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3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AC Alternating Current ADC Analogue-to-Digital ATT Attenuator BW Band Width BWA Broadband Wireless Access CON Connector DAA Detect and avoid DC Direct Current DEC Decision DUT Device under Test EC European Commission ECC European Communication...
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4 Overview
In this clause a short overview over the existing and known UWB signal formats will be given. Based on the presented signal format the main issues of the needed measurement techniques will be derived. A more detailed description of the presented signal formats can be found in the TR 103 181-1 [i.1]. The present documen...
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4.1 Impulse derived (carrier-less)
Impulse derived UWB technology consists of a series of impulses created from a dc voltage step whose risetime can be modified to provide the maximum useful number of spectral emission frequencies. This derived impulse can then be suitably modified by the use of filters to locate the resulting waveform within a specific...
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4.2 Frequency modulated/carrier-based
Under this category the following systems can be covered: • phase shift keying; • frequency hopping/stepping; • FMCW, can also be intermittent, i.e. pulsed or gated; • OFDM and similar (i.e. having multiple carriers/sub-carriers); • random pseudo-noise generation, dithering or intentional pre-programmed direct sequenci...
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5 General Consideration and test requirements
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5.1 Overview
In this clause all general considerations for the testing of UWB devices will be given. These considerations and requirements are related to the presentation of the products to be tested (see clause 5.2); the used test modulation (see clause 5.3) and the general test conditions (see clause 5.4). Details included in fol...
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5.2 Product information
The following product information shall be provided by the manufacturer: • relevant harmonized standard and environmental conditions of use/intended use; • the type of UWB technology implemented in the equipment (e.g. carrier-based, impulse, modified impulse, etc.); • the type of modulation schemes available (e.g. OFDM...
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5.3 Requirements for the test modulation
The test modulation used should be representative of normal use of the equipment and which results in the highest mean transmit power spectral density which would be available in normal operation. The highest mean transmit power spectral density is also-likely to be affected by frame/packet length, inter-packet gaps, n...
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5.4 Test conditions, power supply and ambient temperatures
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5.4.1 Test conditions
Testing shall be performed under normal test conditions. The test conditions and procedures shall be performed as specified in the following clauses.
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5.4.2 Power sources
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5.4.2.1 Power sources for stand-alone equipment
During testing, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by a test power source capable of producing normal test voltages as specified in clause 5.3.3.2. The internal impedance of the test power source shall be low enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of tests, the volt...
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5.4.2.2 Power sources for plug-in radio devices
The power source for testing plug-in radio devices shall be provided by test fixture or host equipment. Where the host equipment and/or the plug-in radio device is battery powered, the battery may be removed and the test power source applied as close to the battery terminals as practicable.
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5.4.3 Normal test conditions
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5.4.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity
The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature and humidity within the following ranges: • temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C; • relative humidity 20 % to 75 %. When it is impracticable to carry out the tests under these conditions, a note to this effect, stating ...
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5.4.3.2 Normal power source
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5.4.3.2.1 Mains voltage
The normal test voltage for equipment to be connected to the mains shall be the nominal mains voltage. For the purpose of the present document, the nominal voltage shall be the voltage(s) for which the equipment was designed. The frequency of the test power source corresponding to the AC mains shall be between 49 Hz an...
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5.4.3.2.2 Lead-acid battery power sources used on vehicles
When radio equipment is intended for operation from the usual, alternator fed lead-acid battery power source used on vehicles, then the normal test voltage shall be 1,1 times the nominal voltage of the battery (6 V, 12 V, etc.).
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5.4.3.2.3 Other power sources
For operation from other power sources or types of battery (primary or secondary), the nominal test voltage shall be as stated by the equipment manufacturer. This shall be recorded.
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5.5 Choice of equipment for test suites
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5.5.1 Choice of model
The tests shall be carried out on one or more production models or equivalent preliminary models, as appropriate. If testing is performed on (a) preliminary model(s), then the corresponding production models shall be identical to the tested models in all respects relevant for the purposes of the present document. If an...
