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56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b557 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What type of letters are *ć and *dź? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"first-series palatal consonants"
]
} | What type of letters are *ć and *dź? | [
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0.5617893338203... | The church also holds that they "are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother, for whom devastating damage may result from an unacceptable pregnancy. In continuity with past Christian teaching, we recognize tragic conflicts of life with life that may justify abortion, and in such... | The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (4... | The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian lang... | first-series palatal consonants | 10,561 |
56ddfe654396321400ee2532 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What languages share a similar situation? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"Nuristani languages"
]
} | What languages share a similar situation? | [
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-0.113320834934... | By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t... | There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment. | Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/. | Nuristani languages | 10,562 |
56ddfe654396321400ee2533 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"*ćw and *dźw"
]
} | What other elements of early [MASK] languages problematize the east- west division? | [
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0.05941819772... | There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is "variety"; "lect" is another. A more general term is "languoid", which does not distinguish between dial... | There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment. | Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication. | *ćw and *dźw | 10,563 |
56ddfe654396321400ee2534 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"consonant clusters"
]
} | What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw? | [
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0.41827207803726196... | As of 2010 the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The United Church of Christ had 55,000 members and 213 churc... | There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment. | The Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – němci, meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Sla... | consonant clusters | 10,564 |
56de03a44396321400ee2547 | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest... | What may have also been in use at the time? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"other distinct dialect groups"
]
} | What may have also been in use at the time? | [
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0.018131695... | Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and la... | The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovatio... | The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian... | other distinct dialect groups | 10,565 |
56de03a44396321400ee2548 | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest... | Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed? | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian"
]
} | Precursors of what subset of [MASK] are theorized to have existed? | [
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0.40214848... | In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting s... | The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovatio... | South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, intruding westwards i... | Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian | 10,566 |
56de03a44396321400ee2549 | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest... | What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed? | {
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"Old Parthian"
]
} | What possible predecessor of [MASK] is thought to have existed? | [
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0.35048338770... | The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use o... | The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovatio... | The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standar... | Old Parthian | 10,567 |
56de03d64396321400ee254d | Iranian_languages | What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"9th century"
]
} | When did the age of [MASK] come to a close? | [
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0.13164366781711... | The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter... | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian... | 9th century | 10,568 |
56de03d64396321400ee254e | Iranian_languages | What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"Western and Eastern"
]
} | What are the [MASK] main divisions of [MASK]? | [
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0.3188582658767... | Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. Th... | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros ... | Western and Eastern | 10,569 |
56de05334396321400ee2552 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar... | Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"Eastern"
]
} | [MASK], [MASK], and [MASK] are examples of what type of [MASK] language? | [
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-0.127263560891151... | The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. | The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian lang... | Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family. It is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus'. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn, the other three languages in the East Slavic group. In many places in eastern and southern U... | Eastern | 10,570 |
56de05334396321400ee2553 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar... | Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages? | {
"answer_start": [
425
],
"text": [
"Avestan"
]
} | Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern [MASK] languages? | [
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56de05334396321400ee2554 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar... | Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from? | {
"answer_start": [
465
],
"text": [
"Aramaic"
]
} | Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from? | [
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56de05334396321400ee2555 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar... | What did the Bactrian language use for writing? | {
"answer_start": [
610
],
"text": [
"Greek script"
]
} | What did the [MASK] language use for writing? | [
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56de058f4396321400ee255b | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | What is another term for Middle Persian? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"Pahlavi"
]
} | What is another term for [MASK]? | [
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0.05475772544... | The climate is hot and humid, with a wet season from May to November. Many Pacific typhoons begin as tropical storms in the Marshall Islands region, and grow stronger as they move west toward the Mariana Islands and the Philippines. | The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of A... | In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD, largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the official language, while Persian remained the language of both ordinary people and of literature. Iran became... | Pahlavi | 10,574 |
56de058f4396321400ee255c | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | When did Middle Persian start being u sed? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"3rd century CE"
]
} | When did [MASK] start being u sed? | [
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0.1732243299... | Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. In... | The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of A... | The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya. | 3rd century CE | 10,575 |
56de058f4396321400ee255d | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian"
]
} | What are [MASK] languages employed by the [MASK]? | [
