title stringlengths 2 79 | passage stringlengths 2.2k 39.3k | link stringlengths 32 109 |
|---|---|---|
Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011) | For the reconstruction, contracts were awarded to private companies. Initially companies from countries that had opposed the war were excluded from these contracts, but this decision was reversed due to protests. Political activists and commentators allege that The Pentagon favoured companies like Halliburton, former e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011) |
Iron Age | Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details.
Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age Historic Iron Age
The earliest evidence of iron smelting predates the emergence of the Iron Age proper by several centuries. Iron was being used in Mundigak to manufacture some items in the 3rd millennium BC s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age |
Edwin Smith Papyrus | The rational and practical nature of the papyrus is illustrated in 48 case histories, which are listed according to each organ. Presented cases are typical, not individual. The papyrus begins by addressing injuries to the head, and continues with treatments for injuries to neck, arms and torso,: 29 detailing injuries ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus |
SEPECAT Jaguar | From the outset the Jaguar was equipped with a navigation and attack system. While A versions had a reliable double gyroscopic system and a Doppler radar derived from the Mirage IIIE, the GR1s had a totally new digital system with an inertial navigation system and a heads-up display, plus a Laser Ranging and Marked Tar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar |
Military dictatorship | Military dictatorship surged in Latin America during the 1960s, with unstable economic conditions allowing military juntas to take power. Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. A large wave of mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship |
Muwaqqit | If the office of the muwaqqit indeed originated in Egypt, it soon spread to Syria and Palestine. The Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron employed the muwaqqit Ibrahim ibn Ahmad. In 1306, he made a copy of an astronomical work by Nasir al-Din ibn Sim'un (died 1337), a member of the same family as the early muwaqqits in Fustat. An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwaqqit |
Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire | Whenever a rebellion broke out in the Assyrian empire, the Assyrian kings inevitably brutally crushed it (as an alternative to deportation) and enforced great punishments on the rebellious vassals. Tiglath-Pileser III, for example, destroyed Bit-Shilani so that it could look like a city destroyed by the Deluge. Afterwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire |
Arabic literature | Suffice to say although female Arab authors still risk controversy by discussing explicit themes or taboo topic in their works, it is a theme explored more explicitly and with more vigour due to greater outreach thanks to social media and more international awareness of Arab literature. More current Arab female writers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature |
Punic people | The Punic religion was a direct continuation of the Phoenician variety of the polytheistic ancient Canaanite religion. At Carthage, the chief gods were Baal Hammon (purportedly "Lord of the Brazier"). and his consort Tanit, but other deities are attested, such as Eshmun, Melqart, Ashtart, Reshef, Sakon, and Shamash. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_people |
Arab Spring | In its economic and social manifesto, the Tunisian Ennahda Movement states that the movement "adopts the social and solidarised market economy within a national approach based on free economic activity, freedom of ownership, production and administration on the one hand, and social justice and equal opportunities on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Ptolemy V Epiphanes | An uncertain amount of time elapsed after the death of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III (perhaps a week) during which Sosibius and Agathocles kept their deaths secret. Some time before September 204 BC, the royal bodyguard and army officers were gathered at the royal palace and Sosibius announced the death of the ruling coup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes |
Second Temple | The accession of Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire in 559 BCE made the re-establishment of the city of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple possible. Some rudimentary ritual sacrifice had continued at the site of the first temple following its destruction. According to the closing verses of the second book... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple |
Sudanese Greeks | The big exodus of the Greeks from northern Sudan started in 1969 after the May Revolution of the military regime under Gaafar Nimeiry, which in its early phase pursued a policy of nationalization. Big companies like Contomichalos and Tsakirolglou were hard hit and most of the disowned entrepreneurs emigrated, many of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Greeks |
Ancient Egypt | Egyptian society was highly stratified, and social status was expressly displayed. Farmers made up the bulk of the population, but agricultural produce was owned directly by the state, temple, or noble family that owned the land. Farmers were also subject to a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or constr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt |
Zahiri school | The Ẓāhirī school has often been criticized by other schools within Sunni Islam. While this is true of all schools, relations between the Hanafis, Shafi‘is and Malikis have warmed to each other over the centuries; this has not always been the case with the Ẓāhirīs.
