title stringlengths 2 79 | passage stringlengths 2.2k 39.3k | link stringlengths 32 109 |
|---|---|---|
Druze | The Druze do not recognize any religious hierarchy. As such, there is no "Druze clergy". Those few initiated in the Druze holy books are called ʿuqqāl, while the "ignorant", regular members of the group are called juhhāl.
Given the strict religious, intellectual and spiritual requirements, most of the Druze are not in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Killing of captives by the Islamic State | ISIL has also murdered aid workers.
David Haines (May 9, 1970 – c. September 13, 2014) was abducted in March 2013 by ISIL while working in Syria for the humanitarian aid group Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development assessing the Atmeh refugee camp near the Turkish border and the Syrian province of Idlib. A ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_the_Islamic_State |
Ancient Egyptian technology | The Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential civilizations in the world with its architectural monuments, which include the Giza pyramid complex and the Great Sphinx.
The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids—huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology |
Divorce in Islam | In the modern era, sharia-based laws were widely replaced by statutes based on European models, and its classical rules were largely retained only in personal status (family) laws. Different explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon. Several scholars have argued that because these laws are more extensively sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam |
Mesopotamian campaign | Barker, A. J. (2009). The First Iraq War, 1914–1918 : Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign. New York: Enigma. ISBN 978-0-9824911-7-1. OCLC 744553708.; originally published in 1967: The Neglected War: Mesopotamia 1914-1918 (UK edition) & The Bastard War: The Mesopotamian Campaign of 1914-1918 (US edition).
Burne, A. H. (1938... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign |
Strained yogurt | Strained yogurt is known as labneh (labna, labni, labne, lebni, or labani; Arabic: لبنة) in the Levant, Armenia, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. Besides being used fresh, labneh is also dried then formed into balls, sometimes covered with herbs or spices, and stored under olive oil. Labneh is a popular mezze dish and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strained_yogurt |
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | According to Glazer (1980, p. 111), from 15 May 1948 onwards, expulsion of Palestinians became a regular practice. Avnery (1971), explaining the Zionist rationale, says, I believe that during this phase, the eviction of Arab civilians had become an aim of David Ben-Gurion and his government... UN opinion could very wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight |
Timeline of the name Palestine | c. 129 or 135: Syria Palæstina was a Roman province between 135 and about 390. It was established by the merger of Roman Syria and Roman Judaea, shortly before or after the Bar Kokhba Revolt. There is only circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change and the precise date is not certain. The common view ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine |
Polisario Front | The organizational order described below applies today, and was roughly finalized in the 1991 internal reforms of the movement, although minor changes have been made since then.
The Polisario Front is led by a Secretary General. The first Secretary General was Brahim Gali, replaced in 1974 by El-Ouali at the II Congre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front |
Ayyubid dynasty | Although still nominally a vassal of Nur al-Din, Saladin adopted an increasingly independent foreign policy. This independence became more publicly pronounced after Nur al-Din's death in 1174. Thereafter, Saladin set out to conquer Syria from the Zengids; and on November 23 he was welcomed in Damascus by the governor o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Israeli-occupied territories | The Gaza Strip was allotted to the Arab state envisioned by the United Nations Partition Plan of 1947, but no Arab state formed as a result of the 1947 partition plan. As a result of the 1949 Armistice Agreements, the Gaza Strip became occupied by Egypt.
Between 1948 and 1967, the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian military... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories |
Marinid Sultanate | Not many Marinid textiles have survived, but it is assumed that luxurious silks continued to be made as in previous periods. The only reliably-dated Marinid textiles extant today are three impressive banners which were captured from Sultan Abu al-Hasan's army in the Battle of Rio Salado in 1340 by Alfonso XI. Today the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Iwan | Many scholars, including Edward Keall, André Godard, Roman Ghirshman, and Mary Boyce, discuss the invention of the iwan in Mesopotamia, the area around today's Iraq. Although debate remains among scholars as to how the iwan developed, there is a general consensus that the iwan evolved locally, and was thus not imported... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan |
Nazareth | Epiphanius in his Panarion (c. AD 375) numbers Nazareth among the cities devoid of a non-Jewish population. Epiphanius, writing of Joseph of Tiberias, a wealthy Roman Jew who converted to Christianity in the time of Constantine, says he claimed to have received an imperial rescript to build Christian churches in Jewish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth |
Yom Kippur War | In the southern sector, the Israeli Barak Armored Brigade had to defend a much flatter terrain. It also faced two-thirds of the Syrian second wave, while fielding at this time less than a third of the operational Israeli tanks. Beside these objective draw-backs, it suffered from ineffective command. Ben-Shoham initiall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War |
Barbary lion | The lions kept in the menagerie at the Tower of London in the Middle Ages were Barbary lions, as shown by DNA testing on two well-preserved skulls excavated at the Tower between 1936 and 1937. The skulls were radiocarbon-dated to around 1280–1385 and 1420−1480.
