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Amda Seyon I | After much campaigning, Amda Seyon's troops were exhausted and wished to return to their homes, pleading that the rainy season was soon approaching. Amda Seyon refused, however, saying to them:
"Do not repeat in front me what you have just said, for I will not leave so long as the ungodly Muslims make war on me, who a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I |
Ibn Butlan | After leaving Aleppo he arrived in Antioch within two days. He does not acknowledge it being under Byzantine rule at that time in any way. The ongoing geopolitical and religious conflicts and wars between Byzantines, Fāṭimids, Mirdāsids and Marwānids encountered during his travels generally remain unmentioned in his wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan |
Richat Structure | The Richat Structure is the location of exceptional accumulations of Acheulean artifacts. These Acheulean archaeological sites are located along wadis that occupy outermost annular depression of this structure. Pre-Acheulean stone tools also have been found in the same areas. These sites are associated with rubbly outc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richat_Structure |
Oman | The male national dress in Oman consists of the dishdasha, a simple, ankle-length, collarless gown with long sleeves. Most frequently white in colour, the dishdasha may also appear in a variety of other colours. Its main adornment, a tassel (furakha) sewn into the neckline, can be impregnated with perfume. Underneath t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman |
2020 Beirut explosion | The government formed an investigative committee led by Prime Minister Hassan Diab, which announced it would submit its findings to the Council of Ministers of Lebanon by 11 August. The committee includes the justice, interior and defence ministers, and the head of the top four security agencies: the Armed Forces, Gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion |
Soil fertility | The details of Indigenous societies prior to European colonization in 1492 within the Amazonian regions of South America, particularly the size of the communities and the depth of interactions with the environment, are continually debated. Central to the debate is the influence of Dark Earth. Dark Earth is a type of so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility |
Abraham Accords | The Israeli–Palestinian peace process was advanced with the Oslo Accords in 1993 and 1995 but later collapsed with the start of the Second Intifada and the ending of committed peace broker Bill Clinton's term as US president. Israel increased settlement construction in the West Bank and withdrew from Gaza in 2005. Afte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords |
Charles I of Anjou | Charles's officers continued the survey of the counts' rights and revenues in Provence, provoking a new rebellion during his absence. On his return he applied both diplomacy and military force to deal with them. The Archbishop of Arles and the Bishop of Digne ceded their secular rights in the two towns to Charles in 12... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou |
Nahj al-balagha | The English translation of Nahj al-balagha by Ali Reza includes almost five hundred sayings attributed to Ali, a few of which are given below. The rest of the aphorisms below are quoted from Nahj al-balagha by different authors.
I love the opinion of an old man more than the determination of a young man.
You will not f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahj_al-balagha |
Nile | There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile. One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins, only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan. Rushdi Said p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile |
Marinid Sultanate | The minbars (pulpits) of the Marinid era were also following in the same tradition as earlier Almoravid and Almohad wooden minbars. The minbar of the Great Mosque of Taza dates to the mosque's expansion by Abu Yaqub Yusuf in the 1290s, much like the mosque's chandelier. Like other minbars, it takes the shape of a mobil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Mary, mother of Jesus | Mary was declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a "Sign of God" to humanity; as one who "guarded her chastity"; an "obedient one"; and dedicated by her mother to Allah whilst still in the womb; uniquely (amongst women) "Accepted into service by God"; cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) Zakariya (Zachari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus |
Islamic culture | Many practices fall in the category of adab, or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with "as-salamu 'alaykum" ("peace be unto you"), saying bismillah ("in the name of God") before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of perso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culture |
Fatimid Caliphate | Upon assuming power in Raqqada, Abu Abdallah inherited much of the Aghlabid state's apparatus and allowed its former officials to continue working for the new regime. He established a new, Isma'ili Shi'a regime on behalf of his absent, and for the moment unnamed, master. He then led his army west to Sijilmasa, whence h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Ashur-nadin-apli | The events surrounding the overthrow of Tukulti-Ninurta remain somewhat shrouded in mystery. His military conquests seem to have taken place during the first half of his reign with modern scholarship suggesting that his climactic victory against Kaštiliašu IV and the city of Babylon occurred during two campaigns during... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli |
