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Syria | Lands that constitute modern day Syria were part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and had been annexed by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC. Led by Cyrus the Great, the Achaemenid Persians retained Imperial Aramaic as one of the diplomatic languages of their empire (539 BC – 330 BC), as well as the Assyrian name for the new ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
Mourning of Muharram | Muharram rituals had reached Iran as early as the twelfth century, but a new era began with the Safavid dynasty, whose founder Ismai'l I (r. 1501–1524) is responsible for the wholesale conversion of Iran to Twelver Shi'ism. This transition was met with relatively little resistance locally, perhaps due to the popularity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram |
Diacritic | The following languages have letter-diacritic combinations that are not considered independent letters.
Afrikaans uses a diaeresis to mark vowels that are pronounced separately and not as one would expect where they occur together, for example voel (to feel) as opposed to voël (bird). The circumflex is used in ê, î, ô... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic |
Islam in Vietnam | A Spanish record in late 1580s reported that "many Muslims live in Champa, whose Hindu king wanted Islam to be spoken and taught, resulted in many mosques existed along with Hindu temples". Many Cham Qur'an manuscripts and Bani legends were written during this period in Panduranga, for examples several Bani legends, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam |
Eastern Christianity | Scholars and intellectuals agree Christians have made significant contributions to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of Islam, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the Middle East and North Africa and other areas. Byzantine science played an important and crucial role in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity |
Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014) | On 1 November, a group of intoxicated Zintan fighters stormed a hospital in Tripoli and demanded they hand-over of a fighter who was wounded earlier in the day in a clash that also left another militiaman dead. The doctors refused and a Tripoli militia, in charge of hospital security, forced the Zintanis out, but not b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014) |
Dua | A person who recites from إِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ("In the creation of the heavens and the earth") in Surah Al Imran till the end of the surah on any night or part of the night, will receive the reward of performing his Salaat for the whole night.
A person recites Surah Ya Sin early in the morning t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua |
Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s | The main economic resources back then, pearl diving, fishing and palm farming were administered by tribal councils, with Shaikh Isa's council being the most influential. Most fishing trap owners and palm farmers were Baharna, who formed the lowest layer of the social strata. They were the only group which had to pay a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s |
Babylonia | In 620 BC Nabopolassar seized control over much of Babylonia with the support of most of the inhabitants, with only the city of Nippur and some northern regions showing any loyalty to the beleaguered Assyrian king. Nabopolassar was unable to utterly secure Babylonia, and for the next four years he was forced to contend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia |
Ethics | The main concern of virtue ethics is how virtues are expressed in actions. As such, it is neither directly interested in the consequences of actions nor in universal moral duties. Virtues are positive character traits like honesty, courage, kindness, and compassion. They are usually understood as dispositions to feel, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics |
Habib Bourguiba | After he resigned from the executive committee of Destour, Bourguiba was on his own once again. However, his fellow mates of L'Action Tunisienne soon were in conflict with the elders of the party, ending with the exclusion of Guiga, on 17 November 1933 and the resignation of El Materi, M'hamed Bourguiba and Sfar from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba |
Egypt | The military is influential in the political and economic life of Egypt and exempts itself from laws that apply to other sectors. It enjoys considerable power, prestige and independence within the state and has been widely considered part of the Egyptian "deep state".
Egypt is speculated by Israel to be the second coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt |
Ka'ak | In some societies, the pastries or sweets known as ka'ak are semolina-based cookies (biscuits), such as ka'ak bi ma'moul (or ka'ak bi ajwa), which is stuffed with ground dates, ka'ak bi jowz, which is stuffed with ground walnuts, and ka'ak bi fustok, which is stuffed with ground pistachios.
Ka'ak are popularly served f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ak |
Islamic Golden Age | Arabic scholars used their natural and cultural resources to contribute to the strong development of pharmacology. They believed that God had provided the means for a cure for every disease. However, there was confusion about the nature of some ancient plants that existed during this time.
A prominent figure that was i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age |
Chronology of the ancient Near East | A number of lunar and solar eclipses have been suggested for use in dating the ancient Near East. Many suffer from the vagueness of the original tablets in showing that an actual eclipse occurred. At that point, it becomes a question of using computer models to show when a given eclipse would have been visible at a sit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East |
Benjamin Netanyahu | After being defeated by Ehud Barak in the 1999 Israeli prime ministerial election, Netanyahu temporarily retired from politics. He subsequently served as a senior consultant with Israeli communications equipment manufacturer BATM Advanced Communications for two years.