Not surprisingly given the conflict over al-Andalus, M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri_school |
History of concubinage in the Muslim world | Under the Mughal Empire, the royalty and nobility kept concubines in addition to wives. While concubines are often a feature of royal households, Mughal harems stood out for their elaborateness, size and pomp. Francisco Pelseart describes that noblemen kept both wives and concubines, who lived in extravagant quarters. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world |
Turkish literature | By the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had become moribund. Attempts to right this situation had begun during the reign of Sultan Selim III, from 1789 to 1807, but were continuously thwarted by the powerful Janissary corps. As a result, only after Sultan Mahmud II had abolished the Janissary corps in 1826 was th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_literature |
Abgar V | Letters between Abgar V and the Roman Emperor Tiberius are also recorded in history, by for instance the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi, scholars have argued for the core of these being essentially authentic based on:
This work seems to preserve very ancient material, such as the information on the friendship ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V |
Jins | Traditional music theory texts tend to describe a jins as a concrete set of pitches (in many cases a set of exactly four pitches, i.e. a tetrachord), and they are often quick to give mathematically precise intervals for the ideal version of each jins. Their authors were probably influenced by the writings of ancient Gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jins |
Kalam | Abu Hanifah, founder of Hanafi school, was recorded to fiercely denounce kalam. He was recorded to scold a kalam scholar Amr ibn Ubayd: "May Allah curse Amr bin Ubaid, since he has paved the way for people who study the science of Kalam, even though this science is useless to them.". Abu Hanifa also said: "(Kalam) are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam |
Umayyad Mosque | The mosque is the fourth holiest site of Islam. A Christian tradition dating to the 6th century developed an association between the former cathedral structure and John the Baptist. Legend had it that his head was buried there. Ibn al-Faqih relays that during the construction of the mosque, workers found a cave-chapel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque |
Nujood Ali | Nujood Ali was nine when her parents arranged a marriage to Faez Ali Thamer, a man in his thirties. Regularly beaten by her in-laws and raped by her husband, Ali escaped on April 2, 2008, two months after the wedding. On the advice of her father's second wife, she went directly to the Yemeni court, alone, to seek a di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nujood_Ali |
List of Muslim states and dynasties | Saudi Arabia
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Emirate of Mecca (1916–1924) Saudi State
Emirate of Riyadh (1903–1918) Saudi State
Manfuha Sheikhdom (1682–1834)
Abu Arish Sheikhdom (1200–1863)
Al Bir Sheikhdom (1600–1850)
Al Rawdah Sheikhdom (1697–1790)
Al-Kharj Emirate (1688–1865)
Unaizah Emirate (1768–1904)
Buraidah Emira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties |
History of Persian domes | The mass killings by Mongol and Timurid troops impeded developments in geometry between 1000 and 1400. The mathematician al-Kashi (1390-1450) further developed the Buzjani method for creating a variety of dome configurations using practical geometry. His book, Key of Arithmetic, included five methods of drawing an arch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes |
Eastern Orthodox Church | The ecumenical councils followed a democratic form, with each bishop having one vote. Though present and allowed to speak before the council, members of the Imperial Roman/Byzantine court, abbots, priests, deacons, monks and laymen were not allowed to vote. The primary goal of these great synods was to verify and confi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church |
Women in ancient Egypt | When women in ancient Egypt are evoked, the first image that comes to mind for most is that of Cleopatra, or more precisely, Cleopatra VII. Although having a Greek origin, it is she who would be associated with the image of women in ancient Egypt, for several generations. This has been in large part due to modern cinem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Egypt |
Red Sea | Red Sea has names in many languages (Modern Arabic: البحر الأحمر, romanized: al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar, Medieval Arabic: بحر القلزم, romanized: Baḥr al-Qulzum; Biblical Hebrew: יַם-סוּף, romanized: Yam Sūp̄ or Hebrew: הַיָּם הָאָדוֹם, romanized: hayYām hāʾĀḏōm; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ Phiom Enhah or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ Phiom ǹšari; Tigriny... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea |
Shia Islam | The history of Shia–Sunnī relations has often involved religious discrimination, persecution, and violence, dating back to the earliest development of the two competing sects.
At various times throughout the history of Islam, Shia groups and minorities have faced persecution perpetrated by Sunnī Muslims.
