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Philosophy | There are many other subfields of philosophy besides its core branches. Some of the most prominent are aesthetics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, and political philosophy.
Aesthetics in the philosophical sense is the field that studies the nature and appreciat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy |
Donatism | The Roman governor of North Africa, lenient to the large Christian minority under his rule throughout the Diocletianic Persecutions, was satisfied when Christians handed over their scriptures as a token repudiation of faith. When the persecution ended, Christians who did so were called traditores—"those who handed (the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatism |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | Pre-5 November 2008: "The ceasefire has brought enormous improvements in the quality of life in Sderot and other Israeli villages near Gaza, where before the ceasefire residents lived in fear of the next Palestinian rocket strike. However, nearby in the Gaza Strip, the Israeli blockade remains in place and the populati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Al Wasl F.C. | The 1980s were the golden ages for Al Wasl, the team saw the best lineup in its history, and clinched onto various trophies, winning the league 5 times, the most out of any team in the history of the league at the time, and the record was not broken until the early 2000s. The new decade began with yet another trophy le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wasl_F.C. |
Al-Kharj | Al-Saih is one of the main and active cities in the present and future of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which is the modern capital of Alkharj and its administrative and economic center with a population of more than 376 thousand people.
It is also worth noting what this city is known for in terms of its characteristics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kharj |
Arab world | As an alternative to, or in combination with, the standard territorial definition, the Arab world may be defined as consisting of peoples and states united to at least some degree by Arabic language, culture or geographic contiguity, or those states or territories in which the majority of the population speaks Arabic, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world |
Middle Ages | In the post-Roman world, the fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes is well documented. Popular assemblies, which allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than had been common in the Roman state, developed into legislative and judicial bodies. Much of the scholarly and wri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Quran translations | Translation of the Qur'an from Arabic into other languages has always been a difficult issue in Islamic theology. Because Muslims revere the Qur'an as miraculous and inimitable (i'jaz al-Qur'an), they argue that the Qur'anic text should not be isolated from its true language or written form, at least not without keepin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_translations |
M1 Abrams | The Tank Urban Survival Kit (TUSK) is a series of improvements to the M1 Abrams intended to improve fighting ability in urban environments. Historically, urban and other close battlefields have been poor places for tanks to fight. A tank's front armor is much stronger than that on the sides, top, or rear. In an urban e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams |
2004 AFC Asian Cup | This competition saw a huge number of surprises. The first surprise named Bahrain was in group A, which, despite being just its second tournament, held on China and fellow neighbor Qatar before beating Indonesia 3–1, with the Hubail brothers Mohamed and Ala'a instrumental in bringing Bahrain to the quarter-finals. Host... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_AFC_Asian_Cup |
Pandya dynasty | While the Pandyas and the Rashtrakutas were busy engaging the Pallavas, with the Gangas and the Simhalas (Sri Lanka) also in the mix, the Cholas emerged from the Kaveri delta and took on the chieftains of Thanjavur (the Mutharaiyar chieftain had transferred their loyalty from the Pallava to the Pandya). The Chola king ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandya_dynasty |
2014 Egyptian presidential election | UN — The United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon congratulated el-Sisi, saying that he puts his faith in Egypt's president-elect and trusts that he will do everything possible to support the Egyptian people's aspirations for a "stable, democratic and prosperous Egypt." Ą
EU — The European Union extended congratul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election |
State Security Law in Bahrain | The State of Bahrain gained full independence from the British in 1971 and was governed by the Amir, Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa. The Al Khalifa's were of a Sunni minority ruling over a predominantly Shia majority population. In 1972, the Amir issued a decree calling for the establishment of a Constitutional Assembly i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Security_Law_in_Bahrain |
Human rights in Syria | Human rights violations against Kurds included depriving ethnic Kurdish citizens of their citizenship; suppressing Kurdish language and culture; discrimination against citizens based on Kurdish ethnicity; confiscation of Kurdish land and settlement by Arabs. In the course of the Syrian Civil War, parts of Northern Syri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria |
Osama bin Laden | God knows it did not cross our minds to attack the Towers, but after the situation became unbearable—and we witnessed the injustice and tyranny of the American-Israeli alliance against our people in Palestine and Lebanon—I thought about it. And the events that affected me directly were that of 1982 and the events that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden |
Augustine of Hippo | Philosopher Bertrand Russell was impressed by Augustine's meditation on the nature of time in the Confessions, comparing it favourably to Kant's version of the view that time is subjective. Catholic theologians generally subscribe to Augustine's belief that God exists outside of time in the "eternal present"; that time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo |
Marinid Sultanate | In many respects, the Marinids reproduced or continued the social and political structures that existed under the Almohads, ruling a primarily tribal state that relied on the loyalty of their own tribe and allies to maintain order and that imposed very little official civil administrative structures in the provinces be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Qays–Yaman rivalry | Abd al-Malik's ability to end Qaysi–Yamani violence was mostly limited to issuing threats or paying blood money. Though he succeeded in transforming the Umayyad Caliphate into a centralized, bureaucratic state with decreasing reliance on the Syrian army, Kennedy notes that the "Qays–Yaman feud illustrated the problems ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry |
Abu Hurayra | Shaykh Mahmud Abu Rayyah (d.1970), the youngest brother of Hassan al-Banna and also the author of Aḍwā alā al-sunna al-Muhammadiyya (Illuminations on the Sunnah of Muḥammad). One of the works he produced was on raising doubts about the reliability of Abu Hurarirah.
