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Trucial Oman Scouts | The Trucial Oman Scouts were established at Sharjah, in a location adjacent to the RAF base, originally as the Trucial Oman Levies (TOL) in 1951, but renamed in 1956 by Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), Field Marshal Templar. Substituting the word 'scout' for 'levies' was done to eliminate the impression that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucial_Oman_Scouts |
Texas | Texas re-entered war following the election of 1860. During this time, Black people comprised 30 percent of the state's population, and they were overwhelmingly enslaved. When Abraham Lincoln was elected, South Carolina seceded from the Union; five other Deep South states quickly followed. A state convention considerin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas |
Positional notation | A digit is a symbol that is used for positional notation, and a numeral consists of one or more digits used for representing a number with positional notation. Today's most common digits are the decimal digits "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", and "9". The distinction between a digit and a numeral is most pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation |
History of Morocco | With the death of Hassan II in 1999, the more liberal Crown Prince Sidi Mohammed took the throne, assuming the title Mohammed VI. He enacted successive reforms to modernize Morocco, and the human-rights record of the country improved markedly. One of the new king's first acts was to free approximately 8,000 political p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco |
Al-Mustakfi | The Buyid forces entered Baghdad without opposition, and on 21 December, al-Mustakfi was forced to recognize the Buyids' authority. Ahmad was granted the honorific title of Mu'izz al-Dawla ("Magnifier of the Dynasty"); similar titles were granted to his two brothers, Hasan (Rukn al-Dawla, "Pillar of the Dynasty") and A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustakfi |
Interwar period | The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy. Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Brita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period |
Bektashi Order | Bektashis believe in God and follow all the prophets. Bektashis claim the heritage of Haji Bektash Veli, who was a descendant of Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin and other Imams. Therefore, Bektashis follow the teachings of Haji Bektash, who preached about the Twelve Imams. Bektashis differ from other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order |
Roman Egypt | The province was established in 30 BC after Octavian (the future Roman emperor Augustus) defeated his rival Mark Antony, deposed Pharaoh Cleopatra, and annexed the Ptolemaic Kingdom to the Roman Empire.
The first prefect of Aegyptus, Gaius Cornelius Gallus, brought Upper Egypt under Roman control by force of arms, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
Al-Andalus | The society of al-Andalus was made up of three main religious groups: Muslims, Christians, and Jews. The Muslims, although united on the religious level, had several ethnic divisions, the main being the distinction between the Arabs and the Berbers. The Arab elite regarded non-Arab Muslims as second-class citizens; and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus |
Mali Empire | The identity of the capital city of the Mali Empire is a matter of dispute among historians. Scholars have located the capital in Niani, or somewhere on the Niger, or proposed that it changed several times, that there was no true capital, or even that it lay as far afield as the upper Gambia River in modern-day Senegal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire |
Mosque | Under most interpretations of sharia, non-Muslims are permitted to enter mosques provided that they respect the place and the people inside it. A dissenting opinion and minority view is presented by followers of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, who argue that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque |
Singing | One cannot adequately discuss the vocal passaggio without having a basic understanding of the different vocal registers. In his book The Principles of Voice Production, Ingo Titze states, "The term register has been used to describe perceptually distinct regions of vocal quality that can be maintained over some ranges... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing |
Ma'ad ibn Adnan | According to traditions, Ma'ad is the son of Adnan, the father of a group of the Ishmaelite Arabs who inhabited West and Northern Arabia. Adnan is believed by Arab genealogies to be the father of many Ishmaelite tribes along the Western Hijaz coast of the Arabian Peninsula and Najd. As it was reported, Ma'ad was first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ad_ibn_Adnan |
Ali Abdullah Saleh | In early 2011, following the Tunisian revolution which resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, opposition parties attempted to do the same in Yemen. Opposition elements started leading protests and demanding that Saleh end his three-decade-long rule because of the perceiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh |
Old Assyrian period | In Ancient Mesopotamia, royal seals served as both instruments of office and personal seals for the kings. Only four royal seals from the kings of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty are known, though only from their impressions, coming from Erishum I (two seals), Sargon I and Naram-Sin. With the sole exception of one of the seals... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period |
2020 Beirut explosion | On 27 September 2013, the Moldovan-flagged cargo ship MV Rhosus set sail from Batumi, Georgia, to Beira, Mozambique, carrying 2,750 tonnes (3,030 short tons) of ammonium nitrate. Rhosus was owned by a company based in Panama but was regarded by the captain as under the de facto ownership of Russian businessman Igor Gre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion |
Sharia | Westernization of legal institutions and expansion of state control in all areas of law, which began during the colonial era, continued in nation-states of the Muslim world. Sharia courts at first continued to exist alongside state courts as in earlier times, but the doctrine that sultanic courts should implement the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Siege of Baghdad | On 13 February, the sack of Baghdad began. This was not an act of wanton destruction, as it has commonly been presented, but rather a calculated decision to show the consequences of defying the Mongol Empire. Sayyids, scholars, merchants who traded with the Mongols, and the Christians in the city on whose behalf Hulegu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad |
Rohingya people | Due to its coastline on the Bay of Bengal, Arakan was a key centre of maritime trade and cultural exchange between Burma and the outside world, since the time of the Indian Maurya Empire. According to Syed Islam, a political science scholar, Arab merchants had been in contact with Arakan since the third century, using ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_people |
Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon | During the evacuation in the first Lebanon war, the command of the SLA was delivered into the hands of Antoine Lahad, who demanded and received Israeli permission to hold the Jezzine zone north of the strip. In the first years after the IDF withdrawal from the north part of Lebanon, the strip was relatively quiet. Over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon |
1991 Iraqi uprisings | Many Iraqi and American critics accused President George H. W. Bush and his administration of encouraging and abandoning the rebellion after halting Coalition forces at Iraq's southern border with Kuwait at the end of the Gulf War. In 1996, Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, admitted in his book My Am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings |
One Thousand and One Nights | Scholars have assembled a timeline concerning the publication history of The Nights:
One of the oldest Arabic manuscript fragments from Syria (a few handwritten pages) dating to the early ninth century. Discovered by scholar Nabia Abbott in 1948, it bears the title Kitab Hadith Alf Layla ("The Book of the Tale of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Torah | Rabbinic tradition holds that Moses learned the whole Torah while he lived on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights and both the Oral and the written Torah were transmitted in parallel with each other. Where the Torah leaves words and concepts undefined, and mentions procedures without explanation or instructions, the rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah |
Zengid dynasty | Saladin conquered Aleppo in 1183, ending Zengid rule in Syria. Saladin launched his last offensive against Mosul in late 1185, hoping for an easy victory over the presumably demoralized Zengid Emir of Mosul Mas'ud, but failed due to the city's unexpectedly stiff resistance and a serious illness which caused Saladin to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengid_dynasty |
Tunisian Arabic | Phonetic Transcription:
Even if the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft transcription was abundantly used in early linguistic researches about Tunisian, some trials were performed in order to create alternative Latin scripts and writing methods. The purpose of the trials was to have a simpler and more intuitive Latin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic |
Baalbek | Baalbek was occupied by the Muslim army in AD 634 (AH 13), in 636, or under Abu ʿUbaidah following the Byzantine defeat at Yarmouk in 637 (AH 16), either peacefully and by agreement or following a heroic defense and yielding 2,000 oz (57 kg) of gold, 4,000 oz (110 kg) of silver, 2000 silk vests, and 1000 swords. The ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek |
Hispano-Moresque ware | Much, in Valencia most, of the pottery was clearly made for a Christian market, as it includes coats of arms and other Western elements in the decoration. As well as the Christian IHS monogram in the centre, the naturalistic vine-leaf decoration of the dish shown at top is derived from Gothic art, probably via the bord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware |
Mandaeism | According to Edmondo Lupieri, as stated in his article in Encyclopædia Iranica, "The possible historical connection with John the Baptist, as seen in the newly translated Mandaean texts, convinced many (notably R. Bultmann) that it was possible, through the Mandaean traditions, to shed some new light on the history of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism |
Hama | Ottoman rule ended in 1918, after their defeat in World War I to the Allied Forces. Hama was made part of the French Mandate of Syria. By then, Hama had developed into what it has remained: a medium-sized provincial town, important as the market for an agricultural area abundant in cereals, but also cotton and sugar be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama |
Ancient Egyptian literature | The Middle Kingdom genre of "prophetic texts", also known as "laments", "discourses", "dialogues", and "apocalyptic literature", include such works as the Admonitions of Ipuwer, Prophecy of Neferti, and Dispute between a man and his Ba. This genre had no known precedent in the Old Kingdom and no known original composit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature |
Israeli cuisine | In the Jewish communities of the Old Yishuv, bread was baked at home. Small commercial bakeries were set up in the mid-19th century. One of the earliest, Berman's Bakery, was established in 1875, and evolved from a cottage industry making home-baked bread and cakes for Christian pilgrims.