In the 19th century and the early 20th century, lions were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_lion |
Muhammad Iqbal | Iqbal's poetic works are written primarily in Persian rather than Urdu. Among his 12,000 verses of poetry, about 7,000 verses are in Persian. In 1915, he published his first collection of poetry, the Asrar-i-Khudi اسرارِ خودی (Secrets of the Self) in Persian. The poems emphasise the spirit and self from a religious per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal |
Bimaristan | One of the most remarkable contributions of the Islamic hospitals was the organizational structure itself and how it functioned in Islamic culture. These contributions still influence contemporary medical practice. For example, bimaristans kept written records of patients and their medical treatment—the first written m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaristan |
Amr ibn Ubayd | According to the Muslim heresiographers, members of the movement adhered to five principles, which were clearly enunciated for the first time by Abu al-Hudhayl. These were: (1) the unity of God; (2) divine justice; (3) the promise and the threat; (4) the intermediate position; and (5) the commanding of good and forbidd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Sisi was born in Old Cairo on 19 November 1954 to Said Hussein Khalil al-Sisi and Soad Ibrahim Mohamed, both from Monufia Governorate. He grew up in Gamaleya, near al-Azhar Mosque, in a quarter where Muslims, Jews and Christians resided and in which he later recalled how, during his childhood, he had heard church bells... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Zionism | Zionism is often considered to be an example of a colonial or racist movement. According to historian Avi Shlaim, throughout its history up to present day, Zionism "is replete with manifestations of deep hostility and contempt towards the indigenous population." Shlaim balances this by pointing out that there have alwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Women in the Quran | The wives of Muhammad are known to Muslims as the "Mother of the believers", or in Arabic, umm'ul mu'mineen', coming from a Sura 33:6:
"The Prophet is closer to the Believers than their own selves, and his wives are their mothers." While Sura 4:3 limits Muslim men to having four wives, hadith maintain "that the proph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_Quran |
Tunisian campaign | The Axis armies suffered casualties of 290,000 to 362,000 men; the losses are uncertain but it is estimated that the German army suffered 8,500 men killed during the campaign and the Italians 3,700 men killed; another 40,000 to 50,000 Axis soldiers were wounded. In the British official history, Playfair wrote that the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign |
Spherical trigonometry | This derivation is given in Todhunter, (Art.40). From the identity
sin
2
A
=
1
−
cos
2
A
{\displaystyle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry |
Antigonus I Monophthalmus | The peace agreement was soon violated by Ptolemy and Cassander based on the pretext that garrisons had been placed in some of the free Greek cities by Antigonus. Ptolemy and Cassander renewed hostilities against Antigonus. Demetrius Poliorcetes, the son of Antigonus, wrested part of Greece from Cassander.