According to Yasin Jibouri, several Shia scholars such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hurayra |
BBC | The BBC operates several television channels nationally and internationally. BBC One and BBC Two are the flagship television channels. Others include the youth channel BBC Three, cultural and documentary channel BBC Four, the British and international variations of the BBC News channel, parliamentary channel BBC Parlia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC |
Yosef Qafih | Saadia Gaon:
Sefer Yetzira, with Saadia Gaon's version of the text itself along with his Arabic commentary with facing Hebrew translation.
Translations into Hebrew of Saadya Gaon's Arabic translation and commentary on Tanakh have included volumes on the Torah, Megillot, Tehillim, Iyyov (translated to English by Dr. L. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Qafih |
Gulf War | Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqis. More than 600 Kuwaitis went missing during Iraq's occupation, and approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq. The increased importance of air attacks from both coalition warplanes and cruise missiles led to controversy over the number of civilian deat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War |
Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism | In November 2014, the U.S. Treasury Undersecretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, David Cohen, described Qatar as operating an environment that is tolerant of terrorism financing.
U.S. counterterrorism officials have said that donations from countries outside the U.S. have been a traditional source of financ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism |
Early Middle Ages | Speculation that the world would end in the year 1000 was confined to a few uneasy French monks. Ordinary clerks used regnal years, e.g. the 4th year of the reign of Robert II (the Pious) of France. The use of the modern "anno domini" system of dating was largely confined to chroniclers of universal history, such as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages |
Afroasiatic languages | There is no agreement on the relationships between and subgrouping of the different Afroasiatic branches. Whereas Marcel Cohen (1947) claimed he saw no evidence for internal subgroupings, numerous other scholars have made proposals, with Carsten Peust counting 27 as of 2012.
Common trends in proposals as of 2019 includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages |
List of medical schools in Egypt | Cairo University Kasr Alainy School of Medicine (1827)
Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine (1942)
Ain Shams University El-Demerdash Faculty of Medicine (1948)
Assiut University Faculty of Medicine (1960)
Mansoura University Faculty of Medicine (1962)
Tanta University Faculty of Medicine (1962)
Al-Azhar University... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt |
Love | In Hinduism, kāma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kamadeva. For many Hindu schools, it is the third end (Kama) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of sugar cane and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a great parrot. He is usually accompanied by his consort Rati and his companion Vas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love |
Majnoon oil field | The field was discovered by Braspetro, a Brazilian company in 1975, under the leadership of Bolivar Montenegro Guerra in a shallow Upper Cretaceous formation. Development came to a halt in 1980 during the engineering phase of the project, due to Iran–Iraq War, particularly Operation Kheibar. At the time, Braspetro had ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majnoon_oil_field |
Al-Qaeda | Bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri consider India to be a part of an alleged Crusader-Zionist-Hindu conspiracy against the Islamic world. According to a 2005 report by the Congressional Research Service, bin Laden was involved in training militants for Jihad in Kashmir while living in Sudan in the early 1990s. By 2001, Ka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda |
Aqmar Mosque | The mosque of al-Aqmar was the earliest to have lavish decoration across the entire façade. Elements decorating the façade are loaded with symbolic meaning and can be interpreted in various ways. One notable feature is the large medallion in the hood of the main niche above the entrance. This epigraphic medallion is pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque |
Fairuz | The 2008 concert in Damascus angered some of her fans and several Lebanese politicians who described Syria as "enemy territory in the grip of a brutal secret police force". Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Druze Progressive Socialist Party, accused Fairuz of "playing into the hands of Syrian intelligence services", while ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairuz |
1958 Lebanon crisis | Ben-Zvi, Abraham (September 2005). "The July 1958 Jordanian Crisis and the Origins of the American–Israeli Alliance: A New Perspective". Journal of Israeli History. 24 (2): 215–228. doi:10.1080/13531040500195729. ISSN 1353-1042. S2CID 145271287.
