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88,177 | 87,835 | 572845ec4b864d190016488d | generic | Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. ... | What happens in Presbyterian denominations? | {'text': 'the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial.', 'answer_start': 244} |
5,782 | 5,440 | 56d1ec45e7d4791d00902582 | generic | Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: "Nibbāna") means "cessation", "extinction" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (saṃsāra)), "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; it is also known as "Awakening" or "Enlightenment" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana, incl... | What term means awakening? | {'text': 'nirvana', 'answer_start': 307} |
119,264 | 118,922 | 5ad1918b645df0001a2d1fcc | generic | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What Nobel Prize did Nakamura, Amano, and Akasaki receive in 2013? | {'text': 'Physics', 'answer_start': 151} |
16,163 | 15,821 | 56e1a770e3433e1400423080 | generic | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | What organisms can form H2 gas? | {'text': 'alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria', 'answer_start': 195} |
118,413 | 118,071 | 5acfab8877cf76001a6857dc | generic | Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast (about 600 mm per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annu... | What is the record least amount of rain in a year in the Caprivi? | {'text': '50 mm', 'answer_start': 297} |
130,578 | 130,236 | 5a7dc51370df9f001a87515c | generic | The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation ... | Which generation has the up and down muon and muon neutrino? | {'text': 'The first', 'answer_start': 129} |
19,169 | 18,827 | 56e6f651de9d3714000680f8 | generic | In the 1980s, lush jazz-R&B fusion (George Benson, Patti Austin, Al Jarreau) and stylish crossover R&B (Anita Baker and Luther Vandross, New Edition and Keith Sweat) were equally successful within the mainstream. In the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), artists as sonically contrasting as R. Kelly, Leona Lewis (mainly ba... | During what decade were musicians like Al Jarreau and Luther Vandross notably successful? | {'text': '1980s', 'answer_start': 7} |
9,715 | 9,373 | 56deea68c65bf219000b3e25 | generic | The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as w... | What international exercises does the RCN partake in? | {'text': 'NATO exercises', 'answer_start': 495} |
65,061 | 64,719 | 5726acd3708984140094cd91 | generic | At the completion of the west front in 1140, Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end, leaving the Carolingian nave in use. He designed a choir that would be suffused with light. To achieve his aims, his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque arch... | What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis? | {'text': 'the Carolingian nave', 'answer_start': 116} |
10,699 | 10,357 | 56e462c98c00841900fbaf73 | generic | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles? | {'text': 'firmness, commodity and delight', 'answer_start': 303} |
76,559 | 76,217 | 57277938dd62a815002e9ddd | generic | An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust... | Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen? | {'text': 'Socrates', 'answer_start': 350} |
115,700 | 115,358 | 5733d4c24776f41900661305 | generic | In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating woun... | When was tyrothricin created? | {'text': '1939', 'answer_start': 3} |
119,968 | 119,626 | 57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc97 | generic | Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still... | Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders? | {'text': 'Mongol nation', 'answer_start': 226} |
4,895 | 4,553 | 56ce61a4aab44d1400b88719 | generic | Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transp... | Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what? | {'text': '315', 'answer_start': 749} |
91,878 | 91,536 | 5728ef8d3acd2414000e0223 | generic | The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) in Paris was €36,085 for 2011. It ranged from €22,095 in the 19th arrondissement to €82,449 in the 7th arrondissement. The median taxable income for 2011 was around €25,000 in Paris and €22,200 for Île-de-France. Generally speak... | What was the average in come in the 7th arrondissement? | {'text': '€82,449', 'answer_start': 176} |
56,273 | 55,931 | 572671c4708984140094c646 | generic | In the 1980s, mixed tag team matches began to take place, with a male and female on each team and a rule stating that each wrestler could only attack the opponent of the same gender. If a tag was made, the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well. Despite these restrictions, many mixed tag ma... | When did mixed tag teams start? | {'text': '1980s', 'answer_start': 7} |
121,237 | 120,895 | 573141ed05b4da19006bcf72 | generic | The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosai... | What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? | {'text': 'a landslide', 'answer_start': 367} |
85,957 | 85,615 | 5ad33cdf604f3c001a3fdb87 | generic | The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports, three Ethernet ports and six USB ports; however, when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006, these were reduced to one HDMI port, one Ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs. Two hardware configurations were also announced f... | Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 after production? | {'text': 'to cut costs', 'answer_start': 257} |