In 306 BC, Ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus |
History | Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, and sometimes write to provide lessons for their own society. In the words of Benedetto Croce, "All history is contemporary history". History is facilitated by the formation of a "true disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History |
Tanis | Tanis is unattested before the 19th Dynasty of Egypt, when it was the capital of the 14th nome of Lower Egypt. A temple inscription datable to the reign of Ramesses II mentions a "Field of Tanis", while the city in se is securely attested in two 20th Dynasty documents: the Onomasticon of Amenope and the Story of Wenamu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanis |
Alawites | To avoid confusion with the ethnic Turkish and Kurdish Alevis, the Alawites call themselves Arap Alevileri ("Arab Alevis") in Turkish. The term Nusayrī, previously used in theological texts, has been revived in recent studies. A quasi-official name used during the 1930s by Turkish authorities was Eti Türkleri ("Hittite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites |
Suez Crisis | Although the public believed the British government's justification of the invasion as a separation of Israeli and Egyptian forces, protests against the war occurred in Britain after it began. On the popular television talk show Free Speech, an especially bitter debate took place on 31 October with the leftist historia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
Post-classical history | The historical field of world history, which looks at common themes occurring across multiple cultures and regions, has enjoyed extensive development since the 1980s. However, World History research has tended to focus on early modern globalization (beginning around 1500) and subsequent developments, and views post-cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-classical_history |
Rapid transit | The term Metro is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts; the use of tunnels inspires names such as subway, underground, Untergrundbahn (U-Bah... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit |
Najib Mikati | Following the resignation of Prime Minister Hassan Diab in August 2020, both Mustafa Adib and Saad Hariri failed to form a government. Mikati was designated to fill the role on 26 July 2021. He received 72 votes out of 128 MPs. Mikati declared that he wants a purely technocratic government, without representatives of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najib_Mikati |
Sasanian Empire | Conflicting accounts shroud the details of the fall of the Parthian Empire and subsequent rise of the Sassanian Empire in mystery. The Sassanian Empire was established in Estakhr by Ardashir I.
Ardashir's father, Papak, was originally the ruler of a region called Khir. However, by 200, Papak had managed to overthrow Go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Movement of Society for Peace | When a multi-party system was introduced in Algeria in the early 1990s, the Muslim Brotherhood formed the Movement for the Society of Peace (MSP), led by Mahfoud Nahnah until his death in 2003 (he was succeeded by present party leader Boudjerra Soltani). The party was initially known as the Movement for the Islamic Soc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | In view of the lack of internal resistance, it appeared that the chief danger to the new government lay in the possibility of a reaction inspired by the absent King Idris or his designated heir, Crown Prince Hasan, who had been taken into custody at the time of the coup along with other senior civil and military offici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Coconut | Botanically, the coconut fruit is a drupe, not a true nut. Like other fruits, it has three layers: the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. The exocarp is the glossy outer skin, usually yellow-green to yellow-brown in color. The mesocarp is composed of a fiber, called coir, which has many traditional and commercial uses. B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut |
Sukarno | In the days following the proclamation, the news of Indonesian independence was spread by radio, newspaper, leaflets, and word of mouth despite attempts by the Japanese soldiers to suppress the news. On 19 September, Sukarno addressed a crowd of one million people at the Ikada Field of Jakarta (now part of Merdeka Squa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno |
Ancient Greek astronomy | The Greeks sought to explain how a model could explain the irregular motions of the heavenly bodies. Since the moon and other objects appear to change in size depending on the time of observation, it was understood that the earths distance to other astral bodies was changing, and that a simple circular motion of anothe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy |
Positional notation | The conversion to a base
b
2
{\displaystyle b_{2}}
of an integer n represented in base
b
1
{\displaystyle b_{1}}
can be done... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation |
Mediterranean climate | Under the Köppen climate classification, "hot dry-summer" climates (classified as Csa) and "cool dry-summer" climates (classified as Csb) are often referred to as just "Mediterranean". Under the Köppen climate system, the first letter indicates the climate group (in this case temperate climates). Temperate climates or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate |
Pre-Islamic Arabia | The Dilmun civilization was an important trading centre which at the height of its power controlled the Persian Gulf trading routes. The Sumerians regarded Dilmun as holy land. Dilmun is regarded as one of the oldest ancient civilizations in the Middle East. The Sumerians described Dilmun as a paradise garden in the Ep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia |
Narco-state | Government corruption has been a long-standing problem in Mexico. Drug cartels have been influential in Mexican politics, contributing large sums of money into Mexican electoral campaigns, supporting candidates sensitive to bribery in order to keep their businesses safe. Since the early 20th century, drug trafficking h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narco-state |
Sirte | On 5 March 2011, anti-Gaddafi forces said they were preparing to capture the city. However, on 6 March, the rebel advance was stopped during the Battle of Bin Jawad before reaching Sirte. Government forces launched a counter-offensive that recaptured Ra's Lanuf and continued to advance as far as the outskirts of the de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte |
Hulegu Khan | Hulegu's Mongol army set out for Baghdad in November 1257. Once near the city he divided his forces to threaten the city on both the east and west banks of the Tigris. Hulegu demanded surrender, but the caliph, Al-Musta'sim, refused. Due to the treason of Abu Alquma, an advisor to Al-Muta'sim, an uprising in the Baghda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu_Khan |
Comoros | Almost all children attend Quran Religious schools, usually before, although increasingly in tandem with regular schooling. Children are taught about the Qur'an, and memorise it, and learn the Arabic script.:
Most parents prefer their children to attend Koran Religious schools before moving on to the French- English ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros |
Slavery | Slavery in India was widespread by the 6th century BC, and perhaps even as far back as the Vedic period. Slavery intensified during the Muslim domination of northern India after the 11th-century. Slavery existed in Portuguese India after the 16th century. The Dutch, too, largely dealt in Abyssian slaves, known in India... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Rhodesia | Until after the Second World War, the landlocked British possession of Southern Rhodesia was not developed as an indigenous African territory, but rather as a unique state that reflected its multiracial character. This situation certainly made it very different from other lands that existed under colonial rule, as many... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia |
Arabs | The earliest documented use of the word Arab in reference to a people appears in the Kurkh Monoliths, an Akkadian-language record of the Assyrian conquest of Aram (9th century BCE). The Monoliths used the term to refer to Bedouins of the Arabian Peninsula under King Gindibu, who fought as part of a coalition opposed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Biblical narratives in the Quran | According to the Bible in the Book of Genesis, after visiting Abraham, two angels go to the city of Sodom in which Abraham's nephew Lot is a foreigner. They tell him God will soon destroy the city because of the wickedness of the people. The men of the city, upon hearing that Lot is entertaining male visitors, converge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran |
Caliphate | Rashidun ("Righteously Guided")
Abu Bakr, first Rashidun caliph. Subdued rebel tribes in the Ridda wars.
Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab), second Rashidun caliph. During his reign, the Islamic empire expanded to include Egypt, Jerusalem and Persia.
Uthman, (Uthman ibn Affan) third Rashidun caliph, When Caliph Umar died in of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Tribes of Yemen | In the past, society used to look down on singers, but the matter has changed recently. Many of the Yemeni singers who have recently appeared belong to different societal groups and the lowest strata of the social ladder, what are known as The Marginalized These customs no longer had their previous effect, or they rema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen |
Fritware | Frit is crushed glass that is used in ceramics. The pottery produced from the manufacture of frit is often called 'fritware' but has also been referred to as "stonepaste" and "faience" among other names. Fritware was innovative because the glaze and the body of the ceramic piece were made of nearly the same materials, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritware |
Safavid Iran | Abbas's tolerance towards Christians was part of his policy of establishing diplomatic links with European powers to try to enlist their help in the fight against their common enemy, the Ottoman Empire. The idea of such an anti-Ottoman alliance was not a new one – over a century before, Uzun Hassan, then ruler of part ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Assyria | In the Assur city-state of the Old Assyrian period, the government was in many respects an oligarchy, where the king was a permanent, albeit not the only prominent, actor. The Old Assyrian kings were not autocrats, with sole power, but rather acted as stewards on behalf of the god Ashur and presided over the meetings o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria |
Kuwait | Following the post-glacial flooding of the Persian Gulf basin, debris from the Tigris–Euphrates river formed a substantial delta, creating most of the land in present-day Kuwait and establishing the present coastlines. One of the earliest evidence of human habitation in Kuwait dates back to 8000 BC where Mesolithic too... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
History of the Jews in Iraq | The last active synagogue closed a few weeks before the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In the war's aftermath, the Jewish Agency attempted to locate all remaining Iraqi Jews and offer them the opportunity to emigrate to Israel. The agency identified 34 Jews in Baghdad, half of whom were over the age of 70. While generally impo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq |
Alaa Al Aswany | Al Aswany was born on 26 May 1957 in Cairo. His mother, Zainab, came from an aristocratic family; her uncle was a Pasha and Minister of Education before the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. His father, Abbas Al Aswany, was from Aswan (in Lower Nubia) and was a lawyer and writer who "is remembered as being a captivating and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaa_Al_Aswany |
North Yemen civil war | Between December 1964 and February 1965 the royalists discerned four Egyptian attempts to drive directly into the Razih mountains. The intensity of these thrusts gradually diminished, and it was estimated that the Egyptians lost 1,000 men killed, wounded and taken prisoner. Meanwhile, the royalists were building up an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
Selim III | Selim III was, however, thoroughly under the influence of French ambassador to the Porte Horace Sébastiani, and the fleet was compelled to retire without effecting its purpose. However, the anarchy, manifest or latent, existing throughout the provinces proved too great for Selim III to cope with. The Janissaries rose o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_III |
Falconry | The successful and now widespread captive breeding of birds of prey began as a response to dwindling wild populations due to persistent toxins such as PCBs and DDT, systematic persecution as undesirable predators, habitat loss, and the resulting limited availability of popular species for falconry, particularly the per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry |
Torah in Islam | The word 'Tawrat' occurs eighteen times in the Quran and the name of Musa is mentioned 136 times in the Quran; nowhere in the Quran is it written that Moses alone was given the Tawrat, but on the contrary it is written in the Quran that the prophets governed with the Tawrat.