Cotran, Eugene (1959). "Some Legal Aspects of the Formation of the United ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis |
Turco–Mongol tradition | The Mongols during the period of the early Mongol conquests and the conquests of Genghis Khan largely followed Tengrism. However, the successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate ruled over large Muslim populations. The Ilkhanate and Chagatai Khanate in particular ruled over M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco%E2%80%93Mongol_tradition |
Satanic Verses controversy | In addition to criticism of the death sentence on the basis of human rights, the sentence was also criticised on Islamic grounds. According to Bernard Lewis, a death warrant without trial, defence and other legal aspects of sharia violates Islamic jurisprudence. In Islamic fiqh, apostasy by a mentally sound adult male ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy |
Alavi Bohras | During the time of 18th Fatimid Imam Al-Mustansir Billah and his son, 19th Fatimid Imam Al-Musta'li, four important personalities strengthened the foundation of Fatimid Da’wat in Yemen. They were Saiyedna ‘Ali bin Muhammad as-Sulayhi, Saiyedna Ahmad al-Mukarram, Saiyedatona Hurrat ul-Malekah Arwaa binte Ahmad and Saiye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohras |
Middle Ages | The idea of Christian unity endured, although differences in ideology and practice between the Eastern and Western Churches were increasing. Native Roman aversion to Arian conquerors reinforced the traditional Christian concept of the separation of church and state in the west; this concept was alien to eastern clergym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Tunisian revolution | The Ghannouchi administration (15 January – 27 February 2011) was a caretaker government with the primary goal of maintaining the state and providing a legal framework for new elections.
Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi announced his cabinet on 17 January 2011, three days after Ben Ali's departure. The cabinet include... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_revolution |
Saadi Sultanate | Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II was in turn succeeded by his brother Muhammad al-Walid (r. 1631–1636), followed by his other brother Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir (r. 1636–1655). By this time Saadian authority had greatly suffered. Moulay Zaydan had already relinquished direct control over the Sudan territories in 1618 when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Sayf al-Dawla | Aside from his confrontation with the Ikhshidids, Sayf al-Dawla's consolidation over his realm was challenged by the need to maintain good relations with the restive native Arab tribes. Northern Syria at this time was controlled by Arab tribes, who had been resident in the area since the Umayyad period (661–750), and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla |
Alawites | Yaron Friedman and many researchers of Alawi doctrine write that the founder of the religion, Ibn Nusayr, did not necessarily believe he was representative of a splinter, rebel group of the Shias, but rather believed he held the true doctrine of the Shias, and most of the aspects that are similar to Christianity are co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites |
Ibn Tufayl | Ibn Tufayl was the author of Ḥayy bin Yaqẓān (Arabic: حي بن يقظان, lit. 'Alive, son of Awake'), also known as Philosophus Autodidactus in Latin, a philosophical romance and allegorical novel inspired by Avicennism and Sufism, and which tells the story of an autodidactic feral child, raised by a gazelle and living alone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl |
Middle Paleolithic | The earliest evidence of behavioral modernity first appears during the Middle Paleolithic; undisputed evidence of behavioral modernity, however, only becomes common during the following Upper Paleolithic period.
Middle Paleolithic burials at sites such as Krapina in Croatia (dated to c. 130,000 BP) and the Qafzeh and E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic |
Thutmose III | Thutmose dedicated far more attention to Karnak than any other site. In the Iput-isut, the temple proper in the center, he rebuilt the hypostyle hall of his grandfather Thutmose I, dismantled the red chapel of Hatshepsut, built Pylon VI, a shrine for the bark of Amun in its place, and built an antechamber in front of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III |
Mandate for Palestine | According to the second paragraph of the mandate's preamble,
Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine |
Glossary of Islam | Ḥadath akbar (حدث أكبر)
major ritual impurity which requires Niyyat for cleaning.