13,395 | 13,053 | 56df89684a1a83140091eb02 | generic | On December 2009, Oklahoma City voters passed MAPS 3, the $777 million (7-year 1-cent tax) initiative, which will include funding (appx $130M) for an estimated 5-to-6-mile (8.0 to 9.7 km) modern streetcar in downtown Oklahoma City and the establishment of a transit hub. It is believed the streetcar would begin construc... | When was MAPS 3 passed? | {'text': 'December 2009', 'answer_start': 3} |
98,452 | 98,110 | 572a8658111d821400f38bc2 | generic | Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean. The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway connect Downto... | Which Miami causeway has the smallest size? | {'text': 'Broad', 'answer_start': 504} |
82,205 | 81,863 | 5a3b659a3ff257001ab84454 | generic | The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instanc... | What is a common language not important for? | {'text': 'research of links between the rule of law and real economy.', 'answer_start': 542} |
97,912 | 97,570 | 5ace7fdd32bba1001ae4a869 | generic | However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation... | What other religion was considered to be opposite in teaching styles with the Muslim faith? | {'text': 'Christian', 'answer_start': 439} |
18,752 | 18,410 | 56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee4 | generic | The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. | In what manner are sheets normally cut? | {'text': 'long-grain', 'answer_start': 233} |
41,323 | 40,981 | 5a2ab45c5b078a001a2f06c5 | generic | In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millenni... | Little evidence exists to support which theory? | {'text': 'Indo-Aryan migration theory', 'answer_start': 126} |
62,711 | 62,369 | 572766bb708984140094dd09 | generic | The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Du... | How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US? | {'text': '25,000', 'answer_start': 4} |
126,823 | 126,481 | 5aceb66b32bba1001ae4b12e | generic | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | Which countries never adopted the 'prefecture system' from China? | {'text': 'Korea and Japan', 'answer_start': 796} |
120,787 | 120,445 | 573143cd05b4da19006bcf8f | generic | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christia... | Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red? | {'text': 'to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs', 'answer_start': 271} |
91,652 | 91,310 | 572944df6aef051400154c26 | generic | Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarcer... | What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind? | {'text': 'virtual', 'answer_start': 571} |
29,301 | 28,959 | 5705e91d52bb89140068967f | generic | After India gained independence in 1947, a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1956, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Six... | In what year was Delhi converted into a union territory? | {'text': '1956', 'answer_start': 173} |
48,231 | 47,889 | 571aaa3310f8ca14003052b1 | generic | Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk. This work, also based in the testing of ... | Prontosil is in what drug class? | {'text': 'antibiotics', 'answer_start': 460} |
55,922 | 55,580 | 57264e0bdd62a815002e8114 | generic | In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong), Chen Zheng (陳政), together with his son Chen Yuanguang (陳元光), led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian. They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of... | What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region? | {'text': 'two waves of migrations from the north', 'answer_start': 568} |
102,747 | 102,405 | 57318afba5e9cc1400cdc021 | generic | Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler's List (1993) and Saving Private Ryan (1998). Three of Spielberg's films—Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Jurassic Park (1993)—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of al... | What did Spielberg win for Schindler's List? | {'text': 'Academy Award for Best Director', 'answer_start': 18} |
72,982 | 72,640 | 57277c575951b619008f8b15 | generic | It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoni... | Is TB common or uncommon in the United States? | {'text': 'uncommon', 'answer_start': 175} |
98,540 | 98,198 | 572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f7 | generic | For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical home has been the row house. The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and, for a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as "Philadelphia rows". A variety of row houses are found throughout the c... | Which neighborhood has the oldest housing in America? | {'text': 'Society Hill', 'answer_start': 681} |
81,437 | 81,095 | 57288d0aff5b5019007da2c8 | generic | Although the majority of journeys involving central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (in the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, outside the built-up area) encircle the city and are i... | What type of roadway is widely recognizable in the center of London? | {'text': 'The inner ring road', 'answer_start': 126} |
99,983 | 99,641 | 572b7afb34ae481900deae41 | generic | Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called "apeirotheism", a "form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism" which he defined as "a theory of Gods infinite in number." The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance whic... | What did Davidson believe the God of Aristotle is synonymous with? | {'text': 'rational thought', 'answer_start': 664} |
