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Al-Aziz Billah | Along with Syria, al-Aziz presided over an expansion of Fatimid influence in the Arabian Peninsula. The Hajj—or at least those caravans setting off from Cairo with the pilgrims of the western Islamic world—was placed under Fatimid control and protection, despite the considerable cost it entailed. The emirs of Mecca, al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah |
Culture of Qatar | As Qatar is a highly arid country, the traditional ways of life were confined either to nomadic pastoralism practiced by the Bedouins of the interior and to fishing and pearling, which was engaged in by the relatively settled coastal dwellers, who are called hadar and who formed the majority of the population. Both fis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar |
Orientalism | French Orientalist painting was transformed by Napoleon's ultimately unsuccessful invasion of Egypt and Syria in 1798–1801, which stimulated great public interest in Egyptology, and was also recorded in subsequent years by Napoleon's court painters, especially Antoine-Jean Gros, although the Middle Eastern campaign was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism |
Novel | The rise of the modern novel as an alternative to the chivalric romance began with the publication of Miguel de Cervantes' novel Don Quixote: "the first great novel of world literature". It continued with Scarron's Roman Comique (the first part of which appeared in 1651), whose heroes noted the rivalry between French r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel |
Knight | In the Early Medieval period, any well-equipped horseman could be described as a knight, or miles in Latin. The first knights appeared during the reign of Charlemagne in the 8th century. As the Carolingian Age progressed, the Franks were generally on the attack, and larger numbers of warriors took to their horses to ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight |
Iraqi nationalism | After gaining independence in 1932, the Iraqi government immediately declared that Kuwait was rightfully a territory of Iraq, claiming it had been part of an Iraqi territory until being created by the British.
The Qassim government held an irredentist claim to Khuzestan. It also held irredentist claims to Kuwait.
Sadd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism |
Mesopotamian Marshes | The draining of Mesopotamian Marshes began in the 1950s with the Central Marshes and gradually accelerated as it affected the two other main marshes until early in the 21st century with the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The draining of the marshes was intended at first to reclaim land for agriculture along with oil exploratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes |
Killing of Qusay and Uday Hussein | On the night of Monday 21 July 2003, Nawaf al-Zaidan, a businessman and close friend of Saddam's family (and also being a part of a family known for falsely claiming to be 'cousins' of Saddam's family, rather being from the same tribe) who had been sheltering Uday, Qusay, Qusay's 14-year-old son Mustafa and their bodyg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Qusay_and_Uday_Hussein |
Quran | Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2022). The Religion and Rituals of the Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Reconstruction Based on the Safaitic Inscriptions. Brill.
Allen, Roger (2000). An Introduction to Arabic literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77657-8.
Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Akkadian royal titulary | Though there had been kings (and thus obviously royal titles) in Mesopotamia since prehistoric times, the first great "innovator" of royal titles was Naram-Sin of Akkad (r. 2254–2218 BC), the grandson of Sargon of Akkad and the fourth ruler of the Akkadian Empire. Naram-Sin introduced the idea of kingship in the four c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary |
Old Assyrian period | From the 19th century BC until the end of the Old Assyrian period, the Assur city-state frequently came under the control of larger foreign states and empires. The portion of the Old Assyrian period that is best historically attested, chiefly through extensive records found in the ruins of the city of Mari, is the time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period |
House of Wisdom | This is a list of notable people related to the House of Wisdom.
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (786–886)—leading Persian astrologist in the Abbasid court who translated the works of Aristotle
Averroes (1126–1198)—born in Islamic Iberia (modern day Spain), he was a Muslim philosopher who was famous for his commentary on Aristo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom |
Early Middle Ages | The death of Theodosius I in 395 was followed by the division of the empire between his two sons. The Western Roman Empire disintegrated into a mosaic of warring Germanic kingdoms in the 5th century, effectively making the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople the Greek-speaking successor to the classical Roman Empire... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages |
Bethlehem | Bethlehem was part of Mandatory Palestine from 1920 to 1948. In the United Nations General Assembly's 1947 resolution to partition Palestine, Bethlehem was included in the international enclave of Jerusalem to be administered by the United Nations. Jordan captured the city during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Many refugee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem |
History of the ancient Levant | In the Iron Age, the Levant was characterized by patches of scattered kingdoms and tribal confederations which originated from the same cultural and linguistic milieu. Occasionally, these peoples united against expansion from neighboring regions, notably in the Battle of Qarqar (853 BC) which saw an alliance of Aramaea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant |
Hamdan Qarmat | In 899, following the death of the previous leader of the sect at Salamiya, Sa'id ibn al-Husayn, the future founder of the Fatimid Caliphate, became the leader. Soon, he began making alterations to the doctrine, which worried Hamdan. Abu Muhammad went to Salamiya to investigate the matter, and learned that Sa'id claime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat |
Religion | The Baháʼí Faith teaches the unity of all religious philosophies.