Ḥadath aṣghar (أصغر)
minor ritual impurity
Hādhā min faḍl rabbī (هَذَا مِن فَضْلِ رَبِّي)
Qur'anic expression and phrase meaning This is by the Grace of my Lord.
Hādī (هادي)
a guide, one who guides; A Muslim name for God is The Guide, or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam |
Lute | Lutes were in widespread use in Europe at least since the 13th century, and documents mention numerous early performers and composers. However, the earliest surviving lute music dates from the late 15th century. Lute music flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries: numerous composers published collections of their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute |
Culture of Saudi Arabia | Since the 1960s there has been a significant number of guest workers/foreign expatriates allowed into Saudi on work visas, and these now make up around 20–30% of the population of the country. Guest workers range in occupation from high skilled workers (employed to do jobs Saudis cannot do), to manual service workers (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Northern white rhinoceros | In 1975, the Dvůr Králové Zoo, located in Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Czech Republic, got six northern white rhinos from Sudan and, in later years, two more from English zoos. One rhino from an English zoo arrived pregnant. The Dvůr Králové Zoo is the only zoo in the world where northern white rhinos birthed offspring, wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_white_rhinoceros |
Armenians in Syria | During the early years of the Ottoman rule over Syria, there was relatively smaller Armenian presence in northern Syria due to the military conflicts in the region. A larger community existed in Urfa which is considered part of the region of Syria. The Ottoman Empire had a large indigenous Armenian population in its Ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria |
Abdülmecid I | On 16 October 1853, the Ottoman Empire entered another war against Russia that would be known as the Crimean War, where it was soon joined by France and Britain. The Ottomans successfully participated in the war and were winning signatories at the Treaty of Paris (1856). The Empire would be inducted into the Concert of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I |
Qibla | Ayn al-ka'ba ("standing so as to face the Kaaba head-on") is a position facing the qibla so that an imaginary line extending from the person's line of sight would pass through the Kaaba. This manner of observing the qibla is easily done inside the Great Mosque of Mecca and its surroundings, but given that the Kaaba is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla |
Sculpture | One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in some form of association with religion. Cult images are common in many cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art, like the Statue of Zeus at Olympia. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture |
The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book) | The Turkish government rebutted Rida's treatise with their own book "The Caliphate and the Sovereignty of the People"; supported by activists and intellectuals who restricted the mission of the Caliphate to the first generation alone. Turkish nationalists held the Caliphate to be a titular office with no executive powe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book) |
Sinai insurgency | In the two years following 2011, Israel approved two Egyptian military increases in the Sinai Peninsula above levels set in the Camp David Accords, which mandates that the Sinai must remain demilitarized, with only enough forces in Sinai to enforce security. Israel did so because it is not in its interest to have unres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_insurgency |
Eurofighter Typhoon | Data from RAF Typhoon data, Air Forces Monthly, Superfighters, and Brassey's Modern FightersGeneral characteristics
Crew: 1 or 2
Length: 15.96 m (52 ft 4 in)
Wingspan: 10.95 m (35 ft 11 in)
Height: 5.28 m (17 ft 4 in)
Wing area: 51.2 m2 (551 sq ft)
Empty weight: 11,000 kg (24,251 lb)
Gross weight: 16,000 kg (35,274 lb)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon |
Nineveh | In 1842, the French Consul General at Mosul, Paul-Émile Botta, began to search the vast mounds that lay along the opposite bank of the river. While at Tell Kuyunjiq he had little success, the locals whom he employed in these excavations, to their great surprise, came upon the ruins of a building at the 20 km far-away m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh |
Muslim Sicily | In succession, Sicily was ruled by the Sunni Aghlabid dynasty in Ifriqiya until 909, when they were overthrown and replaced by the Shiite Fatimids. The first years of Fatimid rule after 909 were difficult, as the Sicilian Muslims had already begun to acquire a distinct identity and they resisted attempts by new outside... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Sicily |
