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By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses, the field had dwindled down to nine candidates, as Bob Graham had dropped out of the race. Howard Dean was a strong front-runner. However, the Iowa caucuses yielded unexpectedly strong results for Democratic candidates John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwar...
What percentage of the state's delegates had Bob Graham taken as the front-runner?
{'text': '38%', 'answer_start': 277}
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Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programmin...
What are private affiliates?
{'text': 'stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules', 'answer_start': 93}
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Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coa...
When are the oldest beads thought to have been made?
{'text': 'mid third millennium BCE', 'answer_start': 409}
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The party's performance held up in local elections in 2012 with Labour consolidating its position in the North and Midlands, while also regaining some ground in Southern England. In Wales the party enjoyed good successes, regaining control of most Welsh Councils lost in 2008, including the capital city, Cardiff. In Sco...
Where did the Conservatives enjoy a +3.26 swing?
{'text': 'Scotland', 'answer_start': 461}
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Some scholars[who?] suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital. Child labour, claim these activists, also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as t...
What happens to the wages of adults?
{'text': 'depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries', 'answer_start': 254}
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The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labe...
How high can compression rates go?
{'text': '1:500', 'answer_start': 232}
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"New Labour" was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun unde...
What was this manifesto called?
{'text': 'New Labour, New Life For Britain', 'answer_start': 232}
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Book 1 (at the head of the Odyssean section) opens with a storm which Juno, Aeneas' enemy throughout the poem, stirs up against the fleet. The storm drives the hero to the coast of Carthage, which historically was Rome's deadliest foe. The queen, Dido, welcomes the ancestor of the Romans, and under the influence of the...
Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld?
{'text': 'Sibyl', 'answer_start': 1012}
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Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determ...
When did penicillin G become available as a therapeudic drug?
{'text': '1945', 'answer_start': 159}
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The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon was modified during World War II when the airfield (what is now Funafuti International Airport) was constructed. The coral base of the atoll was used as fill to create the runway. The resulting borrow pits impacted the fresh-water aquifer. In the low areas of Funafuti the sea wa...
What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII?
{'text': 'Funafuti International Airport', 'answer_start': 105}
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The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development. Neurons, how...
Glial cells are also referred to as what?
{'text': 'glia or neuroglia', 'answer_start': 132}
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The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. T...
Where is the secondary circadian clocl located?
{'text': 'in the suprachiasmatic nucleus', 'answer_start': 52}
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In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church (URC). Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire), Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) and John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (now part...
What are the two former Presbyterian congregations in England?
{'text': "St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford", 'answer_start': 577}
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Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition i...
What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?
{'text': 'the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries.', 'answer_start': 295}
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The Houston Theater District, located downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a downtown area in the United States. Houston is one of few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in a...
Besides Jones Hall, what other organization is housed in the Movie District?
{'text': 'Hobby Center for the Performing Arts', 'answer_start': 827}
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Universal owned the rights to the "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" character, although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald, and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run. After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property, Mintz produced the films with ...
What was the first animated short with synchronized sound?
{'text': 'Steamboat Willie', 'answer_start': 457}
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A "grand", sometimes shortened to simply "G", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix "K" or "k" (from "kilo-") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as "$10k" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A "large" or "stack", it is usually a reference to a multiple ...
What is a "sawbuck" sometimes shortened to?
{'text': 'G', 'answer_start': 42}
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DC commutating electric motors, if fitted with laminated pole pieces, become universal motors because they can also operate on AC; reversing the current in both stator and rotor does not reverse the motor. But the now-standard AC distribution frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz caused difficulties with inductive reactance and ...
How can low frequencies be obtained?
{'text': 'converted from utility power', 'answer_start': 421}
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Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from...
How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing?
{'text': '40', 'answer_start': 72}
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Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playin...
Where did John recruit mercenary forces from?
{'text': 'Poitou', 'answer_start': 632}
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An urban runoff facility (SMURFF), the first of its kind in the US, catches and treats 3.5 million US gallons (13,000 m3) of water each week that would otherwise flow into the bay via storm-drains and sells it back to end-users within the city for reuse as gray-water, while bio-swales throughout the city allow rainwate...
What is the name of the urban runoff facility?
{'text': '(SMURFF)', 'answer_start': 25}
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This was also a period of alternatives to nightclubs, the warehouse party, acid house, rave and outdoor festival scenes of the late 1980s and early 1990s were havens for the latest trends in electronic dance music, especially house and its ever-more hypnotic, synthetic offspring techno and trance, in clubs like the inf...