10,754 | 10,412 | 5acf9d2177cf76001a685509 | generic | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | Who disagreed on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? | {'text': 'Le Corbusier', 'answer_start': 112} |
39,891 | 39,549 | 570e72df0dc6ce1900205090 | generic | The Hoddle Grid (dimensions of 1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)) forms the centre of Melbourne's central business district. The grid's southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River. Office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of Southbank and Docklands have made these redeveloped areas into extensi... | Which edge of the Hoddle Grid fronts onto the Yarra River? | {'text': 'southern', 'answer_start': 134} |
129,120 | 128,778 | 57344025d058e614000b6b91 | generic | Richmond has several historic churches. Because of its early English colonial history from the early 17th century to 1776, Richmond has a number of prominent Anglican/Episcopal churches including Monumental Church, St. Paul's Episcopal Church and St. John's Episcopal Church. Methodists and Baptists made up another sect... | On what date did the oldest Catholic church open in Richmond? | {'text': 'May 25, 1834', 'answer_start': 879} |
108,427 | 108,085 | 572f45a004bcaa1900d76805 | generic | The internal classification of this group has undergone considerable revision. The Cronquist system, proposed by Arthur Cronquist in 1968 and published in its full form in 1981, is still widely used but is no longer believed to accurately reflect phylogeny. A consensus about how the flowering plants should be arranged ... | What internal component has undergone considerable revision? | {'text': 'classification', 'answer_start': 13} |
46,479 | 46,137 | 57112926b654c5140001fbf5 | generic | Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention, however, was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay ... | What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips? | {'text': '1988', 'answer_start': 957} |
29,328 | 28,986 | 5705edea52bb8914006896d7 | generic | In recent Mercer’s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world’s worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world. | How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014? | {'text': '1,600', 'answer_start': 245} |
68,619 | 68,277 | 5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f0 | generic | Animal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modify their conform... | Through what part of the body are nutrients transported to feed cells? | {'text': 'bloodstream', 'answer_start': 106} |
125,839 | 125,497 | 5733835e4776f41900660c4d | generic | This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and t... | How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks? | {'text': '$1.5 trillion', 'answer_start': 719} |
124,982 | 124,640 | 573257fb0fdd8d15006c69f5 | generic | Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on E... | What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy? | {'text': 'Wisconsin', 'answer_start': 429} |
98,936 | 98,594 | 572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8259 | generic | The Forbes 400 survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a net worth of $750 million. However, estimates have frequently varied, ranging from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion, according to a study in the Los Angeles Times. Regardless of which figure is correct, Kerry was the wealthiest U.S. Sen... | Where would Kerry have ranked among richest US presidents, adjusted for inflation? | {'text': 'third-richest', 'answer_start': 736} |
88,733 | 88,391 | 5a3c8e8fcc5d22001a521e0c | generic | Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by atheists (including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris) as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality. A single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly ... | Who has used findings to prove the existence of God in a trans-generational manner? | {'text': 'Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris', 'answer_start': 119} |
117,181 | 116,839 | 5ad0185377cf76001a6869b0 | generic | To the southwest, the principality of Halych had developed trade relations with its Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian neighbours and emerged as the local successor to Kievan Rus'. In 1199, Prince Roman Mstislavich united the two previously separate principalities. In 1202 he conquered Kiev, and assumed the title of Gran... | Who did not conquer Kiev in 1202? | {'text': 'Prince Roman Mstislavich', 'answer_start': 188} |
100,969 | 100,627 | 572e918dcb0c0d14000f12c6 | generic | The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music, with studio experimentation taking a central role. A variety of groups that predated punk, such as Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Grist... | What type of production techniques did Dennis Bovell develop? | {'text': 'innovative', 'answer_start': 4} |
207 | 207 | 138440 | pubqa | On Monday 15 January 2007, a municipality in Denmark received the first of several complaints from citizens who reported severe diarrhoea and vomiting over the weekend. Over the same period, the drinking water in many houses was reported to be discoloured and of unusual smell and taste. The local authorities immediatel... | What are the first steps of mitigation?
