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History of hospitals | Medieval hospitals in Europe followed a similar pattern to the Byzantine. They were religious communities, with care provided by monks and nuns. An old French term for hospital is hôtel-Dieu, "hostel of God." Some were attached to monasteries; others were independent and had their own endowments, usually of property, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hospitals |
Culture of Tunisia | Gradually after independence, gender roles and behavioral norms views start to change in Tunisian culture with the development of gender equality inside the society. In 1957 the Code of Personal Status (CSP) came into force, which gives women a new status, unprecedented in the Arab-Muslim world. This code establishes i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Tunisia |
Nelson Mandela | Disguised as a chauffeur, Mandela travelled around the country incognito, organising the ANC's new cell structure and the planned mass stay-at-home strike. Referred to as the "Black Pimpernel" in the press—a reference to Emma Orczy's 1905 novel The Scarlet Pimpernel—a warrant for his arrest was put out by the police. M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | The Museum of Costume Art was founded by Aline Bernstein and Irene Lewisohn. In 1946, with the financial support of the fashion industry, the Museum of Costume Art merged with The Metropolitan Museum of Art as The Costume Institute, and in 1959 became a curatorial department. Today, its collection contains more than 35... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia | In the context of the Arab Spring, the only province with a majority Shia population, the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, arose against the Saudi regime in 2011 and 2012. The Shia protesters were violently repressed, and their situation did not improve. These protests were a turning point in the relations between the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Arab Peace Initiative | Israeli Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Avigdor Lieberman said on April 21, 2009, that the plan is "a dangerous proposal, a recipe for the destruction of Israel."
Likud party spokesperson Zalman Shoval said in March 2007 that Israel would never accept the return of refugees who had lived in pre-1967 Israeli ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative |
Khat | Khat was made illegal in the UK on 24 June 2014. Concerns had been expressed by commentators, health professionals and community members about the use of khat in the UK, particularly by immigrants from Somalia, Yemen and Ethiopia. Studies of the effects of khat use by immigrants on their mental health suggested that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khat |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | On 25 January 1952, at a time of growing fedayeen attacks on British forces occupying the Suez Canal Zone, some 7,000 British soldiers attacked the main police station in the Canal city Ismailia. In the ensuing battle, which lasted two hours, 50 Egyptian policeman were killed, sparking outrage across Egypt, and the Cai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser |
Sayfo | Ottoman troops began attacking Christian villages during their February 1915 retreat, when they were turned back by a Russian counterattack. Facing losses which they blamed on Armenian volunteers and imagining a broad Armenian rebellion, Djevdet ordered massacres of Christian civilians to reduce the potential future st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo |
Fez, Morocco | The main spoken language in Fez is Arabic Darija (Arabic: الدارجة المغربية, lit. 'Moroccan vernacular'), a vernacular variety of Arabic. Like the inhabitants of other historical urban centers in Morocco, Ahl Fes (أهل فاس "the people of Fes," referring especially to old elite families) speak their own distinct dialect o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Almoravid dynasty | The term "Almoravid" comes from the Arabic "al-Murabit" (المرابط), through the Spanish: almorávide. The transformation of the b in "al-Murabit" to the v in almorávide is an example of betacism in Spanish.
In Arabic, "al-Murabit" literally means "one who is tying" but figuratively means "one who is ready for battle at a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Italian East Africa | Fascist colonial policy in Italian East Africa had a divide and conquer characteristic. To weaken the Orthodox Christian Amhara people who had run Ethiopia in the past, territory claimed by Eritrean Tigray-Tigrinyas and Somalis was given to the Eritrea Governorate and Somalia Governorate.: 5 Reconstruction efforts aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa |
Safa Khulusi | Following Zahawi's death in 1936, Salma al-Malaika (1908–1953) writing under the name Umm Nizar, enters the Iraqi literary scene. According to Khulusi, her first poem is also the very first to be published for any woman in Iraq and appropriately its Zahawi's elegy.