Welfare | Welfare in Spain is characterized by a Mediterranean Welfare state model based on three pillars: education, health, and pensions. As in most European countries, in Spain the Welfare State is a great achievement for its society since the State guarantees protection to all people who may find themselves in a situation of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare |
One Thousand and One Nights | Scholars have assembled a timeline concerning the publication history of The Nights:
One of the oldest Arabic manuscript fragments from Syria (a few handwritten pages) dating to the early ninth century. Discovered by scholar Nabia Abbott in 1948, it bears the title Kitab Hadith Alf Layla ("The Book of the Tale of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Amr el-Leithy | In 1991, before being a TV presenter, he was the executive director of the London-based MBC, a private Arabian TV channel. Afterwards, he started his preparation and presentation of a weekly TV program at the Egyptian State run Television called "Ekhterak" in 2001, which is a political documentary program. Some of its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_el-Leithy |
List of Assyrian kings | Ancient Assyria was an absolute monarchy, with the king believed to be appointed directly through divine right by the chief deity, Ashur. The Assyrians believed that the king was the link between the gods and the earthly realm. As such, it was the king's primary duty to discover the will of the gods and enact this, oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Archaeology of Oman | During this age, metal production increased considerably in relation to that of the preceding Hafit Period, with several plano-convex copper ingots, weighing 1–2 kg, being found. Tower or beehive tombs, such as those at Shir, can only be approximately dated, and may date to the Hafit or Umm al-Nar Periods. During the U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_Oman |
Sahab, Jordan | Beginning in the 1870s, Egyptian families mostly from the eastern villages of Egypt migrated to Transjordan to avoid corvée labor for the digging of the Suez Canal. Initially they worked as seasonal farmers in the Bedouin-owned plantation villages which began springing up in the Balqa (central Transjordan) during this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan |
Republic of Sudan (1985–2019) | In June 1986, Sadiq al-Mahdi formed a coalition government with the National Umma Party (NUP), the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), the National Islamic Front (NIF), and four southern parties. Party factionalism, corruption, personal rivalries, scandals, and political instability characterized the Sadiq regime. After l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1985%E2%80%932019) |
Ayyubid dynasty | By the 12th century, Islam was the dominant religion in the Middle East. It is not certain, however, if it was the religion of the majority outside the Arabian Peninsula. Arabic was the language of high culture and of the urban population, although other languages dating to pre-Islamic rule were still being used to a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Israel | In 1516, the Ottoman Empire conquered the region and ruled it as part of Ottoman Syria. Two violent incidents took place against Jews, the 1517 Safed attacks and the 1517 Hebron attacks, after the Turkish Ottomans ousted the Mamluks during the Ottoman–Mamluk War. Under the Ottoman Empire, the Levant was fairly cosmopol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel |
Qira'at | Most of the differences between the various readings involve consonant/diacritical marks (I‘jām) and marks (Ḥarakāt) indicating other vocalizations -- short vowels, nunization, glottal stops, long consonants. Differences in the rasm or "skeleton" of the writing are more scarce, since canonical readings were required to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at |
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab | His leave from Basra marked the end of his education and by the time of his return to 'Uyayna, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab had mastered various religious disciplines such as Islamic Fiqh (jurisprudence), theology, hadith sciences and Tasawwuf. His exposure to various practices centered around the cult of saints and grave venera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab |
Ghassan Kanafani | Note: Some names are roughly translated
Mawt Sarir Raqam 12 (1961) (موت سرير رقم 12, The Death of Bed Number 12) (Short story)
Ard al-Burtuqal al-Hazin, (1963) (أرض البرتقال الحزين, The Sad Orange Land) ISBN 978-9963610808
Rijal fi ash-Shams, (1963) (رجال في الشمس, Men in the Sun) ISBN 978-0894108570
Al-bab, (1964) (ال... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassan_Kanafani |
Abd el-Krim | Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim was born in 1882 in the settlement of Ajdir, Morocco. He was the son of Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, a qadi (Islamic judge and chief local leader) of the Ait Youssef ou Ali clan of the Rifian Ait Ouriaghel tribe. He was named qadi in the 1880s by Hassan I.
