id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 1 25.7k | query_embedding list | random_answer stringlengths 151 4.06k | similar_answer stringlengths 152 4.06k | similar_answer_v2 stringlengths 151 4.06k ⌀ | answer stringlengths 1 239 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 98.2k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
56df8fcb38dc421700152055 | Lighting | Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources ... | Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"stage lighting"
]
} | Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting? | [
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-0.26234295964... | Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters, even including iPhone applications. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultura... | In the US, residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free, over the air programming with a television set with an ATSC tuner (most sets sold since 2009 have this). This is achieved with a TV aerial, just as it has been since the 1940s except now the major network signals are br... | By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was again changing. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television saw the reduced audience size for cinema productions. The Music Corporation of America (MCA), then predominately a talent agency, had also become a powerful television produ... | stage lighting | 10,661 |
56df912338dc421700152064 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum,... | What is the basic SI unit of measurement? | {
"answer_start": [
486
],
"text": [
"candela (cd)"
]
} | What is the basic SI unit of measurement? | [
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0.18223468... | Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus, a large kingdom in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from 120 to 63 BC. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom, and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring. In 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the killing of... | In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, ener... | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | candela (cd) | 10,662 |
56df912338dc421700152066 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum,... | What is the SI unit for lumiance? | {
"answer_start": [
877
],
"text": [
"cd/m2"
]
} | What is the SI unit for lumiance? | [
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0.392103731632... | While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, the rapper's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration's release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broad... | In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, ener... | The legal process to change the definition of the kilogram is already underway, but it had been decided that no final decision would be made before the next meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011. (For more detailed information, see kilogram definitions.) The Planck constant is a leading cont... | cd/m2 | 10,663 |
56df912338dc421700152067 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum,... | What is the CGS unit of lumiance? | {
"answer_start": [
918
],
"text": [
"stilb"
]
} | What is the [MASK] unit of lumiance? | [
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0.43386423587799... | On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor William Milliken, charging de facto public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial segreg... | In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, ener... | The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft). | stilb | 10,664 |
56df912338dc421700152068 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum,... | What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? | {
"answer_start": [
1076
],
"text": [
"lumen (lm)"
]
} | What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? | [
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0.0637662... | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube ro... | In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, ener... | There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete s... | lumen (lm) | 10,665 |
56df92a64a1a83140091eb51 | Lighting | The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the po... | What is a standardized model of human visual brightness? | {
"answer_start": [
369
],
"text": [
"luminosity function"
]
} | What is a standardized model of human visual brightness? | [
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-0.354792... | By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t... | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | luminosity function | 10,666 |
56df92a64a1a83140091eb52 | Lighting | The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the po... | What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"Lux"
]
} | What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance? | [
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0.3358514606... | Southampton is also served by the rail network, which is used both by freight services to and from the docks and passenger services as part of the national rail system. The main station in the city is Southampton Central. Rail routes run east towards Portsmouth, north to Winchester, the Midlands and London, and westwar... | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as 厘米 límǐ "centimeter" (厘 centi-, 米 meter) or 千瓦 qiānwǎ "kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabi... | Lux | 10,667 |
56df93904a1a83140091eb6c | Lighting | Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the d... | What does UGR stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"Unified Glare Rating"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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0.27232444286... | However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral d... | The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed, the noise-based speed should be reported, rounded downwards to a standard value (e.g. 200, 250, 320, or 400). The rationale is that exposure according to the lower satura... | Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither" than either sexual id... | Unified Glare Rating | 10,668 |
56df945038dc421700152082 | Lighting | To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to ... | What does CCT stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"correlated color temperature"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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0.27232444286... | Michel Djotodia took over as president and in May 2013 Central African Republic's Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide. The security situation did not impro... | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | correlated color temperature | 10,669 |
56df945038dc421700152083 | Lighting | To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to ... | What does CRI stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"color rendering index"
]
} | What does CRI stand for? | [
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0.19304989278316... | The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadc... | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performa... | color rendering index | 10,670 |
56df945038dc421700152084 | Lighting | To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to ... | What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"CRI"
]
} | What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural? | [
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-0.20765519142... | Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole Wa... | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used for this purpose, and this is likely to remain one of their major uses until the price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination uses more widespread. Barcode scanners a... | CRI | 10,671 |
56df945038dc421700152085 | Lighting | To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to ... | What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"? | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"CCT"
]
} | What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"? | [
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0.119070425... | The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince A... | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces th... | CCT | 10,672 |