With the fall of the Barak government in late 2000,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu |
Arabs | From 1517 to 1918, The Ottomans defeated the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo, and ended the Abbasid Caliphate in the battles of Marj Dabiq and Ridaniya. They entered the Levant and Egypt as conquerors, and brought down the Abbasid caliphate after it lasted for many centuries. In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Islamic–Jewish relations | According to Judaism, Jews that voluntarily convert to Islam commit a treacherous act of heresy in abandoning the Torah. There is a view, held by the Radvaz and Ritva, that a Jew should be prepared to take his own life rather than convert to another religion, but the Rambam, also known as Maimonides, expresses that it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations |
Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq) | The Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) was established as the de facto ruling power in Iraq after the military coup of 1968. However, its foundation materialized much earlier. The Revolution of 1958 mobilized a small group of young military officers known as the Free Officers. The Free Officers, headed by 'Abd a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq) |
Caste | In the Philippines, pre-colonial societies do not have a single social structure. The class structures can be roughly categorised into four types:
Classless societies – egalitarian societies with no class structure. Examples include the Mangyan and the Kalanguya peoples.
Warrior societies – societies where a distinct ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste |
Umar | Umar's visit to Jerusalem is documented in several sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the following anecdote:
"Umar ordered Gentiles and a group of Jews to sweep the area of the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who had come sent letters to the rest of the Jews in Palestine and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar |
Nasr Abu Zayd | The Nasr Abu Zayd case began when he was refused a promotion for the post of full professor. In May 1992, Dr. Abu Zayd presented his academic publications to the Standing Committee of Academic Tenure and Promotion for advancement. Among his thirteen works in Arabic and other languages were Imam Shāfi'ī and the Founding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd |
Arabization | Since the independence of Syria in 1946, the ethnically diverse Rojava region in northern Syria suffered grave human rights violations, because all governments pursued a most brutal policy of Arabization. While all non-Arab ethnic groups within Syria, such as Assyrians, Armenians, Turcomans, and Mhallami have faced pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization |
Outrigger boat | Outrigger boats were originally developed by the Austronesian-speaking peoples of the islands of Southeast Asia for sea travel. It is believed that the use of outriggers may have been initially caused by the need for stability on small watercraft after the invention of crab claw sails some time around 1500 BCE.
Outrigg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger_boat |
Algerian nationalism | In 1962, Ben Bella was after a turbulent couple of months named president of the independent Algeria, and drawing upon a largely mythical and invented past tried to ambitiously govern the post-colonial reality. The relationship between leaders and ordinary people was under the first years of independence a seemingly eg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_nationalism |
Bronze Age | In modern scholarship, the chronology of the Bronze Age Levant is divided into:
Early/Proto Syrian; corresponding to the Early Bronze Age.
Old Syrian; corresponding to the Middle Bronze Age.
Middle Syrian; corresponding to the Late Bronze Age.
The term Neo-Syria is used to designate the early Iron Age.
The old Syrian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age |
Ex-Muslims | According to Najma Al Zidjaly study ex-Muslims can also fashion themselves as humanists, liberals and/or secularists without disclosing of leaving their religion. Since secular liberals and also Quranists contest Islamic authoritative discourses, researcher Al Zidjaly considers them close to ex-Muslims to a lesser degr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Muslims |
Next Libyan presidential election | Various postponements have resulted from disputes about fundamental rules governing the election, including the voting timetable, the eligibility of the main candidates and the eventual powers of the next president and parliament.
Days before the first round was scheduled to take place, the election was already up in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Libyan_presidential_election |
Liberalism | Although all liberal doctrines possess a common heritage, scholars frequently assume that those doctrines contain "separate and often contradictory streams of thought". The objectives of liberal theorists and philosophers have differed across various times, cultures and continents. The diversity of liberalism can be gl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism |
Dabke | The Oud (عود), from which the English word "lute" comes, is shaped like half a pear with a short non-fretted neck. It has six courses of two strings and played with a plectrum, usually a trimmed eagle's feather. This instrument creates a deep and mellow sound.