When merciless death called on you,
Poetry burst into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safa_Khulusi |
Al-Aqsa TV | In May 2013, al-Aqsa TV became the focus of media scrutiny after a decision by the Newseum to honor two al-Aqsa TV members as part of its ongoing memorial to journalists who lost their lives in the line of duty in 2012. The U.S. government classifies al-Aqsa TV as being controlled by Hamas, a "Specially Designated Glob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_TV |
Hizb ut-Tahrir | In Pakistan, HT activities were "officially launched in late 2000 and increased after 9/11". HT opened up its own publishing house in Peshawar for the benefit of Central Asian states to the northwest. Its efforts to recreate the Caliphate in Central Asia are "believed to be supported by extremist groups", according to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir |
Samanid Empire | Not long after his accession, Ahmad invaded Sistan; by 911, Sistan was under complete Samanid control, and Ahmad's cousin Abu Salih Mansur was appointed as its governor. Meanwhile, an Alid named Hasan al-Utrush was slowly re-establishing Zaydi over Tabaristan. In 913, Ahmad sent an army under Muhammad ibn Sa'luk to dea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire |
Nelson Mandela | Intending to gain skills needed to become a privy councillor for the Thembu royal house, Mandela began his secondary education in 1933 at Clarkebury Methodist High School in Engcobo, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in Thembuland. Made to socialise with other students on an equ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Madinat al-Zahra | The Dar al-Mulk or "Royal House" is a palace described in historical sources. Archeologists have identified it, tentatively, with the structure located on the highest terrace of the city, in the northwest extremity of the excavated area today. It is believed to have been one of the earliest structures built on the sit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
2017 Western Iraq campaign | Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi announced an offensive to recapture the western border region of al-Qaim and Rawa on 26 October. He stated, "The heroic legions are advancing into the last den of terrorism in Iraq to liberate al-Qaim, Rawa and the surrounding villages and hamlets." Iraqi forces including the troops, poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign |
Murad III | Following the example of his father Selim II, Murad was the second Ottoman sultan who never went on campaign during his reign, instead spending it entirely in Constantinople. During the final years of his reign, he did not even leave Topkapı Palace. For two consecutive years, he did not attend the Friday procession to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_III |
Jaffa | The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine severely impacted Jaffa. On 19 April 1936, riots broke out in Jaffa after rumors spread among the local Arab community that Jews had started to kill Arabs; Arab rioters attacked Jewish targets for three days before British security forces quelled the rioting. 9 Jews and 2 Arabs we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa |
Anatolian rug | Star Ushak carpets were woven in large formats. They are characterized by large dark blue star shaped primary medallions in infinite repeat on a red ground field containing a secondary floral scroll. The design was likely influenced by northwest Persian book design, or by Persian carpet medallions. As compared to the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rug |
Othello | Othello was performed in the Shimpa style in Japan in 1903 by Otojiro Kawakami, resetting the location Cyprus to Taiwan, which was then a Japanese colony.
In 1930 Stanislavski directed a production of Othello for the Moscow Art Theatre, which was influential in the development of his system. The performance was directe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello |
Ridda Wars | The last of the great revolts against Islam was that of the powerful tribe of Kinda, who inhabited the region of Najran, Hadhramaut, and eastern Yemen. They did not revolt until January 633.
Ziyad bin Lubaid, Muslim governor of Hadhramaut, operated against them and raided Riyaz, after which the whole of the Kinda broke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_Wars |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | As the Arab League summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6 p.m. at age 52. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser |
Internet in Bahrain | Ascentech Telecom: Value added Telecommunications company established in 2005. Services include International calling cards, online SMS, cloud services, as well as business voice and data services.
Bahrain Internet Exchange (BIX): Body established by government decree to connect Internet Service Providers, in order to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Bahrain |
Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum | There had been an armed border dispute between the Emirate of Dubai and the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1946, and when Sheikh Rashid became ruler of Dubai, there was still a state of stand-off between the two emirates. Sheikh Rashid's accession did not serve to improve the situation because of a delicate family relationshi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_bin_Saeed_Al_Maktoum |
Aramaic | Aramaic nouns and adjectives are inflected to show gender, number and state.
Aramaic has two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. The feminine absolute singular is often marked by the ending ה- -â.
