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Elam | The devastation was a little less complete than Ashurbanipal boasted, and a weak and fragmented Elamite rule was resurrected soon after with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Humban-umena III (not to be confused with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Indada, a petty king in the first half of the 6th century). Elamite royalty in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam |
Ptolemy V Epiphanes | Like his predecessors, Ptolemy V assumed the traditional Egyptian role of pharaoh and the concomitant support for the Egyptian priestly elite. As under the two previous rulers, the symbiotic relationship between the king and the priestly elite was affirmed and articulated by the decrees of priestly synods. Under Ptolem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes |
Pashtuns | Pashtun women are known to be modest and honorable because of their modest dressing. The lives of Pashtun women vary from those who reside in the ultra-conservative rural areas to those found in urban centres. At the village level, the female village leader is called "qaryadar". Her duties may include witnessing women'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns |
Diana Haddad | On 12 March 2004, "Waily", the lead single from Haddad's ninth studio album Awel Marrah (2004), was premiered on the reality talent show Star Academy Arab World on LBC. The album, which was initially titled Diana 2003, faced many delays prior to its release. It was originally set for a summer 2003 release. The presiden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Haddad |
History of Algeria | After Chadli Bendjedid resigned from the presidency in the military coup of 1992, a series of figureheads were selected by the military to assume the presidency, as officers were reluctant to assume public political power even though they had manifested control over the government. Additionally, the military's senior ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria |
Augustus | By 23 BC, some of the un-republican implications were becoming apparent concerning the settlement of 27 BC. Augustus's retention of an annual consulate drew attention to his de facto dominance over the Roman political system and cut in half the opportunities for others to achieve what was still nominally the preeminent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus |
Almoravid dynasty | In early Islamic manuscripts, Kufic was the main script used for religious texts. Western or Maghrebi Kufic evolved from the standard (or eastern) Kufic style and was marked by the transformation of the low swooping sections of letters from rectangular forms to long semi-circular forms. It is found in 10th century Qura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
The Martian (film) | The Martian was a financial success. It grossed $228.4 million in the United States & Canada and $402.2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $630.6 million against a budget of $108 million. Worldwide, it was the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2015. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the fil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martian_(film) |
Dassault Rafale | The Rafale was developed as a modern jet fighter with a very high level of agility; Dassault chose to combine a delta wing with active close-coupled canard to maximize manoeuvrability. The aircraft is capable of withstanding from −3.6g to 9g (10.5g on Rafale solo display and a maximum of 11g can be reached in case of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Rafale |
Morocco | Sultan Mohammed became King in 1957. Upon the death of Mohammed V, Hassan II became King of Morocco on 3 March 1961. Morocco held its first general elections in 1963. However, Hassan declared a state of emergency and suspended parliament in 1965. In 1971 and 1972, there were two failed attempts to depose the king and e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco |
Zoroaster | The birthplace of Zoroaster is also unknown, and the language of the Gathas is not similar to the proposed north-western and north-eastern regional dialects of Persia. It is also suggested that he was born in one of the two areas and later lived in the other area.
Yasna 9 and 17 cite the Ditya River in Airyanem Vaējah ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster |
Sunni Islam | When the expression 'ahl as-sunna wa l-jama'ah appeared for the first time, is not entirely clear. The Abbasite Caliph Al-Ma'mūn (reigned 813–33) criticized in his Mihna edict a group of people, who related themselves to the sunnah (nasabū anfusa-hum ilā s-sunna) and claimed, they are the "people of truth, religion and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Uyghur language | The Middle Turkic languages are the direct ancestor of the Karluk languages, including Uyghur and the Uzbek language.
Modern Uyghur is not descended from Old Uyghur, rather, it is a descendant of the Karluk language spoken by the Kara-Khanid Khanate, as described by Mahmud al-Kashgari in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk. Accor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language |
Quran | Following Muhammad's death in 632, a number of his companions who memorized the Quran were killed in the Battle of al-Yamama by Musaylima. The first caliph, Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), subsequently decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. Zayd ibn Thabit (d. 655) was the person to collect the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula | As discussed above, much of the traditional narrative of the Conquest is more legend than reliable history. Some of the key events and the stories around them are outlined below.