As per Quran, the governing ayats containing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_in_Islam |
North Yemen civil war | By 1967, Egyptian forces relied exclusively on defending a triangle linking Hodeida, Taiz and San'a, while striking southern Saudi Arabia and North Yemen with air sorties. In August, 1967, in order to make up for the 15,000 Egyptian killed, captured or missing, as a result of the Six-Day War, Nasser recalled 15,000 of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
Champa | The Chams descended from seafaring settlers who reached the Southeast Asian mainland from Borneo about the time of the Sa Huỳnh culture between 1000 BCE and 200 CE, the predecessor of the Cham kingdom. The Cham language is part of the Austronesian family. According to one study, Cham is related most closely to modern A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa |
Sargonid dynasty | Ashur-etil-ilani's brief reign (631–627 BC) was initially met with opposition, as with most successions in Assyria. Although the capital experienced a brief period of unrest and violence, those who conspired against Ashur-etil-ilani were quickly defeated by his rab ša rēši (great/chief eunuch), Sin-shumu-lishir. Though... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty |
Early medieval literature | Byzantine literature
PG 100: Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Stephen Deacon of Constantinople, Gregory of Decapolis, Patriarch Christopher I of Alexandria, Patriarch Methodios I of Constantinople
PG 101–103: Photius of Constantinople
PG 104: Photius of Constantinople, Petrus Siculus, Peter bishop of Argos (Sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_medieval_literature |
Mufti | Under European colonial rule, the institution of dar al-ifta was established in a number of madrasas (law colleges) as a centralized place for issuing of fatwas, and these organizations to a considerable extent replaced independent muftis as religious guides for the general population. Following independence, most Musl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti |
Isma'ilism | The Dawoodi Bohras are a very close-knit community who seeks advice from Dai on spiritual and temporal matters.
Dawoodi Bohras is headed by the Dāʻī al-Mutlaq, who is appointed by his predecessor in office. The Dāʻī al-Mutlaq appoints two others to the subsidiary ranks of māzūn (Arabic Maʾḏūn مأذون) "licentiate" and Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Iron Age | In Europe, the Iron Age is the last stage of prehistoric Europe and the first of the protohistoric periods, which initially means descriptions of a particular area by Greek and Roman writers. For much of Europe, the period came to an abrupt local end after conquest by the Romans, though ironworking remained the dominan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age |
Drug economy in Lebanon | The drug industry in Lebanon was significantly expanded during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). One month after the eruption of the civil war, German police uncovered nearly 3 tons of Lebanese hashish. This was the largest drug seizure in the country's history.
By 1977, Lebanese farmers were growing marijuana over 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon |
Seleucid Empire | The domain of the Seleucids stretched from the Aegean Sea to what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan, therefore including a diverse array of cultures and ethnic groups. Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, Georgians, Persians, Medes, Mesopotamians, Jews, and more all lived within its bounds. The immense size of the empire gave ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire |
Yazidis | By the early 19th century, Yezidis were involved in a long feud with the neighbouring Sunni Kurdish tribe of Mizuri who with one of their clerics had issued in a fatwa in 1724 that Yezidis were infidels and apostates and that killing them was a religious duty. Yezidi women and the Yezidi property were to be considered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis |
List of Assyrian kings | Assyrian royal titles typically followed trends that had begun under the Akkadian Empire (c. 2334–2154 BC), the Mesopotamian civilization that preceded the later kingdoms of Assyria and Babylon. When the Mesopotamian central government under the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112–2004 BC) collapsed and polities that had once... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Khor Al Adaid | Shortly after the peninsula fell under Ottoman control, the British government reprimanded the Ottomans on numerous occasions for failing to prevent piratical acts from being carried out off Khor Al Adaid's coast. Adolphus Warburton Moore's memo states, "During the summer of 1876 there was a marked increase of piratica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid |
French Foreign Legion | Original nationalities of the Foreign Legion reflect events in history at the time they joined. Many former Wehrmacht personnel joined in the wake of World War II as many soldiers returning to civilian life found it hard to find reliable employment. Jean-Denis Lepage reports that "The Foreign Legion discreetly recruite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion |
Syrian opposition | Abdulrazak Eid, Syrian writer and thinker, participated in finding the Committees for the Civil Society in Syria, wrote the first draft of the Statement of 1000, and participated in drafting the Damascus Declaration, president of the national council of Damascus Declaration abroad.
