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Süleymaniye Mosque | The interior decoration is restrained and this seems to have been deliberate on Sinan's part. The documents of the mosque's waqf (religious endowment) explicitly claim that ostentatious ornamentation of gold or jewels was avoided in order to conform with the traditions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It's possible tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque |
Al-Azhar University | Al-Azhar's muftis have a history of being consulted on political issues. Muhammad Ali Pasha appointed Al-Azhar muftis to the Consultative Council in 1829 and this would be repeated by Abbas I and later Isma'il Pasha. At the same time, there were many cases where the Egyptian ruler would disregard the opinion of Al-Azha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University |
Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile | Mustafa Tambor, spokesman of SLM-Abdul Wahid, announced the killing of 22 Sudanese government troops on Monday, 1 October. He said they attacked a government convoy traveling from Ribeige locality in North Kordofan to Al-Aiyd Jaranebi locality, in North Darfur. They also seized 16 of the vehicles and burned another nin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile |
Cilicia | In 1359, Mamluk Sultanate Army marched into Cilicia and took over Adana and Tarsus, two major cities of the plain, leaving few castles to Armenians. In 1375, Mamluks gained the control of the remaining areas of Cilicia, thus ending the three centuries rule of Armenians. Cilicia Pedias became part of the Mamluk Sultanat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia |
Ali Al Shargawi | Poetry collections in Modern Standard Arabic:
الرعد في مواسم القحط البحرين (“Thunder in the Seasons of Bahrain’s Drought”, 1975)
نخلة القلب (“Heart of Palm”, 1981)
تقاسيم ضاحي بن وليد الجديدة البحرين (“Taqsim for the Birth of a New Bahrain”, 1982)
هي الهجس والاحتمال (“Obsession and Possibility”, 1983)
رؤيا الفتوح البح... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Al_Shargawi |
Al-Azhar Mosque | After the conquest of Egypt, Jawhar al-Siqilli oversaw the construction of the royal enclosure for the caliph's court and the Fatimid army, and had al-Azhar built as a base to spread Isma'ili Shi'a Islam. Located near the densely populated Sunni city of Fustat, Cairo became the center of the Isma'ili sect of Shi'a Isla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque |
Kuwait | Kuwait is an emirate, which is sometimes described as "anocratic". The Polity data series and Economist Democracy Index both categorize Kuwait as an autocracy (dictatorship). Freedom House previously rated the country as "partly free" in the Freedom in the World survey. The Emir is the head of state, he belongs to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Sykes–Picot Agreement | On 21 October 1915, Grey met Cambon and suggested France appoint a representative to discuss the future borders of Syria as Britain wished to back the creation of an independent Arab state. At this point Grey was faced with competing claims from the French and from Hussein and the day before had sent a telegram to Cair... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement |
African humid period | Nile discharge was higher than today and during the early African humid period, the Nile in Egypt flooded up to 3–5 metres (9.8–16.4 ft) higher than it did recently before flood control. The increased flooding may have turned the Nile Valley marshy and inhospitable and could explain why many archaeological sites along ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_humid_period |
Hafez al-Assad | According to Patrick Seale, Hafez's rule "began with an immediate and considerable advantage: the government he displaced was so detested that any alternative came as a relief". He first tried to establish national unity, which he felt had been lost under the leadership of Aflaq and Jadid. Hafez differed from his prede... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Berbers | The first Arabian military expeditions into the Maghreb, between 642 and 669, resulted in the spread of Islam. These early forays from a base in Egypt occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central caliphate. But when the seat of the caliphate moved from Medina to Damascus, the Umayyads (a Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers |
History of Mesopotamia | After the death of Ashurbanipal in 627 BC, the Assyrian empire descended into a series of bitter civil wars, allowing its former vassals to free themselves. Cyaxares reorganized and modernized the Median Army, then joined with King Nabopolassar of Babylon. These allies, together with the Scythians, overthrew the Assyri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia |
Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba | Abd al-Rahman III added the mosque's first minaret (tower used by the muezzin for the call to prayer) in the mid-10th century. The minaret has since disappeared after it was partly demolished and encased in the Renaissance bell tower that is visible today. It was designed by Hernán Ruiz III and built between 1593 and 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Israel–Hamas war | The IDF reported its troops had reached the centers of Khan Yunis, Jabalia, and Shuja'iyya reporting the most "intense fighting" since the invasion of Gaza began. Intensified bombing pushed Palestinian civilians south to Rafah. On 7 December, Israel detained 150 men in the Gaza Strip, with dozens more detained on 10 De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war |
