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56ddee7066d3e219004dae25 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), .... | What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"[First name] Cardinal [Surname]"
]
} | What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in [MASK]? | [
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0.04324828... | In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the... | In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu succ... | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and... | [First name] Cardinal [Surname] | 10,461 |
56ddee7066d3e219004dae26 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), .... | What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"Cardinal"
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} | What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope? | [
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0.057801287... | The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett... | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of J... | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of J... | Cardinal | 10,462 |
56ddee7066d3e219004dae27 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), .... | When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal? | {
"answer_start": [
630
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"text": [
"1378"
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} | When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal? | [
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56df090bc65bf219000b3ef1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), .... | When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope? | {
"answer_start": [
630
],
"text": [
"1378"
]
} | When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope? | [
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56ddf05366d3e219004dae2f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch. | Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"no"
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} | Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate? | [
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56df09693277331400b4d8f5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch. | Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what? | {
"answer_start": [
219
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"text": [
"the cardinalate"
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} | Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what? | [
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56ddf0d99a695914005b96f6 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees. | Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church? | {
"answer_start": [
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"Cardinal bishops"
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56ddf0d99a695914005b96f7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees. | What is a cardinal bishop? | {
"answer_start": [
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],
"text": [
"cardinals of the episcopal order"
]
} | What is a cardinal bishop? | [
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56df0a4e3277331400b4d901 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees. | Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"Cardinal bishops"
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} | Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called? | [
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56ddf1759a695914005b9706 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The ru... | In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"a Roman priest"
]
} | In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal? | [
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56ddf1759a695914005b9707 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The ru... | Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"To preserve apostolic succession"
]
} | Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop? | [
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56ddf1759a695914005b9708 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The ru... | What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? | {
"answer_start": [
385
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"text": [
"he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia."
]
} | What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? | [
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56df0afa3277331400b4d90d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The ru... | What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop? | {
"answer_start": [
385
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"text": [
"he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia."
]
} | What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop? | [
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56ddf1f266d3e219004dae43 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the s... | How many suburbicarian sees? | {
"answer_start": [
10
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"text": [
"seven"
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} | How many suburbicarian sees? | [
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0.0004849688848... | The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis. This is in contrast to some other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually, leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs. The money is divided into three parts: half is div... | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 abou... | The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014. This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union, following London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat, the statistical agency of the EU, places Paris (6.5 million people) second behind London (8 million) and ah... | seven | 10,474 |
56ddf1f266d3e219004dae45 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the s... | When were the two sees combined? | {
"answer_start": [
166
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"text": [
"1150 until 1914"
]
} | When were the [MASK] sees combined? | [
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56ddf1f266d3e219004dae46 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the s... | Who separated them? | {
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56df0b313277331400b4d911 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the s... | What are the seven sees? | {
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} | What are the [MASK] sees? | [
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56ddf25a9a695914005b9714 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator. | Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when? | {
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"1962"
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} | Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the [MASK] see since when? | [
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56ddf25a9a695914005b9716 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator. | Which see doesn't have its own bishop? | {
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"Ostia"
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56ddf25a9a695914005b9717 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator. | Who is in charge of Ostia? | {
"answer_start": [
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"Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator."
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} | Who is in charge of [MASK]? | [
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56df0baf3277331400b4d913 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator. | In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees? | {
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"1962"
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} | In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the [MASK] sees? | [
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56df0baf3277331400b4d914 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator. | What see is the one exception to this rule? | {
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186
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"Ostia"
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56df0baf3277331400b4d915 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator. | Who has power over the exception? | {
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202
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"the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome"
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} | Who has power over the exception? | [
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56def231c65bf219000b3e4c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Churc... | The entire group of cardinals is known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
352
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"College of Cardinals"
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} | The entire group of cardinals is known as what? | [
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0.162151351571... | Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, "George Bush doesn't care about black people." At this point, telethon producer Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker, who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds. Still, West's comment re... | The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the titu... | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation ... | College of Cardinals | 10,484 |
56def8cbc65bf219000b3e5f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to ... | Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church? | {
"answer_start": [
138
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"text": [
"the pope"
]
} | Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church? | [
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56def9503277331400b4d857 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of J... | What does the pope give to a new Cardinal? | {
"answer_start": [
86
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"text": [
"a gold ring"
]
} | What does the pope give to a new Cardinal? | [
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56def9503277331400b4d858 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of J... | Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"the pope"
]
} | Who decides on the design of the item given to new [MASK]? | [
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56defa09c65bf219000b3e6b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displa... | What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"a galero."
