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Annemarie Jacir | Jacir has been working in independent cinema since 1998 and has written, directed and produced a number of award-winning films. Two of her films have premiered as Official Selections in Cannes, one in Berlin and in Venice, Locarno, Rotterdam, Toronto, and Telluride. All three of her feature films were selected as Pales... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Jacir |
Maritime history of Somalia | In ancient times, the Kingdom of Punt, which is believed by several Egyptologists to have been situated in the area of modern-day Horn of Africa, had a steady trade link with the Ancient Egyptians and exported precious natural resources such as myrrh, frankincense and gum. This trade network continued all the way into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia |
Saadi Sultanate | The 16th century during which the Saadians rose to power also saw many social and demographic changes in Morocco. The existing population was joined by large waves of emigrants and refugees from the Iberian Peninsula after the fall of Granada in 1492, the last Muslim emirate of Al-Andalus, and the subsequent expulsion ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Origin of Shia Islam | Shiism began for the first time with a reference made to the partisans of Ali the first leader of the Ahl al-Bayt (Household of the prophet). In the early years of Islamic history there was no "orthodox" Sunni or "heretical" Shiite, but rather of two points of view that were drifting steadily until became manifest as e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam |
Mamluk Sultanate | Tensions between as-Salih and his mamluks culminated in 1249 when Louis IX of France's forces captured Damietta in their bid to conquer Egypt during the Seventh Crusade. Al-Salih opposed the evacuation of Damietta and threatened to punish the city's garrison. This provoked a mutiny by his garrison in al-Mansura, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Thalassocracy | The Austronesian peoples of Maritime Southeast Asia developed the Indian Ocean's first true maritime trade network. They established trade routes with Southern India and Sri Lanka as early as 1500 BC, ushering in an exchange of material culture (like catamarans, outrigger boats, lashed-lug and sewn-plank boats, and paa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassocracy |
Beirut | The Beirut Central District (BCD) or Centre Ville is the name given to Beirut's historical and geographical core by "Solidere", the "vibrant financial, commercial, and administrative hub of the country". It is an area thousands of years old, traditionally a focus of business, finance, culture and leisure. Its reconstru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut |
Egyptian Arabic | During the early 1900s many portions of the Bible were published in Egyptian Arabic. These were published by the Nile Mission Press. By 1932 the whole New Testament and some books of the Old Testament had been published in Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script.
The dialogs in the following novels are partly in Egyptian Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic |
Averroes | Averroes states his political philosophy in his commentary of Plato's Republic. He combines his ideas with Plato's and with Islamic tradition; he considers the ideal state to be one based on the Islamic law (shariah). His interpretation of Plato's philosopher-king followed that of Al-Farabi, which equates the philosoph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes |
Striped hyena | The striped hyena has a fairly massive, but short torso set on long legs. The hind legs are significantly shorter than the forelimbs, thus causing the back to slope downwards. The legs are relatively thin and weak, with the forelegs being bent at the carpal region. The neck is thick, long and largely immobile, while th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena |
Ordinance XX | Ordinance XX followed in 1984, with the following changes to the PPC:
298-B. Misuse of epithets, descriptions and titles, etc., reserved for certain holy personages or places:
(1) Any person of the Qadiani group or the Lahori group who call themselves 'Ahmadis' or by any other name who by words, either spoken or w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_XX |
Bid'ah | Jabir ibn Abd Allah said that Muhammad said that those who introduced a good precedent in Islam which others followed (by people) would be rewarded as would those who followed it, and someone who introduced a bad precedent which others followed would be punished, as would the followers.
Anas ibn Malik said "I heard the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%27ah |
1970s | The 1970s was an era of fuel price increases, rising insurance rates, safety concerns, and emissions controls. The 1973 oil crisis caused a move towards smaller, fuel-efficient vehicles. Attempts were made to produce electric cars, but they were largely unsuccessful. In the United States, imported cars became a signifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s |
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine | The Palestine administration had increasingly threatened the application of martial law to Jewish areas as a response to continued insurgent activity. The Irgun was curious about what effects martial law would have and decided to deliberately provoke it by launching a wave of attacks throughout Palestine on March 1.