| {'answer_id': 274479, 'document_id': 445597, 'question_id': 138440, 'text': 'prohibited any use of the water - except for toilet flushing', 'answer_start': 322, 'answer_category': 'LONG'} |
28,982 | 28,640 | 57070b1490286e26004fc840 | generic | The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Cen... | What is the Census definition not based on? | {'text': 'scientific or anthropological', 'answer_start': 428} |
25,592 | 25,250 | 56f8a9959e9bad19000a0290 | generic | The numbered streets carry crosstown traffic. In general, even-numbered streets are one-way eastbound and odd-numbered streets are one-way west. Several exceptions reverse this. Most wider streets carry two-way traffic, as do a few of the narrow ones. | Odd-numbered streets are one-way in which direction? | {'text': 'west', 'answer_start': 139} |
68,910 | 68,568 | 572703995951b619008f8492 | generic | Winter, and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel, led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian army in the interior. On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince wh... | What caused the HMS Prince to sink? | {'text': 'a storm', 'answer_start': 254} |
10,526 | 10,184 | 5ad38450604f3c001a3fe51b | generic | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Who may the President restrict through impeachment? | {'text': 'Congress', 'answer_start': 732} |
48,604 | 48,262 | 5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e4 | generic | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | What was believed to have created physician interactions? | {'text': 'moral outrage over industry malfeasance', 'answer_start': 251} |
42,828 | 42,486 | 5ad23e7bd7d075001a4288c6 | generic | European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in J... | Who sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in the 18th century? | {'text': 'von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer', 'answer_start': 661} |
113,092 | 112,750 | 5730032ba23a5019007fcc3e | generic | The climate in San Diego, like most of Southern California, often varies significantly over short geographical distances resulting in microclimates. In San Diego, this is mostly because of the city's topography (the Bay, and the numerous hills, mountains, and canyons). Frequently, particularly during the "May gray/June... | What is the average high temperature in El Cajon in August? | {'text': '88 °F', 'answer_start': 1064} |
60,963 | 60,621 | 5726b283708984140094ce21 | generic | The strictest definition of "plant" includes only the "land plants" or embryophytes, which include seed plants (gymnosperms, including the pines, and flowering plants) and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns, clubmosses, liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Embryophytes are multicellular eukaryotes descended from ... | What is the scientific name for seed plants? | {'text': 'gymnosperms', 'answer_start': 112} |
95,673 | 95,331 | 5ace62b632bba1001ae4a504 | generic | Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies ... | Who were the staunchest supporters of the Proclamation? | {'text': 'backcountry settlers', 'answer_start': 610} |
44,843 | 44,501 | 571015bea58dae1900cd6876 | generic | Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexu... | What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent? | {'text': 'confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people', 'answer_start': 43} |
128,025 | 127,683 | 573394c84776f41900660dde | generic | In the 18 years under the presidency of Edward Malloy, C.S.C., (1987–2005), there was a rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 t... | The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy? | {'text': '500', 'answer_start': 191} |
97,543 | 97,201 | 572a3fbf3f37b3190047881e | generic | Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progres... | What are other signs of dehydration? | {'text': 'decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness', 'answer_start': 325} |
53,363 | 53,021 | 5acd0b3f07355d001abf322f | generic | In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary. The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season. The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left. The oak leaves represent the 15 founding mem... | What color are the laurel leaves on the crest? | {'text': 'white', 'answer_start': 194} |
112,413 | 112,071 | 57302f5e947a6a140053d24a | generic | Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the begi... | Where did Rome receive half of their army from? | {'text': 'the Socii', 'answer_start': 125} |
9,686 | 9,344 | 56dee62fc65bf219000b3dfd | generic | The following is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces. It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations. | What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces? | {'text': 'It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.', 'answer_start': 61} |
125,281 | 124,939 | 573254c7e17f3d1400422885 | generic | The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the south... | What state is Alpine in? | {'text': 'New Jersey', 'answer_start': 179} |