The mijwiz (مجوز), which means "double" in Arabic, is very... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabke |
Zubayr ibn al-Awwam | Later in 639, the Rashidun forces marched south to the Byzantine city named Oxyrhynchus (al-Bahnasa in Arabic). 'Amr delegated Khalid ibn al-Walid to lead Zubayr and a Muslim army of 10,000 under his command to invade the city, where they faced Sudanese Christian auxiliaries of the Byzantine-Beja coalition in the Battl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam |
Muslim conquest of Persia | Years of warfare between the Sasanians and the Byzantines, as well as the strain of the Khazar invasion of Transcaucasia, had exhausted the army. No effective ruler followed Khosrau II, causing chaos in society and problems in the provincial administration, until Yazdegerd III rose to power. All these factors undermine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine | In the overall context of the Jewish settlement's development in the 1930s the physical losses endured during the revolt were relatively insignificant. Although hundreds were killed and property was damaged no Jewish settlement was captured or destroyed and several dozen new ones were established. Over 50,000 new Jewis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine |
Guinea | Guinea is a member of the African Union, Agency for the French-Speaking Community, African Development Bank, Economic Community of West African States, World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, IMF, and the United Nations.
According to a February 2009 U.S. Department of State statement, Guinea's foreign relations, includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea |
Sharia | Some articles that may be considered precursors of sharia law and rituals can be found in the pre-Islamic Arabic Religions; Hajj, salāt and zakāt could be seen in pre-Islamic Safaitic-Arabic inscriptions, and continuity can be observed in many details, especially in todays hajj and umrah rituals. The veiling order, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Ismail Ibn Sharif | Morocco's relations with the Ottoman Empire and its possessions in North Africa were often very strained. The two powers always distrusted one another and this was particularly true during Ismail's reign. The Ottomans supported Ismail's rivals within Morocco both financially and militarily, repeatedly mounting expediti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif |
Crusader states | Modern historiography has focused on the kingdom of Jerusalem. Possibly this is related to it being the objective of the First Crusade, as well as the perception of the city being the centre and chief city of medieval Christendom. However, research into the kingdom does not provide a comprehensive common template for t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states |
Ibn al-Abbar | Of the forty-five books by Ibn al-Abbār, eight survive:
Kitāb al-Takmila li Kitāb al-ṣila (كتاب التكملة لالكتاب الصلىة); at-Takmila ('Supplement') to the Ta'rīkh' Ulamā 'al-Andalus ('History of the scholars of Andalusia') of Ibn al-Faradi (962-1013), to which Ibn Bashkuwāl (1101-1183) had written a sequel history Ṣila... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Abbar |
Syrian literature | Adonis. Adonis: Selected Poems, translated by Khaled Mattawa. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
Azrak, Michel G. (ed.). Modern Syrian Short Stories. (English and Arabic), Three Continents Press, 1988.
Bayrakdar, Faraj (2021). Alcalay, Ammiel; Taleghani, Shareah (eds.). A Dove in Free Flight. Upset Press.
Barakat,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_literature |
Alhucemas Islands | Peñón de Alhucemas, together with the islets of Isla de Mar and Isla de Tierra slightly to the west, form the Alhucemas Islands. They are located 300 metres (984 feet) off the Moroccan town of Al Hoceima, or Alhucemas (former Villa Sanjurjo), 146 km (91 miles) east of Ceuta and 84 km (52 miles) west of Melilla. The agg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands |
Persian pottery | Innovations in Seljuk pottery include the production of mina'i ware (meaning "enamelled ware"), developed in Kashan in the decades leading up to the Mongol invasion of Persia in 1219, after which production ceased. It has been described as "probably the most luxurious of all types of ceramic ware produced in the easte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_pottery |
Ashurbanipal | In Assyrian royal ideology, the Assyrian king was the divinely appointed mortal representative of Ashur. The king was seen as having the moral, humane and necessary obligation to extend Assyria since lands outside Assyria were regarded to be uncivilized and a threat to the cosmic and divine order within the Assyrian Em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal |
Ancient Carthage | Carthage was once again drawn into a war in Sicily, this time by Pyrrhus of Epirus, who challenged both Roman and Carthaginian supremacy over the Mediterranean. The Greek city of Tarentum, in southern Italy, had come into conflict with an expansionist Rome, and sought the aid of Pyrrhus. Seeing an opportunity to forge ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage |
Galilee | During Early Ottoman era, the Galilee was governed as the Safad Sanjak, initially part of the larger administrative unit of Damascus Eyalet (1549–1660) and later as part of Sidon Eyalet (1660–1864). During the 18th century, the administrative division of Galilee was renamed to Acre Sanjak, and the Eyalet itself became ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee |
History of medieval Tunisia | Following the Fatimids, for the next half millennium Berber Ifriqiya enjoyed self-rule (1048−1574). The Fatimids were Shi'a, specifically of the more controversial Isma'ili branch. They originated in Islamic lands far to the east. Today, and for many centuries, the majority of Tunisians identify as Sunni (also from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Tunisia |
Shukri al-Quwatli | Amid the euphoria generated by Egypt's military intervention, serious unity discussions commenced between Syria and Egypt. Towards the end of October, Anwar al-Sadat, the Egyptian speaker of parliament, visited the Syrian parliament in Damascus in a gesture of solidarity, only for the visit to end with the Syrian parli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi | Al-Farahidi's eschewing of material wealth has been noted by a number of biographers. In his old age, the son of Habib ibn al-Muhallab and reigning governor of the Muhallabids offered al-Farahidi a pension and requested that the latter tutor the former's son. Al-Farahidi declined, stating that he was wealthy though pos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi |
Al-Biruni | Al-Biruni spent the first twenty-five years of his life in Khwarezm where he studied Islamic jurisprudence, theology, grammar, mathematics, astronomy, medicine and philosophy and dabbled not only in the field of physics, but also in those of most of the other sciences. The Iranian Khwarezmian language, which was Biruni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni |
Mithridates II of Parthia | At the time of his succession, the Parthian Empire was reeling from military pressures in the West and East. Several humiliating defeats at the hands of eastern nomads had sapped the strength and prestige of the kingdom. Mithridates II quickly gained the allegiance of the Characenean ruler Hyspaosines, who had original... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia |
International Security Assistance Force | Australia – Australia was one of the largest non-NATO contributors to the War in Afghanistan. Called Operation Slipper, the core of the Australian contingent was based in the southern province of Uruzgan. Australia had joint command of Uruzgan Province with the United States (Combined Team Uruzgan). Australia provided ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force |
Islamic attitudes towards science | Ahmet Hamdi Akseki, supported by the official institute for religius affairs in Turkey (Diyanet), published various articles about the creation of humanity. He emphazises that the purpose of the Quran is to offer parables and moral lessons, not offering scientific data or accounts of history. To demonstrate the ambigui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science |
Samanid Mausoleum | The monument marks a new era in the development of Persian and Central Asian architecture, which was revived after the Arab conquest of the region. Many researches noted that the structure is made similar to the open, four-arched, often square in shape, Zoroastrian fire temples from Sassanian Iran, commonly known as ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Mausoleum |
Arabic | The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of diglossia, which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations. Tawleed is the process of giving a new shade of meaning to an old classical word. Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
2006 Lebanon War | While the Israeli government initially held the Lebanese government responsible for the Hezbollah attacks due to Lebanon's failure to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 and disarm Hezbollah, Lebanon disavowed the raids, stating that the government of Lebanon did not condone them, and pointing out... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War |
Arabesque | Arabesque is a French term derived from the Italian word arabesco, meaning "in the Arabic style". The term was first used in Italian, where rabeschi was used in the 16th century as a term for "pilaster ornaments featuring acanthus decoration", specifically "running scrolls" that ran vertically up a panel or pilaster, r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque |
Sharia | The spread of codified state laws and Western-style legal education in the modern Muslim world has displaced traditional muftis from their historical role of clarifying and elaborating the laws applied in courts. Instead, fatwas have increasingly served to advise the general public on other aspects of Sharia, particula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus) | Now the daughter of Pharaoh came down to bathe at the river, and her maidens walked beside the river; she saw the basket among the reeds and sent her maid to fetch it. When she opened it she saw the child; and lo, the babe was crying. She took pity on him and said, "This is one of the Hebrews' children." Then his siste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus) |
History of Mauritania (1960–1978) | For their part, Polisario strategists sought first to remove Mauritania from the conflict and then to direct their efforts against the far stronger Moroccan forces. In mid-1977 the Polisario launched a general offensive against Mauritania to cripple its economy and incite internal opposition to the war, hoping thereby ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mauritania_(1960%E2%80%931978) |
Mamluk architecture | According to scholar Doris Behrens-Abouseif, the evolution of Mamluk domes followed similar trends to that of minarets but happened at a slower pace. Mamluk domes transitioned over time from wooden or brick structures to stone masonry structures. On the interior, the transition between the base of the round dome and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_architecture |
