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In a bad situation, how could a noble make more money? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders | advqa_9600 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did the King limit his power? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility | advqa_9601 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who would Jadwiga say is her father? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | King Louis | advqa_9602 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How does the King show his love for his child? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | approved the Privilege of Koszyce | advqa_9603 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which class did Louis collect only one tax from? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | the nobility | advqa_9604 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What effect did this have on the coffers? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders | advqa_9605 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did Louis make sure his child would get the throne? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | approved the Privilege of Koszyce | advqa_9606 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was done to secure the line of succession? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga | advqa_9607 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How would the king need to raise a new tax? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | the agreement of the nobility | advqa_9608 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What did the nobility give in return? | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga | advqa_9609 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who benefited most from the commonwealth? | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | the nobility's | advqa_9610 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
___ constrained thepower of the ruler. | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" | advqa_9611 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was done in the 16th century? | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" | advqa_9612 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The king's power was checked by what group? | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | the nobility | advqa_9613 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the intention of the Act? | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm | advqa_9614 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who had to approve the anything new by King Alexander? | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | any new law | advqa_9615 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Laws were then made by what? | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | the Sejm | advqa_9616 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
An old Slavic word for "gathering" inspired the name of __ | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | Sejm | advqa_9617 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the latin version of the Act? | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | Nihil novi nisi commune consensu | advqa_9618 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who wouldn't be able to pass anything without the Sejm? | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | king | advqa_9619 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was appealing about Lithuania? | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | multicultural and multilingual | advqa_9620 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why did Grand Duchy of Lithuania become a famous place for noble Ruthenian families to get intermarried? | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it | advqa_9621 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Was Halych Lithuanian or Ruthenian? | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | Lithuania | advqa_9622 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How many languages did Lithuanian speak? | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | multilingual | advqa_9623 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What happened to Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it? | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | multicultural and multilingual | advqa_9624 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did Ruthenia become influenced by Lithuania? | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | Halych and Volhynia became a part of it | advqa_9625 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How were the social norms of Lithuanian determined? | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | multicultural | advqa_9626 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What did the noble Ruthenians show to Lithuanians? | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | loyalty | advqa_9627 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Was Volhynia Ruthenian or Lithuanian? | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | Lithuanian | advqa_9628 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the prior occupation of the nobles? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | labor on the land and of other duties | advqa_9629 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How were the fighting forces reshaped? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | comprising professional warriors | advqa_9630 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What compensation did the nobles get? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | land that was worked by hired men | advqa_9631 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who changed the Army in the 14th century? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | Grand Duchy of Lithuania | advqa_9632 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did Vytautas improve the Grand Duchy's military? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | he created forces comprising professional warriors | advqa_9633 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How was the land kept fertile while the warriors were fighting? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | worked by hired men | advqa_9634 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the name of the Grand Duchy? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | Vytautas the Great | advqa_9635 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who are bajorai? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | professional warriors | advqa_9636 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Whose names were the new noble families' names related to? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | their ennobled ancestors | advqa_9637 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What were Radviolos and Astikai? | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | noble families | advqa_9638 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
In 1500, who was eligible to become a Polish-Lithuanian monarch? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | royal family | advqa_9639 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is NOT a dynasty: Henrican or Jagiellonian? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | Henrican | advqa_9640 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How would one determine what their rights were in this land? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | Polish constitution | advqa_9641 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who was elected later, Henry of Valois or Sigismund II Augustus? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | Sigismund II Augustus | advqa_9642 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How could someone prove a King was not doing as he said he would? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | the Pacta conventa | advqa_9643 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family until when? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | 1573 | advqa_9644 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who was the last king not freely elected? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | Sigismund II Augustus | advqa_9645 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When Augustus died, what was the only rule about the monarchy? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | royal blood | advqa_9646 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