Expert bakers who arrived amon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_cuisine |
Atharism | Muslim historians and jurists theorized that the companion Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was one of the earliest traditionalist and textualist scholars who influenced later Athari scholasticism. Zubair's method of proto-textualism precedently influenced the scholars of Ahl al-Ḥadīth. This was characterized by their approach to l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharism |
Julian (emperor) | In the fourth year of Julian's stay in Gaul, the Sassanid emperor, Shapur II, invaded Mesopotamia and took the city of Amida after a 73-day siege. In February 360, Constantius II ordered more than half of Julian's Gallic troops to join his eastern army, the order by-passing Julian and going directly to the military com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor) |
Matrilineality | Matrilineality among the Muslims and Tamils in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka arrived from Kerala, India via Muslim traders before 1200 CE. Matrilineality here includes kinship and social organization, inheritance and property rights. For example, "the mother's dowry property and/or house is passed on to the eldest ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality |
Copts | Outside of the Coptic primary area of residence within parts of present-day Egypt (Copts in Egypt), Sudan (Copts in Sudan), and Libya (Copts in Libya), the largest Coptic diaspora population is located within the United States, Canada, and Australia.
The first Coptic Orthodox church in North America is St. Mark in Toro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts |
Qatar Investment Authority | In January 2013, one writer pegged the QIA investment in Britain at €30 billion, France at €10 billion and Germany at €5 billion, while another reported that the total assets under management in June 2013 was on the order of $100 billion. Qatar Holding's stake in Barclays rose to 12.7% following Barclays' capital raisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority |
Middle Ages | The average annual temperature began declining c. 1200, gradually introducing the Little Ice Age. Climate anomalies caused agricultural crises, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–1317. Starving peasants slaughtered their draft animals, and survivors had to make extraordinary efforts to revive farming. This was fol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Ayyubid dynasty | In 1244–1245, as-Salih Ayyub had seized the area approximate to the modern-day West Bank from an-Nasir Dawud; he gained possession of Jerusalem, then marched on to take Damascus, which fell with relative ease in October 1245. Shortly afterward, Sayf al-Din Ali surrendered his exposed principality of Ajlun and its fortr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Neolithic architecture | Megaliths found in Europe and the Mediterranean were also erected in the Neolithic period. These monuments include megalithic tombs, temples and several structures of unknown function. Tomb architecture is normally easily distinguished by the presence of human remains that had originally been buried, often with recogni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_architecture |
Fatimid architecture | Historical sources describe Mahdiya as having multiple Fatimid palaces. From the city's main gate a central avenue led to a public square surrounded by three palaces. The palace on the east side, called the Dar al-'Amma, was used for official purposes. Another to the north was the private palace of Caliph al-Mahdi, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_architecture |
Blue Quran | The exact origin of the Blue Quran is unknown. Scholars have proposed that the manuscript was created under the Abbasid, Fatimid, or Umayyad Caliphates, or the Aghlabid or Kalbid dynasties. This would place the location of origin in Iran, Iraq, Tunisia, Spain, or Sicily.
