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Salafi movement | Turkey has been largely absent from the growing literature on the phenomenon of transnational Salafism. Salafism is a minority strand of Turkish Islam that evolved in the context of the state's effort in the 1980s to recalibrate religion as a complement to Turkish nationalism. Although Salafism became a topic of discus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Mosul | In the 13th century, Mosul had a flourishing industry making luxury brass items that were ornately inlaid with silver.: 283–6 Many of these items survive today; in fact, of all medieval Islamic artifacts, Mosul brasswork has the most epigraphic inscriptions.: 12 However, the only reference to this industry in contemp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul |
Spanish architecture | In Spain, Renaissance styles began to be grafted onto Gothic forms in the last decades of the 15th century. The forms that started to spread were made mainly by local architects: that is the cause of the creation of a specifically Spanish Renaissance that brought the influence of southern Italian architecture, sometime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_architecture |
Ulama | The early Muslim conquests brought about Arab Muslim rule over large parts of the Hellenistic world. During the time of the Umayyad Caliphate, at latest, the scholars of the emerging Islamic society had become familiar with the classical philosophical and scientific traditions of the world they had conquered. The colle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama |
Head of state | In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the nominal chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state, and possessing limited executive power. In reality, however, following a process of constitutional evolution, powers are usually only exercised by direction of a cabinet, presided ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state |
23rd Arabian Gulf Cup | The Gulf Cup tournament was originally scheduled to be in 2016. It was delayed to 2017 after Kuwait was suspended by FIFA, and the tournament was moved to Qatar.
The tournament was originally scheduled to be held in Basra, Iraq, with an official decision set to be made in February 2015. On 2 February 2015, the Iraqi M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Arabian_Gulf_Cup |
Geography of Somalia | Physio-graphically, Somalia is a land of limited contrast. In the north, a maritime semidesert plain parallels the Gulf of Aden coast, varying in width from roughly twelve kilometers in the west to as little as two kilometers in the east. Scrub-covered, this plain, known as the Guban (scrub land), is crossed by broad, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia |
Early Christianity | According to Eusebius' record, the apostles Thomas and Bartholomew were assigned to Parthia (modern Iran) and India. By the time of the establishment of the Second Persian Empire (AD 226), there were bishops of the Church of the East in northwest India, Afghanistan and Baluchistan (including parts of Iran, Afghanistan,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity |
History of the Malay language | The 19th century was the period of strong Western political and commercial domination in the Malay archipelago. The colonial demarcation brought by the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty led to Dutch East India Company effectively colonising the East Indies in the south while the British Empire held several colonies and protector... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language |
Neolithic | During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic |
Idris of Libya | On 24 December 1951, Idris announced the establishment of the United Kingdom of Libya from the al-Manar Palace in Benghazi. The country had a population of approximately one million, the majority of whom were Arabs, but with Berber, Tebu, Sephardi Jewish, Greek, Turkish, and Italian minorities. The newly established st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_of_Libya |
Phraates IV | Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–99. ISBN 0-521-20092-X.