Persecution of Ahmadis | Persecution of Ahmadis in Afghanistan began in the early 20th century within the lifetime of Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the movement. Abdur Rahman, a disciple of Sayyid Abdul Latif of Khost—a reputable religious scholar who was the tutor and adviser on religious affairs to the Prince (later Amir) Habibullah Khan—visi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis |
Ayyubid dynasty | In 1173, Saladin sent Turan-Shah to conquer Yemen and the Hejaz. Muslim writers Ibn al-Athir and later al-Maqrizi wrote that the reasoning behind the conquest of Yemen was an Ayyubid fear that should Egypt fall to Nur al-Din, they could seek refuge in a faraway territory. In May 1174, Turan-Shah conquered Zabid and la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Seljuk Empire | Much of the ideological character of the Seljuk Empire was derived from the earlier Samanid and Ghaznavid kingdoms, which had in turn emerged from the Perso-Islamic imperial system of the Abbasid caliphate. This Perso-Islamic tradition was based on pre-Islamic Iranian ideas of kingship molded into an Islamic framework.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire |
Bethlehem | According to Ottoman tax records, Christians made up roughly 60% of the population in the early 16th century, while the Christian and Muslim populations became equal by the middle of that century. However, there were no Muslim inhabitants counted by the end of the century, with a recorded population of 287 adult male t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem |
Syriac Christianity | In modern English, the term "Syriac Christianity" is preferred over the alternative form "Syrian Christianity", that was also commonly used in older literature, as a synonym, particularly during the 19th and the 20th centuries. Since the latter term proved to be very polysemic, a tendency occurred (firstly among schola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity |
Houari Boumédiène | Boumédiène pursued a policy of non-alignment, maintaining good relations with both the communist bloc and the capitalist nations, and promoting third-world cooperation. In the United Nations, he called for a unity built on equal status for western and ex-colonial nations, and brought about by a socialist-style change i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne |
List of translations of the Quran | Alcoranus Mahometicus: das ist, der Türcken Alcoran, Religion und Aberglauben: auss welchem zu vernemen wann unnd woher ihr falscher Prophet Machomet seinen Ursprung oder Anfang genommen, mit was Gelegenheit derselb diss sein Fabelwerck, lächerliche und närrische Lehr gedichtet und erfunden ... / erstlich auss der arab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran |
Roman Egypt | The authors of the New Testament do not record any missions of the apostles to Alexandria or any epistles to the Egyptians, though Egyptian and Alexandrian Jews in Jerusalem are mentioned in the Book of Acts.: 665 : 475–476 (Acts 2:10 and 6:9.) An Alexandrian Jew, Apollos, is recorded in the Book of Acts as speaking i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
LGBT rights in Iraq | Legally, the National Crime Code of Iraq prohibits public behavior that is "indecent", giving significant leeway to police officers to enforce traditional Islamic mores and attitudes about gender. While the National Constitution promises to respect the right to privacy as well as various other civil liberties, the Cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq |
Israel–Hamas war | The 1948 Palestine war saw the establishment of Israel over most of what had been Mandatory Palestine, with the exception of two separated territories that became known as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, which were held by Jordan and Egypt respectively. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the Palestinian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war |
History of logic | Traditional logic generally means the textbook tradition that begins with Antoine Arnauld's and Pierre Nicole's Logic, or the Art of Thinking, better known as the Port-Royal Logic. Published in 1662, it was the most influential work on logic after Aristotle until the nineteenth century. The book presents a loosely Cart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_logic |
Christian mission | The Lausanne Congress of 1974, birthed a movement that supports evangelical mission among non-Christians and nominal Christians. It regards "mission" as that which is designed "to form a viable indigenous church-planting and world changing movement." This definition is motivated by a theologically imperative theme of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission |
Wives of Muhammad | Safiyya bint Huyayy was a noblewoman and the daughter of Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the chief of the Jewish tribe Banu Nadir, who was executed after surrendering at the Battle of the Trench. She had been married first to the poet Sallam ibn Mishkam, who had divorced her, and second to Kenana ibn al-Rabi, a commander.