118,562 | 118,220 | 5acfe81377cf76001a6863fe | generic | The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898. Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981. During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During So... | When was the first black-focused radio channel introduced? | {'text': '1981', 'answer_start': 126} |
58,576 | 58,234 | 57266f58dd62a815002e84b2 | generic | Mexico has a large number of department stores based in Mexico, of which the most traditional are El Palacio de Hierro (High end and luxury goods) and Liverpool (Upper-middle income), with its middle income sister store Fabricas de Francia. Sanborns owns over 100 middle income level stores throughout the country. Grupo... | What company operates Sears Mexico? | {'text': 'Grupo Carso', 'answer_start': 315} |
125,541 | 125,199 | 5732b589cc179a14009dac1e | generic | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards? | {'text': '1995', 'answer_start': 262} |
19,201 | 18,859 | 56e70ca06fe0821900b8ecac | generic | Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian socie... | What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round? | {'text': 'Industrialized', 'answer_start': 0} |
119,979 | 119,637 | 57312a3b05b4da19006bce12 | generic | Hong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated... | When did a Han revolt occur? | {'text': '1623', 'answer_start': 551} |
125,654 | 125,312 | 57334ed54776f4190066082b | generic | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars? | {'text': 'straightforward, readily understandable format', 'answer_start': 497} |
5,249 | 4,907 | 56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cb | generic | West's musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts, and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work. When asked about his musical inspirations, he has named A Tribe Called Quest, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, George Michael, LL Cool J, Phi... | What English musician did Kanye cite as one of his biggest inspirations? | {'text': 'David Bowie', 'answer_start': 396} |
98,117 | 97,775 | 5ad3828d604f3c001a3fe4b8 | generic | The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone. This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 y... | How many meters thick is the bedrock under Miami at its minimum? | {'text': '15 m', 'answer_start': 162} |
74,069 | 73,727 | 572975a46aef051400154f3b | generic | The city has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the central business district and the Green, are the following neighborhoods: the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill, historic water-front City Point (or Oyster Point), and the harborside... | Between two of it's rivers lies a district with a heavy immigrant population, the name is? | {'text': 'Fair Haven', 'answer_start': 623} |
105,730 | 105,388 | 5a877c5f1d3cee001a6a11f5 | generic | In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further develope... | What did Heinrich Geissler help Otto von Guericke further develop? | {'text': 'vacuum pump technology', 'answer_start': 322} |
45,113 | 44,771 | 5ad36be8604f3c001a3fe175 | generic | Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006. On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its "Recycling Works" award for efforts to promote pr... | How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2008? | {'text': '275 million pounds', 'answer_start': 459} |
128,281 | 127,939 | 5ad299dad7d075001a429b83 | generic | Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of compara... | How did Broca define nature? | {'text': 'matter animated by "the Divine breath"', 'answer_start': 85} |
106,283 | 105,941 | 5ad214c7d7d075001a42839e | generic | Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in the Cave of Hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. According to hadith and Muslim history, after Muhammad immigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim comm... | Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to sing? | {'text': 'Badr', 'answer_start': 522} |
125,941 | 125,599 | 57334d274776f41900660822 | generic | Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Ve... | What South American country did Portugal discover? | {'text': 'Brazil', 'answer_start': 464} |
129,369 | 129,027 | 5a82fb2ee60761001a2eb2b3 | generic | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | Why do persistent infections never occur? | {'text': 'body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection', 'answer_start': 40} |
124,465 | 124,123 | 5ad3c08b604f3c001a3fef7c | generic | Jehovah's Witnesses are organized hierarchically, in what the leadership calls a "theocratic organization", reflecting their belief that it is God's "visible organization" on earth. The organization is led by the Governing Body—an all-male group that varies in size, but since early 2014 has comprised seven members,[not... | How many circuits of congregations make up the Jehovah's Witnesses organization? | {'text': 'seven', 'answer_start': 302} |