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56de058f4396321400ee255e | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to? | {
"answer_start": [
483
],
"text": [
"Syriac script"
]
} | What was the writing of [MASK] documents similar to? | [
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0.011780298... | A variety of games for the FDS were released by Nintendo (including some like Super Mario Bros. which had already been released on cartridge) and third party companies such as Konami and Taito. A few unlicensed titles were made as well. However, its limitations became quickly apparent as larger ROM chips were introduce... | The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of A... | From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini (fourth century BCE) the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to it... | Syriac script | 10,577 |
56de0abc4396321400ee2563 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro... | The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Islam"
]
} | The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of [MASK] languages? | [
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56de0abc4396321400ee2564 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro... | What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"Dari"
]
} | What language displaced [MASK] as the court 's official tongue? | [
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56de0abc4396321400ee2565 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro... | What was the first dynasty to use Dari? | {
"answer_start": [
465
],
"text": [
"Saffarid"
]
} | What was the [MASK] dynasty to use [MASK]? | [
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56de0abc4396321400ee2566 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro... | When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari? | {
"answer_start": [
578
],
"text": [
"875 CE"
]
} | When did the [MASK] dynasty begin using [MASK]? | [
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56de0abc4396321400ee2567 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro... | What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers? | {
"answer_start": [
963
],
"text": [
"Khorasan"
]
} | What area was the name [MASK] connected to by medieval [MASK] thinkers? | [
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56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b570 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"Arabic script"
]
} | What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of [MASK]? | [
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0.088940389... | The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold ... | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which presc... | Arabic script | 10,583 |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b571 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off? | {
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"second half of the 8th century"
]
} | When did usage of [MASK] script fall off? | [
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56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b572 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"Tajik script"
]
} | What script was converted to [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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0.0392743125... | Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing Southern Rhodesia, were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight-year Mau Mau Uprising. In Rhodesia, the 1965 Unilateral D... | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger ... | Tajik script | 10,585 |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b573 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic? | {
"answer_start": [
563
],
"text": [
"the 1930s"
]
} | When was [MASK] script converted to [MASK]? | [
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56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b574 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic? | {
"answer_start": [
576
],
"text": [
"the Soviet government"
]
} | Who catalyzed the conversion of [MASK] script into [MASK]? | [
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0.216573312... | OPEC soon lost its preeminent position, and in 1981, its production was surpassed by that of other countries. Additionally, its own member nations were divided. Saudi Arabia, trying to recover market share, increased production, pushing prices down, shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers. The world pr... | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden A... | the Soviet government | 10,587 |
56de110e4396321400ee259f | Iranian_languages | The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par... | What is another term for Western Iran? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"Khuzestan"
]
} | What is another term for Western [MASK]? | [
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0.024227736517... | The great angiosperm radiation, when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record, occurred in the mid-Cretaceous (approximately 100 million years ago). However, a study in 2007 estimated that the division of the five most recent (the genus Ceratophyllum, the family Chloranthaceae, the eudicots, the ma... | As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the nor... | In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexan... | Khuzestan | 10,588 |
56de110e4396321400ee25a0 | Iranian_languages | The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par... | What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"Sogdian and Bactrian"
]
} | What are [MASK] languages that were forced out by the spread of [MASK]? | [
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56de110e4396321400ee25a1 | Iranian_languages | The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par... | By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people? | {
"answer_start": [
731
],
"text": [
"6th century AD"
]
} | By what century had the area inhabited by [MASK] been absorbed by [MASK] people? | [
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56de110e4396321400ee25a2 | Iranian_languages | The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par... | Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found? | {
"answer_start": [
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56de110e4396321400ee25a3 | Iranian_languages | The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par... | Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language? | {
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967
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56de0fef4396321400ee2583 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | What is used a main source of light for a building during the day? | {
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56de0fef4396321400ee2584 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological? | {
"answer_start": [
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56de0fef4396321400ee2585 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what? | {
"answer_start": [
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56de0fef4396321400ee2586 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"artificial light sources"
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} | Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what? | [
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56de0fef4396321400ee2587 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as? | {
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56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b2 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day? | {
"answer_start": [
245
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"Daylighting"
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56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b3 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what? | {
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56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b4 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically? | {
"answer_start": [
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56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b5 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with? | [
