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Second Intifada | Palestinians have claimed that Sharon's visit was the beginning of the Second Intifada, while others have claimed that Yasser Arafat had pre-planned the uprising.
Some, like Bill Clinton, say that tensions were high due to failed negotiations at the Camp David Summit in July 2000. They note that there were Israeli casu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada |
Six-Day War | Israel was to gain almost total control of the West Bank by the evening of 7 June, and began its military occupation of the West Bank on that day, issuing a military order, the "Proclamation Regarding Law and Administration (The West Bank Area) (No. 2)—1967", which established the military government in the West Bank a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
BP | In January 2010, Carl-Henric Svanberg became chairman of BP board of directors.
On 20 April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, a major industrial accident, happened. Consequently, Bob Dudley replaced Tony Hayward as the company's CEO, serving from October 2010 to February 2020. BP announced a divestment program to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP |
Israeli settlement | A 1996 amendment to an Israeli military order states that land privately owned can not be part of a settlement unless the land in question has been confiscated for military purposes. In 2006 Peace Now acquired a report, which it claims was leaked from the Israeli Government's Civil Administration, indicating that up to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement |
Sudanese Greeks | When Kitchener's forces defeated the Mahdist army in 1898, they counted a community of 87 Greeks in Omdurman, including non-Greek family members. Many of them, like their dean Dimitri Kokorembas and the later chronicler Nicolas Papadam, chose to remain in the British-dominated Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
This nucleus of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Greeks |
Israeli hip hop | Though hip-hop has been adopted by numerous countries throughout the world, Israel remains as a prime example of the manifestation of “glocalization” in the musical realm. Originally hailing from the Japanese business world, this concept was introduced to the Western world by British sociologist Roland Robertson in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | Remaking of the economy was parallel with the attempt to remold political and social institutions. Until the late 1970s, Libya's economy was mixed, with a large role for private enterprise except in the fields of oil production and distribution, banking, and insurance. But according to volume two of Gaddafi's Green Boo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Mass media in Qatar | The evolution of radio broadcasting in Qatar follows the broader trends in media development within the Arab world. Among the notable early Arab radio stations was the Egyptian station Sawt Al Arab, established in 1953, which played a significant role in promoting Arab nationalism and anti-colonial sentiments, albeit e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Qatar |
Ming dynasty | The Hongwu Emperor forbade eunuchs to learn how to read or engage in politics. Whether or not these restrictions were carried out with absolute success in his reign, eunuchs during the Yongle Emperor's reign (1402–1424) and afterwards managed huge imperial workshops, commanded armies, and participated in matters of app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty |
Battle of Vienna | The main Ottoman army laid siege to Vienna on 14 July. On the same day, Kara Mustafa sent the traditional demand that the city surrender to the Ottoman Empire. Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, leader of the remaining 15,000 troops and 8,700 volunteers with 370 cannons, refused to capitulate. Only days before, he had... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna |
Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region | In the United Arab Emirates, the kafala system was part of the 1980 Federal Law on the Regulation of Labour Relations, which regulated the relationship between the state, the sponsor and the sponsored. The law did not require any written contract to be drawn up between the employer and the migrant worker. Migrant worke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region |
Posts and telecommunications in Lebanon | In March 2007, Solidere, the Lebanese company for the development and reconstruction of the Beirut Central District, deployed a Broadband Network in partnership with Orange Business Services. Orange operates this IP network using a fiber-optic backbone with dual connection to each building in the city center. Under its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posts_and_telecommunications_in_Lebanon |
Physics in the medieval Islamic world | One field in physics, optics, developed rapidly in this period. By the ninth century, there were works on physiological optics as well as mirror reflections, and geometrical and physical optics. In the eleventh century, Ibn al-Haytham not only rejected the Greek idea about vision, he came up with a new theory.
Ibn Sahl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Habesha peoples | Throughout history, various European travelers such as Jeronimo Lobo, James Bruce and Mansfield Parkyns visited Abyssinia. Their written accounts about their experiences include observations and descriptions of the Abyssinian customs and manners.