56df95d44a1a83140091eb7e | Lighting | For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greate... | What does GAI stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"gamut area index"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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0.27232444286... | The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there ... | Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color... | In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. | gamut area index | 10,673 |
56df95d44a1a83140091eb80 | Lighting | For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greate... | The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"GAI"
]
} | The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as? | [
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-0.0170041... | Capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating, or as they reach their normal end of life. Dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes the dielectric fluid, resulting in case bulging, rupture, or even an explosion. Capacitors used in RF ... | Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color... | A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces th... | GAI | 10,674 |
56df95d44a1a83140091eb81 | Lighting | For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greate... | Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors? | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"ano"
]
} | Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors? | [
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0.038389574... | Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as... | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | ano | 10,675 |
56df964438dc42170015208d | Lighting | Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. | What is typically used to measure light? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"light dosimeters"
]
} | What is typically used to measure light? | [
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0.075745858252... | In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, uri... | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | light dosimeters | 10,676 |
56df96e138dc421700152090 | Lighting | In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. | What measures the amount of light entering the eye? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"Daysimeter"
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} | What measures the amount of light entering the eye? | [
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56df96e138dc421700152092 | Lighting | In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. | A Daysimeter what type of personal meter? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"circadian light meter"
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} | [MASK] what type of personal meter? | [
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56df9a3738dc4217001520bf | Lighting | The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysim... | How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis? | {
"answer_start": [
351
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"text": [
"30"
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} | How many days can the [MASK] gather for analysis? | [
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56df9a3738dc4217001520c0 | Lighting | The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysim... | What type of light stimulates the circadian system? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"short-wavelength light"
]
} | What type of light stimulates the circadian system? | [
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56df9b7338dc4217001520d1 | Lighting | Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design i... | What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Specification of illumination requirements"
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} | What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? | [
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56df9c5038dc4217001520e4 | Lighting | Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatical... | What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Lighting control"
]
} | What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? | [
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56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb90 | Lighting | Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | What type of standard do newer control systems use? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"wireless mesh open standards"
]
} | What type of standard do newer control systems use? | [
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56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb91 | Lighting | Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | What is the name of one type of control system used? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"ZigBee"
]
} | What is the name of [MASK] type of control system used? | [
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56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb92 | Lighting | Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"no"
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} | Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder? | [
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56df9fbe38dc421700152112 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of th... | What sensor controls light with motion sensors? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Occupancy sensors"
]
} | What sensor controls light with motion sensors? | [
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56df9fbe38dc421700152113 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of th... | What does a passive infrared sensor react to? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"changes in heat"
]
} | What does a passive infrared sensor react to? | [
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56df9fbe38dc421700152114 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of th... | What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing? | {
"answer_start": [
566
],
"text": [
"Ultrasonic sensors"
]
} | What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing? | [
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56df9fbe38dc421700152115 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of th... | Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"no"
]
} | Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring [MASK] coverage? | [
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56dfa1c738dc42170015213a | Lighting | Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospital... | What is the oldest method of interior lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Daylighting"
]
} | What is the oldest method of interior lighting? | [
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0.051594879478... | Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven') springs." | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of th... | Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency. | Daylighting | 10,690 |
56dfa1c738dc42170015213c | Lighting | Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospital... | Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people? | {
"answer_start": [
456
],
"text": [
"not"
]
} | Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people? | [
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56dfa2bc38dc42170015214c | Lighting | In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. | What is a form of solid state lighting? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"LEDs"
]
} | What is a form of solid state lighting? | [
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56dfa2bc38dc42170015214d | Lighting | In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. | What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs? | {
"answer_start": [
269
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"text": [
"nonimaging optics"
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} | What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs? | [
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56dfa3d938dc42170015215e | Lighting | Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency. | What can cause health effects such headache frequency? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"higher lighting levels"
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} | What can cause health effects such headache frequency? | [
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56dfa58d7aa994140058df7e | Lighting | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performa... | Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Alzheimer's Disease"