Militarily est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Babylon | Abdul-Razzak, Wahbi, "Ishtar gate and its inner wall" Sumer 35, pp. 112–117, 1979 (in Arabic)
Ali, Shah Mohammed, "The Southern Palace", Sumer 35, pp. 82–93, 1979 (in Arabic)
[21]Al-Assadi, Hind A., and Najah A. Abd, "Application of Georadar Method to Investigate Shallow Artifacts for Al-Maabid Area in Babylon Archaeol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon |
Arabian oryx | The Phoenix Zoo and the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society of London (now Fauna and Flora International), with financial help from the World Wildlife Fund, are credited with saving the Arabian oryx from extinction. In 1962, these groups started the first captive-breeding herd in any zoo, at the Phoenix Zoo, sometimes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_oryx |
Hurufiyya movement | Iraqi painter, Madiha Omar, is recognised as a pioneer of the hurufiyya art movement, having exhibited a number of hurufist-inspired works in Georgetown in Washington as early as 1949. and publishing Arabic Calligraphy: An Inspiring Element in Abstract Art in 1950. Jamil Hamoudi was also a pioneer, active from the 1950... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufiyya_movement |
Shahrbaraz | Shahrbaraz, along with a smaller army, later managed to slip through Heraclius' flanks and bee-lined for Chalcedon, the Sasanian base across the Bosphorus from Constantinople. Khosrow II coordinated with the Khagan of the Avars so as to launch a coordinated attack on Constantinople from both European and Asiatic sides.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrbaraz |
Anatolian rug | In the early fourteenth century, Marco Polo wrote in the account of his travels:
...In Turcomania there are three classes of people. First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own. They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rug |
History | The word history comes from historía (Ancient Greek: ἱστορία, romanized: historíā, lit. 'inquiry, knowledge from inquiry, or judge'). It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his History of Animals. The ancestor word ἵστωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes' oath, and in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History |
Tunisian national movement | Background information: French protectorate of Tunisia
In 1881 a French protectorate was established in Tunisia. Over the following decades, a number of factors led to the beginnings of a national Tunisian movement. The economic development of the French protectorate required the formation of a Tunisian middle class; t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_national_movement |
Othello | The Willow Song, sung by Desdemona in Act 4 Scene 3, is not an original creation of Shakespeare's, but was already a well-known ballad. As such it has surviving arrangements from both before and after Shakespeare's time. The version of it thought to be most authentic, because it closely matches the lyric given by Shake... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello |
Agriculture in Sudan | Sesame seed became Sudan’s prime agricultural export commodity in the mid-1990s, and it was also used domestically to produce oil for cooking. The yield varied in recent years, with a production of 416,000 tonnes in 1996. It was 350,000 tonnes in 2008 and about 248,000 tonnes in 2010 because of a decline in productivit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sudan |
Kahlil Gibran | Sand and Foam was published in 1926, and Jesus, the Son of Man in 1928. At the beginning of 1929, Gibran was diagnosed with an enlarged liver. In a letter dated March 26, he wrote to Naimy that "the rheumatic pains are gone, and the swelling has turned to something opposite". In a telegram dated the same day, he report... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran |
Hirabah | The inclusion of rape within the purview of ḥirāba has had support throughout history. The medieval Zahiri jurist ibn Hazm defined ḥirāba:
One who puts people in fear on the road, whether or not with a weapon, at night or day, in urban areas or in open spaces, in the palace of a caliph or a mosque, with or without acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirabah |
Kabylia | From the moment of independence, tensions had already developed between Kabyle leaders and the central government, with the Socialist Forces Front (FFS) party of Hocine Aït Ahmed, strong in wilayas III and IV (Kabylie and Algiers), opposing the FLN's Political Bureau centred around the person of Ahmed Ben Bella, who in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabylia |
Constitution of Tunisia | Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman Empire introduced a number of reforms in government starting with the Hatt-ı Şerif of the Gülhane, but these were not applied in Tunisia due to the independence of the Husainid Dynasty and the conservatism of the ruling Bey, Ahmad I ibn Mustafa. It was the death of Ahmad I and the Batto S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tunisia |
Crusades | In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested military aid from Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza. He was probably expecting a small number of mercenaries he could direct. Alexios had restored the Empire's finances and authority but still faced numerous foreign enemies. Later that year at the Council o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Sunni Islam | When the expression 'ahl as-sunna wa l-jama'ah appeared for the first time, is not entirely clear. The Abbasite Caliph Al-Ma'mūn (reigned 813–33) criticized in his Mihna edict a group of people, who related themselves to the sunnah (nasabū anfusa-hum ilā s-sunna) and claimed, they are the "people of truth, religion and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Jewellery of the Berber cultures | The French collector and art critic Paul Eudel (in French) (1837–1911) was one of the first authors of art historical descriptions of jewellery in the Maghreb. After his first account of jewellery in Algeria and Tunisia L'orfévrerie algérienne et tunisienne (1902), he published a thematic dictionary with an even wider ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures |
Piracy | The earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 14th century BC. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates. In the pre-classical era, the ancient Greeks condoned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy |
Ancient Egyptian literature | The "instructions" or "teaching" genre, as well as the genre of "reflective discourses", can be grouped in the larger corpus of wisdom literature found in the ancient Near East. The genre is didactic in nature and is thought to have formed part of the Middle Kingdom scribal education syllabus. However, teaching texts o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature |
North Yemen civil war | Nasser had looked to a regime change in Yemen since 1957 and finally put his desires into practice in January 1962 by giving the Free Yemen Movement office space, financial support, and radio airtime. Anthony Nutting's biography of Nasser identifies several factors that led the Egyptian President to send expeditionary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
History of Islam | By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had declined. The decision to back Germany in World War I meant they shared the Central Powers' defeat in that war. The defeat led to the overthrow of the Ottomans by Turkish nationalists led by the victorious general of the Battle of Gallipoli: Mustafa Kemal, who beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Concubinage | Concubinatus was a monogamous union recognized socially and to some extent legally as an alternative to marriage in the Roman Empire. Concubinage was practiced most often in couples when one partner, almost always the man, belonged to a higher social rank, especially the senatorial order, who were penalized for marryin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage |
Sinsharishkun | In the middle of the seventh century BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire ruled the entire Near East. Due to their powerful standing army and their sophisticated administration, the Assyrians had managed to create the best organized and largest empire that the world had yet seen. Though Babylonia in the south had also once been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsharishkun |
Algeria–Morocco relations | The territory of the former colony of Western Sahara territory has caused a deep-seated antagonism and general mistrust between Algeria and Morocco that has permeated all aspects of Moroccan-Algerian relations. After Spain announced its intention to abandon the territory in 1975, relations between Morocco and Algeria, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_relations |
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr | The government, which was still embroiled in a conflict with the Iraqi Petroleum Company (IPC), a private enterprise, on Law 80 of 1961. Iraq was later able to negotiate a treaty with the Soviet Union, whereby the later built an oil pipeline to an oil refinery and oil export facility at al-Faw, in the Persian Gulf, to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr |
Temporal finitism | In contrast to ancient Greek philosophers who believed that the universe had an infinite past with no beginning, medieval philosophers and theologians developed the concept of the universe having a finite past with a beginning. This view was inspired by the creation myth shared by the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_finitism |
Kalam | Abu Hanifah, founder of Hanafi school, was recorded to fiercely denounce kalam. He was recorded to scold a kalam scholar Amr ibn Ubayd: "May Allah curse Amr bin Ubaid, since he has paved the way for people who study the science of Kalam, even though this science is useless to them.". Abu Hanifa also said: "(Kalam) are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam |
Human trafficking in Egypt | The National Coordinating Committee directs all anti-trafficking efforts at the national level. The National Coordinating Committee is directed by the Advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and is made up of relevant representatives of ministries, such as the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Justice, the Minis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt |
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine | The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine recommended partition, and on 29 November 1947 the United Nations General Assembly voted to recommend the partition of Palestine into two states – an Arab and a Jewish one. The partition resolution (181) intended administration of Palestine to be in the hands of five UN... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Palestinian National Covenant | Yasser Arafat wrote letters to President Clinton and Prime Minister Blair in January 1998 explicitly listing the articles of the Charter referred to in the PNC's 1996 vote. While this was seen as progress in some quarters, other Palestinian officials contended that the Charter had not yet been amended, and there were a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Covenant |
Egyptian nationality law | From 1517, the inhabitants were subjects of the Egyptian province of the Ottomans. Within the Ottoman Empire, for six centuries, there was an internal organization that defined government functions for subjects by balancing religious and communal ties, weighing aptitudes and occupations without a centralized national i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law |
Anatolian rug | Transylvania, in present-day Romania was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1526-1699. It was an important center for the carpet trade with Europe. Carpets were also valued in Transylvania, and Turkish carpets were used as decorative wall furnishings in Christian Protestant churches. Amongst others, the Brașov Black Churc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rug |
Religion | Science acknowledges reason and empirical evidence; and religions include revelation, faith and sacredness whilst also acknowledging philosophical and metaphysical explanations with regard to the study of the universe. Both science and religion are not monolithic, timeless, or static because both are complex social and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion |
Human rights in Jordan | Freedom House rates women's rights in five categories, each scored from one (lowest level of freedom) to five (highest level):
In 2009 of 18 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries surveyed, Jordan ranked in the upper third for each category (between 4th and 7th).