In Abd el-Krim's memoirs authored by Jac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_el-Krim |
Late Bronze Age collapse | The Middle Assyrian Empire (1392–1056) had destroyed the Hurrian-Mitanni Empire, annexed much of the Hittite Empire and eclipsed the Egyptian Empire. At the beginning of the Late Bronze Age collapse, it controlled an empire stretching from the Caucasus mountains in the north to the Arabian peninsula in the south, and f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse |
World War I | German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz sought to use this growth to build an Imperial German Navy, that could compete with the British Royal Navy. This policy was based on the work of US naval author Alfred Thayer Mahan, who argued... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Kinda (tribe) | In the mid-5th century, part of the Kinda, with support from Himyar, migrated into central and northern Arabia and asserted dominance over the large Arab tribal confederation of Ma'add. The Kindites were led by Hujr, founder of the tribe's royal household, the Banu Akil al-Murar. The subordination of the nomadic tribes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinda_(tribe) |
United Arab Emirates corporate law | Establishing a business entity in one of the UAE's many Free trade zones (FTZs) can be an attractive option for foreign investors. UAE has over 35 FTZs of which more than 20 are located in Dubai.
The main attraction for setting up a company in a free zone is that there is no UAE national shareholding required. All fre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_corporate_law |
Kim Il Sung | Despite his opposition to de-Stalinization, Kim never officially severed relations with the Soviet Union, and he did not take part in the Sino-Soviet split. After Khrushchev was replaced by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964, Kim's relations with the Soviet Union became closer. At the same time, Kim was increasingly alienated by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung |
Aceh | During the 1970s, under an agreement with the Indonesian central government, American oil and gas companies began exploitation of Aceh natural resources. Alleged unequal distribution of profits between central government and the native people of Aceh induced Dr. Hasan Muhammad di Tiro, former ambassador of Darul Islam,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh |
Battle of the Nile | The Battle of the Nile has been called "arguably, the most decisive naval engagement of the great age of sail", and "the most splendid and glorious success which the British Navy gained." Historian and novelist C. S. Forester, writing in 1929, compared the Nile to the great naval actions in history and concluded that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile |
Thābit ibn Qurra | In mathematics, Thābit derived an equation for determining amicable numbers. His proof of this rule is presented in the Treatise on the Derivation of the Amicable Numbers in an Easy Way. This was done while writing on the theory of numbers, extending their use to describe the ratios between geometrical quantities, a st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra |
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B fossils that were analysed for uniparentals via ancient DNA, were found to carry the Y-DNA (paternal) haplogroups E1b1b (2/7; ~29%), CT (2/7; ~29%), E(xE2,E1a,E1b1a1a1c2c3b1,E1b1b1b1a1,E1b1b1b2b) (1/7; ~14%), T(xT1a1,T1a2a) (1/7; ~14%), and H2 (1/7; ~14%). The CT clade was also observed in a Pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B |
Muḥammad ibn 'Abdallāh Hassan | In Berbera, the established Qadiriyya tariqa would soon be challenged by a new tariqa. The most prominent Sheikh of the Salihiyya order were Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni and the Dervish emir Hassan (called Mad Mullah by British) who arrived in Berbera in 1895 and constructed his own mosque and began propagating. He was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_%27Abdall%C4%81h_Hassan |
U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement | Negotiations between the U.S. and Iraq for a new SOFA began in fall 2010. There were late-night meetings at the fortified compound of then Iraqi president, Jalal Talabani, and in video conferences between Baghdad and Washington. In June 2011, diplomats and Iraqi officials said that President Obama had told Prime Minist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement |
Yazidis | During the first half of the 17th century, Yezidis became a very powerful entity under the leadership of Ezidi Mirza, a young, yet reputable military leader who gained fame after leading a counter-attack against Muslim raiders in his hometown of Bashiqa and inflicting a devastating defeat despite being outnumbered. He ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis |
Faisal of Saudi Arabia | Faisal seemed to hold the pluralist view, favouring limited, cautious accommodation of popular demands for inclusive reform, and made repeated attempts to broaden political representation, harking back to his temporarily successful national integration policy from 1965 to 1975. The King acknowledged his country's relig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Bavand dynasty | Following the demise of the Dabuyids, two major local dynasties were left in Tabaristan: the Bavandids in the eastern mountains and the Karenids, who also appropriated the heritage of the Dabuyid rulers, in the central and western mountain ranges. Both claimed Sasanian origin and titulature, with the Bavandids styling ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavand_dynasty |
Jebel Barkal | The earliest occupation of Jebel Barkal was that of the Kerma culture, which was also known as Kush, but this occupation is so far known only from scattered potsherds.