On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Pan Am Flight 103 | Eleven Lockerbie residents on Sherwood Crescent were killed when the wing section hit the house at 13 Sherwood Crescent at more than 800 km/h (500 mph) and exploded, creating a crater 47 m (154 ft) long and with a volume of 560 m3 (20,000 cu ft; 730 cu yd). The property was completely destroyed and its two occupants we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103 |
Iraq War | The US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement was approved by the Iraqi government on 4 December 2008. It established that US combat forces would withdraw from Iraqi cities by 30 June 2009, and that all US forces would be completely out of Iraq by 31 December 2011. The pact was subject to possible negotiations which could hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War |
History of the ancient Levant | Achaemenid Empire took over the Levant after 539 BC, but by the 4th century the Achaemenids had fallen into decline. The Phoenicians frequently rebelled against the Persians, who taxed them heavily, in contrast to the Judeans who were granted return from the exile by Cyrus the Great. The campaigns of Xenophon in 401-39... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant |
Wedding | The global wedding industry was worth $300 billion as of 2016. The United States wedding industry alone was estimated to be worth $60 billion as of the same year. In the United States, the wedding industry employs over one million people throughout 600,000 businesses and grows 2% each year. The industry has undergone a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding |
Cyprus | The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of Chalcolithic period carved figures in the villages of Khoirokoitia and Lempa. The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious icon painting from the Middle Ages as well as many painted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus |
Christian art | The fall of Constantinople in 1453 brought an end to the highest quality Byzantine art, produced in the Imperial workshops there. Orthodox art, known as icons regardless of the medium, has otherwise continued with relatively little change in subject and style up to the present day, with Russia gradually becoming the le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_art |
Authoritarianism | Authoritarian regimes often adopt "the institutional trappings" of democracies such as constitutions. Constitutions in authoritarian states may serve a variety of roles, including "operating manual" (describing how the government is to function); "billboard" (signal of regime's intent), "blueprint" (outline of future r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
LGBT people and Islam | Several anti-LGBT incidents have occurred:
In 2012, in the English city of Derby, some Muslim men "distributed . . . leaflets depicting gay men being executed in an attempt to encourage hatred against homosexuals." The leaflets had such titles as "Turn or Burn" and "God abhors you" and they advocated a death penalty f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_people_and_Islam |
Yemenite Jews | A third wave of emigration from Yemen began in the late 20th-century, with the intercession of Human Rights activist and professor, Hayim Tawil, founder of the International Coalition for the Revival of the Jews of Yemen (ICROJOY) in 1988. Tawil was instrumental in bringing out from Yemen the first Jew to emigrate in 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews |
Quran | While belief in God and obedience to the prophets are the main emphasis in the prophetic stories, there are also non-prophetic stories in the Quran that emphasize the importance of humility and having profound-inner knowledge (hikmah) besides trusting in God. This is the main theme in the stories of Khidr, Luqman and D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Middle Ages | Between c. 950 and 1060, severe droughts struck the Middle East and the Eurasian Steppe experienced anomalous cold. The ensuing famines led to riots and military coups in the Byzantine Empire, the Abbasid Caliphate, and Egypt, and forced masses of nomadic Turks to seek new pasture lands in Iraq, Anatolia, and the Balka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Avicenna | While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally falling man—a thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the sou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna |
History of painting | After Rococo there arose in the late 18th century, in architecture, and then in painting severe neo-classicism, best represented by such artists as David and his heir Ingres. Ingres' work already contains much of the sensuality, but none of the spontaneity, that was to characterize Romanticism.
This movement turned its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_painting |
Associated Press | 1849: The Harbor News Association opened the first news bureau outside the United States in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to meet ships sailing from Europe before they reached dock in New York.