Rashidun Caliphate | The Rashidun army was divided into infantry and light cavalry. Reconstructing the military equipment of early Muslim armies is problematic. Compared with Roman armies or later medieval Muslim armies, the range of visual representation is very small, often imprecise. Physically, very little material evidence has survive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate |
Fatwa | The basic prerequisite for issuing fatwas under the classical legal theory was religious knowledge and piety. According to the adab al-mufti manuals, a mufti must be an adult, Muslim, trusted and reliable, of good character and sound mind, an alert and rigorous thinker, trained as a jurist, and not a sinner. On a pract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa |
Husayn ibn Ali | Seventy or seventy-two people died on Husayn's side, of whom about twenty were descendants of Abu Talib, the father of Ali. This included two of Husayn's sons, six of his paternal brothers, three sons of Hasan ibn Ali, three sons of Jafar ibn Abi Talib and three sons and three grandsons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib. Following... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali |
Syrian literature | Adonis. Adonis: Selected Poems, translated by Khaled Mattawa. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
Azrak, Michel G. (ed.). Modern Syrian Short Stories. (English and Arabic), Three Continents Press, 1988.
Bayrakdar, Faraj (2021). Alcalay, Ammiel; Taleghani, Shareah (eds.). A Dove in Free Flight. Upset Press.
Barakat,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_literature |
Legal system of Saudi Arabia | Laws relating to marriage, divorce, children and inheritance are not codified and fall within the general jurisdiction of the Sharia courts.
Polygamy is permitted for men but is limited to four wives at any one time. There is evidence that its practice has increased, particularly among the educated Hejazi elite, as a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Selimiye Mosque, Edirne | The mihrab is set back from the rest of the prayer hall, standing in an apse-like projection with enough depth to allow for window illumination from three sides. This has the effect of making the tile panels of its lower walls sparkle with natural light. The tiles on either side of the mihrab are excellent examples of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne |
Kashf | Al-Kushayri expands on al-Kalabadhi’s proposal that tajalli (manifestation) of "the essence" of the Divine is called mukashafa. He then illustrates three stages in progression towards understanding the Real:
Muhadara—getting oneself into position vis-à-vis the objective sought. The objective remains veiled at this sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashf |
Hassan Nasrallah | According to Saudi state-owned Al Arabiya, a video posted on their site is of Nasrallah giving a speech circa 1988 in which he states, "Our plan, to which we, as faithful believers, have no alternative, is to establish an Islamic state ... Lebanon should not be an Islamic republic on its own, but rather, part of the Gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah |
Free Officers movement (Egypt) | Anwar Sadat, in his autobiography "In Search of an Identity," described how the Free Officers movement attempted to defect to the Nazis in advance of the Battle of El Alamein. The Free Officers took aerial photographs of British positions and sent this intelligence along with a letter offering allegiance to Axis in a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Officers_movement_(Egypt) |
Heraclius | During his Balkan campaigns, Emperor Maurice and his family were murdered by Phocas in November 602 after a mutiny. Khosrow II (Chosroes) of the Sasanian Empire had been restored to his throne by Maurice, and they had remained allies until the latter's death. Thereafter, Khosrow seized the opportunity to attack the Byz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius |
Ibn Battuta | After his third pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq. In the autumn of 1330 (or 1332), he set off for the Seljuk controlled territory of Anatolia to take an overland route to India. He crossed the Red Sea and the Eastern Desert to reach the Nile vall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta |
Safavid Iran | On the death of Ismail II there were three candidates for succession: Shāh Shujā', the infant son of Ismail (only a few weeks old), Ismail's brother, Mohammad Khodabanda; and Mohammad's son, Sultan Hamza Mirza, 11 years old at the time. Pari Khān Khānum, sister of Ismail and Mohammad, hoped to act as regent for any of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Prostitution | Throughout the Middle Ages the definition of a prostitute has been ambiguous, with various secular and canonical organizations defining prostitution in constantly evolving terms. Even though medieval secular authorities created legislation to deal with the phenomenon of prostitution, they rarely attempted to define wha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution |
2012 Summer Olympics | The Olympic Park was planned to incorporate 45 hectares of wildlife habitat, with a total of 525 bird boxes and 150 bat boxes. Local waterways and riverbanks were enhanced as part of the process. Renewable energy also featured at the Olympics. It was originally planned to provide 20% of the energy for the Olympic Park ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics |
Northern bald ibis | According to local legend in the Birecik area, the northern bald ibis was one of the first birds that Noah released from the Ark as a symbol of fertility, and a lingering religious sentiment in Turkey helped the colonies there to survive long after the demise of the species in Europe, as described above.
