ 148 ] They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations. Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested. [ citation needed ] Partisanship versus bipartisanship Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties, known as bipartisanship , and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting, known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship, as is the case today. It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible. Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades, but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies, as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution. [ 149 ] Procedures Sessions A term of Congress is divided into two " sessions ", one for each year; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently. The Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house. Joint sessions Joint sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from House and Senate. These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president's State of the Union address. The constitutionally mandated report , normally given as an annual speech, is modeled on Britain's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913. Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the speaker of the House, except when counting presidential electoral votes when the vice president (acting as the president of the Senate) presides. [ citation needed ] Bills and resolutions Ideas for legislation can come from members, lobbyists, state legislatures, constituents, legislative counsel, or executive agencies. Anyone can write a bill, but only members of Congress may introduce bills. Most bills are not written by Congress members, but originate from the Executive branch; interest groups often draft bills as well. The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review. [ 4 ] A proposal is usually in one of these forms: Bills are laws in the making. A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it progresses. [ 133 ] Joint resolutions. There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly; a joint resolution originating from the House, for example, begins "H.J.Res." followed by its number. [ 133 ] Concurrent Resolutions affect only the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president. In the House, they begin with "H.Con.Res." [ 133 ] Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with "H.Res." or "S.Res." [ 133 ] Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk's desk. [ 133 ] It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage. [ 133 ] Drafting statutes requires "great skill, knowledge, and experience" and sometimes take a year or more. [ 4 ] Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction. Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war. On the other hand, concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house. The Constitution states: "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." While the Senate cannot originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has the power to amend or reject them. Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels. [ 4 ] Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law. In the House, a Rules Committee guides legislation; in the Senate, a Standing Rules committee is in charge. Each branch has its own traditions; for example, the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting "unanimous consent" for noncontroversial matters. [ 4 ] House and Senate rules can be complex, sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before a bill can become a law. [ 5 ] Members sometimes turn to outside experts to learn about proper congressional procedures. [ 150 ] Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . [ 4 ] Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. Standing committees meet at least once each month. [ 4 ] Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes, publicly, to close the meeting. [ 4 ] A committee might call for public hearings on important bills. [ 4 ] Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party. Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill. [ 133 ] Then, a bill may go to what is called a mark-up session, where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions. [ 133 ] Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After debate, the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house. If a bill is tabled then it is rejected. If amendments are extensive, sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number. [ 133 ] Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used. Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power. [ 151 ] A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex [ 133 ] and begins with an enacting formula such as "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled ..." Consideration of a bill requires, itself, a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate – time limits, possibility of further amendments, and such. [ 133 ] Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak. [ 133 ] Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it. [ 133 ] Generally, discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives, before discussion can begin, although there are exceptions. [ 152 ] The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows. Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other which may pass, reject, or amend it. For the bill to become law, both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill. [ 133 ] If the second house amends the bill, then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes senators and representatives [ 133 ] sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills. [ 4 ] Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay-as-you-go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts that increase budget deficits. [ 4 ] If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee, the bill passes, otherwise it fails. [ citation needed ] The Constitution specifies that a majority of members (a quorum ) be present before doing business in each house. The rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary and debate often continues despite the lack of a majority. [ citation needed ] Voting within Congress can take many forms, including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting. [ 4 ] Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto. If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually happens. The Senate uses roll-call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced. In the Senate, the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the senators are equally divided. [ citation needed ] The House reserves roll-call votes for the most formal matters, as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time; normally, members vote by using an electronic device. In the case of a tie, the motion in question fails. Most votes in the House are done electronically, allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . [ 4 ] Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose; in addition, paper ballots are used occasionally ( yea indicated by green and nay by red). [ 4 ] One member cannot cast a proxy vote for another. [ 4 ] Congressional votes are recorded on an online database. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] After passage by both houses, a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval. [ 133 ] The president may sign it making it law or veto it, perhaps returning it to Congress with the president's objections. A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the president may do nothing neither signing nor vetoing the bill and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days (not counting Sundays) according to the Constitution. But if Congress is adjourned during this period, presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and cannot be overridden by the adjourned Congress. [ citation needed ] Public interaction Advantage of incumbency Citizens and representatives Senators face reelection every six years, and representatives every two. Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts. [ 64 ] Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing, according to some critics. [ 155 ] Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters. [ citation needed ] Incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers. [ 53 ] They raise more money [ 58 ] because donors fund incumbents over challengers, perceiving the former as more likely to win, [ 56 ] [ 156 ] and donations are vital for winning elections. [ 157 ] One critic compared election to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university. [ 156 ] Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . [ 158 ] [ 159 ] After each ten-year census, states are allocated representatives based on population, and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party. As a result, reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent, [ 9 ] causing some critics to call them a privileged class. [ 8 ] Academics such as Princeton's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering in the U.S. Senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges, called franking privileges ; while these are not intended for electioneering, this rule is often skirted by borderline election-related mailings during campaigns. [ citation needed ] Expensive campaigns In 1971, the cost of running for Congress in Utah was $70,000 [ 160 ] but costs have climbed. [ 161 ] The biggest expense is television advertisements. [ 57 ] [ 156 ] [ 160 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Today's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat, and six million or more for a Senate seat. [ 8 ] [ 57 ] [ 162 ] [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Since fundraising is vital, "members of Congress are forced to spend ever-increasing hours raising money for their re-election", according to the Fair Elections Now coalition. [ 166 ] The Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue. [ 161 ] Some see money as a good influence in politics since it "enables candidates to communicate with voters". [ 161 ] Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection. [ 8 ] Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens. [ 8 ] Elections are influenced by many variables. Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect (when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by "riding on the president's coattails"), although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s. [ 53 ] Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected, and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent. If a seat becomes vacant in an open district, then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races; in California in 1992, only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive. [ 169 ] Television and negative advertising Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television, this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent's character without focusing on the issues. [ 170 ] Negative advertising is seen as effective because "the messages tend to stick." [ 171 ] These advertisements sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame. [ 172 ] One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election, which leads to a culture of risk avoidance, a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors, [ 172 ] [ 173 ] and concentrating publicity efforts in the members' home districts. [ 64 ] Perceptions Prominent Founding Fathers , writing in The Federalist Papers , felt that elections were essential to liberty, that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential, [ 174 ] and that "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured." [ 174 ] In 2009, few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since, although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election. [ 178 ] Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have, in the last few decades, hovered around 25% with some variation. [ 8 ] [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the "size, messiness, virtues, and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency, Congress is difficult to conceptualize." [ 185 ] Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism, "Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources" and that most members behave ethically. [ 6 ] They contend that "Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend" and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress, which is an "old form of American politics" that further undermines Congress's reputation with the public: [ 8 ] The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. — Smith, Roberts & Wielen [ 8 ] An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science, engineering and economics. [ 8 ] As a result, Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch. [ 8 ] Since 2006, Congress has dropped ten points in the Gallup confidence poll with only nine percent having "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in their legislators. [ 186 ] Since 2011, Gallup poll has reported Congress's approval rating among Americans at 10% or below three times. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5% in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed 'nonessential government' shut down. [ 72 ] Smaller states and bigger states When the Constitution was ratified in 1787, the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one. The Connecticut Compromise gave every state, large and small, an equal vote in the Senate. [ 187 ] Since each state has two senators, residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states. But since 1787, the population disparity between large and small states has grown; in 2006, for example, California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . [ 188 ] Critics, such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson , have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from "large states to small states". [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Others argue that the Connecticut Compromise was deliberately intended by the Founding Fathers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population, [ 187 ] and contend that the result works well on balance. Members and constituents A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . [ 192 ] Constituents request assistance with problems. [ 193 ] Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections [ 158 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] and can make a difference in close races. [ 196 ] Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies. [ 5 ] One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . [ 197 ] : 8 Motivation One way to categorize lawmakers, according to former University of Rochester political science professor Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation: Reelection: These are lawmakers who "never met a voter they didn't like" and provide excellent constituent services. Good public policy: Legislators who "burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership". Power in the chamber: Lawmakers who spend serious time along the "rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues". Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an "issue entrepreneur" who looked for issues to serve his ambitions. [ 197 ] : 34 Privileges Outside income and gifts Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on their future careers as lobbyists after serving – that Congress was a " Farm League for K Street ". [ 198 ] [ 199 ] Family members of active legislators have also been hired by lobbying firms, which while not allowed to lobby their family member, has drawn criticism as a conflict of interest. [ 200 ] Members of congress have been accused of insider trading , such as in the 2020 congressional insider trading scandal , where members of Congress or their family members have traded on stocks related to work on their committees. [ 201 ] One 2011 study concluded that portfolios of members of Congress outperformed both the market and hedge funds, which the authors suggested as evidence of insider trading. [ 202 ] Proposed solutions include putting stocks in blind trusts to prevent future insider trading. [ 203 ] Some members of Congress have gone on lavish trips paid for by outside groups, sometimes bringing family members, which are often legal even if in an ethical gray area. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Pay Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income . [ 206 ] Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . [ 179 ] Another criticism is that members of Congress are insulated from the health care market due to their coverage. [ 207 ] Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress. [ 160 ] [ 163 ] In January 2014, it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires. [ 208 ] Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute. [ 209 ] Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds. [ 210 ] The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2018, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was $75,528, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $41,208. [ 211 ] Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed, but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing. For example, The Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas, $300-per-night extra unused rooms, and shopping excursions. [ 212 ] Some lawmakers responded that "traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington" and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations. [ 212 ] By the Twenty-seventh Amendment , changes to congressional pay may not take effect before the next election to the House of the Representatives. [ 213 ] In Boehner v. Anderson , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the amendment does not affect cost-of-living adjustments . [ 214 ] [ 213 ] Postage The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense. Though they are not permitted to send election materials, borderline material is often sent, especially in the run-up to an election by those in close races. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers. [ 9 ] [ failed verification ] [ 217 ] Protection Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace , and freedom of speech in debate. This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions. [ 218 ] The term "arrest" has been interpreted broadly, and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege; a member may not waive the privilege on their own but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so. Senate rules are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose. [ 219 ] The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses, providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place." Accordingly, a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house, although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches, and may punish members who transgress. [ 220 ] Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite people for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation – the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case. If convicted in court of contempt of Congress, a person may be imprisoned for up to one year. [ 221 ] See also Caucuses of the United States Congress Congressional archives – Records documenting the history and activities of the United States Congress Congressional Baseball Game – Annual baseball game played by members of the United States Congress Divided government in the United States – Divided control of the US government between political parties Elections in the United States § Congressional elections List of current United States representatives List of current United States senators List of United States Congresses Oath of office § United States Radio and Television Correspondents' Association United States congressional hearing Notes ^ Independent Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party. [ 1 ] ^ Before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. ^ Congress does not take a grammatical article , except when referring to an individual Congress. [ 3 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats" . Politico . November 14, 2012. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020 . Retrieved November 28, 2020 . Angus King of Maine, who cruised to victory last week running as an independent, said Wednesday that he will caucus with Senate Democrats. [...] The Senate's other independent, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, also caucuses with the Democrats. ^ Manning, Jennifer E. (December 17, 2020). Membership of the 116th Congress: A Profile (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service . p. 4. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Congress is composed of 541 individuals from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Rico. ^ Garner, Bryan A. (2011). Garner's Dictionary of Legal Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780195384208 . Retrieved October 22, 2023 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v John V. Sullivan (July 24, 2007). 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Retrieved December 17, 2009 . ^ a b "Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 27 – "Financial Compensation for the Congress" " . Ronald Reagan . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ 30 F.3d 156 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ^ English (2003), pp. 24–25. ^ Simpson, G. R. (October 22, 1992). "Surprise! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges". Roll Call. ^ Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). "The American Congress (Fourth Edition)" . Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781139446990 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Davidson (2006), p. 17. ^ "Rules Of The Senate" . U.S. Senate Committee on Rules & Administration . Archived from the original on December 30, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2022 . ^ Brewer, F. M. (1952). "Congressional Immunity" . CQ Press . doi : 10.4135/cqresrre1952042500 . Archived from the original on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved January 16, 2021 . ^ "Contempt of Congress" . HeinOnline . The Jurist . January 1, 1957. ProQuest 1296619169 . Retrieved September 7, 2020 . References "How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea – And A Plan – To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too" . Newsweek . October 28, 1996. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . "The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise" . PBS. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Alexander Hamilton (1788). "Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union" . FoundingFathers.info. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Bacon, Donald C.; Davidson, Roger H.; Keller, Morton, eds. (1995). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.) . Simon & Schuster. Collier, Christopher & Collier, James Lincoln (1986). Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-394-52346-6 . Davidson, Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek (2006). Congress and Its Members (10th ed.). Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press. ISBN 0-87187-325-7 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) English, Ross M. (2003). The United States Congress . Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6309-4 . Francis-Smith, Janice (October 22, 2008). "Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma" . The Oklahoma City Journal Record. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Herrnson, Paul S. (2004). Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-826-1 . Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 1-59033-509-0 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2020 . Huckabee, David C. – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division (March 8, 1995). "Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2)" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Maier, Pauline (book reviewer) (November 18, 2007). "HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Oleszek, Walter J. (2004). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press. ISBN 0-87187-477-6 . Polsby, Nelson W. (2004). How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516195-5 . Price, David E. (2000). The Congressional Experience . Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1157-8 . Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020). "Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress" . Daedalus . 149 : 40– 55. doi : 10.1162/daed_a_01772 . ISSN 0011-5266 . S2CID 209487865 . Archived from the original on April 24, 2021 . Retrieved April 6, 2021 . Struble, Robert Jr. (2007). Chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-17906-2 . Further reading Ritchie, Donald A. (2022). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction . (History, representation, and legislative procedure) Smith, Steven S.; Roberts, Jason M.; Vander Wielen, Ryan (2007). The American Congress (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19704-5 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) Hamilton, Lee H. (2004) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press. Lee, Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer. (1999). Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press: Chicago. (Equal representation in the Senate) Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Act of Congress list list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Capitol Complex on Capitol Hill and other headquarters offices Legislative offices Congressional staff Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General GAO Building Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory U.S. Gov. Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Capitol Complex on Capitol Hill and other headquarters offices Legislative offices Congressional staff Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General GAO Building Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory U.S. Gov. Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Legislative offices Congressional staff Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General GAO Building Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Congressional staff Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General GAO Building Comptroller General GAO Building Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Senate Curator Historical Library Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Congressional Research Service reports reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory U.S. Gov. Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory U.S. Gov. Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Articles related to the United States Congress v t e United States congresses (and year convened) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e United States History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Transport Aviation Driving Public transportation Rail transportation Transportation policy Transportation safety Trucking industry Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal v t e National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Related Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses v t e National legislative bodies of the Americas Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Greenland Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands v t e United States congresses (and year convened) v t e 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations v t e States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Alabama H S H S Alaska H S H S Arizona H S H S Arkansas H S H S California H S H S Colorado H S H S Connecticut H S H S Delaware H S H S Florida H S H S Georgia H S H S Hawaii H S H S Idaho H S H S Illinois H S H S Indiana H S H S Iowa H S H S Kansas H S H S Kentucky H S H S Louisiana H S H S Maine H S H S Maryland H S H S Massachusetts H S H S Michigan H S H S Minnesota H S H S Mississippi H S H S Missouri H S H S Montana H S H S Nebraska H S H S Nevada H S H S New Hampshire H S H S New Jersey H S H S New Mexico H S H S New York H S H S North Carolina H S H S North Dakota H S H S Ohio H S H S Oklahoma H S H S Oregon H S H S Pennsylvania H S H S Rhode Island H S H S South Carolina H S H S South Dakota H S H S Tennessee H S H S Texas H S H S Utah H S H S Vermont H S H S Virginia H S H S Washington H S H S West Virginia H S H S Wisconsin H S H S Wyoming H S H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress v t e By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 2 Protests Toggle Protests subsection 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 3 Methods Toggle Methods subsection 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 4 Suppression, persecution and executions Toggle Suppression, persecution and executions subsection 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 5 Casualties Toggle Casualties subsection 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 6 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 7 Analysis Toggle Analysis subsection 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 2025–2026 Iranian protests العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kurdî Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF 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Please update outdated or incomplete information with citations to reliable sources . ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) 2025–2026 Iranian protests Part of the protests against the government of Iran and the Iranian economic crisis and Gen Z protests Cities in Iran where protests have been reported as of 8 January 2026. (Click to zoom in.) Date 28 December 2025 – present (19 days) Location 512 locations across 180 cities in all 31 provinces of Iran . [ 1 ] The protests are recorded in multiple cities across Iran , primarily Tehran ( Grand Bazaar and commercial districts), Ahvaz , Arak , Dargahan , Farsan , Fasa , Fuladshahr , Hamadan , Isfahan , Izeh , Kermanshah , Mashhad , Marlik , Najafabad , Nurabad , Qeshm , Qom , Shiraz , Sari and others. [ a ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Caused by Political issues Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Goals Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Methods Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Status Ongoing Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Parties Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Lead figures .mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px} .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Others: Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Number Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Casualties Deaths ~2,000–3,000 overall (per Iranian government officials) [ b ] >4,370 overall (per HRANA ) [ c ] 12,000 protesters (per Iran International ) [ 42 ] 12,000–20,000 protesters (per activist groups) [ 43 ] Arrested 19,097 [ d ] Precise casualties uncertain due to Internet and telephone blackout imposed by the government since 8 January 2026 Beginning on 28 December 2025, demonstrations erupted across multiple cities in Iran amid nationwide unrest against the Islamic Republic government and a deepening economic crisis . The events have been described as the largest uprising since the 1979 Islamic Revolution . [ e ] The ensuing crackdown, carried out under Ali Khamenei's direct order for live fire on protesters, resulted in massacres that left tens of thousands of protesters dead , making them some of the largest massacres in modern Iranian history . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 49 ] Initially sparked by frustration over record-high inflation , food prices, and currency depreciation, the protests quickly evolved into a broader movement demanding an end to the current regime. [ 50 ] Beginning with the bazaari (shopkeepers and merchants) in Tehran's Grand Bazaar and later university students, the demonstrations soon spread not only to major cities but also small settlements chanting anti-government slogans [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] and destroying symbols of the government and the IRGC . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Although largely leaderless, the protests escalated on 8 January following the call for unified protests by Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran and the subsequent call for a general strike by the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Many demonstrators have been calling for Pahlavi's return to Iran; [ 58 ] he has called for a peaceful transition and a referendum to decide Iran's future political system. [ 6 ] The Iranian government has cut off Internet access and telephone services in an attempt to prevent protesters from organising. [ 58 ] It has accused the United States and Israel of fuelling the protests, [ 54 ] which analysts suggest may be a tactic to increase security forces' willingness to kill protesters. [ 21 ] As of 9 January, millions took to the streets in protests across all 31 provinces. By 10 January 2026, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed nationwide over the previous 48 hours amid the internet blackout, as Iranian security forces escalated their use of live ammunition against demonstrators. [ 59 ] Hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were reported to be overwhelmed by injured protesters, many suffering gunshot wounds. [ 60 ] Iran's foreign ministry spokesperson confirmed security forces fired on protesters, raising international concern over human rights. [ 61 ] In addition, thousands were arrested during the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Despite the blackout, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of security forces opening fire on demonstrations, with one eyewitness stating they saw " hundreds of bodies " across Tehran. [ 63 ] On 11 January, Time reported that an expatriate group of academics and professionals estimated the death toll at 6,000, based on reports from hospitals, without including bodies taken directly to morgues rather than hospitals. [ 64 ] On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 had been killed; CBS News reported on the same day that activist groups in Iran estimated at least 12,000 deaths and possibly as many as 20,000. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Background Economic crisis in Iran Beginning in 2024, Iran's economy experienced sharp inflation, a devalued currency, and an energy deficit, culminating in repeated electricity and gas disruptions and apologies from Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian . Iran had also suffered from major declines in global influence such as with the fall of the Assad regime in Syria, a major ally. [ 65 ] In the final months of 2025, Iran's economy experienced an unprecedented surge in exchange rates , a sharp depreciation of the Iranian rial with the US dollar reaching approximately 145,000 Iranian tomans . [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Additionally, the country's state statistics centre reported an inflation rate of 42.2% in December 2025, an increase of 1.8% compared to November. [ 44 ] Food prices rose by 72%, while health and medical goods increased by 50% year-on-year. [ 44 ] Iran is experiencing a mismanaged water crisis . [ 45 ] Reports in Iranian media also indicated that the government planned to raise taxes with the start of the Iranian new year on 21 March, fuelling further concern among citizens. [ 44 ] Some protest messaging linked economic hardship to criticism of the government's foreign policy priorities; during the December 2025 demonstrations, some participants chanted " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ". [ 68 ] Discontent in Iran has also been alleged to have been due to political corruption, with protesters accusing the Iranian government of authoritarianism and prioritising proxies such as Hezbollah and Hamas over domestic needs. [ 46 ] Additionally, Iran faces challenges from ethnic secessionist movements from the Kurds , Azerbaijanis , Khuzestani Arabs , and Balochs and from major powers like the United States and Israel. [ 69 ] Inflation had surged to 48.6% in October 2025 and 42.2% in December, straining household budgets. [ 44 ] On 29 December, the Iranian rial reached its lowest value (1.45 million to the US dollar), then by 3 January, the government increased the value of the rial to 1.38 million in an attempt to control the people. This had no effect, and on 6 January, the rial broke its record low again (reaching 1.5 million to the US dollar), causing a sharp increase in prices, including food and other essential goods. [ 70 ] [ 44 ] The economic crisis, which had been developing over several years, is accompanied by fears of renewed conflict following the 2025 Twelve-Day War with Israel and renewed UN nuclear -related sanctions imposed through the "snapback" mechanism . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Economic analysts cited government monetary and fiscal policies, economic mismanagement, chronic budget deficits, and the continuation of international sanctions as key contributing factors. These conditions directly affected trade guilds, particularly businesses dependent on imports. Severe exchange-rate volatility left many merchants unable to price goods, secure supplies, or continue economic activity. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 70 ] Economic uncertainty grew in Iran throughout 2025. In June 2025, Iran was involved in an armed conflict with Israel , during which Iran's nuclear programme was targeted, and its nuclear facilities were also struck by the United States . [ 75 ] [ 44 ] In September 2025, the United Nations reimposed sanctions on Iran through the snapback mechanism, freezing Iranian assets abroad, halting arms transactions, and imposing penalties related to the country's ballistic missile programme . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Many Iranians fear a broader confrontation involving the United States , which contributed to market instability. [ 44 ] According to The Guardian , the economic crisis was the catalyst for the protests; however, they had expanded into an expression of grievances against government corruption. [ 50 ] It further reported of voices calling for the overthrow of the government, and distrust in the government's calls for dialogue, seeing them as self-serving and deceptive. [ 50 ] NPR reported that months before the protests, public anger and frustration had been mounting due to severe energy shortages, civil rights abuses and widespread corruption, and that the protests sparked concerns that they could deteriorate into something much more serious. [ 76 ] According to The Atlantic , the political character of the protests was manifested by protesters chanting " Death to the Dictator " in reference to Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei , [ 77 ] and their loss of faith in Pezeshkian, who was elected in 2024 on the platform and promises of good governance, but had overseen water and electricity cuts, while failing to deliver on the promise of lifting internet censorship . [ 77 ] Pezeshkian also promised to meet with protest representatives, and recognised "the constitutional right of peaceful protest", [ 77 ] although he lacks control over Iranian security forces. By 1 January 2026, dozens of protesters had been arrested and there were several documented cases of security forces firing live ammunition at protesters, including students, pensioners, and members of Gen Z . [ 77 ] Students at Shahid Beheshti University released a statement declaring that "This criminal system has taken our future hostage for 47 years. It won't be changed with reform or with false promises". [ 77 ] Comparison to previous protests Part of a series on Liberalism in Iran Ideologies Conservative Monarchism Islamic Reformist National Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Secular Social Conservative Monarchism Monarchism Islamic Reformist Reformist National Religious Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Mosaddeghism Secular Social Principles Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Reformist groups Anti-imperialism Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Mosaddeghist groups Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Monarchist groups (post-1979) Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Anti-imperialism Zionist Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation History Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Intellectuals Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Reformists Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Politicians Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Reformists Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Exile opposition Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Commentators Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Reformists Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Parties Active Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Defunct Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Alliances Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Media Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Reformists Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Related topics Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Liberalism portal Iran portal Liberalism portal Iran portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The protests were described as Iran's largest since 2022, when nationwide demonstrations erupted following the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini while in police custody for allegedly wearing her hijab improperly. [ 44 ] On 30 December, Ellie Borhan, a British-Iranian activist, viewed this wave of protests as stronger than previous ones. [ 78 ] Iranian public faith in their government faded since the 2022 crackdown on the Woman, Life, Freedom movement during the Mahsa Amini protests . [ 65 ] Protests were previously held in May 2025 by truck drivers beginning in Bandar Abbas , who blocked roads and ports in Iran due to discontent over low salaries, high insurance rates, and possible hikes in fuel prices in the future. [ 79 ] Protest slogans have shifted ideologically compared to the 2022 protests. Some new chants increasingly reflect monarchist sentiments. [ 80 ] Already in June 2025, during the Iran–Israel war , the exiled crown prince Reza Pahlavi had intensified his political efforts and appealed to the international community to help the Iranian people force out Ali Khamenei 's religious dictatorship offering himself up as interim leader to take over running the country. [ 81 ] In comparison to the Amini protests which were mainly fuelled by girls and women, young men played larger roles in later rounds of the 2025–2026 protests. [ 82 ] Market traders were influential during the 1979 Islamic Revolution , helping to mobilise public support that ultimately led to the overthrow of the monarchy. [ 44 ] The demonstrations were notable in the context of a large-scale government crackdown on dissidents, including arrests of prominent opponents and the highest number of executions in nearly 40 years. [ 75 ] Executions in Iran have reportedly doubled in 2025 compared to 2024; the execution trends were on the rise since 2022, with activists alleging that the Islamic Republic aims to use executions to instil fear in their population and therefore suppress internal opposition. [ 83 ] Kurdish-majority regions in Iran have previously undergone severe repression stemming from the Amini protests in 2022, leading to fears of ethnic crackdowns from the government. This was in part due to Iran's accusing Kurdish opposition groups of having incited the 2022 protests. Despite this, Kurdish opposition groups have continued to call for solidarity in the nationwide protests and strikes. Iran has also repeatedly accused Kurdish militias from Iraq of attempting to incite unrest, including in the protests in 2026. [ 84 ] [ 58 ] [ 28 ] [ 85 ] Likewise, Baloch regions in Iran, long suffering from underdevelopment and political exclusion, have also previously been subject to violent crackdowns in the Amini protests. [ 86 ] On 10 December 2025, Iranian Baloch- Sunni militant groups like the Jaysh al-Adl announced a merge into a united organisation called the Jebhe-ye Mobaarezin-e Mardomi ( People's Fighters Front ). In its coalition video, the union rejected Shia Islam -led clerical rule in the Islamic Republic. The same day, the group carried out an attack on an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps regional command, killing four of its soldiers and wounding three others; it announced responsibility for the attack the next day. [ 87 ] Protests Initial bazaar 28 December 2025 On 28 December, groups of shopkeepers and merchants at Alaeddin Shopping Centre in Tehran and other commercial centres, including Charsou Mall, went on strike by closing their shops. Simultaneously, protest gatherings formed around these locations, and images and videos of widespread shop closures circulated on social media. [ 73 ] According to reports, protesters cited the rising dollar exchange rate and market instability, warning that continued conditions would lead to the bankruptcy of many small and medium-sized businesses. Some gatherings extended into surrounding streets, including Jomhuri Street . [ 72 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] Other people had joined in with the shopkeepers to protest against economic conditions at Jomhuri Street. Elsewhere, iron traders at Iran closed their shops in similar protests of the devalued currency. [ 90 ] Around the time that the protests began, the value of the Iranian rial sunk to a record low of 1.45 million per US dollar before slightly recovering to 1.38 million. [ 91 ] The rial had lost approximately 40 percent of its value since the Iran–Israel war, in part due to the sinking of oil revenue from US sanctions. The year on year inflation rate was up at 42.2 percent. The protests were first started by shopkeepers who sold electronic goods in central Tehran who shut down their stores. [ 70 ] State media revealed blurred footage of initially smaller-scale protests from merchants. [ 91 ] Videos and eyewitness accounts showed groups of merchants chanting slogans against economic mismanagement and in some cases expressing anti-government sentiments. [ 88 ] Protesters also chanted " Law Enforcement , support, support", calling on security forces to back the protests. [ 92 ] The protesters' main demands included stabilising exchange rates, addressing merchants' economic hardships, creating a predictable business environment, and preventing losses caused by market volatility. [ 72 ] [ 88 ] There were no reported clashes with security forces on this day and it remained peaceful. [ 93 ] 29 December The protests continued into their second day on 29 December and expanded across various parts of Tehran, including the Grand Bazaar . Merchants and shopkeepers closed their businesses and gathered in the streets to protest the unprecedented collapse of the rial and sharp increases in currency and gold prices. Protesters voiced opposition to economic conditions and government management, citing declining purchasing power and rising living costs. Videos shared online showed continued gatherings around Lalehzar, Chaharsouq, and Jomhuri Street, with participants largely non-violent while conveying critical messages toward government economic policies. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] The merchants at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran joined the electronic goods shopkeepers who had started the protests the previous day. [ 70 ] Footage verified by independent sources showed crowds at malls near Tehran's Grand Bazaar chanting "freedom" ( Persian : آزادی , romanised : Âzâdi ). [ 75 ] Law enforcement forces used tear gas to disperse demonstrators outside the Alaeddin Shopping Centre. [ 96 ] Protests also spread to other cities in Iran. [ 97 ] On the night of 29 December 2025, protests were reported in several regions across Iran, including Qeshm in the south, and Zanjan and Hamadan in the north. Demonstrators chanted slogans critical of the supreme leader, including " Death to the Dictator " on Qeshm Island and "Seyyed Ali [Khamenei] will be toppled this year" in Zanjan . [ 98 ] [ 75 ] A video and photo of an unidentified protester went viral, who defiantly sat in the middle of the Jomhuri Eslami Street at Tehran and refused to move for motorbike security forces, but later was beaten and forced to leave. The protester became known as Tehran's Tank Man , a reference to the Tank Man during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 78 ] [ 101 ] Spread across Iran 30 December By the third day of protests, strikes and security measures had expanded, with shops closing in parts of Tehran such as Shoush and Molavi, as well as in Isfahan's Naqsh-e Jahan Square . Heavy security deployments were reported in Tehran, Mashhad, and at Khajeh Nasir University . Government responses included ordering temporary closures in 11 provinces, including Tehran province, due to cold weather and energy constraints. Security forces fired on protesters in Hamadan and deployed tear gas in Tehran and Malard. [ 97 ] [ 102 ] Demonstrations spread to additional cities, including Kermanshah , Shiraz, Yazd , and parts of Tehran such as Shadabad and Shush. Students from universities including Amirkabir , Beheshti , Khajeh Nasir, Sharif , Science and Culture and Tehran Science and Technology as well as Isfahan University of Technology and Yazd University joined rallies, chanting slogans such as "Death to the Dictator", " Death to Khamenei ", " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ", "We are all together", and "Seyyed Ali (Khamenei) will be toppled this year". [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian , called on the government to listen to citizens' demands. In response, a government spokesman said a Communication Group would be implemented. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Pezeshkian's comments do not appear to have appeased the protesters, whose demands go beyond just economic stability. [ 105 ] Furthermore, some Iranians have expressed scepticism in the government's ability to solve the economic problems, citing previous government statements that they are unable to do much about solving the economic problems. [ 109 ] Human rights organisations and Gen Z student groups reported that 11 protesters were arrested in the Shoush Square area in Tehran and that five students were detained and four were later released. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Another news report published that one student was severely injured at Tehran's Amirkabir University during a crackdown on a campus gathering by members of the Basij militia of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps . [ 110 ] Videos on social media appeared to show students chanting slogans critical of the government, removing signs associated with the office of the Supreme Leader's representatives, and confronting security forces at university entrances. [ 110 ] 31 December The people of Isfahan, Kermanshah, and Fasa gathered on the fourth day of protests. In Fasa, people held a large rally in front of the governor's office, and in Kermanshah, the markets went on a complete strike. According to reports, police fired live ammunition and tear gas, at the protesters. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] At the same time, in Shirvan , working and retired teachers gathered in front of the Education Department. In Kermanshah, repressive forces have been deployed from Ferdowsi Square to the garage (about 8 kilometres), and the heavy presence of security forces is noticeable. [ 115 ] One person named Mahdi Samavati was reported to have been killed outside the governor's office protest in Fasa. The semi-official Mehr News Agency quoted the governor of Fasa as denying this report. [ 116 ] Video recordings disseminated online and distributed by the People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran depict severe confrontations between demonstrators and security forces in several cities, including Tehran , Isfahan , Shiraz , and Kermanshah . [ citation needed ] Protester Amirhesam Khodayarifard was killed by a handgun shot to the head by an Iranian security force member in a protest in Kuhdasht , Lorestan province on 31 December. [ 117 ] The state-run IRNA news agency and Mehr confirmed the death and stated that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . [ 118 ] Government authorities pressured Khodayarifard's family to state that he had been a Basij member and called for online social media silence on the topic. [ 117 ] The shooting occurred during clashes with protesters. According to Mehr , 13 police officers and Basij members were injured. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] The government ordered nationwide total business shutdown in most of the country due to "cold weather", [ 120 ] although some analysts say that the real intention is to stifle protests. [ 121 ] The shutdown was applied to 21 out of Iran's 31 provinces. [ 122 ] The government began threatening to crack down on protesters, [ 109 ] and the US State Deparment stated that they were concerned about protesters "facing intimidation, violence, and arrests". [ 123 ] Video footage records protesters like merchants, women's rights activists, and students commonly shouting the slogans "Death to the dictator" and "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, my life for Iran". [ 46 ] [ 50 ] In response to the ongoing protests, the Iranian government appointed Abdolnasser Hemmati, a former economics minister, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Iran , following Mohammad Reza Farzin's resignation. [ 124 ] 2026 1 January On the fifth day of protests, workers and employees of the central fruit and vegetable market in Tehran stopped working and joined the nationwide uprising by stopping the distribution cycle. Chanting the slogan, "You know with zeal, support support", the protesters called on marketers and the general public to strengthen the national will for change by expanding the strikes. Police officers used tear gas to disperse the demonstrators. [ 125 ] According to reports, Sarira Karimi, secretary of the faculty council of the Faculty of Law and Political Science and a member of the faculty council of the University of Tehran, who had been arrested on 31 December 2025, was released on 1 January 2026. [ 126 ] Protesters were reported to have gathered in Marvdasht and chanted slogans against the Islamic Republic government, such as "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". [ 127 ] In Mashhad, protesters gathered at Saadi Metro Station , where riot police attempted to disperse the crowd with force. [ 127 ] In the Sistan and Baluchestan province , a group of Baluch prisoners released a statement calling on locals to join the wider protests and urged for slogans like "Death to the dictator" and "Baluchestan is awake and despises dictatorship". [ 128 ] In Lorestan , home to the Lur minority , protesters were reported lighting fires in the streets while also chanting, "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". Additional reports claim officers used live ammunition against protesters. [ 129 ] In Lordegan County , gatherings took place in several parts of Lordegan City , including around the governor's office and the municipality square. According to these reports, as tensions escalated, some individuals attempted to damage government and bank buildings. Police used tear gas to disperse the crowds, and clashes were reported between the two sides. Several people were injured during the unrest, and unconfirmed reports suggested that multiple deaths had occurred. [ 130 ] At least three people, including a boy, were killed in Lordegan. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] There was a heavy presence of government forces in Qom . 2 January On 2 January, according to credible media reports, protests continued in large numbers in Tehran, Qom, Isfahan, Shiraz, Ilam , Mashhad, Karaj, Zanjan, Hamadan , and Qeshm. [ 133 ] In Zahedan and Tehran, protests became active again. Funerals for protesters killed by the security forces were held in Fuladshahr , Kuhdasht , and Marvdasht , during which participants expressed opposition to the government, including chants of "Death to Khamenei". At the Kuhdasht funeral for Khodayarifard, Basij and IRGC forces were chased away from the funeral with stones and chants. Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] In the Sadaf district of Hamadan province , protesters were seen setting fire to a Quran and attempted to attack a mosque before being stopped by authorities. [ 135 ] 3 January Protests on 3 January were greater in geographic spread and numbers of protesters than on previous days, and the security presence was also greater. [ 136 ] The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) and Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA) named some of the locations of demonstrations, including Kazerun, Malekshahi, Kermanshah, Shiraz, Mashhad, Arkavaz, Isfahan, Tehran, Hafshejan, Karaj, Shahrekord, and Fardis. HRANA reported a cumulative count of 16 fatalities since the beginning of the protests, including one member of government security forces. [ 137 ] [ 136 ] The themes of the protests, as represented by slogans chanted on 3 January, ranged from economic injustice and governance problems to calls for freedom and justice. HRANA viewed the protest aims as having evolved, with "the boundary between trade-related and everyday demands and political demands ha[ving] become blurred, and [the] ongoing protests hav[ing] taken shape on the basis of accumulated, multilayered grievances." [ 136 ] Following statements by US president Donald Trump , where he warns Iran that if they shoot protesters, the United States will come to their rescue, [ 138 ] Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei responded on 3 January by saying "We will not yield to the enemy ", and stating that the "rioters must be put in their place." [ 139 ] [ 140 ] On the same day, the US State Department made a statement condemning suppression on protesters' funerals. [ 141 ] Cloudflare reported a 35% decrease in internet traffic in Iran, with Iranian internet users reporting frequent outages and slow connections . [ 142 ] 4 January There was a heavy presence of security forces in the Grand Bazaar of Tehran. [ 97 ] Protests and strikes took place in at least 20 major cities and small towns throughout Iran. [ 143 ] Donald Trump said that Iranian authorities would be "hit very hard" should additional protesters be killed. [ 144 ] In Shiraz, videos showed the police assaulting and beating a man on the ground. When protesters threw projectiles at the police, officers moved toward them on motorcycles. Moments later, a protester poured gasoline on one officer setting him alight. [ 145 ] 5 January On the ninth day, the protests continued throughout Iran. In Tehran's Bagh-e Sepahsalar neighbourhood, voices echoed chants of "Death to Khamenei". Near Tehran University, special forces stood on high alert, while reports of widespread strikes emerged from cities such as Marvdasht, where resistance pulsed through daily life. [ 146 ] In Yasuj, security forces confronted the families of detainees gathered outside the governor's office. Reports say that the protests have reached the smaller towns of Saman, Sangsar, and Kushk, as part of dissatisfaction of the Iranian people. [ 147 ] In addition to the cities previously mentioned, protests were reported in several other locations across the country, including Saman in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Sangsar in Semnan Province, Zahedan, Fardis in Karaj, Meshkan in Fars Province, and Noorabad in Mamasani. Demonstrations were further documented in Qazvin, Hamedan, Ilam, Mashhad, Neyshabur, Abadeh, Bushehr, Babol, Bojnourd, Kushk in Isfahan Province, Shazand in Markazi Province, as well as the northern cities of Rasht and Sari. According to reports, protesters in these areas gathered in public spaces, chanting slogans and expressing dissatisfaction with the Khamenei government, reflecting the continued spread of nationwide unrest. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 146 ] 6 January In a joint statement, several major Kurdish political groups, including the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), Komala , the Revolutionary Toilers Association, the Kurdistan Toilers Association, the Khabat Organisation , the Kurdistan Freedom Party (PAK), and the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), expressed support for the protests and called on Kurds in Iran to carry out strikes and demonstrations. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 150 ] The cities of Abdanan and Malekshahi , both in the Kurdish region of Iran, were abandoned by the country's security forces, leaving control of the cities to the protesters. [ 151 ] A sit-in was conducted by protesters at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran. [ 152 ] Merchants at the market held strikes, in particular with many shops in the corridors of the gold and currency, fabric, and footwear and home appliances markets partially or fully closed. The strikes appeared to be spontaneous, and according to some reports the Bazaar became a "war zone". [ 153 ] [ 154 ] The sit-in was dispersed by security forces using tear gas. [ 152 ] The total number of protest locations over the ten days was estimate by HRANA to be 285 locations in 88 cities [ 155 ] across 27 provinces, with protests having taken place in 22 universities. The slogans of the protests continued to cover a wide range of economic, social and political grievances. [ 153 ] In Yazdan Shahr , locals reported that police used excessive force against protesters, initially deploying tear gas and later firing live ammunition at civilians. [ 154 ] The security forces' raids on the Sina Hospital in Tehran and on the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam , aiming to arrest injured protesters, gained national attention. In Ilam, families and medical staff resisted the security forces. Security forces' methods of attack at the Ilam hospital included firing tear gas inside the buildings and hospital grounds. The Minister of Interior was ordered to investigate the Ilam raid and provide a report. [ 153 ] On 6 January, a total of 15 forced video confessions by arrested protesters had been broadcast on official media. [ 153 ] On online social media , Reza Pahlavi called for chants to take place from homes and in streets at 20:00 (8 pm) IRST on the evenings of 8 and 9 January. He explained the aim as being to "keep [the] demonstrations disciplined, and as large as possible". He promised to "announce the next calls to action" depending on the response to his call. [ 156 ] 7 January According to HRANA , street gatherings, protests and strikes took place in 37 cities in 24 provinces, bring the total since the beginning of the protests to 348 sites across 111 cities in 31 provinces. Ten universities joined the protest on 7 January, making a total of 45. The total number of televised forced confessions by arrestees rose to 40. Artists and teachers published statements supporting the protests and criticising the security forces' repression against protest participants. [ 157 ] HRANA interpreted the continuation of the protests despite arrests and violence by the security forces as showing that "a significant portion of [Iranian] society [had come to view] the cost of protest as lower than the cost of silence and inaction". Key themes continued to be economic and governance grievances, seen as "two facets of a single issue". HRANA interpreted the artists' and teachers' statements as showing that "professional and cultural sectors [we]re increasingly aligning themselves with the protest narrative". [ 157 ] Militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] In Mashhad , protesters were seen lowering a massive flag of the Islamic Republic and later ripping it in half. [ 158 ] The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan called for a general strike in Iran, receiving support from six other Iranian Kurdish opposition parties. The authorities attempted to forcibly disperse the existing protests over economic conditions in the cities of western Iran ( Iranian Kurdistan ) ahead of the announced date, reportedly with the use of live ammunition. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] 8 January Protests escalated after 20:00, the time specified in Reza Pahlavi's calls for demonstrations. Immediate telephone line and internet cuts occurred in several cities, following a common government practice before it commits intense crackdowns. [ 30 ] Starlink satellite internet service was unaffected, allowing some users to bypass government-controlled internet blackouts. [ 159 ] Crowds chanting in Tehran appeared to be mainly pro-Pahlavi. CBS News described the protests as reaching "a possible tipping point ", [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ] and according to Euronews it represented "a new escalation in the protest movement". [ 30 ] In Qaemiyeh , protesters pulled down a statue of Qasem Soleimani , an IRGC commander who was assassinated by the United States in 2020 and declared a martyr by the Islamic Republic shortly thereafter. [ 163 ] In Mashhad, a group of protesters had taken down and torn up a large flag of the Islamic Republic. [ 164 ] Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] Human rights groups have also verified a video showing "distressed family members" in Ghadir hospital in Tehran, looking through a body-pile of protesters killed by Islamic Republic security forces. [ 63 ] 9 January Protesters took to the streets of Iran on Friday night, videos and eyewitness reports show. [ 166 ] Pahlavi asked US president Donald Trump to support the Iranian protesters. [ 167 ] The Economist reported that the protests had grown to be the biggest since 2009 , while "some veteran Iran-watchers thought the protests were the biggest since the overthrow of the shah in 1979." [ 168 ] NDTV 24x7 reported a viral protest trend of Iranian women lighting cigarettes to burn pictures of Khamenei in videos, gaining popularity on social media platforms like X , Reddit , Instagram , and Telegram . Because burning Khamenei's image is illegal in Iran, observers have interpreted the videos as deliberate acts of defiance, with the women rejecting state authority over their personal freedoms. [ 169 ] The trend has been recorded by multiple other news outlets, which similarly note rejection of strict religious and governmental standards over women. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Khamenei addressed the protests in a brief televised appearance. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] In his address, Khamenei called President Trump "arrogant", saying that his hands were stained with the blood of Iranians, and further stating that Trump would be overthrown like other arrogant leaders. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] He described the protesters as harmful individuals and rioters. [ 175 ] A fire broke out at an Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting office in Isfahan . [ 176 ] Protesters also set fire to buildings in Tehran, including mosques in the Gholhak and Sa'adat Abad neighbourhoods. [ 177 ] Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province had killed at least 10 IRGC Kermanshah Nabi Akram Corps members. [ 27 ] Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , Iran's judiciary chief, stated that protesters would face decisive and severe punishment, applied to the fullest extent of the law. [ 178 ] Senior officers of American intelligence told Axios that their evaluation that these protests were not capable of destabilising the regime was "being reassessed". [ 179 ] US president Donald Trump warned Iran's authorities against killing demonstrators while praising Iranians as "brave people" amid nationwide protests on Thursday. [ 166 ] The Twemoji emoji library changed the Iran flag emoji from the flag of the Islamic Republic to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] Airline flights from the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Turkey to Iranian cities were cancelled amid the mass protests. [ 181 ] As of 9 January, protests across all 31 provinces left millions in the streets, with at least 217 killed in Tehran alone, while hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were overwhelmed by injured protesters, many with gunshot wounds. [ 182 ] [ 60 ] In addition, thousands were arrested by the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that, under the Internet blackout , the Islamic Republic may massacre the protesters. [ 183 ] Despite the internet outage, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of Islamic Republic security forces opening fire on demonstrations, causing many casualties among the protesters, with one eyewitness stating they saw "hundreds of bodies" throughout Tehran. [ 63 ] Doctors at hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz reported being overwhelmed by large numbers of injured protesters, with some facilities suspending non-urgent admissions and surgeries due to the influx of patients, many of whom suffered gunshot wounds to the head and eyes. [ 60 ] In an audio message sent to CNN, an Iranian doctor in the city of Nishapur stated that Iranian security forces killed "at least 30 people" and "among them were children", they further stated that "a 5-year-old child was shot while in their mother's arms." [ 184 ] According to the doctor's description, security forces had shot pedestrians and bystanders as well. [ 184 ] They added that "Hospitals are extremely chaotic and patients terrified to admit and be identified, for this reason, we are trying to inform people and treat them privately in clinics." [ 184 ] The Kurdistan National Guard announced that its Zagros Tornado units attacked an IRGC base in Nourabad , Lorestan Province, and injured three IRGC members. [ 16 ] 10 January During the midnight until dawn, Tehran municipality workers were reportedly tasked to clear and collect the cartridge cases off the streets and to deliver them to security forces. [ 185 ] Despite the continued internet shutdown imposed by Islamic Republic authorities, thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran and throughout Iran overnight on 9–10 January, chanting "Death to Khamenei", and "Long live the shah". [ 63 ] This followed a call by Reza Pahlavi for protesters to seize control over the city centres and hoist the pre-regime Lion and Sun flag , with a promise he would return to Iran soon. [ 63 ] The Internet blockade disrupted everyday life, including digital transactions, as well as the functioning of hospitals, pharmacies, banks, and bureaus. Many businesses did not open. [ 185 ] The Internet outage has also prevented proper documentation of the size of the demonstrations, as well as the extent of police brutality against the protesters; [ 63 ] Iranian Nobel peace prize winner Shirin Ebadi had issued a warning on 9 January 2026, about the possibility of a planned "massacre under the cover of a sweeping communications blackout", stating that she had already heard testimonies reporting hundreds of wounded protesters at a single Tehran hospital. [ 63 ] On 10 January 2026, The Guardian received additional reports via Starlink, stating: "We're standing up for a revolution, but we need help. Snipers have been stationed behind the Tajrish Arg area [one of the affluent areas of Tehran]." [ 63 ] Another protester testified that throughout the city, many protesters had been shot, stating, "We saw hundreds of bodies", while a third testimony from a protester confirmed this by saying that they had witnessed a "very high" number of protesters being killed as security forces opened fire on them. [ 63 ] Human Rights activists stated that the testimonies were consistent with the reports they had received. [ 63 ] The Guardian stated that despite the Internet blackout, protesters had requested that international media cover the reports of increasing police brutality, with one activist saying "please make sure to state clearly that they are killing people with live ammunition." [ 63 ] According to The Guardian , much of the international community, including the EU and the US, showed clear support for the protesters. [ 63 ] US Secretary of State Marco Rubio posted on X (formerly Twitter) , "The United States supports the brave people of Iran", [ 63 ] and US president Donald Trump "Iran is looking at FREEDOM, perhaps like never before. The USA stands ready to help!!!" [ 186 ] Mohammad Movahedi-Azad , attorney general of Iran , stated that protesters may be charged as the "enemy of god", or moharebeh , a crime prosecutable by death, according to CBS News , which also reported that state media's reports of order and "no news of any gathering or chaos in Tehran and most provinces" were contradicted by a photo of ongoing demonstrations in Sa'adat Abad , Tehran, obtained by the Associated Press , and a surveillance video from Fars News Agency in which protesters in Isfahan threw petrol bombs and at least one appeared to be firing a long gun . The Young Journalists' Club , associated with state media, reported that protesters killed three members of the volunteer Basij militia of the IRGC in Gachsaran . Reza Pahlavi called for protests to continue through Sunday, while also stating in a social media post that he was "preparing to return to my homeland" and that the goal of the protests should be to seize city centres. [ 187 ] According to an analysis of photos by BBC Persian, the protesters in different cities were engaged in violent conflict with government forces until dawn. [ 188 ] A video from Punak neighbourhood of Tehran shows that as the government turned off the street lights, the protesters set off fireworks and created a sea of light using their smartphones in defiance. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Deutsche Welle later fact checked and confirmed that the video was fabricated using artificial intelligence technology and old footage, with the aim of misleading people's understanding of the protests in Iran. [ 190 ] Videos published by BBC Persian shows explosions amid protests in Kerman and gunshots in Mashhad . [ 188 ] Unlike previous days, on Saturday mostly IRGC and Basij were mobilised, who use live ammunition, according to witnesses in Tehran and Karaj. [ 191 ] On 10 January, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed over the previous 48 hours alone amidst the internet blackout , as Iranian security forces escalated their use of lethal force against demonstrators nationwide. [ 59 ] As a result all online service have been shut down too, including ATM machines, international phone calls, credit card transactions and business networks, as well as most news sources and social media. [ 192 ] 11 January Khamenei and senior Iranian officials said they were willing to talk to the protesters about economic issues, but also characterised the unrest as incitement by "rioters" and said the protests were funded by foreign powers (the United States and Israel). Iranian state media reported that President Masoud Pezeshkian gave a speech accusing foreign "terrorists" of inciting the protests; Pezeshkian also mentioned: "We are determined, and have decided, to resolve economic problems by any means possible" [ 193 ] [ 194 ] Parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf gave a speech during a parliament session in which he warned of United States military bases and regional ships and Israel would both be subject to retaliation if Iran is attacked by the United States in reference to Trump's prior threats. In the session, hardliner politicians went at the dais and shouted " Death to America ". Demonstrators rallied in Paris, Vilnius, and London in solidarity with the ongoing protests in Iran and urged Western governments to support the Iranian people seeking freedom. [ 195 ] The New York Times reported that Trump was briefed on military options on Iran but did not yet make a final decision. [ 196 ] Forbes reported that the Iranian government successfully shut down the Starlink internet amidst the internet blackout . [ 197 ] Other sources say Iran has successfully disrupted Starlink network connectivity nationwide, reporting that up to 80% of Starlink traffic was interrupted due to coordinated jamming operations. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] During a solidarity rally in Los Angeles on 11 January, a U-Haul truck was used to ram into protesters at Westwood . [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In Iran, fighters from the Balochi People's Fighters Front killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] 12 January In Tehran, tens of thousands of people participated in a pro-government rally after being called by leaders to counter the protests. People are seen flying the Iranian flag and chanting Islamic slogans and figures like Haydar, referring to Ali . [ 29 ] [ 37 ] However, reports from Iran International stated the images and videos were altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian was seen taking part in the rally. [ 205 ] US president Donald Trump stated that Iran has reached out to the United States to negotiate its nuclear programme, following his threat to strike the Islamic Republic over its violent crackdown on protesters. [ 206 ] Also Esmail Baghaei , spokesperson for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , publicly confirmed that security forces had directly fired on protesting citizens, statements that drew widespread attention and concern both domestically and internationally, highlighting criticism of the Iranian government's handling of the demonstrations, raising questions about the proportionality of its response, and drawing scrutiny from human rights organisations regarding the broader state of civil liberties and fundamental rights in the country. [ 61 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that 12,000 people have been killed, and possibly 20,000, as Iran's phone services were being restored, and new information was being released. [ 43 ] President Trump urged Iranians to keep protesting and stated that help was on the way, with no details. Trump said in a post on Truth Social : [ 207 ] [ 208 ] "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" When a reporter asked Trump what he meant by "help is on its way", he simply replied, "You're going to have to figure that one out. I'm sorry." [ 209 ] 14 January The Kurdistan Freedom Party assaulted the IRGC's headquarters in Kermanshah and, allegedly, according to the KFP's own claims, succesfully infiltrated the headquarters and caused severe IRGC casualties. [ 210 ] Armed Kurdish groups designated as terrorists by Turkey clashed with the IRGC while seeking to cross the border from Iraq and Turkey into Iran; the IRGC had received warning about their movements from Turkey. [ 211 ] A video, analyzed by BBC Verify and BBC Persian, showed, according to forensic examination, nearly 200 bodies were scattered in the morgue, many with obvious wounds, including one victim who was only 16 years old. [ 212 ] The Iranian Human Rights Organisation (IHR), based in Norway, said that at least 3,428 protesters were killed by Iranian security forces and at least 10,000 protesters were arrested during the peak of the unrest in Iran from January 8 to 12. [ 213 ] The head of Iran's judiciary stated that those arrested during the nationwide protests would be swiftly tried and executed. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] Washington has threatened military action in response to the crackdown. [ 214 ] [ 216 ] British and American troops are withdrawing from Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The US stated that the withdrawal was a precautionary measure. [ 218 ] "It's a posture change and not an ordered evacuation," a diplomat told Reuters. [ 217 ] Italy and Poland, among other countries, have been urging their citizens to leave Iran "immediately". [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] Donald Trump said in the Oval Office that he had been informed that killings in Iran's crackdown on the country's protest was ceased, and he believed that "there are no plans for executions," referring to the death sentence of Erfan Soltani . [ 223 ] According to AFP, Iranian state television broadcast footage of Donald Trump's attempted assassination at the 2024 Butler, Pennsylvania rally , accompanied by the Persian message "This time, [the bullet] won't miss," which angered Texas Republican Senator Ted Cruz and other close allies of President Trump. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] [ 226 ] 15 January The Iranian government imposed a nationwide curfew to prevent any protests. ISW recorded zero protests on 15 January. [ 227 ] Methods Protesters National strikes Nationwide strikes were conducted by businesses, stores, cafes, and workers as well as by online shops and social media influencers. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] [ 233 ] [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Demonstrations Protests are in the form of street demonstrations chanting slogans, car honking , [ 236 ] [ 237 ] lighting fires, [ 236 ] and removing surveillance cameras. [ 238 ] [ 239 ] In order not to be identified and later arrested, many protesters wear masks and dark clothes, reminiscent of V for Vendetta . [ 191 ] As the street lights are turned off by the government, the protesters defiantly set off fireworks and create a sea of light using their smartphones in the darkness of the city. [ 236 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Slogans and symbols During the protests, several notable slogans were chanted by demonstrators, reflecting anti-government sentiments, calls for the restoration of the monarchy, and unity among protesters. These slogans were frequently documented in videos and reports by Persian-language media outlets such as Manoto and Iran International . Many drew on historical references to the Pahlavi dynasty , while others directly targeted Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei or the Islamic Republic's leadership. Symbols associated with the protests included the Lion and Sun flag , which was waved in several demonstrations as a sign of monarchist aspirations and opposition to the government. [ 229 ] [ 53 ] [ 240 ] On 9 January 2026, X changed the Iran flag emoji from the Islamic Republic flag to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] " Death to the Dictator " ( Persian : مرگ بر دیکتاتور , romanised : Marg bar Diktâtor )—a general anti-authoritarian chant targeting the government's leadership, reported in Tehran, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Malard , Nahavand, Noorabad , and Karaj . [ 241 ] [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] [ 52 ] [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] " Death to Khamenei " ( Persian : مرگ بر خامنهای , romanised : Marg bar Khâmene'i )—direct call against Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, heard in Isfahan, Farsan , Arak, and other protest sites. Previously used during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 protests . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] [ 252 ] " Reza Shah , may your soul be blessed" ( Persian : رضا شاه، روحت شاد , romanised : Rezâ Shâh, ruhat shâd )—a slogan honouring Reza Shah Pahlavi, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty, chanted in Hamadan , Tehran , Isfahan , Kermanshah , and other locations. [ 253 ] [ 250 ] " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " ( Persian : نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران , romanised : Na Qazze na Lebnan, jânam fadâ-ye Irân )—a chant that expresses the opposition of some Iranians to the Islamic Republic's military, financial, and political support for Palestinian militant groups , neglecting the needs and interests of Iran itself. [ 68 ] [ 254 ] "Don't be afraid, don't be afraid, we are all together" ( Persian : نترسید، نترسید، ما همه با هم هستیم , romanised : Natarsid, natarsid, mâ hame bâ ham hastim )—a chant promoting unity and courage among protesters, chanted during nighttime gatherings in Isfahan. [ 255 ] [ 247 ] "Dishonourable, dishonourable" ( Persian : بیشرف، بیشرف , romanised : Bi-sharaf, bi-sharaf )—directed at security forces or government officials. [ 256 ] "Freedom, freedom, freedom" ( Persian : آزادی، آزادی، آزادی , romanised : Āzādi, āzādi, āzādi ). [ 257 ] [ 252 ] "Long live the Shah " ( Persian : جاوید شاه , romanised : Jâvid Shâh )—repeated chants calling for the return of the monarchy , heard in Hamadan , Arak , Nahavand , Dehloran , and other cities during nighttime protests. [ 53 ] [ 258 ] [ 259 ] [ 260 ] [ 8 ] [ 261 ] [ 262 ] [ 81 ] [ 263 ] "This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return" ( Persian : این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده , romanised : In âkharin nabarde, Pahlavi barmigarde )—a phrase conveying determination for regime change and the return of the Pahlavi family, chanted in Arak, Rasht , Khorramabad , Isfahan, Nahavand, and Dorud . [ 51 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 250 ] [ 53 ] [ 247 ] "The Shah is coming home, Zahhak is overthrown" ( Persian : شاه مییاد به خونه، ضحاک سرنگونه , romanised : Shâh mi-yâd be khune, Zahâk sarnegune )—referencing Persian mythology ( Zahhak as a tyrant) to symbolise the overthrow of the current government and return of the Shah. [ 266 ] "Death to the oppressor, whether Shah or Rahbar" ( Persian : مرگ بر ستمگر، چه شاه باشد چه رهبر )—a general anti-Islamic Republic and anti-monarchy chant mainly by expressed by supporters of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ non-primary source needed ] Organisation As of 7 January, HRANA viewed the protests as being networked. [ 157 ] The Associated Press viewed the first steps of protests as "broadly leaderless" before 8 January, and described Reza Pahlavi's influence after the call for demonstration on 8 January as unclear; however, when the time clocked at 8 p.m., chanting broke out across Tehran, with crowds shouting anti-regime slogans and expressing support for the shah's return. [ 267 ] IranWire viewed Generation Z Iranians as "one of the most visible and active groups" in the 2025–2026 protests, whose political views were strongly impacted by the Mahsa Amini protests of 2022–2023. [ 268 ] Territorial control According to human rights activist Hamid Enayat, Malekshahi and Abdanan effectively came under protesters' control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. [ 269 ] Suppression, persecution and executions Internet blackouts On 8 January 2026, the government imposed significant restrictions on telephone and internet access to limit communication and the dissemination of information. Unlike the Twelve-Day War , there has not been an official internet shut down nationwide. However, connectivity was heavily disrupted in cities experiencing active demonstrations, making it difficult for citizens to send messages, share media, or organise further protests. These measures were widely seen as part of the authorities' efforts to suppress dissent and control the narrative around the unrest. [ 270 ] On 9 January it was reported by multiple media outlets that Iran, in a largely unprecedented measure, had activated military-grade jammers to disrupt civilian Starlink signals. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Initially only 30 percent of the media traffic was affected but it rose to 80 percent within several hours. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] However, from the morning after the blackout began, Islamic Republic authorities issued a "white list" which allowed government affiliated institutions and accounts limited access to the internet, included were governmet aligned media and Telegram channels, as well as some universities. [ 271 ] Forbes quoted VPN expert Simon Migliano [ 273 ] as saying that "Iran's current nationwide blackout is a blunt instrument intended to crush dissent." [ 197 ] Migliano also addressed the cost of the internet shutdown, saying "this 'kill switch' approach comes at a staggering price, draining $1.56 million from Iran's economy every single hour the internet is down." [ 197 ] By 11 January, Iran shut down the Starlink internet for the first time. [ 197 ] Recruitment of foreign militias The presence of Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces , Arabic-speaking mercenaries, Lebanon's Hezbollah , and the Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun in suppressing protests was reported. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] [ 276 ] [ 277 ] Iran International reported that on 2 January 2026, Iraqi militias affiliated with the Iranian government recruited forces to assist Iranian security forces in suppressing protests in Iran. [ 276 ] On 6 January 2026, it was reported that approximately 800 members of Iraqi Shia militia groups, including Kata'ib Hezbollah , Harakat al-Nujaba , Sayyid al-Shuhada , and the Badr Organisation had been sent to Iran. [ 276 ] The troops were reportedly transported through the border crossings of Shalamcheh , Chazabeh , and Khosravi , officially under the cover of a "pilgrimage to the holy sites of Imam Reza in Mashhad ", while in practice they were gathered at a base in Ahvaz before being dispatched to various regions to assist in suppressing protests. [ 276 ] According to Iran International , "The reason behind this move by the Islamic Republic could be its concern that the Iranian police might not follow orders to attack unarmed, ordinary people, or simply because its forces are insufficient to stop protests in more than 100 cities". [ 278 ] On 9 January 2026 the United States warned Iran against using foreign militias to crush protests. [ 279 ] According to The Media Line , Iraqi Shiite militia members were recruited to help suppress Iranian protesters, receiving $600 each. By 11 January, more than 60 buses, each carrying about 50 people, had crossed the Iraq‑Iran border. [ 280 ] On 15 Jan, an Iraqi source stated to CNN that "nearly 5,000" fighters from Iraqi militias had crossed into Iran over the preceding weeks. [ 281 ] Internal propaganda and coercion The Iranian government has been accused of using footage of protesters' bodies in morgues to demoralise future protests. [ 282 ] Families trying to receive the bodies of their loved ones have often times been forced to pay compensation for the bullets that killed their relatives. [ 282 ] [ 283 ] Reports stated that security forces and Revolutionary Guard members raided and intimidated the families of protesters who were killed, imposed restrictions on the retrieval and burial of bodies, and warned that families would be charged fees. [ 283 ] There have been reports that families were unable to locate the remains of their relatives after authorities buried them in locations far from where the deaths occurred. [ 282 ] Reports have also indicated that the authorities retained the remains until families consented to official accounts describing the deceased as aligned with the government and Basij rather than as protesters. [ 282 ] [ 284 ] Likewise, images and videos from the pro-government rallies were reported to have been altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Direct order for live fire on protesters Sources close to Iran’s Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office report that the killing of protesters was carried out on the direct order of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, with full approval from senior state officials. The council allegedly authorised live fire, which was executed mainly by the IRGC in what is described as a deliberate, organised operation exceptional in scale and intensity. [ 49 ] On 13 January the Guardian reported that Islamic Republic security forces were documented using shotguns and rifles with live ammunition, [ 285 ] as well as heavy DShK machine guns against protesters, [ 286 ] with a Tehran doctor stating that security forces were "shooting to kill". [ 285 ] A spokesperson from the Abdorrahman Boroumand Center for Human Rights cited evidence that even when using "less lethal" weapons, security forces were deliberately shooting at the heads, eyes, genitals and vital organs of the protesters, so as terrorise protesters by mutilating them and causing them permanent disability, [ 285 ] reusing the tactic employed in the 2022 Mahsa Amini protests. [ 285 ] At least one young girl had been shot in the pelvic area and was in critical condition. [ 285 ] and a medic in Tehran reported that there were "direct shots to the heads of the young people, to their hearts as well." [ 287 ] Additionally, multiple testimonies have revealed Iranian security forces raiding hospitals to arrest, [ 288 ] and in many cases execute, hospitalised protesters. [ 289 ] [ 286 ] On 4 January, according to Namdar Baghaei Yazdi, vice president of the Iranian Medical Society UK, security forces in full riot gear stormed Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, attacked medical personnel with tear gas and shotgun pellets and arrested injured protesters, [ 290 ] with another similar assault being carried out by security forces on 6 January in Sina Hospital in Tehran. [ 290 ] Yazdi was quoted as saying "Hospitals are no longer sacred in Iran, and we are very concerned for our medical colleagues there who are already at risk from the regime." [ 290 ] A doctor from southern Iran reported that security forces had "finished off" protesters who had been hospitalised at the time, [ 286 ] [ 289 ] further stating "they killed many, arrested many, and many are on the run. The situation is very bad." [ 289 ] According to The Times, another doctor from Tehran stated that security forces had "gone into hospitals and forcibly taken the corpses of protesters with them", and some of the wounded protesters treat their injuries at home and avoid being admitted to the hospital out of fear of being arrested. [ 291 ] Persecution On 5 January 2026, Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei, head of the judiciary in the Islamic Republic, stated that there would be no leniency for "rioters" despite the right to demonstrate, [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and the judiciary's Mizan news agency quoted him saying "I instruct the attorney general and prosecutors across the country to act in accordance with the law and with resolve against the rioters and those who support them (...) and to show no leniency or indulgence," [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and stressing that the penalty would be "decisive" and "maximum". [ 294 ] [ 294 ] Regarding the rapid trials and executions or protesters, Iran state television shared a video in which Mohseni-Ejei said "If we want to do a job, we should do it now. If we want to do something, we have to do it quickly, if it becomes late, two months, three months later, it doesn't have the same effect. If we want to do something, we have to do that fast." [ 295 ] [ 296 ] On 10 January, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said that the demands of protesters in the country are "completely fair," but "rioters" should "be put in their place." [ 293 ] On 13 January, in a televised statement from the office of the Tehran prosecutor, the office declared that an undeclared number of protesters would be charged with " moharebeh ", or "waging war against God", an offence punished by death in Iran , and used extensively in the past by the regime's judiciary. [ 297 ] According to the Human Rights Activists News Agency, as of 14 January 2026, over 18,400 people had been arrested. [ 295 ] According to Iran International, on 10 January 2026 the "One Word" lawyers' network, citing the internet shutdown isolating protesters from the outside world, called on the international community and Iranian judges to prevent the show trials and extrajudicial executions of protesters following the orders of Ali Khamenei and senior judicial officials. [ 298 ] In its statement, the network detailed new orders from Khamenei instructing security forces "to deal harshly with protesters in recent gatherings" as well as separate statements from the Head of the Judiciary, the Attorney General of the country, and the Tehran Prosecutor calling for "extraordinary, out-of-order proceedings and the imposition of the most severe punishments in the cases of detained protesters." [ 298 ] Erfan Soltani According to the BBC, on 8 January 2026, clothes shop owner Erfan Soltani was arrested in his home for allegedly being connected with the protests in Fardis, while he was denied a lawyer and his family was not notified of the charges brought against him. [ 299 ] Several days later, Soltani was notified that he was to face execution on 14 January, less that a week after his arrest. [ 299 ] However after US president Donald Trump told reporters that the US would take "very strong action" if the regime were to execute protesters, Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi denied any plan to hang people in a televised interview, and Soltani's family was notified that his execution had been postponed, while the judiciary stated that the charges against him only consisted of "colluding against national security" and "propaganda activities against the establishment" which are not punishable by death in Iran. [ 299 ] The state broadcasting company IRIB claimed that reports of Soltani's pending execution were a "blatant act of news fabrication." [ 299 ] Casualties Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 31 December On 31 December 2025, during a protest in Fuladshahr , Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand was shot with a Kalashnikov rifle by security forces. He died before reaching medical care. [ 300 ] While participating in a protest in Kuhdasht on 31 December, Amirhesam Khodayarifard (reported to be 21, [ 118 ] or 22 years old) [ 117 ] was shot dead with a bullet to the head by a plainclothes retired IRGC agent. [ 301 ] Eyewitness testimony and video evidence showed that Khodayarifard was among the protesters. [ 117 ] Government media stated that protesters had been throwing rocks at security forces, and that Khodayarafid was killed after the rocks had been thrown. [ 302 ] Governmental media, including Mehr News Agency , [ 118 ] claimed that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . The governor of Kuhdasht, an Imam of Friday Prayer , and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members visited Khodayarifard's family. Permission for the family to access Khodayarifard's body and carry out a burial was conditioned on the family making a televised statement stating that Khodayarifard had been a member of the Basij. [ 117 ] Governmental authorities gave warnings on Telegram and Instagram forbidding the publication of information about Khodayarifard's killing. [ 117 ] As of 5 January 2026 [update] , the authorities, who were pressuring Khodayarifard's family to state that he was a Basij member, had not given the body to Khodayarifard's family, according to IranWire . [ 301 ] 1 January Two protesters, Ahmad Jalil, 21, and Sajjad Valamanesh, 28, were killed in Lordegan on 1 January 2026. Both were shot by security forces with live ammunition and died later from their injuries. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] On the evening of 1 January, two men and a teenage boy, Shayan Asadollahi, 30, Vahab Musavi, and Mostafa, 15, residents of Azna (in Lorestan province) were killed by gunfire from security forces. [ 132 ] The IRGC-aligned Fars News Agency stated that the protesters had either tried to attack a police station [ 305 ] or had tried to disarm the security forces. [ 132 ] Ahmadreza Amani, 28, was shot in the chest by security forces at around 18:00 IRST in Azna and died in hospital. [ 306 ] Khodadad Shirvani, 33, a Marvdasht resident, was shot with shotgun pellets by security forces on the same evening in Marvdasht. He died after being transferred to a hospital. [ 307 ] In Nurabad (Lorestan province), Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli, 35, was lethally shot the same evening with three bullets (one to his heart) by security forces during a protest in Ba'ath Square in Nurabad. Security forces and the Imam of Friday Prayer pressured Abdoli's family to say that he was a Basij member and that he was shot by "enemy forces". [ 308 ] 2 January On 2 January, a 42-year-old protester, Ali Azizi Jafarabadi, a Kurdish man from Harsin County was shot dead by security forces in Harsin . [ 309 ] 3 January On 3 January, the total number of arrested protesters had increased to 132 according to Hengaw [ 310 ] or 582 according to HRANA . [ 136 ] Iran International estimated the death count of protesters to be at least eight, the number of locations to be 113 locations in 46 cities across 22 provinces, with at least 44 people shot and wounded by live ammunition or pellet guns fired by Iranian security forces. [ 97 ] [ 311 ] Four protesters were shot dead with "military-grade" weapons by IRGC members at protests in Malekshahi County in Ilam province ; forty were injured and many taken to hospital. [ 312 ] 4 January By the early morning of 4 January, Iran International reported the death toll from the protests to have risen to at least 16. [ 313 ] HRANA estimated that since the beginning of the protests there had been 990 arrests and 51 cases of injuries to protesters, mostly from pellet and plastic bullets. [ 143 ] 5 January The total number of arrested protesters rose to 1,200 on 5 January. [ 314 ] Iranian authorities claimed to have arrested a Mossad agent partaking in the protests, with the agent allegedly confessed to being recruited, trained by, and continuing communication with Mossad, and said that Mossad handlers told him to go to people's residences, but was later instructed to move his "operations" to local marketplaces. [ 315 ] 6 January On 6 January, a total of 2,076 protesters had been arrested, and at least 34 protesters and 2 police officers had been killed, according to HRANA . [ 153 ] 7 January HRANA estimated 140 new arrests of protesters or identifications of previously arrested protesters, making a total of 2217, including 165 minors and 46 university students. HRANA counted at total since the beginning of the protests as 38 deaths, including 29 adult protesters, 5 minor protesters, and 4 security officers. [ 157 ] 8 January In response to intensified protests on 8 January 2026, the government initiated a nationwide outage of internet and telephone services, a tactic often used prior to using deadly force against protesters, in order to suppress news and evade scrutiny. According to social media reports, a massacre began in Fardis , where government forces allegedly killed 50 protesters with a machine gun. [ 316 ] 9 January On 9 January, HRANA estimated that a total of 2,311 protesters had been arrested and at least 65 were dead. [ 1 ] Time reported that they were in contact with a Tehran-based doctor who informed them that over 217 protester deaths had been recorded across six hospitals in the city, while Iranian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that authorities might carry out a massacre under the cover of the widespread internet blackout . [ 182 ] [ 183 ] Reports from two hospitals in Rasht and Tehran indicate overall 110 dead bodies being transferred to these two hospitals during 8 and 9 January. Some wounded people had military-grade bullets in head and neck, indicating that the shootings were intended to kill. [ 317 ] 10 January Amidst the internet blackout during the protests, Iran International stated their most conservative estimates indicated that at least 2,000 people had been killed by government forces over the past 48 hours alone. [ 59 ] On 10 January, HRANA estimated that 2,638 protesters had been arrested and confirmed that 116 fatalities had occurred. [ 318 ] The Centre for Human Rights in Iran warned that a "massacre is unfolding." It said hundreds of protesters had been killed since the government cut off internet access, and security forces, as in the past, shot people in the eyes with metal pellets and rubber bullets. It reported that hospitals were overwhelmed, and that casualties continue to rise. [ 319 ] 11 January According to a US-based rights group, more than 500 people have been killed in Iran's protests, with 579 additional deaths under investigation (raising the total to 1,123), while over 10,681 people have been arrested. [ 320 ] The People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran reported that more than 3,000 people had been killed in the protests by 11 January. Their figures, based on local sources, hospitals, and families, show the regime even displayed some bodies on state TV, falsely blaming protesters for their deaths. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] By 11 January, Time reported that, starting with reports from a handful of Tehran hospitals, an informal, expatriate group of academics and professionals calculated that protester deaths could have reached 6,000 through Saturday the 10th. [ 64 ] 12 January On 12 January, CNN reported that given the government's internet shutdown and the slow trickle of information emerging from Iran, the full scale of casualties remains unclear. [ 323 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that activist groups in Iran estimated 12,000 people to have been killed, and possibly 20,000, based on medical reports. [ 43 ] 15 January By 15 January, fatality reports saw a significant increase as internet connectivity was partially restored. [ 324 ] While confirmed figures from the U.S.-based Human Rights Activists News Agency ( HRANA) stood at approximately 2,000-2,500 deaths [ 325 ] [ 324 ] , other rights organisations such as Iran Human Rights (IHR) reported at least 3,428 fatalities. [ 286 ] At the same time, leaked internal documents from the Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office, reported by Iran International , suggested that as many as 12,000 people may have been killed during the peak crackdown between January 8 and 10. [ 326 ] CBS News cited sources within Iran claiming the total death toll could potentially reach 20,000. [ 327 ] [ 328 ] Executions On 12 January 2026, it was reported that 26-year-old protester, Erfan Soltani , was sentenced to be executed on 14 January, making him one of the first of these protesters to be handed an execution sentence . [ 329 ] Soltani was arrested during protests in Fardis on 8 January. [ 329 ] [ 330 ] [ 331 ] Human rights groups and activists report that Soltani was denied access to a lawyer, a fair trial , or any opportunity to appeal. [ 329 ] Government forces Government authorities repeatedly presented fatalities during the protests as members of the security forces killed by protesters, after which evidence from witnesses and family statements showed that the victim had been shot by the security forces. [ 332 ] Government media claimed that Amirhesam Khodayarifard, killed on 31 December, was a member of the Basij . [ 119 ] Eyewitness reports and video evidence, collected by Hengaw , contradicted this claim, in particular showing that he was standing among the protesters and was killed by a shot to the head by a security forces member. [ 117 ] Initially, authorities conditioned family access to Khodayarifard's body on the family making a televised statement that he was a Basij member. [ 117 ] During the funeral, which took place on 2 January, Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] On 3 January, Agence France-Presse referred to a statement by Mehr that IRGC member Latif Karimi was killed during clashes in Malekshahi County , [ 333 ] during which four protesters were killed by the IRGC. [ 334 ] On 4 January, eyewitnesses and other sources clarified that Karimi was present among the protesters when he was shot by IRGC members, and died in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam . Karimi was a retired brigadier-general by profession. Karimi's son stated on Telegram , "My father's only 'crime' was telling [the government security forces] not to shoot at the people." [ 332 ] On 7 January, militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] On 8 January, Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] On 9 January, Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province killed at least 10 IRGC Ground Forces Nabi Akram Unit members. [ 27 ] On 11 January, fighters from the PFF killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] Notable victims Shahram Maghsoudi , powerlifting champion [ 335 ] Foreign victims Canadian minister of foreign affairs Anita Anand confirmed that a Canadian citizen was killed by the Islamic Republic forces during the protests. [ 336 ] Reactions Reactions to the protests ranged from calls for dialogue and economic relief to warnings of force. Domestic Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said officials should talk to protesters, but added that "rioters must be put in their place". [ 337 ] As the unrest continued, President Masoud Pezeshkian announced economic measures including changes to foreign-exchange subsidies intended to shift support directly to consumers. [ 338 ] Vice President Mohammad Reza Aref attempted to resign during the first days of the protests, but it was not accepted by President Pezeshkian. [ 339 ] Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf , Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly , said "Malicious individuals and organised movements want to turn any kind of public demand and protest into chaos and chaos using their trained agents in the square, but the Iranian nation has repeatedly demonstrated its vigilance, awareness, and compassion for the country's security". [ 340 ] On 10 January 2026, the IRGC warned that safeguarding security is a "red line". [ 341 ] Chief Justice Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , the head of Iran's judiciary, said that the punishment for rioters would "be decisive, maximum and without any legal leniency". [ 342 ] Attorney general Mohammad Movahedi Azad warned that anyone taking part in demonstrations is an " enemy of God ", a crime that carries the death penalty under Iranian law. [ 343 ] International Sovereign states United States – US president Donald Trump warned that the United States would intervene if Iranian authorities violently suppressed "peaceful protests". [ 344 ] On 9 January 2026, Trump stated on Truth Social that the US was "locked and loaded and ready to go" if the Iranian security forces killed protesters. [ 345 ] Trump later said that US is considering "very strong options" as a response to the Iran protests, among them possible military intervention, and he said: "we will hit them at levels that they've never been hit before". [ 346 ] A senior American official told The New York Times that Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu urged President Trump to delay a potential American attack against Iran. [ 347 ] On 15 January, multiple sources reported that Carrier Strike Group 3 was expected to arrive in the Middle East in "about a week", and The New York Times reported that an array of combat and refueling aircraft "were expected to start flowing into the region soon". [ 348 ] [ 349 ] Israel – Netanyahu said Israel "[identifies] with the struggle of the Iranian people for freedom, liberty and justice". He also mentioned the possibility that the people would take their fate into their hands. [ 350 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] France , Germany , and the United Kingdom 's leaders released a joint statement on 9 January urging Iran to exercise restraint. [ 62 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Australia and Canada issued a joint statement condemning Iran's use of force against protesters. [ 356 ] New Zealand – Foreign minister Winston Peters expressed concern about the killing of protesters and described protests as a "fundamental human right." [ 357 ] Poland – On 15 January 2026, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Iranian ambassador to express concern over the growing number of casualties and arrests, and called on Iran to cease violence against the protesters and initiate talks. [ 358 ] Turkey – Foreign minister Hakan Fidan stated that the protests in Iran were "being manipulated from abroad by Iran's rivals", including the United States and Israel, expressed a wish for the resolution of the perceived antagonism between Iran and the West through negotiations, and called on Iran to engage in "very genuine reconciliation and cooperation" with other Middle Eastern countries. [ 359 ] Vatican City – Pope Leo XIV expressed concern. [ 360 ] United Kingdom – On 13 January 2026, Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper summoned the Iranian ambassador over the mass killings. [ 361 ] British Secretary of State for Transport Heidi Alexander told Sky News that the current priority is to "stem the violence" in Iran. She said Iran is a threat to the Middle East and represses its own people. [ 362 ] Intergovernmental and international organisations European Union : The European External Action Service urged Iran's security forces to exercise restraint and called on authorities to uphold rights including freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. [ 363 ] The EU also co-signed the aforementioned joint statement issued by Australia and Canada. [ 356 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] The United Nations criticised Iran's internet shutdown and violation of civil liberties. [ 365 ] Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned the violent repression and documented indiscriminate killings and arrests. [ 366 ] [ 367 ] Political parties and organisations United Kingdom – Kemi Badenoch , the leader of the United Kingdom's opposition Conservative Party , told the BBC that she would "not have an issue" with Iranian regime change and said she supported the involvement of the US and its allies. She claimed that Iran posed a direct threat to the UK, saying it would "very happily wipe out the UK if it felt it could get away with it". [ 362 ] The Mobarizoun Popular Front, a newly-formed Baloch nationalist organisation, expressed its support for the protests. [ 19 ] The Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order expressed support for the Iranian opposition against the Iranian government in early January, calling the Iranian government a "fraudulent mullah regime." [ 368 ] The Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK) co-chair Amir Kerimi stated that the Islamic Republic had lost its social legitimacy and described the situation as an opportunity to build "a democratic and decentralised Iran … that transcends the nation-state , based on the self-governance of the people", while indicating "the construction of a new authoritarian regime through Reza Pahlavi" as his biggest concern. [ 369 ] Corporate organisations From 9 January 2026, multiple international airlines suspended or cancelled flights to and from Iran due to the protests, the internet blackout, and security concerns. Turkish Airlines cancelled flights between Istanbul and Iranian cities including Tehran, Tabriz and Mashhad, while AJet and Pegasus Airlines suspended all services to Iran. UAE carriers flydubai and Emirates halted flights to Iranian destinations, and Qatar Airways cancelled several flights from Doha to Iran. In Europe, Austrian Airlines cancelled its Vienna-Tehran flight on 9 January. Lufthansa , which had planned to resume flights on 16 January after it suspended them due to regional security concerns, delayed its plans to resume services due to the protests. [ 370 ] [ 371 ] [ 372 ] [ 181 ] [ 373 ] International travel advisories Since the outbreak of the protests, several countries have issued travel advisories or warnings for Iran and have advised their citizens to leave the country. These advisories cite security concerns and potential disruptions to transportation and communications. Countries that have issued such advisories include the United States, [ 374 ] the United Kingdom, [ 375 ] Canada, [ 376 ] Australia, [ 377 ] Germany, [ 378 ] France, [ 379 ] New Zealand, [ 380 ] Ireland, [ 381 ] and India. [ 382 ] Polling A January 2026 Quinnipiac poll, found that 70% oppose U.S. military involvement in Iran, 79% of Democrats, 80% of independents and 53% of Republicans opposed military involvement. [ 383 ] [ 384 ] [ 385 ] Analysis On 30 December, Iran International suggested that the protests were a "historic break" of Iranian bazaar merchants, historically a critical and old ally of the Islamic Republic, from the Iranian government. Such breaks, the news agency suggested, were fuelled by the Islamic Republic's blame towards the merchants as "price gougers" for rejecting state-standardised pricing and being unable to restock market inventories if they complied to their demands. Anger towards the government by merchants were also caused by the proposed 2025–26 Iranian budget , which would prioritise deficit spending and large tax increases to make up for a decline in oil revenues for government funding. [ 386 ] On 2 January, Iran International cited the opinion of analysts, including intelligence analysts and journalists, who suggested that Iran might have entered the early stages of regime collapse. [ 387 ] On 4 January, according to the New York Times , Iranian officials, including foreign minister Abbas Araghchi , described the government as being in a "survival mode", with difficulties in either reversing economic problems or handling the military threat of attack by the United States or Israel. Pezeshkian held two emergency meetings following the start of the protests. Some of his advisers recommended that he publicly criticise the role of Khamenei as supreme leader. [ 252 ] A 5 January analysis in Foreign Policy argues that the 2025–2026 protests differ from the Mahsa Amini protests in that the 2025–2026 protests are more geographically widespread, including small towns rather than just major cities, and involve a broader range of groups, including students, workers, women, and ethnic minorities. The analysis also saw differences in the international context as significant, with Trump's unpredictability and overt willingness to violate international law as a factor differing from Biden's approach, and the fall of the Assad regime as a weakening of Iran's regional support. The authors also saw the focus of the 2025–2026 protests as shifting from social reform to regime change. [ 7 ] In early January 2026, The Times referred to intelligence reports stating that Khamenei had an escape plan, for him and about twenty close associates and family members, including Khamenei's son Mojtaba Khamenei , ready to flee to Moscow in case security forces defected to the side of the protesters. Beni Sabti, a former Israeli intelligence officer, stated that he expected Moscow to be Khamenei's preferred location of exile if he fled. [ 254 ] Social scientist Mali Rezaei viewed the protests as showing a "deepening rupture between society and the ideological foundations of the state". She argued that one of the factors behind the protests was the context of Iran's multi-millenial history and ethnic and cultural diversity, in which the seventh century CE Muslim conquest of Persia left in place "a persistent resistance to absolutism". She pointed to a 2020 GAMAAN study that found that irreligion in Iran and support for secularism was growing. In addition to economic factors, Rezaei saw environmental crises such as the disappearance of Lake Urmia as playing a role. She viewed the Iranian government's destruction of some elements of Persian culture and a "passivity in defending [cultural] legacy" as a weakening of the government's protection of "the nation". Rezaei saw the Mahsa Amini protests and the Woman, Life, Freedom slogan as a key turning point in which the protest movement evolved to avoid cooptation by either the government and individual celebrities. She viewed the pro-Pahlavi slogans as mainly representing a desire for a secular democracy, not absolute monarchy, that would recover national agency . [ 388 ] View of the protests as an uprising On 10 January, human rights activist Hamid Enayat suggested that "dozens of instances" of disarmament of security forces during the protests, and the "breakdown of the deterrent function" of the Iranian state's monopoly of violence indicated a transition to a new phase , that of an uprising . Enayat cited cases of protesters stopping security forces on buses, disarming them and tying their hands, and a case of a stun gun being taken from a security forces member and used against him. He argued that Malekshahi County effectively came under insurgent control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. He saw the protests as having shifted to a phase in which the Iranian state had lost its power to frighten citizens into obedience. [ 269 ] On 11 January, historian Mark Almond disagreed with comparison of the Iranian protests to the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. He argued that it would be more like the Storming of the Bastille , because, if successful, the overthrow of the Islamic Republic would be a rebellion against an internally developed regime, rather than one imposed internationally. He argued that the protests already qualified for the term "revolution". [ 389 ] In contradistinction most Israeli analysts believed that the conditions for successful revolution had not yet been met, the existential threat to the regime notwithstanding. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] A minority view, such as held by retired Brigadier General Amir Avivi , chairman of the Israel Defence and Security Forum (IDSF),is that the Iranian regime faces imminent collapse. [ 392 ] See also Iran portal Middle East portal Politics portal 2025 Iran internal crisis 2025–26 Iranian budget Deaths during the Mahsa Amini protests Iran Prosperity Project Iranian energy crisis Iranian opposition Killing of Saghar Etemadi Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Notes ^ Protests reported in over 145 locations, including Abadan , Abdanan , Ahvaz , Aligudarz , Alvand , Amlash , Amol , Arak , Arakvaz , Arsanjan , Asadabad , Asaluyeh , Ashkhaneh , Astara , Lorestan , Babaheydar , Babol , Bagh-e Malek , Bandar Abbas , Bandar Ganaveh , Bandar-e Anzali , Bandar Kangan , Baneh , Borazjan , Borujerd , Chaboksar , Chaharbagh , Chenar Shahijan , Dargahan , Dehloran , Delijan , Dezful , Dogonbadan , Dorud , Eqlid , Esfarayen , Eslamabad-e Gharb , Eslamshahr , Falavarjan , Fariman , Farsan , Fasa , Firuzabad , Firuzkuh , Fuladshahr , Garmdarreh , Garmsar , Gilan-e Gharb , Gonabad , Gorgan , Hafshejan , Hamadan , Harsin , Holeylan County , Ilam , Isfahan , Izeh , Jahrom , Junqan , Juyabad , Karaj , Kashan , Kavar , Kazerun , Kerend-e Gharb , Kerman , Kermanshah , Khash , Khomeyni Shahr , Khorramabad , Kish Island , Kuhchenar County , Kuhdasht , Lahijan , Lali , Lordegan , Lumar , Mahabad , Mahallat , Malard , Malayer , Maragheh , Marivan , Marvdasht , Mashhad , Meshkan , Murmuri , Nahavand , Najafabad , Neqab , Neyriz , Nishapur , Nurabad , Pardis , Paveh , Qaen , Qasr-e Shirin , Qazvin , Qeydar , Qom , Qorveh , Ramhormoz , Rasht , Robat Karim , Rudsar , Sabzevar , Safashahr , Sahneh , Salehabad, Ilam , Saman, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari , Saqqez , Sarpol-e Zahab , Sarvestan , Sari , Saveh , Semnan , Shahin Shahr , Shahrekord , Shahrud , Shalamzar , Shazand , Shiraz , Shirvan , Shush , Sonqor , Tabriz , Tehran , Tonekabon , Torbat-e Heydarieh , Tuyserkan , Urmia , Vahdatiyeh , Varamin , Varzaneh , Yasuj , Yazd , Yazdan Shahr , Zabol , Zahedan , Zanjan , Zarqan , Zarrinshahr and Zibashahr . ^ Lower estimate per an official speaking to Reuters , upper estimate per an official speaking to The New York Times . [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Including 121 security forces, per Iranian state media. [ 40 ] ^ Including 2,478 protestors, 163 government affiliated individuals, 20 non-protesting civilians, 16 minors and 1,693 other unidentified deaths. [ 41 ] ^ Including 800 individuals who received death sentences. [ 41 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 10 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Day Thirteen of the Protests: Nighttime Demonstrations Continue Amid Internet Shutdown" . 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Mr. Netanyahu spoke to Mr. Trump on Wednesday, the same day the American president said he had received information from "very important sources on the other side" that Iran had stopped killing protesters and was not going forward with executions. That appeared to signal that Mr. Trump was backing away from a potential U.S. attack on Iran, which he has been weighing for days. However, Mr. Trump sent a similar ambiguous signal last June even after he had largely made up his mind to order an attack on Iran. ^ Mitchell, Ellen. "Pentagon moving carrier strike group toward Middle East amid tensions with Iran" . The Hill . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Wong, Edward; Pager, Tyler; Schmitt, Eric. "Israel and Arab Nations Ask Trump to Refrain From Attacking Iran" . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . {{ cite web }} : Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( help ) ^ "Netanyahu: Now could be moment when Iranians 'take their fate into their own hands' " . 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Archived from the original on 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Dobrzyński, Łukasz (15 January 2026). "Polska reaguje na protesty w Iranie. MSZ wzywa ambasadora w Warszawie" . Gazeta Prawna (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 January 2026. ^ "Bakan Fidan: Halep'te paralel yapı ortadan kalkacak" . TRT Haber (in Turkish). 9 January 2026. Archived from the original on 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . ^ "Iranischer Präsident warnt "Aufrührer" vor weiteren Protesten" . Morgenpost (in German). 11 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "UK summons Iranian ambassador over 'brutal' killings" . www.bbc.com . 13 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ a b Mason, Rowena (11 January 2026). "UK wants peaceful transition of power in Iran, says minister" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Iran: Statement by the spokesperson on developments across the country" . European External Action Service . 3 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "Von der Leyen condemns violent crackdown on Iranian protesters" . POLITICO . 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "International community increases pressure on Iran as its population is incommunicado – EFE" . EFE Noticias . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ "Iranian Authorities Brutally Repressing Protests" . Human Rights Watch. 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ "Iran: Zahl der Toten und Verletzten steigt bei Massenprotesten" . Amnesty International (in German) . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ "بيان جيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية بتأييد ودعم ثورة الشعوب الإيرانية المباركة لإسقاط نظام ملالي الدجل والشعوذة في طهران – الموقع الرسمي لجيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية" . ^ Kerimi, Amir (12 January 2026). "İran İslam Cumhuriyeti çökmüş durumda" . ANF News (Interview) (in Turkish). Interviewed by Majeed, Rebaz. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ "Nearly 20 flights between Dubai and Iranian cities cancelled" . Reuters . 9 January 2026. ^ "Some Dubai and Turkish Airlines Temporarily Suspend Flights to Iran" . iranwire.com . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Iran Protests: Major Airlines Suspend Flights Amid Demonstrations And Trump's Threats — Check Full List" . Times Now . 11 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "India closely following developments in Iran, says MEA" . The Hindu . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Iran Travel Advisory | Travel.State.gov" . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Iran travel advice" . GOV.UK . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Canada, Global Affairs (16 November 2012). "Travel advice and advisories for Iran" . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Iran: Do not travel" . ^ Amt, Auswärtiges. "Iran: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise" . Auswärtiges Amt (in German) . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires (11 January 2026). "Iran- Sécurité" . France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (in French) . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Iran" . www.safetravel.govt.nz . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Iran | Travel Advice | Department Of Foreign Affairs | Ireland.ie | Ireland.ie" . www.ireland.ie . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Travel Advisory for Iran" . ^ "New poll reveals majority of voters oppose US strike on Iran, say Trump has gone too far abroad" . POLITICO . 14 January 2026. ^ Flax, Debra (14 January 2026). "Majority of US voters say Washington should stay out of Iran, Quinnipiac poll suggests" . ^ Mancini, Ryan (14 January 2026). "7 in 10 say US should not take military action over deadly Iran protest crackdown: Survey" . ^ Machine-Chian, Mohamad (30 December 2025). "The bazaar finally breaks with the Islamic Republic" . Iran International . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ Mojtahedi, Negar (2 January 2026). "Iran protests expose a system sliding toward collapse, experts say" . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ Iran on the edge: What the outside world misunderstands about a nation in revolt , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , 11 January 2026, Wikidata Q137760700 , archived from the original on 7 January 2026 ^ Mark Almond (11 January 2026). "This Iranian uprising could be as pivotal as the French Revolution" . The Independent . ISSN 1741-9743 . Wikidata Q137760437 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2026. ^ "What's holding Iran's defiant, fragile regime together – for now" . Haaretz . ^ "Iran Protests, Explained: How Real Is the Danger to the Regime, and How Might Trump Intervene? - Iran" . ^ "Live - Iran closes airspace as US moves carrier strike group to Mideast" . www.iranintl.com . 15 January 2026. v t e 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Overview General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity People Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi Armed forces IRGC Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] IRGC Cyber Command Basij Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] Events Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Slogans " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " Related PMOI/MEK NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International PMOI/MEK NCRI NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International v t e Protests in Iran v t e 19th century Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) 20th century 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 21st century 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Ali Khamenei v t e Politics Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Policies Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Books and messages A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years Family Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Economy Wealth of Khamenei family Wealth of Khamenei family Category 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2020s internet outages 2025 labor disputes and strikes 2025 protests 2026 in Iran 2026 labor disputes and strikes 2026 protests Ali Khamenei Arson in 2026 Arson in Iran Civil rights protests Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran December 2025 in Iran Economic history of Iran Food riots Food security Gen Z protests in Asia History of civil rights and liberties in Iran History of the Islamic Republic of Iran Human rights abuses in Iran Internet censorship in Iran Iran–United States relations Iranian democracy movements Iranian nationalism Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps January 2026 in Iran Labour disputes in Iran Law enforcement in Iran Massacres in Iran Monarchism in Iran Movements for civil rights Opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran Police brutality in Iran Police brutality in the 2020s Police misconduct in Iran Presidency of Masoud Pezeshkian Protest marches in Iran Protests in Iran Rebellions in Iran Reform movements Riots and civil disorder in Iran Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa) CS1 Persian-language sources (fa) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 errors: generic name CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list CS1 errors: markup CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Current events from January 2026 Wikipedia move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from January 2026 All Wikipedia articles written in British English All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles with bare URLs for citations from January 2026 Articles containing Persian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2026 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Massachusetts Bay Colony 1.2 Province of Massachusetts Bay in New England 1.3 Later history 1.1 Massachusetts Bay Colony 1.2 Province of Massachusetts Bay in New England 1.3 Later history 2 Chambers Toggle Chambers subsection 2.1 Senate 2.2 House of Representatives 2.1 Senate 2.2 House of Representatives 3 Current joint committees and members 4 Legislative procedure 5 State House News Service 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Massachusetts General Court العربية 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Català Deutsch Español Français Galego 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Massachusetts General Court 194th General Court of Massachusetts Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives Term limits None History Founded Original charter March 18, 1629 (396 years ago) ( 1629-03-18 ) Modern form October 25, 1780 (245 years ago) ( 1780-10-25 ) Preceded by Massachusetts Provincial Congress (1774–1780) New session started January 1, 2025 ( 2025-01-01 ) Leadership Senate President Karen Spilka ( D ) since July 26, 2018 House Speaker Ron Mariano ( D ) since December 30, 2020 Structure Seats .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 200 voting members 40 senators 160 representatives 200 voting members 40 senators 160 representatives 40 senators 160 representatives Senate political groups Majority (35) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Democratic (35) Minority (5) Republican (5) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Democratic (35) Minority (5) Republican (5) House of Representatives political groups Majority (135) Democratic (134) Independent ( 1 ) Minority (25) Republican (25) Democratic (134) Independent ( 1 ) Minority (25) Republican (25) Elections Last Senate election November 5, 2024 Last House of Representatives election November 5, 2024 Next Senate election November 3, 2026 Next House of Representatives election November 3, 2026 Meeting place Massachusetts State House Boston Website malegislature .gov Constitution Constitution of Massachusetts Rules Joint Rules of the Massachusetts Senate and House of Representatives The Massachusetts General Court , formally the General Court of Massachusetts , [ 1 ] is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts located in the state capital of Boston . The name "General Court" is a holdover from the earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , when the colonial assembly, in addition to making laws, sat as a judicial court of appeals . Before the adoption of the state constitution in 1780, it was called the Great and General Court , but the official title was shortened by John Adams , author of the state constitution . It is a bicameral body . The upper house is the Massachusetts Senate which is composed of 40 members. The lower body , the Massachusetts House of Representatives , has 160 members; until 1978, the state house had 240 members. [ 2 ] It meets in the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill in Boston. Since 1959, Democrats have controlled both houses of the Massachusetts General Court, often by large majorities. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The Democrats enjoyed veto-proof supermajorities in both chambers for part of the 1990s (i.e., enough votes to override vetoes by a governor) [ 3 ] and also currently hold supermajorities in both chambers. [ 5 ] State senators and representatives both serve two-year terms. [ 6 ] There are no term limits ; a term limit was enacted by initiative in Massachusetts in 1994 but in 1997 was struck down by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , which ruled that it was an unconstitutional attempt to provide additional qualifications for office by statute, rather than constitutional amendment. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The legislature is a full-time legislature, although not to the extent of neighboring New York or some other states. [ 9 ] History Massachusetts Bay Colony The earliest history of the General Court is in the original charter of 1629 . Massachusetts Bay Colony , one of the original Thirteen Colonies , was a royally chartered joint stock company founded in 1628 in London . Much like other joint-stock companies of the time the first General Court was a meeting of shareholders, known as freemen . The "Great and General Court" was to meet in London and elect its officers and members in the same manner as other colonial charted companies of the time such as the Virginia Company and the East India Company . The freemen would meet annually to elect representatives in the form of a Royal Governor, a Deputy Governor, and a Council made from the directors of the company. These officials were to have royally assented governmental control of the colony and would be tasked with the management and defense of the colonial plantation. The first Court assembled would be made from these members to discuss and evaluate the situation of the colony. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The first meeting of the original General Court took place in London in 1629. The General Court selected John Endicott as its representative to the colony. Soon after, Governor John Winthrop and the Deputy Governor Thomas Dudley broke with protocol when they themselves traveled to New England and moved the government to Massachusetts Bay. Along with them came the stock holders of the company and the Council of Assistants . [ 12 ] [ 11 ] Once in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the new government reorganized itself out of convenience. Instead of attempting to assemble all stockholders to the meeting of the General Court the government decided on having each town elect two representatives to send in their stead. The General Court became a de facto bicameral legislature by virtue of the distinction between delegates elected by towns and the Council of Assistants. The assistants acted as magistrates and counselors of jurisprudence, however when in session they served as a sort of upper house . Their assent and approval was needed in order for any decision from the house of delegates to be passed. The new legislature was elected annually. [ 12 ] Suffrage was allowed only for men who were Puritan church members and freemen. This General Court removed any feudal restraints on the population and codified a Bill of Rights and powers of a judiciary. The General Court also enshrined the Laws of Moses as legal code under the discretion of local magistrates creating a theocratic quasi-democratic state. [ 13 ] By votes of the General Court in the 1630s, the system of government changed to have an elected governor and to restrict the list of "freemen" to those affiliated with certain Puritan churches. In 1634, after complaint the charter was not being followed, a compromise resulted in recomposition of the General Court as two deputies elected by freemen in each town. Problems with a judicial case resulted in another reform in 1638, where the Council of Assistants became an upper house that sat separately, with consent of both houses required to pass legislation. In October 1650 the General Court took exception to the book The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption by William Pynchon . They regarded it as containing many errors and heresies and thus destroyed it at Boston Common . [ 14 ] Province of Massachusetts Bay in New England There was disruption when London created a viceroyalty for a group of colonies including Massachusetts in 1686, the Dominion of New England . With the collapse of the Dominion at the time of the Glorious Revolution in 1689, The Assistants convened an assembly of delegates from each town to reform the General Court. [ 15 ] With the Massachusetts Charter in 1691 the Province of Massachusetts Bay absorbed the colony of Plymouth . The Plymouth Colony , along with the District of Maine and the islands off Cape Cod , Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket were to be an extension of Massachusetts and thus under the authority of the General Court. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Under this new system the religious qualification, that suffrage be for only Puritan men, was changed to a qualification of property ownership. The Assistants were also officially changed to a Governor's Council to be selected by the governor to act as an upper house as well as a council for advice and consent . All laws passed by the General Court were to be approved by Royal Governor of the province. The powers of the monarch to be expanded in this new system as well. The King had full control of maritime affairs and acted as an executive, through the Royal Governor, to enforce commercial law. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] This separation of powers led to some friction with the Royal Governor and the General Court. The General Court retained power over spending and budget and while the Royal Officers, in the form of the Governor, the Governor's Council, etc. had more executive authority the Court could cause political stalemate if its demands were not met. Even the Governor's reserve power to dissolve the General Court was ineffective because a new assembly had to be elected the following year. [ 17 ] With the passage of the Intolerable Acts by the Parliament of Great Britain there was political turmoil in the province. With political disorder Thomas Gage , then the Royal Governor, cancelled the new elections for the General Court and in 1774 the assembly was essentially dissolved. [ 17 ] This allowed the governor to rule by decree and appoint town governments. In defiance of both Crown law and Gage, members of the General Court formed the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and seized control of the colony except for Boston, where British troops maintained control until when they evacuated the city on March 17, 1776. The Governor's Council acted as the executive in the absence of the governor and lieutenant governor, administering the rebel forces of the colony during the early years of the American Revolutionary War , which began in Massachusetts at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The General Assembly declared Massachusetts independent from Britain on May 1, 1776. With the war still ongoing, demands for government reform resulted in the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1778 , but the text proposed by the legislature failed in a statewide voter referendum. The Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1779–1780 was held by a specially-elected body, and the resulting text, after amendment and ratification, became the current state constitution. Later history The current Massachusetts General Court has met as the legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts since the adoption of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. The body was in operation before Massachusetts became a U.S. state on February 6, 1788 . The first sessions, starting in 1780 , were one-year elected sessions for both houses. This was expanded to two-year sessions starting with the 142nd General Court in January 1921. Thereafter, the legislative year was defined as: "The first legislative year starting with the opening of the biennial session and ends at midnight on Tuesday before the first Wednesday of the following year. The second legislative year starts on the first Wednesday of the second year and ends when the legislature prorogues or at midnight on Tuesday before the first Wednesday of the following year. [ 18 ] Watson F. Hammond , seated in 1885, was the first Native American to be elected to the body. [ 19 ] Florence Slocomb was one of the first three women in the Commonwealth to be elected to the state Legislature and the first woman from Worcester to win a state legislative seat, representing that district from 1926 to 1928. [ 20 ] Althea Garrison was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1992 and is known as the first transgender person to serve in a state legislature in the United States. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] She was outed against her will following the election and served one term. [ 23 ] As of 2018, the General Court was composed of 75 percent male and 25 percent female representation. [ 24 ] Chambers Senate There are 40 senatorial districts in Massachusetts, named for the counties in which they are located. House of Representatives There are 160 representational districts in Massachusetts, named for the counties in which they are located. The speaker of the House has historically been quite powerful, exerting significant influence over all aspects of state government. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Current joint committees and members Legislative procedure The General Court is responsible for enacting laws in the state. The two legislative branches work concurrently on pending laws brought before them. [ 27 ] Lawmaking begins when legislators, or their delegates, file petitions accompanied by bills, resolves or other types of legislation electronically, using the Legislative Automated Workflow System (LAWS). The electronically submitted legislation is received in the House or Senate Clerk's office where the petitions , bills , and resolves are recorded in an electronic docket book. The clerks number the bills and assign them to appropriate joint committees. There are 26 of these committees, each responsible for studying the bills which pertain to specific policy areas, taxation , education , health care , insurance , and others. Each committee is composed of six senators and eleven representatives. The standing committees schedule public hearings for the individual bills, which afford citizens, legislators and lobbyists the opportunity to express their views. Committee members meet at a later time in executive session to review the public testimony and discuss the merits of each bill before making their recommendations to the full membership of the House or Senate. The public may still observe "executive" sessions, but may not participate in these meetings. The committee then issues its report, recommending that a bill "ought to pass" or "ought not to pass" and the report is submitted to the Clerk's office. The first reading of a favorably reported bill is automatic and generally occurs when the committee's report appears in the Journal of the House or Senate. Matters not requiring reference to another Joint, House or Senate committee are, following the first reading, referred without debate to the Committee on Senate Rules if reported in the Senate, except certain special laws (relative to a city or town) are placed directly on the Senate Calendar (Orders of the Day), or, without debate to the House Steering, Policy and Scheduling committee if reported into the House. Reports from Senate Rules or House Steering, Policy and Scheduling are placed on the Calendar of the Chamber receiving the report for a second reading. If a bill reported favorably by a joint committee affects health care it is referred by the House or Senate Clerk to the joint committee on Health Care Financing; and the first reading is delayed until the next favorable report, thus allowing Health Care Financing to report to either the House or Senate. The Health Care Financing Committee is required to provide an estimated cost of the bill, when making their report. If the estimated cost is less than $100,000, the bill bypasses having to be referred to Ways and Means. If a bill is not related to health care, but affects the finances of the Commonwealth, or, if it is reported by the Health Care Financing Committee with an estimated cost greater than $100,000, it is referred to the Senate or House Committee on Ways and Means after the first reading. Adverse reports ("ought not to pass") are also referred to the Committee on Steering and Policy in the Senate or placed without debate in the Orders of the Day for the next session of the House. Acceptance by either branch of an adverse report is considered the final rejection and the end of the matter. However, an adverse report can be overturned. A member may move to substitute the bill for the report, and, if the motion to substitute carries, the matter is then given its first reading and follows the same procedure as if reported favorably by committee. After a bill is read for a second time, it is open to debate on amendments and motions . Following debate, a vote is taken and if the bill receives a favorable vote by the membership, it is ordered to a third reading and referred to the Committee on Bills in the Third Reading. This amounts to preliminary approval of the bill in that branch. That committee examines technical points, as well as the legality and constitutionality of the measure, and ensures that it does not duplicate or contradict existing law. The committee then issues a report and returns the bill to the House or Senate for its third reading. At that time, legislators can further debate and amend the bill. Following the third reading, the body votes on "passing the bill to be engrossed." The bill must then pass through three readings and engrossment in the second legislative branch. Should that occur, it is sent to the Legislative Engrossing Division where it is typed on special parchment in accordance with the General Laws . However, if the second branch passes an amended version of the bill, the legislation returns to the original branch for a vote of concurrence in the amendment. If concurrence is rejected, a conference committee consisting of the three members from each legislative branch representing both political parties may be formed to effect a compromise piece of legislation. When a compromise is reached, the bill is sent to both legislative branches for their approval. A vote "to enact" the bill, first in the House and later in the Senate, is the final step in the passage of a bill by the legislature. Following enactment, the bill goes to the governor , who may sign the bill into law, allow it to become law without signing it (if the governor holds the bill for ten days without taking any action while the legislature is in session, it becomes law without his or her signature), veto it, or return it to the legislature with recommended changes. If the legislature has concluded its yearly session, and the governor does not sign the bill within ten days, it dies. This is referred to as a " pocket veto ." This ten-day period includes Sundays and holidays, even if they fall on the tenth day, and it begins the day after the legislation is laid on the governor's desk. A bill signed by the governor, or passed by two-thirds of both branches over his veto, becomes a law. It is usually effective in ninety days. The day after the governor signs the bill is considered to be the first day, and each succeeding day, including Sundays and holidays is counted until the ninetieth. Laws considered "emergency" in nature take effect immediately upon signing if the legislature has voted to attach an "emergency preamble" to the bill. Adoption of the preamble requires a two-thirds standing vote of the membership. The governor may also declare an act to be an emergency law and make it effective at once. A special act takes effect thirty days from the day it is signed, unless it contains a provision to make it effective immediately. State House News Service The State House News Service is an independent privately owned wire service based in the Massachusetts State House that provides comprehensive coverage of the Commonwealth's government. [ 28 ] It is the only news organization with floor privileges and a desk in both the House and Senate chambers. See also Massachusetts portal Massachusetts Capitol Police Massachusetts House of Representatives Massachusetts Government Massachusetts Governor Massachusetts Governor's Council Massachusetts Senate Massachusetts State House Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court List of Massachusetts General Court members expelled or censured List of members of the colonial Massachusetts House of Representatives List of state and territorial capitols in the United States References ^ Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . See Chapter I, Section I, Art.I ^ John A. Hird, Power, Knowledge, and Politics: Policy Analysis in the States (Georgetown University Press, 2005), p. 93. ^ a b Robert B. Hackey, Rethinking Health Care Policy: The New Politics of State Regulation (Georgetown University Press, 1998), p. 123. ^ John Hudak, Presidential Pork: White House Influence over the Distribution of Federal Grants (Brookings Institution Press, 2014), p. 202 ("Democrats frequently control a supermajority of both houses of the state legislature in Massachusetts"). ^ Jonathan Cohn, Democratic supermajority not so super: Lawmakers from same party but not on same platform , Commonweal (May 27, 2017). ^ Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , Article LXXXII. ^ Jennie Drage Bowser & Gary Moncrief, "Term Limits in State Legislatures" in Institutional Change in American Politics: The Case of Term Limits (eds. Karl T. Kurtz, Bruce E. Cain & Richard G. Niemi) (University of Michigan Press, 2007), p. 11. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Rimer, Sarah (July 12, 1997). "Top Massachusetts Court Overturns Term Limits" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2023 . ^ "Full- and Part-Time Legislatures" . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved July 27, 2025 . ^ Samuel Eliot Morison, A history of the Constitution of Massachusetts, Boston : Wright & Potter, 1917, p.5. ^ a b Morison 1917, p.6. ^ a b Morison 1917, p.7. ^ Morison 1917, p.8. ^ Wright, Harry Andrew (1931). The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption (PDF) . Springfield Massachusetts: Harry Wright. ^ a b c Morison 1917, p.9. ^ a b Morison 1917, p.10. ^ a b Morison 1917, p.11. ^ "Glossary" . ^ "FIRST NATIVE AMERICAN LEGISLATOR ON BEACON HILL" . The Barnstable Enterprise. June 1, 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . ^ " Florence Slocomb: Pioneer Woman Legislator in Bay State ." Boston, Massachusetts: The Boston Globe , November 13, 1955, p. 7 (subscription required). ^ Eaklor, Vicki L. (2008). Queer America: A GLBT History of the 20th Century . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-313-33749-9 . Retrieved October 20, 2010 . The nineties also saw the first openly transgender person in a state office, Althea Garrison, elected in 1992 but serving only one term in Massachusetts' House. ^ Haider-Markel, Donald P. (2010). Out and Running: Gay and Lesbian Candidates, Elections, and Policy Representation . Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-58901-699-6 . Retrieved October 20, 2010 . ^ Osberg, Molly (November 8, 2017). "The Tragic Story of Althea Garrison, the First Trans Person to Hold State Office in America" . Splinter . Retrieved October 26, 2020 . ^ "Women in State Legislatures for 2018" . National Conference of State Legislatures. March 14, 2018 . Retrieved May 24, 2018 . ^ "A tale of 3 Speakers - Salvatore DiMasi, Thomas Finneran and Charles Flaherty: Is lure of power too tempting?", Associated Press (July 4, 2011). ^ Fox Butterfield, " Massachusetts Legislators Balk at Leaders' Power ", The New York Times (December 10, 1983). ^ "How an Idea Become a Law" . General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012 . Retrieved May 13, 2014 . ^ "State House News Service" . statehousenews.com . Further reading Morison, Samuel Eliot (1917). A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts . Harvard University Library: Wright & Potter Printing Co. Cornelius Dalton (1984). Leading the Way: a History of the Massachusetts General Court, 1629-1980 . Boston: Massachusetts Secretary of State. ISBN 0961391502 . Noah Bierman. "Legislators' vital work veiled from public's eye" . The Boston Globe , July 8, 2011. "Should the Massachusetts Legislature be subject to the state's public records law?" , Boston Globe , June 25, 2020 External links General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Live and Archived webcasts of Massachusetts Senate and House of Representatives Full Formal Sessions General Court , hdl : 2452/35629 . (Various documents). Works by Massachusetts General Court at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Massachusetts General Court at the Internet Archive Massachusetts General Court at Ballotpedia VoteSmart —Massachusetts .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures Articles related to the Massachusetts General Court @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}} v t e Government of Massachusetts Legislative General Court Senate ( Members , President ) House of Representatives ( Members , Speaker ) Executive Governor ( List ) Lt. Governor Attorney General Auditor Secretary of the Commonwealth Treasurer and Receiver-General Office for Administration and Finance Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Department of Higher Education Emergency Management Agency Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Department of Environmental Protection Department of Revenue Office of Health and Human Services Office of Housing and Economic Development Office of Labor and Workforce Development Department of Mental Health Department of Public Health Office of Public Safety and Security Department of Public Utilities Department of Transportation Department of Youth Services Judicial Boston Municipal Court District Court Superior Court Land Court Juvenile Court Housing Court Massachusetts Probate and Family Court Appeals Court ( Judges ) Supreme Judicial Court Essex Probate and Family Court Middlesex Probate and Family Court Independent agencies Board of Library Commissioners Commission Against Discrimination Commission on the Status of Women Disabled Persons Protection Commission Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board Massachusetts District Attorneys Massachusetts Inspector General Office of Campaign and Political Finance Office of the Comptroller Massachusetts Sheriffs State Ethics Commission Law Constitution General Laws Code of Massachusetts Regulations Abortion Alcohol Cannabis Capital punishment Crime Elder law Gambling Gun laws LGBT rights Taxation v t e Districts of the Massachusetts General Court Senate Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden Bristol and Norfolk Bristol and Plymouth: 1st , 2nd Cape and Islands Essex: 1st , 2nd , 3rd Essex and Middlesex: 1st , 2nd Hampden Hampden and Hampshire: 1st , 2nd Hampshire, Franklin and Worcester Middlesex: 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th Middlesex and Norfolk: 1st , 2nd Middlesex and Suffolk Middlesex and Worcester Norfolk, Bristol and Middlesex Norfolk, Bristol and Plymouth Norfolk and Plymouth Norfolk and Suffolk Plymouth and Barnstable Plymouth and Bristol: 1st , 2nd Plymouth and Norfolk Suffolk: 1st , 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex: 1st , 2nd Worcester: 1st , 2nd Worcester, Hampden, Hampshire and Middlesex Worcester and Middlesex Worcester and Norfolk Obsolete districts House Barnstable 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th Berkshire 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th Bristol 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th Cape and Islands Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket Essex 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th Franklin 1st , 2nd Hampden 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th Hampshire 1st , 2nd , 3rd Middlesex 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th , 19th , 20th , 21st , 22nd , 23rd , 24th , 25th , 26th , 27th , 28th , 29th , 30th , 31st , 32nd , 33rd , 34th , 35th , 36th , 37th Norfolk 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th Plymouth 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th Suffolk 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th , 19th Worcester 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th Defunct districts Former districts Commons v t e Massachusetts General Courts by year convened 1 (1780) 2 (1781) 3 (1782) 4 (1783) 5 (1784) 6 (1785) 7 (1786) 8 (1787) 9 (1788) 10 (1789) 11 (1790) 12 (1791) 13 (1792) 14 (1793) 15 (1794) 16 (1795) 17 (1796) 18 (1797) 19 (1798) 20 (1799) 21 (1800) 22 (1801) 23 (1802) 24 (1803) 25 (1804) 26 (1805) 27 (1806) 28 (1807) 29 (1808) 30 (1809) 31 (1810) 32 (1811) 33 (1812) 34 (1813) 35 (1814) 36 (1815) 37 (1816) 38 (1817) 39 (1818) 40 (1819) 41 (1820) 42 (1821) 43 (1822) 44 (1823) 45 (1824) 46 (1825) 47 (1826) 48 (1827) 49 (1828) 50 (1829) 51 (1830) 52 (1831) 53 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(1933) 149 (1935) 150 (1937) 151 (1939) 152 (1941) 153 (1943) 154 (1945) 155 (1947) 156 (1949) 157 (1951) 158 (1953) 159 (1955) 160 (1957) 161 (1959) 162 (1961) 163 (1963) 164 (1965) 165 (1967) 166 (1969) 167 (1971) 168 (1973) 169 (1975) 170 (1977) 171 (1979) 172 (1981) 173 (1983) 174 (1985) 175 (1987) 176 (1989) 177 (1991) 178 (1993) 179 (1995) 180 (1997) 181 (1999) 182 (2001) 183 (2003) 184 (2005) 185 (2007) 186 (2009) 187 (2011) 188 (2013) 189 (2015) 190 (2017) 191 (2019) 192 (2021) 193 (2023) 194 (2025) Commons v t e Government of Massachusetts v t e Legislative General Court Senate ( Members , President ) House of Representatives ( Members , Speaker ) General Court Senate ( Members , President ) House of Representatives ( Members , Speaker ) Executive Governor ( List ) Lt. Governor Attorney General Auditor Secretary of the Commonwealth Treasurer and Receiver-General Office for Administration and Finance Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Department of Higher Education Emergency Management Agency Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Department of Environmental Protection Department of Revenue Office of Health and Human Services Office of Housing and Economic Development Office of Labor and Workforce Development Department of Mental Health Department of Public Health Office of Public Safety and Security Department of Public Utilities Department of Transportation Department of Youth Services Governor ( List ) Lt. Governor Attorney General Auditor Secretary of the Commonwealth Treasurer and Receiver-General Office for Administration and Finance Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Department of Higher Education Emergency Management Agency Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Department of Environmental Protection Department of Revenue Office of Health and Human Services Office of Housing and Economic Development Office of Labor and Workforce Development Department of Mental Health Department of Public Health Office of Public Safety and Security Department of Public Utilities Department of Transportation Department of Youth Services Judicial Boston Municipal Court District Court Superior Court Land Court Juvenile Court Housing Court Massachusetts Probate and Family Court Appeals Court ( Judges ) Supreme Judicial Court Essex Probate and Family Court Middlesex Probate and Family Court Boston Municipal Court District Court Superior Court Land Court Juvenile Court Housing Court Massachusetts Probate and Family Court Appeals Court ( Judges ) Supreme Judicial Court Essex Probate and Family Court Middlesex Probate and Family Court Independent agencies Board of Library Commissioners Commission Against Discrimination Commission on the Status of Women Disabled Persons Protection Commission Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board Massachusetts District Attorneys Massachusetts Inspector General Office of Campaign and Political Finance Office of the Comptroller Massachusetts Sheriffs State Ethics Commission Board of Library Commissioners Commission Against Discrimination Commission on the Status of Women Disabled Persons Protection Commission Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board Massachusetts District Attorneys Massachusetts Inspector General Office of Campaign and Political Finance Office of the Comptroller Massachusetts Sheriffs State Ethics Commission Law Constitution General Laws Code of Massachusetts Regulations Abortion Alcohol Cannabis Capital punishment Crime Elder law Gambling Gun laws LGBT rights Taxation Constitution General Laws Code of Massachusetts Regulations Abortion Alcohol Cannabis Capital punishment Crime Elder law Gambling Gun laws LGBT rights Taxation v t e Districts of the Massachusetts General Court v t e Senate Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden Bristol and Norfolk Bristol and Plymouth: 1st , 2nd Cape and Islands Essex: 1st , 2nd , 3rd Essex and Middlesex: 1st , 2nd Hampden Hampden and Hampshire: 1st , 2nd Hampshire, Franklin and Worcester Middlesex: 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th Middlesex and Norfolk: 1st , 2nd Middlesex and Suffolk Middlesex and Worcester Norfolk, Bristol and Middlesex Norfolk, Bristol and Plymouth Norfolk and Plymouth Norfolk and Suffolk Plymouth and Barnstable Plymouth and Bristol: 1st , 2nd Plymouth and Norfolk Suffolk: 1st , 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex: 1st , 2nd Worcester: 1st , 2nd Worcester, Hampden, Hampshire and Middlesex Worcester and Middlesex Worcester and Norfolk Obsolete districts Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden Bristol and Norfolk Bristol and Plymouth: 1st , 2nd Cape and Islands Essex: 1st , 2nd , 3rd Essex and Middlesex: 1st , 2nd Hampden Hampden and Hampshire: 1st , 2nd Hampshire, Franklin and Worcester Middlesex: 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th Middlesex and Norfolk: 1st , 2nd Middlesex and Suffolk Middlesex and Worcester Norfolk, Bristol and Middlesex Norfolk, Bristol and Plymouth Norfolk and Plymouth Norfolk and Suffolk Plymouth and Barnstable Plymouth and Bristol: 1st , 2nd Plymouth and Norfolk Suffolk: 1st , 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex: 1st , 2nd Worcester: 1st , 2nd Worcester, Hampden, Hampshire and Middlesex Worcester and Middlesex Worcester and Norfolk Obsolete districts House Barnstable 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th Berkshire 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th Bristol 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th Cape and Islands Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket Essex 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th Franklin 1st , 2nd Hampden 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th Hampshire 1st , 2nd , 3rd Middlesex 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th , 19th , 20th , 21st , 22nd , 23rd , 24th , 25th , 26th , 27th , 28th , 29th , 30th , 31st , 32nd , 33rd , 34th , 35th , 36th , 37th Norfolk 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th Plymouth 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th Suffolk 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th , 19th Worcester 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th Defunct districts Former districts Barnstable 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th Berkshire 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th Bristol 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th Cape and Islands Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket Essex 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th Franklin 1st , 2nd Hampden 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th Hampshire 1st , 2nd , 3rd Middlesex 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th , 19th , 20th , 21st , 22nd , 23rd , 24th , 25th , 26th , 27th , 28th , 29th , 30th , 31st , 32nd , 33rd , 34th , 35th , 36th , 37th Norfolk 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th Plymouth 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th Suffolk 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th , 19th Worcester 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 1970s: "Drawing Attention to Corsica" 2 1980s: "A New Offensive" 3 1990s: Internal feuds and the assassination of Claude Érignac 4 2000s: "Reunification of the Internal Factions" 5 2010s: Cessation of hostilities and minor incidents 6 2022: Murder of Yvan Colonna and unrest 7 Armed groups 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Corsican conflict العربية Deutsch Español Français Italiano Русский Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. ( May 2023 ) Corsican conflict Date 4 May 1976 – 25 June 2016 ( 1976-05-04 – 2016-06-25 ) (40 years, 1 month and 3 weeks) 9 March 2022 ( 2022-03-09 ) – present (3 years, 10 months and 1 week) [ a ] Location Corsica Violence occasionally spread to mainland France and Italy Status Ongoing Date 4 May 1976 – 25 June 2016 ( 1976-05-04 – 2016-06-25 ) (40 years, 1 month and 3 weeks) 9 March 2022 ( 2022-03-09 ) – present (3 years, 10 months and 1 week) [ a ] Location Corsica Violence occasionally spread to mainland France and Italy Status Ongoing Belligerents France French Armed Forces (1 barracks on Corsica) National Gendarmerie National Police Municipal Police Anti-separatist paramilitaries Front d'Action Nouvelle Contre l'Indépendance et l'Autonomie [ 1 ] Criminal groups Corsican mafia France French Armed Forces (1 barracks on Corsica) National Gendarmerie National Gendarmerie National Police Municipal Police Anti-separatist paramilitaries Front d'Action Nouvelle Contre l'Indépendance et l'Autonomie [ 1 ] Criminal groups Corsican mafia Corsican Separatist Paramilitaries National Liberation Front of Corsica (FLNC) FLNC-Canal Historique (FLNC-CS) (1988-1998) FLNC-Canal Habituel (FLNC-CA) (1988-1997) Resistenza (1989-2003) Fronte Ribellu (1996-1999) FLNC-5 Maghju (FLNC-5M) (1996-1999) Armata Corsa (AC) (1999-2001) FLNC-Unione di i Cumbattenti (FLNC-UC) (1999-present) FLNC-22 Uttrovi (FLNC-22U) (2002-present) Armata di U Populu Corsu (APC) (2004-2006) FLNC-5 Maghju 1976 (FLNC-1976) (2007-present) FLNC-21 Maghju (FLNC-21M) (2021-present) Other small groups Corsican Separatist Paramilitaries Commanders and leaders Valéry Giscard d'Estaing François Mitterrand Jacques Chirac Nicolas Sarkozy François Hollande Emmanuel Macron Léo Battesti Alain Orsoni X Jean-Michel Rossi François Santoni Natale Luciani Paul-Felix Benedetti (allegedly) Stephane Ori (allegedly) Strength 2,800+ Police and Gendarmeries, [ 2 ] and 1,300 Soldiers (of the FFL, by Calvi) Unknown, likely thousands of members Casualties and losses 14 killed Several arrested +140 deaths [ 3 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Corsican conflict v t e 1970s Aleria standoff Operation Zara 1990s Pietrosella attack on gendarmerie Claude Érignac killing 2000s 2003 Nice bombing 2020s Yvan Colonna killing 2022 Corsica unrest 2023 Corsican autonomy Aleria standoff Operation Zara 1990s Pietrosella attack on gendarmerie Claude Érignac killing 2000s 2003 Nice bombing 2020s Yvan Colonna killing 2022 Corsica unrest 2023 Corsican autonomy Part of a series on the History of Corsica Prehistory ( c. 9000–566 BC) Arzachena culture Ozieri culture Torrean civilization Arzachena culture Ozieri culture Torrean civilization Antiquity (566 BC – AD 455) Ancient tribes Aléria Lava Treasure Roman province of Sardinia and Corsica Ancient tribes Aléria Lava Treasure Roman province of Sardinia and Corsica Medieval (455–1347) Battle of Corsica (456) Vandal Kingdom Medieval Corsica Battle of Corsica (456) Vandal Kingdom Medieval Corsica Renaissance (1347–1736) Republic of Genoa Invasion of Corsica (1553) Corsican Guard Republic of Genoa Invasion of Corsica (1553) Corsican Guard Enlightenment (1736–1796) Kingdom of Corsica (1736) Corsican Republic (1755) Corsican Constitution ( Constitutional Project for Corsica ) French conquest, 1768–70 Invasion of Corsica (1794) Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794–96) Kingdom of Corsica (1736) Corsican Republic (1755) Corsican Constitution ( Constitutional Project for Corsica ) French conquest, 1768–70 Invasion of Corsica (1794) Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794–96) Modern era (1796–present) Treaty of Bastia Italian irredentism Emigration to Venezuela · to Puerto Rico Italian occupation, 1942–43 Corsican nationalism · Corsican conflict Armand Cesari Stadium disaster 2022 Corsica unrest Treaty of Bastia Italian irredentism Emigration to Venezuela · to Puerto Rico Italian occupation, 1942–43 Corsican nationalism · Corsican conflict Armand Cesari Stadium disaster 2022 Corsica unrest History portal v t e v t e The Corsican conflict ( Corsican : Conflittu Corsu ; French : Conflit Corse ) is an armed and territorial conflict on the island of Corsica which began in 1976 between the government of France and Corsican nationalist militant groups, mainly the National Liberation Front of Corsica (Fronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica, FLNC) and factions of the group. Beginning in the 1970s, the Corsican conflict peaked in the 1980s before Corsican nationalist groups and the French government reached a truce with one of the two main splinters of the FLNC, the FLNC-Union of Combatants (FLNC-Unione di i Cumbattenti, FLNC-UC) in June 2014. [ 4 ] In 2016, the other main splinter, the FLNC-22nd of October (FLNC-22 Uttrovi, FLNC-22U) also declared a truce. It is currently ongoing following the 2022 Corsica unrest and the return to arms of the FLNC-UC and FLNC-22U. [ 5 ] 1970s: "Drawing Attention to Corsica" On the night of 4 May 1976, 21 bombs exploded targeting French infrastructure and businesses in the cities of Ajaccio , Bastia , Porto-Vecchio , Corte , Biguglia , Sartène , Francardo , and Ghisonaccia , as well as Marseille and Nice on the French mainland. The next day these attacks were claimed through an anonymous phone call and fliers were left on the streets of Ajaccio titled "The Manifesto of 5 May". [ 6 ] These attacks were claimed by a new armed group, formed from the unification of two already existing militant groups, the Fronte Paesanu Corsu per a Liberazione, and Ghjustizia Paolina. the group called themselves the " National Liberation Front of Corsica (FLNC)", likely named after the group of the same name in Algeria. The FLNC then began a harsh guerrilla campaign against the French government in Corsica, consisting of bombings, ambushes, robbery, kidnappings, and assassinations. the FLNC launched another series of bomb attacks across the island on 20 May. The series of attacks and the emergence of the FLNC coincided with the trial of ten members of the recently outlawed Azzione Regiunalista Corsa (ARC). The men had been involved in the shooting dead of two French gendarmerie officers during a stand-off in a wine cellar at Aleria [ 7 ] on 22 August 1975, involving a dozen armed militants led by local lawyer Edmund Simeoni. One member of the ARC lost a foot in the action [ 8 ] when a gendarme fired a rifle grenade . [ 9 ] During the summer of 1976 the FLNC became more active, and on the night of 17 July it carried out a fresh wave of attacks which included a rocket and mortar attack on the gendarmerie in Aghione , which involved the use of an American M79 grenade launcher . [ 10 ] This increased speculation that the FLNC were being supplied by Libya , who were at the time supplying other revolutionary groups in Europe, including the Provisional IRA . By September 1976 there were attempting assassinations of high-ranking French military officials. In separate incidents in the town of Corte , a general narrowly missed assassination when his car was riddled with bullets; his driver lost an ear in the attack. Meanwhile, the home of another senior officer in the town was targeted in a bomb attack. [ 11 ] On 7 September, seven masked militiamen hijacked and bombed a Boeing 707 parked at Ajaccio's airport . [ 12 ] The beginning of 1977 saw little FLNC activity. In April there were a number of attacks on premises associated with Corsican nationalists and the FLNC. The attacks were claimed by a new group calling itself FRANCIA ( Front d'Action Nouvelle Contre l'Indépendance et l'Autonomie ). [ 13 ] Although other anti-separatist groups existed in Corsica, FRANCIA appeared to be the only group capable of carrying out actual attacks. On 14 May this group destroyed the printing presses of Arritti (a Corsican nationalist publication) in a bomb attack. The FLNC responded to the attacks on 24 May by carrying out a daring raid on the French army outpost at Fort-Lacroix, near Bastia, where eight armed militants blew up wireless facilities after subduing the sentries. At the beginning of June they destroyed a large section of Bastia railway station in a bomb attack; a month later the FLNC launched an overnight bomb offensive hitting 27 French targets followed by the bombing of the television relay station at Serra di Pigno . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] On the night of 13 January 1978, nine armed militiamen wearing balaclavas stormed and bombed the French air base at Solenzara using 40 kg of explosives, in the so-called "Operation Zara". [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The FLNC suffered a serious setback in May 1978 when 27 suspected members were arrested both in Corsica and France. [ 19 ] The police stumbled upon an FLNC weapons-dump in the town of Cardo during an investigation into an ordinary burglary. While at the scene the police noticed men nearby moving what looked like weapons. The incident resulted in over 300 people being questioned and more than 60 detained by the authorities. Other suspects were picked up in Paris , Nice and Lyons . In December 1978 the FLNC increased its attacks on police barracks – in one incident the gendarmerie base at Borgo was raked with heavy machine gun fire – resulting in a fear that the FLNC would now begin to concentrate its attacks on people as well as material targets. [ 20 ] At this time the FLNC also began to demand that their prisoners be treated as political prisoners . 1980s: "A New Offensive" In 1979 the number of FLNC attacks increased; in a two-month period from January to the beginning of March there were over 115 bomb attacks on the island. [ 21 ] On 11 March 1979, the FLNC carried out 32 bomb attacks targeting banks and financial institutions on the island. [ 22 ] However, in July a number of their activists were captured and sentenced to long prison terms resulting in a lack of action or activity on the part of the FLNC. The Front announced it would now launch a "new offensive in the liberation struggle" and advised Corsicans who were members of the police or Army to leave the island. [ 23 ] On 10 March, ten banks across Corsica were car-bombed by the FLNC. Then on 10 April three banks in Paris were also damaged in explosions, and later the Paris Law Courts were devastated by a time-bomb which cost over 3 million francs worth of damage. The late 1970s and early 1980s marked a decisive change of FLNC policy, similar to the one employed by the Provisional IRA . The FLNC now decided to "Bring the Corsican problem to the French" by carrying out bomb attacks on the French mainland. On 6 May 1979 the FLNC managed to bomb 20 banks in Paris and on 30 May more banks were damaged by explosions. [ 24 ] The beginning of June saw the FLNC switch back to activities on the island itself with twenty-five major explosions coupled with a car bomb attack on the Police Headquarters in Paris. On 14 May 1980 the FLNC bombed the Law Courts in Paris and also carried out a machine-gun attack on four gendarmes who were guarding the Iranian embassy, wounding three. [ 25 ] The year of 1980 also saw FLNC supporters becoming more visible in terms of protests and political activity. The FLNC continued to call for their prisoners to be given political status. Mass demonstrations in support of political status for Corsican prisoners were common and FLNC supporters were active in all protests which could be classified as "Corsican V French". [ 26 ] In November 1980, 12 FLNC prisoners in Paris went on hunger-strike in a protest against the inequality of treatment for Corsican nationalist prisoners. This protest overlapped with that of six IRA hunger strikers in Northern Ireland . [ 27 ] The Corsican prisoners were force-fed for a number of weeks before they ended their strike. On 1 April 1981 the FLNC called a ceasefire for the duration of the Presidential Elections and following the victory of François Mitterrand , announced they would extend the ceasefire to "see how things develop". [ 28 ] Following this, the FLNC began extensive talks with the Mitterrand government, resulting in the new "Territorial Collectivity of Corsica" and the establishment of a university on the island. [ 29 ] The University would open the next year. On 18 September the FLNC announced the end of its ceasefire at a press conference held in the mountains of central Corsica. They condemned the autonomists for attempting to use the "usual useless channels" of the political system and opposed French "appeasement policies" before stating that the armed struggle would resume and that the FLNC would not lay down its arms. [ 30 ] On 11 March 1982 the FLNC carried out 25 bomb attacks across the island. This coincided with the murder of the head of the French Foreign Legion in the area of Sorbo-Ocognano , Renato Rossi. On 19 August 1982 the FLNC launched its most spectacular night of violence with the so-called "violente nuit bleue" , during which 99 attacks were carried out against government targets. In 1983, the FLNC began a campaign against the Mafia, most notably the southern Valinco gang. On 17 June, FLNC brigade leader Guy Orsoni, brother of the later FLNC-Canal Habituel leader Alain Orsoni, is kidnapped and murdered by Mafiosi associated with the Valinco gang. It is alleged that the Valinco gang had a series of backroom dealings with French authorities in order to kill Guy Orsoni. The FLNC, during a press conference, cites the inability and supposed unwillingness of French authorities to catch the perpetrators as evidence of a conspiracy. By the end of 1983, the Valinco gang leader and two of his children had been targets of assassinations, and a third had fled to Miami , Florida . [ 31 ] In the mid-1980s the organisation also stepped up its attacks against suspected drug dealers, killing four in the space of twelve months in 1986. In May 1988, after a period of intense guerrilla warfare (392 attacks in 1985, [ 32 ] 522 attacks in 1986, [ 33 ] and a likely similar number in 1987 [ 34 ] ) a truce was agreed between the French government and the FLNC. However, the ceasefire did not sit well with certain members of the organisation, resulting in a split within the movement. [ 35 ] The so-called "Habituels" remained pro-ceasefire, advocating for a political agreement to autonomy. The "Historiques", however, maintained a stance of armed struggle in order to gain total independence from France. The split led to a violent three-sided guerrilla war between the Historiques, Habituels, and the French government. 