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The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[citation needed] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croat...
According to Snjezana Kordic how long has the language discussion lasted?
{'text': 'the last ten years', 'answer_start': 707}
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iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that "the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears"). It ...
Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage?
{'text': 'flash memory', 'answer_start': 478}
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Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than E...
Comprised of four large deposits, in which province are most of the world's natural bitumen reserves located?
{'text': 'Alberta', 'answer_start': 164}
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Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as we...
What are three things the old movements try to achieve?
{'text': 'smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design', 'answer_start': 190}
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In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £4.1 million ($6.4 million) from its Monday preview screenings. It grossed £6.3 million ($9.2 million) on its opening day and then £5.7 million ($8.8 million) on Wednesday, setting UK records for both days. In the film's first seven days it grossed £41.7 million ($63.8 million), ...
Skyfall's Friday-Sunday gross was how much?
{'text': '31 million', 'answer_start': 563}
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The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute br...
The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?
{'text': 'the vinaya', 'answer_start': 530}
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In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, pos...
What wasnt Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?
{'text': 'geneticist', 'answer_start': 397}
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In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified...
How many judges weren't on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?
{'text': 'three', 'answer_start': 11}
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In September 2012 at the Tokyo Game Show, Sony announced that a new, slimmer PS3 redesign (CECH-4000) was due for release in late 2012 and that it would be available with either a 250 GB or 500 GB hard drive. Three versions Super Slim model were revealed: one with a 500 GB hard drive, a second with a 250 GB hard drive ...
What color was the PlayStation 3 that was included in the God of War: Ascension bundle in the UK?
{'text': 'Garnet Red', 'answer_start': 1499}
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Its written transmission, along with the veneration bestowed on certain classical works, has led to the expectation that performers will play a work in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer. During the 19th century the details that composers put in their scores generally increased. Yet t...
Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?
{'text': 'a better realization of the original intent than the composer', 'answer_start': 498}
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In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass ...
What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light?
{'text': 'absorbs just as much light as it emits', 'answer_start': 426}
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The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and west-Saxon king, Alfred...
What was Danelaw?
{'text': 'political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions', 'answer_start': 165}
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Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including brea...
What term collectively describes "Firmicutes" and "Bacteroidetes" among others?
{'text': 'phyla', 'answer_start': 88}
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Kerry's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander George Elliott, stated to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally...
What complaint did Elliot have about Kerry's actions?
{'text': 'beaching the boat without orders', 'answer_start': 156}
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Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported ...
In what year did airlines first start to accommodate the iPod?
{'text': '2007', 'answer_start': 17}
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In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935...
What is Detroit's sports related nickname?
{'text': 'City of Champions', 'answer_start': 70}
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The Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram, characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the "Gram-positive" cell wall stain purple, while the thin "Gram-negative" cell wall appears pink. By combining morphology and Gram-staining,...
What color is typical for Gram-negative bacteria after staining?
{'text': 'pink', 'answer_start': 272}
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The board consists of nine directors. Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Other board members include Don Carty, William Gray, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles, and Sam Nunn. Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, an...
Which Dell committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws?
{'text': 'Antitrust Compliance Committee', 'answer_start': 1026}
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The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus ...
The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it?
{'text': 'University of Notre Dame du', 'answer_start': 4}
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Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcr...
What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?
{'text': 'lack of selection mechanisms', 'answer_start': 1420}
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Rainfall along the coast averages about 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation annually. The average (mean) rainfall is 10.65 inches (271 mm) and the median is 9.6 inches (240 mm). Most of the rainfall occurs during the cooler months. The months of December through March supply most of the rain, with February the only mon...
What areas of San Francisco typically experienced the greatest rainfall?
{'text': 'higher elevation areas', 'answer_start': 622}
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Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as th...
Where can advanced settings options be found?
{'text': 'Control Panel', 'answer_start': 876}
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German is the fourth most commonly used language, with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population. Fifth is Vietnamese, spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%),...
What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language?