Sharia | According to the classical doctrine, apostasy from Islam is a crime as well as a sin, and can be punished with the death penalty, typically after a waiting period to allow the apostate time to repent and to return to Islam. Wael Hallaq writes that "[in] a culture whose lynchpin is religion, religious principles and rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Sharia | According to the classical doctrine, apostasy from Islam is a crime as well as a sin, and can be punished with the death penalty, typically after a waiting period to allow the apostate time to repent and to return to Islam. Wael Hallaq writes that "[in] a culture whose lynchpin is religion, religious principles and rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Rose | The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In ancient Greece, the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite. In the Iliad, Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using the "immortal oil of the rose" and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth sayi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose |
Islamism | Islamism has been defined as:
"the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life" (Sheri Berman);
the belief that Islam should influence political systems (Cambridge English Dictionary);
"the [Islamic] ideology that guides society as a whole and that [teaches] law must be in conformity w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism |
Historiography | The modern academic study of history and methods of historiography were pioneered in 19th-century German universities, especially the University of Göttingen. Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) at Berlin was a pivotal influence in this regard, and was the founder of modern source-based history. According to Caroline Hoeffer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography |
Varieties of Arabic | Most dialects of Arabic will use [q] for ⟨ق⟩ in learned words that are borrowed from Standard Arabic into the respective dialect or when Arabs speak Modern Standard Arabic.
The main dialectal variations in Arabic consonants revolve around the six consonants ⟨ج⟩, ⟨ق⟩, ⟨ث⟩, ⟨ذ⟩, ⟨ض⟩ and ⟨ظ⟩.
Classical Arabic ⟨ق⟩ /q/ vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic |
Al-Wasat (Bahraini newspaper) | On 15 March 2011, the newspaper's printing office was attacked by mobs carrying knives and clubs. This came after recent 2011 Bahraini protests as some pro-government supporters attacked Al Wasat's oppositional views on recent events. The attack happened in the early hours of Tuesday morning after days of harassment of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wasat_(Bahraini_newspaper) |
Isma'ilism | The ʻAlavi Bohras, popularly and incorrectly known as Alya Bohras, follow a different line of succession of Duʼaat (missionaries) from the 29th daʼi onwards after the split from Daʼudi Bohras in Ahmedabad in 1621 CE. They believe the rightful daʼi was a grandson of the 28th daʼi named ʻAli Shams al-Din b. Ibrahim (d. 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Jeddah | At mid-day on 6 December 2004, militants loyal to the regional affiliate of the terrorist group Al-Qaeda, launched an attack on the U.S. Consulate, killing five employees. The group was led by Fayez ibn Awwad Al-Jeheni, a former member of the religious police. Two of the other assailants were subsequently identified by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah |
Sasanian Empire | The cavalry used during the Sassanid Empire were two types of heavy cavalry units: Clibanarii and Cataphracts. The first cavalry force, composed of elite noblemen trained since youth for military service, was supported by light cavalry, infantry and archers. Mercenaries and tribal people of the empire, including the Tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | The Marinids, who were responsible for building many of the madrasas around Fez, made various contributions to the mosque. In 1286 they restored and protected the 10th-century minaret, which had been made from deteriorating poor-quality stone with whitewash. At its southern foot, they also built the Dar al-Muwaqqit, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world | Although there was a small indigenous community, most Jews in Egypt in the early twentieth century were recent immigrants to the country, who did not share the Arabic language and culture. Many were members of the highly diverse Mutamassirun community, which included other groups such as Greeks, Armenians, Syrian Chris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world |
Terrorism | According to the Global Terrorism Index by the University of Maryland, College Park, religious extremism has overtaken national separatism and become the main driver of terrorist attacks around the world. Since 9/11 there has been a five-fold increase in deaths from terrorist attacks. The majority of incidents over the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism |
Iraqi art | Modern architecture presented contemporary architects with a major challenge. A continuous tradition of both domestic and public architecture was evident, but failed to conform with modern materials and methods. From the early 20th century, architecture employed new styles and new materials and public taste became prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_art |