Nouns can be either singular or plural, but an additional "dual" number exists for nouns that usually come in pair... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic |
Hamas | According to Middle East experts, now Hamas has two firm allies: Qatar and Turkey. Both give Hamas public and financial assistance estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Qatar has transferred more than $1.8 billion to Hamas. Shashank Joshi, senior research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas |
Energy in Sudan | Electricity generation began in 1908 when a private company constructed the first power station at Burri al-Daralsa near Khartoum. The modern system dates from 1925 with the establishment of the Sudan Light and Power Company, an enterprise financed and managed by British entrepreneurs but owned by the Condominium gover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Sudan |
Dragut | Dragut was born in Karatoprak (known today as Turgutreis in his honour) near Bodrum, on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, in the sub-district called Saravalos in the western tip of Bodrum peninsula; or probably in the Karabağ village on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. His family were either Greek Christians or Turkish Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragut |
History of Palestine | In the mid-17th century, the Zaydani family became a formidable force in northern Palestine. Initially, its sheikhs were appointed as multazems (tax collectors and local enforcers) of iltizam (tax farms) in parts of the Galilee by the Ma'ani, and, after 1697, the Shihabi emirs of Mount Lebanon. In 1730, Zaydani sheikh ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine |
Mesopotamia | From Sumerian times, temple priesthoods had attempted to associate current events with certain positions of the planets and stars. This continued to Assyrian times, when Limmu lists were created as a year by year association of events with planetary positions, which, when they have survived to the present day, allow ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia |
Shimashki dynasty | The names in the king-list, as found in Potts, are "Girnamme, Tazitta, Ebarti, Tazitta, Lu[?]-[x-x-x]-lu-uh-ha-an, Kindattu, Idaddu, Tan-Ruhurater, Ebarti, Idaddu, Idaddu-napir, Idaddu-temti, twelve Sumerian kings" (bracketed letters original).
Girnamme ruled at the same time as Shu-Sin, king of Ur, and was involved, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimashki_dynasty |
Crusades | The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, its objective was to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Middle East, then under as-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil. The Crusade wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Percy Cox | The remainder of Cox's term as High Commissioner was spent negotiating the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, years 1921 and 1922, which established "the infant State of Iraq". Faisal's objection to the British Mandate of Iraq and his insistence on formal independence were in need of a fine diplomatic touch. Britain wished to keep i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Cox |
Ancient Egypt | The ancient Egyptians produced art to serve functional purposes. For over 3500 years, artists adhered to artistic forms and iconography that were developed during the Old Kingdom, following a strict set of principles that resisted foreign influence and internal change. These artistic standards—simple lines, shapes, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt |
2003 invasion of Iraq | The Battle of Haditha Dam occurred on 24 March 2003, Rangers from 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, conducted a combat parachute drop onto H-1 Air Base, securing the site as a staging area for operations in the west. Delta Force recce operators drove through Iraqi lines around the Haditha Dam on customised ATVs, mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Multi-National Force – Iraq | United Kingdom – 3,700 troops were in Southern Iraq, leading the Multi-National Division (South East), which includes troops from several other countries. The deployment includes infantry, mechanized infantry and armored units as well as water-borne patrol personnel and a range of aircraft. After the invasion (which in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq |
Hasan al-Utrush | Hasan was born in Medina around 844. Hasan's father was a descendant of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad and third Shi'a Imam, via his eldest son Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, while his mother was an unnamed Khurasani slave. When Hasan ibn Zayd, a descendant of Husayn's brother Hasan, established his rule over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush |
List of caliphs | Bobrick, Benson (2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1416567622.
Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1987). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213. SUNY Series in Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caliphs |
Six-Day War | Further south, on 6 June, the Israeli 38th Armored Division under Major-General Ariel Sharon assaulted Um-Katef, a heavily fortified area defended by the Egyptian 2nd Infantry Division under Major-General Sa'adi Naguib (though Naguib was actually absent) of Soviet World War II armour, which included 90 T-34-85 tanks, 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Islamic modernism | Islamic modernist discourse emerged as an intellectual movement in the second quarter of nineteenth century; during an era of wide-ranging reforms initiated across the Ottoman empire known as the Tanzimat (1839–1876 C.E). The movement sought to harmonise classical Islamic theological concepts with liberal constitutiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism |
Senusiyya | The Senussi order has been historically closed to Europeans and outsiders, leading reports of their beliefs and practices to vary immensely. Though it is possible to gain some insight from the lives of the Senussi sheikhs further details are difficult to obtain.