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} | Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? | [
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56dfa58d7aa994140058df7f | Lighting | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performa... | The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern? | {
"answer_start": [
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"24"
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56dfa58d7aa994140058df80 | Lighting | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performa... | What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted? | {
"answer_start": [
918
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"text": [
"disrupt the natural circadian cycle"
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} | What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted? | [
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56dfa6de7aa994140058df99 | Lighting | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative co... | Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene? | {
"answer_start": [
50
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56dfa6de7aa994140058df9a | Lighting | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative co... | Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays? | {
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56dfa6de7aa994140058df9b | Lighting | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative co... | Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics? | {
"answer_start": [
338
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"text": [
"no"
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} | Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics? | [
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56dfa8ab231d4119001abc51 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chic... | What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at? | {
"answer_start": [
57
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"text": [
"University of Toronto Scarborough"
]
} | What University was [MASK] the assistant professor of management at? | [
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56dfa8ab231d4119001abc52 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chic... | What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with? | {
"answer_start": [
112
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"text": [
"Northwestern University"
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} | What Univerity was [MASK] associated with? | [
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56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb3 | Lighting | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offe... | What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum? | {
"answer_start": [
9
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"text": [
"Dr. Abraham Gesner"
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} | What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum? | [
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56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb4 | Lighting | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offe... | What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? | {
"answer_start": [
3
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"text": [
"1849"
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} | What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? | [
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56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb5 | Lighting | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offe... | What method of lighting have been used since 1820s? | {
"answer_start": [
126
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"text": [
"coal-gas methods"
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} | What method of lighting have been used since [MASK]? | [
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56dfb498231d4119001abc8d | Lighting | Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilit... | What does CFL stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Compact fluorescent lamps"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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56dfb498231d4119001abc91 | Lighting | Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilit... | Are all CFLs suitable for dimming? | {
"answer_start": [
894
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"text": [
"not"
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} | Are all CFLs suitable for dimming? | [
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56dfb65b7aa994140058e03f | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 ho... | How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"10%"
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} | How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED? | [
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2 emission. Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds (89 kg) of CO
2 emission per year. The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds (14 kg) of CO
2 ove... | 10% | 10,708 |
56dfb65b7aa994140058e040 | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 ho... | What is the average lifetime of a CFL? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"50,000"
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} | What is the average lifetime of a [MASK]? | [
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56dfb65b7aa994140058e042 | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 ho... | How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub? | {
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"70%"
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} | How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub? | [
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56dfbac5231d4119001abd34 | Lighting | Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not... | What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Light pollution"
]
} | What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive? | [
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56dfbac5231d4119001abd36 | Lighting | Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not... | What causes sharp shadows around buildings? | {
"answer_start": [
487
],
"text": [
"glare"
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} | What causes sharp shadows around buildings? | [
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56dfbc1d231d4119001abd47 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in... | In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? | {
"answer_start": [
364
],
"text": [
"searchlights and flares"
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} | In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? | [
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Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GW... | Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | searchlights and flares | 10,714 |
56dfbc1d231d4119001abd48 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in... | The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"light"
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} | The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? | [
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56dfbc1d231d4119001abd49 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in... | Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? | {
"answer_start": [
542
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"text": [
"infrared cameras"
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} | Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? | [
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56dfbc8c231d4119001abd4f | Lighting | Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part. | What can be used by military for targeting? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Flares"
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} | What can be used by military for targeting? | [
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56dfbc8c231d4119001abd50 | Lighting | Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part. | What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"laser-guided and GPS weapons"
]
} | What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield? | [
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56dfbd4e7aa994140058e0d1 | Lighting | The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index. | What does the CIE stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"International Commission on Illumination"