Crusades | The primary sources for the Crusades are generally presented in the individual articles on each Crusade and summarised in the list of sources for the Crusades. For the First Crusade, this includes the original Latin chronicles, including the Gesta Francorum, works by Albert of Aachen and Fulcher of Chartres, the Alexia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Agriculture in Saudi Arabia | In the past, the bulk of agricultural production was concentrated in a few limited areas. The produce was largely retained by these communities although some surplus was sold to the cities. Nomads played a crucial role in this regard, shipping foods and other goods between the widely dispersed agricultural areas. Lives... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Classical Ottoman architecture | Some regions on the borders of Syria and Mesopotamia resisted assimilation to the culture and architectural styles of the Ottoman capital and continued to be strongly influenced by local styles. Diyarbakir, Van, and Adana were important regional centers in the empire which retained or developed their own local styles. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture |
Mumbai | Mumbai has an extreme tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under the Köppen climate classification, although the central and northern suburbs have a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has a virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai |
Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba | In 1236 Córdoba was conquered by King Ferdinand III of Castile as part of the Reconquista. Upon the city's conquest the mosque was converted into a Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Santa Maria). The first mass was dedicated here on June 29 of that year. According to Jiménez de Rada, Ferdinand III also c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
2011–2012 Jordanian protests | On 1 February, the Royal Palace announced that King Abdullah II had sacked the government as a consequence of the street protests and had asked Marouf al-Bakhit, an ex-army general, to form a new cabinet. Abdullah told al-Bakhit his authority will be to "take quick, concrete and practical steps to launch a genuine poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests |
Lebanon | Following the end of World War II in Europe the French mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the League of Nations or its successor the United Nations. The mandate was ended by the declaration of the mandatory power, and of the new states themselves, of their independence,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Mogadishu | The Sultanate of Geledi and the Omani Empire vied over who would be the superior power on the Benadir Coast, with Sultan Yusuf Mahamud ultimately being the dominant force with the Omanis having a nominal presence and Said bin Sultan even paying tribute to him in order to keep Omani representatives in Mogadishu. Mogadis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu |
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world | The birth of pharmacy as an independent, well-defined profession was established in the early ninth century by Muslim scholars. Islamic pharmacological tradition was a result of Mesopotamian intellectual centers that supported the exchange of ideas. Indian and far east influences made their way into Mesopotamia by trad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction | The government institutional organisation authorised to make critical decisions about Pakistan's nuclear posturing is the Pakistan National Command Authority (NCA), the genesis of which was in the 1970s and has been constitutionally established since February 2000. The NCA is composed of two civic-military committees t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction |
Malta | Towards the end of the 15th century, Maltese artists, like their counterparts in Sicily, came under the influence of the School of Antonello da Messina, which introduced Renaissance ideals and concepts to the decorative arts in Malta.
The artistic heritage of Malta blossomed under the Knights of St. John, who brought ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta |
Husayn ibn Ali | Many Sunni and Shia'a commentators, such as Fakhr Razi and Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, in their interpretation of Surah Al-Insan, attribute its revelation to Ali and Fatima and the story of the illness of their child or children and a vow for their recovery.
Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i in Tafsir al-Mizan said, the event... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali |
Dubai International Airport | On 14 March 1972, Sterling Airways Flight 296 crashed on approach to Dubai, killing 112.
On 20 July 1973, Japan Air Lines Flight 404 was a passenger flight which was hijacked by Palestinian and Japanese terrorists. The flight was hijacked shortly after takeoff from Schiphol and made a stop in Dubai before flying to Dam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport |
Church of the East | Nestorianism is a Christological doctrine that emphasises the distinction between the human and divine natures of Jesus. It was attributed to Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428 to 431, whose doctrine represented the culmination of a philosophical current developed by scholars at the School of Antioch, most... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East |
Satan | During the Second Temple Period, when Jews were living in the Achaemenid Empire, Judaism was heavily influenced by Zoroastrianism, the religion of the Achaemenids. Jewish conceptions of Satan were impacted by Angra Mainyu, the Zoroastrian spirit of evil, darkness, and ignorance. In the Septuagint, the Hebrew ha-Satan i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan |
Yaqut al-Hamawi | Heer, Friedrich Justus (1898). Die historischen und geographischen Quellen in Jāqūt's geographischem Wörterbuch (in Arabic and German). Strassburg: K.J. Trübner.