710 – Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Berber mawla of Musa ibn Nusayr, lands with 400 men and 100 horses on the tiny peninsula now called Gibraltar (Jebe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula |
Byzantine North Africa | In 534, immediately after his victory over the Vandals, Belisarius had already conquered the traditional Roman legionary site of Septem, which at least at that point was no longer under Vandal rule. The extent of further conquests in the Mauretania Tingitana is not known, mainly because the retention of Roman culture a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa |
Táhirih | Táhirih was educated particularly well for a girl of her era. A literate woman was itself a rare phenomenon and surprisingly her father decided to break from protocol and personally tutor his daughter. Though still living in a strict religious home, Táhirih was educated in theology, jurisprudence, Persian literature, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1hirih |
Last Judgment | In art, the Last Judgment is a common theme in medieval and renaissance religious iconography. Like most early iconographic innovations, its origins stem from Byzantine art, although it was a less common subject than in the West during the Middle Ages. In Western Christianity, it is often the subject depicted in mediev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment |
Kilwa Sultanate | Despite its origin as a Persian colony, extensive inter-marriage and conversion of local Bantu inhabitants and later Arab immigration turned the Kilwa Sultanate into a veritable melting pot, ethnically indifferentiable from the mainland. Recent ancient DNA studies have confirmed that Asian ancestry in the medieval peri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate |
African Standby Force | The ASF Roadmap III recognized major difficulties in the establishment of the ASF. Most importantly, it recognized that ASF was not able to reach its Full Operational Capability (FOC) by 2010, a goal that was set in previous Roadmaps and key documents. Therefore, the experts set the new date for the FOC to 2015. Furthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Standby_Force |
Shukri al-Quwatli | Quwatli opposed the proposed partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, arguing that the plan, which would allocate 56% of Palestine to the Jewish state, violated the rights of the Palestinian Arab majority. The proposal passed the UN vote and Syria made war preparations soon af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
Classical Ottoman architecture | In the Levant and Egypt, the local Mamluk-era style was largely continued and blended with Ottoman architecture to varying degrees. In some cases, such as at the Çoban Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Gebze, governors who had served in these regions later enlisted craftsmen from those regions to work on their own mosques in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture |
2011 Bahraini uprising | Media coverage from within Bahrain has been problematic. Some cases produced only gone unconfirmed or contradictory reports, such as the death of an elderly taxi driver on 13 March 2011. The Gulf Daily News reported that the driver had been beaten to death by anti-government protesters. Other Bahraini media reported th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising |
Ismail Ibn Sharif | After seizing power, Moulay Ismail faced several rebellions: most significant was the revolt of his nephew Moulay Ahmed ben Mehrez, son of Moulay Murad Mehrez, then the rebellions of his brothers, including Harran ibn Sharif, who assumed the title of King of Tafilalt. The Tetouan warlord Khadir Ghaïlan also resisted Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif |
Ba'ath Party | The challenges of building a Ba'athist state led to considerable ideological discussion and internal struggle within the party. The Iraqi Regional Branch was increasingly dominated by self-described Marxist Ali Salih al-Sa'di. Al-Sa'di was supported in his ideological reorientation by Hammud al-Shufi, the Regional Secr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party |
Naskh (tafsir) | A verse(s) of major importance in Muslim-non-Muslim relations is Quran 9:5 the "Sword verse" (as, to a lesser extent, are similar verses such as Quran 9:29).
Among "medieval exegetes and jurists" there was "a broad consensus that Quran 9:5 and Quran 9:29 abrogated "all the other statements" in the Quran "on the issue o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir) |
History of the Jews in Libya | By the time Colonel Muammar Gaddafi came to power in 1969, roughly 100 Jews remained in Libya. Under his rule, all Jewish property was confiscated, and all debts to Jews were cancelled. In 1970, the Libyan government declared the Day of Revenge, which celebrated the expulsion of Jews and Italians from Libya, a national... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya |
Aghlabid dynasty | The Aghlabids were major builders and erected many of the oldest Islamic-era monuments in present-day Tunisia, including military structures like the Ribat of Sousse and the Ribat of Monastir, religious buildings like the Great Mosque of Sousse and the Great Mosque of Sfax, and practical infrastructure works like the A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty |
Seven Sleepers | Edward Gibbon gives different accounts of the story in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
The Serbian writer Danilo Kiš retells the story of the Seven Sleepers in a short story, "The Legend of the Sleepers", from his book The Encyclopedia of the Dead.