1990s: Internal feuds and the assassination of Claude Érignac The 1990s saw the FLNC organisation tear itself apart through a series of deadly internal feuds. Much of the reason for the splits and feuds was the political rivalries of the members within the organisation as well as personal disputes. In 1990, The FLNC officially split into two organizations, the FLNC-Canal Habituel (Canale Abituale, FLNC-CA) and the FLNC-Canal Historique (Canale Storicu, FLNC-CS). Other anti-ceasefire activists from the FLNC created a new militant group, Resistenza. These three groups would be the main armed forces opposing French rule in Corsica in the early 90s. Another Group, the National Liberation Army of Corsica (Armata di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica, ALNC) became active in 1989-1990, but joined the FLNC-CS after a brief armed campaign. Meanwhile, other small groups such as the radical anti-drug and anti-mafia "A Droga Basta" began to form, carrying out attacks and guerrilla campaigns that typically got overshadowed by the sheer scale of the FLNC's. [ 36 ] In January 1991 the FLNC-CS struck closer to the heart of the government with the kidnapping of the head of the Corsican Economic Commission, Aurélien Garcia. Garcia was placed on a terminal in Ajaccio to be directed back to Paris. On 3 January 1991, François Mitterrand and the French Communist Party began an inquiry into the political violence in Corsica after the assassination of multiple high-ranking officials in the years of 1989-1991. By the end of the inquiry, a new prefect, hardline French unionist Bernard Bonnet was placed in charge of Corsica. The government of Bonnet is regarded by many [ who? ] to be corrupt and dictatorial, and he is the only French prefect in history to be removed from office following an affair in which two businesses are burned down via his orders and blamed on the FLNC. On 8 January 1991, the FLNC-CA declared a halt on military actions against the French government as the leadership took a turn to combat the ongoing civil war within the FLNC. In March, the FLNC-CA affirmed this position via a conference in which many members attend. [ 37 ] 1991 saw the first major actions by Resistenza , a group which had existed in some form since 1989 when it split from the FLNC. In January 1991, Resistenza committed five bomb attacks targeting departmental government buildings in the two Corsican departments. Also in January, a Resistenza attack is committed against a housing complex in Sagone . On 31 March Resistenza committed a large-scale operation in Porticcio in protest of the French Senate's opposition to a proposed reform law that recognizes a Corsican people. On 5 April, more housing complexes in Corsica are bombed, this time across the far south. A month later, a winery in Linguizzetta was invaded to show support for striking farmers. On 14 May, 10 people are arrested in Ghisonaccia due to an alleged connection with a Resistenza action in the town. On 1 June, A Resistenza attack blows up a hotel in Bonifacio. On 19 August, Resistenza bombs the Police station in Bastia. In September, a conference was held where Resistenza announced "a toughening of armed struggle." Soon after, rural areas and campsites were the target of commando operations and invasions by Resistenza, and eventually it had become a guerrilla group similar in nature to the FLNC splinters. [ 37 ] In July 1991, an FLNC-CS commando bombed an oil refinery in Sardinia to protest the passage of oil tankers through the Strait of Bonifacio . The same month, the FLNC-CS bombs the departmental directorates in Bastia and Ajaccio as well as the national ministry of education. These attacks are followed by an announcement where the FLNC-CS leadership discusses a "strengthening of actions". [ 37 ] In September, the FLNC bombed electorates in the Paris area, particularly Arcueil and Créteil . November 1991 saw one of the first shootouts between the FLNC-CS and military gendarmes when an FLNC-CS commando managed to shoot its way out of an ambush and escape. [ 37 ] In 1992, the civil war amongst the descendants of the FLNC intensified. On 9 January, Jean-Dominique Rossi, an FLNC-CS member, was shot dead by members of the FLNC-CA just minutes after he left a meeting held to support him. On 15 June An FLNC-CA member is the target of an attempted assassination, and his furniture store is racked with machine gun fire. An FLNC-CS member named Jean-Michel Emmanuelli was the target of an attempted assassination a day later. On 1 August, an FLNC-CS member named Bruno DeGiovanni is killed by FLNC-CA members in Corte . On 14 December, multiple FLNC-CA members across the Balagne region ( Calvi , L'Île-Rousse , Lumio , Calenzana , Pigna , etc.) are targets of FLNC-CS attacks. [ 38 ] The FLNC-CS continued both major and minor attacks against the state in 1992. In March 1992 a deputy of the National Assembly from Haute-Corse's First Constituency is the victim of an FLNC-CS carbombing. On 25 May, the Communist mayor of Sartène, Dominique Bucchini speaks out against violence in Corsica, and is the target of an attack only a week later. On 20 September, the town hall of Zonza is bombed, killing a gendarme in the area. In November 1992 the Council of State in Paris is bombed by the FLNC-CS. [ 38 ] On 1 August 1992, the FLNC-CA holds a meeting in an occupied area outside of the town of Corte , where they announce that they will be escalating the war with the mafia if they further attempt to cement themselves into positions of power. At the same time, the FLNC-CS has been going on a spree of kidnapping and murder of mafia officials throughout the year. In December 1996 the FLNC began a Christmas offensive across Corsica. In Figari the FLNC launched a machine-gun attack on military barracks there while in Zicavo a grenade attack was carried out on the Police Station. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In 1997 the FLNC-Canal Habituel faction called a ceasefire which resulted in the Canal Historique faction attempting to take control of the organisation and launch a fresh offensive. In 1998 FLNC attacks soared with policemen and mayors among the dead. [ citation needed ] The offensive culminated in the assassination of Claude Érignac in Ajaccio. Érignac was the Prefect of Corsica and the top representative of the Fifth French Republic on the island. The attack was highly publicized and criticized so strongly by the locals that the FLNC were forced to deny that they were responsible, [ 41 ] while consensus for independence reached an all-time low among the population (6%). In 1999, following a period of personal disputes, the southern leader of the FLNC-CS, François Santoni, left the northern leader Charles Pieri and created his own organisation, Armata Corsa . Many of the feuding factions, who had issues with Santoni, came together to combat the rapidly growing Armata Corsa and formed the FLNC-Union of Combattants (FLNC-UC). By 2001, Armata Corsa had been driven out and Santoni was shot dead by a mafioso in the town of Monacia-d'Aullène . 2000s: "Reunification of the Internal Factions" The FLNC has continued its attacks into the 2000s, although at a much reduced tempo when compared with the late 1970s. [ 42 ] Many FLNC bombs failed to detonate or attacks had to be aborted. Nevertheless, the FLNC did manage to carry out a number of successful attacks including the 2002 bombing of a military barracks in Lumio which injured a number of gendarmes, bomb attacks against a number of hotels in Marseille in 2004 and rocket attacks against a number of barracks in 2007. In 2009 it carried out a car bomb attack against a gendarmerie barracks in Vescovato . During the early 2000s the FLNC had been divided into the FLNC-UC, the FLNC-1976, and the FLNC-22 October. [ 43 ] The FLNC continued its attacks against the properties of French mainlanders living on Corsica. At the end of 2011 the group released a statement in which it claimed responsibility for 38 bomb attacks in the preceding 4 months. In the statement the armed group said they "would remain attentive and never let pass an opportunity for peace." [ 44 ] 2010s: Cessation of hostilities and minor incidents In June 2014, the FLNC-UC announced the cessation of the armed struggle, stating that the Front has "decided to engage unilaterally in a process of demilitarisation and a progressive exit from clandestinity." [ 45 ] [ 46 ] On 3 May 2016, the FLNC-22 announced that they will "end military operations" by October 2016, following the lead of the FLNC-UC, in order to allow the island's new assembly, led by nationalists, "to fulfil its mandate calmly". [ 47 ] [ 46 ] In July 2016, FLNC-22 warned of a "determined response, without any qualms" for any jihadist attack in Corsica. [ 48 ] Despite the official cessation of hostilities in 2014, a number of attacks took place in the 2010s, most likely conducted by small splinter groups. On 15 October 2016, riots erupted in Bastia over the conviction of three nationalists for a bomb attack in 2012. Molotov cocktails and projectiles were thrown at police. [ 49 ] In March 2019, prior to President Emmanuel Macron visiting Corsica on 4 April, two villas were bombed without any injuries. [ citation needed ] Then, just three days before the arrival of President Emmanuel Macron , two homemade explosive devices were found in front of government buildings in Bastia . [ 50 ] At the end of September 2019, a group of Corsican nationalists, one of which was armed, announced the revival of the FLNC in a video message. The group threatened to attack property of foreign investors, and demanded that selling land to non-Corsicans should be prohibited. [ 51 ] Yet again, on 14 July 2020, a group of four armed militants held a public speech in a village 50 kilometres from Bastia. The group claimed a shooting incident at the Montesoro Gendarmerie in Bastia and left a leaflet demanding mandatory Corsican language education beginning in kindergarten and limitation of tourists to twice the island's population during busy months. [ 52 ] 2022: Murder of Yvan Colonna and unrest Riots erupted across Corsica after Yvan Colonna was attacked in prison on 2 March 2022. Colonna died of his injuries on 21 March. [ 53 ] The courthouse at Ajaccio was assaulted by a crowd, which attempted to set it on fire. [ 54 ] Stones and flares were thrown at gendarmes. [ 55 ] In Bastia and Calvi , the rioters attacked the police with petrol bombs, home-made bombs and slingshots; the anti-riot squad responded with tear gas. [ 54 ] Prosecutors reported 102 people wounded, 77 of them policemen. [ 56 ] In April, a number of villas were burned to the ground in Canale-di-Verde , Ghisonaccia , [ 57 ] Pianottoli-Caldarello , [ 58 ] and Conca . [ 59 ] The FLNC said in a statement that the group supports the protest and hints it could resume their operations. [ 56 ] Antisemitic and anti-French graffiti appeared with FLNC being reportedly responsible. [ 60 ] Armed groups List of armed factions in the Corsican conflict See also The Troubles – United Kingdom and Ireland Basque conflict – Basque Country, Spain Insurgency in Aceh – Aceh, Indonesia France References ^ Low-level violence continued intermittently between 2016 and 2022. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Pour la première fois depuis 1993, le FLNC revendique un assassinat" . Le Monde.fr . 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . ^ "La conduite de la politique de sécurité menée par l'Etat en Corse" . 3 April 2023. ^ "35. France/Corsica (1967-present)" . ^ Bloom, Deborah (25 June 2014). "Corsica militant group to abandon arms" . CNN . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ "Le FLNC rend hommage, met en garde et revendique dans une nouvelle communication" . www.corsematin.com (in French). 21 March 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ "#corse – #FLNC – U 5 di maghju di u 1976 – Le site FLNC.unita-naziunale.org sur corsicainfurmazione.org -" (in French). 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2024 . ^ Ramsay p. 103 ^ "Événements d'Aleria : ce mardi, le 48e anniversaire" . Corse Net Infos - Pure player corse (in French) . Retrieved 24 June 2024 . ^ "Événement de 1975 Décès d'Henri Depeille propriétaire de la cave d'Aléria" . www.corsematin.com (in French). 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2024 . ^ Ramsay p. 127 ^ Ramsay p. 134 ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-328 F-BHSH Ajaccio-Campo Dell'Oro Airport (AJA)" . aviation-safety.net . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . ^ Ramsay, pp. 140–141 ^ Ramsay p. 141 ^ a b "Laboratoire Urbanisme Insurrectionnel: CORSICA, un urbanisme explosif" . laboratoireurbanismeinsurrectionnel.blogspot.com.ar . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . ^ "Indipendentisti corsi sul piede di guerra" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . ^ "archive-fr.com - archive-fr Resources and Information" . archive-fr.com . Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 December 2018 . ^ "#Corse StoriaCorsa -1978 " Le FLNC plastique la Base Aérienne 126 de Sulinzara " | Unità Naziunale" . www.corsicainfurmazione.org (in French) . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ Ramsay p. 150 ^ Ramsay p. 172 ^ Ramsay p. 173 ^ "StoriaCorsa -1979 « la #Corse est un pays occupé depuis plus de deux siècles par les troupes françaises » -" (in French). 25 August 2019 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Ramsay p. 184 ^ Ramsay p. 174 ^ Ramsay p. 191 ^ Ramsay pp. 174–175 ^ Ramsay p. 197 ^ Rasay pp. 200–201 ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1981 « Procès Bastelica-Fesch, 90 patriotes en prison, trêve et amnistie » -" (in French). 28 August 2019 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Ramsay p. 205 ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1983 « L'Affaire Guy Orsoni » – Dissolution du FLNC -" (in French). 30 August 2019 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1985 Le FLNC investit RCFM « Chjamemu a ghjuventù corsa » -" (in French). 31 August 2019 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1986 « U Ribombu » dans le collimateur de la répression -" (in French). 1 September 2019 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1987 « GHJUVAN'BATTISTA, FRATELLU DI U FRONTE, SIMU FIERU D'AVE CUMBATTUTU A FIANCU A TE, MAI UN CI SCURDEREMU DI TE, MAI » -" (in French). 1 September 2019 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Charters p. 104 ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1990 « FLNC Canal Historique, Canal Habituel, Resistenza, Cuncolta, MPA, ANC… » -" (in French). 3 September 2019 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ a b c d "#corse StoriaCorsa 1991 « Le FLNC sort u Sicondu Quaternu » la suite de son projet de société -" (in French). 3 September 2019 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ a b "#corse StoriaCorsa 1992 « 25% aux élections régionales » « Catastrophe de Furiani » -" (in French). 4 September 2019 . Retrieved 22 September 2024 . ^ "Corsican Separatists Claim Responsibility For Three Recent Attacks" . www.hartford-hwp.com . Retrieved 17 January 2019 . ^ "National Front for the Liberation of Corsica" . Prophet of Doom . Archived from the original on 13 October 2009 . Retrieved 21 October 2009 . ^ Kushner p. 265 ^ "Corsican National Liberation Front - political organization, Corsica" . ^ "Deux membres d'un FLNC unifié revendiquent l'attentat" [Two members of a unified FLNC claimed the attack]. Corse Matin (in French). 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2010. ^ Moloney, Mark. "Corsica: Europe's hidden independence struggle", Iris - The Republican Magazine, Issue Number 26, April 2012, ISSN 0790-7869 ^ "Corse: le FLNC dépose les armes" . 25 June 2014. ^ a b Moloney, Mark (3 May 2016). "Corsica's last major armed group to decommission to 'boost peace process' " . An Phoblacht . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . ^ " Corsican separatists to end military campaign ", EuroNews, 3 May 2016 ^ "Corsican nationalists warn jihadists of tough response - BBC News" . BBC News . 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . ^ "France: Corsicans protest jail sentence for nationalist bomb attackers" . Ruptly . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ "Bombs and arson attacks spark fears of return of terror campaign in Corsica" . The Local . 2 April 2019 . Retrieved 8 January 2021 . ^ Samuel, Henry (5 October 2019). "Corsican separatists warn against foreigners buying homes and take up arms for first time since 2014" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 November 2019 . ^ "Un commando armé se réclamant du FLNC fait irruption à un débat à Casabianca" . france.tv . Retrieved 29 December 2020 . ^ "Corsica protests turn to riots over assault of jailed nationalist Yvan Colonna" . France 24 . 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 13 March 2022 . ^ a b "Protests intensify in Corsica one week after prison attack on separatist leader Colonna" . RFI . 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ Ajaccio, Agence France-Presse in (10 March 2022). "Clashes in Corsica after prison attack on nationalist figure" . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ a b "France may offer Corsica 'autonomy' as it struggles to quell protests" . the Guardian . 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ "Mort d'Yvan Colonna. Incendie volontaire d'une maison déjà visée deux fois et taguée " Per Yvan " " . Ouest-France . 7 April 2022. ^ "Pianottoli : une résidence secondaire détruite par un incendie criminel" . France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 13 April 2022 . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ "Conca : deux maisons visées par des incendies criminels en deux nuits" . France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ "Anti-Semitic and anti-French graffiti condemned in Corsica" . 5 January 2024. Further reading Ramsay, Robert (1983) The Corsican Time-Bomb . Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719008931 v t e Corsican nationalism v t e Movements Corsican autonomy Corsican autonomy Events 2003 Corsican autonomy referendum Corsican conflict 2003 Nice bombing 2015 Corsican protests 2022 Corsica unrest 2003 Corsican autonomy referendum Corsican conflict 2003 Nice bombing 2015 Corsican protests 2022 Corsica unrest 2003 Nice bombing 2015 Corsican protests 2022 Corsica unrest People Jean-Félix Acquaviva Léo Battesti Michel Castellani Paul-André Colombani Yvan Colonna Marie-Antoinette Maupertuis Pasquale Paoli Edmond Simeoni Gilles Simeoni Max Simeoni Jean-Guy Talamoni Jean-Félix Acquaviva Léo Battesti Michel Castellani Paul-André Colombani Yvan Colonna Marie-Antoinette Maupertuis Pasquale Paoli Edmond Simeoni Gilles Simeoni Max Simeoni Jean-Guy Talamoni Active organisations Corsican Nationalist Alliance Corsican Workers' Trade Union Femu a Corsica National Liberation Front of Corsica Party of the Corsican Nation Unione Naziunale Corsican Nationalist Alliance Corsican Workers' Trade Union Femu a Corsica National Liberation Front of Corsica Party of the Corsican Nation Unione Naziunale Defunct organisations Armata Corsa Corsica Nazione Pè a Corsica Union of the Corsican People Armata Corsa Corsica Nazione Pè a Corsica Union of the Corsican People v t e France topics v t e History Overviews History Timeline Political history Military history Language Economic Foreign relations Colonialism Journalism Liberalism and radicalism Regions History of Brittany History of Normandy Ancient Prehistory Greek colonies Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Middle Ages Visigothic Kingdom Francia West Francia Middle Ages Kingdom of France Fundamental laws Early Modern Early modern era House of Bourbon Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime Wars of Religion Thirty Years' War Peace of Westphalia Second Hundred Years' War Louis XIV War of the Spanish Succession Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 Seven Years' War Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic era First Republic First Empire Late Modern 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/Geography and places বাংলা Español Bahasa Indonesia မြန်မာဘာသာ Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: Geography and places The Geography Portal More about Geography... More about Geography... Overview Geography – Atlas • City • Climate • Demographics • Earth • Exploration • Geographic information system • History of geography • Map • Park • Place • Population density • Region • Spatial analysis • Subregion • Surveying Countries of Africa Countries of Asia Countries of Europe Countries of North America Countries of Oceania Countries of South America Antarctic Arctic Outlines Lists Countries : Country-related topics Country-related topics Lists by country : Flags Politics Flags Politics Country subdivisions: Cities Counties Neighborhoods Places Cities Counties Neighborhoods Places Geographical features Land features: Deserts Highest points Islands Mountains Mountain passes Mountain ranges Northernmost items Volcanoes Bodies of water: Canals Lakes Oceans Reservoirs and dams Rivers Straits Waterways Man-made boundaries: Countries that border only one other country Enclaves and exclaves Border irregularities of the United States Land features: Deserts Highest points Islands Mountains Mountain passes Mountain ranges Northernmost items Volcanoes Deserts Highest points Islands Mountains Mountain passes Mountain ranges Northernmost items Volcanoes Bodies of water: Canals Lakes Oceans Reservoirs and dams Rivers Straits Waterways Canals Lakes Oceans Reservoirs and dams Rivers Straits Waterways Man-made boundaries: Countries that border only one other country Enclaves and exclaves Border irregularities of the United States Countries that border only one other country Enclaves and exclaves Border irregularities of the United States Other: List of slums List of slums Portals Islands ( Ireland New Guinea ) Lakes Maps Mountains Oceans Rivers Volcanoes World Continents Africa North America Asia Europe Regions Caribbean Central America Hudson Valley Kashmir Latin America Mesoamerica New England Oceania Pacific Northwest Punjab Siberia Countries Afghanistan Algeria Andorra Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Belize Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France The Gambia Georgia Germany Greece Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Kuwait Laos Latvia Lebanon Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Maldives Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mexico Moldova Monaco Morocco Myanmar Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palestine Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Republic of the Congo Romania Russia São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom ( England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales ) United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Territories Faroe Islands Gibraltar Hong Kong Puerto Rico Provinces and states Australia : New South Wales Queensland South Australia Victoria Western Australia Canada : Nova Scotia Ontario Germany : Baden‑Württemberg Bavaria Berlin Brandenburg Hamburg Hesse Mecklenburg‑Vorpommern North Rhine-Westphalia Lower Saxony Rhineland‑Palatinate Saxony Saxony-Anhalt Saarland Schleswig-Holstein Thuringia United States : Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington, D.C. Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Counties England : Berkshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset East Sussex Hampshire Kent Lancashire Manchester Oxfordshire Somerset Staffordshire Surrey West Sussex Yorkshire Ireland : Kilkenny Cities Baltimore Bangalore Chicago Edinburgh Hyderabad Jakarta London Los Angeles New York Philadelphia San Francisco Bay Area Tashkent Tokyo Washington, D.C. Supranational European Union Glossaries Geography Flags Medieval land terms Terms for country subdivisions European Union Categories Earth World Bodies of water Cities Communities Continents Countries Deserts Lakes Landforms Mountains Navigation Oceans Populated places Protected areas Regions Rivers Subterranea Territories Towns Villages Indices Continents Political divisions of World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region: ^ Kazakhstan is sometimes considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only. ^ The state is commonly known as simply "China", which is subsumed by the eponymous entity and civilization (China). ^ Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of PRC. ^ Macau is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of PRC. ^ Under the de facto control of Republic of China (ROC) government, commonly referred to as Taiwan . Claimed in whole by the PRC; see political status of Taiwan . ^ Excludes Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands ( Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia ). ^ General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, released 3rd September, 2008 ^ East Timor is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania . ^ Indonesia is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania ^ Armenia is sometimes considered a transcontinental country: physiographically in Western Asia , it has historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. ^ Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only. Figures include Nakhchivan , an autonomous exclave of Azerbaijan bordered by Armenia , Iran , and Turkey . ^ The island of Cyprus is sometimes considered a transcontinental territory: in the Eastern Basin of Mediterranean Sea south of Turkey , it has historical and socio-political connections with Europe. However, the U.N. considers Cyprus to be in Western Asia, while the C.I.A. considers it to be in the Middle East . ^ Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for the Asian portion only. ^ Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Southern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only, excluding all of Istanbul. ^ The use and scope of this term varies. The UN designation for this subregion is "Australia and New Zealand." ^ Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia . ^ Excludes parts of Indonesia , island territories in Southeast Asia (UN region) frequently reckoned in this region. ^ Indonesia is generally considered a territory of Southeastern Asia (UN region); wholly or partially, it is also frequently included in Australasia or Melanesia . Figures include Indonesian portion of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) and Maluku Islands . Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Geography Wikipedia contents Wikipedia semi-protected project pages This page was last edited on 16 August 2022, at 10:52 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Geography_and_places
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January Toggle January subsection 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 2 References 3 External links Deaths in 2026 العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano کٲشُر Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The following notable deaths occurred in 2026. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. January 17 16 Olena Grechanina , 90, Ukrainian scientist. [ 1 ] Ratbek hadji Nysanbayev , 85, Kazakh religious figure, supreme mufti of Kazakhstan (1990–2000). [ 2 ] (death announced on this date) 15 Abdullahi Abubakar , 90, Nigerian Islamic cleric and humanitarian. [ 3 ] Ante Grgurević , 50, Croatian basketball player ( Split , Lugano Tigers ) and coach (Split). [ 4 ] Rafael Gvaladze , 78, Azerbaijani jurist, judge of the Constitutional Court (1998–2025). [ 5 ] Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark , 83, Greek-Spanish royal. [ 6 ] Kim Sin-yong , 80, South Korean writer. [ 7 ] Mutumwa Mawere , 66, Zimbabwean-South African mining industry executive. [ 8 ] Kenny Morris , 68, English drummer ( Siouxsie and the Banshees ). [ 9 ] (death announced on this date) Edgar Salvé , 79, Belgian Olympic middle-distance runner ( 1968 , 1972 ). [ 10 ] Ajay Varma , 62, Indian cricketer ( Bengal ). [ 11 ] Gagik Yeganyan , 69, Armenian politician. [ 12 ] 14 Layonel Adams , 31, Russian footballer ( Banants , Cerceda , Isloch Minsk Raion ), fall. [ 13 ] Dmitri Akimov , 45, Russian footballer ( Metallurg Lipetsk , Sibir Novosibirsk , Rostov ). [ 14 ] Aroha Awarau , 49, New Zealand playwright and journalist. [ 15 ] Namirembe Bitamazire , 84, Ugandan academic and politician, MP (2001–2011). [ 16 ] Alfonso Castellanos , 91, Colombian radio broadcaster and journalist. [ 17 ] Jean-Hugues Colonna , 91, French politician, deputy (1981–1988). [ 18 ] (death announced on this date) Valeria Fedeli , 76, Italian politician, minister of education (2016–2018) and senator (2013–2022). [ 19 ] Oleksandr Kabanov , 52, Ukrainian politician, deputy (since 2019). [ 20 ] Kim Min-jae , 53, South Korean baseball player ( Lotte Giants , Hanwha Eagles ) and coach ( Doosan Bears ), cancer. [ 21 ] Rick Link , 66, American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter. [ 22 ] Nie Weiping , 73, Chinese Go player. [ 23 ] Melania Pérez [ es ] , 76, Argentine singer. [ 24 ] Ricard Pérez Casado , 80, Spanish politician, mayor of Valencia (1979–1988) and deputy (2000–2004). [ 25 ] Seppo Reijonen , 81, Finnish Olympic ski jumper ( 1968 ). [ 26 ] Jean Rossier , 81, Belgian biologist and academic. [ 27 ] (death announced on this date) Ernestine Russell , 87, Canadian Olympic gymnast ( 1956 , 1960 ). [ 28 ] Ado Schlier , 90, German radio personality ( Radio Salzburg , Bayerischer Rundfunk ). [ 29 ] Vera Valdez , 89, Brazilian model. [ 30 ] Quemil Yambay , 87, Paraguayan musician and composer. [ 31 ] Igor Zolotovitskiy , 64, Russian actor ( Taxi Blues , Luna Park , Composition for Victory Day ), academic and television director, cancer. [ 32 ] 13 Scott Adams , 68, American cartoonist ( Dilbert ), prostate cancer. [ 33 ] Iqbal Athas , 81, Sri Lankan journalist ( The Sunday Times , Jane's Defence Weekly ). [ 34 ] Lina Bernardi [ it ] , 87, Italian actress ( The Story of Piera , The Last Kiss , The Embalmer ). [ 35 ] Alfred Blumstein , 95, American scientist. [ 36 ] Mark Brnovich , 59, American politician and attorney, Arizona attorney general (2015–2023), heart attack. [ 37 ] Paola Cardia [ it ] , 73, Italian footballer ( national team ). [ 38 ] David Collier , 70, English sports administrator, chief executive of the England and Wales Cricket Board (2004–2014). [ 39 ] Claudette Colvin , 86, American civil rights activist ( Browder v. Gayle ). [ 40 ] Indira Devi Dhanrajgir , 95, Indian poet and socialite. [ 41 ] Catherine Duprat , 89, French historian. [ 42 ] Barbara Eustachiewicz , 87, Polish Olympic gymnast ( 1960 , 1964 ). [ 43 ] Jesse Flis , 92, Canadian politician, MP (1979–1984, 1988–1997). [ 44 ] Bir Bhadra Hagjer , 75, Indian politician, Assam MLA (2016–2021). [ 45 ] Ali Hassan , 61, Mozambican footballer ( Sporting , Vitória de Setúbal , national team ), cancer. [ 46 ] Hun Yuan , 81, Taiwanese religious leader, founder of Weixinism . [ 47 ] Heiki Kranich , 64, Estonian politician, twice MP , minister of finance (1994) and environment (1999–2003). [ 48 ] Jason Lafreniere , 59, Canadian ice hockey player ( Quebec Nordiques , Tampa Bay Lightning , New York Rangers ). [ 49 ] (death announced on this date) Blanche Marvin , 100, American-born British theatre critic, producer and writer. [ 50 ] Doug McConnell , 80, American television journalist. [ 51 ] Bruce McLeod , 96, Canadian clergyman, moderator of the United Church of Canada (1972–1974). [ 52 ] Rolando Nannicini , 79, Italian politician, deputy (2001–2013). [ 53 ] Seán Ó Sé , 89, Irish tenor singer. [ 54 ] Ivan Onufriyev , 58, Russian footballer ( Geolog Tyumen , MTsOP-Metallurg Verkhnyaya Pyshma , Dynamo Stavropol ). [ 55 ] Annemarie Prins , 93, Dutch actress ( Accused , Memory Lane ), director and writer. [ 56 ] Renzo Ragonesi [ it ] , 82, Italian footballer ( Venezia , Reggiana , Modena ). [ 57 ] Jean-Loup Trassard , 92, French photographer. [ 58 ] (death announced on this date) Rudolf Urc [ sk ] , 88, Slovak director of documentary and animated films and academic. [ 59 ] George Vassiliou , 94, Cypriot politician, president (1988–1993) and MP (1996–2001), respiratory infection. [ 60 ] David Webb , 60, British-born Hong Kong activist investor, prostate cancer. [ 61 ] Hans Wiktorsson [ sv ] , 75, Swedish actor ( The Painter , Kurt Olssons julkalender ), complications from a brain injury. [ 62 ] Brian Wilshire , 81, Australian radio broadcaster ( 2GB ). [ 63 ] Razmik Zohrabyan , 75, Armenian politician, MP (2007–2017). [ 64 ] 12 Oba C. D. Akran , 89, Nigerian politician and traditional ruler. [ 65 ] Mahmoud Al-Astal , Palestinian police chief, shot. [ 66 ] Sheila Bernette , 94, English singer ( The Good Old Days , The Black and White Minstrel Show ) and actress ( The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ). [ 67 ] Paul Clauson , 76, Australian politician, Queensland MP (1985–1989), attorney-general (1986–1989). [ 68 ] Rolland Courbis , 72, French football player ( Monaco ) and manager ( Bordeaux , Marseille ). [ 69 ] Bill Courtney , 55, American college basketball coach ( Cornell Big Red , Miami Hurricanes , Temple Owls ). [ 70 ] Mochammad Djamhari , 82, Indonesian military officer and politician, Regent of Bekasi Regency (1993–1998). [ 71 ] John Forté , 50, American rapper ( Refugee Camp All-Stars ) and producer ( The Score ). [ 72 ] Rick Garcia , 69, American LGBTQ activist. [ 73 ] Mohammad Ilyas , 79, Pakistani cricketer ( Lahore , Pakistan International Airlines , national team ), cancer. [ 74 ] Asda Jayanama , 84, Thai diplomat. [ 75 ] Robert Jensen , 52, Dutch television personality ( Jensen! ), cardiac arrest. [ 76 ] Jayashree Kabir , 73, Indian actress ( Pratidwandi , Simana Periye , Rupali Saikate ). [ 77 ] Robert V. Kohn , 72, American mathematician, cancer. [ 78 ] Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin , 26, British guitarist ( Black Midi ). [ 79 ] (death announced on this date) Jan Mårtenson , 92, Swedish author and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (1993–1995). [ 80 ] Eddie McCreadie , 85, Scottish football player ( Chelsea , national team ) and manager (Chelsea). [ 81 ] Luigi Nicolais , 83, Italian engineer and politician, minister for public administration (2006–2008), deputy (2008–2012), and president of the National Research Council (2012–2016). [ 82 ] Alain Orsoni , 71, French politician, Corsican independence militant ( FLNC ) and football executive ( AC Ajaccio ), shot. [ 83 ] Mario Rigutti , 99, Italian astronomer. [ 84 ] Roland Riz , 98, Italian politician, deputy (1958–1963, 1968–1987), senator (1987–1996). [ 85 ] Catherine Samie , 92, French actress ( Lovers of Paris , The Old Maid , They Came Back ). [ 86 ] Michel Tombereau , 80, French painter, complications from influenza. [ 87 ] Karen Vold , 86, American Hall of Fame trick rider. [ 88 ] Martin Willich , 80, German politician, member of the Hamburg Parliament (1974–1995). [ 89 ] Isaac Witz , 91, Austrian-born Israeli immunologist. [ 90 ] Benjaminas Zelkevičius , 81, Lithuanian football player ( Žalgiris Vilnius , Shakhtar Donetsk ) and manager ( national team ). [ 91 ] 11 Pavel Akishev , 42, Russian baseball player ( national team ). [ 92 ] (death announced on this date) Gabriel Barkay , 81, Israeli archaeologist. [ 93 ] Alberto Benzoni , 90, Italian journalist and politician. [ 94 ] Louis E. Brus , 82, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (2023). [ 95 ] Thomas Causey , 76, American sound engineer ( Dick Tracy , Star Trek Generations , Escape from New York ). [ 96 ] Giancarlo Cauteruccio , 69, Italian theatre actor and director. [ 97 ] Richard Codey , 79, American politician, governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), member of the New Jersey Senate (1982–2024). [ 98 ] Marcus Gilbert , 67, British actor ( Army of Darkness , The Masks of Death , Rambo III ), throat cancer. [ 99 ] Dave Giusti , 86, American baseball player ( Houston Astros , Pittsburgh Pirates ), World Series champion ( 1971 ). [ 100 ] Robert Hopkins , 64, English footballer ( Birmingham City , West Bromwich Albion , Shrewsbury Town ). [ 101 ] Bennie Carlton Keel , 91, American archaeologist. [ 102 ] Ueli Kestenholz , 50, Swiss snowboarder, Olympic bronze medallist ( 1998 ), avalanche. [ 103 ] Mukharby Kirzhinov , 77, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion ( 1972 ). [ 104 ] Kōtarō Kodama , 91, Japanese politician, mayor of Akitakata (1980–2008). [ 105 ] Nelson Manrique , 78, Peruvian historian and sociologist. [ 106 ] Titina Medeiros , 48, Brazilian actress ( Cheias de Charme , A Lei do Amor , Now Generation ), pancreatic cancer. [ 107 ] Ahmad Melli , 76–77, Syrian actor. [ 108 ] Miquel Naudí , 77, Andorran politician, member of the General Council (1981–1983). [ 109 ] Takashi Ono , 97, Japanese-born American mathematician. [ 110 ] Park Soon-yong , 81, South Korean lawyer, prosecutor general (1999–2001). [ 111 ] Miroslava Pešíková , 79, Czech dancer and ballet master. [ 112 ] Clarence Pierce , 97, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1952–1984). [ 113 ] Eugen Pojoni , 84, Romanian footballer ( Viitorul București , Crișul Oradea , UTA Arad ). [ 114 ] Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell , Samoan politician, MLA (2021–2025). [ 115 ] Samir Putatundu , 73, Indian politician. [ 116 ] Nasser bin Radan Al Rashid Al Wadaei , Saudi longevity claimant. [ 117 ] Grete Salomonsen , 74, Norwegian film director ( Kamilla and the Thief , Yohan: The Child Wanderer ). [ 118 ] Robert G. Shulman , 101, American biophysicist. [ 119 ] Aniceto Sobrepeña , 77, Filipino banker and public servant. [ 120 ] Prashant Tamang , 43, Indian singer ( Indian Idol ) and actor ( Paatal Lok ), cardiac arrest. [ 121 ] Sergio Tarquinio , 100, Italian painter. [ 122 ] Trevor A. Toussaint , 65, British actor ( Hollyoaks ). [ 123 ] John Wallace , 76, Scottish trumpeter, composer and arts educator. [ 124 ] Herman Wouters , 85, Belgian politician, mayor of Grobbendonk (1989–1997). [ 125 ] 10 Sturla Böðvarsson , 80, Icelandic politician, minister of communications and transportation (1999–2007), president of the Althing (2007–2009). [ 126 ] Manoel Carlos , 92, Brazilian television writer ( Por Amor , Laços de Família , Mulheres Apaixonadas ). [ 127 ] Daniel Colson , 82, French sociologist and academic. [ 128 ] Yolande Viviane Compaoré , Burkinabe politician, governor of Nord Region . [ 129 ] Erich von Däniken , 90, Swiss author and ufologist ( Chariots of the Gods? ). [ 130 ] Distorted Humor , 32, American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanized. [ 131 ] Sergey Galkov , 60, Russian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 1988 ). [ 132 ] Richard Hynes , 81, British biologist. [ 133 ] (death announced on this date) Jim Hartung , 65, American gymnast, Olympic champion ( 1984 ), and coach. [ 134 ] Mario Jacquet [ es ] , 79, Paraguayan footballer ( Cerro Porteño , Real Oviedo , Real Valladolid ). [ 135 ] Włodzimierz Jakubowski , 86, Polish football player ( Lech Poznań ) and manager ( Mieszko Gniezno , Bałtyk Gdynia ). [ 136 ] Kathy Javner , 52, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (since 2018), breast cancer. [ 137 ] Yeison Jiménez , 34, Colombian singer, plane crash . [ 138 ] Václav Klučka , 72, Czech politician, deputy (1992–1996, 2006–2017). [ 139 ] Robert Kostelka , 92, American politician, member of the Louisiana State Senate (2003–2016). [ 140 ] Derek Martin , 92, British actor ( Law & Order , Eldorado , EastEnders ). [ 141 ] Marco Proaño Maya , 80, Ecuadorian politician, three-time deputy . [ 142 ] Davinder Singh , 73, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion ( 1980 ). [ 143 ] Ivan Štampach , 79, Czech religionist and theologian. [ 144 ] Thierry Steimetz , 42, French footballer ( Amnéville , Metz , Homburg ), cancer. [ 145 ] Orazio Svelto , 89, Italian physicist. [ 146 ] Isabel Veloso , 19, Brazilian social media influencer, complications from bone marrow transplant. [ 147 ] Manolo Villaverde , 91, Cuban-American actor ( ¿Qué Pasa, USA? , Taina , Wiseguy ). [ 148 ] Prawase Wasi , 93, Thai hematologist. [ 149 ] Bob Weir , 78, American Hall of Fame musician ( Grateful Dead ) and songwriter (" Sugar Magnolia ", " One More Saturday Night "), complications from cancer. [ 150 ] Robert Wolgemuth , 77, American author, chairman of the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association . [ 151 ] 9 Ai , 49, Japanese Western chimpanzee , subject of cognition studies, multiple organ failure. [ 152 ] Zeno Bianu , 75, French writer. [ 153 ] Andrés Caniulef , 48, Chilean journalist, heart attack. [ 154 ] T. K. Carter , 69, American actor ( The Thing , Punky Brewster , Runaway Train ). [ 155 ] Robert Croft , 91, American freediver. [ 156 ] Jean-Louis Duplat , 88, Belgian magistrate. [ 157 ] Beatriz González , 93, Colombian painter, sculptor and art historian. [ 158 ] Ulf Granberg , 80, Swedish comics creator and editor ( The Phantom ). [ 159 ] Jitka Gruntová , 80, Czech politician, deputy (2002–2006). [ 160 ] Hans Herrmann , 97, German racing driver ( Formula One ). [ 161 ] Sandra Hester , 68, American socio-political activist. [ 162 ] Pirkko Ikonen , 98, Finnish politician, MP (1983–1991). [ 163 ] Heber Jentzsch , 90, American Scientology executive ( Church of Scientology International ), actor and journalist ( Los Angeles Free Press ). [ 164 ] (death announced on this date) Manfred Kuhmichel , 82, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1990–2012). [ 165 ] Lê Văn Dũng , 80, Vietnamese military officer and politician, chief of the general staff (1998–2001). [ 166 ] Khawlhring Lalremruata , 38, Indian cricketer ( Mizoram ), heart attack. [ 167 ] Diane Munday , 94, British political activist, co-founder of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service . [ 168 ] Valery Noskov [ ru ] , 59, Russian biathlete. [ 169 ] Tina Packer , 87, British actress ( David Copperfield , Doctor Who ) and stage director, co-founder of Shakespeare & Company . [ 170 ] Zelico Petrovic [ it ] , 77, Yugoslav-born Italian footballer ( Taranto , Rimini , Catania ). [ 171 ] Larry Snook , 84, American politician. [ 172 ] Terry Sullivan , 87, British drummer ( Renaissance ). [ 173 ] Josep Maria Triginer , 82, Spanish politician. [ 174 ] Eleni Varikas , 76, Greek-born French political philosopher and academic, lung cancer. [ 175 ] Yao Chiang-lin [ zh ] , 75, Taiwanese politician. [ 176 ] Vincenzo Zarri , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Bologna (1976–1988) and bishop of Forlì-Bertinoro (1988–2005). [ 177 ] 8 Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki , 96, British occult writer. [ 178 ] Musa Gibril Bala Gaye , 79, Gambian economist and politician, minister of finance (2003–2009) and foreign affairs (2005). [ 179 ] Murat Bisembin , 53, Kazakh actor, cancer. [ 180 ] Loraine Braham , 87, Australian politician, member (1994–2008) and speaker (1997–1999, 2001–2005) of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly . [ 181 ] Günther Brendel , 95, German painter, graphic artist and academic. [ 182 ] Heloísa de Carvalho , 56, Brazilian writer and political activist. [ 183 ] Václav Cigler , 96, Czech sculptor and visual artist. [ 184 ] Conrado Corsalette , 47, Brazilian journalist. [ 185 ] Mieczysław Czerniawski , 77, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991, 1993–2005). [ 186 ] Nelly Chatué Diop , 41, Cameroonian computer scientist. [ 187 ] Jean-Luc Domenach , 80, French historian, sinologist and political scientist. [ 188 ] Jim Furlong , 85, Canadian football player ( Calgary Stampeders ). [ 189 ] Sergio Goizauskas , 69, Argentine-born French cartoonist. [ 190 ] Vijay Singh Gond , 68, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–2007, since 2024), kidney failure. [ 191 ] Dave Hitchcock , 76, English record producer ( In the Land of Grey and Pink , Foxtrot , The Snow Goose ) and accountant. [ 192 ] Jian Shuisheng [ zh ] , 96, Chinese academic. [ 193 ] Philippe Junot , 85, French venture capitalist and property developer. [ 194 ] Madalitso Kazombo , 46, Malawian politician, first deputy speaker of the National Assembly (2019–2025), asthma attack. [ 195 ] Dieudonné Larose , 80, Haitian singer. [ 196 ] Rhoda Levine , 93, American opera director and choreographer. [ 197 ] (death announced on this date) Elisa Lisboa [ pt ] , 81, Portuguese actress ( Sabor da Paixão , Morangos com Açúcar , A Impostora ). [ 198 ] Evgeny Lyubivyi , 51, Russian politician. [ 199 ] Antonino Mangano [ it ] , 75, Italian marathon and middle-distance runner. [ 200 ] Guy Moon , 63, American composer ( The Fairly OddParents , Big Time Rush , Danny Phantom ), traffic collision. [ 201 ] Jafar Nainggolan , 79, Indonesian politician, MP (2009–2014). [ 202 ] Hiroshi Nakamura , 93, Japanese surrealist painter, pancreatic cancer. [ 203 ] Álvaro Peña-Rojas , 82, Chilean-German singer and songwriter. [ 204 ] Howard Riley , 87, English footballer ( Leicester City , Walsall , Barrow ). [ 205 ] Astrid Roemer , 78, Surinamese-Dutch writer and teacher. [ 206 ] Kjersti Scheen , 82, Norwegian journalist and writer. [ 207 ] Uljana Semjonova , 73, Latvian basketball player, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1980 ). [ 208 ] Sir Tim Shadbolt , 78, New Zealand politician, mayor of Waitemata City (1983–1989) and Invercargill (1993–1995, 1998–2022). [ 209 ] Meinam Bhorot Singh , 75, Indian politician, Manipur MLA (2002–2007). [ 210 ] Mojtaba Tarshiz , 47, Iranian footballer ( Shahr Khodro F.C. , Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. , Gostaresh Foulad F.C. ), shot . [ 211 ] Matthew Taylor , 57–58, American musician ( Bellini ) and artist, heart attack. [ 212 ] Wim Van Belleghem , 62, Belgian Olympic rower ( 1988 , 1992 ), world champion ( 1987 ). [ 213 ] Paul Calvin Visser , 89, American politician, mayor of Flint, Michigan (1973–1975). [ 214 ] Terry Yorath , 75, Welsh football player ( Leeds United , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 215 ] 7 Ali Ardestani , Iranian convicted spy, execution by hanging. [ 216 ] Madjoulba Batocfetou , Togolese agronomic engineer. [ 217 ] James Bernard , American music journalist and magazine editor ( The Source , XXL ). [ 218 ] (death announced on this date) Ihor Blazhkov , 89, Ukrainian conductor. [ 219 ] Albert Bourgi , 90, French jurist. [ 220 ] Raffaella Bragazzi , 66, Italian television presenter and radio host. [ 221 ] Frank S. Cerveny , 92, American Episcopalian clergyman, bishop of Florida (1974–1992). [ 222 ] Camilo Isaac Chavarría , 27, Panamanian model ( Mister Panamá ) and reality show contestant ( Calle 7 ), heart attack. [ 223 ] Martin Chivers , 80, English footballer ( Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , national team ). [ 224 ] Ángel Coerezza , 92, Argentine football referee ( AFA ). [ 225 ] John W. Derr , 84, American politician, member of the Maryland Senate (1983–1999), cancer. [ 226 ] Hiroya Ebina , 67, Japanese politician, mayor of Kushiro (2008–2024), member of the Hokkaido Legislative Assembly (1999–2008), cardiac arrest. [ 227 ] Tony Field , 79, English footballer ( Blackburn Rovers , Southport , Memphis Rogues ). [ 228 ] Vera Frances , 95, English actress ( Back-Room Boy , King Arthur Was a Gentleman , It's That Man Again ). [ 229 ] Madhav Gadgil , 83, Indian ecologist. [ 230 ] Renee Good , 37, American poet and writer, shot . [ 231 ] Domenico Graziani , 81, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Cassano all'Jonio (1999–2006) and archbishop of Crotone-Santa Severina (2006–2019). [ 232 ] Glenn Hall , 94, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , St. Louis Blues ), Stanley Cup champion ( 1952 , 1961 ). [ 233 ] Sidney de Jong , 46, Dutch Olympic baseball player ( 2004 , 2008 ). [ 234 ] Rebecca Kilgore , 76, American jazz vocalist. [ 235 ] Jon Lindsay , 90, American politician, member of the Texas Senate (1997–2007). [ 236 ] Uri Lupolianski , 74, Israeli politician, mayor of Jerusalem (2003–2008) and founder of Yad Sarah . [ 237 ] Ian McCrae , 84, Scottish rugby union player ( Gordonians , national team ). [ 238 ] Randy McMillan , 67, American football player ( Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ). [ 239 ] Roberto Mondragón , 85, American politician, lieutenant governor of New Mexico (1971–1975, 1979–1983). [ 240 ] Kabindra Purkayastha , 94, Indian politician, MP (1991–2014). [ 241 ] Howard