Limited economic opportunity is one of the main ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan |
Osman Hamdi Bey | Osman Hamdi exhibited three paintings at the 1867 Paris Exposition Universelle. None seem to have survived today, but their titles were Repose of the Gypsies, Black Sea Soldier Lying in Wait, and Death of the Soldier.
An important step in his career was his assignment as the director of the Imperial Museum (Müze-i Hüma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Hamdi_Bey |
Free Syrian Army | 1st Coastal Division is a rebel group that was an early operator and among the most prolific and effective users of TOW missiles, supplied by the US and Qatar.
1st Infantry Brigade
16th Division was a rebel group operating around the city of Aleppo which is defunct since July 2016.
101st Infantry Division is a rebel gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army |
Deir Yassin massacre | Some time later, two Palmach units arrived, commanded by Weg and Moshe Eren in two armored vehicles and carrying two two-inch mortars. Exactly when is unclear; Milstein writes "at noon," Hogan "about 10:00 am." Weg described the intervention in his report:
I was in the area securing the road from Colonia to Jerusalem.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre |
Italian Somaliland | Italy gained control of the ports of the Benadir coastal area with the concession of a small strip of land on the coast from the Sultan of Zanzibar, and over the following decades, Italian settlement was encouraged. In 1905, Italy assumed the responsibility of creating a colony in southern Somalia, after several failed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland |
Abu Lahab | As per Islamic sources, when the rest of the Quraysh went to Badr to protect the merchant-caravan carrying their property from an expected attack, Abu Lahab remained in Mecca, sending in his place Amr Bin Hisham's brother al-‘Āṣ ibn Hishām who owed him four thousand dirhams that he could not pay. So he hired him with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Lahab |
Ottoman architecture | The historical period known as the Tulip Period or Tulip Era is considered to have begun in 1718, during Ahmed III's reign (r. 1703–1730), and lasted until the Patrona Halil revolts of 1730, when Ahmed III was overthrown. These years of peace inaugurated a new era of growing cross-cultural exchange between the Ottoman ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture |
Ulama | The study of, and commentaries on Quran and hadith, debates about ijtihad and taqlid and the issuing of fatwa as well as the use of Arabic, and later also Persian as common languages of discourse constituted the religious authority of the ulama throughout the entire Islamic world. Zaman has demonstrated that, as person... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama |
Fez, Morocco | The city was first founded in 789 as Madinat Fas on the southeast bank of the Jawhar River (now known as the Fez River) by Idris I, founder of the Idrisid dynasty. Idris I was an Hasanid Sharif from Arabia who was forced to flee the Hejaz after a failed revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate, eventually moving to norther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Temple Mount | The Temple was of central importance in Jewish worship in the Tanakh (Old Testament). In the New Testament, Herod's Temple was the site of several events in the life of Jesus, and Christian loyalty to the site as a focal point remained long after his death. After the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, which came to be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount |
Central Treaty Organization | Modeled after the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), METO committed the nations to mutual cooperation and protection, as well as non-intervention in each other's affairs. Its goal was to contain the Soviet Union (USSR) by having a line of strong states along the Soviet Union's southwestern frontier. Similarly, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization |
Proto-Afroasiatic language | Unlike in the Indo-European or Austronesian language families, numerals in AA languages cannot be traced to a proto-system. The Cushitic and Chadic numeral systems appear to have originally been base 5. The system in Berber, Egyptian, and Semitic, however, has independent words for the numbers 6–9. Igor Diakonoff has s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language |
Mombasa | Mombasa is an important economic centre in Kenya. In addition to the coffee trade, the food and chemical industries, there is a steel mill, an aluminum rolling mill, an oil refinery and a cement plant. The city is home to the most important seaport in East Africa, Kilindini Harbour, which is also used by the neighbouri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa |
Sasanian Egypt | Egypt was conquered in 618 by the prominent Sasanian military leader Shahrbaraz, who governed the province briefly until he appointed Shahralanyozan as the new governor. Sahralanyozan held the title of karframan-idar ("steward of the court") and was the most powerful Iranian in Egypt. Besides being governor of Egypt, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt |
Antiochus XII Dionysus | Although his territory directly abutted Nabataean territory, for his second Nabataean campaign Antiochus XII instead chose to march his forces through Judaea along the coast, probably to attack the Nabataean-dominated Negev, which would have cut off the port city of Gaza, threatened Nabataean Mediterranean trade, and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus |
Fatwa | The legal theory of the fatwa was formulated in the classical texts of usul al-fiqh (principles of jurisprudence), while more practical guidelines for muftis were found in manuals called adab al-mufti or adab al-fatwa (etiquette of the mufti/fatwa).