]
} | What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal? | [
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56defa09c65bf219000b3e6c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displa... | In what year did the practice of donning this item stop? | {
"answer_start": [
182
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"text": [
"1969"
]
} | In what year did the practice of donning this item stop? | [
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56defa09c65bf219000b3e6d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displa... | What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal? | {
"answer_start": [
232
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"text": [
"scarlet biretta"
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} | What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal? | [
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56defa45c65bf219000b3e71 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. | Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Eastern Catholic cardinals"
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56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is... | What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"willingness to die for his faith"
]
} | What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by [MASK]? | [
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56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7e | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is... | Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"rochet"
]
} | Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white? | [
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56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is... | The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church? | {
"answer_start": [
928
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"text": [
"the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture"
]
} | The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church? | [
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56defb6dc65bf219000b3e80 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is... | When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes? | {
"answer_start": [
489
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"text": [
"1460s"
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} | When did [MASK] stop wearing purple or blue capes? | [
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56defc6dc65bf219000b3e8f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the ca... | What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies? | {
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"the cardinalate expires"
]
} | What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies? | [
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56defd5e3277331400b4d86c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore. | Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"Pope Martin V"
]
} | Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore? | [
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56defedf3277331400b4d870 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he wa... | What was a "lay cardinal" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal? | {
"answer_start": [
230
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"text": [
"marry"
]
} | What was a "lay cardinal" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal? | [
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56defedf3277331400b4d871 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he wa... | In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law? | {
"answer_start": [
448
],
"text": [
"1917"
]
} | In what year did Pope [MASK] revise [MASK]? | [
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56defedf3277331400b4d872 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he wa... | What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals"
]
} | What did [MASK] state in regards to Cardinals? | [
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56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebb | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and... | A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what? | {
"answer_start": [
366
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"text": [
"perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination"
]
} | A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what? | [
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56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebc | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and... | Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year? | {
"answer_start": [
468
],
"text": [
"1962"
]
} | Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around [MASK] since what year? | [
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56df009f3277331400b4d887 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it... | In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"1917"
]
} | In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become [MASK] stop? | [
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56df009f3277331400b4d888 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it... | In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops? | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"1962"
]
} | In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops? | [
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56df00ebc65bf219000b3ec3 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dep... | In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal? | {
"answer_start": [
244
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"text": [
"collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals"
]
} | In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal? | [
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56df0174c65bf219000b3ec5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal ... | Who announces the election of a new pope? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"The cardinal protodeacon"
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} | Who announces the election of a new pope? | [
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56df0174c65bf219000b3ec6 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal ... | Where does this person announce the election of the new pope? | {
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"text": [
"from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State"
]
} | Where does this person announce the election of the new pope? | [
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56df0174c65bf219000b3ec7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal ... | Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned? | {
"answer_start": [
466
],
"text": [
"Pope John Paul I"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] pope who chose not to be crowned? | [
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56df0244c65bf219000b3ecc | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex). | What color is the hat? | {
"answer_start": [
260
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"text": [
"white"
]
} | What color is the hat? | [
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56df02b23277331400b4d8a7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation ... | How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005? | {
"answer_start": [
103
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"text": [
"30"
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} | How many cardinal deacons were there in [MASK]? | [
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56df02b23277331400b4d8a8 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation ... | How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests? | {
"answer_start": [
283
],
"text": [
"10 years"
]
} | How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests? | [
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56df03d9c65bf219000b3ecf | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 abou... | In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian? | {
"answer_start": [
316
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"text": [
"about half"
]
} | In [MASK], how many [MASK] were [MASK]? | [
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56df03d9c65bf219000b3ed0 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 abou... | In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian? | {
"answer_start": [
378
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"third"
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} | In [MASK], how many [MASK] were [MASK]? | [
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56df04563277331400b4d8b1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given t... | What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from? | {
"answer_start": [
44
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"text": [
"seven deacons in the Papal Household"
]
} | What is the name of [MASK] of the deaconries in which [MASK] come from? | [
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56df04ab3277331400b4d8b5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. | Which cardinals are ranked lowest? | {