One theory is that the Blue Quran was produced ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Quran |
Al-Muktafi | The defeat of the Qarmatians at Hama also opened the way for the Abbasids to recover the provinces of southern Syria and Egypt, held by the Tulunid dynasty. The Tulunid regime had already been weakened by internal strife and the rivalries of the various ethnic groups in the army, which led to the defection of the comma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi |
Religion | The concept of religion originated in the modern era in the West. Parallel concepts are not found in many current and past cultures; there is no equivalent term for religion in many languages. Scholars have found it difficult to develop a consistent definition, with some giving up on the possibility of a definition. Ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion |
Bahrain | As a tourist destination, Bahrain received over eleven million visitors in 2019. Most of these are from the surrounding Arab states, although an increasing number hail from outside the region due to growing awareness of the kingdom's heritage and partly due to its higher profile as a result of the Bahrain Grand Prix.
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain |
Shirvanshahs | The Shirvanshah throne was subsequently taken over by Ibrahim I (r. 1382–1417), a distant relative of the Yazidi/Kasranid family. This marked the start of the Darbandi line. Ibrahim initially served as a vassal of the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (r. 1370–1405), but became independent after the latter's death. The two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshahs |
History of Islamic economics | Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) classified economics as one of the sciences connected with religion, along with metaphysics, ethics, and psychology. Authors have noted, however, that this connection has not caused early Muslim economic thought to remain static. Iranian philosopher Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) presents an ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics |
Kerak Castle | Pagan the Butler was also Lord of Oultrejordain and Kerak Castle became the centre of his power, replacing the weaker castle of Montreal to the south. Because of its position east of the Dead Sea, Kerak Castle was able to control bedouin herders as well as the trade routes from Damascus to Egypt and Mecca. His successo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_Castle |
Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani | Albania:
Grand Cross of the Order of George Castriot Skanderbeg
Recipient of the National Flag Order
Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
Bahrain: Collar of the Order of Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
Bulgaria: Grand Cross of the Order of the Balkan Mountains
Croatia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani |
Iraqi chemical weapons program | On September 22, 1980, Iraq staged an all-out war on Iran from ground, air, and sea and came to occupy a vast part of Iranian territory. But in the following months it was evident that the Iranian nation was determined to reclaim its occupied territories. Contrary to the Iraqis' conception, the continued occupation of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program |
Kilwa Sultanate | In its later years, the Sultans of Kilwa began falling into the hands of their ambitious ministers (viziers and emirs), who played the roles of kingmakers, and de facto rulers, and occasionally tried to foist themselves (or one of their family members) on the throne, in competition with the royal dynasty. The most succ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate |
Shia Islam | The Idrisids (Arabic: الأدارسة) were Arab Zaydī Shias whose dynasty, named after its first sultan, Idris I, ruled in the western Maghreb from 788 to 985 CE. Another Zaydī State was established in the region of Gilan, Deylaman, and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864 CE by the Alavids; it lasted until the death of its lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Iraqi Turkmen | The Kurds claimed de facto sovereignty over land that Iraqi Turkmen regard as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, it is claimed that the Kurdistan Region and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen |
Phoenicia | Sometime between 1200 and 1150 BC, the Late Bronze Age collapse severely weakened or destroyed most civilizations in the region, including the Egyptians and Hittites. The Phoenicians appear to have weathered the crisis relatively well, emerging as a distinct and organized civilization in 1230 BC. The period is sometime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia |
Ark of the Covenant | Archaeological evidence shows strong cultic activity at Kiriath-Jearim in the 8th and 7th centuries BC, well after the ark was supposedly removed from there to Jerusalem. In particular, archaeologists found a large elevated podium, associated with the Northern Kingdom and not the Southern Kingdom, which may have been a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant |
Imru' al-Qais | Historians are divided as to the year of Imru' al-Qais' birth, but one estimate is that he was born sometime around 526 AD. He was said to be the youngest of the sons of Hujr, king over the tribes of Asad and Ghutfan. Some historians have pointed out that his father had other wives and concubines than his mother, in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qais |
Ba'athism | Michel Aflaq supported the Arab nationalist Sati' al-Husri's view that language was the principal defining and unifying factor of the "Arab nation" because language led to the unity of thought, norms and ideals. History was another unifying feature for them, as it was the "fertile ground in which our consciousness took... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan | During World War II, some British colonial officers questioned the economic and political viability of the southern provinces as separate from northern Sudan. Britain also had become more sensitive to Arab criticism of the southern policy. In 1946, the Sudan Administrative Conference determined that Sudan should be adm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan |
Indo-Islamic architecture | The tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (built 1320 to 1324) in Multan, Pakistan is a large octagonal brick-built mausoleum with polychrome glazed decoration that remains much closer to the styles of Iran and Afghanistan. Timber is also used internally. This was the earliest major monument of the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413), bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture |
Islamic terrorism | Hezbollah first emerged in 1982, as a militia during the 1982 Lebanon War. Its leaders were inspired by the Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its three main goals as "putting an end to any colonial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism |
Sharia | The domain of furūʿ al-fiqh (lit. branches of fiqh) is traditionally divided into ʿibādāt (rituals or acts of worship) and muʿāmalāt (social relations). Many jurists further divided the body of substantive jurisprudence into "the four quarters", called rituals, sales, marriage and injuries. Each of these terms figurati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Qatna | Due to its location in the middle of the trade network of the ancient world, the cultural and social landscape of the city was complex, as the inhabitants had to deal with traders and envoys who brought with them different customs from distant regions. The inventories of gifts presented to deities from the royal palace... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatna |
Honor killing | Actions of Pakistani police officers and judges (particularly at the lower level of the judiciary) have, in the past, seemed to support the act of honor killings in the name of family honor. Police enforcement, in situations of admitted murder, does not always take action against the perpetrator. Also, judges in Pakist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_killing |
Archaeological looting in Iraq | Upon becoming president in 1979, Saddam Hussein treasured his national heritage immensely and acted to defend these sites and the artifacts within them. He believed that the past of Iraq was important to his national campaign and his regime actually doubled the national budget for archaeology and heritage creating muse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq |
Islamic banking and finance | The influx of "petro-dollars" and a "general re-Islamisation" following the Yom Kippur War and 1973 oil crisis encouraged the development of the Islamic banking sector, and since 1975 it has spread globally.
In 1975, the Islamic Development Bank was set up with the mission to provide funding to projects in the member c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Hizb ut-Tahrir | The first national branch in a non-Muslim majority country was established in West Germany in the 1960s.
German police expelled a member of the party from Germany for alleged ties to one of the hijackers involved with the 11 September 2001 attacks. However, German police said the raids and searches in offices and homes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir |
Osorkon III | Osorkon III is attested by numerous impressive donation stelae and stone blocks from Herakleopolis Magna through to Thebes. He is generally thought to have been a contemporary of the Lower Egyptian 22nd Dynasty kings, Shoshenq IV, Pami, and the first decade of Shoshenq V's reign. Osorkon III's chief wife was Queen Karo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osorkon_III |
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea | Trade with the Indian harbour of Barygaza is described extensively in the Periplus. Nahapana, ruler of the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps is mentioned under the name Nambanus, as ruler of the area around Barigaza:
41. Beyond the gulf of Baraca is that of Barygaza and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea |
Lebanon national rugby league team | Lebanon was placed in the Mediterranean Pool for qualification to the 2000 World Cup. In their first game they defeated Italy 36–16, and then defeated Morocco 104–0. In this match, captain Hazem El Masri scored a total of 48 points, the highest number of points ever scored by one player in an international match. To qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_national_rugby_league_team |
Regency of Algiers | At the end of the Reconquista, about 100,000 Moriscos arrived in Melilla and Fez under King Boabdil after the Granada War in 1492. The Spanish Empire took several ports on the North African coast and established walled and garrisoned strongpoints there called presidios. The Spanish conquered Oran in 1509, then Tripoli ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers |
Sukarno | The Japanese had their own files on Sukarno, and the Japanese commander in Sumatra approached him with respect, wanting to use him to organize and pacify the Indonesians. Sukarno, on the other hand, wanted to use the Japanese to gain independence for Indonesia: "The Lord be praised, God showed me the way; in that valle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno |
Ibn Butlan | After leaving Aleppo he arrived in Antioch within two days. He does not acknowledge it being under Byzantine rule at that time in any way. The ongoing geopolitical and religious conflicts and wars between Byzantines, Fāṭimids, Mirdāsids and Marwānids encountered during his travels generally remain unmentioned in his wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan |
Islamic Golden Age | The centrality of scripture and its study in the Islamic tradition helped to make education a central pillar of the religion in virtually all times and places in the history of Islam. The importance of learning in the Islamic tradition is reflected in a number of hadiths attributed to Muhammad, including one that state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age |
Kuwait | The Al Sabah strongly advocated Islamism throughout the 1980s. At that time, the most serious threat to the continuity of Al Sabah came from home-grown democrats, who were protesting the 1976 suspension of the parliament. The Al Sabah were attracted to Islamists preaching the virtues of a hierarchical order that includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Wali | According to various traditional Sufi interpretations of the Quran, the concept of sainthood is clearly described. Some modern scholars, however, assert that the Quran does not explicitly outline a doctrine or theory of saints. In the Quran, the adjective walī is applied to God, in the sense of him being the "friend" o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali |
Political aspects of Islam | Ágoston, Gábor (2021). The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. Princeton, New Jersey and Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1b3qqdc. ISBN 9780691205380. JSTOR j.ctv1b3qqdc. LCCN 2020046920. OCLC 1224042619. S2CID 243417695.