Cao Đài is a syncretistic, monotheistic religion, established in Vietnam in 1926.
Eckankar is a pantheistic religion with the purpose of making God an everyday reality in one's life.
Epicureanism is a Hellenistic philosophy that is considered by many of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion |
Palmyra | Records of the name "Tadmor" date from the early second millennium BC; eighteenth century BC tablets from Mari written in cuneiform record the name as "Ta-ad-mi-ir", while Assyrian inscriptions of the eleventh century BC record it as "Ta-ad-mar". Aramaic Palmyrene inscriptions themselves showed two variants of the name... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra |
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world | Islamic influence on Chinese astronomy was first recorded during the Song dynasty when a Hui Muslim astronomer named Ma Yize introduced the concept of seven days in a week and made other contributions.
Islamic astronomers were brought to China in order to work on calendar making and astronomy during the Mongol Empire a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Member states of the Arab League | 1942 – The United Kingdom promotes the idea of the Arab League.
1945 – Leaders of seven states in the Middle East sign the Alexandria Protocol, thus establishing the first Organization with a Pan-Arabic ideology in the 20th century. The founding members were Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan (entering u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League |
Australian cuisine | The traditional places to buy take-away food in Australia has long been at a local milk bar, fish and chip shop, or bakery, though these have met with stiff competition from fast food chains and convenience stores in recent decades.
Iconic Australian take-away food (i.e. fast food) includes meat pies, sausage rolls, pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cuisine |
History of the ancient Levant | Some recent scholars dealing with the Syrian part of the Levant during the Bronze Age use Syria-specific subdivision: "Early/Proto Syrian" for the Early Bronze Age (3300–2000 BC); "Old Syrian" for the Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BC); and "Middle Syrian" for the Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BC). "Neo-Syrian" corresponds ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant |
History of the Spanish language | Learned words—that is, "bookish" words transmitted partly through writing and thus affected by their Latin form—became increasingly frequent with the works of Alfonso X in the mid-to-late 13th century. Many of these words contained consonant clusters which, in oral transmission, had been reduced to simpler consonant c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language |
Farahi school | The main focus of the Farahi School is built on a contextualised understanding of the Qurʾān, the study of all other aspects of the faith, such as the Hadith tradition is based on a constant reference to the Qurʾān. It is this unwavering centrality given to the Qurʾān that has enabled the school to produce academically... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farahi_school |
The Sudans | The Sudans are situated in northern/northeastern Africa, with a 853 km (530 mi) coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of 2,505,810 km2 (967,499 sq mi), the two countries, if taken together, would be the largest country in Africa (a status they lost to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sudans |
SOAS University of London | In recognition of SOAS's role during the war, the 1946 Scarborough Commission (officially the "Commission of Enquiry into the Facilities for Oriental, Slavonic, East European and African Studies") report recommended a major expansion in provision for the study of Asia and the school benefited greatly from the subsequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London |
Wadaad's writing | In 1932, Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil (Somali: Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil), a Somali scholar who studied at Al-Azhar University, published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" (Arabic: إنشاء المكاتبات العربية في اللغة الصوماليّة; Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing |
Abaza family | Sources indicate that the Abaza family was well established in the Nile Delta by the late 18th century especially in their stronghold, Sharqia.
Historian al-Sayyid-Marsot in her study 'Egypt in the reign of Muhammed Ali' states that they were named after "a beloved grandmother ... or her place of birth". This maternal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_family |
Akkad (city) | It has been proposed, based on kudurrus from the reigns of Kassite rulers Marduk-nadin-ahhe (1095–1078 BC) and Nebuchadnezzar I (1121–1100 BC), that Akkad had been renamed sometime in the 2nd millennium. The kuduru suggests the new name was Dur-Sharru-Kin, "on the bank of the river Nish-Gatti in the district of Milikku... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkad_(city) |
Hassan Fathy | In 1953 he returned to Cairo, heading the Architectural Section of the Faculty of Fine Arts in 1954.