Bigwood, J. M. (2004). "Queen Mousa, Mother and Wife(?) of K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraates_IV |
Houthi insurgency | A major demonstration by over 16,000 protestors took place in Sanaʽa on 27 January. On 2 February, President Saleh announced he would not run for reelection in 2013 and that he would not pass power to his son. On 3 February, 20,000 people protested against the government in Sanaʽa, and others in Aden, in a "Day of Rage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_insurgency |
First Bulgarian Empire | For almost two centuries after its creation, the Bulgarian state remained pagan. The Bulgars and the Slavs continued to practice their indigenous religions. The Bulgar religion was monotheistic, linked to the cult to Tangra, the God of the Sky. The worship of Tangra is proven by an inscription that reads "Kanasubigi Om... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire |
Terrorism | Various personal and social factors may influence the personal choice of whether to join a terrorist group or attempt an act of terror, including:
Identity, including affiliation with a particular culture, ethnicity, or religion
Previous exposure to violence
Financial reward (for example, the Palestinian Authority Mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism |
Kabyle people | These two Kabyle Kingdoms managed to maintain their independence and participated in notable battles alongside the Regency of Algiers, such as the campaign of Tlemcen and the conquest of Fez. In the early 16th century Sultan Abdelaziz of the Beni Abbes managed to defeat the Ottomans several times, notably in the First ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_people |
Christianity in the Middle East | The Ottoman Turks carried out a series of violent massacres of ethnic Assyrian and Armenian Christians in the 1870s; these killings, which resulted in over ten thousand deaths, were known as the Hamidian massacres. The settlement of the Persian Kurds along the eastern border was the first powerful action in changing th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East |
Arabization | Following 44 years of colonization by France, Morocco began promoting the use of Modern Standard Arabic to create a united Moroccan national identity, and increase literacy throughout the nation away from any predominant language within the administration and educational system. Unlike Algeria, Morocco did not encounte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization |
Syriac Christianity | In modern English, the term "Syriac Christianity" is preferred over the alternative form "Syrian Christianity", that was also commonly used in older literature, as a synonym, particularly during the 19th and the 20th centuries. Since the latter term proved to be very polysemic, a tendency occurred (firstly among schola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity |
Scientia sacra | Scientia sacra has been described as "the heart of perennial philosophy", the ultimate purpose of which is the "discernment of the Real". According to Nasr, scientia sacra – or knowledge of Reality – is "at the heart of every revelation and is the center of that circle which encompasses and defines tradition." For him,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_sacra |
Abbasid Caliphate | The Abbasid period saw a large fashion development throughout its existence. While the development of fashion began during the Umayyad period, its genuine cosmopolitan styles and influence were realized at their finest during Abbasid rule. Fashion was a thriving industry during the Abbasid period that was also strictly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Bani Sakher | The Bani Sakher was a tribe title that was given to more than one tribe, but the greatest and most famous of this tribes are the sons of Sakher bin Tha'labah bin Amro bin Alghouth bin Tayy, the progenitor of the Banu Tayy, who is a descendent of Kahlan of the famous Qahtaniya tribe. The Tayys lived in what is now the H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Sakher |
Moroccan Arabic | One characteristic of Moroccan Arabic syntax, which it shares with other North African varieties as well as some southern Levantine dialect areas, is in the two-part negative verbal circumfix /ma-...-ʃi/. (In many regions, including Marrakech, the final /i/ vowel is not pronounced so it becomes /ma-...-ʃ/.)
Past: /kte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic |
Angels in Islam | Just as in non-Sufi-related traditions, angels are thought of as created of light. Al-Jili specifies that the angels are created from the Light of Muhammad and in his attribute of guidance, light and beauty. Influenced by Ibn Arabi's Sufi metaphysics, Haydar Amuli identifies angels as created to represent different nam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_Islam |
Criminalization of homosexuality | Laws against homosexuality make some or all sex acts between people of the same sex a crime. While some laws are specific about which acts are illegal, others use vague terminology such as "crimes against nature", "unnatural offenses", "indecency", or "immoral acts". Some laws exclusively criminalize anal sex while oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality |
Al-Adid | Shawar was restored to the vizierate on 26 May 1164, but quickly fell out with Shirkuh, who attacked Cairo. Shawar now asked for Amalric's help in driving the Syrian army out of Egypt. Shirkuh and Saladin confronted the Crusaders at Bilbays for three months, until Nur al-Din captured Harim in Syria, forcing Amalric to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adid |
Isma'ilism | The Fatimid Caliphate expanded quickly under the subsequent Imams. Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Syria, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Yemen, Hejaz and the Tihamah. Under the Fatimids, Egypt flourished and developed an extensive trade n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
War in Darfur | In December 2010, representatives of the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM), an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups formed in February 2010, started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese government in Doha. A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur was formed and JEM planned furth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur |
Rabat | When Morocco achieved independence in 1956, Mohammed V, the then King of Morocco, chose to have the capital remain at Rabat. Rabat's growth continued unabated. The most important demographic shift after independence was the exodus of foreign nationals and their replacement by Moroccans, who gradually took over the jobs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat |
History of Asian art | Khmer sculpture refers to the stone sculpture of the Khmer Empire, which ruled a territory based on modern Cambodia, but rather larger, from the 9th to the 13th century. The most celebrated examples are found in Angkor, which served as the seat of the empire.