The Italian author Andrea Camilleri incorpora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sleepers |
Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces | In the years following the end of the Dhofar rebellion, the SAF continued to expand and modernise. Links with Britain remained close and all three UK armed services have provided advisers on Loan Service to the SAF and this arrangement remains in place; although numbers have steadily reduced as 'Omanisation' progressed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces |
Suleiman the Magnificent | Before his downfall, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha was an inseparable friend and possible lover of Suleiman. In fact, he is referred to by his chroniclers as "the favourite" (Maḳbūl) along with "the executed" (Maḳtūl). Historians state that Suleiman I is remembered for "his passion for two of his slaves: for his beloved Ibrahi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent |
Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict | In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Egypt, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritius, Sudan, Senegal, Djibouti, Comoros, Jordan, the Tobruk-based Libyan government and the Hadi-led Yemeni government severed diplomatic relations with Qatar and blocked Qatar's airspace and sea routes along with Saudi Ara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict |
Ijtihad | In contrast to the view of these Shafiites, classical Shafi'ite theologian 'Abd al-Malik al-Juwayni (d. 1085 C.E/ 478 A.H) postulated a new doctrine on the controversy of the existence of Mujtahids. Juwaynī and his Shāfiʿī colleagues insisted that not only the disappearance of Mujtahids was possible, but that it had al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad |
Palestinian traditional costumes | Diverse motifs were favored in Palestinian embroidery and costume as Palestine's long history and position on the international trade routes exposed it to multiple influences. Before the appearance of synthetically dyed threads, the colors used were determined by the materials available for the production of natural dy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_traditional_costumes |
Religion in Yemen | Christianity is another religious minority in Yemen. The Middle East is the birthplace of Christianity, but Christian communities in the middle east are decreasing due to reasons such as low birth rates, emigration and persecution. The number of Christians in Yemen is not accurately known, but is estimated to be betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen |
Human rights in Tunisia | Prison conditions in Tunisia have long been considered extremely substandard, with overcrowding and violence among the major problems. "Hygiene was extremely poor, and prisoners rarely had access to showers and washing facilities," according to a U.S. State Department report issued in early 2011. Typically, up to fifty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tunisia |
Al-Ghazali | Al-Ghazali was born in c. 1058 in Tus, then part of the Seljuk Empire. He was a Muslim scholar, law specialist, rationalist, and spiritualist of Persian descent. He was born in Tabaran, a town in the district of Tus, Khorasan (now part of Iran), not long after Seljuks entered Baghdad and ended Shia Buyid Amir al-umaras... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali |
Wallace Fard Muhammad | With regard to Elijah Muhammad, Beynon's article stated: "From among the larger group of Muslims there has sprung recently an even more militant branch than the Nation of Islam itself. This new movement, known as the Temple People. To Mr. Fard alone do they offer prayer and sacrifice. Since Mr. Fard has been deified, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad |
Sahih al-Bukhari | It is reported that Bukhari traveled widely throughout the Abbasid Caliphate from the age of 16. Bukhari found the earlier hadith collections including both ṣaḥīḥ (authentic, sound) and hasan narrations. He also found that many of them included daʻīf (weak) narrations. This aroused his interest in compiling hadith whos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari |
Khaled Mashal | On 25 September 1997, Mossad agents acting under orders from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and his security cabinet attempted to assassinate him. The agents entered Jordan on fake Canadian passports and disguised as tourists. Two of them waited at the entrance of the Hamas offices in Jordan's capital Amman, and, as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Mashal |
Buyid dynasty | The death of Adud al-Dawla is considered the start of the decline of the Buyid dynasty; his son Abu Kalijar Marzuban, who was in Baghdad when he died, at first kept his death secret to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he eventually made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty |
Semitic languages | All Semitic languages exhibit a unique pattern of stems called Semitic roots consisting typically of triliteral, or three-consonant consonantal roots (two- and four-consonant roots also exist), from which nouns, adjectives, and verbs are formed in various ways (e.g., by inserting vowels, doubling consonants, lengthenin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages |
Western Sahara | The referendum, originally scheduled for 1992, foresaw giving the local population the option between independence or affirming integration with Morocco, but it quickly stalled. In 1997, the Houston Agreement attempted to revive the proposal for a referendum but likewise has hitherto not had success. As of 2010, negoti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara |
Islamic architecture | Indo-Islamic architecture on the Indian subcontinent began in Sindh in the 8th century, where remains of a congregational mosque at Banbhore dating to 725 have been uncovered. The Ghurids laid the foundations of the Delhi Sultanate and built monuments in northern India in the 12th and 13th centuries. The most notable m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Rhodesia | The years following Rhodesia's UDI saw an unfolding series of economic, military, and political pressures placed on the country that eventually brought about majority rule, a totality of these factors rather than any one the reason for introducing change. In 2005, a conference at the London School of Economics that dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia |
Terrorism | Until David C. Rapoport published his seminal article Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions in 1984, scholars of terrorism had largely assumed that terrorism was a modern phenomenon. Earlier published studies like Paul Wilkinson had considered terrorism to be a product of 19th century revolutionar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism |
Wildlife of Jordan | Hunting is a traditional sport in Jordan, and in the 1930s, the Arabian oryx was hunted to extinction in the country. Three species of gazelle, the dorcas, goitered and mountain gazelles, were also hunted and greatly reduced in numbers. In 1973, legislation was enacted to control hunting, with a closed season being int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Jordan |
Commagene | The cultural identity of the Kingdom of Commagene has been variously characterized. Pierre Merlat suggests that the Commagenian city of Doliche, like others in its vicinity, was "half Iranianized and half Hellenized". David M. Lang describes Commagene as "a former Armenian satellite kingdom", while Blömer and Winter ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commagene |
2003 invasion of Iraq | Bravo and Charlie companies of 1st Battalion 5th SFG crossed the Kuwait border at H-Hour with ODA 531 using breaching demolition charges to clear a path through the sand berms. Charlie company's seven ODAs in 35 vehicles took the southeastern operation box of the western desert heading towards the towns of Nukyab, Habb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Kalmyk Khanate | After the death of Ayuka Khan in 1724, the political situation among the Kalmyks became unstable as various factions sought the office of Khan. The Tsarist government also gradually chipped away at the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate. The policies of Saint Petersburg, for instance, encouraged the establishment of Russia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate |
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine | Following Operation Shark, the Mandate was relatively quiet until September, though in August the Palmach sabotaged the British transport ships Empire Rival and Empire Heywood, which were used to deport illegal Jewish immigrants to the Cyprus internment camps. In September, attacks picked up again, starting with two as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Green March | Morocco, to the north of Spanish Sahara, had long claimed that the territory was historically an integral part of Morocco. Mauritania to the south argued similarly that the territory was in fact Mauritanian. Since 1973, a Sahrawi guerrilla war led by the Polisario Front (armed and financed by Algiers) had challenged Sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_March |
Suez Crisis | Among the "White Dominions" of the British Commonwealth, Canada had few ties with the Suez Canal and twice had refused British requests for peacetime military aid in the Middle East. It had little reaction to the seizure before military action. By 1956 the Panama Canal was much more important than Suez to Australia and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
Resacralization of knowledge | Alatas, Syed Farid (1995). "The Sacralization of the Social Sciences : a Critique of an Emerging Theme in Academic Discourse / La Sacralisation des sciences sociales : la critique d'une nouvelle notion dans le discours académique". Archives de sciences sociales des religions (in French). 91 (1). PERSEE Program: 89–111.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resacralization_of_knowledge |
Middle Persian | Like the English and Latin past participles, the Middle Persian past participle describes the logical subject of a verb when the verb is intransitive, but the logical object of the verb when the verb is transitive: e.g. raft (SGYTWNt') '(somebody who is) gone', but dīd (HZYTWNt') '(something that is) seen (by somebody)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian |
Yemeni Armed Forces | The origins of the South Yemeni army can be traced back to WW1, when the 1st Yemeni battalion was formed, consisting of locally enlisted Arabs to confront Turkish troops threatening Aden. This unit was disbanded in 1925, but reformed three years later as Aden Protectorate Levies (APL), under the control of the RAF. Bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces |
God in Islam | Ash'aris and Maturidis are in agreement that God's attributes are eternal and are to be held to be metaphorically. References to anthropomorphic attributes can probably not be understood correctly by humans. Although God's existence is considered to be possibly known by reason, human mind can not fully understand God's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam |
Joseph Schacht | Schacht locates the origins of 'ilm al-ḥadīth in the eighth and ninth centuries CE, a moment in the development of Islamic legal reasoning coinciding with the professionalization of the traditionalist (muḥaddith) and jurist (faqīh) classes in the urban centers of the Middle East.