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi (1787–1859), the founder of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusiyya |
Science and technology in Morocco | As of 2015, Morocco had three technoparks. These host start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises. Since the first technopark was established in Rabat in 2005, a second has been set up in Casablanca and, in 2015, a third in Tangers. Like its two predecessors, the technopark in Tangers hosts companies specializing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Morocco |
Eritrea | The boundaries of the present-day Eritrea nation state were established during the Scramble for Africa. In 1869 or 1870, the ruling local chief sold lands surrounding the Bay of Assab to the Rubattino Shipping Company. The area served as a coaling station along the shipping lanes introduced by the recently completed Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea |
Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia | Spending on defense and security has increased significantly since the mid-1990s and was about US$67 billion in 2013. Saudi Arabia ranks among the top five nations in the world in government spending for its military, representing about 9% of GDP in 2013. Its modern, high-technology arsenal makes Saudi Arabia among the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Mandate for Palestine | Bentwich, Norman (1932). England in Palestine. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company Limited.
Bentwich, Norman (1929). "The Mandate for Transjordan". British Yearbook of International Law. 10. Humphrey Sumner Milford: 212–213.
Chamberlain, Austen (1924), Convention between the United States of America and Great Britain; T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine |
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi | On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a cleric and Sufi from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's program Sunni Talk that the Mujaddid of the Indian subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, and said that a follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified by his love of Khan and that those outside of that those outside... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi |
History of medieval Tunisia | Following the Mahdi Ibn Tumart's death, Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi (c. 1090 – 1163) circa 1130 became the Almohad caliph—the first non-Arab to take such title. Abd al-Mu'min had been one of the original "Ten" followers of Ibn Tumart. He immediately launched attacks on the ruling Almoravid and had wrestled Morocco away from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Tunisia |
Islamic philosophy | Islamic philosophy found an audience with the Jews, to whom belongs the honor of having transmitted it to the Christian world. A series of eminent men—such as the Ibn Tibbons, Narboni, Gersonides—joined in translating the Arabic philosophical works into Hebrew and commenting upon them. The works of Ibn Rushd especially... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Lusail | In 1908, J. G. Lorimer recorded Lusail in his Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. He wrote:
A village on the east coast of Qatar about 15 miles north of Dohah: the principal residence at the present time of Shaikh Jasim, the head of the Al Thani family of Qatar. About 500 yards inland of the place is Jabal Lusail, a rocky ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail |
Ptolemy | Ptolemy wrote a work entitled Harmonikon (Greek: Ἁρμονικόν, known as the Harmonics, on music theory and the mathematics behind musical scales in three books.
Harmonics begins with a definition of harmonic theory, with a long exposition on the relationship between reason and sense perception in corroborating theoretical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy |
Arab socialism | Socialism was a major component of Ba'athist thought, and it featured in the party's tripartite slogan of "unity, liberty, socialism". However, in using the term "Arab socialism," Aflaq was not referring to the internationalist strain of socialism; his conception resolved socialism with Arab nationalism. Aflaq believed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_socialism |
Dabke | The Oud (عود), from which the English word "lute" comes, is shaped like half a pear with a short non-fretted neck. It has six courses of two strings and played with a plectrum, usually a trimmed eagle's feather. This instrument creates a deep and mellow sound.