In 628, M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wives_of_Muhammad |
Justinian I | As was the case under Justinian's predecessors, the Empire's economic health rested primarily on agriculture. In addition, long-distance trade flourished, reaching as far north as Cornwall where tin was exchanged for Roman wheat. Within the Empire, convoys sailing from Alexandria provided Constantinople with wheat and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I |
Refugees of the Syrian civil war | Austria – In 2015, there were at least 18,000 estimated Syrian refugees in Austria. In 2018, there were 48,103 Syrian nationals residing in Austria.
Bulgaria – Bulgaria welcomes refugees when in transit to Germany to apply for refugee status. Bulgaria received 11,080 asylum applications in 2014, 56% of which were made... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war |
Christianity and Druze | Lebanese Christians and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world. The Druzite and Maronite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon. Contact between Christians (members of the Maronite, Eastern Orthodox, Melkite, and other churches) and the U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze |
Poetry | Among the most common forms of poetry, popular from the Late Middle Ages on, is the sonnet, which by the 13th century had become standardized as fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical structure. By the 14th century and the Italian Renaissance, the form had further crystallized under the pen of Petrarch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry |
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world | Several works of Islamic astronomy were translated to Latin starting from the 12th century.
The work of al-Battani (d. 929), Kitāb az-Zīj ("Book of Astronomical Tables"), was frequently cited by European astronomers and received several reprints, including one with annotations by Regiomontanus. Nicolaus Copernicus, in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Kataeb Party | Since the end of Syria's occupation of Lebanon in 2005, the Kataeb Party has been attracted once again to new generations and has regained its role as one of the major political actors in Lebanon. The Party has a large network in Lebanon and abroad and one cannot find a major city or town without a Kataeb presence.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party |
Sasanian Empire | The Persians had long known of the Egyptian calendar, with its 365 days divided into 12 months. However, the traditional Zoroastrian calendar had 12 months of 30 days each. During the reign of Ardashir I, an effort was made to introduce a more accurate Zoroastrian calendar for the year, so 5 extra days were added to it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Somali Civil War (2009–present) | On 15 January 2016, al-Shabaab attacked a Kenyan-run AMISOM base in El Adde Somalia, overrunning the compound and killing approximately 185 soldiers. Al-Shabaab then regained the important town of Marka, 45 km from the capital, and the port of Gard in Puntland region (March 2016). Al-Shabaab's activities create constan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present) |
Balfour Declaration | The term "national home" was intentionally ambiguous, having no legal value or precedent in international law, such that its meaning was unclear when compared to other terms such as "state". The term was intentionally used instead of "state" because of opposition to the Zionist program within the British Cabinet. Accor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration |
Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) | The Draft Constitutional Charter (also known as the Draft Constitutional Declaration) that was agreed in August 2019 further detailed how this reform was to take place during a 39-month transitional period, and in which areas of law these were to be focused. Article 2 of the Charter specifies that:The Transitional Cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy_(2019%E2%80%932021) |
Abbas the Great | Consorts
A Circassian concubine, mother of Mohammad Baqer Mirza;
Fakhr Jahan Begum, daughter of King Bagrat VII of Kartli and Queen Anna of Kakheti, and mother of Zubayda Begum;
A daughter of Mustafa Mirza (m. 1587), daughter of Mustafa Mirza, son of Shah Tahmasp I;
Olghan Pasha Khanum (m. 1587), daughter of Husayn Mir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great |
1977 Egyptian bread riots | Partly because of the above-mentioned economical reasons, the riots erupted in Egypt's big cities. The last straw that broke the camel's back were the rising prices of baladi bread. Baladi bread is Egypt's most consumed bread and it holds a 'considerable political weight' in the country, as it acts as the primary compo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Egyptian_bread_riots |
Hammadid dynasty | In 1103–1104 the Hammadids defeated the Almoravids and took control of Tlemcen. During the reign of al-Mansur's son Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur (r. 1105–1121), Béjaïa had about 100,000 people, and the Hammadids consolidated their power in the city. The dynasty suffered a decline after this point; efforts to develop more sea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty |
Jordan | Jordan is among the most water-scarce nations on earth. At 97 cubic metres of water per person per year, it is considered to face "absolute water scarcity" according to the Falkenmark Classification. Scarce resources to begin with have been aggravated by the massive influx of Syrian refugees into Jordan, many of whom f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
Second Sudanese Civil War | In 1995, the opposition in the north united with parties from the south to create a coalition of opposition parties called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). This development opened a northeastern front to the civil war, making it a Sudan wide conflict rather than simply a north–south conflict. The SPLA, DUP, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War |
Hadrian | Most of Hadrian's military activities were consistent with his ideology of empire as a community of mutual interest and support. He focused on protection from external and internal threats; on "raising" existing provinces rather than the aggressive acquisition of wealth and territory through subjugation of "foreign" pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian |
Sumerian religion | The majority of Sumerian deities belonged to a classification called the Anunna ("[offspring] of An"), whereas seven deities, including Enlil and Inanna, belonged to a group of "underworld judges" known as the Anunnaki ("[offspring] of An" + Ki). During the Third Dynasty of Ur, the Sumerian pantheon was said to include... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion |
Sanaa | Before the revolution of 1962, Sanaani society was divided into a fairly well-defined hierarchy of social classes. There were five major groups: ranked from highest to lowest, they were the sayyids, the qadis, the mansibs (plural: manasib), the Bani Khumis (also called the muzayyin), and the akhdam. Since then, the sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa |
Tahirid dynasty | Blair, S. (2003). "Language situation and scripts: Arabic". In Bosworth, C.E.; Asimov, M.S. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV. Motilal Banarsidass.