Fathy's next major engagement was designing and supervising school construction for Egypt's Ministry of Education.
Through his work of the years, and especially after New Gourna, he targeted bureaucracy being one of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Fathy |
Education in Islam | In general, minority religious groups often have more education than a country's majority religious group, even more so when a large part of that minority are immigrants. This trend applies to Islam: Muslims in North America have more formal years of formal education than Christians. Furthermore, Christians have more f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Islam |
Hellenistic period | The concept of Hellenization, meaning the adoption of Greek culture in non-Greek regions, has long been controversial. Undoubtedly Greek influence did spread through the Hellenistic realms, but to what extent, and whether this was a deliberate policy or mere cultural diffusion, have been hotly debated.
It seems likely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Ayyubid dynasty | Military architecture was the supreme expression of the Ayyubid period, as well as an eagerness to fortify the restoration of Sunni Islam, especially in a previously Shia-dominated Egypt by constructing Sunni madrasas. The most radical change Saladin implemented in Egypt was the enclosure of Cairo and al-Fustat within ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Islam and secularism | from Islamic revivalists
The resurgence of Islam/Islamic revival, beginning with the Iranian revolution of 1978–9, defied the illusions of advocates of secularization theory. The resurgence of Islam in politics in the most modernizing of Muslim countries, such as Egypt, Algeria and Turkey, betrayed expectations of thos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_secularism |
Turkey | According to historians and linguists, the Proto-Turkic language originated in Central-East Asia. Initially, Proto-Turkic speakers were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became nomadic pastoralists. Early and medieval Turkic groups exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian phys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey |
1970s | Superpower tensions had cooled by the 1970s, with the bellicose US–Soviet confrontations of the 1950s–60s giving way to the policy of "détente", which promoted the idea that the world's problems could be resolved at the negotiating table. Détente was partially a reaction against the policies of the previous 25 years, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s |
Umayyad Caliphate | The recognition of Mu'awiya in Kufa, referred to as the "year of unification of the community" in the Muslim traditional sources, is generally considered the start of his caliphate. With his accession, the political capital and the caliphal treasury were transferred to Damascus, the seat of Mu'awiya's power. Syria's em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Aramaic | The connection between Chaldean, Syriac, and Samaritan as "Aramaic" was first identified in 1679 by German theologian Johann Wilhelm Hilliger. In 1819–21 Ulrich Friedrich Kopp published his Bilder und Schriften der Vorzeit ("Images and Inscriptions of the Past"), in which he established the basis of the paleographical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic |
Henry Ernest Stapleton | 1900 Tetrazoline, Transactions of the Chemical Society 75. (with Siegfried Ruhemann)
1900 The Formation of Heterocyclic Compounds, Transactions of the Chemical Society 77. (with Siegfried Ruhemann)
1900 Condensation of Ethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate with Bases and P-Ketonic Esters, Transactions of the Chemical Society 77... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Stapleton |
Uruk period | The religious universe of the Late Uruk period is very difficult to understand. As already stated, the cult places are very difficult to identify archaeologically, in particular in the area of the Eanna in Uruk. But in many cases, the cult foundations of buildings seems very probable, based on the similarity with build... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_period |
Jahannam | Einar Thomassen writes that the seven levels of hell mentioned in hadith "came to be associated" with the seven names used in the Quran to refer to hell, with a category of inmates assigned to each level.
Jahannam was reserved for Muslims who had committed grave sins.
al-Laza (the blaze)
al-Hutama (the consuming fire)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahannam |
Abu Muslim | After the establishment of the Abbasid regime, Abu Muslim remained in Khurasan as its governor. In this role he suppressed the Shi'a uprising of Sharik ibn Shaikh al-Mahri in Bukhara in 750/1, and furthered the Muslim conquest of Central Asia, sending Abu Da'ud Khalid ibn Ibrahim to campaign in the east.