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} | What does the [MASK] stand for? | [
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0.27617418... | John Keate, Head Master from 1809 to 1834, took over at a time when discipline was poor. Anthony Chenevix-Trench, Head Master from 1964 to 1970, abolished the birch and replaced it with caning, also applied to the bare posterior, which he administered privately in his office. Chenevix-Trench also abolished corporal pun... | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | The International Development Law Organization (IDLO) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development. It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights, and provides governments with the know-how to realize them. It supports emerging economies and ... | International Commission on Illumination | 10,719 |
56dfbe777aa994140058e0e1 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for thei... | What does the IESNA stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America"
]
} | What does the [MASK] stand for? | [
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0.27617418... | Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC.... | Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. | One use of the term "computer security" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the "Orange Book" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, "Common Criteria" defines a number of progressively more str... | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America | 10,720 |
56dfbe777aa994140058e0e2 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for thei... | Who else publishes along with IESNA? | {
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"ANSI and ASHRAE"
]
} | Who else publishes along with [MASK]? | [
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56dfbe777aa994140058e0e4 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for thei... | What defines photo metric data? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"distribution of light released"
]
} | What defines photo metric data? | [
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56dfbf1c7aa994140058e0fd | Lighting | The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typic... | What does IALD stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The International Association of Lighting Designers"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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0.27232444286... | Temüjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, and one sister named Temülen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to t... | The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and ... | Religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools. Some such schools teach religious education, together with the usual academic subjects to impress their particular faith's beliefs and traditions in the students who attend. Others use the denomination as more of a general label to... | The International Association of Lighting Designers | 10,723 |
56dfbfd97aa994140058e109 | Lighting | The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world. | What does PLDA stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Professional Lighting Designers Association"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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56dfbfd97aa994140058e10a | Lighting | The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world. | What was the PLDA formerly known as? | {
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74
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"ELDA"
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56dfc0b67aa994140058e123 | Lighting | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of ... | Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? | {
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56dfc0b67aa994140058e124 | Lighting | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of ... | What does NCQLP stand for? | {
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56dfc0b67aa994140058e125 | Lighting | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of ... | Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified? | {
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56dfc0b67aa994140058e126 | Lighting | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of ... | What other national examinations are available? | {
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"text": [
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56dfc1797aa994140058e12b | Lighting | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and servic... | What does PLASA stand for? | {
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0.27232444286... | Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe, was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced. Literacy in Kiev, Novgorod and other large cities was high. As birch bark documents attest, they exchanged love letters and prepared cheat sheets for s... | The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8000 CDs and 10,000 LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed b... | Although technically not a university, the FAA's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has many aspects of an institution of higher learning. Its FAA Academy is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Its Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) has a medical education division responsible for ... | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association | 10,730 |
56dfc1797aa994140058e12c | Lighting | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and servic... | Where is PLASA based? | {
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56dfc1797aa994140058e12d | Lighting | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and servic... | How many individuals does PLASA represent? | {
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56dfc1797aa994140058e12e | Lighting | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and servic... | What does RoHS stand for? | {
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56de244f4396321400ee25ef | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | Which political practice did Montesquieu originate? | {
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56de244f4396321400ee25f0 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for? | {
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56de244f4396321400ee25f1 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers? | {
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56de244f4396321400ee25f3 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote? | {
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663
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56de333b4396321400ee268f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other? | {
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56de24b24396321400ee25fd | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers? | {
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54
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56de24b24396321400ee25fe | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers? | {
"answer_start": [
132
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"Thomas Hobbes"
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} | Which [MASK] thinker was against the separation of powers? | [
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56de24b24396321400ee25ff | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches? | {
"answer_start": [
168
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"text": [
"Montesquieu"
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} | Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches? | [
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56de24b24396321400ee2600 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy? | {
"answer_start": [
333
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"the framers of the United States Constitution"
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} | Whose thoughts were impacted by [MASK] 's philosophy? | [
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56de33fc4396321400ee2694 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Who was an advocate of separation of powers? | {
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54
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} | Who was an advocate of separation of powers? | [