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5.5.2 Presentation
Stand-alone equipment shall be tested complete with any ancillary equipment. Plug-in radio devices may be tested together with a suitable test fixture and/or typical host equipment (see clause 5.6).
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5.5.3 Multiple operating bandwidths
Where equipment has more than one operating bandwidth (e.g. 500 MHz and 1 300 Mhz), a minimum of two operating bandwidths shall be chosen such that the lower and higher limits of the operating range(s) of the equipment are covered (see clause 4.1.2.3). All operating bandwidths of the equipment shall be declared by the ...
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5.6.1 The use of a host or test fixture for testing plug-In radio devices
Where the radio part is a plug-in radio device which is intended to be used within a variety of combinations, a suitable test configuration consisting of either a test fixture or typical host equipment shall be used. This shall be representative for the range of combinations in which the radio device may be used. The t...
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5.7 Interpretation of the measurement results
The interpretation of the results for the measurements described in the present document shall be as follows: 1) the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether equipment meets the requirements of the present document; 2) the measurement uncertainty value for the measurement of eac...
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5.8 Other emissions
UWB transmitters emit very low power radio signals, comparable with the power of spurious emissions from digital and analogue circuitry. If it can be clearly demonstrated that an emission from the ultra-wideband radio device is not the ultra-wideband emission identified in clause 7.6 (e.g. by disabling the radio device...
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6 Test setups and procedures
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6.1 Introduction
In this clause the general setup of a test bed for the test of UWB equipment will be descripted. Two procedures of test will be considered here: • radiated measurements; and • conducted measurements. Both measurements need to be possible for UWB devices due to the very low emission levels to be evaluated. For equipment...
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6.2 Initial Measurement steps
In a first step the relevant frequency band for the measurement of the System under test has to be identified by using the manufacturer's declaration (see clause 5.2) and a coarse peak power measurement using a spectrum analyser. After the identification of the relevant band of the UWB system the further measurement st...
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6.3 Radiated measurements
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6.3.1 General
The test site, test antenna and substitution antenna used for radiated measurements shall be as described in clause 6.3.2. For guidance on use of radiation test sites, coupling of signals and standard test positions used for radiated measurements, see clauses 6.3.3 to 6.3.5. Detailed descriptions of radiated measuremen...
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6.3.2.1 Anechoic chamber
An anechoic chamber is the preferred test site to be used for radiated testing in accordance with the present document above 1 GHz. However, an anechoic chamber with ground plane as described in clause 5.6.2.2 may be used above 1 GHz providing that suitable anechoic material is placed on the chamber floor to suppress a...
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6.3.2.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane
An anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane shall be used for radiated testing in accordance with the present document below 1 GHz. ETSI ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08) 21 An anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane is an enclosure, usually shielded, whose internal walls and ceiling are covered with radi...
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6.3.2.3 Test antenna
A test antenna is always used in radiated test methods. In emission tests (i.e. effective radiated power, spurious emissions) the test antenna is used to detect the field from the EUT in one stage of the measurement and from the substitution antenna in the other stage. When the test site is used for the measurement of ...
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6.3.2.4 Substitution antenna
The substitution antenna is used to replace the EUT for tests in which a transmitting parameter (i.e. frequency error, effective radiated power, spurious emissions and adjacent channel power) is being measured. For measurements in the frequency band 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz, the substitution antenna should be a dipole anten...
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6.3.2.5 Measuring antenna
The measuring antenna is used in tests on a EUT in which a receiving parameter (i.e. sensitivity and various immunity tests) is being measured. Its purpose is to enable a measurement of the electric field strength in the vicinity of the EUT. For measurements in the frequency band 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz, the measuring ante...
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6.3.3 Guidance on the use of a radiation test site
This clause details procedures, test equipment arrangements and verification that should be carried out before any of the radiated tests are undertaken.
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6.3.3.1 Verification of the test site
No test should be carried out on a test site which does not possess a valid certificate of verification. The verification procedures for the different types of test sites described in annex A (i.e. anechoic chamber and anechoic chamber with a ground plane) are given in the relevant parts of TR 102 273 [i.6] or equivale...