Abdullah, Muhammad A.H. (1983). "Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Man and His Work Mu'jam al-buldan" (Thesis). Ypsilanti: Eastern Michigan University.
‘Abd al-Karim, Gama... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi |
Iraq and weapons of mass destruction | On March 17, 2003, Lord Goldsmith, Attorney General of the UK, set out his government's legal justification for an invasion of Iraq. He said that Security Council resolution 678 authorised force against Iraq, which was suspended but not terminated by resolution 687, which imposed continuing obligations on Iraq to elimi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction |
Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra | Crone, P. (1993). "Al-Muhallab b. Abī Ṣufra". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 357. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
Crone, P. (1993b). "Muhallabids". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhallab_ibn_Abi_Sufra |
Carthage | Punic culture and agricultural sciences, after arriving at Carthage from the eastern Mediterranean, gradually adapted to the local conditions. The merchant harbor at Carthage was developed after settlement of the nearby Punic town of Utica, and eventually the surrounding African countryside was brought into the orbit o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage |
Meknes | After the installation of French colonial rule in Morocco in 1912, the French administration created a new city (Ville Nouvelle) on a nearby plateau across the valley on the northeast side of the old city. The capital of Morocco was moved from Fes to Rabat, further marginalizing cities like Meknes (which is near Fes). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meknes |
Jean-François Champollion | At first Young was appreciative of Champollion's success, writing in a letter to his friend that "If he [Champollion] did borrow an English key, the lock was so dreadfully rusty that no common arm would have had strength enough to turn it. ... .You will easily believe that were I ever so much the victim of the bad pass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion |
Safavid Iran | When the young Shah Tahmāsp took the throne, Iran was in a dire state. But in spite of a weak economy, a civil war and foreign wars on two fronts, Tahmāsp managed to retain his crown and maintain the territorial integrity of the empire (although much reduced from Ismail's time). During the first 30 years of his long re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Early Islamic philosophy | Ilm al-Kalām (Arabic: علم الكلام, literally the study of "speech" or "words") is the Islamic philosophical discipline of seeking theological principles through dialectic. Kalām in Islamic practice relates to the discipline of seeking theological knowledge through debate and argument. A scholar of kalām is referred to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy |
Subdivisions of Egypt | Before the 1952 Egyptian revolution, state penetration of the rural areas was limited by the power of local notables. Under Nasser, land reform reduced those notables' socioeconomic dominance, and the peasants were incorporated into cooperatives which transferred mass dependence from landlords to the government. The ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt |
Islamic banking and finance | While profit-loss-sharing modes (or at least mudarabah), were originally envisioned as "the basis of a riba-free banking" – with fixed-return financial models only filling in as supplements – a number of studies, (of banks in Saudi Arabia and Egypt, Malaysia, and of large Islamic banks in general) have shown fixed-retu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Muslim conquest of Persia | In December 636, Umar ordered Utbah ibn Ghazwan to head south to capture al-Ubulla (known as "port of Apologos" in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea) and Basra, in order to cut ties between the Persian garrison there and Ctesiphon. Utbah ibn Ghazwan arrived in April 637, and captured the region. The Persians withdrew ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
Habib Bourguiba | Ahmed Ben Salah, rising star of the government and supporter of a socialist economic policy, was protected from other Tunisois (people originating from Tunis) minister's attacks by Bourguiba who fully endorsed him: "I am personally responsible for the plan that I put under my authority. Henceforth, this plan will be th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba |
Sadaqah | The word zakah (meaning the obligatory zakah) occurs 30 times in the Quran—27 times linked with prayer, three times not so-linked.[Quran 41:7] The word sadaqah (non-obligatory charity) and its plural (sadaqat) occur 13 times in the Qur'an.
"Sadaqat" is used in the Quran to cover all kinds of charity. Zakat has been cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaqah |
Civilization | The Natufian culture in the Levantine corridor provides the earliest case of a Neolithic Revolution, with the planting of cereal crops attested from c. 11,000 BCE. The earliest neolithic technology and lifestyle were established first in Western Asia (for example at Göbekli Tepe, from about 9,130 BCE), later in the Yel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization |
Jasmine (Aladdin) | The reverse cover of Aladdin's original home video release proudly touted Jasmine as "a heroine of the 1990s." However, It's Not the Media: The Truth about Pop Culture's Influence on Children author Karen Sternheimer strongly disagreed with this sentiment, writing that despite being "strong-willed and almost given femi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine_(Aladdin) |
List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world | 9th-12th centuries
Inheritance of hemophilia: First proposed by Abu Al-Zahrawi was first to record and suggest that hemophilia was an inherited disease.