Sanderford , 90, American politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1989–2022). [ 242 ] Dietrich Stratmann , 88, German politician, member of the Landtag of Lower Saxony (1982–2003). [ 243 ] Seydou Madani Sy , 92, Senegalese jurist and politician, minister of justice (1986–1990). [ 244 ] Kim Thorson , 93, Canadian politician, Saskatchewan MLA (1956–1960, 1971–1975). [ 245 ] Billy Truax , 82, American football player ( Los Angeles Rams , Dallas Cowboys ). [ 246 ] Chiara Valentini , 84, Italian journalist and writer. [ 247 ] Murad Wahba , 99, Egyptian writer, philosopher and academic. [ 248 ] Athol Webb , 90, Australian footballer ( Melbourne ). [ 249 ] 6 Ang Ziming [ zh ] , 65, Chinese academic. [ 250 ] Joe Arlooktoo , 86, Canadian visual artist and politician, Northwest Territories MLA (1979–1991). [ 251 ] (death announced on this date) Odette Bergoffen , 101, French resistance fighter. [ 252 ] Andrzej Bogusławski , 94, Polish philologist and semanticist. [ 253 ] Ron Boswell , 85, Australian politician, senator (1983–2014). [ 254 ] John Cunningham , 93, American actor ( Titanic , Company , Mystic Pizza ). [ 255 ] Dick Dull , 80, American athletic director ( Maryland Terrapins ). [ 256 ] V. K. Ebrahimkunju , 73, Indian politician, Kerala MLA (2011–2021). [ 257 ] Anna Eder [ de ] , 75, German politician, mayor of Deggendorf (2000–2012). [ 258 ] Johannes Fabian , 88, German anthropologist. [ 259 ] Alex Felipe , 32, Brazilian futsal player ( Sporting CP , Norilsk Nickel , national team ). [ 260 ] Angella D. Ferguson , 100, American pediatrician. [ 261 ] Edith M. Flanigen , 96, American chemist. [ 262 ] Robert Goebbels , 81, Luxembourgish politician, minister for the economy (1989–1999) and energy (1994–1999), signatory of the Schengen Agreement . [ 263 ] Suresh Kalmadi , 81, Indian politician and sports administrator, MP (1982–2014) and president of the IOA (1996–2011). [ 264 ] Doug LaMalfa , 65, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 2013), heart attack. [ 265 ] József Láyer , 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1998–2006). [ 266 ] Jim McBride , 78, American country music songwriter (" Chasing That Neon Rainbow ", " (Who Says) You Can't Have It All ", " Chattahoochee "). [ 267 ] Jack McGregor , 91, American politician and sports team owner, member of the Pennsylvania State Senate (1963–1970) and founder of the Pittsburgh Penguins . [ 268 ] Kathleen Muxel , 54, German politician, member of the Landtag of Brandenburg (since 2019). [ 269 ] Raffaele Nogaro , 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Sessa Aurunca (1982–1990) and of Caserta (1990–2009). [ 270 ] James E. O'Grady , 96, American law enforcement officer, Cook County sheriff (1986–1990). [ 271 ] Saeid Pirdoost , 85, Iranian actor ( Snake Fang , Son of Adam, Daughter of Eve , Great Award ), cancer. [ 272 ] Claude Pivi , 66, Guinean military officer, complications from diabetes. [ 273 ] Jaap Pop , 84, Dutch politician, mayor of Haarlem (1995–2006). [ 274 ] David Quail , 88, South African politician and educator, member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature (1999–2009). [ 275 ] Nihal Seneviratne , 91, Sri Lankan civil servant, secretary general of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1981–1994). [ 276 ] Baghir Suleimanov , 66, Azerbaijani petroleum scientist. [ 277 ] Béla Tarr , 70, Hungarian film director ( Sátántangó , Werckmeister Harmonies , The Turin Horse ). [ 278 ] Jerry Thomas , 90, American baseball player ( Minnesota Golden Gophers ). [ 279 ] Gianpaolo Tosel [ it ] , 85, Italian magistrate. [ 280 ] Robert Vicot , 94, French football player ( SC Toulon ) and manager ( Paris Saint-Germain FC , Gabon national team ). [ 281 ] Anatoly Yevtushenko , 91, Russian handball coach, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1988 ). [ 282 ] Zhang Shaokang [ zh ] , 90, Chinese scholar. [ 283 ] Zhou Liwei [ zh ] , 94, Chinese electro-optics professor. [ 284 ] 5 Ahn Sung-ki , 74, South Korean actor ( Silmido , Two Cops , Radio Star ), blood cancer. [ 285 ] Aldrich Ames , 84, American counterintelligence officer ( CIA ) and convicted Soviet-era spy. [ 286 ] Bonifacio Ávila , 75, Colombian Olympic boxer ( 1972 ). [ 287 ] Herbert Beck , 84, German art historian. [ 288 ] Andrew Bodnar , 71, English bass guitarist ( The Rumour ) and songwriter (" I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass "). [ 289 ] (death announced on this date) Andrew Carter , 86, English composer ( Benedicite ) and conductor. [ 290 ] Tom Cherones , 86, American television director ( Seinfeld , NewsRadio , Ellen ), complications from Alzheimer's disease. [ 291 ] Beatriz de Lenclós [ es ] , 102, Spanish dancer. [ 292 ] Jim Dennison , 87, American football coach ( Akron Zips , Walsh Cavaliers ). [ 293 ] Marian Diamond , 89, English actress ( Subterfuge , Goodbye Gemini , The Lord of the Rings ). [ 294 ] Miklós Dudás , 34, Hungarian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 2012 ), world champion ( 2014 ). [ 295 ] Mike Embro , 63, Canadian drummer ( Razor ). [ 296 ] (death announced on this date) Aoi Fujino , 27, Japanese gravure idol , rhabdomyosarcoma . [ 297 ] Paolo Gillet , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Albano (1993–2005). [ 298 ] Pier Francesco Guarguaglini , 88, Italian defense industry executive, chairman of Finmeccanica (2002–2011). [ 299 ] Bruce Hammock , 78, American entomologist. [ 300 ] Ad van Kempen , 81, Dutch actor ( 1-900 , 'n Beetje Verliefd , Winter in Wartime ), prostate cancer. [ 301 ] Wiktor Kinecki , 96, Polish politician, MP (1976–1980). [ 302 ] José Mingorance , 87, Spanish football player ( Espanyol , national team ) and manager ( Granada ). [ 303 ] Reza Moradi Abdolvand , 18, Iranian protester, shot. [ 304 ] Jawann Oldham , 68, American basketball player ( Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , New York Knicks ). [ 305 ] Induratana Paribatra , 103, Thai royal. [ 306 ] Molly Parkin , 93, Welsh painter, novelist and journalist. [ 307 ] Christos Politis [ el ] , 83, Greek actor ( Lampsi ). [ 308 ] Bob Pulford , 89, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Toronto Maple Leafs , Los Angeles Kings ), coach ( Chicago Blackhawks ), and executive, NHLPA president (1967–1972), four-time Stanley Cup champion. [ 309 ] Cosimo Scaglioso , 89, Italian politician, senator (1994–1996). [ 310 ] Elle Simone , 49, American chef ( America's Test Kitchen ) and food stylist. [ 311 ] Miroslav Stárek [ cs ] , 77, Czech footballer ( Sparta Prague , Slavia Prague , Mladá Boleslav ). [ 312 ] Elsje de Wijn , 82, Dutch actress ( De stille Oceaan , For a Lost Soldier , Het 14e kippetje ) and singer. [ 313 ] Ken Wilcock , 91, British sprinter. [ 314 ] (death announced on this date) Mike Wilson , 66, British kart racer, six-time world champion . [ 315 ] Jiří Witzany [ cs ] , 84, Czech academic and rector of ČVUT (2000–2006). [ 316 ] Wu Lintao [ zh ] , 105, Chinese politician. [ 317 ] 4 Forest Able , 93, American basketball player ( Syracuse Nationals ). [ 318 ] Ali Abu al-Ragheb , 79, Jordanian politician, prime minister (2000–2003). [ 319 ] Fazl-ur-Raheem Ashrafi , 81, Pakistani Islamic scholar, patron of Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia . [ 320 ] Céline Bellot , 55, Canadian criminologist and academic, breast cancer. [ 321 ] Mario Blasone [ it ] , 85, Italian basketball player. [ 322 ] Bob Boyer , 93, Canadian professional wrestler. [ 323 ] David Branch , 77, Canadian ice hockey administrator, commissioner of the OHL (1979–2024) and president of the CHL (1996–2019). [ 324 ] Calbo , 52, French rapper ( Ärsenik ). [ 325 ] Germaine Cousin-Zermatten , 100, Swiss herbalist. [ 326 ] Kamiel Dierckx [ nl ] , 84, Belgian basketball player ( Belgian Lions ). [ 327 ] Frank Dunlop , 98, British theatre director. [ 328 ] Manuel Fernández Ilarraza , 85, Spanish gynaecologist and politician, president of the Parliament of La Rioja (1987–1988). [ 329 ] Miloslav Fiala , 97, Czech Roman Catholic priest. [ 330 ] Andy Friendly , 74, American television producer ( Entertainment Tonight ). [ 331 ] L. Ganesan , 91, Indian politician, MP (1980–1986, 2004–2009). [ 332 ] Anne-Claire Goulon , 51, French businesswoman, breast cancer. [ 333 ] Vicki L. Gregory , 75, American academic and librarian. [ 334 ] Michel Griffon , 77, French agronomist. [ 335 ] Roger Guesnerie , 82–83, French economist and academic. [ 336 ] Denise Harlow , 55, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (2010–2018), cancer. [ 337 ] Bobby Holmes , 93, Scottish footballer ( St Mirren ). [ 338 ] (death announced on this date) Nora Ikstena , 56, Latvian writer and cultural manager. [ 339 ] Klaus Keitel , 86, German politician, member (1990–2002) and president (1990–1998) of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt . [ 340 ] Kim Young-in [ ko ] , 85, South Korean actor ( Dachimawa Lee , No Blood No Tears , Arahan ). [ 341 ] Milorad Kosanović , 75, Serbian football player ( Proleter Zrenjanin , Vojvodina ) and manager ( Malta national team ). [ 342 ] Bernard Lemoux , 83, French businessman, president of Stade Rennais FC (1973–1977). [ 343 ] George C. Lodge , 98, American politician. [ 344 ] Oscar Lofton , 87, American football player ( Boston Patriots ) and coach ( Southeastern Louisiana Lions ). [ 345 ] Naser Toure Mahama , 60, Ghanaian politician, MP (since 2012). [ 346 ] Miloslav Masopust , 101, Czech general. [ 347 ] Giorgos Papadakis [ el ] , 74, Greek journalist and television presenter, heart attack. [ 348 ] Daniel Pelletti , 77, Belgian painter. [ 349 ] Jules Radich , 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2022–2025), heart attack. [ 350 ] Michael Reagan , 80, American political commentator. [ 351 ] Marissa Sanchez , 69, Filipino tennis player. [ 352 ] Jacqueline Schaeffer , 91, French psychoanalyst. [ 353 ] Steve Sheetz , 77, American convenience store operator, CEO and president of Sheetz, Inc. (1984–1995). [ 354 ] Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo , 79, Indian historian and archaeologist. [ 355 ] Ralph L. Thomas , 86, Brazilian-born Canadian film director ( The Terry Fox Story , Apprentice to Murder , Ticket to Heaven ) and screenwriter, complications from heart disease. [ 356 ] Horacio Usandizaga , 85, Argentine politician, senator (1995–2003) and mayor of Rosario (1983–1989), complications from multiple strokes. [ 357 ] Mary White , 81, Irish businesswoman and politician, senator (2002–2016). [ 358 ] Xiao Zhuang , 92–93, Chinese photographer. [ 359 ] Teresa Zalewska , 83, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991). [ 360 ] 3 Hushang Ansary , 98, Iranian-American diplomat and politician, minister of finance (1974–1977) and information (1971–1974), ambassador to the United States (1967–1969), cardiac arrest. [ 361 ] Joan Costa Armengol [ es ] , 91, Spanish journalist. [ 362 ] Jamil Azar , 89, Jordanian journalist and broadcaster, founder of Al Jazeera . [ 363 ] Dietmar Bachmann , 91, Austrian politician, member of the Landtag of Tyrol (1965–1994). [ 364 ] Claude-Inga Barbey , 64, Swiss comedian, writer, and actress ( The Death of Mario Ricci ). [ 365 ] Stephen E. Braude , 80, American philosopher. [ 366 ] Natale Carlotto , 94, Italian politician, senator (1987–1994) and deputy (1976–1987). [ 367 ] Francesco Paolo Casavola , 94, Italian jurist, president of the Constitutional Court (1992–1995). [ 368 ] Frédéric Cerdal , 81, French actor and stage director. [ 369 ] Maria Eugènia Cuenca , 78, Spanish politician, member of the Catalan parliament (1999–2006) and the Congress of Deputies (1986–1992). [ 370 ] Tony Dennis , 63, Canadian football player ( Saskatchewan Roughriders ), multiple organ failure. [ 371 ] Dong Xiaoping [ zh ] , 75, Chinese folklorist. [ 372 ] Gerry Gable , 88, British political activist and magazine editor ( Searchlight ). [ 373 ] Bret Hanna-Shuford , 46, American actor ( Paramour , Amazing Grace , The Wolf of Wall Street ), cancer. [ 374 ] Franz Herre , 99, German journalist and biographer. [ 375 ] Marvalene Hughes , 88, American educator and academic administrator. [ 376 ] Mesut İktu , 78, Turkish operatic baritone. [ 377 ] Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo , 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Pereira (1984–1987), bishop of Málaga–Soatá (1987–2001) and of Buga (2001–2012). [ 378 ] Nalani Kanakaʻole , 79, American kumu hula . [ 379 ] Latif Karimi , Iranian protester, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier general, shot . [ 380 ] Michael Kemner , 72, German bass guitarist ( Fehlfarben ), cancer. [ 381 ] David M. Maddox , 87, American army general. [ 382 ] Guðmundur Oddur Magnússon , 70, Icelandic artist and academic. [ 383 ] Sir Graham McCamley , 93, Australian beef producer. [ 384 ] John Meredith , 85, English footballer ( Doncaster Rovers , Chesterfield , Gillingham ). [ 385 ] Errol Moorcroft , 85, South African politician, member of the House of Assembly (1981–1987, 1989–1994) and National Assembly (1999–2004). [ 386 ] Dastagir Hossain Nira , 60, Bangladeshi footballer ( Dhaka Abahani , Mohammedan , national team ), cardiac arrest. [ 387 ] Pa O'Dwyer , 40, Irish strongman. [ 388 ] Sverre Anker Ousdal , 81, Norwegian actor ( Insomnia , Flight of the Eagle , The Last Place on Earth ). [ 389 ] Andrzej Paczkowski , 87, Polish historian. [ 390 ] Dimitar Penev , 80, Bulgarian football player ( CSKA Sofia , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 391 ] Jenny Plocki , 100, French women's rights activist. [ 392 ] Rolf Riehm , 88, German composer ( Sirenen ), oboist and academic ( Musikhochschule Frankfurt ). [ 393 ] Randy Riley , 63, American librarian. [ 394 ] Eva Schloss , 96, Austrian-British Holocaust survivor and memoirist. [ 395 ] Robert K. Tanenbaum , 83, American trial attorney and novelist, mayor of Beverly Hills, California (1988–1989, 1992–1993), cancer. [ 396 ] Nam Singh Thapa , 79, Nepali Olympic boxer ( 1964 ), cancer. [ 397 ] Samuel O. Thier , 88, American doctor and academic, president of Brandeis University (1991–1994). [ 398 ] Ivan Varshavsky , 87, Russian engineer and railway track foreman. [ 399 ] Wang Zheng , 64, Chinese vice admiral. [ 400 ] Terry Wharton , 83, English footballer ( Wolverhampton Wanderers , Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace ). [ 401 ] William H. Yohn Jr. , 90, American jurist and politician, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (since 1991), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1968–1980). [ 402 ] Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi , 76, Indonesian Muslim scholar. [ 403 ] Mirosław Zdanowicz [ pl ] , 88, Polish social activist. [ 404 ] Zhang Kerang [ zh ] , 78, Chinese Peking opera actor. [ 405 ] 2 Ritva Auvinen , 93, Finnish opera singer. [ 406 ] Ian Balding , 87, British horse trainer. [ 407 ] Sukumar Barua , 87, Bangladeshi poet. [ 408 ] Shyam Bihari Lal , 60, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), heart attack. [ 409 ] Carmen Arnold Biucchi , Swiss numismatist and archaeologist. [ 410 ] Dominique Bucchini , 82, French politician, MEP (1979–1984) and mayor of Sartène (1977–2001). [ 411 ] Tony Carr , 98, Maltese session drummer and percussionist ( CCS , Hot Chocolate ). [ 412 ] Jean-Max Causse , 85, French actor ( I Stand Alone ). [ 413 ] Bohdan Chufus , 75, Ukrainian journalist, actor and singer. [ 414 ] Jenny Collins , 83, English radio presenter ( BBC Radio Merseyside ). [ 415 ] (death announced on this date) Miquel Contestí , 92, Spanish football executive, president of RCD Mallorca (1978–1992). [ 416 ] Sir Patrick Duffy , 105, British politician, MP (1963–1966, 1970–1992) and president of the NATO Assembly (1988–1990). [ 417 ] Toshio Fujii , 83, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (1998–2004), heart failure. [ 418 ] Francis Grant , 101, British marine and World War II veteran. [ 419 ] Stephen E. Haggerty , 87, American geophysicist. [ 420 ] Evan Hammond , 45, Canadian radio host and sports broadcaster ( CJAV-FM ), stroke. [ 421 ] Sidney Kibrick , 97, American actor ( Our Gang ). [ 422 ] Kristi Kiick , 58, American academic. [ 423 ] Elbert Kimbrough , 87, American football player ( San Francisco 49ers , Los Angeles Rams , New Orleans Saints ). [ 424 ] Anna Kurek , 96, Polish nurse and Warsaw Uprising participant. [ 425 ] Paul C. Lambert , 97, American diplomat, ambassador to Ecuador (1990–1992). [ 426 ] Johnny Legend , 77, American rockabilly musician, film producer and wrestling manager, stroke and heart failure. [ 427 ] Vladimir Lukić , 92, Bosnian Serb politician, prime minister of Republika Srpska (1993–1994). [ 428 ] Ashok Gajanan Modak , 85, Indian politician and academic, Maharashtra MLC (1994–2006). [ 429 ] Con Pederson , 91, American visual effects artist ( 2001: A Space Odyssey , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Garfield: The Movie ). [ 430 ] Valery Fyodorovich Plotnikov , 82, Russian photographer. [ 431 ] Tim Robertson , 81, English-born Australian actor ( Chances , Australia You're Standing In It , Stingers ). [ 432 ] (death announced on this date) Lajos Rovátkay , 92, Hungarian-born German harpsichordist and musicologist. [ 433 ] Saleh Rusheidat , 80, Jordanian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1993–1997) and Senate (since 2009). [ 434 ] Edith Renfrow Smith , 111, American supercentenarian. [ 435 ] Phoenix Spicer , 23, Australian footballer ( North Melbourne ). [ 436 ] Ivanne Trebbi , 97, Italian partisan and politician, deputy (1979–1987). [ 437 ] Jim Willis , 98, American baseball player ( Chicago Cubs ). [ 438 ] Robert Wolski , 43, Polish Olympic high jumper ( 2004 ), traffic collision. [ 439 ] Nellie Wong , 91, American poet. [ 440 ] 1 Marat Amankulov , 55, Kyrgyz politician, MP (2015–2021). [ 441 ] Yvan Aumont , 87, French engineer and journalist ( Lys rouge ). [ 442 ] Alan Baker , 81, English footballer ( Aston Villa ). [ 443 ] Allyn Bromley , 97, American visual artist and art educator. [ 444 ] Xesús Cañedo [ es ] , 67, Spanish politician, co-founder of the Partíu Asturianista . [ 445 ] Lana Chornohorska , 26, Ukrainian soldier. [ 446 ] Diane Crump , 77, American jockey and horse trainer, glioblastoma. [ 447 ] Nexhat Daci , 81, Kosovan politician, acting president (2006) and chairman of the Assembly (2001–2006). [ 448 ] Brian Doyle , 90, Canadian writer. [ 449 ] Yehezkel Dror , 97, Austrian-born Israeli political scientist. [ 450 ] Imants Freibergs , 91, Latvian computer scientist, first gentleman (1999–2007). [ 451 ] James Grauerholz , 72, American writer, pneumonia. [ 452 ] Mohamed Harbi , 92, Algerian historian. [ 453 ] Huang Dongbi , 86, Chinese diplomat. [ 454 ] Jeon Jun-ho [ ko ] , 50, South Korean baseball player ( Hyundai Unicorns , Woori Heroes , SK Wyverns ), lung cancer. [ 455 ] Victoria Jones , 34, American actress. [ 456 ] Morris Kahn , 95, South African-born Israeli telecommunications industry executive, founder of Golden Pages , Amdocs and the Aurec Group . [ 457 ] Andrey Khoroshev [ ru ] , 66, Russian actor and screenwriter ( Engineering Red , 8 ½ $ , Admiral ). [ 458 ] Harvey C. Krautschun , 76, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1985–1996). [ 459 ] Hiroshi Kume , 81, Japanese television host, lung cancer. [ 460 ] John Langdon , 79, American typographer and graphic designer. [ 461 ] Arno Liiver , 71, Estonian actor ( Spring , Summer , Autumn ). [ 462 ] Lin Chaoqiang , 92, Chinese aerodynamicist. [ 463 ] Arnold Long , 85, British cricketer ( Sussex , MCC , Surrey ), cancer. [ 464 ] Volodymyr Marchenko , 103, Ukrainian mathematician ( Marchenko equation , Marchenko–Pastur distribution ). [ 465 ] Hélio Mauro , 83, Brazilian politician, deputy (1975–1978), mayor of Goiânia (1978–1979), cardiac arrest. [ 466 ] Paul McCullagh Jr. , 25, Northern Irish boxer, bone cancer. [ 467 ] Colin McDonald , 95, English footballer ( Burnley , Headington United , national team ). [ 468 ] Enric Mestre , 89, Spanish sculptor. [ 469 ] Mukhsin Mukhamadiev , 59, Tajik-Russian football player ( Tajikistan national team , Russia national team ) and manager (Tajikistan national team). [ 470 ] Sir James Munby , 77, English judge, president of the Family Division (2013–2018). [ 471 ] Hubertus von Pilgrim , 94, German sculptor. [ 472 ] Gregory de Polnay , 82, English actor ( Dixon of Dock Green , Doctor Who , Howards' Way ). [ 473 ] Dame Karen Poutasi , 76, New Zealand public health official, director general of health (1995–2006). [ 474 ] Candy Raymond , 75, Australian actress ( Don's Party , Number 96 , Prisoner ). [ 475 ] (death announced on this date) Amit Saar , 47, Israeli intelligence officer, head of the Military Intelligence Research Department (2020–2024), brain cancer. [ 476 ] Roland Schäfer , 76, German politician, mayor of Bergkamen (1998–2020). [ 477 ] Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo , 80, Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Luanda (1990–1992) and bishop of Mbanza Congo (1992–2008). [ 478 ] Margaret Anne Staggers , 79, American politician, member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (2007–2014). [ 479 ] Hessy Levinsons Taft , 91, German chemist and child model. [ 480 ] Ruben Yesayan , 79, Russian-Armenian test pilot. [ 481 ] Yuen Cheung-yan , 68, Hong Kong actor ( The Miracle Fighters , Drunken Tai Chi , Flying Dagger ), director, and martial arts choreographer. [ 482 ] Valentin Zakharov , 92, Russian figure skater. [ 483 ] References ^ На 91-му році життя померла фахівчиня у галузі медичної генетики Олена Гречаніна ^ First mufti of Kazakhstan passes away ^ Plateau Imam who shielded 262 Christians during attack is dead ^ Preminuo je Ante Grgurević (51), jedan od najomiljenijih splitskih košarkaša i trenera! Bio je sinonim za borbenost (in Croatian) ^ Rafael Qvaladze vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Muere Irene de Grecia, hermana y fiel escudera de la reina Sofía (in Spanish) ^ '한국의 장 주네' 김신용 시인 별세…향년 81세 (in Korean) ^ Zimbabwean Tycoon Mutumwa Mawere Dies in SA Days After 66th Birthday ^ Siouxsie And the Banshees Drummer Kenny Morris Has Died ^ Athlétisme : décès d’Edgar Salvé, ex-champion d’Europe indoor du 1.500 m (in French) ^ বাংলার প্রাক্তন ক্রিকেটার অজয় ভার্মা প্রয়াত, শোকের ছায়া ময়দানে (in Bengali) ^ Մահացել է Գագիկ Եգանյանը (in Armenian) ^ Воспитанник ЦСКА найден мертвым в Подмосковье (in Russian) ^ Умер Дмитрий Акимов (in Russian) ^ Queer Māori Playwright Aroha Awarau Passes Away Peacefully in Ponsonby ^ Uganda mourns loss of education pioneer Namirembe Bitamazire ^ Murió el periodista colombiano Alfonso Castellanos (in Spanish) ^ Ancien député et père d'Yvan Colonna, Jean-Hugues Colonna est mort (in French) ^ È morta Valeria Fedeli, ex ministra dell’Istruzione (in Italian) ^ Помер народний депутат від "Слуги народу" Олександр Кабанов: перші подробиці (in Ukrainian) ^ Former Lotte Coach Kim Min-jae, National Team Shortstop, Dies ^ Rick Link Passes Away ^ Chinese Go legend Nie Weiping passes away ^ Adiós a Melania Pérez, voz emblema de la música argentina y del Festival de Cosquín (in Spanish) ^ Fallece el exalcalde de València Ricard Pérez Casado a los 80 años (in Spanish) ^ Jyväskylässä vaikuttanut olympiaurheilija Seppo Reijonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Décès de Jean Rossier, président de Parole et Musique (in French) ^ Ernestine Russell Weaver, two-time Canadian Olympian and legendary U.S. coach, passes away at age 87 ^ Radio-Legende Ado Schlier mit 90 Jahren in Würzburg gestorben (in German) ^ Morre a atriz e modelo Vera Barreto Leite Valdez aos 89 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Fallece el músico Quemil Yambay, ícono del folclore paraguayo (in Spanish) ^ Умер Игорь Золотовицкий (in Russian) ^ Scott Adams, Creator of the ‘Dilbert’ Comic Strip, Dies at 68 ^ Veteran journalist Iqbal Athas passes away ^ Addio a Lina Bernardi, l’attrice di Latina aveva lavorato con i più grandi registi (in Italian) ^ Alfred Blumstein ^ Former Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich dies at age 59 ^ Capoterra, addio alla calciatrice Paola Cardia, 74 anni, nota Paoletta: il centrocampo era il suo mondo (in Italian) ^ Former ECB chief executive David Collier dies aged 70 ^ Claudette Colvin, US civil rights pioneer, dies at 86 ^ Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away ^ Mort de Catherine Duprat, historienne de la Révolution française (in French) ^ Nie żyje Barbara Eustachiewicz-Kowal, wybitna polska gimnastyczka sportowa (in Polish) ^ Odszedł Jesse Philip Flis (1933–2026) – rozmowa z 2018 r. (in Polish) ^ Assam: Retired IAS officer Bir Bhadra Hagjer passes away at 75 ^ Mozambique: Footballer Ali Hassan passes away at 61 ^ 混元禪師圓寂！曾腎臟萎縮病危、長期糖尿病 醫示警6徵兆快就醫 (in Chinese) ^ Suri endine poliitik Heiki Kranich (in Estonian) ^ 97 Play Off Champion Jason Lafreniere Passes Away, aged 59 ^ Theatre world pays tribute to Blanche Marvin, who has died aged 100 ^ Doug McConnell, longtime host of OpenRoad with Doug McConnell and Friends, dies ^ Bruce McLeod, 25th Moderator of The United Church of Canada, Dies at Age 97 ^ Addio a Rolando Nannicini, il cordoglio del mondo politico (in Italian) ^ Renowned Cork singer Seán Ó Sé dies aged 89 ^ Ушёл из жизни бывший футболист тюменского «Геолога» Иван Онуфриев (in Russian) ^ Voor theatermaker Annemarie Prins was maatschappijkritiek en engagement tweede natuur (in Dutch) ^ Lutto nel calcio, si è spento l'ex calciatore della Spal: vinse un campionato di Serie C (in Italian) ^ « Écrivain de l’agriculture » et photographe, le Mayennais Jean-Loup Trassard est décédé (in French) ^ Zomrel režisér, dramaturg a publicista Rudolf Urc, významná osobnosť slovenskej kinematografie (in Slovak) ^ Former Cyprus President George Vassiliou, who put the country on the path to EU membership, has died ^ Hong Kong corporate governance activist David Webb dies at 60 ^ ”Arne” i Kurt Olsson död (in Swedish) ^ Veteran 2GB radio announcer Bruce Wilshire has died aged 81 ^ Մահացել է հայ քաղաքական գործիչ, ՀՀԿ առանցքային ներկայացուցիչ Ռազմիկ Զոհրաբյանը (in Armenian) ^ Oba Babatunde Akran of Badagry dies at 89 ^ Israeli-backed group kills a senior Hamas police officer in Gaza, threatens more attacks ^ BBC's Good Old Days and Coronation Street star and singer Sheila Bernette dies aged 94 ^ Clauson, Paul John ^ Entraîneur français emblématique, Rolland Courbis est mort (in French) ^ George Mason Athletics Mourns The Loss of Longtime Assistant Bill Courtney ^ Mantan Bupati Bekasi Mochammad Djamhari Tutup Usia di Bandung (in Indonesian) ^ John Forté, celebrated recording artist, dies suddenly at 50 ^ Rick Garcia, activist and leader in Chicago's LGBTQ+ civil rights movement, dies at 69 ^ Ex-cricketer Mohammad Ilyas passes away in Lahore ^ สิ้น “อัษฎา ชัยนาม” อดีตเอกอัครราชทูตและผู้แทนถาวรไทยประจำUN ถึงแก่อนิจกรรม (in Thai) ^ Presentator Robert Jensen (52) overleden aan hartstilstand (in Dutch) ^ Renowned actress Jayasree Kabir passes away in London ^ Professor Emeritus Robert Kohn (1953-2026) ^ Black Midi Co-Founder Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin Dies at 26 ^ Author Jan Mårtenson dies at 92 ^ Eddie McCreadie – 1940-2026 ^ Morto Luigi Nicolais, è stato presidente della fondazione Reggia di Carditello (in Italian) ^ Alain Orsoni, ancien dirigeant nationaliste, abattu lors des obsèques de sa mère en Corse (in French) ^ Mario Rigutti (in Italian) ^ Südtirol trauert um Roland Riz (in German) ^ Décès de Catherine Samie, pilier de la Comédie-Française (in French) ^ e peintre nîmois Michel Tombereau est mort (in French) ^ Hall of Fame Trick Rider and Wife of Hall of Fame Stock Contractor Passes Away ^ „Einer der besten Debattenredner": Martin Willich ist tot (in German) ^ הפקולטה למדעי החיים מרכינה ראשה בצער על פטירתו של פרופ' יצחק (איציק) ויץ ז"ל (in Hebrew) ^ Mirė legendinis Lietuvos futbolo treneris Benjaminas Zelkevičius (in Lithuanian) ^ Умер бывший бейсболист сборной России Павел Акишев (in Russian) ^ The Passing of Dr. Gabriel Barkay ^ Addio Alberto Benzoni. Socialista di valore dallo sguardo acuto (in Italian) ^ Brus, Rice alumnus and Nobel laureate, passes away at 82 ^ Thomas Causey, Sound Mixer on ‘Dick Tracy,’ ‘Broadcast News’ and ‘Defending Your Life,’ Dies at 76 ^ [1] (in Italian) ^ Richard Codey, former governor of New Jersey, dies at 79 ^ Marcus Gilbert 1958 - 2026 RIP ^ Pirates World Series champion Dave Giusti dies at age 86 ^ Clubs pay tribute to former player Hopkins ^ Bernie Carlton Keel ^ Ueli Kestenholz, snowboarder e sportivo estremo svizzero, è morto travolto da una valanga (in Italian) ^ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике (in Russian) ^ 児玉更太郎さん（こだま・こうたろう＝元安芸高田市長) (in Japanese) (subscription required) ^ Falleció el huancaíno Nelson Manrique, referente de las ciencias sociales del Perú (in Spanish) ^ Morre a atriz Titina Medeiros, aos 48 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Veteran Syrian Actor Ahmad Melli dies at 80 ^ Mor als 77 anys Miquel Naudí, qui va ser conseller general entre 1981 i 1983 i conseller comunal de Canillo (in Catalan) ^ Takashi Ono, 1928–2026 ^ 박순용(전 검찰총장)씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Zemřela Miroslava Pešíková, osobnost našeho baletu a sólistka Národního divadla (in Czech) ^ Clarence Pierce ^ Doliu la UTA Arad » Eugen Pojoni, dublu campion al României, a murit la 84 de ani (in Romanian) ^ Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell passes away ^ Veteran Left leader Samir Putatundu dies following prolonged illness ^ Saudi Arabia’s oldest man dies at 142, leaves 134 children and grandchildren ^ Filmskaper Grete Salomonsen Hynnekleiv er død (in Norwegian) ^ Robert G. Shulman, Yale biophysicist and pioneer of spectroscopy ^ Aniceto “Chito” Sobrepeña, veteran public servant and corporate leader, dies at 77 ^ Singer-actor Prashant Tamang passes away at 43 in Delhi ^ Addio a Sergio Tarquinio, una vita lunga un secolo tra fumetto e arte (in Italian) ^ ‘Enigmatic’ Hollyoaks star Trevor A Toussaint dies aged 65 ^ Tributes paid to 'extraordinary musician' John Wallace ^ Oud-burgemeester van Grobbendonk Herman Wouters overleden in ziekenhuis (in Dutch) ^ Andlát: Sturla Böðvarsson (in Icelandic) ^ Manoel Carlos, autor de grandes novelas da TV brasileira, morre aos 92 anos no Rio (in Portuguese) ^ Daniel Colson (1943-2026) ^ Former Burkinabe minister Viviane Compaoré found murdered ^ Schweizer Autor und Publizist Erich von Däniken ist gestorben (in German) ^ Leading Sire Distorted Humor Dies at 33 ^ Умер призер чемпионатов мира по гребле на байдарках Сергей Галков (in Russian) ^ In Memoriam: Richard Hynes ^ Husker Legend Jim Hartung Passes Away ^ Fallece el exblanquivioleta Mario Jacquet a los 79 años (in Spanish) ^ Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski (in Polish) ^ Sitting Maine representative Kathy Javner dies of cancer ^ Atención: en accidente de avioneta esta tarde en Paipa (Boyacá) muere el cantante Yeison Jiménez y sus músicos (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel opavský politik, bývalý poslanec Václav Klučka (in Czech) ^ Former Louisiana State Senator Robert Kostelka dies at 92 ^ EastEnders actor Derek Martin dies aged 92 ^ Fallece Marco Proaño Maya, exvicepresidente del Congreso Nacional (in Spanish) ^ Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away ^ Zemřel religionista Ivan Štampach. Spojoval křesťanství s otevřeností a dialogem (in Czech) ^ Monsieur Thierry STEINMETZ footballeur professionnel (in French) ^ Addio a Orazio Svelto, pioniere della ricerca sui laser in Italia (in Italian) ^ Isabel Veloso Dead: Influencer Dies at Age 19 After Battling Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ^ Fallece el actor cubano Manolo Villaverde, el querido Pepe en "¿Qué pasa USA? (in Spanish) ^ Honoured health reformer Prawase dies aged 93 ^ Bob Weir, co-founder of rock group the Grateful Dead, dies at age 78 ^ Robert Wolgemuth, Best-Selling Christian Author and Husband of Nancy DeMoss, Dies at 77 ^ Genius Chimpanzee Ai Dies at Age 49, Primate Known for Enthusiastic Role in Research on Learning, Memory ^ Zéno Bianu (1950-2025) (in French) ^ Muere el periodista Andrés Caniulef a los 48 años de edad - Chilevisión (in Spanish) ^ 'The Thing' Actor T.K. Carter Dead at 69 ^ Father of American Freediving Bob Croft Dies Aged 91 ^ Décès de Jean-Louis Duplat, ancien président de la Commission bancaire (in French) ^ Murió la maestra Beatriz González, ícono del arte colombiano (in Spanish) ^ Serieskaparen Ulf Granberg död (in Swedish) ^ Zemřela PaedDr. Jitka Gruntová (in Czech) ^ Porsche mourns the loss of Hans Herrmann ^ Longtime New Orleans activist Sandra Wheeler Hester dies ^ Entinen keskisuomalainen kansanedustaja Pirkko Ikonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Heber Jentzsch Dead at 90: Scientology's Longtime 'President' Dies Years After Being Transferred to a Nursing Home ^ CDU Essen trauert um Manfred Kuhmichel (in German) ^ Đại tướng, Anh hùng LLVT nhân dân Lê Văn Dũng – Một cuộc đời trọn vẹn với non sông (in Vietnamese) ^ Former Ranji Trophy Cricketer from Mizoram Dies After Collapsing During Match ^ Humanists UK mourns Diane Munday, leading campaigner for the Abortion Act (1931-2026) ^ Ушел из жизни Валерий Носков (in Russian) ^ Shakespeare and Company Founding Artistic Director Tina Packer dies ^ Ci lascia Zelico Petrovic, stagioni meravigliose a Taranto (in Italian) ^ Larry Snook ^ Renaissance drummer Terry Sullivan has died ^ Muere Josep Maria Triginer, fundador del PSC y firmante de los Pactos de la Moncloa (in Spanish) ^ Eleni Varikas: the years with the FI in Greece ^ 前中常委「姚董」姚江臨辭世 國民黨工感念：他永遠走在第一線 (in Chinese) ^ Bishop Vincenzo Zarri † ^ Farewell to a great lady ^ Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Musa Gibril Bala Gaye ^ Танымал қазақстандық актер Мұрат Бисенбин өмірден өтті (in Kazakh) ^ Loraine Braham, trailblazing Northern Territory politician dies, aged 87 ^ Maler Günther Brendel gestorben (in German) ^ Filha de Olavo de Carvalho é encontrada morta (in Portuguese) ^ Zemřel sochař Václav Cigler, bylo mu 96 let. Poprvé v historii použil optické sklo k tvorbě uměleckého díla (in Czech) ^ Jornalista Conrado Corsalette morre em São Paulo aos 47 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Nie żyje były poseł i prezydent Łomży. Mieczysław Czerniawski miał 77 lat (in Polish) ^ Nelly Chatue-Diop, pionnière de la crypto pour tous en Afrique, est morte (in French) ^ La disparition de Jean-Luc Domenach (in French) ^ Former all-star linebacker, Grey Cup champion with Stamps, Jim Furlong, dead at 85 ^ Serguei, dessinateur au « Monde » depuis quarante-cinq ans, est mort (in French) ^ Veteran SP Leader, Eight-Time MLA Vijay Singh Gond Passes Away at 68 ^ Foxtrot producer David Hitchcock has passed away ^ 痛别！简水生院士逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Mort de l’ex-mari de Caroline de Monaco, le déchirant message de sa fille Victoria Junot : "À mon papa légendaire…" (in French) ^ Malawi Mourns Former Deputy Speaker Madalitso Kazombo ^ Larose, whose signature voice helped shape Haitian music, dies at 80 ^ Obituary: Opera Director Rhoda Levine Dies at 93 ^ Atriz Elisa Lisboa morreu aos 81 anos (in Portuguese) ^ В Кургане погиб экс-глава Калининграда Евгений Любивый (in Russian) ^ Padova piange Antonino Mangano, il maestro dell’atletica veneta (in Italian) ^ Guy Moon Dies: Emmy-Nominated ‘Fairly OddParents’ Composer Was 63 ^ Politikus Demokrat dan Mantan Ketua Komisi IV DPR RI, Kolonel (Purn) Jafar Nainggolan Wafat (in Indonesian) ^ 画家・中村宏さん死去 砂川闘争描いた「ルポルタージュ絵画」：朝日新聞 (in Japanese) ^ El Punk está de luto: falleció el gran músico Álvaro Peña Rojas (1943-2026) (in Spanish) ^ Howard Riley: 1938–2026 ^ Schrijfster Astrid Roemer overleden (in Dutch) ^ Kjersti Scheen (in Norwegian) ^ Sēru vēsts: mūžībā devusies Latvijas un pasaules basketbola leģenda Uļjana Semjonova (in Latvian) ^ Sir Tim Shadbolt has died at age 78 ^ Manipur BJP leader Meinam Bhorot Singh dies after prolonged illness in Imphal ^ جمهوری اسلامی مجتبی ترشیز، بازیکن پیشین تراکتور و همسرش را به قتل رساند (in Persian) ^ Matthew Taylor RIP ^ Le sport belge en deuil : le rameur Wim Van Belleghem, le seul Belge champion du monde en aviron, est décédé (in French) ^ Paul Visser ^ Terry Yorath obituary ^ Iran executes a man convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad ^ Madjoulba Batocfetou, patron de l'ICAT s'est éteint (in French) ^ James Bernard, founding editor of ‘The Source’ and co-founder of ‘XXL,’ dies ^ Помер український композитор Блажков, Гордон, 8.1.2026, автор - Ельчін Садаєв (in Ukrainian) ^ Mort d'Albert Bourgi, professeur de droit et figure du socialisme en Afrique (in French) ^ È morta Raffaella Bragazzi, storica voce di «Ok, il prezzo è giusto», aveva 66 anni (in Italian) ^ Frank Stanley Cerveny ^ Muere "El Chiri", excompetidor de Calle y beisbolista chiricano (in Spanish) ^ Obituary | Martin Chivers ^ Falleció Ángel Coerezza, uno de los mejores árbitros argentinos y ejemplo de persona (in Spanish) ^ John Witt Derr ^ 北海道・前釧路市長の蝦名大也さん（67）死去 議員秘書や北海道議などを経て4期16年釧路市長 防災インフラの整備に尽力 関係者からも悼む声 (in Japanese) ^ Former Memphis Rogues soccer star Tony Field dies at 79 ^ Vera Frances dead: Child star dies surrounded by family as tributes pour in ^ Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026) ^ Woman killed by ICE in Minneapolis identified ^ Morto monsignor Domenico Graziani, fu vescovo di Cassano e arcivescovo di Crotone (in Italian) ^ Hall, ironman goaltender with record 502 consecutive starts, dies at 94 ^ Sidney de Jong ^ Rebecca, Becky, Roo: Missing Miss Kilgore ^ Jon Lindsay, the longest-serving Harris County judge, dies at 90 ^ Former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski dies at 74 ^ Obituary: Ian McCrae ^ Former Colts RB Randy McMillan dies at 67 ^ New Mexico remembers former lieutenant governor, musician ^ Kabindra Purkayastha, the Patriarch of Assam BJP Passes Away at 94 ^ Former State Rep. Howard Sanderford dies at 90 ^ Dietrich Stratmann (in German) ^ Death of Seydou Madani Sy, former Minister of Justice and first Senegalese rector of UCAD ^ Kim Thorson ^ Hall of Fame tight end Billy Truax dies at 82 ^ Muore a 84 anni la giornalista parmigiana Chiara Valentini, è stata la biografa di Berlinguer (in Italian) ^ وفاة المفكر والفيلسوف المصري مراد وهبة عن 100 عام (in Arabic) ^ Vale Athol Webb | Melbourne mourns premiership hero ^ 云南省民间文艺家协会第六届副主席昂自明逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Former MLA and mayor Joe Arlooktoo passes away at 86 ^ Elle avait risqué sa vie pour en sauver d'autres : Odette Bergoffen, Juste parmi les Nations, est morte à 101 ans (in French) ^ Odszedł Profesor Andrzej Bogusławski (in Polish) ^ Former Queensland senator Ron 'Bozzie' Boswell dies aged 85 ^ John Cunningham, Veteran Broadway Actor, Dies at 93 ^ Former Maryland AD Dick Dull Passes Away ^ V.K. Ebrahim Kunju, IUML leader and former Kerala Minister, passes away ^ Deggendorfs frühere Oberbürgermeisterin Anna Eder ist gestorben (in German) ^ Johannes Fabian (in Dutch) ^ В Ухте скончался 32-летний нападающий МФК «Норильский никель» Алекс Фелипе (in Russian) ^ Angella Ferguson ^ Edith Flanigen ^ Schengen signatory Robert Goebbels passes away at 81 ^ Former Union minister Suresh Kalmadi passes away at 81 after prolonged illness ^ Doug LaMalfa, California Republican congressman, dies aged 65 ^ Elhunyt Láyer József volt országgyűlési képviselő (in Hungarian) ^ Alabama Music Hall of Famer, Huntsville native Jim McBride, dies at 78 ^ Jack McGregor, original founder of Pittsburgh Penguins, dies at 91 ^ AfD-Landtagsabgeordnete Muxel gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Raffaele Nogaro † ^ James E. O'Grady ^ Veteran Iranian actor Saeid Pirdoost passes away ^ Guinea ex-security chief convicted over crimes against humanity dies ^ Oud-burgemeester Jaap Pop overleden (in Dutch) ^ DA Gauteng mourns passing of former MPL David Quail ^ Obituary: Nihal Seneviratne ^ Bağır Süleymanov vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Meghalt Tarr Béla (in Hungarian) ^ Jerry Thomas, MVP of 1956 College World Series with Gophers, dies at 90 ^ Morto Gianpaolo Tosel, è stato per anni giudice sportivo della Serie A: aveva 85 anni (in Italian) ^ Le PSG en deuil, une figure historique du club s'est éteinte (in French) ^ Не стало Анатолия Евтушенко (in Russian) ^ 著名文艺理论家、北大中文系教授张少康逝世 (in Chinese) ^ 周立伟院士逝世：他“创立了自己的科学学派” (in Chinese) ^ South Korean Film Legend Ahn Sung-ki Dies at 75 ^ Aldrich Ames, CIA officer convicted of spying for Russia, dies at age 84 ^ Luto en el boxeo colombiano por la muerte del legendario 'Bony' Ávila (in Spanish) ^ Mustergültiger Aufklärer (in German) ^ Bassist Andrew Bodnar (o.a. Graham Parker & The Rumour) overleden (in Dutch) ^ Andrew Carter - In Memoriam ^ Tom Cherones, Emmy-Winning ‘Seinfeld’ Director and Producer, Dies at 86 ^ Fallece Beatriz de Lenclós, la gran vedette vitoriana que marcó época (in Spanish) ^ Jim Dennison, winningest football coach at Akron and Walsh, dies ^ Marian Diamond: Miriam Margolyes pays tribute to 'dear friend' after Jackanory star's death aged 89 ^ Meghalt Dudás Miki (in Hungarian) ^ Razor – Former Drummer Mike Embro Dead At 63 ^ 元グラドル藤乃あおいさんが死去、27歳 親族が発表 23年に希少がんを公表 闘病続けていた (in Japanese) ^ Bishop Paolo Gillet † ^ Morto Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, Crosetto: uomo di intelligenza e visione (in Italian) ^ Bruce Hammock: 1947-2026 ^ Acteur Ad van Kempen overleden op 81-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Odszedł na Wieczną Wartę Druh harcmistrz Wiktor Kinecki (in Polish) ^ Fallece José Mingorance, leyenda de la época dorada del Córdoba CF en Primera División (in Spanish) ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن رضا مرادی عبدالوند ششمین جانباخته اعتراضات شهر ازنا (in Persian) ^ Jawann Oldham, a basketball star at Cleveland High, Seattle U, dies at 68 ^ “พระองค์หญิงอินทุรัตนา บริพัตร” (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าอินทุรัตนา) สิ้นพระชนม์ สิริพระชันษา ๑๐๓ ปี (in Thai) ^ Artist and fashion writer Molly Parkin dies ^ Χρήστος Πολίτης: Πέθανε τη Δευτέρα και τον βρήκε ο αδελφός του νεκρό μια μέρα αργότερα (in Greek) ^ Pulford, 4-time Stanley Cup champion with Maple Leafs, dies at 89 ^ La città piange Cosimo Scaglioso. Fu docente emerito e senatore (in Italian) ^ Chef and food stylist Elle Simone Scott dies at 49 ^ Zemřel specialista na pokutové kopy. Brankář si zachytal za Slavii i Spartu (in Czech) ^ Karel-zangeres Elsje de Wijn overleden op 82-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Tribute to Sutton Harrier Ken Wilcock, who has died aged 91 ^ Mike Wilson (1959-2026): The King of Karting takes his final bow ^ Po těžké nemoci zemřel bývalý rektor ČVUT Jiří Witzany, bylo mu 84 let (in Czech) ^ 105岁东北妇运工作开拓者之一、黑龙江省妇联原主任吴琳涛逝世 (in Chinese) ^ WKU Athletics Hall of Famer Forest "Frosty" Able Passes Away ^ رئيس الوزراء الأسبق علي ابو الراغب في ذمة الله (in Arabic) ^ Jamia Ashrafia head Maulana Ashrafi passes away ^ Pionnière du travail social sur l’itinérance et le profilage, la chercheuse Céline Bellot s’éteint (in French) ^ Ci ha lasciati coach Mario Blasone. Le condoglianze del presidente Petrucci. Disposto minuto di silenzio (in Italian) ^ Robert Gerald Boyer ^ OHL, CHL Mourn the Loss of David Branch, Transformative Commissioner and Hockey Visionary ^ Le rappeur Calbo, membre du duo emblématique Ärsenik, est mort à l’âge de 52 ans (in French) ^ Gardienne des remèdes d'antan, la Valaisanne Germaine Cousin-Zermatten s'est éteinte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Le magicien de bal Kamiel Dierckx est décédé à l’âge de 84 ans (in French) ^ Edinburgh's last star director has died, at 97 ^ Muere Manuel Fernández Ilarraza, expresidente del Parlamento (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel kněz Miloslav Fiala (in Czech) ^ Andy Friendly Dies: First ‘Entertainment Tonight’ Producer, Son Of Legendary CBS Newsman Fred Friendly Was 74 ^ Veteran Dravidian ideologue L. Ganesan no more ^ Anne-Claire Goulon, ex-dirigeante du groupe Livio, s'est éteinte à 51 ans (in French) ^ Vicki Gregory ^ Hommage à Michel Griffon (in French) ^ Hommage à Roger Guesnerie (in French) ^ Former Portland lawmaker Denise Harlow dies at 55 ^ Bobby Holmes ^ Mūžībā devusies rakstniece Nora Ikstena (in Latvian) ^ Erster Landtagspräsident von Sachsen-Anhalt ist verstorben (in German) ^ '원조 스턴트맨'…60년간 배우 활동한 김영인씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Na svoj rođendan preminuo Milorad Kosanović (in Serbian) ^ Stade Rennais : l'ancien président du club Bernard Lemoux est décédé (in French) ^ George Lodge ^ Oscar Warren Lofton ^ Ayawaso East MP Mahama Naser Toure dies after short illness ^ Zemřel válečný veterán Miloslav Masopust (in Czech) ^ Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο Γιώργος Παπαδάκης ύστερα από έμφραγμα (in Greek) ^ La Louvière perd l'un de ses artistes emblématiques : Daniel Pelletti a tiré sa révérence à l'âge de 77 ans (in French) ^ Former mayor of Dunedin Jules Radich dies ^ Michael Reagan, Eldest Son Of Ronald Reagan, Has Died ^ ‘70s PHL tennis star Marissa Sanchez dies at 69 ^ Décès de Jacqueline Schaeffer (1934-2026) (in French) ^ Former Sheetz president and CEO Steve Sheetz dies at age 77 ^ Khadial King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80 ^ Ralph L. Thomas, ‘The Terry Fox Story’ Director and Journalist, Dies at 86 ^ Murió Horacio Usandizaga, histórico dirigente de la UCR y primer intendente de Rosario tras el regreso de la democracia (in Spanish) ^ ‘She was a force of nature’ – Mary White, former senator and founder of Lir Chocolates, dies aged 81 ^ 著名摄影家、新中国第一批女摄影记者晓庄逝世，享年94岁 (in Chinese) ^ Zmarła Pani Teresa Zalewska (in Polish) ^ Hushang Ansary (98) overleden (in Dutch) ^ S’ha mort el periodista Joan Armengol a 91 anys (in Catalan) ^ وفاة الإعلامي الأردني جميل عازر أحد مؤسسي قناة “الجزيرة” القطرية (in Arabic) ^ Langjähriger Tiroler ÖVP-Mandatar Bachmann 91-jährig verstorben (in German) ^ La comédienne genevoise Claude-Inga Barbey s'en est allée (in French) ^ Stephen Edward Braude ^ Morto a 94 anni l'ex senatore Natale Carlotto (in Italian) ^ Morto Francesco Paolo Casavola, il diritto come missione (in Italian) ^ Il prêtait sa voix à une légende du cinéma : le comédien français Frédéric Cerdal nous a quittés à l'âge de 81 ans (in French) ^ Mor Maria Eugènia Cuenca, la primera dona que va ser consellera de la Generalitat (in Catalan) ^ Obit: Former Windsor CFL receiver Tony Dennis dies after multiple organ failure ^ 著名民俗学家、教育家、北京师大教授董晓萍逝世，享年75岁 (in Chinese) ^ Gerry Gable (1937–2026) ^ Broadway Alum Bret Hanna-Shuford Passes Away at 46 ^ Franz Herre (in German) ^ Marvalene Hughes ^ Opera sanatçısı Prof. Dr. Mesut İktu vefat etti (in Turkish) ^ Bishop Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo † ^ Nālani Kanakaʻole, revered Kumu Hula and cultural matriarch, passes at 79 ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن لطیف کریمی با شلیک مستقیم نیروهای حکومتی/ تلاش حکومت برای مصادره و وارونهسازی واقعیت (in Persian) ^ Zum Tod des Fehlfarben-Bassisten Michael Kemner: Ohne Atempause Rockgeschichte gemacht (in German) ^ E-News — January 2026 ^ Goddur er látinn (in Icelandic) ^ Tributes flow for founding father of Australian beef industry, Sir Graham McCamley ^ John Meredith (1940 – 2026) ^ Former DA Federal Chairperson Errol Moorcroft Has Passed Away ^ Former Bangladesh footballer Golam Dostogir no more ^ Strongman turned hilarious Instagram star dies aged 40 ^ Sverre Anker Ousdal er død (in Norwegian) ^ Zmarł prof. Andrzej Paczkowski, jeden z najwybitniejszych polskich historyków (in Polish) ^ The great coach and football player Dimitar Penev has passed away ^ Jenny Plocki, rescapée de la rafle du Vél' d'Hiv et témoin du siècle, est morte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Komponist Rolf Riehm ist gestorben: Immer mit Einspruch (in German) ^ Randy Joseph Riley ^ In memoriam – Eva Schloss-Geiringer ^ Former Deputy Chief Counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Robert K. Tanenbaum, has died at the age of 83 ^ Nam Singh Thapa, Nepal's first Olympian, dies ^ Remembering Samuel O. Thier, IOM President (1985-1991) ^ В Тынде умер легендарный строитель БАМа Иван Варшавский (in Russian) ^ 海军原副政委王征中将逝世，享年64岁 (in Chinese) ^ Terry Wharton | 1942-2026 ^ Yohn, William Hendricks, Jr. ^ Pimpinan PMDG Gontor KH Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi wafat (in Indonesian) ^ Zmarł Mirosław Zdanowicz - przedsiębiorca i legenda sportu (in Polish) ^ 著名京剧表演艺术家、马连良先生入室弟子张克让逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Ihana ja ihmeellinen karjalainen, muistelee Sinikka Sokka tätiään Ritva Auvista (in Finnish) ^ Ian Balding, legendary trainer of Mill Reef, dies aged 87 ^ Rhymester Sukumar Barua passes away ^ Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief ^ In memoriam: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, respected numismatist and educator ^ Ancien président de l'Assemblée de Corse et maire de Sartène, Dominique Bucchini est décédé (in French) ^ Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies aged 98 ^ Jean-Max Causse, exploitant de cinémas et grand nom de la cinéphilie parisienne, est mort (in French) ^ Odesa reports the death of artist Bohdan Chufus ^ BBC Radio Merseyside founding member dies as tributes paid ^ Mor Miquel Contestí, històric expresident del RCE Mallorca (in Catalan) ^ Sir Patrick Duffy, Britain’s oldest living former MP, passes away at the age of 105 ^ 藤井俊男さん死去 元民主党参院議員 (in Japanese) ^ D-Day veteran who escorted allied troops landing in Normandy dies aged 101 ^ Diamond legend Steve Haggerty has died ^ 'He was awesome': Fans grieve death of beloved Island radio host ^ Sidney Kibrick, Last of the 'Our Gang' Kids, Dies at 97 ^ Kristi L. Kiick ^ Elbert Leon Kimbrough ^ Anna Kurek, medic of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, has died ^ Paul Lambert ’46, Former Trustee, Dies at 97 ^ Daily Update: NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20, CMLL Sin Salida, Johnny Legend ^ Преминуо проф. Владимир Лукић (in Serbian) ^ Former MLC Ashok Modak passes away at 85 ^ Con Pederson, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Special Effects Supervisor, Dies at 91 ^ В Петербурге умер снимавший Высоцкого фотограф Валерий Плотников (in Russian) ^ Vale: Tim Robertson ^ Rovátkay Lajostól búcsúzunk (in Hungarian) ^ PM Mourns Former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister Saleh Irshaidat ^ Edith Renfrow Smith, a 'memory keeper' and living link to history, dies at 111 ^ Former AFL player Phoenix Spicer dies as heartbroken family and football figures pay tribute ^ Ivonne Trebbi è morta, addio alla partigiana Bruna. Aveva 97 anni (in Italian) ^ James Gladden Willis ^ Tragiczna śmierć polskiego olimpijczyka. Robert Wolski nie żyje (in Polish) ^ Remembering Nellie Wong ^ Former Speaker of Bishkek City Council Marat Amankulov passes away ^ Communiqué d'Action française – Un camelot du roi exemplaire (in French) ^ Walsall confirm death of former Saddlers and Aston Villa creative favourite Alan Baker ^ Allyn Bromley-Baron ^ Fallece Xesús Cañedo, referente del asturianismo político y cultural (in Spanish) ^ "Це велика втрата": на фронті загинула операторка дронів і мисткиня Лана Чорногорська (in Ukrainian) ^ Diane Crump, the first female jockey to race in the Kentucky Derby, dies at 77 ^ Figura e shquar e politikës dhe shkencës - liderët politikë shprehin dhimbjen dhe mirënjohjen për Nexhat Dacin (in Albanian) ^ Brian Doyle, celebrated Ottawa author, dies at age 90 ^ פרופסור יחזקאל דרור, חתן פרס ישראל, מת בגיל 98 (in Hebrew) ^ Ex-president Vīķe-Freiberga's husband Imants Freibergs dies ^ Obituary #8: James Grauerholz ^ وفاة مؤرخ الثورة الجزائرية محمد حربي (in Arabic) ^ 中国驻瓦努阿图原大使、驻美国芝加哥原总领事黄东璧逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Hyundai Dynasty's 2006 Win Rate King Jeon Joon-ho Dies ^ Victoria Jones, daughter of Tommy Lee Jones, found dead in San Francisco ^ Billionaire philanthropist Morris Kahn dies at 95 ^ Умер известный телеведущий Андрей Хорошев (in Russian) ^ Harvey C. Krautschun ^ Famed TV presenter Hiroshi Kume passes away at 81 ^ Remembering John Langdon ^ Suri Arno Talit kehastanud näitleja Arno Liiver (in Estonian) ^ 我国空气动力学界先驱、西北工业大学资深教授林超强逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Arnold Long (1940-2026) - Obituary ^ З глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 1 січня ц.