{'text': 'German', 'answer_start': 0}
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Other historians believe that conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth, due to various factors such as the illegality of male conversion to Judaism in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century. Another factor that would have made conversion diffic...
What is a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE?
{'text': 'The Fiscus Judaicus', 'answer_start': 452}
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Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.
When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship?
{'text': '2004', 'answer_start': 6}
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Rajasthan is famous for its forts, carved temples, and decorated havelis, which were built by Rajput kings in pre-Muslim era Rajasthan.[citation needed] Rajasthan's Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Mehrangarh Fort and Stepwell of Jodhpur, Dilwara Temples, Chittorgarh Fort, Lake Palace, miniature paintings in Bundi, and numerous c...
Which Pali District temple is dedicated to Lord Adinath?
{'text': 'Ranakpur Temple', 'answer_start': 706}
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This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a nu...
In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?
{'text': '1953', 'answer_start': 345}
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Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou...
What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?
{'text': 'equilibrium line', 'answer_start': 157}
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Lossless audio compression produces a representation of digital data that decompress to an exact digital duplicate of the original audio stream, unlike playback from lossy compression techniques such as Vorbis and MP3. Compression ratios are around 50–60% of original size, which is similar to those for generic lossless...
What does a representation of algorithms that decompresses?
{'text': 'Lossless audio compression', 'answer_start': 0}
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In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this v...
Which population survived in densely wooded areas?
{'text': 'Paleolithic hunter-gatherers', 'answer_start': 509}
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Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may not correspo...
When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same?
{'text': 'differ', 'answer_start': 51}
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Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Supplementation with vitamin A and/or zinc. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group. The majority of the literature suggests ...
What strategy showed a decrease in the incidence of dietary deficiencies?
{'text': 'Zinc supplementation', 'answer_start': 143}
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The city receives 49.9 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches (66 cm), but this varies considerably from year to year. Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of...
How many inches of precipitation does NYC get in a year?
{'text': '49.9', 'answer_start': 18}
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The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). O...
What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?
{'text': 'Franklin D. Roosevelt', 'answer_start': 81}
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When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products...
What event cause shipping activities to be suspended?
{'text': 'World War II', 'answer_start': 5}
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Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the ...
What revived style dominated English country house architecture?
{'text': 'Palladian', 'answer_start': 20}
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Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15–50 years for this species ...
How long does it take whales to reach reproductive age?
{'text': '15–50 years', 'answer_start': 291}
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Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism". The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the re...
What type of federalism system does Spain reject?
{'text': 'unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism"', 'answer_start': 11}
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Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the mash, and act as a filter bed...
What does all beer include as the majority of malt?
{'text': 'starch', 'answer_start': 60}
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The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 200...
In 1758 how many mammal species were known?
{'text': '5,416', 'answer_start': 289}
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In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of...
The network spread to be known as what today?
{'text': 'the Internet.', 'answer_start': 90}
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Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In ...
What was the governing councel called?
{'text': 'Kashag', 'answer_start': 937}
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An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England f...
Which team did not qualifty for Champions League in 2005 but was able to particpate?
{'text': 'UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League', 'answer_start': 228}
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Apart from its use as a reactant, H 2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas. Liquid H2 is u...
Why is it used as the rotor coolant?
{'text': 'it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas', 'answer_start': 254}
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The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 189...
What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed?
{'text': 'Battle of Manila in 1945', 'answer_start': 797}
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In the U.S., copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court, against alleged infringers directly, or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster a...
In 2015, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?
{'text': 'MGM', 'answer_start': 434}
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Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ...
Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money?
{'text': '$301 million', 'answer_start': 680}
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The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally inv...
Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development?
{'text': 'large', 'answer_start': 2143}
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In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an ex...
How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?
{'text': 'six', 'answer_start': 455}
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Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are...
What colors are on the Spanish Navy flag?
{'text': 'red and yellow', 'answer_start': 1248}
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The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home...
What royalties does a CD-RW have?