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56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b6 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | What is the used to achieve a practical effect? | {
"answer_start": [
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56de10f64396321400ee2599 | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
46
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"text": [
"light fixtures"
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} | What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting? | [
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56de10f64396321400ee259a | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What is considered a key part of interior design? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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} | What is considered a key part of interior design? | [
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56de10f64396321400ee259b | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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} | What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping? | [
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56df50f88bc80c19004e4a65 | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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0.057585716247558... | The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings. Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's descendant... | Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used for this purpose, and this is likely to remain one of their major uses until the price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination uses more widespread. Barcode scanners a... | It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and... | light fixtures | 10,606 |
56df50f88bc80c19004e4a67 | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects? | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"lighting"
]
} | What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects? | [
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56df12603277331400b4d941 | Lighting | Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting. | When was fluorescent lighting first available? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"1939"
]
} | When was fluorescent lighting [MASK] available? | [
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56df1264c65bf219000b3f27 | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. The... | What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Recessed lighting"
]
} | What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush? | [
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56df50fc96943c1400a5d38b | Lighting | With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring material... | Peking man kindled fire as early as? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"400,000 BCE"
]
} | [MASK] man kindled fire as early as? | [
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56df50fc96943c1400a5d38d | Lighting | With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring material... | Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick? | {
"answer_start": [
619
],
"text": [
"birds and fish"
]
} | Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick? | [
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56df50fc96943c1400a5d38e | Lighting | With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring material... | What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"campfires or torches"
]
} | What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting? | [
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56df50fc96943c1400a5d38f | Lighting | With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring material... | The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far? | {
"answer_start": [
587
],
"text": [
"15,000 years"
]
} | The hollow worked stones lamps found in [MASK] caves date back how far? | [
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56df51008bc80c19004e4a6c | Lighting | Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity ... | What type of lighting was powered by electricity? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"incandescent light"
]
} | What type of lighting was powered by electricity? | [
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2 emission. Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds (89 kg) of CO
2 emission per year. The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds (14 kg) of CO
2 ove... | During 1889, Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies: Edison Lamp Company, a lamp manufacturer in East Newark, New Jersey; Edison Machine Works, a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady, New York; Bergmann & Company, a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtur... | incandescent light | 10,614 |
56df51008bc80c19004e4a6d | Lighting | Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity ... | When did gas powered street lights became economically available. | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"early 1800s"
]
} | When did gas powered street lights became economically available. | [
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2 emission. Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds (89 kg) of CO
2 emission per year. The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds (14 kg) of CO
2 ove... | Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospital... | early 1800s | 10,615 |
56df510196943c1400a5d395 | Lighting | Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime. | Street lights help reduce? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"urban crime."
]
} | Street lights help reduce? | [
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56df51038bc80c19004e4a72 | Lighting | Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it... | What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Lighting fixtures"
]
} | What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions? | [
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56df51038bc80c19004e4a73 | Lighting | Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it... | Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid? | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"visual glare"
]
} | Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid? | [
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56df510696943c1400a5d39c | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed fro... | Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"lumen per watt"
]
} | Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit? | [
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56df510996943c1400a5d3a3 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | How many Kelvins is daylight measured at? | {
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"6400"
]
} | How many [MASK] is daylight measured at? | [
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56df510996943c1400a5d3a4 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin? | {
"answer_start": [
273
],
"text": [
"incandescent bulb"
]
} | What has a color temperature around [MASK]? | [
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56df510996943c1400a5d3a5 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum? | {
"answer_start": [
550
],
"text": [
"blue-white"
]
} | It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum? | [
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0.01747788861... | Other theaters include Lyric Theatre, Jewel Box Theatre, Kirkpatrick Auditorium, the Poteet Theatre, the Oklahoma City Community College Bruce Owen Theater and the 488-seat Petree Recital Hall, at the Oklahoma City University campus. The university also opened the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium in April 20... | So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the... | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | blue-white | 10,622 |
56df510996943c1400a5d3a6 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be? | {
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"Lower color temperature"
]
} | A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be? | [
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56df513396943c1400a5d3ab | Lighting | Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. | A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"light produced by the fixture."