Ammar Abdulhamid, leading Human-Right... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_opposition |
Emirate of Dubai | In the early 19th century, the coastal township of Dubai was located within the territorial lands of the Bani Yas tribe, however Dubai was also on the borderlands near the control of the powerful Al Qasimi clan. This caused both groups to assert authority over the town.: 13
In the 19th century, pearls were the main co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai |
Human rights in post-invasion Iraq | There have been major criticisms by numerous human rights organizations and Shiite officials that currently Sunnis have systematically kidnapped, tortured and killed Shiites or those who they deem the enemy. Amnesty International has extensively criticized the Iraqi government for its handling of the Walid Yunis Ahmad ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq |
Avdat | Ben David, H. (2005) "The Paved Roman Road from Petra to the Arava", Cathedra 116: 31–48. (in Hebrew)
Cohen, R. (1980) "The Excavations in ‘Avdat 1977", Qadmoniot 49–50:44–46 (in Hebrew)
Cohen, R. (1982) "New Light on the Date of the Petra-Gaza Road", Biblical Archaeologist 45:240–247.
Cohen, R. and A. Negev (1976) "Av... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avdat |
Portuguese Oman | In the early 16th century, the northern coast of Oman was a province of the Kingdom of Hormuz, ruled by its governors.
In 1507, the Portuguese captain-major of the seas of Arabia Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the coastal cities of Oman with a six ship squadron and about 500 men, imposing the payment of a tribute in e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Oman |
Hellenistic period | In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Muhammad | Roughly ten weeks subsequent to his return from Hudaybiyya, Muhammad expressed his plan to invade Khaybar, a flourishing oasis about 75 miles (121 km) north of Medina. The city was populated by Jews, including those from the Banu Nadir, who had previously been expelled by Muhammad from Medina. With the prospect of rich... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad |
Middle Ages | Between c. 950 and 1060, severe droughts struck the Middle East and the Eurasian Steppe experienced anomalous cold. The ensuing famines led to riots and military coups in the Byzantine Empire, the Abbasid Caliphate, and Egypt, and forced masses of nomadic Turks to seek new pasture lands in Iraq, Anatolia, and the Balka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Ibn Taymiyya | Ibn Taymiyya's own relationship, as a religious scholar, with the ruling apparatus was not always amicable. It ranged from silence to open rebellion. On occasions when he shared the same views and aims as the ruling authorities his contributions were welcomed, but when Ibn Taymiyya went against the status quo, he was s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya |
Omar Khayyam | A literal reading of Khayyam's quatrains leads to the interpretation of his philosophic attitude toward life as a combination of pessimism, nihilism, Epicureanism, fatalism, and agnosticism.: 6 This view is taken by Iranologists such as Arthur Christensen, Hans Heinrich Schaeder, John Andrew Boyle, Edward Denison Ross... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam |
Samanid Empire | Following Nasr's death, Ismail moved the capital of the Samanid dynasty from Samarkand to Bukhara. A few months later the Saffarid emir, Ya'qub al-Saffar, also died and was succeeded by his brother Amr ibn al-Layth, who saw himself as the heir of the Saffarids. In the spring of 900, Amr clashed with Ismail near Balkh, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire |
Hanbali school | Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d.311 AH) – Jurist responsible for the school's early codification.
Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari (d. 329 A.H.), an Iraqi traditionist and a jurist, author of the book Sharh al-Sunnah (disputed).