Anthony, Sean W. (2020). "Introdu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam |
Christianity and Druze | The 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus (also called the 1860 Syrian Civil War) was a civil conflict in Mount Lebanon during Ottoman rule in 1860–1861 fought mainly between the local Druze and Christians. Following decisive Druze victories and massacres against the Christians, the conflict spilled over in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze |
Battle of the Nile | When Alexandria harbour had proved inadequate for his fleet, Brueys had gathered his captains and discussed their options. Bonaparte had ordered the fleet to anchor in Aboukir Bay, a shallow and exposed anchorage, but had supplemented the orders with the suggestion that, if Aboukir Bay was too dangerous, Brueys could s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile |
Muslim conquest of the Levant | Syria had been under Roman rule for seven centuries prior to the Arab Muslim conquest and had been invaded by the Sassanid Persians on a number of occasions during the 3rd, 6th and 7th centuries; it had also been subject to raids by the Sassanids' Arab allies, the Lakhmids. During the Roman period, beginning after the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant |
Ahmad ibn Tulun | Al-Balawi, Abu Muhammad 'Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Madini (1939). Kurd 'Ali, Muhammad (ed.). Sirat Ahmad ibn Tulun. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafah al-Diniyyah.
Becker, C. H. (1987). "Aḥmed b. Ṭūlūn". In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume I: A–Bābā Beg. Leiden: BRIL... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun |
Colombian cuisine | Colombian dishes and ingredients vary widely by region; however, some of the most common ingredients include an endless variety of staples: cereals such as rice and maize; tubers such as potato and cassava; assorted legumes; meats, including beef, chicken, pork, and goat; and fish and other seafood. Colombian cuisine a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_cuisine |
Roman Egypt | The Roman army was among the most homogenous Roman structures, and the organization of the army in Egypt differed little from its organization elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The Roman legions were recruited from Roman citizens and the Roman auxilia recruited from the non-citizen subjects.: 69
Egypt was unique in that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
Battle of Jerusalem | The advance by two infantry and one mounted division into the Judean Hills towards Jerusalem was suspended in the area of Nebi Samwil on 24 November. On the same day infantry from the 54th (East Anglian) Division and the Anzac Mounted Division began their attack across the Nahr el Auja on the Mediterranean coast to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem |
Lebanese Shia Muslims | The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview the lead investigator, Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims |
Israeli West Bank barrier | Although the Barrier is purported to be a temporary defense against Palestinian attacks, many view it as significant in terms of future negotiations over Israel's final borders. Some speculate that because sections of the barrier are not built along the Green Line but in the West Bank, the real purpose is to acquire te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier |
Hamoukar | The site has a 15 hectare high mound (peaking at 18 meters above the plain and first settled in the early 4th millennium BC) and a 5 meter high lower town on three side which was occupied beginning in the middle 3rd millennium BC and brought the site up to its maximum of 98 hectares. There are three named sub-mounds in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamoukar |
David Reubeni | In Venice he reported to Clement VII, claiming to represent a mission from the Jews of the east. He attracted funding from a Jewish painter named Mose, and Felice, a Jewish merchant for travel to Rome. The same month Reubeni entered the city while riding a white horse.