The mijwiz (مجوز), which means "double" in Arabic, is very... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabke |
Geography of Iraq | The climate of Iraq is mainly a hot desert climate or a hot semi-arid climate to the northernmost part. Averages high temperatures are generally above 40 °C (104 °F) at low elevations during summer months (June, July and August) while averages low temperatures can drop to below 0 °C (32 °F) during the coldest month of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq |
Akkadian royal titulary | In the Cyrus Cylinder, Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire assumes many native Mesopotamian title following his 539 BC conquest of Babylon. Much like the late inscriptions of Nabonidus, the Cyrus Cylinder corresponds more to the traditional Assyrian royal titulary than it does the Babylonian. When the Assyrian kin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary |
Middle Assyrian Empire | Middle Assyrian royal palaces were prominent symbols of royal power, and the centers and main institutions of the Assyrian government. Though the main palace was located in Assur, kings had palaces at several different sites which they often traveled between. The most important surviving source concerning Middle Assyri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire |
First Cabinet of Saad Hariri | Michael Young of the Daily Star said that "[Syrian President Bashir al-] Assad is smarting from the American derailing of Syrian-Saudi talks...Assad does not want to be blamed by Washington and Paris for whatever goes wrong in Lebanon, and he grasps that any confrontation between the Lebanese might only reinforce Hezbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Saad_Hariri |
Tunisia | Football is the most popular sport in Tunisia. The Tunisia national football team, also known as "The Eagles of Carthage", won the 2004 African Cup of Nations (ACN) as hosts. They also represented Africa in the 2005 FIFA Cup of Confederations, which was held in Germany, but they could not go beyond the first round.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia |
Isma'ilism | The focus of Imam Aga Khan III's message was to promote the idea that women were free and independent. In a message to his followers in 1926, he proclaimed that:
"I do not want Ismaili women dependent on anyone—their parents, husbands, or anyone except God...I have no doubt that the whole spirit and teaching of my ance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
David Ben-Gurion | Ben-Gurion published two volumes setting out his views on relations between Zionists and the Arab world: We and Our Neighbors, published in 1931, and My Talks with Arab Leaders published in 1967. Ben-Gurion believed in the equal rights of Arabs who remained in and would become citizens of Israel. He was quoted as sayin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion |
Saladin | Hattin and the fall of Jerusalem prompted the Third Crusade (1189–1192), which was partially financed by a special "Saladin tithe" in 1188. King Richard I led Guy's siege of Acre, conquered the city and executed almost 3,000 Muslim prisoners of war. Baha ad-Din wrote:The motives of this massacre are differently told; a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin |
Ali al-Sulayhi | Following his marriage to Asma, he moved to Jabal Masur with 60 loyal members of his clan, al-Yam, part of the Hamdani tribe. After being temporarily besieged by local horsemen, he proceeded to build a large fort at the mountaintop and amassed a huge force of fighters from his tribe and their allies. Raising the banner... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sulayhi |
Kingdom of Tunisia | Bourguiba was preoccupied with the reservations of Libya, Morocco and Saudi Arabia, as well as some Western circles, about declaring the republic in Tunisia. In confirmation of this, the ambassador of the Kingdom of Libya left the headquarters of the Constituent Assembly in protest against the declaration of the republ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia |
Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia | Palmyra was a cosmopolitan society, with its population being a mix of Aramaeans and Arabs. The Arabs of Palmyra worshipped al-Lat, Rahim and Shamash. The temple of al-Lat was established by the Bene Ma'zin tribe, who were probably an Arab tribe. The nomads of the countryside worshipped a set of deities, bearing Arab n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia |
Presidency of Donald Trump | Days after the presidential election, Trump selected RNC Chairman Reince Priebus as his Chief of Staff. Trump chose Sessions for the position of Attorney General.
In February 2017, Trump formally announced his cabinet structure, elevating the Director of National Intelligence and Director of the Central Intelligence Ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump |
Ghurid dynasty | On the eve of the Ghurid invasion of the subcontinent, northern India was ruled by many independent Rajput kings, often fighting with each other, such as the Chahamana ruler Prithviraja III in Delhi and Ajmer, the Chaulukya ruler Mularaja II in Gujarat, the Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra in Kanauj, further in the east of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty |
Honor killing | Legislation on this issue varies, but today the vast majority of countries no longer allow a husband to legally murder a wife for adultery (although adultery itself continues to be punishable by death in some countries) or to commit other forms of honor killings. However, in many places, adultery and other "immoral" se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_killing |
Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe | The translation of Al-Khwarizmi's work greatly influenced mathematics in Europe. As Professor Victor J. Katz writes: "Most early algebra works in Europe in fact recognized that the first algebra works in that continent were translations of the work of al-Khwärizmï and other Islamic authors. There was also some awarenes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe |
Timeline of the name Palestine | c. 362: Julian, Against the Galileans: "Why were you so ungrateful to our gods as to desert them for the Jews?" Was it because the gods granted the sovereign power to Rome, permitting the Jews to be free for a short time only, and then forever to be enslaved and aliens? Look at Abraham: was he not an alien in a strange... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine |
Kashmiri cuisine | Spring is often considered a season of rejuvenation after a long and harsh winter. Picnics, of which the Kashmiris are very fond, are planned around the theme of food. The countryside is awash with white and pink flowers of almond (badaam), peach (tsunun) and cherry (gilaas) blossoms. The mustard fields join the show w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine |
History of navigation | The main problem in navigating, by sail alone, back from the south of the Canary Islands (or south of Boujdour), is due to the change in the regime of winds and currents: the North Atlantic gyre and the Equatorial counter current will push south along the northwest bulge of Africa, while the uncertain winds where the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_navigation |
Hussein of Jordan | When the PLO moved to Lebanon from Jordan after 1970, repeated attacks and counter-attacks occurred in southern Lebanon between the PLO and Israel. Two major Israeli incursions into Lebanon occurred in 1978, and the other in 1982, the latter conflict troubled Hussein as the IDF had laid siege to Beirut. The PLO was to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan |
Apostasy in Islam by country | Freedom of religion in Algeria is regulated by the Algerian Constitution, which declares Sunni Islam to be the state religion.