Ibn Battah al-Ukbari (d. 387 A.H.), an Iraqi theologian and jurisconsult, author of the book Al-Ibaana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school |
Groundwater | Groundwater is a highly useful and often abundant resource. Most land areas on Earth have some form of aquifer underlying them, sometimes at significant depths. In some cases, these aquifers are rapidly being depleted by the human population. Such over-use, over-abstraction or overdraft can cause major problems to huma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater |
Agriculture in Qatar | Date palms were one of the earliest crops to be cultivated in the peninsula. Beginning in the Bronze Age, the trading of date palms had a significant impact on the Qatari economy. Date palm leaves were also commonly used as a construction material. However, as Qatar's geography and climate was unsuitable for large-scal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Qatar |
African humid period | Climate variability during the AHP is poorly documented, but some gaps with less precipitation took place during the late glacial and the Holocene. During the Younger Dryas 12,500–11,500 years ago, the North Atlantic and Europe became much colder again and there was a phase of drought in the area of the African humid p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_humid_period |
Almohad Caliphate | In 1225, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi's band of rebels, accompanied by a large Castilian army, descended from the hills, besieging cities such as Jaén and Andújar. They raided throughout the regions of Jaén, Cordova and Vega de Granada and, before the end of the year, al-Bayyasi had established himself in the city of Cordova. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Ayad Allawi | In preparation for the next parliamentary elections that took place in Iraq in December 2005, Allawi formed an alliance between many groups, including secular Sunni and Shia groups and the Iraqi Communist Party under one electoral list (the Iraqi National List).
The Iraqi National List was represented in the coalition ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayad_Allawi |
Anatolian rug | Central Anatolia is one of the main areas of carpet production in Turkey. Regional weaving centers with distinct designs and traditions are:
Konya (Konya, Konya-Derbent, Selçuk, Keçimuslu, Ladik, Innice, Obruk)
The town of Konya is the old capital of the Seljuq Empire. The Mevlana Museum in Konya has a large collectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rug |
Andalusia | Since the Neolithic era, Andalusia has preserved important megaliths, such as the dolmens at the Cueva de Menga and the Dolmen de Viera, both at Antequera. Archeologists have found Bronze Age cities at Los Millares and El Argar. Archeological digs at Doña Blanca in El Puerto de Santa María have revealed the oldest Phoe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia |
Mohammed V of Morocco | Sultan Mohammad was a central figure in the independence movement in Morocco, also known as the Revolution of the King and the People (ثورة الملك والشعب). This Moroccan Nationalist Movement grew from protests regarding the Berber Dahir of 16 May 1930. He was critical of early movements for reform in French colonial adm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco |
Muslim conquest of the Levant | Moving to their assigned target beyond Tabouk, Yazid's corps made contact with a small Christian Arab force that was retreating after a skirmish with the Muslim advance guard, after which Yazid made for the Valley of Arabah where it meets the southern end of the Dead Sea.
As the main Byzantine defence line started fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant |
Italian invasion of British Somaliland | The Australians from Hobart, with their Hotchkiss gun, arrived at dawn on 10 August but the gun had to be dismantled to load, which reduced its rate of fire to once every five minutes, while its 32 HE rounds and 32 solid shot lasted. The battle for Tug Argan began and another two CR 32 and a CR 42 were sent from Dire D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland |
Islamic philosophy | The pioneering development of the scientific method by the Arab Ash'ari polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) was an important contribution to the philosophy of science. In the Book of Optics (c. 1025 CE), his scientific method was very similar to the modern scientific method and consisted of the following procedures:
Obs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Arab Spring | Tunisia experienced a series of conflicts during the three years leading up to the Arab Spring, the most notable occurring in the mining area of Gafsa in 2008, where protests continued for many months. These protests included rallies, sit-ins, and strikes, during which there were two fatalities, an unspecified number o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Emirate of Crete | This early Muslim period of Crete remains relatively obscure due to a paucity of surviving evidence regarding its internal history. Furthermore, other than a few place names recalling the presence of the Arabs, no major archaeological remains from the period survive, possibly due to deliberate Byzantine destruction aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete |
Ibn Mada' | Ibn Mada rose to fame as one of the first to launch attack on Arabic grammar theory and called for its reformation. Although he was concerned with attacking all major schools of Arabic grammar, he was focused on the grammar of the linguists of Basra, as it was the most popular school around him. His attack on eastern A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Mada%27 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.