34,503 | 34,161 | 5a104aaadecec90018475616 | generic | In September 1941, through the "Action Lauterbacher" plan, a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began. Even before the Wannsee Conference, on 15 December 1941, the first Jews from Hanover were deported to Riga. A total of 2,400 people were deported, and very few survived. During the war seven con... | How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover before the war? | {'text': 'seven', 'answer_start': 311} |
56,549 | 56,207 | 5a67d295f038b7001ab0c46d | generic | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | When exposure is not automatically controlled, what is the gray set at? | {'text': '18%', 'answer_start': 166} |
125,703 | 125,361 | 57335c77d058e614000b5909 | generic | In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as... | Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange? | {'text': 'Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP', 'answer_start': 281} |
14,484 | 14,142 | 56dfae017aa994140058dfd3 | generic | Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association. | What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages? | {'text': 'light', 'answer_start': 199} |
4,255 | 3,913 | 56cff757234ae51400d9c19a | generic | Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. | How many hotel rooms are located in NYC as of the end of 2014? | {'text': '90,000', 'answer_start': 44} |
127,643 | 127,301 | 5a39a47f2f14dd001ac7250b | generic | The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthélemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have al... | How long ago did the Transat AG2R Race begin? | {'text': 'recent years', 'answer_start': 355} |
68,011 | 67,669 | 5726c9a75951b619008f7e17 | generic | In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali, led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. In March, military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup d'état, citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West Afric... | What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali? | {'text': 'National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad', 'answer_start': 70} |
10,756 | 10,414 | 5acf9d2177cf76001a68550b | generic | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | Who said "You don't employ stone, wood, and concrete" | {'text': 'Le Corbusier', 'answer_start': 112} |
70,587 | 70,245 | 5ad422af604f3c001a4007df | generic | The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island, a seaplane base until the mid-1960s, was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex. It provided optional anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels, depending on size. An additional US Navy compound known a... | What was built in 1960? | {'text': 'The original NAS Bermuda', 'answer_start': 0} |
69,249 | 68,907 | 5a45a9d619a820001a1edaf4 | generic | In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specif... | What other groups fit into the domain tld? | {'text': 'non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types', 'answer_start': 174} |
64,315 | 63,973 | 5ad01e5177cf76001a686ab1 | generic | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the ... | Denmark and Norway left in the Kalmar Union until what year? | {'text': '1814', 'answer_start': 543} |
72,240 | 71,898 | 5a10fb8c06e79900185c34aa | generic | The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle: They age in a similar fashion to real organisms, but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data, which can be seen throughout the show. Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data... | Doing what to the causes the Digimon to be reborn? | {'text': 'rubbed gently,', 'answer_start': 391} |
116,492 | 116,150 | 5730621f2461fd1900a9cded | generic | Arabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosophical works of Arab a... | Why are Arabic translation efforts important to Western translation traditions? | {'text': 'centuries of close contacts and exchanges', 'answer_start': 97} |
115,395 | 115,053 | 5ad3d99d604f3c001a3ff3a1 | generic | Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was ... | What aspect of God is not emphasized in process theology? | {'text': "God's relational nature", 'answer_start': 36} |
125,926 | 125,584 | 57334596d058e614000b581c | generic | A year before Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capit... | In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed? | {'text': '1230', 'answer_start': 781} |
68,008 | 67,666 | 5a28364dd1a287001a6d0af6 | generic | By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré announced on the radio that ... | What was made illegal as a result of Moussa's arrest? | {'text': 'opposition parties', 'answer_start': 396} |
103,493 | 103,151 | 572e86c7c246551400ce42d2 | generic | Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proporti... | What is the interior of Neptune composed of? | {'text': 'ices and rock', 'answer_start': 439} |
10,106 | 9,764 | 5ad30688604f3c001a3fdad9 | generic | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given t... | Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from? | {'text': 'the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons', 'answer_start': 40} |
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