"answer_start": [
4
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"text": [
"cardinal deacons"
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} | Which cardinals are ranked lowest? | [
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56df05323277331400b4d8c1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal prot... | Who can become the cardinal protopriest? | {
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} | Who can become the cardinal protopriest? | [
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56df05323277331400b4d8c2 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal prot... | Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time? | {
"answer_start": [
331
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"text": [
"Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil"
]
} | Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time? | [
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56df0c1a3277331400b4d91b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-s... | In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"the Pope"
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} | In [MASK], the elected Dean needs the approval of who? | [
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56df0c8fc65bf219000b3f04 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct resp... | Patriarch cardinals are not given what title? | {
"answer_start": [
433
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"text": [
"a suburbicarian see"
]
} | Patriarch cardinals are not given what title? | [
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0.0188849177211... | His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve... | In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of... | The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the titu... | a suburbicarian see | 10,519 |
56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0a | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"cardinal deacons"
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} | Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the [MASK] church? | [
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56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church? | {
"answer_start": [
145
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"text": [
"cardinal bishops"
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} | Who are the highest ranking cardinals in [MASK]? | [
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56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Which rank has the most cardinals? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Cardinal priests"
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56df0d723277331400b4d91d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in ... | What was the original definition of a cardinal priest? | {
"answer_start": [
276
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"text": [
"priests chosen by the pope"
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} | What was the original definition of a cardinal priest? | [
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56df0de63277331400b4d921 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrat... | Each cardinal priest has what? | {
"answer_start": [
121
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"text": [
"a titular church in Rome"
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} | Each cardinal priest has what? | [
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56df0e673277331400b4d925 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of... | In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals? | {
"answer_start": [
242
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"text": [
"1587"
]
} | In what year did Pope [MASK] put a cap on the number of cardinals in [MASK]? | [
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56df0e673277331400b4d926 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of... | What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V? | {
"answer_start": [
336
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"text": [
"70"
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} | What was the maximum number allowed per Pope [MASK]? | [
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56df0e673277331400b4d927 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of... | Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals? | {
"answer_start": [
561
],
"text": [
"Pope John XXIII"
]
} | Who removed the cap on cardinals in [MASK]? | [
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56ddee969a695914005b96d2 | Iranian_languages | The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (4... | What is another term meaning Iranian languages? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"Iranic languages"
]
} | What is another term meaning [MASK] languages? | [
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56ddee969a695914005b96d3 | Iranian_languages | The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (4... | What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"Indo-Iranian languages"
]
} | What are the [MASK] languages a subgroup of? | [
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56ddee969a695914005b96d4 | Iranian_languages | The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (4... | What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"Indo-European language family"
]
} | What are [MASK] languages a subset of? | [
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56ddee969a695914005b96d5 | Iranian_languages | The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (4... | When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur? | {
"answer_start": [
293
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"text": [
"400 BCE"
]
} | When did the change from [MASK] to [MASK] occur? | [
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56ddee969a695914005b96d6 | Iranian_languages | The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (4... | What is an example of a Sassanid language? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"Middle Persian"
]
} | What is an example of a [MASK] language? | [
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56ddeed19a695914005b96dd | Iranian_languages | As of 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi. | How many different Iranian languages exist? | {
"answer_start": [
121
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"text": [
"86"
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} | How many different [MASK] languages exist? | [
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56ddef1266d3e219004dae2b | Iranian_languages | The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya. | Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor? | {
"answer_start": [
78
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"text": [
"Proto-Iranian"
]
} | [MASK] languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor? | [
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0.083676837384... | In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in t... | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | Proto-Iranian | 10,534 |
56ddef1266d3e219004dae2c | Iranian_languages | The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya. | From what languages does the word Aryao come? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"Persian and Sanskrit"
]
} | From what languages does the word [MASK] come? | [
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0.2177875787019... | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millenni... | Persian and Sanskrit | 10,535 |
56ddef9d9a695914005b96ea | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, ha... | When was the phrase Iranian language family first used? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"1836"
]
} | When was the phrase [MASK] language family first used? | [
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56ddef9d9a695914005b96eb | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, ha... | Who first used the term Iranian language? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Christian Lassen"
]
} | Who first used the term [MASK] language? | [
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56ddef9d9a695914005b96ed | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, ha... | Who first used the term Irano-Aryan? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"Robert Needham Cust"
]
} | Who first used the term [MASK]- Aryan? | [
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56ddef9d9a695914005b96ee | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, ha... | When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used? | {
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"1878"
]
} | When was the phrase [MASK]- [MASK] first used? | [
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56ddf08d66d3e219004dae31 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the su... | From where did Iranian languages originate? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"Proto-Iranian"
]
} | From where did [MASK] languages originate? | [