Fatwas are issued in response to a query. They can range from a simple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa |
History of Oman | When Sultan Sa'id bin Sultan Al-Busaid died in 1856, his sons quarrelled over the succession. As a result of this struggle, the empire—through the mediation of Britain under the Canning Award—was divided in 1861 into two separate principalities: Sultanate of Zanzibar (with its African Great Lakes dependencies), and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oman |
Samanid Mausoleum | The monument marks a new era in the development of Persian and Central Asian architecture, which was revived after the Arab conquest of the region. Many researches noted that the structure is made similar to the open, four-arched, often square in shape, Zoroastrian fire temples from Sassanian Iran, commonly known as ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Mausoleum |
Malays (ethnic group) | Different Malay regions are all known for their unique or signature dishes—Pattani, Terengganu and Kelantan for their nasi dagang, nasi kerabu and keropok lekor; Pahang and Perak for its durian-based cuisine, gulai tempoyak; Kedah and Penang for their northern-style asam laksa and rojak; Satun and Perlis for its bunga ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group) |
Muslim conquest of Persia | After the conquest of Khuzistan, Umar wanted peace. Though considerably weakened, the image of the Persian Empire as a fearsome superpower still resonated in the minds of the newly-ascendant Arabs, and Umar was wary of unnecessary military engagement with it, preferring to leave the rump of the Persian Empire alone, co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
Antisemitism in the Arab world | Antisemitism in the Arab world increased in the 20th century, as resentment against Jewish immigration and Zionist activities in Palestine Mandate grew. Around this time, the fabricated antisemitic text The Protocols of the Elders of Zion started to become available in Palestine. A translation of the text in Arabic was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world |
Arabic grammar | Numbers behave in a very complicated fashion. wāḥid- "one" and ithnān- "two" are adjectives, following the noun and agreeing with it. thalāthat- "three" through ‘asharat- "ten" require a following noun in the genitive plural, but disagree with the noun in gender, while taking the case required by the surrounding syntax... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_grammar |
Ashurbanipal | Ashurbanipal has been the subject of numerous pieces of artwork created in modern times. In 1958, surrealist painter Leonora Carrington painted Assurbanipal Abluting Harpies, an oil on canvas at the Israel Museum depicting Ashurbanipal pouring a white substance onto the heads of pigeon-like creatures with human faces. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal |
Qadiriyya | The Hazrat Ishaans and their followers the Naqshbandis substantiate their leadership as rightful successors of Muhammad on the occasion of a certain biological line of prediction from Muhammad over leading Saints, so called Ghaus or Aqtab reaching Sayyid Mir Jan as the promised Khwaja-e-Khwajagan-Jahan, meaning "Khwaja... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiriyya |
Despotate of the Morea | The Despotate of the Morea was created out of territory seized from the Frankish Principality of Achaea. This had been organized from former Byzantine territory after the Fourth Crusade (1204). In 1259, the Principality's ruler William II Villehardouin lost the Battle of Pelagonia against the Byzantine Emperor Michael ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea |
Indian Ocean | Of Earth's 36 biodiversity hotspots nine (or 25%) are located on the margins of the Indian Ocean.