1876: Mark Kellogg, a stringer, was the first AP news correspondent to be killed while reporting the news, at the Battle of the Little... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press |
Ishtar (singer) | Despite Alabina's success, after two albums Ishtar decided to do a solo project of her own (though she was still a member of the group); Los Niños de Sara also began to release CDs of their own.
In November 2000, La Voix d'Alabina (The Voice of Alabina) was released. It stepped up the Oriental pop sound while mixing in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar_(singer) |
Akhbari | It was Shahīd ath-Thānī (Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili) who took the concept of Nā'ib al-'Amm to its logical conclusion in the religious sphere and applied it to all of the religious functions and prerogatives of the Hidden Imām. Thus the judicial authority of the ulamā' now became a direct reflection of the authority... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbari |
Islamic banking and finance | The Sharia law that forms the basis of Islamic banking is itself based on the Quran (revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad) and ahadith (the body of reports of the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that often explain verses in the Quran).
Prohibition of gharar is based on ahadith declaring... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Natana J. DeLong-Bas | Islam: A Living Faith Winona, MN: Anselm Academic, 2018.
Shariah: What Everyone Needs to Know Co-authored with John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women 2 vols. Editor-in-Chief. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Winner of the 2014 Prose Award Honorable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natana_J._DeLong-Bas |
Oman | The male national dress in Oman consists of the dishdasha, a simple, ankle-length, collarless gown with long sleeves. Most frequently white in colour, the dishdasha may also appear in a variety of other colours. Its main adornment, a tassel (furakha) sewn into the neckline, can be impregnated with perfume. Underneath t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman |
BP | In March 2005, the Texas City refinery, one of the largest refineries owned then by BP, exploded causing 15 deaths, injuring 180 people and forcing thousands of nearby residents to remain sheltered in their homes. A 20-foot (6.1 m) column filled with hydrocarbon overflowed to form a vapour cloud, which ignited. The exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP |
Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict | Qatar was initially the main backer of protests against President Bashar al-Assad, alongside Turkey. As the Syrian government met protests with deadly force, Qatar continued to be the main supporter of the resulting armed rebellion and eventual full-scale civil war. Saudi Arabia was initially reluctant to support the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict |
United Arab Emirates | Migrant workers in the UAE are not allowed to join trade unions or go on strike. Those who strike may risk prison and deportation, as seen in 2014 when dozens of workers were deported for striking. The International Trade Union Confederation has called on the United Nations to investigate evidence that thousands of mig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates |
Incense trade route | The Nabateans built Petra, which stood halfway between the opening to the Gulf of Akaba and the Dead Sea at a point where the Incense Route from Arabia to Damascus was crossed by the overland route from Petra to Gaza. This position gave the Nabateans a hold over the trade along the Incense Route. In order to control th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_trade_route |
Mecca | Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 CE, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of Banu Hashim in the ruling tribe of Quraysh. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on Jabal al-Nour that Muhammad began receiving divine revelations from God through the archangel Ji... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca |
Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia | Until about the fourth century, almost all inhabitants of Arabia practiced polytheistic religions at which point pre-Islamic Arabian monotheism had begun to spread. From the fourth to sixth centuries, Jewish, Christian, and other monotheistic populations developed. Until recent decades, it was believed that polytheism ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia |
Mummy | Several naturally-preserved, unintentional mummies dating from the Incan period (1438–1532 AD) have been found in the colder regions of Argentina, Chile, and Peru. These are collectively known as "ice mummies". The first Incan ice mummy was discovered in 1954 atop El Plomo Peak in Chile, after an eruption of the nearby... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy |
Ottoman Tunisia | After the establishment of Ottoman authority in the region, architecture in both Tunisia and Algeria was influenced by Ottoman architecture, particularly in the coastal cities where Ottoman influence was strongest. Additionally, some European influences were introduced, notably through the importation of materials such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia |
Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting | In September 1479 the Venetian painter Gentile Bellini was sent by the Venetian Senate as a cultural ambassador to Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror's new Ottoman capital Constantinople as part of the peace settlement between Venice and the Turks. Vasari wrote that Bellini "portrayed the Emperor Mahomet from the life so well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting |
Mirdasid dynasty | The Mirdasids were a family of the Bedouin (nomadic Arab) tribe of Banu Kilab. The Kilab's ancestral home was in central Arabia and its tribesmen
first established themselves in northern Syria and the western Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) in the years after the 630s–Muslim conquest. A second major wave of Kilabi tribesmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty |
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa | According to the treaties, the following organs have decision-making power:
The COMESA Authority, composes of Heads of States or Government and is COMESA's supreme policy-making organ. The Authority is headed by a Chairman elected for an agreed period; the current chairperson from November 2021 is Egyptian President A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa |
Imams of Yemen | For the next 44 years North Yemen was ruled by two powerful imams. Yahya bin Muhammad Hamid ad-Din and his son Ahmad bin Yahya created a kingdom there much as the kings of England and France had done centuries earlier. The two imams strengthened the state and secured its borders. They used the imamate to insulate Yemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen |
1952 Egyptian revolution | The history of Egypt during the 19th and early 20th centuries was defined by the vastly different reigns of successive members of the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the gradually increasing intrusion into Egyptian affairs of the Great Powers, particularly the United Kingdom. From 1805, Egypt underwent a period of rapid moder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution |
Wolfgang Helck | Der Einfluß der Militärführer in der 18. ägyptischen Dynastie (= Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens Bd. 14). Leipzig 1939.
Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des ägyptischen Alten Reiches (= Ägyptologische Forschungen. Nr. 18). Augustin, Glückstadt/Hamburg/New York 1954.
Urkunden der 18. Dynasti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Helck |
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | The United Nations has been closely following the Yemeni war since its beginning. It has looked for solutions to alleviate security concerns in Yemen and stop the Hadi-Houthi conflict from escalating. The Peace and National Partnership Agreement in 2014 was its final attempt at quelling the dispute before it transforme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
Taxation in the State of Palestine | Because of the large proportion of taxes in the PA's budget collected by Israel, the PA is vulnerable to unilateral suspensions by Israel of transfers of clearance revenue. As early as 1997, Israel began to unilaterally settle bills unpaid by Palestinians, not the PA itself, including fines and interest. Political reas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Outside the Law (2010 film) | Outside the Law was not written as a direct sequel to Rachid Bouchareb's 2006 film Days of Glory, about North Africans who fought for France in World War II, but shares many of the main actors, and starts at the place in history where the previous film ended. Bouchareb said, "You can't help but associate them, because ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_the_Law_(2010_film) |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | The first Israeli soldier to be prosecuted for actions committed during the war was a Givati Brigade soldier who stole a Visa credit card from a Palestinian home and used it to withdraw NIS 1,600 ($405). He was arrested and tried before the Southern Command Military Court on charges of looting, credit card fraud, and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Saadia Gaon | Saadia Gaon was a pioneer in the fields in which he toiled. The foremost object of his work was the Bible; his importance is due primarily to his establishment of a new school of Biblical exegesis characterized by a rational investigation of the contents of the Bible and a scientific knowledge of the language of the ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Gaon |
Salfit | Salfit has been under Israeli occupation since the 1967 Six-Day War.