Bosworth, C. E. (1969). "The Ṭāhirids and Persian Literature". Iran. 7: 103–106. doi:10.2307/4299615. JSTOR 4299615.
Bosworth, C.E. (1975). "The Ṭāh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty |
Israeli–Palestinian peace process | Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians began on 29 July 2013 following an attempt by United States Secretary of State John Kerry to restart the peace process.
Martin Indyk of the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. was appointed by the US to oversee the negotiations. Indyk served as U.S. ambassad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process |
Arabic | Egyptian Arabic is spoken by 67 million people in Egypt. It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world
Levantine Arabic is spoken by about 44 million people in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Pal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
Percy Cox | Among the points Cox considered salient coming into the 1921 Cairo Conference was the reduction of British spending in Iraq and the selection of a ruler for the country. To satisfy the first item, Cox proposed a plan to cut immediately expenditure and withdraw troops from Mesopotamia. On the question of who should ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Cox |
Harari people | The Harla people, an extinct Afroasiatic-speaking people native to Hararghe, are considered by most scholars to be the precursors to the Harari people. The ancestors of the Hararis moved across the Bab-el-Mandeb, settling in the shores of Somalia and later expanding into the interior producing a Semitic-speaking popula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harari_people |
Caliphate | The following hadith from Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal can be understood to prophesy two eras of the caliphate (both on the lines/precepts of prophethood).
Hadhrat Huzaifa narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: Prophethood will remain among you as long as Allah wills. Then Caliphate (Khilafah) on the lines of Prophetho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Almohad Caliphate | Ibn Tumart died shortly after, in August 1130. That the Almohad movement did not immediately collapse after such a devastating defeat and the death of their charismatic Mahdi, is likely due to the skills of his successor, Abd al-Mu'min. Ibn Tumart's death was kept a secret for three years, a period which Almohad chroni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Islamic architecture | East African architecture lacks some features typical of Islamic architecture, such as the construction of hammams. Historic mosques were generally rectangular in plan, lacked courtyards, and featured side rooms. Along the East African coast, common construction materials included coral stone, sundried bricks, and lime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Tribes of Yemen | Historically, the Yemeni army was in constant need of the support of tribal militias, or what became known as Popular Committees in its internal and external wars. It is a weak and disjointed army, and lacks military doctrine despite the numbers of its members, and the majority of its members are loyal to the tribe. My... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen |
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi | Like Wahiduddin Khan, Maulana Naeem Siddiqui, Israr Ahmed and Dr. Khazir Yasin, Ghamidi also worked closely with Maulana Syed Abul Ala Maududi (alternative spelling Syed Maudoodi; often referred to as Maulana Maududi) (1903–1979) and Amin Ahsan Islahi. His work with Maududi continued for about nine years before he voic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi |
Abdul-Karim Qasim | During Qasim's term, there was much debate over whether Iraq should join the United Arab Republic, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Having dissolved the Hashemite Arab Federation with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Qasim refused to allow Iraq to enter the federation, although his government recognized the republic and cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim |
One Thousand and One Nights | The modern fame of the Nights derives from the first known European translation by Antoine Galland, which appeared in 1704. According to Robert Irwin, Galland "played so large a part in discovering the tales, in popularizing them in Europe and in shaping what would come to be regarded as the canonical collection that, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | For the fiscal year 2017 which ended on June 30, the museum was reported as having 7 million visitors during the past year, where "37 percent of these were international visitors, while 30 percent came from New York's five boroughs." Previously in 2016, the museum set a record for attendance, attracting 6.7 million vis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Quran | In Islam, God speaks to people called prophets through a kind of revelation called wahy or through angels.(42:51) Although poetry (Shu'ara: 224) and prophecy (claiming to know the unseen or the future) are seen as despicable behavior in Islam, (7:188, 27:65) nubuwwah (Arabic: نبوة "prophethood") is seen as a duty impos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Abrahamic religions | Judaism and Samaritanism commands that males be circumcised when they are eight days old, as does the Sunnah in Islam. Despite its common practice in Muslim-majority nations, circumcision is considered to be sunnah (tradition) and not required for a life directed by Allah. Although there is some debate within Islam ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions |
Samaritans | Under the Roman Empire, Samaria became a part of the Herodian Tetrarchy, and with the deposition of the Herodian ethnarch Herod Archelaus in the early 1st century CE, Samaria became a part of the province of Judaea.