{'text': '3%', 'answer_start': 449}
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Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 3...
Where is the Hungarian monastery?
{'text': 'on an island near Venice, Italy', 'answer_start': 345}
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The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government—as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental la...
Compared to other cities in Latin America, how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage?
{'text': 'first', 'answer_start': 746}
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Today, there is a growing number of Associates who share the Dominican charism. Dominican Associates are Christian women and men; married, single, divorced, and widowed; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order - to pr...
What is not an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?
{'text': 'Christian women and men;', 'answer_start': 105}
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The rivalry between Nintendo and Sega resulted in what has been described as one of the most notable console wars in video game history, in which Sega positioned the Genesis as the "cool" console, with more mature titles aimed at older gamers, and edgy advertisements that occasionally attacked the competition. Nintendo...
How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES?
{'text': 'over a year', 'answer_start': 480}
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From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as les evenements ("the events") or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later joined by trade unio...
What type of rallies were being held in March of 1991?
{'text': 'pro-democracy', 'answer_start': 42}
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The production arm of the studio still struggled. While there were to be a few hits like The Killers (1946) and The Naked City (1948), Universal-International's new theatrical films often met with disappointing response at the box office. By the late 1940s, Goetz was out, and the studio returned to low-budget films. Th...
In what year was The Killers produced?
{'text': '1946', 'answer_start': 102}
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The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three ...
What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?
{'text': 'a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)', 'answer_start': 334}
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The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Au...
In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located?
{'text': 'Fitzrovia', 'answer_start': 67}
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In the 19th century, a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found, based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states t...
In what century did Mary live in Ephesus with John?
{'text': 'the 19th century', 'answer_start': 3}
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The law of civil procedure governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties. Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern n...
When did The Delaware Court of Chancery become an equity court?
{'text': '1938', 'answer_start': 517}
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The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hi...
What is the second purpose of air defence?
{'text': 'destroy them', 'answer_start': 61}
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The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, until the abortive 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
Who suspended the Socialist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?
{'text': 'President Yeltsin', 'answer_start': 128}
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Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. ...
What type of region is somerset
{'text': 'Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills', 'answer_start': 0}
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The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians...
Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?
{'text': 'Scotland', 'answer_start': 207}
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Articles 77–79 of the Norwegian Constitution specifically grant the monarch of Norway the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the Storting. Should the sovereign ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden: "If a Bill has been passed unalter...
Articles 67-69 of the Norwegian Constitution grant what?
{'text': 'the monarch of Norway the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the Storting', 'answer_start': 64}
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John's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. John had...
Many of John's mistresses were what?
{'text': 'married noblewomen', 'answer_start': 257}
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Energy production in Greece is dominated by the Public Power Corporation (known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, or in English DEI). In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all energy demand in Greece, while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010. Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% ...
How much of DEI's energy output is from natural gas?
{'text': '20%', 'answer_start': 391}
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In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not mere...
In what year did IBM open its first office in Poughkeepsie?
{'text': '1956', 'answer_start': 138}
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The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities, a practice termed 'Interpretatio graeca', facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common. Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule ...
The practice of identifying local gods with Greek deities is called what?
{'text': 'Interpretatio graeca', 'answer_start': 80}
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It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at...
What attacked the abbey?
{'text': 'ties to the state during the Commonwealth period', 'answer_start': 129}
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In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian...
What accompanies the opening of some obstruents?
{'text': 'the strong burst of breath', 'answer_start': 28}
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Starting in 1984, some of these DJs, inspired by Jesse Saunders' success with "On and On", tried their hand at producing and releasing original compositions. These compositions used newly affordable electronic instruments to emulate not just Saunders' song, but the edited, enhanced styles of disco and other dance music...
what were two big subgenres of house music?
{'text': 'deep house and acid house', 'answer_start': 638}
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Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and ...
When was the Gibson F-5 never replicated?
{'text': 'early 1920s', 'answer_start': 115}
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In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While o...
In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?