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56ddf08d66d3e219004dae33 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the su... | What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"Central Asia"
]
} | What part of the world is it theorized that [MASK] [MASK] languages came from? | [
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0.141404300928115... | Arsenal was the first club from the south of England to join The Football League, in 1893. They entered the First Division in 1904, and have since accumulated the second most points. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships a... | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pi... | Central Asia | 10,541 |
56ddf08d66d3e219004dae34 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the su... | What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"Andronovo"
]
} | What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking [MASK] [MASK] [MASK]? | [
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56ddf08d66d3e219004dae35 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the su... | When did the Andronovo culture exist? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"2000 BC"
]
} | When did the [MASK] culture exist? | [
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56ddf11b66d3e219004dae3c | Iranian_languages | It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more p... | What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"Indo-European"
]
} | What language family did [MASK] and [MASK] belong to? | [
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-0.0198598448... | RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK. | The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became ... | In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexan... | Indo-European | 10,544 |
56ddf33166d3e219004dae56 | Iranian_languages | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | Where did early Iranian people establish societies? | {
"answer_start": [
247
],
"text": [
"southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia"
]
} | Where did early [MASK] people establish societies? | [
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56ddf3bb9a695914005b9720 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"linguistic diversity"
]
} | What characteristic of [MASK] civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers? | [
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56ddf3bb9a695914005b9721 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time? | {
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} | How many of the [MASK] [MASK] tongues have remained in existence since ancient time? | [
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56ddf42566d3e219004dae60 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ... | In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"the Behistun inscription"
]
} | In which historical record does Old [MASK] appear in exemplary form? | [
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56ddf42566d3e219004dae61 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ... | When was the Behistun inscription written? | {
"answer_start": [
273
],
"text": [
"520 BC"
]
} | When was the [MASK] inscription written? | [
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-0.044124584645... | After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe'... | Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. H... | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the su... | 520 BC | 10,549 |
56ddf42566d3e219004dae62 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ... | During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway? | {
"answer_start": [
583
],
"text": [
"4th century BC"
]
} | During what century was the change from Old to [MASK] well underway? | [
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0.41334378719... | Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN
2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)
2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)
1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)
1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines) | Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. H... | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, ha... | 4th century BC | 10,550 |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b526 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the A... | What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"Avestan"
]
} | What ancient religious document exists in [MASK] versions and includes [MASK] language? | [
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56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b527 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the A... | What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"Zoroastrianism"
]
} | What is the contemporary name of the religion which [MASK] was part of? | [
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56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b529 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the A... | What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan? | {
"answer_start": [
707
],
"text": [
"Rigvedic Sanskrit"
]
} | What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old [MASK]? | [
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-0.167714774608... | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de C... | The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standar... | Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. H... | Rigvedic Sanskrit | 10,553 |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b52a | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the A... | What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan? | {
"answer_start": [
802
],
"text": [
"Old Persian"
]
} | What language shows the same level of development as Younger [MASK]? | [
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-0.254111230... | The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfga... | The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standar... | As of 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi. | Old Persian | 10,554 |
56ddf6ac4396321400ee2513 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca... | What language is Carduchi thought to have become? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"Kurdish"
]
} | What language is [MASK] thought to have become? | [
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0.23043251037597656... | Critics noted in 2013 that Tom Wheeler, the head of the FCC, which has to approve the deal, is the former head of both the largest cable lobbying organization, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA – The Wireless Association. According to Politico, Comcast "donated to ... | Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a "Sanskritised register" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama... | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | Kurdish | 10,555 |
56ddf6ac4396321400ee2515 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca... | What language did Herodotus invent a name for? | {
"answer_start": [
874
],
"text": [
"Scythian"
]
} | What language did [MASK] invent a name for? | [
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-0.013725844... | Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be sh... | Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a "Sanskritised register" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama... | There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of Pylos. U... | Scythian | 10,556 |
56ddf70a4396321400ee251b | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn... | What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"western and eastern"
]
} | What are the [MASK] main divisions of [MASK] tongues? | [
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-0.00035531318280845... | During the 1950s the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo di Stéfano, who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the E... | Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the languag... | Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. H... | western and eastern | 10,557 |
56ddf70a4396321400ee251c | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn... | Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"Old Persian"
]
} | Which language is associated with the western branch of [MASK]? | [
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-0.017726907506... | The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentio... | Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the languag... | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest... | Old Persian | 10,558 |
56ddf70a4396321400ee251d | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn... | Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"Avestan"
]
} | Which language is associated with the eastern branch of [MASK]? | [
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56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b556 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"*ć and *dź"
]
} | What elements of [MASK] [MASK] - [MASK] did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants? | [
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