In what area of Miami is there an unnotable secondhand turntable market?
{'text': 'SoBe', 'answer_start': 530}
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Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. T...
What were incoming nomadic groups known as?
{'text': 'Hebrews', 'answer_start': 577}
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However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule. By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish mer...
What was the philosophy of most New Zelanders?
{'text': 'non-violent', 'answer_start': 497}
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In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the "first current generation gaming console" to surpass the 10 million figure in the US. In the US, the Xbox 360 was the leader in current-generation home console sales until June 2008, when it was surpassed by the Wii. The Xbox 36...
Who announced the Wii in 2008?
{'text': 'Microsoft', 'answer_start': 12}
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The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lu...
What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa?
{'text': 'only floral and geometric', 'answer_start': 105}
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In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones developed their hard rock sound with Exile on Main St. (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now "generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album". They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including It's Only Rock ...
When did David Coverdale form the band Rainbow?
{'text': '1975', 'answer_start': 796}
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For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de...
The lightness of an sRGB file is designed to be different from what?
{'text': 'film of the same EI rating at the same exposure', 'answer_start': 259}
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However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of th...
What type of annelids are very different from others?
{'text': 'leeches and their closest relatives', 'answer_start': 9}
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AFSCs range from officer specialties such as pilot, combat systems officer, missile launch officer, intelligence officer, aircraft maintenance officer, judge advocate general (JAG), medical doctor, nurse or other fields, to various enlisted specialties. The latter range from flight combat operations such as a gunner, t...
What kind of AFSC is a JAG?
{'text': 'judge advocate general', 'answer_start': 152}
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The theoretical difficulties arise from the fact that all of the methods except the X-ray crystal density method rely on the theoretical basis of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect. If these theories are slightly inaccurate – though there is no evidence at present to suggest they are – the methods would n...
Why does relying on these effects create concern?
{'text': 'If these theories are slightly inaccurate', 'answer_start': 196}
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Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a...
What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?
{'text': 'designing spaces that naturally circulate air', 'answer_start': 240}
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Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism". The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the re...
What does Spain's government not account for?
{'text': '18% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system', 'answer_start': 282}
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The success of the show's alumni however has led to a more positive assessment of the show, and the show was described as having "proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records". While the industry is divided on the show success, its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music f...
Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most?
{'text': 'country music', 'answer_start': 305}
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Downtown area is home to historic neighborhoods and buildings such as the Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel built in the early 20th century, the restored City Market, the Fayetteville Street downtown business district, which includes the PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center buildings, as well as the North Carolina Museum of...
What historic hotel is in the upntown?
{'text': 'Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel', 'answer_start': 74}
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Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a...
What is the longest half life of the isotopes?
{'text': '243.66', 'answer_start': 84}
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Present-day statutes from across the nation use the same words and phrases, requiring modern executions to take place within a wall or enclosure to exclude public view. Connecticut General Statute § 54–100 requires death sentences to be conducted in an "enclosure" which "shall be so constructed as to exclude public vie...
Along with United States Code Title 18 § 3596, what federal law limits the people who won't witness a federal execution?
{'text': 'Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4', 'answer_start': 1156}
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In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding...
What describes the space-and-time dependence of a rapidly changing wave function of quantum systems?
{'text': 'a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level', 'answer_start': 509}
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During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and ...
How many madaris have been founded outside of Cairo?
{'text': '75', 'answer_start': 871}
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By 1847, the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family, and consequently the new wing, designed by Edward Blore, was built by Thomas Cubitt, enclosing the central quadrangle. The large East Front, facing The Mall, is today the "public face" of Buckingham Palace, and contains the balc...
The East Front contains what famous feature?
{'text': 'the balcony', 'answer_start': 312}
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In 2008 renewable energy accounted for 8% of the country's total energy consumption, a rise from the 7.2% it accounted for in 2006, but still below the EU average of 10% in 2008. 10% of the country's renewable energy comes from solar power, while most comes from biomass and waste recycling. In line with the European Co...
What was EU's lowest amount of energy from renewable sources in 2008?
{'text': '10%', 'answer_start': 179}
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The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands s...
What year marked the beginning of the existence of the Spanish Republic?
{'text': '1581', 'answer_start': 284}
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The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-a...
Airburst fuses could be which two things?
{'text': 'igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)', 'answer_start': 206}
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Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production com...
Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?
{'text': 'it is the second largest earner of its export revenue', 'answer_start': 1014}
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Boston has been called the "Athens of America" for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States." In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Bosto...