]
} | A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification? | [
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56df53138bc80c19004e4a91 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecesso... | Who invented track lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Lightolier"
]
} | Who invented track lighting? | [
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56df53138bc80c19004e4a92 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecesso... | What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer. | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"master transformer"
]
} | What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer. | [
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56df53138bc80c19004e4a93 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecesso... | What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables? | {
"answer_start": [
739
],
"text": [
"cable lighting"
]
} | What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables? | [
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56df53138bc80c19004e4a94 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecesso... | How many volts does a track lighting system usually use? | {
"answer_start": [
534
],
"text": [
"12 or 24 volts"
]
} | How many volts does a track lighting system usually use? | [
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56df53a58bc80c19004e4a9b | Lighting | A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce. | What is a uplight used for ambient lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"torchiere"
]
} | What is a uplight used for ambient lighting? | [
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56df54788bc80c19004e4ab1 | Lighting | The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting. | What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"table lamp"
]
} | What is [MASK] type of fixture commonly found in offices? | [
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0.2479249089956... | More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengal... | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | table lamp | 10,630 |
56df54788bc80c19004e4ab3 | Lighting | The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting. | Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"task lighting"
]
} | Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? | [
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56df55848bc80c19004e4ac3 | Lighting | The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actuall... | When would neon lighting be considered general lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"dark nightclub"
]
} | When would neon lighting be considered general lighting? | [
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56df55848bc80c19004e4ac4 | Lighting | The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actuall... | What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"illuminated ceiling"
]
} | What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights? | [
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56df55848bc80c19004e4ac5 | Lighting | The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actuall... | Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"accent lighting"
]
} | Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting? | [
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56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5b | Lighting | In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions... | What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"small lights"
]
} | What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings? | [
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56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5c | Lighting | In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions... | What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"LED based versions"
]
} | What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters? | [
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... | The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear, although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups. Among the rest, the relationship between the... | Many sensor systems rely on light as the signal source. LEDs are often ideal as a light source due to the requirements of the sensors. LEDs are used as motion sensors, for example in optical computer mice. The Nintendo Wii's sensor bar uses infrared LEDs. Pulse oximeters use them for measuring oxygen saturation. Some f... | The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where infrared LEDs are often used. Opto-isolators use an LED combined with a photodiode or phototransistor to pr... | LED based versions | 10,636 |
56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5d | Lighting | In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions... | What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in? | {
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"translucent tube"
]
} | What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in? | [
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0.283967... | The "Rheinische" Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia or Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rhineland Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfalz, but also in Hessen [including Oberhessen], Bavaria and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. K... | Many sensor systems rely on light as the signal source. LEDs are often ideal as a light source due to the requirements of the sensors. LEDs are used as motion sensors, for example in optical computer mice. The Nintendo Wii's sensor bar uses infrared LEDs. Pulse oximeters use them for measuring oxygen saturation. Some f... | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | translucent tube | 10,637 |
56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b6f | Lighting | Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. | What is used to light walkways at night? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Street Lights"
]
} | What is used to light walkways at [MASK]? | [
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56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b70 | Lighting | Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. | What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"photovoltaic luminaires"
]
} | What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency? | [
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56df807956340a1900b29c64 | Lighting | Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. | What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Floodlights"
]
} | What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at [MASK]? | [
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56df80fe56340a1900b29c77 | Lighting | Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. | Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"security lighting"
]
} | Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called? | [
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56df819456340a1900b29c88 | Lighting | Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. | What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Entry lights"
]
} | What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property? | [