His heroic rol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muslim |
History of science | To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science |
Lebanese Shia Muslims | The spread of Shia Islam in Lebanon was a complex, multi-faceted phenomnon over a few centuries. By the time of the Islamic conquest, Jabal Amel was an ethno-linguistic hybrid which included the tribes of Amilah and Judham as well as Hamdan émigrés, and non-Arab communities. According to Irfan Shahîd, the pre-Islamic t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims |
Bullfighting | The issue of bullfighting has been controversial and problematic in Colombia in recent years. Bullfighting with killing bulls in the ring is legal in Colombia. In 2013, Gustavo Petro, then mayor of the Colombian capital city of Bogotá, had de facto prohibited bullfighting by refusing to lease out bullrings to bullfight... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfighting |
Iznik pottery | The so-called 'Damascus ware' was popular under Süleyman the Magnificent from 1540 to 1555. Vessels were decorated for the first time with sage green and pale purple, in addition to cobalt blue and turquoise, and form a transition towards full-fledged polychrome ceramics. They were mistakenly believed to have originate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iznik_pottery |
Al-Battani | Al-Battānī's Kitāb az-Zīj (كتاب الزيج or زيج البتاني, "Book of Astronomical Tables"), written in around 900, and also known as the al-Zīj al-Ṣābī (كتاب الزيج الصابئ), is the earliest extant zīj made in the Ptolemaic tradition that is hardly influenced by Hindu or Sasanian–Iranian astronomy. It corrected mistakes made b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Battani |
Zina | Islamic scripture does not specifically mention masturbation. Like most people prior to the morals of the Age of Enlightenment, pre-modern Islam faced masturbation mostly with indifference. A few hadiths underline this view. Muhammad is reported to have said that "it is your fluid, or your member, so do whatever you li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina |
Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina | Aščerić-Todd, Ines (2015). Dervishes and Islam in Bosnia: Sufi Dimensions to the Formation of Bosnian Muslim Society. The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. Vol. 58. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004288447. ISBN 978-90-04-27821-9. ISSN 1380-6076. S2CID 127053309.
Bougarel, Xavier (2005). "Balkan Muslim Diaspo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina |
Middle Ages | The Viking settlement in the British Isles led to the formation of new political entities, including the small (but militant) Kingdom of Dublin in Ireland. The Anglo-Saxon king Alfred the Great (r. 871–99) reached an agreement with Danish invaders in 879, acknowledging the existence of an independent Viking realm in Br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Battle of Badr | After the Hijra (migration to Medina) in 622 CE, the population of Medina chose Muhammad to be the leader of the community. Muhammad's followers decided to raid the caravans of the Meccans as they passed by Medina. This decision was taken in response to the Meccans persecution of the Muslims and their forceful seizing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr |
Index of Islam-related articles | Ma malakat aymanukum
Ma'ruf
Muadh ibn Jabal
Madhhab
Madina
Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Madinah
Madinan sura
Madrassa
Maghazi
Maghreb
Maghreb Arabic
Maghrib
Mah
Mahathir Mohamad
Mahdi
Maher Arar
Mahmoud Abbas
Mahmoud Hessaby
Mahmud I
Mahr
Mahram
Maimonides
Makka
Makkah
Makkan surah
Makruh
Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Islam-related_articles |
Capital punishment for homosexuality | According to the ILGA, there are five UN-member countries where the status of the death penalty as a punishment for same-sex sexual conduct is uncertain. This may be because experts or legal scholars dispute the effect of legal provisions, or because the laws relied upon to potentially sanction the death penalty are th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality |
Somali Postal Service | Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. In 2011, a Somali minister approached the Universal Postal Union (UPU) for support in rehabilitating the Somali postal service. The UPU subsequently reached out to other international postal bodies, recomm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Postal_Service |
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria | In the course of the Syrian Civil War, including the years 2014 and 2015, reports by Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Amnesty International stated that militias associated with the autonomous region were committing war crimes, in particular members of the People's Protection Units (YPG). The reports from 2014 include repor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria |
2010–2012 Algerian protests | Domestic
In reaction to the protests of early January, starting 8 January the government decreased the prices of essential foods. Over following weeks it increased wheat supplies.
On 3 February Bouteflika announced plans to lift the emergency law, which prohibits protests without a permit, and substitute for it new ant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests |
Moors | In 711 the Islamic Arabs and Moors of Berber descent in northern Africa crossed the Strait of Gibraltar onto the Iberian Peninsula, and in a series of raids they conquered Visigothic Christian Hispania. Their general, Tariq ibn Ziyad, brought most of Iberia under Islamic rule in an eight-year campaign. They continued n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors |
Dawah | Modern daʿwah movements are varied in their objectives and activities. Examples include:
The Muslim Brotherhood has focused on a methodology of building grassroots institutions and funding welfare projects, which has helped it survive decades of repression under hostile governments in many Middle Eastern countries, wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah |
Comoros | In November 1975, the Comoros became the 143rd member of the United Nations. The new nation was defined as comprising the entire archipelago, although the citizens of Mayotte chose to become French citizens and keep their island as a French territory.