Known for its literary culture, Boston has also been called what?
{'text': 'Athens of America', 'answer_start': 28}
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The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e...
What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?
{'text': 'active poses', 'answer_start': 583}
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Historians trace the earliest church labeled "Baptist" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General B...
Where was the earliest church labeled "Christian" traced to?
{'text': 'Amsterdam', 'answer_start': 71}
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By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour "fast"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an ex...
In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?
{'text': 'winter', 'answer_start': 489}
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Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("Institution for Illegal Immigration"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in cl...
When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?
{'text': '1953', 'answer_start': 593}
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While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25–27), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instrumen...
On what day is using musical instruments not allowed?
{'text': 'Sabbath', 'answer_start': 357}
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Since 2005, the USAF has placed a strong focus on the improvement of Basic Military Training (BMT) for enlisted personnel. While the intense training has become longer, it also has shifted to include a deployment phase. This deployment phase, now called the BEAST, places the trainees in a surreal environment that they ...
What is the deployment phase of BMT called?
{'text': 'BEAST', 'answer_start': 258}
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Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree cere...
What do all Doctors of Philosophy wear?
{'text': 'Scarlet academic gowns', 'answer_start': 245}
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On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page...
What is the name of the leading article that referenced the removal of a major feature in The Times in 2005?
{'text': 'From Our Own Correspondents', 'answer_start': 415}
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In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed ...
Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?
{'text': 'Mao Zedong', 'answer_start': 348}
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One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. ...
How many stories was the modern Chalfonte Hotel when it opened in 1904?
{'text': 'eight', 'answer_start': 456}
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In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in it...
The Canterbury Patent Asphalte Company was established in what year?
{'text': '1838', 'answer_start': 258}
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In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.
What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?
{'text': 'DMCA requests', 'answer_start': 107}
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The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek ἀειπάρθενος) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose con...
What doctrine asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity before the act of giving birth to Jesus?
{'text': 'The Perpetual Virginity of Mary', 'answer_start': 0}
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In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in ch...
William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?
{'text': 'physicist and chemist', 'answer_start': 719}
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In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "t...
How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?
{'text': '5 °C', 'answer_start': 644}
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LEDs have been developed by Seoul Semiconductor that can operate on AC power without the need for a DC converter. For each half-cycle, part of the LED emits light and part is dark, and this is reversed during the next half-cycle. The efficacy of this type of HP-LED is typically 40 lm/W. A large number of LED elements i...
What is so good about ac powered HP-LEDs?
{'text': 'more flexibility', 'answer_start': 590}
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Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need ...
What lets Google not charge users for using Chrome?
{'text': 'enough money from this deal', 'answer_start': 270}
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The decline of Constantinople – a main trading partner of Kievan Rus' – played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through eastern Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kiev ...
What was not a major cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity?
{'text': 'trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks', 'answer_start': 137}
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On April 4, it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network’s coverage of recent events. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government...
Who supposedly created the site?
{'text': 'a Beijing citizen.', 'answer_start': 202}
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Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ...
Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?
{'text': 'Early humanists', 'answer_start': 0}
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The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity i...
What is the only visual design feature of French cathedrals?
{'text': 'their impression of verticality', 'answer_start': 145}
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In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalt...
What happened to Claridge's Company in 1915?
{'text': 'ceasing operations', 'answer_start': 605}
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A later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham ("the Grammarian"). This form of the language is known as the "Winchester standard", or more commonly as Late West Saxon. It is c...
What is another term for the Winchester standard?
{'text': 'Late West Saxon', 'answer_start': 296}
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The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum and Sahiwal. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakist...
What is Pakistan's capital?
{'text': 'Islamabad', 'answer_start': 607}
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When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106–125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (李閏) and Jiang Jing (江京) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress ...
How did Liang Ji die?
{'text': 'forced to commit suicide', 'answer_start': 1000}
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The January daily average is 33.0 °F (0.6 °C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 °F (10 °C) during thaws and dips to 10 °F (−12 °C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 °F (25.6 °C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 9...
What is the average January temp?
{'text': '33.0 °F', 'answer_start': 29}
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In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...
What was Louis Agassiz also known as?
{'text': 'the "father of the ice-age concept"', 'answer_start': 407}
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The state of Oklahoma hosts a highly competitive high school football culture, with many teams in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association (OSSAA) organizes high school football into eight distinct classes based on the size of school enrollment. Beginning with the larges...