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6.3.3.2 Preparation of the EUT
The manufacturer should supply information about the EUT covering the operating frequency, polarization, supply voltage(s) and the reference face. Additional information, specific to the type of EUT should include, where relevant, carrier power, channel separation, whether different operating modes are available (e.g. ...
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6.3.3.3 Power supplies to the EUT
All tests should be performed using power supplies wherever possible, including tests on EUT designed for battery-only use. In all cases, power leads should be connected to the EUT's supply terminals (and monitored with a digital voltmeter) but the battery should remain present, electrically isolated from the rest of t...
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6.3.3.4 Range length
The range length for all these types of test facility should be adequate to allow for testing in the far field of the EUT i.e. it should be equal to or exceed: ( ) λ 2 2 1 2 d d + Where: d1 is the largest dimension of the EUT/dipole after substitution (m); d2 is the largest dimension of the test antenna (m); λ is the t...
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6.3.3.5 Site preparation
The cables for both ends of the test site should be routed horizontally away from the testing area for a minimum of 2 m and then allowed to drop vertically and out through either the ground plane or screen (as appropriate) to the test equipment. Precautions should be taken to minimize pick up on these leads (e.g. dress...
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6.3.4 Coupling of signals
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6.3.4.1 General
The presence of leads in the radiated field may cause a disturbance of that field and lead to additional measurement uncertainty. These disturbances can be minimized by using suitable coupling methods, offering signal isolation and minimum field disturbance (e.g. optical and acoustic coupling).
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6.3.4.2 Data Signals
Isolation can be provided by the use of optical, ultrasonic or infrared means. Field disturbance can be minimized by using a suitable fibre optic connection. Ultrasonic or infrared radiated connections require suitable measures for the minimization of ambient noise.
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6.3.5 Standard test methods
Two methods of determining the radiated power of a radio device are described in clauses 6.3.5.1 and 6.3.5.2.
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6.3.5.1 Calibrated setup
The measurement receiver, test antenna and all associated equipment (e.g. cables, filters, amplifiers, etc.) shall have been recently calibrated against known standards at all the frequencies on which measurements of the equipment are to be made. A suggested calibration method is given in clause 6.3.6. On a test site a...
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6.3.5.2 Substitution method
On a test site, selected from clause 6.3.2, the equipment shall be placed at the specified height on a support, as specified in clause 6.3.2, and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the provider. The test antenna shall be oriented initially for vertical polarization and shall be chosen to correspond to...
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6.3.6 Standard calibration method
The calibration of the test fixture establishes the relationship between the detected output from the test fixture, and the transmitted power (as sampled at the position of the antenna) from the EUT in the test fixture. This can be achieved (at higher frequencies) by using a calibrated horn with a gain of equal to or l...
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6.4 Conducted measurements
In the case of UWB measurement the radiated measurement setup will lead to major issues with the sensitivity. Levels below -65dBm/MHz radiated power are not measurable in a reliable manner [i.5]. Thus conducted measurements are allowed when specific prerequisites are fulfilled. Conducted measurements may be applied to ...
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7 Test procedures for essential radio test suites
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7.1 General
This clause describes methods of measurement for the following transmitter and receiver parameters: • the operating bandwidth(s); • the maximum mean power spectral density (e.i.r.p.); • the maximum peak power (e.i.r.p.); • other Emissions (OE); and • the receiver spurious emissions; • power control; • detect and avoid ...
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7.2 Definitions
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7.2.1 Introduction
In this clause the needed definitions of the measured parameters of a UWB device are descripted.
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7.2.2 Operation bandwidth
The width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a percentage of 5 % of the total mean power of a given emission. For the purposes of the present document the measurements are made at the -13 dB points.
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7.2.3 Maximum mean power spectral density
The maximum mean power spectral density (specified as e.i.r.p.) of the radio device under test, at a particular frequency, is the average power per unit bandwidth (centred on that frequency) radiated in the direction of the maximum level under the specified conditions of measurement.