This ibis was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_bald_ibis |
Islam and democracy | Officially, Indonesia does not have a state religion, and is in many respects a secular democracy. The constitution of Indonesia gives its people the freedom of worship, according to their religion or belief. This is based on the state ideology of "Pancasila" whose first tenet, Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa, translates as "T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_democracy |
Lebanese Forces | In 1982, Bachir met with Hani Al-Hassan (representative of the PLO) and told him that Israel would enter and wipe them out. Bachir told him to leave Lebanon peacefully before it was too late. Hani left and no reply was given to Bachir.
Israel invaded Lebanon, arguing that a military intervention was necessary to root o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Forces |
Religion | Religion is a modern concept. The concept was invented recently in the English language and is found in texts from the 17th century due to events such as the splitting of Christendom during the Protestant Reformation and globalization in the Age of Exploration, which involved contact with numerous foreign cultures with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion |
Benjamin Netanyahu | In 2009, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton voiced support for the establishment of a Palestinian state – a solution not endorsed by prime minister-designate Benjamin Netanyahu, with whom she had earlier pledged the United States' cooperation. Upon the arrival of President Obama administration's special envoy, Georg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu |
Qisas | The main verse for implementation in Islam is Al Baqara; 178 verse: "Believers! Retaliation is ordained for you regarding the people who were killed. Free versus free, captive versus captive, woman versus woman. Whoever is forgiven by the brother of the slain for a price, let him abide by the custom and pay the price w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qisas |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | During the conflict, life in much of southern Israel was largely paralyzed by more than 30 Hamas rocket and mortar strikes. The Israeli Home Front Command issued detailed emergency instructions to Israeli citizens for preparing for and dealing with rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip. The instructions included orders to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war | Iran and Syria are close strategic allies, and Iran has provided significant support for Syria in the Syrian Civil War. This is said to include technical support, some combat troops, and $9bn in financial support. Iran views the civil war as a critical front in an existential battle that directly relates to its geopoli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war |
Olive | An olive tree in Mouriscas, Abrantes, Portugal, (Oliveira do Mouchão) is one of the oldest known olive trees still alive to this day, with an estimated age of 3,350 years, planted approximately at the beginning of the Atlantic Bronze Age.
An olive tree in the city of Bar in Montenegro has an estimated age of between 2,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive |
Islamic economics | Classical scholars in the Muslim world did however, make valuable contributions to Islamic thought on issues involving production, consumption, income, wealth, property, taxation, land ownership, etc. are Abu Yusuf (d. 798), Muhammad bin al-Hasan (d. 805), Al-Mawardi (d. 1058), Ibn Hazm (d. 1064), Sarakhsi (d. 1090), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics |
Eastern Orthodox Church | The first known use of the phrase "the catholic Church" (he katholike ekklesia) occurred in a letter written about AD 110 from one Greek church to another (Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans). The letter states: "Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, there is the u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church |
1973 oil crisis | In the US production, distribution and price disruptions "have been held responsible for recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity, and lower economic growth." Some researchers regard the 1973 "oil price shock" and the accompanying 1973–74 stock market crash as the first discrete event since the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis |
Islamic fundamentalism | Some states and movements that are perceived or claimed to be Islamic fundamentalists have been criticized for their human rights record by international organizations. The acceptance of international law on human rights has been somewhat limited even in Muslim countries that are not seen as fundamentalist. Ann Elizabe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism |
Shalmaneser V | Shalmaneser was deposed in 722 BC and replaced as king by Sargon II. The exact circumstances surrounding the struggle for the throne are not clear, but were likely violent. An awkward succession is clearly indicated by the fact that out of all of Sargon's numerous preserved inscriptions, only a single one mentions Shal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_V |