Anesthetic sponge: Invented by al-Zahrawi and Ibn Zuhr. Used a sponge soaked with narcotic drugs and placed it on patient's face. These Muslim physicians were the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | Jordan's Arab Legion was considered the most effective Arab force. Armed, trained and commanded by British officers, this 8,000–12,000 strong force was organised in four infantry/mechanised regiments supported by some forty artillery pieces and seventy-five armoured cars. Until January 1948, it was reinforced by the 3,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
De-Ba'athification | Iraqi diplomat Feisal al-Istrabadi, lead drafter of the 2004 Transitional Administrative Law, criticized the overreach of Paul Bremer's De-Ba'athification policy, which "captured a large number of people who were innocent of any wrongdoing by any objective measure and were deprived of the ability to earn a living and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Ba%27athification |
Jerusalem | Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel extended its jurisdiction and administration over East Jerusalem, establishing new municipal borders.
In 2010, Israel approved legislation giving Jerusalem the highest national priority status in Israel. The law prioritized construction throughout the city, and offered grants and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem |
Characene | The capital of Characene, Alexandria, was originally founded by the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great, with the intention of using the town as a leading commercial port for his eastern capital of Babylon. The region itself became the Satrapy of the Erythraean Sea. However, the city never lived up to its expectations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characene |
Seti I | Seti I fought a series of wars in western Asia, Libya and Nubia in the first decade of his reign. The main source for Seti's military activities are his battle scenes on the north exterior wall of the Karnak Hypostyle Hall, along with several royal stelas with inscriptions mentioning battles in Canaan and Nubia.
In hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I |
Saudi Arabia | The earliest sedentary culture in Saudi Arabia dates back to the Ubaid period at Dosariyah. Climatic change and the onset of aridity may have brought about the end of this phase of settlement, as little archaeological evidence exists from the succeeding millennium. The settlement of the region picks up again in the per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | The industry in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate was primitive and backward, confined to villages for local consumption. Almost every home had a loom to sew what they needed from the fabric. With the exception of the oil, soap and silk industries, there was no advanced industry in Lebanon that could provide for the need... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Abu Yazid | On 24 October 946, al-Mansur left Kairouan in pursuit of the retreating Abu Yazid. By early December, the Fatimid caliph recovered Marmajanna, Béja, Billizma, Tubna (ancient Tubunae), and Biskra. The Fatimids were greeted as liberators by the locals, and received the submission of Muhammad ibn Khazar, the leader of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yazid |
Rhodesia | As early as 1960, minority rule in Southern Rhodesia was already being challenged by a rising tide of political violence led by black African nationalists such as Joshua Nkomo and Ndabaningi Sithole. A sustained period of civil unrest between 1960 and 1965 further polarised relations between the government and the incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia |
Iranian architecture | The Sassanid Empire initiated the construction of the first large-scale domes in Iran, with such royal buildings as the Palace of Ardashir and Dezh Dokhtar. After the Muslim conquest of the Sassanid Empire, the Persian architectural style became a major influence on Islamic societies and the dome also became a feature ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecture |
Fountain of Qayt Bay | The Islamic heritage of Jerusalem was maintained by the successor to the Prophet, caliphs, begin with, such as Umar and Abd al-Malik, but also by sultans the likes of Salah al-Din, al-Malik al-Nasir Muhammad, and Qayt Bay, and viceroys such as al-Amir al-Nashashibi. Evidence of these rulers' veneration for Quds is foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_of_Qayt_Bay |
Islamic inheritance jurisprudence | The Qur'an introduced a number of different rights and restrictions on matters of inheritance, including what were at that time general improvements to the treatment of women and family life. The Qur'an also presented efforts to fix the laws of inheritance, and thus forming a complete legal system. This development wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence |
First Intifada | Israel's drive into the occupied territories had occasioned spontaneous acts of resistance, but the administration, pursuing an "iron fist" policy of deportations, demolition of homes, collective punishment, curfews and the suppression of political institutions, was confident that Palestinian resistance was exhausted. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada |
Ardashir I | The first Sasanian shahanshahs founded or renovated some cities in different Iranian regions. It is clear from the first Sasanian inscriptions that "altering the names", renovating or rebuilding of new cities were done in regions that had been conquered by Sasanian troops and were considered part of the royal property ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_I |
Hatay Province | For much of its premodern history, Alexandretta, with its capital city Antioch, was considered as part of Bilad al-Sham, the area known today as Syria. In Ottoman times, Hatay was part of the Vilayet of Aleppo in Ottoman Syria. In 1920 the sanjak (province) of Alexandretta was warded to Syria by the League of Nations ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatay_Province |
Djerba | According to their oral history, the Jewish minority has dwelled on the island continuously for more than 2,500 years. The first physical evidence that historians know of comes from the 11th century found in Cairo Geniza.