The Comoros has repeatedly pressed its claim to Mayotte before the U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros |
2006 Lebanon War | The 2007 report "'War to the Last Moment': The Israeli Media in the Second Lebanon War" by the Israeli media monitoring NGO Keshev (trans. "Awareness") stated that the Israeli media "except for a few exceptional instances ... covered the war in an almost entirely mobilized manner" serving more to support the goals of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War |
Persian carpet | Rug design can be described by the way the ornaments are arranged within the pile. One basic design may dominate the entire field, or the surface may be covered by a pattern of repeating figures.
In areas with traditional, time-honoured local designs, such as the Persian nomad tribes, the weaver is able to work from me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_carpet |
Funj Sultanate | In 1523 the kingdom was visited by Jewish traveller David Reubeni, who disguised himself as a Sharif. Sultan Amara Dunqas, Reubeni wrote, was continuously travelling through his kingdom. He, who "ruled over black people and white" between the region south of the Nile confluence to as far north as Dongola, owned large h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj_Sultanate |
Arabs | The modern period in Arab history refers to the time period from the late 19th century to the present day. During this time, the Arab world experienced significant political, economic, and social changes. One of the most significant events of the modern period was the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the end of Ottoman ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Umm Kulthum bint Ali | Ali was himself elected caliph in 656, and later assassinated in his de-facto capital Kufa in January 661. Soon after Ali's death, his eldest son Hasan was elected caliph in Kufa, but later abdicated in favor of Mu'awiya (r. 661–680) in August 661. The peace treaty between Hasan and Mu'awiya stipulated that the latter ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali |
Islamic architecture | The architectural style which developed in the westernmost territories of the historic Muslim world is often referred to as "Moorish architecture". The term "Moorish" comes from the European designation of the Muslim inhabitants of these regions as "Moors". Scholars sometimes use "Western Islamic architecture" or "arch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
1952 Egyptian revolution | During the Second World War, Egypt was a major Allied base for the North African campaign. Egypt remained officially neutral under the closing weeks of the war, however, its territory became a battlefield between the Allies and Axis Powers. In 1942, the refusal of Egypt's young King Farouk to appoint al-Nahhas prime mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution |
Sharia | Jonathan A.C. Brown says:
The vast majority of the ulama across the Sunni schools of law inherited the Prophet's unease over domestic violence and placed further restrictions on the evident meaning of the 'Wife Beating Verse'. A leading Meccan scholar from the second generation of Muslims, Ata' bin Abi Rabah, counsele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Ali Khamenei | Early in his presidency, Ahmadinejad was sometimes described as "enjoy[ing] the full backing" of the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, and even as being his "protege." In Ahmadinejad's 2005 inauguration the supreme leader allowed Ahmadinejad to kiss his hand and cheeks in what was called "a sign of closeness and loyalty," a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei |
Dido | In the Divine Comedy, Dante puts the shade of Dido in the second circle of Hell, where she is condemned (on account of her consuming lust) to be blasted for eternity in a fierce whirlwind.
This legend inspired the Renaissance drama Dido, Queen of Carthage by Christopher Marlowe.
William Shakespeare refers to Dido twel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido |
Mu'tazilism | 'Abd al-Jabbar (1965). 'Abd al-Karim 'Uthman (ed.). Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa (in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Wahba.