Schacht credits Imām al-Shāfiʻī, the fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht |
Ottoman architecture | After Sinan, the classical style became less creative and more repetitive by comparison with earlier periods. Davud Agha succeeded Sinan as chief architect. Among his most notable works, all in Istanbul, are the Cerrahpaşa Mosque (1593), the Koca Sinan Pasha Complex on Divanyolu (1593), the Gazanfer Ağa Medrese complex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture |
Martyrs' Square, Beirut | Martyrs' Square originated as an open space (maydan) beyond the city wall. The ancient watchtower of Burj al-Kashef marked its outer limit, and gave the square its first and still surviving name, Sahat al-Burj (Tower Square).
In 1773, a Russian cannon placed near the Burj caused the square's name to be changed to 'Pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Beirut |
Mermaid | Sculptures and statues of mermaids can be found in many countries and cultures, with over 130 public art mermaid statues across the world. Countries with public art mermaid sculptures include Russia, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Denmark, Norway, England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Fra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid |
Polytheism | Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, believed in "the plurality of Gods", saying "I have always declared God to be a distinct personage, Jesus Christ a separate and distinct personage from God the Father, and that the Holy Ghost was a distinct personage and a Spirit: and these three constitute th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism |
Islamic views on concubinage | The Qur'an is considered the ultimate authority of Islam and its verses considered guidance by Muslims. The phrase most commonly used for concubines in the Qur'an is ma malakat aymanukum (variants: aymanuhum,
aymanuhunna, yaminuka), appearing 15 times in the Qur'an. The phrase means "those whom your right hands possess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage |
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | Al-Mahdi apparently also entertained hopes of a pincer movement against Egypt from two sides, with the support of his missionaries in the Yemen. It was not to be: Ibn al-Fadl, who had conquered most of Yemen from his base in the south of the country, renounced al-Mahdi and proclaimed himself as the mahdi in August 911.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah |
Abu Lu'lu'a | Very little is known about his life. According to some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other reports describe him as a Christian. A highly skilled joiner and blacksmith, Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken captive by his Arab master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba in the Battle of Nahav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Lu%27lu%27a |
Islamic State | Around the world, Islamic religious leaders have overwhelmingly condemned ISIL's ideology and actions, arguing that the group has strayed from the path of true Islam and that its actions do not reflect the religion's real teachings or virtues.
Extremism within Islam goes back to the seventh century, to the Khawarijes. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State |
Palestinian Authority | Since the Hamas-Fatah split in 2007, the Fatah-dominated Palestinian Authority based in areas of the West Bank had stabilized, though no significant economic growth had been achieved. Until 2012, there had also been no progress in promotion of PNA status in the UN, as well in negotiations with Israel. Ramallah-based Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority |
Jalal Talabani | After completing his studies at the Baghdad University, he entered the Iraqi Army, where he served shortly as a tank unit commander. In the early 1960, he was made the head of the Polit bureau of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP). When in September 1961, the Kurdish uprising for the rights of the Kurds in northern ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Talabani |
Ptolemy II Philadelphus | Ptolemy II was responsible for the transformation of the cult of Alexander the Great which had been established by Ptolemy I into a state cult of the Ptolemaic dynasty. At the start of his sole reign, Ptolemy II deified his father. He deified his mother Berenice I as well after her death in the 270s. The couple were wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus |
Italian Somaliland | Italy gained control of the ports of the Benadir coastal area with the concession of a small strip of land on the coast from the Sultan of Zanzibar, and over the following decades, Italian settlement was encouraged. In 1905, Italy assumed the responsibility of creating a colony in southern Somalia, after several failed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland |
Aliyah | Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) (Hebrew: יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually according to the Jewish calendar on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Jewish people entering the Land of Israel as written in the Hebrew Bible, which happened on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Ni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah |
Polo | The modern, international, game of polo is derived from the form played in Manipur, India, where it was known as sagol kāngjei. Also in use in Manipur were the game's Tibetic names, polo or pulu, referring to the wooden ball, and it was these terms, anglicised, which were adopted for the sport's name in its slow spread... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo |
Monotheism | Quasi-monotheistic claims of the existence of a universal deity date to the Late Bronze Age, with Akhenaten's Great Hymn to the Aten from the 14th century BCE.