This community is unique in the Jewish diaspora for its unusually high percentage of Kohanim (Hebr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerba |
Ptolemy XII Auletes | In 55 BC, Ptolemy paid Aulus Gabinius 10,000 talents to invade Egypt and so recovered his throne. Gabinius defeated the Egyptian frontier forces, marched to Alexandria, and attacked the palace, where the palace guards surrendered without fighting. The exact date of Ptolemy XII's restoration is unknown; the earliest pos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes |
Last Judgment | Belief in the Last Judgment (often linked with the general judgment) is held firmly in Catholicism. Immediately upon death each person undergoes the particular judgment, and depending upon one's behavior on earth, goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell. Those in purgatory will always reach heaven, but those in hell will be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment |
Modernism | Modernism was a cultural movement that impacted the arts as well as the broader Zeitgeist. It is commonly described as a system of thought and behavior marked by self-consciousness or self-reference, prevalent within the avant-garde of various arts and disciplines. It is also often perceived, especially in the West, as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism |
Judgement Day in Islam | The final judgement (Reckoning, ḥisāb) where God judges each soul for their lives lived on earth, will be "carried out with absolute justice" accepting no excuses, and examine every act and intention—no matter how small, but "through the prerogative of God's merciful will".
Quran verses in Al-Haqqah (surah 69) are thou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam |
Civil disobedience | Civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts. Hugo A. Bedau writes,
There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience, which, even if they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance (e.g. trespassing at a nuclear-missile installati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience |
Islamic modernism | Islamic modernist discourse emerged as an intellectual movement in the second quarter of nineteenth century; during an era of wide-ranging reforms initiated across the Ottoman empire known as the Tanzimat (1839–1876 C.E). The movement sought to harmonise classical Islamic theological concepts with liberal constitutiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism |
Queen of Sheba | Boccaccio's On Famous Women (Latin: De Mulieribus Claris) follows Josephus in calling the Queen of Sheba Nicaula. Boccaccio writes she is the Queen of Ethiopia and Egypt, and that some people say she is also the queen of Arabia. He writes that she had a palace on "a very large island" called Meroe, located in the Nile ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba |
Great Mosque of Tlemcen | The floor plan of the mosque is approximately 50 by 60 meters (160 by 200 feet) deep. Although the mosque is designed for a typical rectangular floor plan, the northwestern corner of the mosque is truncated because of the original presence of a palace on this side. Like most North African mosques, its has a hypostyle p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Tlemcen |
Iraq War troop surge of 2007 | Following the 2006 United States midterm elections in which Republicans lost control of the House and Senate, The Heritage Foundation hosted a conference chaired by Republican whip Rep. Roy Blunt (R-MO), titled, "The New Way Forward: Refocusing the Conservative Agenda" on November 9, 2006, to analyze "setbacks" from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007 |
Hormizd IV | In 588, the Turkic Khagan Bagha Qaghan (known as Sabeh/Saba in Persian sources), together with his Hephthalite subjects, invaded the Sasanian territories south of the Oxus, where they attacked and routed the Sasanian soldiers stationed in Balkh. After conquering the city, they proceeded to take Talaqan, Badghis, and He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormizd_IV |
Mouride | The Mourides have wielded significant political influence on the national and local scale for most of their history. In a 1965 survey, elite Senegalese named Mouride Grand Marabout Fallilou Mbacké as the second most influential person in the country. Since then, the order has been described as having played a major rol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouride |
Marduk | Since sources pertaining to Marduk in the early periods are sparse, Marduk's original role is unknown. However, since Marduk appeared in the Abu Salabikh list behind three minor deities whose names point to a possible connection with the underworld, Johandi suggests that Marduk may have been a minor god connected to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk |