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56df82b856340a1900b29ca2 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | What color are tail lights? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"red"
]
} | What color are tail lights? | [
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56df82b856340a1900b29ca3 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | What color are headlamps on a vehicle? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"white or selective yellow"
]
} | What color are headlamps on a vehicle? | [
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56df82b856340a1900b29ca4 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges? | {
"answer_start": [
775
],
"text": [
"late 1950s"
]
} | When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges? | [
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56df82b856340a1900b29ca5 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | What color are reversing indicator lamps? | {
"answer_start": [
454
],
"text": [
"White"
]
} | What color are reversing indicator lamps? | [
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0.1386515498... | On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as "the Turcophile Pope," by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving t... | Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used for this purpose, and this is likely to remain one of their major uses until the price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination uses more widespread. Barcode scanners a... | Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime. | White | 10,646 |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca6 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | What indicates that a driver is intending to change position? | {
"answer_start": [
657
],
"text": [
"turn signals"
]
} | What indicates that a driver is intending to change position? | [
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56df844f56340a1900b29cc8 | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology ... | What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"light bulbs"
]
} | What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture? | [
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0.2903831303... | Universal's forays into high-quality production spelled the end of the Laemmle era at the studio. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to ... | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce. | light bulbs | 10,648 |
56df844f56340a1900b29cc9 | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology ... | What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"electrical energy"
]
} | What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation? | [
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56df844f56340a1900b29cca | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology ... | Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb. | {
"answer_start": [
870
],
"text": [
"60 w"
]
} | Huge much light does a [MASK] compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb. | [
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0.230662792921... | The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying the only countries assisting the U.S. during the invasion we... | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed fro... | 60 w | 10,650 |
56df844f56340a1900b29ccc | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology ... | How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce? | {
"answer_start": [
975
],
"text": [
"800 lumens"
]
} | How many lemuns does a [MASK] fluorescent lamp produce? | [
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56df865956340a1900b29cea | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | What is designing as it applies to built environments? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"architectural lighting design"
]
} | What is designing as it applies to built environments? | [
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56df865956340a1900b29ceb | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"kno"
]
} | Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design? | [
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56df865956340a1900b29cec | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"Radiance"
]
} | What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment? | [
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56df865956340a1900b29ced | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data? | {
"answer_start": [
458
],
"text": [
"tabular"
]
} | Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data? | [
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56df865956340a1900b29cee | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space. | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"Daylight factor calculation."
]
} | What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space. | [
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56df879856340a1900b29d0a | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting d... | What type of paint tends to absorb light? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"dark paint"
]
} | What type of paint tends to absorb light? | [
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0.0341869443655014... | After they each performed, both were deemed equal until Apollo decreed they play and sing at the same time. As Apollo played the lyre, this was easy to do. Marsyas could not do this, as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time. Apollo was declared the winner because of this. Apollo flayed M... | The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where infrared LEDs are often used. Opto-isolators use an LED combined with a photodiode or phototransistor to pr... | The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extrem... | dark paint | 10,657 |
56df879856340a1900b29d0c | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting d... | What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"light paint"
]
} | What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter? | [
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56df89dc38dc421700152022 | Lighting | Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layouts" or "point by points") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light inten... | What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Photometric studies"
]
} | What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs? | [
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56df8f054a1a83140091eb43 | Lighting | Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage li... | What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator? | {
"answer_start": [
595
],
"text": [
"lighting cues"
]
} | What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator? | [
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-0.20997603237628937,... | North Carolina's party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years: While the 2010 midterms saw Tar Heel voters elect a bicameral Republican majority legislature for the first time in over a century, North Carolina has also become a Southern swing state in presidential races. Since South... | Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospital... | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed fro... | lighting cues | 10,660 |
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