In the Iron-Age South Asian Vedic period, a possible inclination towards monotheism emerged. The Rigveda exhibits notions of monism of the Brahman, particularly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism |
Al-Hadi | Regardless of the intent, in 785, Al-Mahdi died during an expedition with his son Harun, who rushed back to Baghdad to inform his mother. At al-Mahdi's untimely death, Khayzuran took control of the situation. She ensured a smooth transition of power and to secure the succession for her son, she called upon the viziers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadi |
Thabo Mbeki | In 1985, PW Botha declared a State of Emergency and gave the army and police special powers. In 1986, the South African Army sent a captain in the South African Defence Force (SADF) to kill Mbeki. The plan was to put a bomb in his house in Lusaka, but the assassin was arrested by the Zambian police before he could go t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki |
Kafir | The distinction between those who believe in Islam and those who do not is an essential one in the Quran. Kafir, and its plural kuffaar, is used directly 134 times in Quran, its verbal noun kufr is used 37 times, and the verbal cognates of kafir are used about 250 times.
By extension of the basic meaning of the root, '... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafir |
Suleiman the Magnificent | Ottoman ships had been sailing in the Indian Ocean since the year 1518. Ottoman admirals such as Hadim Suleiman Pasha, Seydi Ali Reis and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis are known to have voyaged to the Mughal imperial ports of Thatta, Surat and Janjira. The Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great himself is known to have exchanged six doc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent |
Salman Rushdie | Though he enjoys writing, Rushdie says he would have become an actor if his writing career had not been successful. From early childhood, he dreamed of appearing in Hollywood films (which he later realised in his frequent cameo appearances).
Rushdie includes fictional television and movie characters in some of his writ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie |
Polisario Front | The organizational order described below applies today, and was roughly finalized in the 1991 internal reforms of the movement, although minor changes have been made since then.
The Polisario Front is led by a Secretary General. The first Secretary General was Brahim Gali, replaced in 1974 by El-Ouali at the II Congre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front |
Knight | After the Crusades, the military orders became idealized and romanticized, resulting in the late medieval notion of chivalry, as reflected in the chivalric romances of the time. The creation of chivalric orders was fashionable among the nobility in the 14th and 15th centuries, and this is still reflected in contemporar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight |
Rashid Rida | Rida's views of Wahhabism became more favorable upon his arrival in Egypt in the 1890s, when he read about the movement and al-Jabartī and al-Nāṣiri, though he was still critical of what he perceived as a lack of moderation in the group, as he considered moderation foundational to Salafism. As early as the 1900s, Rida ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida |
Economy of Jordan | Telecommunications is a billion-dollar industry with estimates showing that core markets of fixed-line, mobile and data service generate annual revenue of around JD836.5m ($1.18bn) per year, which is equivalent to 13.5% of GDP. Jordan's IT sector is the most developed and competitive in the region due to the 2001 telec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan |
Democratic Republic of Sudan | The coup leaders, joined by Babiker Awadallah, the former chief justice who had been privy to the coup, constituted themselves as the ten-member Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), which possessed collective executive authority under Nimeiri's chairmanship. On assuming control, the RCC proclaimed the establishment of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan |
Free Patriotic Movement | Lebanese Forces (LF) leader Samir Geagea and Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) Founder MP Michel Aoun turned a historic page in intra-Christian relations when the former March 14 presidential nominee officially endorsed on Monday Aoun's candidacy for the presidency. "I announce after long consideration, discussions and del... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement |
1952 Egyptian revolution | At 7:30 a.m., a broadcasting station issued the first communiqué of the coup d'état in the name of Gen. Naguib to the Egyptian people. It attempted to justify the coup, which was also known as the "Blessed Movement". The person reading the message was Free Officer and future president of Egypt Anwar Sadat. The coup was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution |
Saladin in Egypt | Saladin almost immediately faced challenges from the established pro-Fatimid military and civilian elites, who feared that the presence of a foreign Sunni vizier would result in the destruction of their dynasty. A conspiracy against Saladin by these elites formed in 1169 centered around the black eunuch who served as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt |
Cleopatra | In the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus at Pompeii, Italy, a mid-1st century BC Second Style wall painting of the goddess Venus holding a cupid near massive temple doors is most likely a depiction of Cleopatra as Venus Genetrix with her son Caesarion. The commission of the painting most likely coincides with the erection o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra |
Ba'athist Iraq | Saddamism (Saddamiyya) is a political ideology based on the politics related to (and pursued by) Saddam Hussein. It has also been referred to by Iraqi politicians as Saddamist Ba'athism (Al-Ba'athiyya Al-Saddamiyya). It is officially described as a distinct variation of Ba'athism. It espouses Iraqi nationalism and an I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq |
Palestinian enclaves | On his election to the Israeli Prime Minister in March 2001, Ariel Sharon expressed his determination not to allow the road map for peace advanced by the first administration of George W. Bush to hinder his territorial goals, and stated that Israeli concessions at all prior negotiations were no longer valid. Several pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves |
Sudan | On the turn of the fifth century the Blemmyes established a short-lived state in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, probably centred around Talmis (Kalabsha), but before 450 they were already driven out of the Nile Valley by the Nobatians. The latter eventually founded a kingdom on their own, Nobatia.
By the sixth century th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Ra's al Ghul | Ra's al Ghul appears in the Batman: Arkham video games, voiced again by Dee Bradley Baker.
In Batman: Arkham Asylum, Ra's al Ghul's body can be found zipped up in a body bag in the morgue part of Arkham Mansion near Dr. Penny Young's office. His character bio is gained after scanning the body. If the player returns to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul |
Middle Ages | Prominent late-medieval philosophers departed from Aristotelian logic. Among them, William of Ockham (d. c. 1348) concluded that natural philosophy could not prove God's existence. Under his influence, most scholars who researched subjects yielding verifiable conclusions (such as mathematics or physics) no longer analy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Souk Okaz | Sūq ʿUkāẓ was a seasonal market which operated for two weeks each year during the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah. It competed with the fairs of Majanna and Dhu ’l-Majaz̄, which were also held near Mecca at the same time of year. It was active from approximately 542-726 CE. Strategically located at a central point on the Spice ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Okaz |
Lixus (ancient city) | In recent excavation campaigns, researchers discovered the existence of levels that could be ascribed to late Roman times, and it is clear that the so-called "Temples quarter" suffered from major destruction that may be attributed to Aedemon's revolt. After this critical period which can be dated to between 40 and 50 A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city) |
Druze | With the advent of the Ottoman Turks and the conquest of Syria by Sultan Selim I in 1516, the Ma'ans were acknowledged by the new rulers as the feudal lords of southern Lebanon. Druze villages spread and prospered in that region, which under Ma'an leadership so flourished that it acquired the generic term of Jabal Bayt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Middle Ages | The High Middle Ages saw the development of institutions that would dominate political life in Europe beyond the late 18th century. The kings' right to rule without a foreign power's intercession became widely accepted, introducing the idea of state sovereignty. The concept of hereditary monarchy was strengthening, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Qedarites | After Ashurbanipal's death, the Babylonians led by Nabopolassar and the Medes led by Cyaxares rebelled against Assyrian rule again, this time culminating in their destruction of the Neo-Assyrian Empire over the course of 614 to 609 BC. This transitional period saw a resurgent Egypt trying to preserve the Neo-Assyrian E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedarites |
Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine | German development cooperation has been engaged in the water and sanitation sector in the Palestinian Territories since 1994. It consists of financial cooperation through KfW and technical cooperation through GIZ, both working on behalf of the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.
KfW is engaged in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Persian carpet | In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Persia had become a battleground. In 1917, Britain used Iran as the springboard for an attack into Russia in an unsuccessful attempt to reverse the Revolution. The Soviet Union responded by annexing portions of northern Persia, creating the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_carpet |
Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir | After the Partition of India, the Jamaat activists based in Srinagar, favoured Jammu and Kashmir to join Pakistan while at that time most Kashmiri Muslims rallied behind Sheikh Abdullah, who was pro-India. The pro-Pakistan constituency provided a base of support for the Jamaat. Soon afterwards, Jammu and Kashmir joined... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Kashmir |
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