р. на 104-му році пішов із життя видатний український математик та організатор науки академік НАН України Володимир Олександрович Марченко (in Ukrainian) ^ Ex-prefeito de Goiânia na década de 1970, Hélio Mauro Umbelino Lobo morre em Anápolis (in Portuguese) ^ Paul McCullagh Jr: Boxer dies age 25 as father confirms heartbreaking cause of death ^ Burnley pay tribute to their former great and England goalkeeper Colin McDonald ^ Fallece a los 89 años Enric Mestre, referente mundial de la cerámica (in Spanish) ^ Умер бывший футболист "Спартака" Мухсин Мухамадиев (in Russian) ^ Death of Sir James Munby ^ Skulpteur der Erinnerung (in German) ^ Monsieur Gregory, Peter de Polnay ^ Dame Karen Poutasi, first female director-general of health, dies aged 76 ^ Tributes paid to Australian actor Candy Raymond who has died aged 75 ^ Amit Saar, top IDF intelligence officer on Oct. 7, dies of cancer at 47 ^ 31 Jahre für Bergkamen: Früherer Bürgermeister Roland Schäfer gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo, O.F.M. Cap. † ^ Former Fayette County delegate and physician Dr. Margaret Staggers has passed away ^ Jewish woman whose baby photo was chosen by Goebbels as Aryan exemplar dies at 91 ^ Умер заслуженный летчик-испытатель Рубен Есаян, критиковавший «Сухой суперджет» (in Russian) ^ 港星病逝！享壽69歲 妻證實噩耗 (in Chinese) ^ Ушел из жизни первый советский фигурист – участник чемпионатов Европы и мира Захаров Валентин Дмитриевич (in Russian) External links The Guardian (UK) obituaries The Telegraph (UK) obituaries The Irish Times obituaries Obituaries, Irish Examiner Obituaries, Chicago Tribune Obituaries, Los Angeles Times The New York Times , obituaries The Washington Post obituaries The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) obituaries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 2020s deaths by month v t e 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2000s ← 2010s ← Lists of deaths by year 2026 deaths Lists of deaths in 2026 Articles with Croatian-language sources (hr) Articles with Azerbaijani-language sources (az) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with Korean-language sources (ko) Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with Bengali-language sources (bn) Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy) Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk) Articles with Finnish-language sources (fi) Articles with German-language sources (de) Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with Estonian-language sources (et) 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . 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Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ Altman, Howard (22 September 2023). "Exclusive Interview With Ukraine's Spy Boss From His D.C. Hotel Room" . The War Zone . Archived from the original on 24 September 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . TWZ: (...) Were you guys involved with the attack on a Wagner-backed militia in Sudan? CNN reported that Ukrainians were likely involved in the attack on the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) forces with FPV drones. KB: I will only say the following: About two to three months ago I was giving an interview to one of the media, I don't remember which specific one. I answered them back then that anywhere across the world we will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals, and sooner or later that time will come whenever they are. That is why we shouldn't be surprised when in any territory, something happens to Russian military criminals. Then speaking about your specific question about Sudan, regretfully I cannot confirm or deny it. ^ Fenbert, Abbey (24 September 2023). "Budanov responds to CNN reports about Ukrainian drone strikes in Sudan" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 13 October 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Videos Show Ukrainian Special Forces 'Cleaning Up' Wagner Fighters in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023 . Retrieved 9 November 2023 . ^ "Ukrainian Drones 'Destroy Russian Mercenaries' in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 30 January 2024 . Retrieved 31 January 2024 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Ukrainian Special Forces Interrogate Wagner Mercenaries in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024 . Retrieved 5 February 2024 . ^ "Port Sudan protesters demand expulsion of UAE ambassador" . Sudan Tribune . 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 . 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Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ a b c "Economy another victim of the war in impoverished Sudan" . France 24 . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ "Sudan war causes daily economic loss of $80 million" . Radio Dabanga . 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan's economy contracts 40% as war rages" . Africanews . 29 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 March 2024 . ^ a b "$49 billion of economic loss and looted property in Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 18 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Gold production in Sudan dwindles to two tons due to ongoing conflict" . Sudan Tribune . 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024 . Retrieved 15 September 2023 . ^ Wexler, Alexandra; Bariyo, Nicholas (23 May 2024). "How Chocolate, Soda and Chewing Gum Are Funding War in Sudan" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 May 2024 . ^ a b Suleiman, Ali Sam (19 May 2023). "How Disinformation Campaigns Endanger Lives in Sudan" . SMEX . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Malashenko, Uliana (27 April 2023). "Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Sudan Rapid Support Force' In Control Of 'Khartoum International Airport And Military Base' On April 15, 2023" . Lead Stories . Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 4 May 2023 . ^ "The Very Sophisticated Disinformation War in Sudan" . International Policy Digest . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Momanyi, Kevin Philips. "Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked" . TRT Afrika . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Don't fall for these misleading images and claims" . Euronews. 27 April 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Rickett, Oscar (2 June 2023). "Sudan's RSF raids museum and declares ancient skeletons murder victims" . Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "wahdat altahaquq bialjazirat mubashir takshif haqiqat maqatie fidyu nasharaha aljaysh alsuwdaniu wawasayil 'iielam (fidyu)" وحدة التحقق بالجزيرة مباشر تكشف حقيقة مقاطع فيديو نشرها الجيش السوداني ووسائل إعلام (فيديو) [The Al-Jazeera Mubasher Verification Unit reveals the truth about video clips published by the Sudanese army and media (video)]. Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Partly False: Two of these photos are not from the April 2023 Sudan unrest" . Medium . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "ما حقيقة وجود حميدتي بالمستشفى الرئاسي بالعاصمة الكينية نيروبي؟" . جهينة (in Arabic). 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Battles continue around SAF General Command in Khartoum" . Radio Dabanga . 21 September 2023 . Retrieved 22 September 2023 . ^ " 'Downed Sudan jet' video fake" . Radio Dabanga . 30 November 2023 . 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"US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah 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Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category Outline Category Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2020s conflicts 2020s in Sudan Civil wars in Sudan Coup-based civil wars Sudanese revolution Attempted coups d'état in Sudan Wars involving Ukraine CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025 Articles with excerpts Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:42 (UTC) . 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For a topic-based index to Wikipedia articles, see Portal:Contents . ( Note: This index is for readers of Wikipedia. For editors , see the Editor's index to Wikipedia . For other useful directories and indexes, see Wikipedia:Directory .) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U–Z A Accessibility: ( see also Audio ) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility JAWS: JAWS (screen reader) Wikipedia:Using JAWS Wikipedia Guide for JAWS Readers User:Wolfgangbeyer/monobook.css – monobook.css optimized for color blindness Category:Wikipedia accessibility Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility JAWS: JAWS (screen reader) Wikipedia:Using JAWS Wikipedia Guide for JAWS Readers JAWS (screen reader) Wikipedia:Using JAWS Wikipedia Guide for JAWS Readers User:Wolfgangbeyer/monobook.css – monobook.css optimized for color blindness Category:Wikipedia accessibility Article message boxes (amboxes): (sometimes called "tags"; these are templates ) Wikipedia:Template messages#Article-related namespace Wikipedia:Template messages#Article-related namespace Audio: ( see also Accessibility ) Spoken versions of Wikipedia articles: Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia Wikipedia:Spoken articles – articles with audio versions Category:Spoken Wikipedia requests – articles for which spoken versions have been requested Pediaphone – automated creation of spoken versions (MP3 file or read on-screen) Spoken versions of Wikipedia articles: Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia Wikipedia:Spoken articles – articles with audio versions Category:Spoken Wikipedia requests – articles for which spoken versions have been requested Pediaphone – automated creation of spoken versions (MP3 file or read on-screen) Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia Wikipedia:Spoken articles – articles with audio versions Category:Spoken Wikipedia requests – articles for which spoken versions have been requested Pediaphone – automated creation of spoken versions (MP3 file or read on-screen) B Banners: For the Wikipedia project itself: Wikipedia:Banners and buttons At the top of articles: see Article message boxes For the Wikipedia project itself: Wikipedia:Banners and buttons At the top of articles: see Article message boxes Books ISBN Wikipedia:ISBN Wikipedia:Book sources Special:Booksources Finding a book mentioned in a Wikipedia article: At a local library: Forward to Libraries ( Signpost article, March 2013) Wikipedia:Forward to Libraries (information page) - uses templates to allow readers to go to a landing page for their specific information User:Lunchboxhero/monobook.js – when clicking on an ISBN link, go directly to your preferred book-related website ISBN Wikipedia:ISBN Wikipedia:Book sources Special:Booksources Wikipedia:ISBN Wikipedia:Book sources Special:Booksources Finding a book mentioned in a Wikipedia article: At a local library: Forward to Libraries ( Signpost article, March 2013) Wikipedia:Forward to Libraries (information page) - uses templates to allow readers to go to a landing page for their specific information User:Lunchboxhero/monobook.js – when clicking on an ISBN link, go directly to your preferred book-related website At a local library: Forward to Libraries ( Signpost article, March 2013) Wikipedia:Forward to Libraries (information page) - uses templates to allow readers to go to a landing page for their specific information Forward to Libraries ( Signpost article, March 2013) Wikipedia:Forward to Libraries (information page) - uses templates to allow readers to go to a landing page for their specific information User:Lunchboxhero/monobook.js – when clicking on an ISBN link, go directly to your preferred book-related website Browser (specialized for Wikipedia): see Mobile access C Categories General: Wikipedia:Categorization – ( WP:CAT ) (guideline) Help:Category Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates (guideline) – comparing alternative approaches Listings of categories: Special:Categories – alphabetical category listing MediaWiki:Categoriespagetext - scrollable access to the list of all categories Category:Main topic classifications – categories for articles Special:CategoryTree – can generate a tree of categories, or categories and articles User:Chris G Bot 2 – produces, for a given category, a table listing all articles within that category (and all subcategories of that category), and the status of those articles (a clone of User:PockBot , which is disabled) CatScan (at the toolserver) Intersection of two categories: Wikipedia:Categorization#Searching for articles in categories – via the standard search box (doesn't search subcategories) CatScan - a tool that can do various types of category scans, including intersection (may or may not be using up-to-date version of database); can search subcategories m:User:Duesentrieb/CatScan CatScan (at the toolserver) Wikipedia:Category intersection – a feature request m:Help:DPL – a MediaWiki extension supporting intersections and other set operations of pages belonging to several categories Other: User:Erwin/CatCount – provides a count of pages in any given category In category since – tool to list all articles in a category that have been so since a specified date (at the toolserver) User talk:GregU/randomlink.js – this tool can go to a random page in a category General: Wikipedia:Categorization – ( WP:CAT ) (guideline) Help:Category Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates (guideline) – comparing alternative approaches Wikipedia:Categorization – ( WP:CAT ) (guideline) Help:Category Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates (guideline) – comparing alternative approaches Listings of categories: Special:Categories – alphabetical category listing MediaWiki:Categoriespagetext - scrollable access to the list of all categories Category:Main topic classifications – categories for articles Special:CategoryTree – can generate a tree of categories, or categories and articles User:Chris G Bot 2 – produces, for a given category, a table listing all articles within that category (and all subcategories of that category), and the status of those articles (a clone of User:PockBot , which is disabled) CatScan (at the toolserver) Special:Categories – alphabetical category listing MediaWiki:Categoriespagetext - scrollable access to the list of all categories Category:Main topic classifications – categories for articles Special:CategoryTree – can generate a tree of categories, or categories and articles User:Chris G Bot 2 – produces, for a given category, a table listing all articles within that category (and all subcategories of that category), and the status of those articles (a clone of User:PockBot , which is disabled) CatScan (at the toolserver) Intersection of two categories: Wikipedia:Categorization#Searching for articles in categories – via the standard search box (doesn't search subcategories) CatScan - a tool that can do various types of category scans, including intersection (may or may not be using up-to-date version of database); can search subcategories m:User:Duesentrieb/CatScan CatScan (at the toolserver) Wikipedia:Category intersection – a feature request m:Help:DPL – a MediaWiki extension supporting intersections and other set operations of pages belonging to several categories Wikipedia:Categorization#Searching for articles in categories – via the standard search box (doesn't search subcategories) CatScan - a tool that can do various types of category scans, including intersection (may or may not be using up-to-date version of database); can search subcategories m:User:Duesentrieb/CatScan CatScan (at the toolserver) m:User:Duesentrieb/CatScan CatScan (at the toolserver) Wikipedia:Category intersection – a feature request m:Help:DPL – a MediaWiki extension supporting intersections and other set operations of pages belonging to several categories Other: User:Erwin/CatCount – provides a count of pages in any given category In category since – tool to list all articles in a category that have been so since a specified date (at the toolserver) User talk:GregU/randomlink.js – this tool can go to a random page in a category User:Erwin/CatCount – provides a count of pages in any given category In category since – tool to list all articles in a category that have been so since a specified date (at the toolserver) User talk:GregU/randomlink.js – this tool can go to a random page in a category Censorship: Wikipedia is not censored Wikipedia:No disclaimers in articles Wikipedia:Offensive material (Manual of Style) m:Should Wikipedia Use Profanity Wikipedia:Pornography (essay) Wikipedia:Advice for parents (essay) Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedians against censorship Wikipedia:WikiProject Sexology and sexuality MediaWiki:Bad image list Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Content warnings Ways to set personal preferences so as to not see some or all images: Help:Options to hide an image (alternative to censorship) User:Mr.Z-man/badimages Wikipedia is not censored Wikipedia:No disclaimers in articles Wikipedia:Offensive material (Manual of Style) m:Should Wikipedia Use Profanity Wikipedia:Pornography (essay) Wikipedia:Advice for parents (essay) Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedians against censorship Wikipedia:WikiProject Sexology and sexuality MediaWiki:Bad image list Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Content warnings Ways to set personal preferences so as to not see some or all images: Help:Options to hide an image (alternative to censorship) User:Mr.Z-man/badimages Help:Options to hide an image (alternative to censorship) User:Mr.Z-man/badimages Commons (Wikimedia Commons): Wikipedia:Wikimedia Commons – has over three million media files (photographs, diagrams, animations, music, spoken text, video clips, etc.) available for use in any Wikimedia (community) project, to which anyone can contribute; recommended place to upload free images to, rather than to Wikipedia Commons:Welcome Wikimedia Commons - manual that provides the essential information for people interested in contributing their own work to Wikimedia Commons Mayflower – searching the Commons Commons:Commons:Tools Manual for new Commons users (at en.flossmanuals.net) Uploading: Commons:Commons:Tools#Upload media Commons:Commons:Tools/Commonplace – Windows/Linux program for drag-and-drop uploading Upload image – tool to upload images from Flickr Moving images to (from Wikipedia): Wikipedia:Moving files to the Commons Wikipedia:WikiProject Images and Media/Commons CommonsHelper – tool to generate an image description to copy-and-paste for the commons upload form (formerly called "Move-to-commons assistant") User:Fran Rogers/CommonsHelper Helper – user script that adds a button to easily bring up CommonsHelper User:MonoBot – fixes (some) problems when an editor doesn't do a move to Commons totally correctly Duplicate images – tool to show duplicate files between Wikipedia and Commons Push-for-commons – tool to show a set of images from a wikipedia, helping to find license problems, {{ NowCommons }} candidates, and images that should be copied/moved to the commons. RSS feeds: Category-based feed (for newly added images) Media file of the Day Other: Category:Wikimedia Commons administrators – English Wikipedia editors who are admins at the Commons m:User:CommonsDelinker – bot that removes links from Wikipedias (all languages) when an image is deleted at Commons Commons interface for the iPhone Flickr-like interface to Commons (no logins or uploads) Commons sum-it-up – tool to generate a summary text for pages on Commons, using Wikipedia articles in different languages Browse Flickr images Wikipedia:Wikimedia Commons – has over three million media files (photographs, diagrams, animations, music, spoken text, video clips, etc.) available for use in any Wikimedia (community) project, to which anyone can contribute; recommended place to upload free images to, rather than to Wikipedia Commons:Welcome Wikimedia Commons - manual that provides the essential information for people interested in contributing their own work to Wikimedia Commons Mayflower – searching the Commons Commons:Commons:Tools Manual for new Commons users (at en.flossmanuals.net) Uploading: Commons:Commons:Tools#Upload media Commons:Commons:Tools/Commonplace – Windows/Linux program for drag-and-drop uploading Upload image – tool to upload images from Flickr Commons:Commons:Tools#Upload media Commons:Commons:Tools/Commonplace – Windows/Linux program for drag-and-drop uploading Upload image – tool to upload images from Flickr Moving images to (from Wikipedia): Wikipedia:Moving files to the Commons Wikipedia:WikiProject Images and Media/Commons CommonsHelper – tool to generate an image description to copy-and-paste for the commons upload form (formerly called "Move-to-commons assistant") User:Fran Rogers/CommonsHelper Helper – user script that adds a button to easily bring up CommonsHelper User:MonoBot – fixes (some) problems when an editor doesn't do a move to Commons totally correctly Duplicate images – tool to show duplicate files between Wikipedia and Commons Push-for-commons – tool to show a set of images from a wikipedia, helping to find license problems, {{ NowCommons }} candidates, and images that should be copied/moved to the commons. Wikipedia:Moving files to the Commons Wikipedia:WikiProject Images and Media/Commons CommonsHelper – tool to generate an image description to copy-and-paste for the commons upload form (formerly called "Move-to-commons assistant") User:Fran Rogers/CommonsHelper Helper – user script that adds a button to easily bring up CommonsHelper User:MonoBot – fixes (some) problems when an editor doesn't do a move to Commons totally correctly Duplicate images – tool to show duplicate files between Wikipedia and Commons Push-for-commons – tool to show a set of images from a wikipedia, helping to find license problems, {{ NowCommons }} candidates, and images that should be copied/moved to the commons. RSS feeds: Category-based feed (for newly added images) Media file of the Day Category-based feed (for newly added images) Media file of the Day Other: Category:Wikimedia Commons administrators – English Wikipedia editors who are admins at the Commons m:User:CommonsDelinker – bot that removes links from Wikipedias (all languages) when an image is deleted at Commons Commons interface for the iPhone Flickr-like interface to Commons (no logins or uploads) Commons sum-it-up – tool to generate a summary text for pages on Commons, using Wikipedia articles in different languages Browse Flickr images Category:Wikimedia Commons administrators – English Wikipedia editors who are admins at the Commons m:User:CommonsDelinker – bot that removes links from Wikipedias (all languages) when an image is deleted at Commons Commons interface for the iPhone Flickr-like interface to Commons (no logins or uploads) Commons sum-it-up – tool to generate a summary text for pages on Commons, using Wikipedia articles in different languages Browse Flickr images Controversial articles: Wikipedia:Controversial articles (Manual of Style) Wikipedia:List of controversial issues Wikipedia:Controversial articles (Manual of Style) Wikipedia:List of controversial issues Copyright: In general: Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright Wikipedia:Copyrights (policy) Wikipedia:Image use policy Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights (guideline) Using Wikipedia content outside of Wikipedia: Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content (policy) Commons:Commons:Reusing content outside Wikimedia Wikipedia:Buying Wikipedia articles in print or another form (commercial use) In general: Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright Wikipedia:Copyrights (policy) Wikipedia:Image use policy Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights (guideline) Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright Wikipedia:Copyrights (policy) Wikipedia:Image use policy Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights (guideline) Using Wikipedia content outside of Wikipedia: Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content (policy) Commons:Commons:Reusing content outside Wikimedia Wikipedia:Buying Wikipedia articles in print or another form (commercial use) Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content (policy) Commons:Commons:Reusing content outside Wikimedia Wikipedia:Buying Wikipedia articles in print or another form (commercial use) Customization: ( see also Quickbar ) Wikipedia:Customisation Via "my preferences": Special:Preferences Help:Preferences Via the Gadgets tab in "my preferences" – see Gadgets Via JavaScript: see User scripts Via Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): Help:Cascading Style Sheets Skins: Wikipedia:Skin (trivial; probably should be a redirect) m:Customization:Explaining skins MediaWiki talk:Vector.css – place to discuss changes to the Vector skin (standard skin that editors get by default) MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css – place to discuss changes to the Monobook skin (older standard skin) MediaWiki talk:Modern.css – bug reports and other comments for new (January 2008) Modern skin Different customizations of the way Wikipedia pages appear, downloadable from userstyles.org/styles/ (primarily for readers) (Firefox, Thunderbird, Flock, Mozilla Suite, SeaMonkey, and Songbird browsers only) Personal CSS: mw:Gallery of user styles (a mix of MediaWiki-compatible skins, not selectable by editors, and personal css) User:GeorgeMoney/UsefulCSS User:Wolfgangbeyer/monobook.css – monobook.css optimized for color blindness User:Trilobite/Tools – combination of CSS and JavaScript, with a note that "much of this is outdated" Technical: Help:User style m:Help:Cascading style sheets Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes Wikipedia:Useful styles m:Customize page layout – should be at Mediawiki; how to rework standard page seen by all non-logged in readers Wikipedia:Customisation Via "my preferences": Special:Preferences Help:Preferences Special:Preferences Help:Preferences Via the Gadgets tab in "my preferences" – see Gadgets Via JavaScript: see User scripts Via Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): Help:Cascading Style Sheets Skins: Wikipedia:Skin (trivial; probably should be a redirect) m:Customization:Explaining skins MediaWiki talk:Vector.css – place to discuss changes to the Vector skin (standard skin that editors get by default) MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css – place to discuss changes to the Monobook skin (older standard skin) MediaWiki talk:Modern.css – bug reports and other comments for new (January 2008) Modern skin Different customizations of the way Wikipedia pages appear, downloadable from userstyles.org/styles/ (primarily for readers) (Firefox, Thunderbird, Flock, Mozilla Suite, SeaMonkey, and Songbird browsers only) Personal CSS: mw:Gallery of user styles (a mix of MediaWiki-compatible skins, not selectable by editors, and personal css) User:GeorgeMoney/UsefulCSS User:Wolfgangbeyer/monobook.css – monobook.css optimized for color blindness User:Trilobite/Tools – combination of CSS and JavaScript, with a note that "much of this is outdated" Technical: Help:User style m:Help:Cascading style sheets Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes Wikipedia:Useful styles m:Customize page layout – should be at Mediawiki; how to rework standard page seen by all non-logged in readers Help:Cascading Style Sheets Skins: Wikipedia:Skin (trivial; probably should be a redirect) m:Customization:Explaining skins MediaWiki talk:Vector.css – place to discuss changes to the Vector skin (standard skin that editors get by default) MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css – place to discuss changes to the Monobook skin (older standard skin) MediaWiki talk:Modern.css – bug reports and other comments for new (January 2008) Modern skin Different customizations of the way Wikipedia pages appear, downloadable from userstyles.org/styles/ (primarily for readers) (Firefox, Thunderbird, Flock, Mozilla Suite, SeaMonkey, and Songbird browsers only) Wikipedia:Skin (trivial; probably should be a redirect) m:Customization:Explaining skins MediaWiki talk:Vector.css – place to discuss changes to the Vector skin (standard skin that editors get by default) MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css – place to discuss changes to the Monobook skin (older standard skin) MediaWiki talk:Modern.css – bug reports and other comments for new (January 2008) Modern skin Different customizations of the way Wikipedia pages appear, downloadable from userstyles.org/styles/ (primarily for readers) (Firefox, Thunderbird, Flock, Mozilla Suite, SeaMonkey, and Songbird browsers only) Personal CSS: mw:Gallery of user styles (a mix of MediaWiki-compatible skins, not selectable by editors, and personal css) User:GeorgeMoney/UsefulCSS User:Wolfgangbeyer/monobook.css – monobook.css optimized for color blindness User:Trilobite/Tools – combination of CSS and JavaScript, with a note that "much of this is outdated" mw:Gallery of user styles (a mix of MediaWiki-compatible skins, not selectable by editors, and personal css) User:GeorgeMoney/UsefulCSS User:Wolfgangbeyer/monobook.css – monobook.css optimized for color blindness User:Trilobite/Tools – combination of CSS and JavaScript, with a note that "much of this is outdated" Technical: Help:User style m:Help:Cascading style sheets Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes Wikipedia:Useful styles m:Customize page layout – should be at Mediawiki; how to rework standard page seen by all non-logged in readers Help:User style m:Help:Cascading style sheets Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes Wikipedia:Useful styles m:Customize page layout – should be at Mediawiki; how to rework standard page seen by all non-logged in readers D Dictionary: Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary (policy) For Wiktionary , see also wikt:Main Page Another alternative: Urban Dictionary WikiLook – Firefox add-on that provides Wiktionary information about any word on a screen, when specially selected (shift or highlight plus mouse move) Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary (policy) For Wiktionary , see also wikt:Main Page Another alternative: Urban Dictionary WikiLook – Firefox add-on that provides Wiktionary information about any word on a screen, when specially selected (shift or highlight plus mouse move) Downloading all of Wikipedia: ( see also Mobile access ; for downloading individual pages, see Exporting (a page) ) Pre-packaged: June 2006 ("official" version) Wikipedia:TomeRaider database Most recent version – £3.00 requested payment; includes £1 donation to the Wikipedia Foundation [ sic ] Slightly older English version (free) Wikipedia-iphone – complete download for iPhone or iPod Touch Infodisiac downloads (for Windows Mobile/Pocket PC, regular Windows O/S, and Palm) Webaroo – download of all Wikipedia articles as a set of web pages, for off-line reading (horribly out-of-date) Pre-packaged: June 2006 ("official" version) Wikipedia:TomeRaider database Most recent version – £3.00 requested payment; includes £1 donation to the Wikipedia Foundation [ sic ] Slightly older English version (free) Wikipedia-iphone – complete download for iPhone or iPod Touch Infodisiac downloads (for Windows Mobile/Pocket PC, regular Windows O/S, and Palm) Webaroo – download of all Wikipedia articles as a set of web pages, for off-line reading (horribly out-of-date) June 2006 ("official" version) Wikipedia:TomeRaider database Most recent version – £3.00 requested payment; includes £1 donation to the Wikipedia Foundation [ sic ] Slightly older English version (free) Most recent version – £3.00 requested payment; includes £1 donation to the Wikipedia Foundation [ sic ] Slightly older English version (free) Wikipedia-iphone – complete download for iPhone or iPod Touch Infodisiac downloads (for Windows Mobile/Pocket PC, regular Windows O/S, and Palm) Webaroo – download of all Wikipedia articles as a set of web pages, for off-line reading (horribly out-of-date) E Email: Help:Email confirmation Wikipedia:Emailing users Help:Email confirmation Wikipedia:Emailing users Encyclopedia: Wikipedia:Wikipedia is an encyclopedia ( WP:ENC ) Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia ( WP:NOT#PAPER ) Wikipedia:External peer review – information on formal and informal reviews of the overall quality of Wikipedia articles, done by outside experts, not initiated within Wikipedia Wikipedia:Size comparisons Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress ( WP:WIP ) (essay) Wikipedia:There is a deadline (essay) - Why it's important to contribute now Wikipedia:Fancruft (essay) Criticism: Criticism of Wikipedia Wikipedia:Replies to common objections Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great User:Ta bu shi da yu/Global Politician – "six sins" of Wikipedia – a rebuttal Wikipedia:Evaluating Wikipedia as an encyclopedia (essay) Wikipedia:Wikipedia is succeeding (essay) Alternatives to the English Wikipedia, within the Wikimedia Foundation: Simple English Wikipedia meta:Concise Wikipedia (proposal as of September 2013) Wikipedia:Wikipedia is an encyclopedia ( WP:ENC ) Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia ( WP:NOT#PAPER ) Wikipedia:External peer review – information on formal and informal reviews of the overall quality of Wikipedia articles, done by outside experts, not initiated within Wikipedia Wikipedia:Size comparisons Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress ( WP:WIP ) (essay) Wikipedia:There is a deadline (essay) - Why it's important to contribute now Wikipedia:Fancruft (essay) Criticism: Criticism of Wikipedia Wikipedia:Replies to common objections Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great User:Ta bu shi da yu/Global Politician – "six sins" of Wikipedia – a rebuttal Wikipedia:Evaluating Wikipedia as an encyclopedia (essay) Wikipedia:Wikipedia is succeeding (essay) Criticism of Wikipedia Wikipedia:Replies to common objections Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great User:Ta bu shi da yu/Global Politician – "six sins" of Wikipedia – a rebuttal Wikipedia:Evaluating Wikipedia as an encyclopedia (essay) Wikipedia:Wikipedia is succeeding (essay) Alternatives to the English Wikipedia, within the Wikimedia Foundation: Simple English Wikipedia meta:Concise Wikipedia (proposal as of September 2013) Simple English Wikipedia meta:Concise Wikipedia (proposal as of September 2013) Exporting (a page): ( see also Downloading all of Wikipedia , Collections (books) ) Help:Export Special:Export mw:Manual:Parameters to Special:Export PDF: mw:Extension:PDF Writer WikiPDF Wikipedia:Books#Resources Mediawiki2pdf (shows sample Wikibooks url, but reportedly works for Wikipedia articles as well) m:Alternative parsers – programs and projects to translate MediaWiki's text markup syntax into something else, such as HTML Wikipedia:Wiki Markup Language (WKML) (historical) Help:Export Special:Export mw:Manual:Parameters to Special:Export PDF: mw:Extension:PDF Writer WikiPDF Wikipedia:Books#Resources Mediawiki2pdf (shows sample Wikibooks url, but reportedly works for Wikipedia articles as well) mw:Extension:PDF Writer WikiPDF Wikipedia:Books#Resources Mediawiki2pdf (shows sample Wikibooks url, but reportedly works for Wikipedia articles as well) m:Alternative parsers – programs and projects to translate MediaWiki's text markup syntax into something else, such as HTML Wikipedia:Wiki Markup Language (WKML) (historical) F Featured content: Wikipedia:New featured content Portal:Featured content Articles: ( see also Good articles , Main Page ) Wikipedia:Featured articles ( WP:FA ) Random Featured article (at the toolserver) Lists: Wikipedia:Featured lists Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by featured list nominations Pictures: Wikipedia:Featured pictures Sounds: Portal:Featured sounds Wikipedia:New featured content Portal:Featured content Articles: ( see also Good articles , Main Page ) Wikipedia:Featured articles ( WP:FA ) Random Featured article (at the toolserver) Lists: Wikipedia:Featured lists Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by featured list nominations Pictures: Wikipedia:Featured pictures Sounds: Portal:Featured sounds Wikipedia:Featured articles ( WP:FA ) Random Featured article (at the toolserver) Lists: Wikipedia:Featured lists Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by featured list nominations Wikipedia:Featured lists Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by featured list nominations Pictures: Wikipedia:Featured pictures Wikipedia:Featured pictures Sounds: Portal:Featured sounds Portal:Featured sounds Fun: Wikipedia:Department of Fun Wikipedia:List of shortcuts/Project shortcuts#Department of fun Wikipedia:April Fool's Main Page Games: Category:Wikipedia games Wikigames at Wikia Wikipedia:Wikipedia holidays Wikipedia:Department of Fun Wikipedia:List of shortcuts/Project shortcuts#Department of fun Wikipedia:April Fool's Main Page Games: Category:Wikipedia games Wikigames at Wikia Category:Wikipedia games Wikigames at Wikia Wikipedia:Wikipedia holidays G Geocoding: GeoPedia – provides iPhone owners with a Wikipedia feed customized to their current location mw:Beta Features/Nearby Pages - Adds a button to the top right corner of pages that contain geographical information, to get the reader to "nearby" pages Showing existing Wikipedia articles on a map: Wikimapia Google: Google Maps has an option, under "More", to place markers showing Wikipedia articles About the Google Earth Geographic Web Layer GeoPedia – provides iPhone owners with a Wikipedia feed customized to their current location mw:Beta Features/Nearby Pages - Adds a button to the top right corner of pages that contain geographical information, to get the reader to "nearby" pages Showing existing Wikipedia articles on a map: Wikimapia Google: Google Maps has an option, under "More", to place markers showing Wikipedia articles About the Google Earth Geographic Web Layer Wikimapia Google: Google Maps has an option, under "More", to place markers showing Wikipedia articles About the Google Earth Geographic Web Layer Google Maps has an option, under "More", to place markers showing Wikipedia articles About the Google Earth Geographic Web Layer Good articles: ( see also Featured articles ) Wikipedia:Good articles – the list Wikipedia:Good articles – the list Google: Googlepedia Wikipedia:Purging Google search results ( WP:GOOGLEPURGE ) - how to remove vandalism, etc., from cached copies of Wikipedia articles in Google search results Googlepedia Wikipedia:Purging Google search results ( WP:GOOGLEPURGE ) - how to remove vandalism, etc., from cached copies of Wikipedia articles in Google search results Guestbooks: see User pages H History (of a page): Wikipedia:How to read an article history Help:Page history Wikipedia:Copyright violations on history pages Diffs: Help:Diff How-to guides: Wikipedia:Simplest diff guide Wikipedia:Simple diff and link guide Wikipedia:Complete diff and link guide Enhancing the differences in diffs: MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css/Archive 4#Better rendering for .diffchange in diff's... User:Cacycle/wikEdDiff – user script – additions and deletions are highlighted by color in one continuous text User:Js/diffs – another, different user script Tools: For content: Who did what: WikiBlame – searches for given text in versions of article tools:~tparis/blame/ - Similar User:AmiDaniel/WhodunitQuery – Windows application that identifies the edit and user who added a specific word or phrase "wikipedia blame": October 2008 blog posting and 1450 articles processed using the code For counts and major contributors: WikiDashboard – when going to a new page, puts a count of top editors, and a histogram of edit activity, at the top of the page ( Quick Guide ) Revision counter [ dead link ] – counts revisions (edits) (at the toolserver) WikiSense - Contributors – lists edits, similar to page history, but can be sorted by contributor; easy to exclude different groups (at the toolserver) Wikipedia Page History Statistics – builds an edit history overview page WikiChecker Article Contribution Counter (beta) – tool that identifies major contributors to an article (at the toolserver) (a similar feature request is at Bug# 7988 ) Articleinfo - Article revision statistics Other: History Flow Visualization Application Wikipedia Animate – user script; shows the evolution of a page, like a webcast Wikipedia:How to read an article history Help:Page history Wikipedia:Copyright violations on history pages Diffs: Help:Diff How-to guides: Wikipedia:Simplest diff guide Wikipedia:Simple diff and link guide Wikipedia:Complete diff and link guide Enhancing the differences in diffs: MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css/Archive 4#Better rendering for .diffchange in diff's... User:Cacycle/wikEdDiff – user script – additions and deletions are highlighted by color in one continuous text User:Js/diffs – another, different user script Help:Diff How-to guides: Wikipedia:Simplest diff guide Wikipedia:Simple diff and link guide Wikipedia:Complete diff and link guide Wikipedia:Simplest diff