Samaritans appear briefly in the Christian gospels, most notably in the account of the Samaritan woman a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans |
Mauri | In 44 AD, the Roman Empire incorporated the region as the province of Mauretania, later divided into Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana. The area around Carthage was already part of Africa Proconsularis. Roman rule was effective enough so that these provinces became integrated into the empire.
Mauri raids... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauri |
International sanctions against Iraq | As the humanitarian impact of the sanctions became a matter of international concern, several UN resolutions were introduced that allowed Iraq to trade its oil for approved goods such as food and medicine. The earliest of these, Resolution 706 of 15 August 1991, allowed the sale of Iraqi oil in exchange for food, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq |
Nelson Mandela | Mandela's administration inherited a country with a huge disparity in wealth and services between white and black communities. Of a population of 40 million, around 23 million lacked electricity or adequate sanitation, and 12 million lacked clean water supplies, with 2 million children not in school and a third of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Cradle of civilization | The developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (10,200 BC) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (7600–6000 BC) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards. Contemporaneously, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization |
Hausa language | In 1905, George Charleton Merrick (a British army officer and Hausa interpreter) published Hausa Proverbs, a collection of over 400 proverbs in Hausa (Roman script) with English translations. Here are some of those proverbs:
"Fawa biu tana bata hankali'n kuda." "Two pieces of meat confuse the mind of the fly (i.e to h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language |
Arab culture | The Internet in the Arab world is powerful source of expression and information as it is in other places in the world. While some believe that it is the harbinger of freedom in media to the Middle East, others think that it is a new medium for censorship. Both are true. The Internet has created a new arena for discussi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_culture |
Salafi movement | Wiktorowicz's typology has largely been discarded by recent scholarship due to its simplistic assumptions regarding religion, in addition to other limitations, such as its neglect of the changing social, political and cultural realities occurring across the Muslim World. Several researchers have criticised the classifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Al-Hafiz | The Caliph's leniency towards Bahram is not surprising, as the Christian vizier was not nearly as threatening to his own position as the Sunni Ridwan ibn Walakhshi, who "promised to be a second Nasir al-Dawla, threatening to turn the country over, not to Twelver Shi'ism like Kutayfat, but to Sunnism". Indeed, when Ridw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hafiz |
Flag of Iraq | Following the military invasion of Iraq by the United States in 2003, the Iraqi government was overthrown, and the Ba'ath party was outlawed. Strong speculation followed that the U.S. government would press for a change in the Iraqi flag to remove its pan-Arab symbolism, and to make a definitive break with the period o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq |
Dome | A masonry dome produces thrusts downward and outward. They are thought of in terms of two kinds of forces at right angles from one another: meridional forces (like the meridians, or lines of longitude, on a globe) are compressive only, and increase towards the base, while hoop forces (like the lines of latitude on a gl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome |
Mu'awiya I | Mu'awiya's year of birth is uncertain, with 597, 603 or 605 cited by early Islamic sources. His father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb was a prominent Meccan merchant who led trade caravans to Syria, then part of the Byzantine Empire. He emerged as the leader of the Banu Abd Shams clan of the polytheistic Quraysh, the dominant tri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I |
Ethics | Many other fields of applied ethics are discussed in the academic literature. Communication ethics covers moral principles of communicative conduct. Two key issues in it are freedom of speech and speech responsibility. Freedom of speech concerns the ability to articulate one's opinions and ideas without the threats of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics |
Acheulean | In the four divisions of prehistoric stone-working, Acheulean artefacts are classified as Mode 2, meaning they are more advanced than the (usually earlier) Mode 1 tools of the Clactonian or Oldowan/Abbevillian industries but lacking the sophistication of the (usually later) Mode 3 Middle Palaeolithic technology, exempl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheulean |
Quraysh | Toward the end of the 6th century, the Fijar War broke out between the Quraysh and the Kinana on one side and various Qaysi tribes on the other, including the Hawazin, Banu Thaqif, Banu Amir and Banu Sulaym. The war broke out when a Kinani tribesman killed an Amiri tribesman escorting a Lakhmid caravan to the Hejaz. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh |
Majeerteen Sultanate | In the late 19th century, all extant Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, except for the Dhulbahante, since the Italians considered part of the Dhulbahante subject of the Italian-protected Sultan of the Majeerteen. With the intermediation of Sultan Yusuf Al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate |
Oman | Omani Azd used to travel to Basra for trade, which was a centre of Islam, during the Umayyad empire. Omani Azd were granted a section of Basra, where they could settle and attend to their needs. Many of the Omani Azd who settled in Basra became wealthy merchants and, under their leader Muhallab bin Abi Sufrah, started ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman |
Gaza Strip evacuations | On 14 October 2023, Israel ordered the evacuation of 22 hospitals in northern Gaza. The WHO described the order as a "death sentence" for the sick and wounded. Doctors Without Borders issued a statement calling the order "outrageous," "an attack on medical care and on humanity," and condemned it "in the strongest possi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations |
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | Even after his death, Zia-ul-Haq remained a highly polarizing and widely discussed figure in the country's intellectual and political circles. Out of the country's short history, Zia-ul-Haq's legacy remains a most toxic, enduring, and tamper-proof legacy, according to the editorial written in Dawn. He is also praised f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq |
Central Asia | At the crossroads of Asia, shamanistic practices live alongside Buddhism. Thus, Yama, Lord of Death, was revered in Tibet as a spiritual guardian and judge. Mongolian Buddhism, in particular, was influenced by Tibetan Buddhism. The Qianlong Emperor of Qing China in the 18th century was Tibetan Buddhist and would someti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia |
Aq Qoyunlu | Bosworth, Clifford (1996) The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual (2nd ed.) Columbia University Press, New York, ISBN 0-231-10714-5
Javadi, H.; Burrill, K. (May 24, 2012). "Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Among the Azeri poets of the 15th century mention should... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu |
Women in Algeria | Algeria was a French colony, French Algeria, between 1830 and 1962. In the 19th century, Algerian women lived in gender segregation in harem. The French did very little to liberate women. In the treaty Convention franco-algérienne de 1830, signed in 5 July 1830 between the French and Hussein Dey, the last Bey of Alger,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Algeria |
Spanish protectorate in Morocco | In a convention dated 27 June 1900 (at the same time as Treaty of Paris (1900)), France and Spain agreed to recognize separate zones of influence in Morocco, but did not specify their boundaries. In 1902, France offered Spain all of Morocco north of the Sebou River and south of the Sous River, but Spain declined in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco |
Yazidis | Yezidis came into contact with the Ottomans for the first time in the early 16th century and lived as semi-independent entities under the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans had conquered Kurdish regions and installed their own governors in Diyarbekir, Urfa, Shingal and Mosul. In 1516 AD, Sultan Selim the Grim launched an inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis |
Narmer | Although highly interrelated, the questions of "who was Menes?" and "who unified Egypt?" are actually two separate issues. Narmer is often credited with the unification of Egypt by means of the conquest of Lower Egypt by Upper Egypt. Menes is traditionally considered the first king/pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, and is iden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer |
Sinsharishkun | In May 615 BC, Nabopolassar and the Babylonians assaulted Assur, the ceremonial and religious center of Assyria and the Assyrian Empire's southernmost remaining city. Sîn-šar-iškun swiftly rallied his army and counterattacked, lifting the siege of Assur and forcing Nabopolassar to retreat to the city of Takrit. There, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsharishkun |
Mogadishu | The Sultanate of Geledi and the Omani Empire vied over who would be the superior power on the Benadir Coast, with Sultan Yusuf Mahamud ultimately being the dominant force with the Omanis having a nominal presence and Said bin Sultan even paying tribute to him in order to keep Omani representatives in Mogadishu. Mogadis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu |
France 24 | In 2002, President Jacques Chirac relaunched the project to create a French international news channel:
Is it understandable that year after year we are still lamenting our persistent failure with news and the French-language media on the international scene? Admittedly, we have with Agence France-Presse a remarkable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24 |
Menelik II | Menelik's disagreement with Article 17 of the treaty led to the Battle of Adwa. Before Italy could launch the invasion, Eritreans rebelled in an attempt to push Italy out of Eritrea and prevent its invasion of Ethiopia. The rebellion was not successful. However, some of the Eritreans managed to make their way to the Et... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II |
Indo-Saracenic architecture | According to Thomas R. Metcalf, a leading scholar of the style, "the Indo-Saracenic, with its imagined past turned to the purposes of British colonialism, took shape outside India [ie the subcontinent] most fully only in Malaya". British Malaya was a predominantly Muslim society, where there was hardly any recent tradi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture |
Ottoman Egypt | With the troubles that beset the metropolis of the Ottoman Empire, the local Mamluk beys began to dominate the Egyptian administration, being placed in charge of the treasury and given a virtual monopoly over the various provincial administrations. In addition, Mamluk beys came to hold important military positions with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt |
2011 Bahraini uprising | Inspired by the successful uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia, opposition activists starting from January 2011 filled the social media websites Facebook and Twitter as well as online forums, e-mails and text messages with calls to stage major pro-democracy protests.: 65 Bahraini youths described their plans as an appeal f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising |
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world | Brass astrolabes were an invention of Late Antiquity. The first Islamic astronomer reported as having built an astrolabe is Muhammad al-Fazari (late 8th century). Astrolabes were popular in the Islamic world during the "Golden Age", chiefly as an aid to finding the qibla. The earliest known example is dated to 927/8 (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Arithmetic | Axiomatic foundations of arithmetic try to provide a small set of laws, called axioms, from which all fundamental properties of and operations on numbers can be derived. They constitute logically consistent and systematic frameworks that can be used to formulate mathematical proofs in a rigorous manner. Two well-known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic |
Atatürk's reforms | The adoption of the Latin script and the purging of foreign loan words was part of Atatürk's program of modernization. The two important ends were sought, which were the democratization of writing and language, and the 'secularization' of the Turkish language.
Turkish had been written using a Turkish form of the Perso-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms |
Lakhmid kingdom | The Lakhmid Kingdom was founded and ruled by the Banu Lakhm tribe that emigrated from Yemen in the second century. The founder of the dynasty was 'Amr, whose son Imru' al-Qais I (not to be confused with the poet Imru' al-Qais who lived in the sixth century) is claimed to have converted to Christianity. However, there i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmid_kingdom |
Mary, mother of Jesus | According to the gospel of Luke, a decree of the Roman Emperor Augustus required that Joseph return to his hometown of Bethlehem to register for a Roman census. While he was there with Mary, she gave birth to Jesus; but because there was no place for them in the inn, she used a manger as a cradle.: p.14 It is not told... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus |
Byzantine Greeks | During most of the Middle Ages, the Byzantine Greeks self-identified as Rhōmaîoi (Ῥωμαῖοι, "Romans", meaning citizens of the Roman Empire), a term which in the Greek language had become synonymous with Christian Greeks. The Latinizing term Graikoí (Γραικοί, "Greeks") was also used, though its use was less common, and n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks |
Abu Yazid | Abu Yazid's father Kaydad was a Zenata Berber from Taqyus or Tozeur in the district of Chott el Djerid, then still known by its ancient name, Qastiliya. Kaydad was a trans-Saharan trader, and during his travels took as concubine a Hawwara or Black African slave, Sabika. Abu Yazid was born c. 874 south of the Sahara, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yazid |
Women's rights in Saudi Arabia | According to the Saudi General Authority for Statistics, Saudi women constitute 33.2% of the native workforce as of 2020. The rate of participation has grown from 14% in 1990 to 33.2% in 2020. Between 2018 and 2020, the proportion of women in the native workforce increased from 20.2% to 33.2%. In February 2019, a repor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia |
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