Almoravid dynasty | The capture of Murcia brought the Almoravids within reach of Valencia, which was officially under the control of al-Qadir, the former Taifa ruler of Toledo. He had been installed here in 1086 by the Castilians after they took control of Toledo. Al-Qadir's unpopular rule in Valencia was supported by a Castilian garrison... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Salafi movement | Contemporary proponents of the Athari school of theology largely come from the Salafi movement; they uphold the Athari works of Ibn Taymiyya. Ibn Taymiyya himself, a disputed and partly rejected scholar during his lifetime, became a major scholar among followers of the Salafi movement credited with the title Shaykh al-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Ben Gurion Airport | On 13 February 1939, a Fokker F.XVIII (VQ-PAF) of the newly founded Commercial Aviation Company Ltd. was being flown around the airport for an inaugural celebration. While landing the pilot lost control and veered off into the mud, damaging it beyond repair.
On 5 February 1950, a Douglas C-54A-10-DC (4X-ACD) of El Al s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport |
Turkish hip hop | The first rap vinyl to be recorded in the Turkish language was 'Bir Yabancının Hayatı' ('The Life of a Foreigner'), by the Nuremberg, Germany crew King Size Terror. As the title of this track suggests, immigration of Turks around the world, especially Germany, was difficult to cope with. This was due to the almost 2 mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop |
Macedonia (ancient kingdom) | The reigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great witnessed the demise of Classical Greece and the birth of Hellenistic civilization, following the spread of Greek culture to the Near East during and after Alexander's conquests. Macedonians then migrated to Egypt and parts of Asia, but the intensive colonization of forei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom) |
History of Asian art | Balinese art is art of Hindu-Javanese origin that grew from the work of artisans of the Majapahit Kingdom, with their expansion to Bali in the late 13th century. From the 16th until the 20th centuries, the village of Kamasan, Klungkung (East Bali), was the centre of classical Balinese art. During the first part of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asian_art |
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | Yemen is facing one of the world's worst Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) crises. The lack of governance has left Yemen without a viable water supply. Poor sanitation and the lack of clean water has had a deteriorating effect on the health of Yemenis, which is apparent through the increasing cases of cholera in Ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
Ancient Egyptian deities | Official religious practices, which maintained maat for the benefit of all Egypt, were related to, but distinct from, the religious practices of ordinary people, who sought the gods' help for their personal problems. Official religion involved a variety of rituals, based in temples. Some rites were performed every day,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities |
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region | Hafez's son Bashar al-Assad succeeded him in office as President of Syria and Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch on 17 July and 24 June respectively. State propaganda portrayed the new president as the symbol of "modernity, youth, and openness". At the beginning, Bashar al-Assad's rule was met with high e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region |
Origins of the Six-Day War | Hussein felt betrayed by the operation which shattered the fragile trust between Israel and Jordan. He had been having secret meetings with Israeli foreign ministers Abba Eban and Golda Meir for three years. According to him he was doing everything he could to stop guerrilla attacks from the West Bank and Jordan. "I t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War |
Young Turk Revolution | These developments caused the gradual creation of a new governing elite. No longer was power exercised by a small governing elite surrounding the Sultan, the Sublime Porte's independence was restored and a new young clique of bureaucrats and officers gradually took control of politics for the CUP. The parliament confir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution |
Ankara | The city was subsequently passed under the control of the Roman Empire. In 25 BC, Emperor Augustus raised it to the status of a polis and made it the capital city of the Roman province of Galatia. Ankara is famous for the Monumentum Ancyranum (Temple of Augustus and Rome) which contains the official record of the Acts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara |
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