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56de33fc4396321400ee2695 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Who was an opponent of separation of powers? | {
"answer_start": [
132
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"text": [
"Thomas Hobbes"
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} | Who was an opponent of separation of powers? | [
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56de33fc4396321400ee2696 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution? | {
"answer_start": [
168
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"text": [
"Montesquieu"
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} | Who 's writing were very influential on the design of [MASK]? | [
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56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ea | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P... | What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers? | {
"answer_start": [
233
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"text": [
"UK"
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} | What country 's government, on which the [MASK] government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers? | [
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56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5eb | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P... | What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK? | {
"answer_start": [
265
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"text": [
"parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government"
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} | What were the [MASK] main principles informing the government of the [MASK]? | [
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56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ee | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P... | What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia? | {
"answer_start": [
1824
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"text": [
"separate and distinct"
]
} | What term describes the status of the different branches of government in [MASK], [MASK], [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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56de3644cffd8e1900b4b678 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P... | What country's government served as a model for the United States Government? | {
"answer_start": [
51
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"text": [
"United Kingdom"
]
} | What country 's government served as a model for the [MASK] Government? | [
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56de3644cffd8e1900b4b679 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P... | In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? | {
"answer_start": [
1395
],
"text": [
"a member of the Court of Appeals"
]
} | In [MASK] what function, besides President, did the [MASK] President serve? | [
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56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f4 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"Congress"
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} | What is the only branch of [MASK] government imbued with lawmaking abilities? | [
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56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f5 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation? | {
"answer_start": [
230
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"text": [
"Clinton v. City of New York"
]
} | Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation? | [
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56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f6 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court? | {
"answer_start": [
220
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"text": [
"1998"
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} | When was [MASK] v. [MASK] decided by [MASK]? | [
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56de37794396321400ee26ac | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation? | {
"answer_start": [
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"Congress"
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} | In the [MASK] who has the sole power to pass legislation? | [
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0.05816793069... | Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 ... | Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is someti... | Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of America... | Congress | 10,754 |
56de37794396321400ee26ad | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"nondelegation doctrine"
]
} | What is the doctrine called that does not allow [MASK] to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency? | [
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0.14839747548... | Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China. Ögedei offered his n... | Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is someti... | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | nondelegation doctrine | 10,755 |
56de37794396321400ee26ae | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | What was the court case that struck down the line item veto? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"Clinton v. City of New York"
]
} | What was the court case that struck down the line item veto? | [
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0.363665... | According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples tha... | Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is someti... | Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitutio... | Clinton v. City of New York | 10,756 |
56de37794396321400ee26af | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"1998"
]
} | What year was [MASK] v. [MASK] decided by the supreme court? | [
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0.37483611702... | The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Marat... | Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is someti... | Unlike the situation with the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors. Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judici... | 1998 | 10,757 |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b616 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"Wayman v. Southard"
]
} | What was [MASK] of the [MASK] times [MASK] tried a case regarding nondelegation? | [
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0.362346440... | Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric "rubber line" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening ... | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In r... | Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial discovery, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury, and aggressive pretrial "law and motion" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is, summary judgment) or ... | Wayman v. Southard | 10,758 |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b617 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"1825"
]
} | In what year was [MASK] v. [MASK] tried by [MASK]? | [
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0.2586003243923187... | The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality, is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths, in stories of the god Hephaestus (Phaistos) and the mythic Daedalus (the builder of the labyrinth) that made images which moved of their own accord. This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period... | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In r... | A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court... | 1825 | 10,759 |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b618 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court? | {
"answer_start": [
456
],
"text": [
"John Marshall"
]
} | Who was Chief Justice of [MASK] when [MASK] v. [MASK] reached [MASK]? | [
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0.3306767... | Super Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24–10 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game ... | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In r... | In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing. The... | John Marshall | 10,760 |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b619 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress? | {
"answer_start": [
397
],
"text": [
"the judiciary"
]
} | In [MASK] v. [MASK], what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by [MASK]? | [
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