Around 1450 BCE, the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III conquered Barkal and built a fortified settlement (Egyptian menenu) there as the southern limit of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Barkal |
Water supply and sanitation in Jordan | From the early 1970s onwards the country's water infrastructure was expanded significantly with the construction of the King Talal Dam completed in 1977 and the completion of the East Ghor Canal (renamed King Abdullah Canal) in 1987. The country's first wastewater treatment plant at Ain Ghazal had been commissioned in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jordan |
Faisal II | During his reign, Faisal initiated large-scale plans for the modernization of Greater Baghdad. The goal of this ambitious project was to improve and develop infrastructure and housing, provide essential public buildings, reform the building industries, and train future Iraqi architects to not rely on Western help. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_II |
Abd Allah ibn Sa'd | After leaving Islam, al-Sarh told the Meccans "دينكم خير من دينه" (i.e. "your religion is better than Muhammad's religion"). When Muhammad learned of this, he soon thereafter revealed Quran 6:93; "And who is more unjust than one who invents a lie about Allah or says, "It has been inspired to me," while nothing has been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Sa%27d |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | In March 2015, President Barack Obama declared that he had authorized US forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen. Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that "as part of that effort, we have expedited weapons deliveries, we have increased our in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Adonis (poet) | Available in English
1982:The blood of Adonis;: Transpositions of selected poems of Adonis (Ali Ahmed Said)" (Pitt poetry series) ISBN 0-8229-3213-X
1982: Transformations of the Lover. (trans. Samuel Hazo.) International Poetry Series, Volume 7. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0821407554
1990: An Introduction to Arab Poeti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis_(poet) |
Ptolemaic Kingdom | A major Mediterranean port of Egypt, in ancient times and still today, Alexandria was founded in 331 BC by Alexander the Great. According to Plutarch, the Alexandrians believed that Alexander the Great's motivation to build the city was his wish to "found a large and populous Greek city that should bear his name." Loca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom |
State of Palestine | Palestine holds massive potential reserves of oil and gas. Over 3 billion barrels (480,000,000 m3) of oil are estimated to exist off the coast and beneath occupied Palestinian lands. The Levant Basin holds around 1.7 billion barrels (270,000,000 m3) of oil, with another 1.5 billion barrels (240,000,000 m3) barrels bene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine |
Israeli settlement | The consensus of the international community – the vast majority of states, the overwhelming majority of legal experts, the International Court of Justice and the UN – is that settlements are in violation of international law.
After the Six-Day War, in 1967, Theodor Meron, legal counsel to the Israeli Foreign Ministry ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement |
Israeli West Bank barrier | According to a survey conducted by the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research, an academic research institution of Tel Aviv University, there was overwhelming support for the barrier among the Jewish population of Israel: 84% in March 2004 and 78% in June 2004.
Some Israelis oppose the barrier. The Israeli Peace Now ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier |
Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014) | On 16 November, militias from Misrata clashed in Tajoura, an eastern Tripoli suburb where checkpoints were set up to keep outside militia from entering the city. The news followed imams calling for an end to the militias, which in turn led to violence that erupted at an anti-militia protest that also called for resigna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014) |
Syriac language | Early native speakers and writers used several endonymic terms as designations for their language. In addition to common endonym (native name) for the Aramaic language in general (Aramaya), another endonymic term was also used, designating more specifically the local Edessan dialect, known as Urhaya, a term derived dir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language |
History of biology | In addition to the Division of Biology at Caltech, the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (and its precursors) at Cambridge, and a handful of other institutions, the Pasteur Institute became a major center for molecular biology research in the late 1950s. Scientists at Cambridge, led by Max Perutz and John Kendrew, focuse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biology |
Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia | The first steps towards building an institutionalised armed force for Saudi Arabia began in the 1940s, when Saudi regulars numbered perhaps 1,000–1,500, Gaub saying that officers mostly came from the Ottoman troops who had served the Sharif of Mecca before his being expelled in 1924. A Ministry of Defense was created i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi | Saif was allegedly supportive of the Tunisian Revolution and cautiously optimistic of the 2011 Egyptian revolution in the early phase of the Arab Spring. On 19 February, several days after the Arab Spring came to Libya, Saif al-Islam announced the creation of a commission of inquiry into the violence, chaired by a Liby... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi |
Quraysh | In 630, Muhammad entered Mecca victoriously, prompting the rest of Quraysh to embrace Islam. Muhammad sought to consolidate the unity of his expanding Muslim community by "winning over this powerful group [the Quraysh]", according to Donner; to that end he guaranteed Qurayshi participation and influence in the nascent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh |
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