Brown, Daniel W. (1996). Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521570778. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (1969). M. M. 'Abd al-Hamid (ed.). Maqalat ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilism |
Uday Hussein | Although his status as Saddam's elder son made him Saddam's prospective successor, Uday fell out of favour with his father. In October 1988, at a party in honour of Suzanne Mubarak, wife of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, Uday murdered his father's personal valet and food taster, Kamel Hana Gegeo, possibly at the req... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uday_Hussein |
Akbar | During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical. In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi – a Shia buried in Delhi – because of the grave's proximity to that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar |
International Security Assistance Force | In November 2006, a study by the Joint Co-ordinating and Monitoring Board, made up of the Afghan government, its key foreign backers, and the U.N, suggested that more than 3,700 people died from January to November 2006. The majority of the dead appeared to be insurgents, but it was estimated that 1,000 civilians had b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force |
2019–2021 Iraqi protests | 9 May: An Iraqi activist Ihab Al-Wazni who had survived an assassination attempt which killed Fahim al-Ta'i in December 2019, was shot dead outside his home by armed men on motorbikes in Karbala. Following his death, protests erupted in Iraq's Karbala, as protesters went on to burn tires and shut down roads in the city... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests |
Quran translations | Robertus Ketenensis produced the first Latin translation of the Qur'an in 1143. His version was entitled Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete ("The law of Mahomet the pseudo prophet"). The translation was made at the behest of Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, and currently exists in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal in Paris. Ke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_translations |
Union for the Mediterranean | The Secretariat of the Union for the Mediterranean was inaugurated on 4 March 2010 in an official ceremony in Barcelona.
The task of the permanent Secretariat is to provide operational follow-up of the sectorial ministerial meeting, identifying and monitoring the implementation of concrete projects for the Euro-Mediter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean |
Funj Sultanate | Aregay, Merid Wolde; Selassie, Sergew Hable (1971). "Sudanese-Ethiopian Relations Before the 19th Century". In Yusuf Fadl Hasan (ed.). Sudan in Africa. Khartoum University. pp. 62–72. OCLC 248684619.
Beswick, Stephanie (2004). Sudan's Blood Memory. University of Rochester. ISBN 978-1580462310.
Beška, Emanuel (2020). "S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj_Sultanate |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | On the evening of 3 January, Israel began the ground operation with a massive artillery barrage all along the Gaza boundary, and ground forces were sent into Gaza for the first time since the start of the conflict. The ground invasion, termed the 'second stage' of Operation Cast Lead, sought to control open areas and e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Abbasid Caliphate | Centuries after the Abbasids fall, several dynasties have claimed descent from them, as "claiming kinship relation with Muhammad", that is, claiming an affiliation to the 'People of the House' or the status of a sayyid or sharif, has arguably been the most widespread way in Muslim societies of supporting one's moral or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Amarah | During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the city made a final stand as a center of resistance to Saddam Hussein. The city was soon occupied by British forces, which set up two camps. Local residents hired diggers to unearth the bodies in the mass grave after twelve years. However, in June 2003, citizens of Amarah took up arm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarah |
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world | Iraqi-born Ran Cohen, a former member of the Knesset, said: "I have this to say: I am not a refugee. I came at the behest of Zionism, due to the pull that this land exerts, and due to the idea of redemption. Nobody is going to define me as a refugee." Yemeni-born Yisrael Yeshayahu, former Knesset speaker, Labor Party, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world |
Sources of Sharia | Qiyas or analogical reason is the fourth source of Sharia for the majority of Sunni jurisprudence. It aims to draw analogies to a previously accepted decision. Shiites do not accept analogy, but replace it with reason (aql); among Sunnis, the Hanbalites have traditionally been reluctant to accept analogy while the Zahi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_Sharia |
Alawites | During the reign of Sultan Selim I, of the Ottoman Empire, the Alawites would again experience significant persecution; especially in Aleppo when a massacre occurred in the Great Mosque of Aleppo on 24 April 1517. The massacre was known as the "Massacre of the Telal" (Arabic: مجزرة التلل) in which the corpses of thousa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites |
Al-Saffah | As-Saffāḥ, born in Humeima (modern-day Jordan), was head of one branch of the Banu Hāshim from Arabia, a subclan of the Quraysh tribe who traced its lineage to Hāshim, a great-grandfather of Muhammad via 'Abbās, an uncle of Muhammad, hence the title "Abbasid" for his descendants' caliphate. This indirect link to Muhamm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saffah |
Marco Polo | Marco Polo returned to Venice in 1295 with his fortune converted into gemstones. At this time, Venice was at war with the Republic of Genoa. Polo armed a galley equipped with a trebuchet to join the war. He was probably caught by Genoans in a skirmish in 1296, off the Anatolian coast between Adana and the Gulf of Alexa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo |
Salafi movement | Further along the spectrum are the Salafi-Activists (or haraki) who advocate the transformation of societies through political action. They include Islamist organizations such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Hizb al-Nour (Party of Light), the Al Islah Party of Yemen, the Al Asalah of Bahrain, and the ulema affiliat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Zabaniyah | There are several interpretation according from exegesis and linguistical experts regarding the linguistic etymology of Zabaniyah:
Al-Qurtubi has recorded the interpretation from classical era Quran exegete Qatada ibn Di'ama. According to Qatada, the term of Zabaniyah were taken from al-Zabn, which was synonymous wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabaniyah |
Demographic history of Palestine (region) | In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, there were several migration waves of Egyptians to Palestine. One notable influx occurred in the 1780s due to a severe famine in Egypt. According to one estimate, approximately one-sixth of the Egyptian population migrated during this period, with many settling in Palestine. L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region) |
Tughril I | Bosworth, C. E. (1975a). "The early Ghaznavids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–198. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
Bosworth, C. E. (1975b). "Iran under the Buyids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughril_I |
Crusades | In the first major encounter after the Second Crusade, Nūr-ad-Din's forces then destroyed the Crusader army at the Battle of Inab on 29 June 1149. Raymond of Poitiers, as prince of Antioch, came to the aid of the besieged city. Raymond was killed and his head was presented to Nūr-ad-Din, who forwarded it to the caliph ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Nasr Abu Zayd | The Egyptian government "strived to ignore" the case. There were only brief mentions of it in the state-run media and no government official spoke in his defense. However, in 1998, the regulations governing Sharia courts in Egypt were amended making it impossible for individuals to file lawsuits accusing someone of apo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd |
Abu al-Atahiya | Diwan (1887, Beirut: Jesuit Press; 2nd ed. 1888)
translated and published by Arthur Wormhoudt as Diwan Abu'l Atahiya (1981) ISBN 0-916358-05-4
Ahlwardt, Wilhelm (1861). Diwan des Abu Nowas. Greifswald. pp. 21 ff.
Baghdādī (al-), Abū al-‘Alā’ Sa‘d al-Ḥasan al-Rub’a (1994). al-Tāzī Sa’ūd, ‘Abd al-Wāhb (ed.). Kitāb al-Fuṣ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Atahiya |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | An IDF investigation concluded that Hamas forced the Red Crescent to hand over medic and nurse uniforms for its operatives and commandeered ambulances for fighters transportation during the War. Palestinian civilians living in Gaza detailed Hamas' attempts to hijack ambulances and the wearing of paramedic uniforms by H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Ahmed Ould Daddah | Returning to Mauritania in 1991, he ran for president against Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya in January 1992 and took second place with 32.73% of the vote, behind Ould Taya. Also in 1992, he became Secretary-General of the Union of Democratic Forces-New Era (UFD-EN), an opposition party.
Ould Daddah was arrested in Janua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ould_Daddah |
Western Sahara | The Spanish presence in the region of modern-day Western Sahara lasted from 1884 to 1975. While initial Spanish interest in the Sahara was focused on using it as a port for the slave trade, by the 1700s Spain had transitioned economic activity on the Saharan coast towards commercial fishing. By the 19th century, Spain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara |
Arwa al-Sulayhi | Saba' died in 1098 (491 AH) and 'Amir died a year later, in 1099 (492 AH). Arwa was thus freed of her two main political rivals, and she was now the uncontested monarch of Yemen in her own right, without any need for marriage or sons. Arwa was publicly named al-malika, or "queen" - the first time this had ever happened... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi |
Encyclopaedia of Islam | Edited by P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs et al., Encyclopædia of Islam, 2nd Edition., 12 vols. with indexes, etc., Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–2005
Vol. 1, A – l–B, Edited by an Editorial Committee Consisting of H. A. R. Gibb, J. H. Kramers, E. Lévi-Provençal, J. Schacht, Ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam |
Qaboos bin Said | Austria:
Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (31 March 2001)
Bahrain:
Member 1st Class of the Order of Al Khalifa
Brunei:
Member of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (15 December 1984)
Egypt:
Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile (1976)
France:
Grand Cros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said |
Sawad | Warfare with the Roman Empire sometimes threatened the security of the region, particularly the areas to the west of the Tigris. There was widespread destruction of major urban centers as well as rural agricultural infrastructure that was necessary for recovery. For example, even the area of the Nahr al-Malik, deep wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawad |
Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the SCAF | On 2 June, former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was sentenced to life in prison, for complicity in the killings of protesters by police, during the revolution that eventually toppled him, in 2011. However, the judge also found him not guilty, on corruption charges. This, and the fact that he had not received the dea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Crisis_under_the_SCAF |
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