According to Pew Research Center in 2010, 97.9% of Algerians were Muslim, 1.8% were unaffiliated, with the remaining 0.3% comprising adherents of other religions.
By law, children follow the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country |
Hongwu Emperor | Hongwu tried to remove Mencius from the Temple of Confucius as certain parts of his work were deemed harmful. These include "the people are the most important element in a nation; the spirits of the land and grain are the next; the sovereign is the lightest" (Mengzi, Jin Xin II), as well as, "when the prince regards th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor |
Malta | Malta was ruled by the House of Barcelona, the ruling dynasty of the Crown of Aragon, from 1282 to 1409, with the Aragonese aiding the Maltese insurgents in the Sicilian Vespers in the naval battle in Grand Harbour in 1283.
Relatives of the kings of Aragon ruled the island until 1409 when it formally passed to the Crow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta |
Early Middle Ages | Climatic conditions in Western Europe began to improve after 700. In that year, the two major powers in western Europe were the Franks in Gaul and the Lombards in Italy. The Lombards had been thoroughly Romanized, and their kingdom was stable and well developed. The Franks, in contrast, were barely any different from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages |
Hermetica | Badawi, Abdurrahman (1947). al-Insāniyya wa-l-wujūdiyya fī l-fikr al-'Arabī. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam. OCLC 163528808. (pp. 179–183 contain a small fragment from the Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs)
Badawi, Abdurrahman (1955). al-Aflāṭūniyyah al-muḥdatha ʿinda al-ʿarab. Dirāsāt islāmiyya, 19. Cairo: Maktabat al-nahḍa al-miṣriyya. OCLC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetica |
Qasida | In Burushaski, the Qasida refers broadly to Isma'ili devotional literature in general rather than a specific style of poetry and is interchangeably used with the word Ginan in the language. It was regularly performed in the jamat-khana and has been a cornerstone of Ismaili practics in the Hunza Valley. The Burushaski Q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasida |
Pratihara dynasty | After bringing much of Rajasthan under his control, Vatsaraja embarked to become "master of all the land lying between the two seas." Contemporary Jijasena's Harivamsha Purana describes him as "master of western quarter".
According to the Radhanpur Plate and Prithviraja Vijaya, Vatsaraja led an expedition against the P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty |
Josephus | In the Preface to Jewish Wars, Josephus criticizes historians who misrepresent the events of the Jewish–Roman War, writing that "they have a mind to demonstrate the greatness of the Romans, while they still diminish and lessen the actions of the Jews." Josephus states that his intention is to correct this method but th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus |
Messaoud Ould Boulkheir | Messaoud Ould Boulkheir started his primary school in 1950. At that time every family was obligated to send one of their sons or daughters to school. Messaoud was sent to a French school because the Ahel Taleb Ethmane family (the masters of the Messaoud family) did not want to send their children to school. It was an o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaoud_Ould_Boulkheir |
Dire Dawa | The present-day town of Dire Dawa (311 km by rail from Djibouti), however, is of very recent origin. It owes its foundation to a technical problem: when it became impossible to lay the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway via Harar because of the steep access to the town, Emperor Menelik II accepted (in a later dated 5 Novembe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Dawa |
Fasting in Islam | In the Quran, the practice of fasting is mentioned. In verse 2:183, the Quran expresses situations in which a Muslim is allowed to abstain from fasting and introduces alternative solutions such as feeding needy people. Also, it is emphasized in verse 2:183–185 that it is not necessary for people who are traveling or si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam |
History of Tunisia under French rule | The Bey of Tunis was the traditional, authoritarian ruler. Under the Protectorate the Bey's rule continued de jure, yet de facto control of the country passed to the French Resident General and his ministers, appointed in Paris. The Bey continued in his lesser role as a figurehead monarch. Yet his position had been tar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tunisia_under_French_rule |
Kharijites | In addition to their insistence on rule according to the Qur'an, the view common to all Kharijite groups was that any Muslim was qualified to become caliph, regardless of origin, if he had the credentials of belief and piety. They rejected Qurayshite descent or close kinship with Muhammad as a prerequisite for the offi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Cosmological argument | Depending on its formulation, the cosmological argument is an example of a positive infinite regress argument. An infinite regress is an infinite series of entities governed by a recursive principle that determines how each entity in the series depends on or is produced by its predecessor. An infinite regress argument ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument |
1958 Lebanon crisis | The partition of the Ottoman Empire divided present-day Syria and Lebanon under the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon in 1923. Lebanon completely became an independent nation on 22 November 1943 when the French Mandate formally ended. Around the time of independence, the National Pact was agreed upon, stating that, amo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis |
Islamic criminal law in Aceh | Qanun Aceh No. 6 of 2014 (known as the Qanun Jinayat) is the latest revision of Islamic criminal law implementation in Aceh. It criminalizes the consumption and production of liquor (called khamar in the law), gambling (maisir), being alone with someone of the opposite sex who is not a spouse or a relative (khalwat), c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_criminal_law_in_Aceh |
Early modern human | Following the peopling of Africa some 130,000 years ago, and the recent Out-of-Africa expansion some 70,000 to 50,000 years ago, some sub-populations of H. sapiens had been essentially isolated for tens of thousands of years prior to the early modern Age of Discovery. Combined with archaic admixture this has resulted i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_human |
Presidency of Donald Trump | In May 2018, the administration announced it would separate children from parents caught unlawfully crossing the southern border into the United States. Parents were routinely charged with a misdemeanor and jailed; their children were placed in separate detention centers with no established procedure to track them or r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump |
Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) | The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began with the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, which toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. However, the war continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. The United States off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013) |
Salafi movement | The Salafi movement emphasizes looking up to the era of the Salaf al-Salih; who were the early three generations of Muslims that succeeded Prophet Muhammad. They consider the faith and practices of salaf al-salih as virtuous and exemplary. By seeking to capture values of the Salaf in their own lives, Salafis attempt to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Cricket Kuwait | 1946: Cricket first played in Magwa between the Oil Company employees and those of the contracting companies.
1947: Magwa Cricket Club formed by Kuwait Oil Company senior staff. For a brief period known as the Kuwait Cricket Club.
1948: Magwa Cricket Club renamed the Hubara Cricket Club; its objective was to 'Foster cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Kuwait |
Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent | New technology, i.e. printing press and railways, along with political reforms brought major social changes and the institution of nation state started to take shape. Barbara Metcalf and Thomas Metcalf explain:
"The decades that spanned the turn of the twentieth century marked the apogee of the British imperial system,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent |
Arabic diacritics | Historically Arabic script has been adopted and used by many tonal languages, examples include Xiao'erjing for Mandarin Chinese as well as Ajami script adopted for writing various languages of Western Africa. However, the Arabic script never had an inherent way of representing tones until it was adapted for the Rohingy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_diacritics |
Ba'athism | According to Aflaq, the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) against the Ottoman Empire failed to unify the Arab world because it was led by a reactionary class. He believed the ruling class, who supported the monarchy as the leaders of the Arab Revolt did, were synonymous with a reactionary class. In Ba'athist ideology, the ruling... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
Roman–Persian Wars | In 602 the Roman army campaigning in the Balkans mutinied under the leadership of Phocas, who succeeded in seizing the throne and then killed Maurice and his family. Khosrau II used the murder of his benefactor as a pretext for war and reconquer the Roman province of Mesopotamia. In the early years of the war the Persi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars |
Israelites | The history of the Israelite people can be divided into these categories, according to the Hebrew Bible:
Pre-Monarchic Period (unknown to c. 1050 BCE)
The Israelites were named after their ancestor, Jacob/Israel, who was the grandson of Abraham. They were organized into 12 tribes: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites |
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