After 1573, who could be elected as monarch? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood | advqa_9647 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What served as an inauguration ritual? | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | sign two documents | advqa_9648 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What kind of governance structure did Poland have? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | Kingdom | advqa_9649 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What suggests the number of nobles are not that high? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward | advqa_9650 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Many what happened? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | legal ennoblements | advqa_9651 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What suggests there was a large increase in ennoblements in a short amount of time? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century | advqa_9652 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What suggests it took 400 years for the first 800 ennoblements? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century) | advqa_9653 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What type of governance structure did Poland have? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | Kingdom | advqa_9654 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Poland had relations with what culture? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | Lithuanian | advqa_9655 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What might be a requirement for the legal ennoblements? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | were performed | advqa_9656 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The informative content is what in nature? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | heraldic | advqa_9657 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What classification did Poland's governance structure have? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | Kingdom | advqa_9658 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What suggests Poland had foreign lands? | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | advqa_9659 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What official received the right to elect that begins with the letter c? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | castellans | advqa_9660 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the last group mentioned? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | the szlachta | advqa_9661 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What gave the sejmiks their importance? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks | advqa_9662 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What letter does the king's name start with? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | Casimir | advqa_9663 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was being clarified of voivodship sejmiks? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | legal basis | advqa_9664 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What could the king promulgate? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse | advqa_9665 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why were the sejmiks important? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks | advqa_9666 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the first period in time mentioned? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | 1454 | advqa_9667 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the importance of the sejmiks? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks | advqa_9668 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what was the second to last group mentioned? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | castellans | advqa_9669 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What number was the king in birth order? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | IV | advqa_9670 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the last event mentioned? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | Thirteen Years' War | advqa_9671 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the third to last group mentioned? | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | voivods | advqa_9672 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What country did the Habsburg Monarchy rule over? | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | Poland | advqa_9673 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who did the Kingdom of Prussia rule over? | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | Poland | advqa_9674 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the name of one ruler that ruled over szlachta? | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | Habsburg | advqa_9675 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The Russains had authority over the? | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | szlachta | advqa_9676 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The szlachta were lorded over by? | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy | advqa_9677 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Until when did szlachta were sovereign? | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | 1795 | advqa_9678 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What could be implemented? | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | policies | advqa_9679 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which is one king that ruled over szlachta in the text? | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | Habsburg | advqa_9680 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The szlachta lost? | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | sovereignty | advqa_9681 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What might you find adolescent Jewish people enjoying? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | post-denominational Judaism | advqa_9682 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is being consumed in an unorthodox manner? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | Kabbalah | advqa_9683 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what occured to judaism? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | New developments | advqa_9684 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What might bring together white, black, and Indian teens? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | post-denominational Judaism | advqa_9685 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the last word in the passage? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | origin | advqa_9686 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what people are been talked about? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | Jews | advqa_9687 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What has become more popular among Asjkenazi jews? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | increased interest in Kabbalah | advqa_9688 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which have a small connection to Ashkenazi? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | Jewish Renewal movement and the Carlebach style minyan | advqa_9689 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what religion is been mentioned? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | Judaism | advqa_9690 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where would you see many young adolescents studying Judiasm? | New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, ... | North American cities | advqa_9691 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What Jews are not Sephardic or Mizrahi? | It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figure... | Ashkenazi Jews | advqa_9692 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is not a group of Jews: Sephardic, Ashkenazi or Holocaust? | It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figure... | Holocaust | advqa_9693 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the highest percentage that the population held historically? | It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figure... | 92 percent | advqa_9694 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the highest total number of Jews in the world at any time? | It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figure... | 16.7 million | advqa_9695 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What are today's statistical figures used to determine vis-a-vis population numbers? | It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figure... | contemporary demography | advqa_9696 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the lowest count estimate of the current Ashkenazi Jew population? | It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figure... | 10 million | advqa_9697 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where there more or less Ashkenazi Jews as a percentage of world Jewry after the Holocaust? | It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figure... | less | advqa_9698 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Were there more or less Jews in the world after the Holocaust? | It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figure... | less | advqa_9699 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
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