By the 7th century, Khmer sculpture begins to drift away fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asian_art |
Muhammad ibn Isma'il | Muhammad was the eldest son of Isma'il ibn Ja'far, and the eldest grandson of the Shi'a imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq. Muhammad's life is relatively obscure, with most information known today deriving from the account of the 15th-century Yemeni Isma'ili scholar and religious leader, Idris Imad al-Din. His mother was a slave-wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il |
1965 Algerian coup d'état | Following the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962), with the help of then Chief of Staff Houari Boumédiène and the National Liberation Army (ALN), Ahmed Ben Bella was elected as Prime Minister in September 1962, ousting former Prime Minister Benyoucef Benkhedda. Owing to his support of Ben Bella, Boumédiène was app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Rashid Rida | Riḍā believed that the management of state affairs and its principles were an integral part of Islamic faith. Accordingly, he called for the restoration of an Islamic caliphate and waged fierce battles against secularist trends that emerged during the 20th century. He considered calls for separation of religion and sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida |
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region | During the 1992-1995 Bosnian War, the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina (where the approximately 43% of the population that was Muslim formed the largest religious group) received aid from Saudi groups — International Islamic Relief Organization, Saudi High Commission for Relief, Muwaffaq Foundations — as well as from no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region |
Arabic music | The majority of musical instruments used in European medieval and classical music have roots in Arabic musical instruments that were adopted from the medieval Arab world. They include the lute, which shares an ancestor with the oud; rebec (an ancestor of the violin) from rebab, guitar from qitara, naker from naqareh, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_music |
Kharijites | Distinct Sufriyya and Ibadiyya sects are attested from the early eighth century in North Africa and Oman. The two differed in association with different tribal groups and competed for popular support. During the last days of the Umayyad empire, a major Sufri revolt erupted in Iraq in 744. It was at first led by Sa'id i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Shia Islam | Later, most denominations of Shia Islam, including Twelvers and Ismāʿīlīs, became Imamis. Imami Shīʿītes believe that Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad. Imams are human individuals who not only rule over the Muslim community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret the divine law... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Kuwait | Kuwait has an emerging space industry which is largely driven by private sector initiatives. Seven years after the launch of the world's first communications satellite, Telstar 1, Kuwait in October 1969 inaugurated the first satellite ground station in the Middle East, "Um Alaish". The Um Alaish satellite station compl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Titi Robin | Robin builds his work through:
compositions, which are spread over thirty years already (his style has not changed, so much so that he used for example, in 2008, among the compositions of Kali Sultana, two themes composed in the late 1970s, and it is difficult to detect any stylistic difference. "The truth is I do not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titi_Robin |
Prehistory of Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia is located in the historical region of the Fertile Crescent in the ancient Near East, around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Mesopotamia corresponds for the most part to present-day Iraq, with the addition of a northern fringe of present-day Syria and the southeastern part of Turkey. Two regions are distin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia |
Aceh | Beginning with the promulgation of Law 44/1999, Aceh's governor began to issue limited Sharia-based regulations, for example requiring female government employees to wear Islamic dress. These regulations were not enforced by the provincial government, but as early as April 1999, reports emerged that groups of men in Ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh |
Ismail Ibn Sharif | Between 1678 and 1679, Moulay Ismail attempted an expedition over the Amour mountain range into the region of Cherg, accompanied by a large contingent of Arab tribes, including the Beni Amer. The Turkish artillery put all the Arab tribes in the expedition to flight and the Sultan was forced to set the border between th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif |
Iron Age | Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details.
Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age Historic Iron Age
In China, Chinese bronze inscriptions are found around 1200 BC, preceding the development of iron metallurgy, which was known by the 9th century BC. The large seal script is identified with a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age |
Reconquista | As the Christian kingdoms completed their conquest of territory on the Iberian Peninsula, they shifted their impetus elsewhere, even to the Maghreb, which is located across the Strait of Gibraltar. A Castilian Crown-sanctioned punitive expedition against Tetouan, a corsair stronghold, was launched as early as 1399–140... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista |
Palestine national football team | In May 1995, the PFA was granted the status of provisional member in FIFA. Palestine eventually gained FIFA membership on 8 June 1998 after numerous attempts since 1946. Under Ricardo Carugati, Palestine played their first official matches in July 1998 against Lebanon, Jordan and Syria at the 1998 Arab Cup qualificatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_national_football_team |
Six-Day War | As Egyptian columns retreated, Israeli aircraft and artillery attacked them. Israeli jets used napalm bombs during their sorties. The attacks destroyed hundreds of vehicles and caused heavy casualties. At Jabal Libni, retreating Egyptian soldiers were fired upon by their own artillery. At Bir Gafgafa, the Egyptians fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Yemenite Jews | Towards the end of the 19th century, new ideas began to reach Yemenite Jews from abroad. Hebrew newspapers began to arrive, and relations developed with Sephardic Jews, who came to Yemen from various Ottoman provinces to trade with the army and government officials.
Two Jewish travelers, Joseph Halévy, a French-trained... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews |
Slavery in Palestine | In 1920, Ottoman Palestine was formally transformed in to the British Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948).
The British Empire, having signed the 1926 Slavery Convention as a member of the League of Nations, was obliged to investigate, report and fight slavery and slave trade in all land under direct or indirect control of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine |
Middle Ages | Since prolonged papal elections and conflicts with the Roman aristocracy had undermined papal authority in Italy, the seat of the papacy was moved to the city of Avignon in 1309. During the period of the Avignon Papacy, Frenchmen assumed leadership of the Catholic Church. When the French king Philip IV (r. 1285–1314) b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Sykes–Picot Agreement | Hussein's letter of 18 February 1916 appealed to McMahon for £50,000 in gold plus weapons, ammunition and food claiming that Feisal was awaiting the arrival of "not less than 100,000 people" for the planned revolt and McMahon's reply of 10 March 1916 confirmed the British agreement to the requests and concluded the ten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement |
Rhodesia | Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 was promptly condemned by the international community. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 of 12 November 1965 called "upon all States not to recognise this illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia."
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia |
Creationism | Most Christians disagree with the teaching of creationism as an alternative to evolution in schools. Several religious organizations, among them the Catholic Church, hold that their faith does not conflict with the scientific consensus regarding evolution. The Clergy Letter Project, which has collected more than 13,000... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism |
Economy of Jordan | Services accounted for more than 70% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004. The sector employed nearly 75% of the labor force in 2002.
Jordan's banking system consists of 25 commercial banks, three Islamic banks, and nine foreign banks, with total assets of Jordanian dinar, JOD 57 billion (or EUR69.6 billion). Betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan |
Six-Day War | Further south, on 5 June, the 8th Armored Brigade under Colonel Albert Mandler, initially positioned as a ruse to draw off Egyptian forces from the real invasion routes, attacked the fortified bunkers at Kuntilla, a strategically valuable position whose capture would enable Mandler to block reinforcements from reaching... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Six-Day War | Further south, on 5 June, the 8th Armored Brigade under Colonel Albert Mandler, initially positioned as a ruse to draw off Egyptian forces from the real invasion routes, attacked the fortified bunkers at Kuntilla, a strategically valuable position whose capture would enable Mandler to block reinforcements from reaching... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | Prime Minister Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed; the democratic socialist's alliance who had previously allied with Bhutto began to diminish as time progressed. Initially targeting leader of the opposition Vali Khan and his opposition National Awami Party (NA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq |
War in Darfur | In 2004, Chad brokered negotiations in N'Djamena, leading to the April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement between the Sudanese government, the JEM, and the SLA. One group that did not participate in the April cease-fire talks or agreement was the National Movement for Reform and Development, who had split from the JEM ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur |
Elamite language | The verb base can be simple (ta- “put”) or “reduplicated” (beti > bepti “rebel”). The pure verb base can function as a verbal noun, or “infinitive”.