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7.2.4 Maximum peak power
The maximum peak power specified as e.i.r.p. contained within a 50 MHz bandwidth at the frequency at which the highest mean radiated power occurs, radiated in the direction of the maximum level under the specified conditions of measurement.
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7.2.5 Emissions
The emission levels of a UWB device are characterised by the maximum mean spectral power density and by the maximum peak power. The following emission definitions are equally valid for both values (maximum mean spectral density and maximum peak power). ETSI ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08) 31 The total measured emissio...
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7.2.6 Receiver spurious emissions
Receiver spurious emissions are emissions at any frequency when the equipment is in receive mode. Consequently, receiver spurious emission testing applies only when the equipment can work in a receive-only mode or is a receive only device.
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7.2.7 Power control
Transmit Power Control (TPC) is a mechanism to be used to ensure an interference mitigation on the aggregate power from a large number of radio devices. The TPC mechanism shall provide the full range from the highest to the lowest power level of the radio device.
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7.2.8 Detect and avoid
The detect and avoid mechanism is a active mitigation technique for the protection of sensitive potential victim systems in the vicinity of the UWB device based on a sensing approach including an active reduction of the interference potential if required.
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7.3 Method of measurements of the UE
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7.3.1 Introduction
In this clause the method of measurement for the UE will be given in a stepwise approach. ETSI ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08) 32
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7.3.2 Emission Measurements steps
First step: The Total Emissions (TE) including the UWB emission (UE) and Other Emissions (OE) shall be measured using the mean power spectral density, see clause 7.4.2 and peak power measurement procedure, see clause 7.4.3. The results shall be recorded. In the case that the TE measurement fulfils the limits given for ...
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7.4 Detailed measurement procedure
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7.4.1 Introduction
In this clause the detailed measurement procedures and settings for the measurements of the operating bandwidth, the mean power spectral density and the peak power will be presented. The measurement procedure for the mean power spectral density and the peak power are used for the methods of measurement given under clau...
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7.4.2 Operating bandwidth
Using the recorded results from the mean power spectral density measurements steps given in clause 7.3.2 the operating bandwidth of the equipment shall be evaluated. The andwidth procedure shall be as follows: • use the recorded results of the TE and OE to specify the UE over the complete frequency range given in th...
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7.4.3 Mean power spectral density measurements
See clause 5.4 for the test conditions. The maximum mean power spectral density shall be determined and recorded. Measurements shall be carried out over the frequency range from 30 MHz to 18 GHz. The following shall be applied to the combination(s) of the radio device and its intended antenna(s). In the case that the R...
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7.4.5 Receiver spurious emissions
See clause 5.4 for the test conditions. The level of spurious emissions radiated by cabinet and antenna shall be measured. The following method of measurement shall apply: • Above 1 GHz a full anechoic test site as described in clause 6.3.2.1 is preferred for measurement. The spurious emissions as defined in clause 7.4...
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7.4.6 Power control
TPC tests to assess the highest and lowest power spectral density level shall be measured using a radiated test procedure (see clause 7.4.3)
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7.4.7 Test procedures for detect and avoid mechanisms
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7.4.7.1 Introduction
In the present clause the test procedure for the DAA test is depicted. The UWB DAA radio device under test shall be verified under normal operational conditions. The DAA test is split into two main test conditions: • start-up test with and without victim test signal; and • in-operation test. The start-up test verifies ...
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7.4.7.2 Initial start-up test
The clauses below define the procedure to verify the Minimum Initial Channel Availability Check by ensuring that the UWB DAA radio device is capable of detecting victim system signals at the beginning and at the end of the Minimum Channel Availability Check Time. Furthermore, one initial test shall guarantee that the U...
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7.4.7.3 In-operation test
This series of tests evaluates the UWB radio device's response to the presence of different payload types which the victim service may carry. The relevant services are defined in the relevant harmonized standards. In the in-operation test set up the UWB pair will be actively exchanging data under the presents of a vict...
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7.4.7.3.1 In-operation test procedure
Summary: The procedure below verifies the victim signal detection and avoidance capability for the selected UWB operational frequency in normal UWB operation using an increasing victim test signal level. In this test the Detect and Avoid time and the corresponding avoidance operation will be verified. Pre-test Conditio...