Reubeni obtained an audience with Cardinal Giles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Reubeni |
Women in Tunisia | In Tunisia, the pursuit of feminist politics is all the more necessary since it is the main support to the good image of the country in Europe. In effect, even though the Economic growth is not negligible, it does not stand out from other countries in North Africa such as Morocco; as well, the suppression of the free s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia |
Alawites | When the French began to occupy Syria in 1920, an Alawite State was created in the coastal and mountain country comprising most Alawite villages. The division also intended to protect the Alawite people from more powerful majorities, such as the Sunnis.
The French also created microstates, such as Greater Lebanon for t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites |
Tangier International Zone | For nearly a century after the end of English rule in 1684, Tangier was primarily a military town, the main fortified outpost on the Moroccan Sultanate's side of the Strait of Gibraltar. This role evolved after Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah designated it in 1777 as the main point of contact between the Moroccan monarchy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone |
Iraqi Ground Forces | In the summer of 2014, large elements of the Iraqi army were routed by a much smaller and less well-equipped force from the Islamic State. Nineteen Iraqi Army brigades and six Federal Police brigades disintegrated, a quarter of Iraq's security forces. These losses comprised all of the Ninawa-based 2nd and 3rd Iraqi Arm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Ground_Forces |
Averroes | By 1153 Averroes was in Marrakesh, the capital of the Almohad Caliphate (now in Morocco), to perform astronomical observations and to support the Almohad project of building new colleges. He was hoping to find physical laws of astronomical movements instead of only the mathematical laws known at the time but this resea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes |
Saqifa | Veccia Vaglieri is uncertain whether Ali actually hoped to succeed Muhammad because he made no effort in Sunni sources to seize the rule, despite being advised to do so by Abbas and Abu Sufyan. Alternatively, Ayoub describes the mild opposition of Ali in Sunni sources as apologetic. He and some others maintain that Ali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqifa |
Dhofar War | One step which had a major impact on the uprising was the announcement of an amnesty for surrendered fighters, and aid in defending their communities from rebels. A cash incentive was offered to rebels who changed sides, with a bonus if they brought their weapon. Following the split between the PFLOAG and DLF wings of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_War |
Hermetica | In fifth-century Macedonia, Joannes Stobaeus or "John of Stobi" compiled a huge Anthology of Greek poetical, rhetorical, historical, and philosophical literature in order to educate his son Septimius. Though epitomized by later Byzantine copyists, it still remains a treasure trove of information about ancient philosoph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetica |
Sexuality in Islam | A hadith from collection of Bukhari (compiled in the 9th century), is often used as example for the legal status of transgender people in general. It includes a report regarding mukhannathun, who were granted access to secluded women's quarters and engaged in other non-normative gendered behavior: In hadiths attribute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam |
Middle Ages | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD, and the following two centuries saw the slow decline of Roman control of its outlying territories. Runaway inflation, external pressure on the frontiers, and outbreaks of plague combined to create the Crisis of the Third Century. The ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Arabian Peninsula | In antiquity, the term "Arabia" encompassed a larger area than the current term "Arabian Peninsula" and included the Arabian desert and large parts of the Syrian-Arabian desert. During the Hellenistic period, the area was known as Arabia or Aravia (Greek: Αραβία). The Romans named three regions with the prefix "Arabia"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula |
Remittance | Since 2000, remittances have increased sharply worldwide, having almost tripled to $529 billion in 2012. In 2012, migrants from India and China alone sent more than $130 billion to their home countries.
In 2004 the G8 met at the Sea Island Summit and decided to take action to lower the costs for migrant workers who sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittance |
Egyptian blue | The main component of Egyptian blue was the silica, and quartz sand found adjacent to the sites where Egyptian blue was being manufactured may have been its source, although no concrete evidence supports this hypothesis. The only evidence cited is by Jakcsh et al., who found crystals of titanomagnetite, a mineral foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_blue |
Moorish architecture | Mosques are the main place of worship in Islam. Muslims are called to prayer five times a day and participate in prayers together as a community, facing towards the qibla (direction of prayer). Every neighbourhood normally had one or many mosques to accommodate the spiritual needs of its residents. Historically, there ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture |
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