guide Wikipedia:Simple diff and link guide Wikipedia:Complete diff and link guide Enhancing the differences in diffs: MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css/Archive 4#Better rendering for .diffchange in diff's... User:Cacycle/wikEdDiff – user script – additions and deletions are highlighted by color in one continuous text User:Js/diffs – another, different user script MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css/Archive 4#Better rendering for .diffchange in diff's... User:Cacycle/wikEdDiff – user script – additions and deletions are highlighted by color in one continuous text User:Js/diffs – another, different user script Tools: For content: Who did what: WikiBlame – searches for given text in versions of article tools:~tparis/blame/ - Similar User:AmiDaniel/WhodunitQuery – Windows application that identifies the edit and user who added a specific word or phrase "wikipedia blame": October 2008 blog posting and 1450 articles processed using the code For counts and major contributors: WikiDashboard – when going to a new page, puts a count of top editors, and a histogram of edit activity, at the top of the page ( Quick Guide ) Revision counter [ dead link ] – counts revisions (edits) (at the toolserver) WikiSense - Contributors – lists edits, similar to page history, but can be sorted by contributor; easy to exclude different groups (at the toolserver) Wikipedia Page History Statistics – builds an edit history overview page WikiChecker Article Contribution Counter (beta) – tool that identifies major contributors to an article (at the toolserver) (a similar feature request is at Bug# 7988 ) Articleinfo - Article revision statistics Other: History Flow Visualization Application Wikipedia Animate – user script; shows the evolution of a page, like a webcast For content: Who did what: WikiBlame – searches for given text in versions of article tools:~tparis/blame/ - Similar User:AmiDaniel/WhodunitQuery – Windows application that identifies the edit and user who added a specific word or phrase "wikipedia blame": October 2008 blog posting and 1450 articles processed using the code Who did what: WikiBlame – searches for given text in versions of article tools:~tparis/blame/ - Similar User:AmiDaniel/WhodunitQuery – Windows application that identifies the edit and user who added a specific word or phrase "wikipedia blame": October 2008 blog posting and 1450 articles processed using the code WikiBlame – searches for given text in versions of article tools:~tparis/blame/ - Similar User:AmiDaniel/WhodunitQuery – Windows application that identifies the edit and user who added a specific word or phrase "wikipedia blame": October 2008 blog posting and 1450 articles processed using the code "wikipedia blame": October 2008 blog posting and 1450 articles processed using the code For counts and major contributors: WikiDashboard – when going to a new page, puts a count of top editors, and a histogram of edit activity, at the top of the page ( Quick Guide ) Revision counter [ dead link ] – counts revisions (edits) (at the toolserver) WikiSense - Contributors – lists edits, similar to page history, but can be sorted by contributor; easy to exclude different groups (at the toolserver) Wikipedia Page History Statistics – builds an edit history overview page WikiChecker Article Contribution Counter (beta) – tool that identifies major contributors to an article (at the toolserver) (a similar feature request is at Bug# 7988 ) Articleinfo - Article revision statistics WikiDashboard – when going to a new page, puts a count of top editors, and a histogram of edit activity, at the top of the page ( Quick Guide ) Revision counter [ dead link ] – counts revisions (edits) (at the toolserver) WikiSense - Contributors – lists edits, similar to page history, but can be sorted by contributor; easy to exclude different groups (at the toolserver) Wikipedia Page History Statistics – builds an edit history overview page WikiChecker Article Contribution Counter (beta) – tool that identifies major contributors to an article (at the toolserver) (a similar feature request is at Bug# 7988 ) Articleinfo - Article revision statistics Other: History Flow Visualization Application Wikipedia Animate – user script; shows the evolution of a page, like a webcast History Flow Visualization Application Wikipedia Animate – user script; shows the evolution of a page, like a webcast I Images: General: Wikipedia:Ten things you may not know about images on Wikipedia Ways to set personal preferences so as to not see some or all images: Help:Options to hide an image (alternative to censorship) User:Mr.Z-man/badimages General: Wikipedia:Ten things you may not know about images on Wikipedia Wikipedia:Ten things you may not know about images on Wikipedia Ways to set personal preferences so as to not see some or all images: Help:Options to hide an image (alternative to censorship) User:Mr.Z-man/badimages Help:Options to hide an image (alternative to censorship) User:Mr.Z-man/badimages J Journals: Wikipedia:Journal sources Wikipedia:Journal sources L Library books Wikipedia:Forward to Libraries - to find books on an article's subject at a reader's local library Wikipedia:Forward to Libraries - to find books on an article's subject at a reader's local library Logging in: (see also User account and username ) Help:Logging in mw:Extension:OpenID – lets users log in with an OpenID Security: HTTPS: m:HTTPS Native HTTPS support enabled for all Wikimedia Foundation wikis - October 2011 The future of HTTPS on Wikimedia projects - August 2013 Wikipedia:User account security (essay) Wikipedia:Personal security practices (essay) Secure login m:Don't leave your fly open (essay) Template:User committed identity – preventive action to enable regaining control of a hijacked account ( story ) Help:Logging in mw:Extension:OpenID – lets users log in with an OpenID Security: HTTPS: m:HTTPS Native HTTPS support enabled for all Wikimedia Foundation wikis - October 2011 The future of HTTPS on Wikimedia projects - August 2013 Wikipedia:User account security (essay) Wikipedia:Personal security practices (essay) Secure login m:Don't leave your fly open (essay) Template:User committed identity – preventive action to enable regaining control of a hijacked account ( story ) HTTPS: m:HTTPS Native HTTPS support enabled for all Wikimedia Foundation wikis - October 2011 The future of HTTPS on Wikimedia projects - August 2013 m:HTTPS Native HTTPS support enabled for all Wikimedia Foundation wikis - October 2011 The future of HTTPS on Wikimedia projects - August 2013 Wikipedia:User account security (essay) Wikipedia:Personal security practices (essay) Secure login m:Don't leave your fly open (essay) Template:User committed identity – preventive action to enable regaining control of a hijacked account ( story ) M Merchandise: The Wikimedia Shop Wikipedia:Merchandise giveaways ( WP:GIVEAWAY ) The Wikimedia Shop Wikipedia:Merchandise giveaways ( WP:GIVEAWAY ) Missing articles: Wikipedia:Requested articles ( WP:RA ) Wikipedia:Red link Wikipedia:Requested articles ( WP:RA ) Wikipedia:Red link Mirrors: Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks Mobile access: Wikipanion - for iPad and iPhone "iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps" – review of 16 apps for the iPhone or iPod touch (November 2008) Real-time version of Wikipedia: Help:Mobile access mw:Mobile Beta - experimental staging area for new features that may eventually be added to the official mobile site "Accessing Wikipedia via mobile devices" , Signpost article, January 2009 Semi-experimental mobile portal (as of February 2008) Wapedia m:Mobile subdomain Wikipanion – Free iPhone/iPod app; searches using a fast, native interface; includes autosuggest, landscape mode, and large, readable text. Downloaded version of Wikipedia: Pocket Wikipedia – 24,000 images and 14 million words (for PocketPC, Windows and Linux machines) Encyclopodia – complete download, for Apple iPod Wikipedia-iphone – complete download for iPhone or iPod Touch WikiPock Screencast: "How to install Wikipedia on your iPod Touch or iPhone!" , February 8, 2008 Other: GeoPedia – provides iPhone owners with a Wikipedia feed customized to their current location "Kiwi" client – for iPhone and iPod Wikipanion - for iPad and iPhone "iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps" – review of 16 apps for the iPhone or iPod touch (November 2008) Real-time version of Wikipedia: Help:Mobile access mw:Mobile Beta - experimental staging area for new features that may eventually be added to the official mobile site "Accessing Wikipedia via mobile devices" , Signpost article, January 2009 Semi-experimental mobile portal (as of February 2008) Wapedia m:Mobile subdomain Wikipanion – Free iPhone/iPod app; searches using a fast, native interface; includes autosuggest, landscape mode, and large, readable text. Help:Mobile access mw:Mobile Beta - experimental staging area for new features that may eventually be added to the official mobile site "Accessing Wikipedia via mobile devices" , Signpost article, January 2009 Semi-experimental mobile portal (as of February 2008) Wapedia m:Mobile subdomain Wikipanion – Free iPhone/iPod app; searches using a fast, native interface; includes autosuggest, landscape mode, and large, readable text. Downloaded version of Wikipedia: Pocket Wikipedia – 24,000 images and 14 million words (for PocketPC, Windows and Linux machines) Encyclopodia – complete download, for Apple iPod Wikipedia-iphone – complete download for iPhone or iPod Touch WikiPock Screencast: "How to install Wikipedia on your iPod Touch or iPhone!" , February 8, 2008 Pocket Wikipedia – 24,000 images and 14 million words (for PocketPC, Windows and Linux machines) Encyclopodia – complete download, for Apple iPod Wikipedia-iphone – complete download for iPhone or iPod Touch WikiPock Screencast: "How to install Wikipedia on your iPod Touch or iPhone!" , February 8, 2008 Other: GeoPedia – provides iPhone owners with a Wikipedia feed customized to their current location "Kiwi" client – for iPhone and iPod GeoPedia – provides iPhone owners with a Wikipedia feed customized to their current location "Kiwi" client – for iPhone and iPod N Navigation: Wikipedia:Back to top - adding a "Back to top" link to every section Wikipedia:Back to top - adding a "Back to top" link to every section New editors: ( see also Questions , User account and username ) Welcoming: Wikipedia:Welcoming committee MediaWiki:Welcomecreation – page for automatic welcome message for all new accounts (transitory; is not posted to user talk pages) Welcoming: Wikipedia:Welcoming committee MediaWiki:Welcomecreation – page for automatic welcome message for all new accounts (transitory; is not posted to user talk pages) Wikipedia:Welcoming committee MediaWiki:Welcomecreation – page for automatic welcome message for all new accounts (transitory; is not posted to user talk pages) O Obscenity: see Censorship Outlines Outlines of content (Articles) : Outline of Wikipedia pages Outlines of content (Articles) : Outline of Wikipedia pages P Page views: ( see also Counts ) Most viewed (English Wikipedia): Wikipedia:Popular pages Most accessed pages per day (Wikistics) Wikipedia article traffic statistics – the 1000 pages with the most views (for April 2013) [last checked: November 2013] For any specific article or other page: Monthly chart for any specified page ("Wikipedia article traffic statistics") (for pages that are not articles, include the namespace as a prefix) ("Hendrik's tool") tools:~emw/wikistats/ - Wikipedia article traffic statistics (alpha, as of November 2013) Raw counts – beginning (24 hourly snapshots per day) December 10, 2007 ( announcement ) Most viewed (English Wikipedia): Wikipedia:Popular pages Most accessed pages per day (Wikistics) Wikipedia article traffic statistics – the 1000 pages with the most views (for April 2013) [last checked: November 2013] Wikipedia:Popular pages Most accessed pages per day (Wikistics) Wikipedia article traffic statistics – the 1000 pages with the most views (for April 2013) [last checked: November 2013] For any specific article or other page: Monthly chart for any specified page ("Wikipedia article traffic statistics") (for pages that are not articles, include the namespace as a prefix) ("Hendrik's tool") tools:~emw/wikistats/ - Wikipedia article traffic statistics (alpha, as of November 2013) Raw counts – beginning (24 hourly snapshots per day) December 10, 2007 ( announcement ) Monthly chart for any specified page ("Wikipedia article traffic statistics") (for pages that are not articles, include the namespace as a prefix) ("Hendrik's tool") tools:~emw/wikistats/ - Wikipedia article traffic statistics (alpha, as of November 2013) Raw counts – beginning (24 hourly snapshots per day) December 10, 2007 ( announcement ) Password: see Logging in Portals: Wikipedia:Portal ( WP:P ) Wikipedia:Portal/Directory Portal:Contents/Portals – introductory page that organizes and lists all portals Featured: Portal:Featured portals Wikipedia:Portal ( WP:P ) Wikipedia:Portal/Directory Portal:Contents/Portals – introductory page that organizes and lists all portals Featured: Portal:Featured portals Portal:Featured portals Preview of a link: Navigation popups [NEED LINK] Printing: Help:Printable Privacy: Wikipedia:Privacy policy m:Privacy policy Wikipedia:Privacy policy m:Privacy policy Q Quality of articles Assessments By editors (from "stub" (worst) to "featured article" (best)): Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Assessment FAQ Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment (guideline) – an assessment scale in use to give "grades" to articles Category:WikiProject assessments – separate pages within WikiProjects that show assessments done and still needed for pages within that WikiProject By readers (viewers) m:Article validation feature ( was supposed to begin in late 2005 ) Wikipedia:Article feedback Wikipedia:Feedback walkthrough Wikipedia:Feedback guidelines Wikipedia:Article Feedback/Noticeboard mw:Article feedback/Version 5 m:R:Article Feedback - research Assessments By editors (from "stub" (worst) to "featured article" (best)): Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Assessment FAQ Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment (guideline) – an assessment scale in use to give "grades" to articles Category:WikiProject assessments – separate pages within WikiProjects that show assessments done and still needed for pages within that WikiProject By readers (viewers) m:Article validation feature ( was supposed to begin in late 2005 ) Wikipedia:Article feedback Wikipedia:Feedback walkthrough Wikipedia:Feedback guidelines Wikipedia:Article Feedback/Noticeboard mw:Article feedback/Version 5 m:R:Article Feedback - research By editors (from "stub" (worst) to "featured article" (best)): Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Assessment FAQ Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment (guideline) – an assessment scale in use to give "grades" to articles Category:WikiProject assessments – separate pages within WikiProjects that show assessments done and still needed for pages within that WikiProject Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Assessment FAQ Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment (guideline) – an assessment scale in use to give "grades" to articles Category:WikiProject assessments – separate pages within WikiProjects that show assessments done and still needed for pages within that WikiProject By readers (viewers) m:Article validation feature ( was supposed to begin in late 2005 ) Wikipedia:Article feedback Wikipedia:Feedback walkthrough Wikipedia:Feedback guidelines Wikipedia:Article Feedback/Noticeboard mw:Article feedback/Version 5 m:R:Article Feedback - research m:Article validation feature ( was supposed to begin in late 2005 ) Wikipedia:Article feedback Wikipedia:Feedback walkthrough Wikipedia:Feedback guidelines Wikipedia:Article Feedback/Noticeboard mw:Article feedback/Version 5 m:R:Article Feedback - research Queries (of article content) Wikidata queries: Wikipedia:Wikidata meta:Wikidata d:Wikidata:Main Page d:Wikidata:Introduction d:Help:FAQ Wikidata Query: (Wikimedia Labs) Description API documentation Wikidata queries: Wikipedia:Wikidata meta:Wikidata d:Wikidata:Main Page d:Wikidata:Introduction d:Help:FAQ Wikidata Query: (Wikimedia Labs) Description API documentation Wikipedia:Wikidata meta:Wikidata d:Wikidata:Main Page d:Wikidata:Introduction d:Help:FAQ Wikidata Query: (Wikimedia Labs) Description API documentation Description API documentation Questions: Wikipedia:Help desk Wikipedia:Contact us Wikipedia:Help desk Wikipedia:Contact us Quickbar: (the set of links on the left side of the page, often called the "left sidebar") User:Equazcion/SidebarTranslate - translates inter-language links into English User:Equazcion/SidebarTranslate - translates inter-language links into English R Random article: Reading: Any page within a specified namespace: Special:Random (in the standard navigation box on the left) (adding a suffix – /Category, /Help, /Image, /Portal, /Template, /User, or /Wikipedia) will take you to a random page in those namespaces) Wikipedia:Random Any article within a category: Special:RandomInCategory Random article in a category (at the toolserver) Random Featured article (at the toolserver) Random Good article (at the toolserver) User talk:GregU/randomlink.js – Adds a "Random link" option to the sidebar menu; can be used to go to a random page in a category or a list Portal:Middle-earth/Random-article – example of how to generate a random article from a specified set of articles Reading: Any page within a specified namespace: Special:Random (in the standard navigation box on the left) (adding a suffix – /Category, /Help, /Image, /Portal, /Template, /User, or /Wikipedia) will take you to a random page in those namespaces) Wikipedia:Random Any article within a category: Special:RandomInCategory Random article in a category (at the toolserver) Random Featured article (at the toolserver) Random Good article (at the toolserver) User talk:GregU/randomlink.js – Adds a "Random link" option to the sidebar menu; can be used to go to a random page in a category or a list Portal:Middle-earth/Random-article – example of how to generate a random article from a specified set of articles Any page within a specified namespace: Special:Random (in the standard navigation box on the left) (adding a suffix – /Category, /Help, /Image, /Portal, /Template, /User, or /Wikipedia) will take you to a random page in those namespaces) Wikipedia:Random Special:Random (in the standard navigation box on the left) (adding a suffix – /Category, /Help, /Image, /Portal, /Template, /User, or /Wikipedia) will take you to a random page in those namespaces) Wikipedia:Random Any article within a category: Special:RandomInCategory Random article in a category (at the toolserver) Special:RandomInCategory Random article in a category (at the toolserver) Random Featured article (at the toolserver) Random Good article (at the toolserver) User talk:GregU/randomlink.js – Adds a "Random link" option to the sidebar menu; can be used to go to a random page in a category or a list Portal:Middle-earth/Random-article – example of how to generate a random article from a specified set of articles Recent changes (recent edits): ( see also Vandalism ) Special:Recentchanges Help:Recent changes Special:Recentchanges Help:Recent changes S Screen (options): Wide screen (minimum of 1400 pixels) Special:Preferences : "Appearance" tab: Skin Images (files): maximum size, default size for "thumbnail" images "Gadgets" tab: "Browsing" section "Appearance" section "Compatibility" section Wide screen (minimum of 1400 pixels) Special:Preferences : "Appearance" tab: Skin Images (files): maximum size, default size for "thumbnail" images "Gadgets" tab: "Browsing" section "Appearance" section "Compatibility" section "Appearance" tab: Skin Images (files): maximum size, default size for "thumbnail" images Skin Images (files): maximum size, default size for "thumbnail" images "Gadgets" tab: "Browsing" section "Appearance" section "Compatibility" section "Browsing" section "Appearance" section "Compatibility" section Searching Wikipedia: ( see also In general: Help:Searching Across language Wikipedias: Global Wikipedia Article Search From within Wikipedia: Search engine: "MediaWiki search engine improved" ( Signpost article, November 2008) Special:Search – regular search with a wider box to enter text Test web interface for lucene-search 2.1 User:Zocky/Auto Complete – auto-completes the titles of articles in the search box (JavaScript) (no longer required as of May 2008; this is built into the search function now) Invoking search: Wikipedia:FAQ/Main Page#Why doesn't the cursor appear in the search box, like with Google? – provides JavaScript so that the page focus is automatically in the search box Other: Special:Prefixindex – lists articles that begin with any chosen initial character string From outside Wikipedia: Firefox: Using Wikipedia for the search box provides an autocomplete feature Creating a smart keyword – can replace "site:en.wikipedia.org" in searches Similpedia – uses a URL or a chunk of text to find similar articles in Wikipedia AskWiki – semantic search engine developed in partnership between AskMeNow and the Wikimedia Foundation (beta) Powerset – natural language search of Wikipedia Yahoo's Wikipedia SearchMonkey App Seariki – search engine specifically designed for Wikipedia [( December 2007 announcement]) Powerset – semantic search (May 2008) Googlepedia – Firefox add-on; shows a relevant Wikipedia article along with Google search results Preventing search engines from searching pages: Wikipedia:Controlling search engine indexing ( WP:NOINDEX ) Robots.txt file – specifies search engines that are not allowed to crawl all or part of Wikipedia, as well as pages/namespaces that are not to be indexed by any search engine MediaWiki:Robots.txt – direct editing of robots.txt Wikipedia:Talk pages not indexed by Google (feature request) Wikipedia:Requests for comment/NOINDEX Tools: Wikipedia:Tools#Searching (may eventually merge into Help:Searching ) Wikipedia:User scripts#Searching In general: Help:Searching Across language Wikipedias: Global Wikipedia Article Search From within Wikipedia: Search engine: "MediaWiki search engine improved" ( Signpost article, November 2008) Special:Search – regular search with a wider box to enter text Test web interface for lucene-search 2.1 User:Zocky/Auto Complete – auto-completes the titles of articles in the search box (JavaScript) (no longer required as of May 2008; this is built into the search function now) Invoking search: Wikipedia:FAQ/Main Page#Why doesn't the cursor appear in the search box, like with Google? – provides JavaScript so that the page focus is automatically in the search box Other: Special:Prefixindex – lists articles that begin with any chosen initial character string Search engine: "MediaWiki search engine improved" ( Signpost article, November 2008) Special:Search – regular search with a wider box to enter text Test web interface for lucene-search 2.1 User:Zocky/Auto Complete – auto-completes the titles of articles in the search box (JavaScript) (no longer required as of May 2008; this is built into the search function now) Invoking search: Wikipedia:FAQ/Main Page#Why doesn't the cursor appear in the search box, like with Google? – provides JavaScript so that the page focus is automatically in the search box "MediaWiki search engine improved" ( Signpost article, November 2008) Special:Search – regular search with a wider box to enter text Test web interface for lucene-search 2.1 User:Zocky/Auto Complete – auto-completes the titles of articles in the search box (JavaScript) (no longer required as of May 2008; this is built into the search function now) Invoking search: Wikipedia:FAQ/Main Page#Why doesn't the cursor appear in the search box, like with Google? – provides JavaScript so that the page focus is automatically in the search box Wikipedia:FAQ/Main Page#Why doesn't the cursor appear in the search box, like with Google? – provides JavaScript so that the page focus is automatically in the search box Other: Special:Prefixindex – lists articles that begin with any chosen initial character string Special:Prefixindex – lists articles that begin with any chosen initial character string From outside Wikipedia: Firefox: Using Wikipedia for the search box provides an autocomplete feature Creating a smart keyword – can replace "site:en.wikipedia.org" in searches Similpedia – uses a URL or a chunk of text to find similar articles in Wikipedia AskWiki – semantic search engine developed in partnership between AskMeNow and the Wikimedia Foundation (beta) Powerset – natural language search of Wikipedia Yahoo's Wikipedia SearchMonkey App Seariki – search engine specifically designed for Wikipedia [( December 2007 announcement]) Powerset – semantic search (May 2008) Googlepedia – Firefox add-on; shows a relevant Wikipedia article along with Google search results Preventing search engines from searching pages: Wikipedia:Controlling search engine indexing ( WP:NOINDEX ) Robots.txt file – specifies search engines that are not allowed to crawl all or part of Wikipedia, as well as pages/namespaces that are not to be indexed by any search engine MediaWiki:Robots.txt – direct editing of robots.txt Wikipedia:Talk pages not indexed by Google (feature request) Wikipedia:Requests for comment/NOINDEX Firefox: Using Wikipedia for the search box provides an autocomplete feature Creating a smart keyword – can replace "site:en.wikipedia.org" in searches Using Wikipedia for the search box provides an autocomplete feature Creating a smart keyword – can replace "site:en.wikipedia.org" in searches Similpedia – uses a URL or a chunk of text to find similar articles in Wikipedia AskWiki – semantic search engine developed in partnership between AskMeNow and the Wikimedia Foundation (beta) Powerset – natural language search of Wikipedia Yahoo's Wikipedia SearchMonkey App Seariki – search engine specifically designed for Wikipedia [( December 2007 announcement]) Powerset – semantic search (May 2008) Googlepedia – Firefox add-on; shows a relevant Wikipedia article along with Google search results Preventing search engines from searching pages: Wikipedia:Controlling search engine indexing ( WP:NOINDEX ) Robots.txt file – specifies search engines that are not allowed to crawl all or part of Wikipedia, as well as pages/namespaces that are not to be indexed by any search engine MediaWiki:Robots.txt – direct editing of robots.txt Wikipedia:Talk pages not indexed by Google (feature request) Wikipedia:Requests for comment/NOINDEX Wikipedia:Controlling search engine indexing ( WP:NOINDEX ) Robots.txt file – specifies search engines that are not allowed to crawl all or part of Wikipedia, as well as pages/namespaces that are not to be indexed by any search engine MediaWiki:Robots.txt – direct editing of robots.txt Wikipedia:Talk pages not indexed by Google (feature request) Wikipedia:Requests for comment/NOINDEX Tools: Wikipedia:Tools#Searching (may eventually merge into Help:Searching ) Wikipedia:User scripts#Searching Wikipedia:Tools#Searching (may eventually merge into Help:Searching ) Wikipedia:User scripts#Searching Social networking: Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a blog, Web hosting service, social networking service, or memorial site ( WP:NOT ) Wikipedia:User pages ( WP:USER ) Sharing pages: Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Share pages on Facebook, Twitter etc. - add "Like" buttons and "Share" widgets User:TheDJ/Sharebox - script that adds new buttons that make it easier to mail, print or share an article on Facebook or another linksharing service Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a blog, Web hosting service, social networking service, or memorial site ( WP:NOT ) Wikipedia:User pages ( WP:USER ) Sharing pages: Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Share pages on Facebook, Twitter etc. - add "Like" buttons and "Share" widgets User:TheDJ/Sharebox - script that adds new buttons that make it easier to mail, print or share an article on Facebook or another linksharing service Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Share pages on Facebook, Twitter etc. - add "Like" buttons and "Share" widgets User:TheDJ/Sharebox - script that adds new buttons that make it easier to mail, print or share an article on Facebook or another linksharing service Spelling: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names U.S. and Commonwealth differences: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters Wikipedia:List of spelling variants Wikipedia:Articles using British English titles Wikipedia:Articles using American English titles Wikipedia:Manual of Style/National varieties of English (failed proposal) Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Enforce American or British spelling Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names U.S. and Commonwealth differences: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters Wikipedia:List of spelling variants Wikipedia:Articles using British English titles Wikipedia:Articles using American English titles Wikipedia:Manual of Style/National varieties of English (failed proposal) Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Enforce American or British spelling Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters Wikipedia:List of spelling variants Wikipedia:Articles using British English titles Wikipedia:Articles using American English titles Wikipedia:Manual of Style/National varieties of English (failed proposal) Wikipedia:Perennial proposals#Enforce American or British spelling Spoiler: Wikipedia:Spoiler ( WP:SPOIL ) (guideline) T Table of contents: Help:Section – covers several aspects of TOCs Help:Section – covers several aspects of TOCs Tables: Help:Sorting Help:Sorting Translations: Wikipedia in different languages – overview: Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination Information about languages, and translation aids: mw:Extension:Live Translate m:List of Wikipedias Help:Multilingual support (guide to fonts) Moving information from other language Wikipedias to the English Wikipedia Wikipedia:Translation Wikipedia Bilingual – side-by-side display of an article in any two languages in which it is available (Firefox browser extension) Wikipedia in different languages – overview: Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination Information about languages, and translation aids: mw:Extension:Live Translate m:List of Wikipedias Help:Multilingual support (guide to fonts) mw:Extension:Live Translate m:List of Wikipedias Help:Multilingual support (guide to fonts) Moving information from other language Wikipedias to the English Wikipedia Wikipedia:Translation Wikipedia Bilingual – side-by-side display of an article in any two languages in which it is available (Firefox browser extension) Wikipedia:Translation Wikipedia Bilingual – side-by-side display of an article in any two languages in which it is available (Firefox browser extension) U User account and username (also called "useraccount", "login", and "user login") ( see also Logging in , Privacy , User pages ) Registered versus unregistered editing: Wikipedia:Why create an account? – benefits to a person who decides to register Wikipedia:The benefits of requiring account creation on Wikipedia (essay) – arguments against allowing IP editors Wikipedia:The benefits of not requiring account creation on Wikipedia (essay) – arguments in favor of IP editors Wikipedia:IPs are human too (essay) - arguments on not assuming IP editors do not make positive contributions Starting out: Wikipedia:Username policy ( WP:U ) Wikipedia:Tutorial/Registration Special:Userlogin – to request an account Wikipedia:Request an account – for those who wish to create an account but cannot read the CAPTCHA image that is part of the standard registration process as of February 2007 mw:Extension:SignupAPI mw:API:Account creation Help:Email confirmation Inappropriate usernames: Wikipedia:Usernames for administrator attention – blatantly inappropriate usernames Removing accounts without any edits: wmf:Privacy policy#User accounts and authorship Single signon ("single login", "single user login", "SUL"): Bug# 57 – request for this feature Signpost articles: August 2006 , August 2007 m:Help:Unified login and m:Single signon transition – moving to a single username (signon) across all Wikipedia domains mw:Extension:CentralAuth – "allows global/shared accounts between projects" Registered versus unregistered editing: Wikipedia:Why create an account? – benefits to a person who decides to register Wikipedia:The benefits of requiring account creation on Wikipedia (essay) – arguments against allowing IP editors Wikipedia:The benefits of not requiring account creation on Wikipedia (essay) – arguments in favor of IP editors Wikipedia:IPs are human too (essay) - arguments on not assuming IP editors do not make positive contributions Wikipedia:Why create an account? – benefits to a person who decides to register Wikipedia:The benefits of requiring account creation on Wikipedia (essay) – arguments against allowing IP editors Wikipedia:The benefits of not requiring account creation on Wikipedia (essay) – arguments in favor of IP editors Wikipedia:IPs are human too (essay) - arguments on not assuming IP editors do not make positive contributions Starting out: Wikipedia:Username policy ( WP:U ) Wikipedia:Tutorial/Registration Special:Userlogin – to request an account Wikipedia:Request an account – for those who wish to create an account but cannot read the CAPTCHA image that is part of the standard registration process as of February 2007 mw:Extension:SignupAPI mw:API:Account creation Help:Email confirmation Wikipedia:Username policy ( WP:U ) Wikipedia:Tutorial/Registration Special:Userlogin – to request an account Wikipedia:Request an account – for those who wish to create an account but cannot read the CAPTCHA image that is part of the standard registration process as of February 2007 mw:Extension:SignupAPI mw:API:Account creation Help:Email confirmation Inappropriate usernames: Wikipedia:Usernames for administrator attention – blatantly inappropriate usernames Wikipedia:Usernames for administrator attention – blatantly inappropriate usernames Removing accounts without any edits: wmf:Privacy policy#User accounts and authorship wmf:Privacy policy#User accounts and authorship Single signon ("single login", "single user login", "SUL"): Bug# 57 – request for this feature Signpost articles: August 2006 , August 2007 m:Help:Unified login and m:Single signon transition – moving to a single username (signon) across all Wikipedia domains mw:Extension:CentralAuth – "allows global/shared accounts between projects" Bug# 57 – request for this feature Signpost articles: August 2006 , August 2007 m:Help:Unified login and m:Single signon transition – moving to a single username (signon) across all Wikipedia domains mw:Extension:CentralAuth – "allows global/shared accounts between projects" User pages: ( see also User account and username ) Wikipedia:User pages ( WP:USER ) (guideline) Wikipedia:Subpages (guideline) Wikipedia:User pages ( WP:USER ) (guideline) Wikipedia:Subpages (guideline) User scripts Wikipedia:User scripts Wikipedia:User scripts V Vandalism Wikipedia:Vandalism ( WP:VAN ) (policy) Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism Tutorial: Reporting and dealing with vandals – Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-01-28/Tutorial Wikipedia:Vandalism ( WP:VAN ) (policy) Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism Tutorial: Reporting and dealing with vandals – Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-01-28/Tutorial Video: Wikitube - Videos are automatically added when viewing a Wikipedia article pages - Chrome extension Wikitube - Videos are automatically added when viewing a Wikipedia article pages - Chrome extension - Chrome extension W Wikipedia basic information: Wikipedia – what it is, history, hardware and software, funding, authorship and management, and much more Wikipedia:About What is Wikipedia? (pdf) – two page flyer Wikipedia:History of Wikipedian processes and people Wikipedia:Historic debates Wikipedia:Role of Jimmy Wales Wikipedia:Ten things you may not know about Wikipedia (essay) Late 2001 version of Wikipedia (nostalgia.wikipedia.org) Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is so great (essay) Wikipedia:Wikipediology/library/essays/Merovingian-1 (essay) – "The Fluid Encyclopedia" – 2001 to 2005 Wikipedia Fundraising Central Online Reporting Engine Category:Wikipedia history Wikipedia:General reading list Wikipedia:Instructional material Wikipedia:Learning the ropes Wikipedia – what it is, history, hardware and software, funding, authorship and management, and much more Wikipedia:About What is Wikipedia? 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the Dashboard . 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. FAQs (?) Reference desks (?) Noticeboards (?) Cheatsheet (?) Directories (?) Village pumps (?) Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. FAQs (?) Reference desks (?) Noticeboards (?) Cheatsheet (?) Directories (?) Village pumps (?) About Wikipedia (?) Administration Purpose Principles Policies and guidelines What Wikipedia is not Disclaimer ( parental advice ) Making requests Who writes Wikipedia? Administration Purpose Principles Purpose Principles Policies and guidelines What Wikipedia is not Disclaimer ( parental advice ) Making requests Who writes Wikipedia? Help for readers (?) FAQ Books Copyright Glossary Mobile access Navigation Other languages Searching Students Viewing media FAQ Books Copyright Glossary Mobile access Navigation Other languages Searching Students Viewing media Contributing to Wikipedia (?) Advice for young editors Avoiding common mistakes Etiquette Simplified Manual of Style Simplified rule-set "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" Style-tips Tip of the day Your first article ( article wizard ) Advice for young editors Avoiding common mistakes Etiquette Simplified Manual of Style Simplified rule-set "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" Style-tips Tip of the day Your first article ( article wizard ) Getting started (?) Why create an account? Introductions by topic Graphics tutorials Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial VisualEditor user guide Why create an account? Introductions by topic Graphics tutorials Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial VisualEditor user guide Dos and don'ts (?) Accessibility Biographies Biographies (living) Categorization Consensus Discussions Disambiguation Images Leads Links Lists References Tables Titles (of articles) Accessibility Biographies Biographies (living) Categorization Consensus Discussions Disambiguation Images Leads Links Lists References Tables Titles (of articles) How-to pages and information pages (?) Appealing blocks Article deletion Categories Citations/references Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Convert Diff Editing Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Find sources Files Footnotes Image deletion Infoboxes Linking ( link color ) Logging in Merging New page review Page name Renaming pages Redirect Passwords Email confirmation Reverting Simple vandalism cleanup Talk pages ( archiving simple archiving ) User contributions WP search protocol Appealing blocks Article deletion Categories Citations/references Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Convert Diff Editing Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Find sources Files Footnotes Image deletion Infoboxes Linking ( link color ) Logging in Merging New page review Page name Renaming pages Renaming pages Redirect Passwords Email confirmation Email confirmation Reverting Simple vandalism cleanup Simple vandalism cleanup Talk pages ( archiving simple archiving ) User contributions WP search protocol Coding (?) Wiki markup Barcharts Calculations Characters Columns Elevation Hidden text HTML Lists Magic words Music symbols Sections Sounds Tables Templates Transclusion URL Visual files Wiki markup Barcharts Calculations Characters Columns Elevation Hidden text HTML Lists Magic words Music symbols Sections Sounds Tables Templates Transclusion URL Visual files Directories (?) Abbreviations Contents (Encyclopedia proper) Departments Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Tasks Tips Tools Abbreviations Contents (Encyclopedia proper) Departments Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Tasks Tips Tools Missing Manual Ask for help on your talk page (?) v t e Wikipedia referencing v t e Policies and guidelines Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations General advice Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citing sources Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Inline citations Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Help for beginners Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Advanced help Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Footnote templates Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Find references How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources Citation tools (External links) Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot v t e Wikipedia technical help v t e Get personal technical help at the Teahouse , help desk , village pump (technical) , talk pages , or IRC . General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Editnotice Special characters Entering Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here Wikitext Wikitext Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours Wikitext Cheatsheet Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours Links and diffs Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs Media files: images, videos and sounds Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup Other graphics Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Templates and Lua modules Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling Data structure Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Template User User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Archiving Simple Simple Template User User page design User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special HTML and CSS Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Customisation and tools Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki Automated editing AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki igloo STiki See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Templates User scripts v t e Wikipedia templates v t e Main namespace General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation Other namespaces Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes User talk Wikipedia WikiProject banners Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes Userboxes User talk Wikipedia WikiProject banners WikiProject banners All namespaces Deletion Speedy Formatting Maintenance Merging Moving Requested Navigation Redirect pages Functional index Language codes Splitting Wikimedia sister projects Deletion Speedy Speedy Formatting Maintenance Merging Moving Requested Requested Navigation Redirect pages Functional index Language codes Functional index Language codes Splitting Wikimedia sister projects Navboxes with templates Archiving Articles for deletion Birth, death and age Button Category header Citation and verifiability Citation Style 1 Deletion review Editnotice Hatnotes Help desk Inline cleanup Introduction cleanup IPA Math Notice and warnings Organization infoboxes Proposed article mergers Protection Quotation Redirects Search Semantics Speedy deletion Notices String-handling Sup and sub-related Top icon Transwiki maintenance Unicode User talk pages User noticeboard notices Userboxes User rights Userspace linking Userspace disclaimers Wikibreak WikiLove Archiving Articles for deletion Birth, death and age Button Category header Citation and verifiability Citation Style 1 Deletion review Editnotice Hatnotes Help desk Inline cleanup Introduction cleanup IPA Math Notice and warnings Organization infoboxes Proposed article mergers Protection Quotation Redirects Search Semantics Speedy deletion Notices Notices String-handling Sup and sub-related Top icon Transwiki maintenance Unicode User talk pages User noticeboard notices Userboxes User rights User rights Userspace linking Userspace disclaimers Wikibreak WikiLove Inline images Wikipedia icons Discussion icons Comment icons Emoji Wikipedia icons Discussion icons Comment icons Emoji Help pages Template documentation Examples of templates Maintenance template removal Requested templates Template help Quick guide Favorite templates Template namespace Template documentation Examples of templates Maintenance template removal Requested templates Template help Quick guide Quick guide Favorite templates Template namespace Related topics WikiProject Templates Index Category WikiProject Templates Index Category Category Search Category Category v t e Awards, decorations, and medals of Wikipedia v t e Awarded by co-founder Jimmy Wales Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year also by country Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year also by country also by country Awards by WikiProject WikiCup Editor of the Week W Award Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact Precious WikiCup Editor of the Week W Award Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact Precious Barnstars and other personal awards Barnstar awards by topic Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country 2.0 Ribbons Barnstar awards by topic by topic Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country 2.0 2.0 Ribbons Awards by number of edits Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards See also WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign v t e Useful links v t e Daily pages CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) Things to do CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages Resources CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex Policies / Guidelines WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL Administrators CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog External links Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives Wikipedia basic information Wikipedia directories Wikipedia help This page was last edited on 30 November 2025, at 11:50 (UTC) . 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