The verb distinguishes three forms functioning as finite verbs, known as “conjugations”. Conjugation I is the only one with special endings characteristic of finite verbs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite_language |
Roman Egypt | The economic resources that this imperial government existed to exploit had not changed since the Ptolemaic period, but the development of a much more complex and sophisticated taxation system was a hallmark of Roman rule. Taxes in both cash and kind were assessed on land, and a bewildering variety of small taxes in ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
Syrian Air | SyrianAir welcomed the eighties with an active fleet of three Boeing 727s, two Boeing 747SPs, and two ageing Super Caravelles. In 1980, SyrianAir sold the Caravelles as plans were made for the acquisition of newer aircraft. In 1981, the airline carried 510,000 passengers, but these numbers declined to 462,000 in 1982 f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Air |
Sunni Islam | Later Sunni scholars also present the Sunnis as the center of Muslim community. The idea already appears to some extent in the Ashʿarite ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī, who emphasizes on several dogmatic questions that the Sunnis hold a position that lies in the middle between the positions of the other Islamic groups. An e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Iraq War | The first Central Intelligence Agency team entered Iraq on 10 July 2002. This team was composed of members of the CIA's Special Activities Division and was later joined by members of the US military's elite Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). Together, they prepared for an invasion by conventional forces. These ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War |
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa | On 14 February 2011, the tenth anniversary of a referendum in favour of the National Action Charter, and ninth anniversary of the writing of the Constitution of 2002, Bahrain was rocked by protests inspired by the Arab Spring and co-ordinated by a Facebook page named "Day of Rage in Bahrain", a page that was liked by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa |
Abrahamic religions | Even though members of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam do not all claim Abraham as an ancestor, some members of these religions have tried to claim him as exclusively theirs.
For Jews, Abraham is the founding patriarch of the children of Israel. God promised Abraham: "I will make of you a great nation, and I will bles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions |
1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine | The 1936–39 Arab Revolt has been and still is marginalized in both Western and Israeli historiography on Palestine, and even progressive Western scholars have little to say about the anti-colonial struggle of the Palestinian Arab rebels against the British Empire. According to Swedenburg's analysis, for instance, the Z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine |
Battle of Jenin (2002) | At the same time, Human rights organizations and some media reports charged Israel with war crimes. Human Rights Watch reported that of the Palestinians killed, "many of them were killed willfully or unlawfully, and in some cases constituted war crimes." Examples included the case of 57-year-old Kamal Zugheir who was s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002) |
Alhambra | In the space between the former mosque and the Palace of the Lions stood the Rawda (spelled Rauda in Spanish), the royal mausoleum of the Nasrids. The term rawda (Arabic: الروضة) means 'garden' in Arabic, but a number of historic Islamic necropolises or cemeteries were known by this name, including the necropolis of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra |
Female genital mutilation | The practice's origins are unknown. Gerry Mackie has suggested that, because FGM's east–west, north–south distribution in Africa meets in Sudan, infibulation may have begun there with the Meroite civilization (c. 800 BCE – c. 350 CE), before the rise of Islam, to increase confidence in paternity. According to historian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation |
Mu'awiya I | In a move unprecedented in Islamic politics, Mu'awiya nominated his own son, Yazid, as his successor. The caliph likely held ambitions for his son's succession over a considerable period. In 666, he allegedly had his governor in Homs, Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid, poisoned to remove him as a potential rival to Yazid. The S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I |
Levantine Arabic | Until recently, Levantine was rarely written. Brustad and Zuniga report that in 1988, they did not find anything published in Levantine in Syria. By the late 2010s, written Levantine was used in many public venues and on the internet, especially social media. There is no standard Levantine orthography. There have been ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic |
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps | As an elite group, members of Pasdaran have influence in Iran's political world. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (President 2005–2013) joined the IRGC in 1985, serving first in military operation in Iraqi Kurdistan before leaving the front line to take charge of logistics. A majority of his first cabinet consisted of IRGC veterans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps |
2012 Benghazi attack | In April 2012, two former security guards for the consulate threw an IED over the consulate fence; the incident did not cause any casualties. Just four days later, a similar bomb was thrown at a four-vehicle convoy carrying the United Nations Special Envoy to Libya, exploding twelve feet (3.7 m) from the United Nations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack |
Egypt in World War II | Newspapers in Egypt regularly commented on the world affairs at the time, and consistently criticized both fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Second Italo-Ethiopian War alarmed Egyptians, as Italy's naked aggression was denounced as imperialism. The Egyptian newspaper al-Ahram denounced Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II |
Somali people | Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. Hass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people |
Jordan | In 629 AD, during the Battle of Mu'tah in what is today Karak Governorate, the Byzantines and their Arab Christian clients, the Ghassanids, staved off an attack by a Muslim Rashidun force that marched northwards towards the Levant from the Hejaz (in modern-day Saudi Arabia). The Byzantines however were defeated by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
Jordan | Jordan is among the most water-scarce nations on earth. At 97 cubic metres of water per person per year, it is considered to face "absolute water scarcity" according to the Falkenmark Classification. Scarce resources to begin with have been aggravated by the massive influx of Syrian refugees into Jordan, many of whom f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
Khor Al Adaid | Sheikh Zayed of Abu Dhabi and Lieutenant-Colonel C. A. Kemball, Officiating Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, held a meeting in October 1903 in which they discussed the rebuilding and resettlement of Khor Al Adaid. In January 1904, the Assistant Political Agent in Bahrain received a letter from Sheikh Zayed regar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid |
Sétif | On 8 May 1945, the day of the formal end of World War II in Europe, Sétif was the starting point for a series of nationalist riots that were bloodily suppressed by the French colonial authorities. The demonstrations and the explosion of violence that accompanied them originated in a nationalist insurrection project who... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif |
Fatimid Caliphate | Upon assuming power in Raqqada, Abu Abdallah inherited much of the Aghlabid state's apparatus and allowed its former officials to continue working for the new regime. He established a new, Isma'ili Shi'a regime on behalf of his absent, and for the moment unnamed, master. He then led his army west to Sijilmasa, whence h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Syrian literature | Especially since the Syrian revolution and the ensuing Syrian civil war after 2011, a large number of novels, poems and corresponding non-fiction works inspired by imprisonment, torture and war, have been published. Mustafa Khalifa (b. 1948) wrote his 2008 autobiographical novel The Shell based on his experience of 13 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_literature |
Islam in Portugal | From 711 to 722, all the territory of what is now Portugal and then the Visigothic Kingdom was invaded by the Arabic Umayyad Caliphate and subsequent Moorish Sultanates of Arabic, Arabised and Berber people. By the year 1000, Islamic rule was still prevalent in much of what is now Portugal, namely south of the Mondego ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal |
Irgun | In April 1937 the Irgun split after the referendum. Approximately 1,500–2,000 people, about half of the Irgun's membership, including the senior command staff, regional committee members, along with most of the Irgun's weapons, returned to the Haganah, which at that time was under the Jewish Agency's leadership. The Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irgun |
Sasanian Empire | Christians in the Sasanian Empire belonged mainly to the Nestorian Church (Church of the East) and the Jacobite Church (Syriac Orthodox Church). Although these churches originally maintained ties with Christian churches in the Roman Empire, they were quite different from them: the liturgical language of the Nestorian a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Sudanese Arabs | In 2007, the mtDNA haplotype diversity for 102 individuals in Northern Sudan was analysed. The haplogroup distribution was 22.5% of Eurasian ancestry, 4.9% of the East African M1 lineage, and 72.5% of sub-Saharan affiliation.
According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), among Sudanese Arabs, 67% of Arakien, 43%... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs |
Banu Kilab | The devastation in northern Syria opened the way for Muslim ibn Quraysh to gain control of Aleppo in 1080, when Sabiq, Shabib and Waththab were compelled by the Kilab and the Aleppines, desperate from famine, and their Munqidhite vizier, to hand over the city. Thus, Mirdasid rule in Aleppo came to a permanent end, thou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kilab |
Jordan national football team | Another opportunity to show Vingada's worthiness as head coach came in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign. But after failing to help Jordan qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Vingada was able to help Jordan win second place in the 2008 West Asian Football Federation Championship. Next up were the 2011 AFC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_national_football_team |
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region | In contrast to the coup of 1963, the 1968 coup was led by civilian Ba'ath Party members. According to historian Con Coughlin, the President of Iraq Abdul Rahman Arif, who had taken over from his brother, was a weak leader. Before the coup, Hussein, through the Jihaz Haneen, contacted several military officers who eithe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region |
Nonviolent revolution | These are revolutions in post-communist authoritarian Europe and other new countries that were part of the former Soviet Union or Warsaw Pact. Each of these had massive street protests and/or followed disputed elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be authoritarian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution |
Iblis | Qiṣaṣ is a form of exegesis by Muslims focusing on establishing a coherent story from material of Islamic scripture (Quran, ḥadīṯ).