What organization organizes High School football?
{'text': 'Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association', 'answer_start': 139}
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Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet." The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with...
What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?
{'text': 'colored twice with coccus', 'answer_start': 302}
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But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the s...
What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?
{'text': 'the rubia', 'answer_start': 511}
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By 59 BC an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") to share power and influence. In 53 BC, Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire (modern Iraq and Iran). After initial...
Who was believed to have had a secret allegiance with enemies of Julius Caesar?
{'text': 'Pompey', 'answer_start': 677}
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Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact...
What type of medium is not typically provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture?
{'text': 'growth', 'answer_start': 438}
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Complications may occur immediately following the heart attack (in the acute phase), or may need time to develop (a chronic problem). Acute complications may include heart failure if the damaged heart is no longer able to pump blood adequately around the body; aneurysm of the left ventricle myocardium; ventricular sept...
Atrial fibrillation can only be what kind of problem?
{'text': 'chronic', 'answer_start': 116}
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In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was pa...
What was attended by only a narrow spectrum of organizations?
{'text': 'meeting', 'answer_start': 462}
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However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet...
Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
{'text': 'Sultan Abdülhamid II', 'answer_start': 93}
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Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the ene...
When was it said that mandolin's popularity sank?
{'text': 'early years of the 20th century', 'answer_start': 640}
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In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandes...
What made power distribution economically non-viable in Edison's lamp?
{'text': 'by use of the Sprengel pump', 'answer_start': 385}
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On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Beyoncé is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyoncé's husband Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Includin...
What music streaming system is Beyoncé part owner of?
{'text': 'Tidal.', 'answer_start': 129}
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Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four ...
What is Neptune's gravity at 41 bar?
{'text': '11.15 m/s2', 'answer_start': 180}
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The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and development...
How many properties were were core to the college's academic mission?
{'text': '120', 'answer_start': 289}
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Beyoncé is believed to have first started a relationship with Jay Z after a collaboration on "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). Beyoncé appeared as Jay Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, which would further fuel speculation of their relat...
Where was Beyonce when she became pregnant?
{'text': 'Paris', 'answer_start': 825}
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The apparently sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record initially posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was called an "abominable mystery" by Charles Darwin. However, the fossil record has considerably grown since the time of Darwin, and recently discovered angiosperm fossils s...
What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record?
{'text': 'abominable mystery', 'answer_start': 161}
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Angels in the Outfield was Eisenhower's favorite movie. His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey. With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at card games. He learned poker, which he called his "favorite indoor sport," in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded ...
Who was Eisenhower's favorite author?
{'text': 'Zane Grey', 'answer_start': 128}
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The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing b...
What Latin word is paper not derived from?
{'text': 'Papyrus', 'answer_start': 149}
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Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among other...
Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?
{'text': 'Nikolai Zverev', 'answer_start': 584}
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In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the ...
What year did Popper become a lecturer in biology?
{'text': '1937', 'answer_start': 3}
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Gratitude for all these resources and the determination to develop oneself would be more productive than criticism and blame because the resources are readily available and because, if you blame others, there is no need for you to do something different tomorrow or for you to change and improve. Where there is a will, ...
What is one good trait about students from undeveloped countries?
{'text': 'have the will and the way to do many things', 'answer_start': 366}
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The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to visit the island on March 6, 1521. Guam was colonized in 1668 with settlers, like Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Catholic missionary. Between the 1500s and the 1700s,...
Who was the first European to visit the island?
{'text': 'Ferdinand Magellan', 'answer_start': 111}
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At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the t...
Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?
{'text': 'Vladislaus I', 'answer_start': 350}
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Beyoncé's music is generally R&B, but she also incorporates pop, soul and funk into her songs. 4 demonstrated Beyoncé's exploration of 90s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs...
Who coached Beyoncé for her Spanish recordings?
{'text': 'Rudy Perez.', 'answer_start': 516}
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Hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunt...
What do state regulations govern regarding hunting vermin?
{'text': 'the areas, time periods, techniques and methods', 'answer_start': 230}
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A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is ...
What is the length of the shortest Contiguous Coastline in the US?
{'text': '1,350 miles', 'answer_start': 164}
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Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was s...
What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth?
{'text': 'Pseudopagurus granulimanus', 'answer_start': 217}
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These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se...
Why did the gods create human beings from clay?
{'text': 'for the purpose of serving them', 'answer_start': 299}
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Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of ...
What area of France is considered a part of the Balkan countries?
{'text': 'southern France', 'answer_start': 165}