{'text': '1800', 'answer_start': 17}
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A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which thi...
Who responded to George Berkeley?
{'text': 'Locke', 'answer_start': 183}
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Although most hardware clones were not produced under license by Nintendo, certain companies were granted licenses to produce NES-compatible devices. The Sharp Corporation produced at least two such clones: the Twin Famicom and the SHARP 19SC111 television. The Twin Famicom was compatible with both Famicom cartridges a...
What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and FDS systems?
{'text': 'Twin Famicom', 'answer_start': 211}
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According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's dem...
Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants will never meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?
{'text': '2060', 'answer_start': 343}
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Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish. For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules i...
How long ago were the Charters of Freedom found?
{'text': '30 years', 'answer_start': 186}
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Nigeria in recent years has been embracing industrialisation. It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company, Innoson Motors, which manufactures Rapid Transit Buses, Trucks and SUVs with an upcoming introduction of Cars. Nigeria also has few Electronic manufacturers like Zinox, the first Branded Nigerian ...
What is Nigeria's local vehicle manufacturer?
{'text': 'Innoson Motors', 'answer_start': 124}
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San Diego's roadway system provides an extensive network of routes for travel by bicycle. The dry and mild climate of San Diego makes cycling a convenient and pleasant year-round option. At the same time, the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain and significantly long average trip distances—brought about by strict low-den...
What makes San Diego the ideal city to commute via bike?
{'text': 'dry and mild climate', 'answer_start': 94}
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Following various military conquests in the Greek East, Romans adapted a number of Greek educational precepts to their own fledgling system. They began physical training to prepare the boys to grow as Roman citizens and for eventual recruitment into the army. Conforming to discipline was a point of great emphasis. Girl...
What Roman art involved speeches made to the public?
{'text': 'Oratory', 'answer_start': 761}
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Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the ...
Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?
{'text': 'basement area', 'answer_start': 543}
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One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studi...
What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself?
{'text': 'the stigma', 'answer_start': 505}
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Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start ...
What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
{'text': '1479', 'answer_start': 298}
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Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams...
Twenty-eight teams play and how many conferences the Canadian inter-university sport
{'text': 'four conferences', 'answer_start': 91}
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Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6–7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species like...
For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?
{'text': 'undescribed', 'answer_start': 335}
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Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language, in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxi...
What can an intransitive sentence consist only of in English?
{'text': 'a verb', 'answer_start': 233}
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Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ...
What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?
{'text': 'Adolphe Gutmann', 'answer_start': 850}
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Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbou...
What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?
{'text': 'Melbourne Polytechnic', 'answer_start': 149}
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The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.
What city was the first RIBA branch office closed?
{'text': 'Cambridge', 'answer_start': 144}
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Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple...
Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?
{'text': 'South Carolina', 'answer_start': 258}
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The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relat...
What type of dance comes from Jodhpur Marwar?
{'text': 'The Ghoomar dance', 'answer_start': 0}
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In the 2010s, American jurisdictions have experienced a shortage of lethal injection drugs, due to anti-death penalty advocacy and low production volume. Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011. The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be use...
What death penalty drug ceased to be manufactured in 2011?
{'text': 'sodium thiopental', 'answer_start': 193}
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Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in ...
What do individual crystallites not contain?
{'text': 'internal subdivisions', 'answer_start': 367}
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West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one: although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level. Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces, and very generously: Vojvodina had...
At what level was Yougoslav language policy declared?
{'text': 'at the level of constituent republics and provinces', 'answer_start': 233}
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The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/...
How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?
{'text': '1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed"', 'answer_start': 105}
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However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.
What's another name for the IANA database?
{'text': 'zoneinfo', 'answer_start': 272}
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A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive...
What is the Austrian analogue of the comprehensive school?
{'text': 'Gesamtschule', 'answer_start': 600}
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Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications. Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills, communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at ...
Besides excellent writing abilities and good 'people' skills, all company employees should have what other skill?
{'text': 'the capacity to think critically and strategically', 'answer_start': 503}