Cuisine
Habesha cuisine characteristically consists of vegetable and oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habesha_peoples |
Hussein of Jordan | Egyptian President Nasser received an outpouring of support from the Arab public after the Egyptian–Czechoslovak arms deal was signed in September 1955, and his popularity in Jordan skyrocketed following the nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956; his actions were seen as a powerful stance against Western imper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan |
Almoravid dynasty | The Almoravids, sometimes called "al-mulathamun" ("the veiled ones", from litham, Arabic for "veil".) trace their origins back to several Saharan Sanhaja nomadic tribes, dwelling in an area that stretches between the Senegal River in the south and the Draa river in the north. The first and main Almoravid founding tribe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | Some of the criticism of Wilayat al-Faqih that they reply to, include:
that there is no straightforward statement in scripture that faqih clerics should rule over the people.
Those concerned over whether Islam supports the concept of wilayat al-faqih, should note that (according to Mesbah Yazdi), the "overwhelmingly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Tower of Babel | The Book of Genesis does not mention how tall the tower was. The phrase used to describe the tower, "its top in the sky" (v.4), was an idiom for impressive height; rather than implying arrogance, this was simply a cliché for height.: 37
The Book of Jubilees mentions the tower's height as being 5,433 cubits and 2 palms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel |
Mandatory Iraq | Three important anticolonial secret societies had been formed in Iraq during 1918 and 1919. The League of the Islamic Awakening (Jam'iyya an-naḥda al-islāmiyya) was organized at Najaf. The Muslim National League (al-Jam'iyya al-waṭaniyya al-islāmiyya) was formed with the object of organizing and mobilizing the populati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq |
Tunisia national football team | Belgian manager Georges Leekens was appointed in early 2014; early results included a 1–1 draw against Colombia and a 1–0 win over South Korea, both in friendly matches. Under Leekens, the team climbed from 49th to 22nd in the FIFA rankings. Tunisia qualified for the 2015 African Cup of Nations, and topped their group ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team |
Justinian I | Justinian achieved lasting fame through his judicial reforms, particularly through the complete revision of all Roman law, something that had not previously been attempted. The total of Justinian's legislation is known today as the Corpus juris civilis. It consists of the Codex Justinianeus, the Digesta or Pandectae, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I |
Constantine the Great | By the middle of 310, Galerius had become too ill to involve himself in imperial politics. His final act survives: a letter to provincials posted in Nicomedia on 30 April 311, proclaiming an end to the persecutions, and the resumption of religious toleration.
Eusebius maintains "divine providence [...] took action agai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great |
Al-Adid | Shirkuh died from choking on his meal on 23 March 1169. His unexpected departure left a power vacuum, both in the Fatimid government as well as the Syrian expeditionary force. The Fatimid elites conferred in the caliphal palace. Some proposed that Saladin be appointed to the vizierate, while others, led by the eunuch m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adid |
Asia Cup | The tenth edition was held in Sri Lanka, between 15 and 24 June 2010 hosting the Asia Cup for the fourth time. It only featured the four Test playing Asian nations, and seven matches were played in all (including the final). Sri Lanka and India topped the group stages and entered the final. In the final, India beat Sri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Cup |
Italian Empire | In 1922, the leader of the Italian fascist movement, Benito Mussolini, became Prime Minister and dictator. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the Dodecanese at the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which formalized Italian administration of both Libya and the Dodecanese Islands, in return for a payment to Turke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Empire |
Zionism | General Zionism (or Liberal Zionism) was initially the dominant trend within the Zionist movement from the First Zionist Congress in 1897 until after the First World War. General Zionists identified with the liberal European middle class to which many Zionist leaders such as Herzl and Chaim Weizmann aspired. Liberal Zi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Special Operation Forces (Jordan) | In the summer of 2017, the new chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of JAF, Lieutenant General Mahmoud Freihat, launched a package of reforms across JAF—many of which appear to be driven by budgetary constraints. The reforms included specific initiatives that have significantly changed the shape of the Jordanian speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operation_Forces_(Jordan) |
Suez Canal | In 1951 Egypt repudiated the 1936 treaty with Great Britain. In October 1954 the UK tentatively agreed to remove its troops from the Canal Zone. Because of Egyptian overtures towards the Soviet Union, both the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to financially support construction of the Aswan Da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal |
Dalida | After a short break Dalida was back on tour, this time starting in Canada where Tu peux le prendre had reached number one. On 5 February, in a popular youth French TV program Toute la Chanson, Dalida performed her latest yé-yé release "La Leçon de Twist". Accompanied on the piano by then leading French teen idol Johnny... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalida |
Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile | On 1 September, SPLM-N rebels in South Kordofan claimed the military was deliberately destroying crops and farms belonging to the Nuba people in an attempt to starve the state into submission. Meanwhile, state-run media claimed SPLM-N guerrillas killed 17 civilians, including children, and wounded 14 in the Kalugi regi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile |
Abdul-Karim Qasim | During Qasim's term, there was much debate over whether Iraq should join the United Arab Republic, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Having dissolved the Hashemite Arab Federation with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Qasim refused to allow Iraq to enter the federation, although his government recognized the republic and cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim |
Cradle of civilization | One of the earliest Neolithic sites in the Indian subcontinent is Bhirrana along the ancient Ghaggar-Hakra riverine system in the present day state of Haryana in India, dating to around 7600 BC. Other early sites include Lahuradewa in the Middle Ganges region and Jhusi near the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization |
Ni'matullāhī | Dr. Javad Nurbakhsh became pīr of the Niʿmatullāhī Order in 1953 upon the death of his predecessor, Mūnis ʿAli Shah, known as Dhū'l-Rīyāsatayn. Dr. Nurbakhsh was bestowed with the name Nūr 'Ali Shāh Kermani for his initiation when he was 16 years old, and acknowledged as a spiritual prodigy from an early age. Mūnis ʿAl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB |
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region | Saudi and Islamist forces helped the Afghan Mujahideen in their struggle against the Soviets, with Saudi Arabian government providing approximately $4 billion in aid to the mujahidin from 1980 to 1990.
Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf became "important backers" for Islamic schools (madrassas) fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region |
Kashmiri cuisine | Foods mentioned in ancient Kashmiri scriptures/chronicles/travellers' accounts include:
Rice, which could be imported from other countries in times of famine. Patañjali's Mahabhashya reveals that rice was already being cultivated in the valley c.150 BC. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin diverted the waters of the Dal Lake into th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine |
Hudud | The offences subject to hudud punishment:
Some types of theft (sariqa, السرقة). Punished with amputation of a hand.
Highway robbery (hirabah, qat' al-tariq). Punished with death followed by crucifixion, amputation of the right hand and the left foot (the combined right-left double amputation procedure is known as the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud |
2019–2021 Iraqi protests | 2 December: Several Iraqi civil servants reportedly took to the streets of the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq, to protest over the delay in payment of salaries. The protesters were said to have gathered at the epicenter of Sulaimani's anti-government protests of 2011, the Saraa square. Water cannons, tear gas, rubbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests |
Chalga | In 1989, when the communism fell, restrictions on broadcasting Chalga or Pop-folk music were lifted. A new generation of musicians adopted the genre and grabbed the public spotlight, performing daring and overtly sexual songs forbidden earlier. Pop-folk also infiltrated the mass media with a string of controversial sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalga |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa has more variety of grains than anywhere in the world. Between 13,000 and 11,000 BCE wild grains began to be collected as a source of food in the cataract region of the Nile, south of Egypt. The collecting of wild grains as source of food spread to Syria, parts of Turkey, and Iran by the eleventh mil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa |
2019 AFC Asian Cup final | Japan is the most successful nation at the Asian Cup, having won it a record four times—most recently in 2011. They qualified for the 2019 tournament by topping Group E with an undefeated record of seven wins and one draw, scoring 27 goals and conceding none. After the team reached the round of 16 during the 2018 FIFA ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup_final |
Arecaceae | Whether as shrubs, tree-like, or vines, palms have two methods of growth: solitary or clustered. The common representation is that of a solitary shoot ending in a crown of leaves. This monopodial character may be exhibited by prostrate, trunkless, and trunk-forming members. Some common palms restricted to solitary grow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae |
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | The coup (codenamed "Operation Fair Play") transpired in the small hours of 5 July 1977. Before the announcement of any agreement, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by troops of the Military Police under the order of Zia. Bhutto tried to call Zia but all telephone lines were disconnected. When Zia spoke t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq |
1990 FIFA World Cup | On 9 December 1989 the draw was conducted at the Palazzetto dello Sport in Rome, where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups, in alphabetic order. A special draw decided teams should first be drawn from Pot 1, then from Pot 3, and finally from Pot ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup |
Mirdasid dynasty | Salih was succeeded by his sons Shibl al-Dawla Nasr and Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal, who concentrated their forces in northern Syria and the western Jazira after the Fatimid offensive. Not long after their succession, they faced an offensive from the Byzantine Empire, which controlled Antioch and the Anatolia region north o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty |
Egyptian hip hop | Hip hop originally emerged in the United States in the 1970s and it has influenced the emergence of hip hop music in Egypt. In the early 1990s, hip hop music entered the Arab world and has since then grown into a popular music genre in the region and in Egypt. Palestine can be credited with the first Middle East
countr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop |
Middle Assyrian Empire | The Assyrian kings never ceased to believe that the lost lands would eventually be retaken. In the end, the collapse of the Hittites and the Egyptian lands in the Levant benefitted Assyria; with the old empires shattered, the fragmented territories surrounding the Assyrian heartland would eventually prove to be easy co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire |
Seleucid Empire | As a hegemonic empire, the state's primary focus was maintaining its sizable army via wealth extraction from three major sources: tribute from autonomous poleis and temples, and proportional land-tax from royal land. The definition of "royal land" remains contested. While all agree poleis do not constitute royal land, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire |
Emirate of Granada | Ibn al-Ahmar reigned with relative peace and stability until 1264, when the Mudéjar revolt took place in Castile, lasting until 1266. Mudéjar is a term used to refer to the Muslims who lived under the rule of the Christian kingdoms at this time, among whom different communities lived under different circumstances. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada |
Bektashi Order | After lodges in Turkey were shut down, the order's headquarters moved to Albania. On 20 March 1930, Sali Njazi was elected as the First Dedebaba of the Bektashi community. Njazi established the Bektashi World Headquarters in Tirana. Its construction was finished in 1941 during the Italian occupation of Albania. Njazi p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order |
Sulaymaniyah | The region of Slemani was known as Zamwa prior to the foundation of the modern city in 1784. The capital of the Kurdish Baban principality (1649–1850), before Slemani, was a territory named "Qelaçiwalan". At the time of the Babani's rule there were major conflicts between the Safavid dynasty and the Ottoman Empire. Qel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymaniyah |
Jasmine (Aladdin) | The character's blurb on the official Disney website reads, "Jasmine is an independent, fiery beauty capable of taking care of herself" who "longs to experience life outside the palace." The writers had originally conceived Jasmine as a spoiled and materialistic princess whose interests were limited to clothing and jew... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine_(Aladdin) |
Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed | On 10 October 2004, in a session held by the Transitional Federal Parliamentin the neighbouring Kenyan capital of Nairobi, Ahmed was elected as President of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), an interim federal administrative body that he had helped establish earlier in the year. He received 189 votes from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed |
Shakira | Shakira has received numerous awards and recognition for her work. She is the recipient of three Grammy Awards and fifteen Latin Grammy Awards—the second most for a female artist. Shakira has sold more than 75 million records worldwide, making her one of world's best-selling music artists. By the time she released Laun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira |
Circassians | The word Circassian ( sər-KASS-ee-ənz) is an exonym, Latinized from Russian Cherkess (Russian: Черкес; Adyghe: Чэркэс/Шэрджэс), which is of debated origin. The term, in Russian, was traditionally applied to all Circassians before Soviet times, but it has since usually referred only to Circassians living in northern Kar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians |
Zionism | Labor Zionism originated in Eastern Europe. Socialist Zionists believed that centuries of oppression in antisemitic societies had reduced Jews to a meek, vulnerable, despairing existence that invited further antisemitism, a view originally stipulated by Theodor Herzl. They argued that a revolution of the Jewish soul an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Almohad Caliphate | Along with the Almoravid period preceding it, the Almohad period is considered one of the most formative stages of Moroccan and Moorish architecture, establishing many of the forms and motifs that were refined in subsequent centuries. The main sites of Almohad architecture and art include Fes, Marrakesh, Rabat and Sevi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Averroes | Averroes's main influence on the Christian West was through his extensive commentaries on Aristotle. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, western Europe fell into a cultural decline that resulted in the loss of nearly all of the intellectual legacy of the Classical Greek scholars, including Aristotle. Averroes's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes |
Jury | In criminal law in federal courts and a minority of state court systems of the United States, a grand jury is convened to hear only testimony and evidence to determine whether there is a sufficient basis for deciding to indict the defendant and proceed toward trial. In each court district where a grand jury is required... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury |
Almoravid dynasty | Initially, it appears Ibn Tashfin had little interest in involving the Almoravids in the politics of al-Andalus (the Muslim territories on the Iberian Peninsula). After the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century, al-Andalus had split into small kingdoms or city-states known as the Taifas. These ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency | In response to the attacks taking place, on June 9, the U.S. military launched Operation Peninsula Strike, in which 2,000 soldiers from Task Force Iron Horse swept through the Tigris River peninsula of Thuluiya in the Sunni Triangle, detaining 397 Iraqis. Almost all of the detainees were later released, and the operati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%932006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency |
Naucratis | The site was discovered by Flinders Petrie who dug there in 1884–1885. He was followed by Ernest Arthur Gardner and finally David George Hogarth, in 1899 and 1903. Hogarth was assisted in the 1903 dig by Campbell Cowan Edgar.
The archaeological focus fell into two areas of northern and southern quarters. Found farthes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naucratis |
Macedonia (ancient kingdom) | Modern scholars have argued over the possible role of Alexander III "the Great" and his mother Olympias in the assassination of Philip II, noting the latter's choice to exclude Alexander from his planned invasion of Asia, choosing instead for him to act as regent of Greece and deputy hegemon of the League of Corinth, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom) |
Ba'athism | Cyprian Blamires, a historian of fascism, claims that "Ba'athism may have been a Middle Eastern variant of fascism, even though Aflaq and other Ba'athist leaders criticized particular fascist ideas and practices". According to him, the Ba'ath movement shared several characteristics with the European fascist movements, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
Achaemenid Empire | The position of women in the Achaemenid Empire differed depending on which culture they belonged to and therefore varied depending on the region. The position of Persian women in actual Persia has traditionally been described from mythological Biblical references and the sometimes biased Ancient Greek sources, neither ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire |
Anti-imperialism | An early use of the term "anti-imperialist" occurred after the United States entered the Spanish–American War in 1898. Most activists supported the war itself, but opposed the annexation of new territory, especially the Philippines. The Anti-Imperialist League was founded on June 15, 1898, in Boston in opposition of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism |
Cave of the Patriarchs massacre | The date 25 February 1994 coincided with the Jewish festival of Purim and fell during the Muslim Ramadan. On the eve of the massacre, Goldstein listened to a reading in the Hall of Abraham of the Scroll of Esther, and spoke to others of the need to behave like Esther. Some consider it not coincidental that he then carr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre |
The Guardian | The newspaper opposed slavery and supported free trade. An 1823 leading article on the continuing "cruelty and injustice" to slaves in the West Indies long after the abolition of the slave trade with the Slave Trade Act 1807 wanted fairness to the interests and claims both of the planters and of their oppressed slaves.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian |
World Heritage Site | A site may be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger if conditions threaten the characteristics for which the landmark or area was inscribed on the World Heritage List. Such problems may involve armed conflict and war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, or uncontrolled urbanisation or human development. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site |
Ulama | In Iran, a period of political instability began with the collapse of the Safavid reign after shah Sultan Husayns death in 1722. In the light of the discontinuity and fragmentation of the central government, two social groups maintained continuity and, consequently, rose in power: Tribal chieftains established, amongst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | On 13 December, Israel announced that it favored extending the cease-fire, provided Hamas adhered to the conditions. On 14 December, a Hamas delegation in Cairo proposed that Hamas was prepared to stop all rocket attacks against Israel if the Israelis would open up the Gaza border crossings and pledge not to launch att... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Italian settlers in Libya | From 1947 to 1951, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were under British administration, while the French controlled Fezzan. Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty with the Allies, Italy relinquished all claims to Libya. On 21 November 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become indepen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya |
Robert of Ketton | Prior to 1141, Robert and Hermann of Carinthia were engaged in a project of translating Arabic texts into Latin for their own use and education. Richard Hakluyt surmised that the two men had travelled in Arabic-speaking countries. Only one product of Robert from this early collaboration is known or has survived. On Her... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Ketton |
Thabo Mbeki | Mbeki had been highly involved in economic policy as deputy president, especially in spearheading the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) programme, which was introduced in 1996 and remained a cornerstone of Mbeki's administration after 1999. In comparison to the Reconstruction and Development Programme policy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki |
Fez, Morocco | In 1912, French colonial rule was instituted over Morocco following the Treaty of Fes. One immediate consequence was the 1912 riots in Fez, a popular uprising which included deadly attacks targeting Europeans as well as native Jewish inhabitants in the Mellah, followed by an even deadlier repression. The first French r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Considered its worst in decades, Egypt's energy crisis that helped inflame the protests against former president Mohamed Morsi continued to grow in Sisi's first months in office, challenging the new government. Due to shortage in energy production, growing consumption, terrorist attacks on Egypt's energy infrastructure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Berbers | The Muslims who invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 were mainly Berbers, and were led by a Berber, Tariq ibn Ziyad, under the suzerainty of the Arab Caliph of Damascus Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and his North African Viceroy, Musa ibn Nusayr. Due to subsequent antagonism between Arabs and Berbers, and due to the fact tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers |
Saudi Arabia | Education is free at all levels, although higher education is restricted to citizens only. The school system is composed of elementary, intermediate, and secondary schools. Classes are segregated by sex. At the secondary level, students are able to choose from three types of schools: general education, vocational and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
Mamluk architecture | Mamluk architecture is distinguished by the construction of multi-functional buildings whose floor plans became increasingly complex due to the limited available space in cities and the desire to make monuments visually dominant in their urban surroundings. Expanding on Fatimid architecture's development of street-adju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_architecture |
Shukri al-Quwatli | The growing hardships in the country during the early years of World War I pushed Quwatli to join the secret society of al-Fatat, which was facilitated by his childhood friend and co-founder, Nasib al-Bakri. Al-Fatat was an underground organization established in Paris in 1911 by Arab nationalists with the aim of gaini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
BRICS | In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace. Western analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS |
Harem | The harem system that developed in the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates was reproduced by the Islamic realms developing from them, such as in the Emirates and Caliphates in Muslim Spain, Al-Andalus, which attracted a lot of attention in Europe during the Middle Ages until the Emirate of Granada was conquered in 1492.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem |
Dubai | The school system in Dubai follows that of the United Arab Emirates. As of 2009, there are 79 public schools run by the Ministry of Education that serve Emiratis and expatriate Arab people as well as 207 private schools. The medium of instruction in public schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai |
Naskh (tafsir) | Two theories have been proposed to deal with contradictory commands of revelation without the chronology of verses and the abrogation of earlier ayat in favor of later ones:
Abrogation of (later) Medinan verses, not earlier ones
The Quran has been divided by scholars into those verses revealed while Muhammad was in M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir) |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 | Israel says that Hezbollah routinely violates the resolution by bringing its forces south of the Litani River, sometimes to the border with Israel. In 2018, the Israeli Defence Force uncovered miles of underground Hezbollah tunnels into Israel from Southern Lebanon. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah said "Part of our p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1701 |
Yazidis | Towards the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman policies towards Yezidis gained a new dimension under the reign of Abdulhamid II, under whose regime the Muslim Identity became increasingly essential for the Sultan's perceptions of loyalty among his subjects. As missionary activity and nationalism among non-Muslim grou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis |
Jair Bolsonaro | Brazil has the world's largest tropical rainforest in the Amazon basin. According to The Washington Post, "Bolsonaro is a powerful supporter of agribusiness ... and is likely to favor profits over preservation. ... Bolsonaro has chafed at foreign pressure to safeguard the Amazon rainforest, and he served notice to inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro |
Ancient Carthage | Since at least the reign of Mago I in the early sixth century BC, Carthage regularly utilized its military to advance its commercial and strategic interests. According to Polybius, Carthage relied heavily, though not exclusively, on foreign mercenaries, especially in overseas warfare. Modern historians regard this as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage |
Avempace | Ibn Bajja, also known as Avempace, was an important Islamic philosopher, among his many other trades. In his time, he was seen as a controversial figure, receiving criticism from his peers like Ibn Tufayl. However, he was also respected by his peers and even his critics. While Ibn Tufayl was noted for criticizing Ibn B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avempace |
Syrian opposition | Syria has been an independent republic since 1946 after the expulsion of the French forces. For decades, the country was partially stable with a series of coups until the Ba'ath Party seized power in Syria in 1963 after a coup d'état. The head of state since 1971 has been a member of the Assad dynasty, beginning with H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_opposition |
Islam in China | In Chinese, a mosque is called qīngzhēn sì (清真寺) or "pure truth temple". The Huaisheng Mosque and Great Mosque of Xi'an (first established during the Tang era) and the Great Southern Mosque in Jinan, whose current buildings date from the Ming dynasty, do not replicate many of the features often associated with traditio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China |
Zarqa | Although the area has been inhabited since the first century AD, the city of Zarqa was only established in 1902, by Chechen immigrants who were displaced due to the wars between the Ottoman and Russian Empires. They settled along the Zarqa River. At that time a station on the Hejaz Railway was built in the new settleme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarqa |
Persian language | The complex grammatical conjugation and declension of Old Persian yielded to the structure of Middle Persian in which the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Middle Persian developed the ezāfe construction, expressed through ī (modern e/ye), to indicate some of the relations betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language |
Indian influence on Islamic science | The etymology of the word "sine" comes from the Latin mistranslation of the word jiba, which is an Arabic transliteration of the Sanskrit word for half the chord, jya-ardha.
The sin and cos functions of trigonometry, were important mathematical concepts, imported from the Gupta period of Indian astronomy namely the jy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_influence_on_Islamic_science |
1966 Syrian coup d'état | After the success of the 1963 Syrian coup d'état, officially the 8th of March Revolution, a power struggle erupted between the Nasserites in the National Council for the Revolutionary Command and the Ba'ath Party. The Nasserites sought to reestablish the United Arab Republic, the former federation encompassing Egypt an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Grand vizier | The term vizier was originally used in the Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th century AD. This position was later adopted by the Ottomans in the early 14th century, by the Seljuks of Anatolia. During the nascent phases of the Ottoman state, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_vizier |
Post-classical history | The time frame of 500–1500 in East Asia's history and China in particular has been proposed as a possible classification for the region's history within the context of global post-classical history. Discussions within Columbia University's Association of Asian studies have postulated that similarities between China and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-classical_history |
Yemenite War of 1979 | The Marxist government of South Yemen was alleged to be supplying aid to rebels in the north through the National Democratic Front and crossing the border.
On 24 February, forces from North and South Yemen began firing at each other across the border. Forces from North Yemen, led by some radical army officers, crossed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979 |
Mamluk Sultanate | Al-Nasir Muhammad died in 1341 and his rule was followed by a succession of descendants in a period marked by political instability. Most of his successors, except for al-Nasir Hasan (r. 1347–1351, 1354–1361) and al-Ashraf Sha'ban (r. 1363–1367), were sultans in name only, with the patrons of the leading mamluk faction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Arabic maqam | It is sometimes said that each maqam evokes a specific emotion or set of emotions determined by the tone row and the nucleus, with different maqams sharing the same tone row but differing in nucleus and thus emotion. Maqam Rast is said to evoke pride, power, and soundness of mind. Maqam Bayati: vitality, joy, and femin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_maqam |
Swahili language | Maho (2009) considers these to be distinct languages:
Kimwani is spoken in the Kerimba Islands and northern coastal Mozambique.
Chimwiini is spoken by the ethnic minorities in and around the town of Barawa on the southern coast of Somalia.
Kibajuni is spoken by the Bajuni minority ethnic group on the coast and islands... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language |
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