Madagascar and the islands of the western Indian Ocean (Comoros, Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, the Seychelles, and Socotra), includes 13,000 (11,600 endemic) species of plants; 313 (183) birds; reptiles 381 (367); 164 (9... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean |
Women's rights in Saudi Arabia | Under Sharia law, rape is punishable with any sentence from jail to execution. As there is no penal code in Saudi Arabia, there is no written law which specifically criminalizes rape or prescribes its punishment. The rape victim is often punished as well if she had first entered the rapist's company in violation of pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Phoenicia under Roman rule | The last century of Seleucid rule in Lebanon was marked by disorder and dynastic struggles. These ended in 63 BCE, when the Roman General Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, more commonly known as Pompey the Great, lead his military and defeated the Seleucid Empire. This defeat captured Seleucid Syria and Phoenicia (Lebanon), add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule |
Hassan al-Banna | Al-Banna endeavored to bring about reforms through institution-building, relentless activism at the grassroots level and a reliance on mass communication. He built a complex mass movement that featured sophisticated governance structures; sections in charge of furthering the society's values among peasants, workers and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | An IDF investigation concluded that Hamas forced the Red Crescent to hand over medic and nurse uniforms for its operatives and commandeered ambulances for fighters transportation during the War. Palestinian civilians living in Gaza detailed Hamas' attempts to hijack ambulances and the wearing of paramedic uniforms by H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Wild boar | The wild boar features prominently in the cultures of Indo-European people, many of which saw the animal as embodying warrior virtues. Cultures throughout Europe and Asia Minor saw the killing of a boar as proof of one's valor and strength. Neolithic hunter gatherers depicted reliefs of ferocious wild boars on their te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar |
Premarital sex | During the colonial period, premarital sex was publicly frowned upon but privately condoned to an extent. Unmarried teenagers were often allowed to spend the night in bed together, though some measures such as bundling were sometimes attempted to prevent sexual intercourse. Even though premarital sex was somewhat condo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premarital_sex |
Almajiranci | In recent years, there has been an increased effort to integrate the almajiri school system into the Nigerian secular school system. Several Northern states, such as Adamawa state and Niger state, have started integrating the almajiri education system into existing government programs. In 2009, the states of Sokoto and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almajiranci |
Al Jazeera controversies and criticism | Since the September 11 attacks, US officials have accused Al Jazeera's news coverage of anti-American bias. The organization first received widespread attention in the West after 9/11, when it broadcast videos in which Osama bin Laden and Sulaiman Abu Ghaith defended the attacks. This led to accusations by the United S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_controversies_and_criticism |
Sabil-Kuttab of Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda | The Sabil-Kuttab was built to achieve the maximum available visibility in Al-Muizz Street. This was achieved through building it with three free-standing sides.
The building consists of two main parts. The southern part is two stories high and contains the sabil and the kuttab from which it derives its name. The northe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabil-Kuttab_of_Abd_al-Rahman_Katkhuda |
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction | In the computer game Wasteland (1988) and its sequels, nuclear war occurred in 1998 leaving a wasteland in its wake. The game centers around a player-controlled party of Desert Rangers. Wasteland 2 was produced in 2015 and Wasteland 3 in 2020, both continuing the story of the Desert Rangers.
Fallout, an ongoing series ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction |
Phoneme | The term phonème (from Ancient Greek: φώνημα, romanized: phōnēma, "sound made, utterance, thing spoken, speech, language") was reportedly first used by A. Dufriche-Desgenettes in 1873, but it referred only to a speech sound. The term phoneme as an abstraction was developed by the Polish linguist Jan Baudouin de Courten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme |
Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani | Hamad was able to focus on turning Qatar from a small desert backwater into a major world power by continuing to exploit the country's vast oil fields and discovering and tapping the world's third largest gas reserves. By 2010 liquefied natural gas production had reached 77 million tons, making Qatar the richest countr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani |
Free Syrian Army | In March 2012, two reporters of The New York Times witnessed an FSA attack with a roadside bomb and AK-47 rifles on a column of armored Syrian tanks in Saraqib in Idlib Governorate, and learned that FSA had a stock of able, trained soldiers and ex-officers, organized to some extent, but were without the weapons to put ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army |
Resacralization of knowledge | In order to overcome the perceived constraints of modern science, Traditionalists argue for the resuscitation of "the traditional sacred outlook of sciences", without subscribing to the metaphysical principles of modern science. According to Nasr, the primary distinction between traditional science and modern science i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resacralization_of_knowledge |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.