In reference to the interpretation of the events in Surah 2:30-34, when the angels complain over mankinds' potential to shed blood and cause injustice, Islamic narrative traditions elabora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iblis |
Camp David Accords | Egypt, Israel, Jordan and the representatives of the Palestinian people should participate in negotiations on the resolution of the Palestinian problem in all its aspects.
(1.) Egypt and Israel agree that, in order to ensure a peaceful and orderly transfer of authority, and taking into account the security concerns of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords |
Denshawai incident | Concerned with growing Egyptian nationalism, British officials thought it would be best to show their strength and make an example of the villager leaders involved. Many were arrested, and four were charged with murder. This decision inflamed Egyptian nationalist sentiment. Some Egyptian leaders later affirmed that the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denshawai_incident |
John C. Wilkinson | A sketch of the historical geography of the Trucial Oman down to the beginning of the sixteenth century. Geographical Journal (London), vol. 130 nr. 3 (Sept. 1964), 337-349.
The Oman question: the background to the political geography of South-east Arabia. Geographical Journal (London), vol. 137, part 3 (1971), 361-371... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wilkinson |
Bloody Thursday (Bahrain) | A medical volunteer said that despite showing their identification cards police attacked ten medics at the roundabout who had offered their services.
For eight hours Health Minister Faisal al-Hamar prevented ambulances going to the assistance of those injured at Pearl Roundabout. Doctors and paramedics protested inside... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Thursday_(Bahrain) |
Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the SCAF | In November 2011, dissatisfied with the progress of the reforms, almost all civilian political parties called for an accelerated end to the military rule before drafting a constitution — either an immediate handover to a civilian-led government, or a turnover to the lower house of Parliament when it is seated in April,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Crisis_under_the_SCAF |
Dassault Rafale | Initial deliveries of the Rafale M were to the F1 ("France 1") standard, which were equipped for the air-to-air interceptor combat duties, but lacked any armament for air-to-ground operations. The F1 standard became operational in 2004. Later deliveries were to the "F2" standard, which added the capability for conducti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Rafale |
Arithmetic | Number theory studies the structure and properties of integers as well as the relations and laws between them. Some of the main branches of modern number theory include elementary number theory, analytic number theory, algebraic number theory, and geometric number theory. Elementary number theory studies aspects of int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic |
Irreligion in the Middle East | Ali Al Bukhaiti Yemeni politician, journalist, and writer.
Armin Navabi Ex-Muslim atheist and secular activist, author, podcaster and vlogger including founder of Atheist Republic
Ashraf Dehghani Iranian female communist revolutionaries, and is a member of the Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
Aramesh Dustdar Philosoph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East |
Third Punic War | Scipio intended to stand in the 147 BC elections for the post of aedile, which was a natural progression for him. Aged 36 or 37, he was too young to stand as consul, for which by the Lex Villia the minimum age was 41. There was considerable political manoeuvring behind the scenes. Scipio and his partisans played on his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Punic_War |
Likud | Since the 1990s, Likud has advocated a hardline stance against Iran and its proxy militias such as the Lebanese Hezbollah.
Likud Prime Ministers Ariel Sharon and Benjamin Netanyahu have typically pursued improved relations with Russia, with Likud using posters of Netanyahu meeting Russian President Vladimir Putin durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud |
Samir Geagea | There was increased pressure by Syria on Geagea to accept the Syrian presence or face charges. Prior to his arrest, he was contacted by several sympathetic politicians and warned about the forthcoming proceedings and offered safe passage out of Lebanon. Geagea refused to leave. The Syrians exploited the vulnerabilities... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Geagea |
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