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7.5 Limits
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7.5.1 Introduction
In this clause the limits for the measured parameter will be given. The limits are split in two main categories: • generic limits which are valid for all devices using UWB technologies; and • harmonized standard specific limits which are valid only for a specific UWB harmonized standard.
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7.5.2 Operation bandwith
The operating bandwidth shall be greater than 50 MHz (at-13 dB relative to the maximum spectral power density).
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7.5.3 Maximum mean power spectrum density
The limits are given in the relevant harmonized standard.
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7.5.4 Maximum peack power
The limits are given in the relevant harmonized standard.
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7.5.5 Other emissions
The equivalent isotropically radiated power of any of these unwanted emissions in the spurious domain shall not exceed the values given in table 2. Table 2: Other Emission limits (radiated) Frequency range Limit values for OE 47 MHz to 74 MHz -54 dBm/100 kHz 87,5 MHz to 118 MHz -54 dBm/100 kHz 174 MHz to 230 MHz -54 dB...
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7.5.6 Receiver spurious emissions
The narrowband spurious emissions of the receiver shall not exceed the values in the indicated bands. Table 3: Narrowband spurious emission limits for receivers Frequency range Limit 30 MHz to 1 GHz -57 dBm (e.r.p.) above 1 GHz to 40 GHz -47 dBm (e.i.r.p.) The above limit values apply to narrowband emissions, e.g. as c...
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7.5.7 Power control
The limits are given in the relevant harmonized standard.
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7.5.8 Detect and avoid
The limits, test patterns and test parameters are given in the relevant harmonized standard.
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7.6 Maximum allowable measurement uncertainty
In all cases the maximum allowable measurement uncertainty is given in Table 1. ETSI ETSI TS 102 883 V1.1.1 (2012-08) 45 Annex A (informative): Frequency domain measurements using spectrum analyser A.1 Spectrum analyser internal operation It is necessary to have a detailed knowledge of how both modern and older "classi...
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1 Scope
The present document provides the Test Suite Structure and Test Purposes (TSS & TP) for Decentralized Environmental Notification Basic Service (DEN) as defined in ETSI EN 302 637-3 [1] in compliance with the relevant requirements and in accordance with the relevant guidance given in ISO/IEC 9646-7 [i.5]. The ISO standa...
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2 References
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2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which a...
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2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks i...
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3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
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3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in ETSI EN 302 637-3 [1], ISO/IEC 9646-6 [i.4] and ISO/IEC 9646-7 [i.5] apply.
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3.2 Symbols
Void.
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3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ATS Abstract Test Suite BO Exceptional Behaviour tests BTP Basic Transport Protocol BTP-B Basic Transport Protocol type B BV valid test events for Behaviour tests CAN Controller Area Network CLT Current Local Time DE Data Element DEN Decentral...
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4 Test Suite Structure (TSS)
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4.1 Structure for DEN tests
Table 1 shows the DEN Test Suite Structure (TSS) including its subgroups defined for conformance testing. Table 1: TSS for DEN Root Group category DEN Message format Valid Event Generation Valid Event Update Valid and Inopportune Event Termination Valid, Inopportune and Timer Message Repetition Valid Lower-layer parame...
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4.2 Test groups
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4.2.1 Introduction
The test suite has a total of three levels. The first level is the root. The second level separates the root into various functional areas. The third level is the standard ISO conformance test categories.
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4.2.2 Root
The root identifies the Decentralized Environmental Notification Basic Service (DEN) given in ETSI EN 302 637-3 [1].
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4.2.3 Groups
This level contains height functional areas identified as: • Message format. • Event Generation. • Event Update. • Event Termination. • Message Repetition. • Lower-layer parameters. • Message reception. • Keep-alive Forwarding.
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4.2.4 Categories
This level contains the standard ISO conformance test categories behaviour: valid events and inopportune events and Timer. ETSI ETSI TS 102 869-2 V1.6.1 (2020-04) 8