Hadrian | Hadrian has been described as the most versatile of all Roman emperors, who "adroitly concealed a mind envious, melancholy, hedonistic, and excessive with respect to his own ostentation; he simulated restraint, affability, clemency, and conversely disguised the ardor for fame with which he burned." His successor Marcus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian |
Hamza | Logically, hamza is just like any other letter, but it may be written in different ways. It has no effect on the way other letters are written. In particular, surrounding long vowels are written just as they always are, regardless of the "seat" of the hamza—even if this results in the appearance of two consecutive wā... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza |
Al-Albani | Al-Albani has been regarded as one of the leading Islamic scholars of the 20th-century. Al-Albani's revaluation of the kutub al-sitta gained him criticism amongst a number of Sunni Muslim scholars. Al-Albani's critics amongst the clerical and intellectual classes consisted of various theological and political opponents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Albani |
Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a | In 2008, al-Shabaab conducted several anti-Sufi attacks and ASWJ began fighting them. ASWJ won large victories in central Somalia and controlled the majority of southern Mudug, Gedo and Galgaduud, as well as parts of Hiran, Middle Shebelle, and Bakool. The group received support from the Ethiopian government, and has b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a |
Titi Robin | Trio and quintet concerts (with either Pepito Montealegre or Maria Robin singing) continue to tour.
Titi Robin toured in India from north to south in October 2008 with his trio (he frequently tours on the sub-continent) and writes on this occasion, a daily blog at the request of the website of Radio France Internationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titi_Robin |
Haifa | Recently, residential construction has been concentrated around Kiryat Haim and Kiryat Shmuel, with 75,000 m2 (807,293 sq ft) of new residential construction between 2002 and 2004, the Carmel, with 70,000 m2 (753,474 sq ft), and Ramot Neve Sha'anan with approximately 70,000 m2 (753,474 sq ft) Non-residential constructi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa |
Nelson Mandela | Returning to Mqhekezweni in December 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had arranged marriages for him and Justice; dismayed, they fled to Johannesburg via Queenstown, arriving in April 1941. Mandela found work as a night watchman at Crown Mines, his "first sight of South African capitalism in action", but was fired w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | The core territories of Fatimid Ifriqiya were the same as in late antique times, when the area had been the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa: Tunisia, northeastern Algeria, and Tripolitania, which had been highly urbanized since antiquity and were used to regular administration and taxation. Outside these areas, the nativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah |
Akkadian Empire | So great was the Akkadian Empire, especially Sargon and Narim-Sin, that its history was passed down for millennia. This ranged on one end to purported copies of still existing Sargonic period inscriptions to literary tales made up from the whole cloth at the other. A few examples:
Great Rebellion Against Naram-Sin – A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire |
Feminism in Egypt | Zaynab Fawwaz, both a journalist and writer, is considered the first women to write autobiographical works in Egypt, publishing "الدر المنثور في طبقات ربات الخدور", (The Book of Scattered Pearls Regarding Categories of Women, 1894–95) which contained the lives of 456 women and their achievements. Fawwaz wrote in order ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt |
Mona Eltahawy | Eltahawy was a board member of the Progressive Muslim Union of North America during its existence from 2004 to 2006.
Eltahawy has criticised the regimes of both Hosni Mubarak and the Egypt-based Muslim Brotherhood, referring to them as "old, out-of-touch men". In an interview in February 2011, she said the Muslim Broth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Eltahawy |
Chinese Indonesian cuisine | Chinese influences are evident in Indonesian food. Popular Chinese Indonesian foods include bakmi, mie ayam, pangsit, bakso, lumpia, kwetiau goreng and mie goreng.
Chinese culinary culture is particularly evident in Indonesian cuisine through the Hokkien, Hakka, and Cantonese loanwords used for various dishes. Words be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine |
Hadith terminology | Sahih (Arabic: صحيح, Ṣaḥīḥ) may be translated as "authentic" or "sound." Ibn Hajar defines a hadith that is ṣaḥīḥ lidhātihi ("ṣaḥīḥ in and of itself") as a singular narration (ahaad; see below) conveyed by a trustworthy, completely competent person, either in his ability to memorize or to preserve what he wrote, with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_terminology |
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