By 1989 Salfit was still a communist stronghold. Between the Israeli occupation that began in 1967 following the Six-Day War and the First Intifada, the Palestinian uprising that began in 1987, a relatively large number of the town's residents, about... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salfit |
Baghdad | The name Baghdad is pre-Islamic, and its origin is disputed. The site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows that the site of Baghdad was occupied by various peoples long before the Arab conquest of Mesopotamia in 637 CE, and several ancient empires had capit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad |
Anatolia | In Classical antiquity, Anatolia was described by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus and later historians as divided into regions that were diverse in culture, language, and religious practices. The northern regions included Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus; to the west were Mysia, Lydia, and Caria; and Lycia, Pamp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia |
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria | Following Syria's independence, policies of Arab nationalism and attempts at forced Arabization became widespread in the country's north, to a large part directed against the Kurdish population. The region received little investment or development from the central government and laws discriminated against Kurds owning ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria |
Kingdom of Jerusalem | The First Crusade was preached at the Council of Clermont in 1095 by Pope Urban II, with the goal of assisting the Byzantine Empire against the invasions of the "Turks and Arabs" and "to destroy this vile race from the lands of our friends." However, the main objective quickly became the control of the Holy Land. The B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem |
Raphael (archangel) | According to the Babylonian Talmud, Raphael (Hebrew: רְפָאֵל Rəfāʾēl, Tiberian: Răp̄āʾēl) was one of the three angels who appeared to Abraham in the oak grove of Mamre in the region of Hebron (Genesis 18; Bava Metzia 86b); Michael, as the greatest, walked in the middle, with Gabriel to his right, and Raphael to his lef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(archangel) |
2003 invasion of Iraq | In the early hours of 21 March 2003, as part of Operation Viking Hammer, 64 Tomahawk cruise missiles struck the Ansar al-Islam camp and the surrounding sites, the terrorist group – numbering around 700 – had inhabited a valley near Halabja Iraqi Kurdistan, along with a small Kurdish splinter faction; they had prepared ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
History of mathematics | Babylonian mathematics refers to any mathematics of the peoples of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the days of the early Sumerians through the Hellenistic period almost to the dawn of Christianity. The majority of Babylonian mathematical work comes from two widely separated periods: The first few hundred years of the se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematics |
Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone | On 1 November 2019, the first joint Russian-Turkish ground and air patrol was held within the buffer zone. The joint patrol covered 110 kilometres (68 mi) of territory along the border, going up to 7 km deep into Syrian territory - less than the 10 originally set out in the deal.
Turkey released the 18 men which were t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone |
Zionism | In 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, and in 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were enacted. Similar rules were applied by the many Nazi allies in Europe. The subsequent growth in Jewish migration fostered the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. Britain established the Peel Commission to investigate the situation. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Husayn ibn Ali | Husayn's first marriage was with Rubab. Her father, Imra' al-Qais, a chief of Banu Kalb, came to Medina during the Caliphate of Umar, and was appointed by him as the chief of the Quda'a tribes. Ali proposed her marriage with Husayn, but since Husayn and Imra al-Qais's daughter were too young at the time, the actual mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali |
Mathematics and architecture | The first Renaissance treatise on architecture was Leon Battista Alberti's 1450 De re aedificatoria (On the Art of Building); it became the first printed book on architecture in 1485. It was partly based on Vitruvius's De architectura and, via Nicomachus, Pythagorean arithmetic. Alberti starts with a cube, and derives ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture |
Jawi script | Prior to the onset of Islamisation, the Pallava script, Nagari, and old Sumatran scripts were used in writing the Malay language. This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay, notably the Kedukan Bukit inscription and Talang Tuo inscription. The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_script |
Origin of Shia Islam | The very life of Ali and his actions show that he accepted the previous caliphs as understood in the Sunni sense of Caliphate (the ruler and the administrator of the Sharia), but confined the function of Walayah, after the Prophet, to himself. That is why he is respected as the fourth caliph in the Sunni sense and as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam |
Persian carpet | The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognized as one of the leading powers of its time, alongside its neighbouring Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years. The Sasanids established their empire roughly within the borders set by the Achaemenids, with the capital at Ctesiphon. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_carpet |
One Thousand and One Nights | The Nights continued to be a favourite book of many British authors of the Romantic and Victorian eras. According to A. S. Byatt, "In British Romantic poetry the Arabian Nights stood for the wonderful against the mundane, the imaginative against the prosaically and reductively rational." In their autobiographical writi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab | The doctrines of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab were criticized by a number of Islamic scholars during his lifetime, accusing him of disregarding Islamic history, monuments, traditions and the sanctity of Muslim life. His critics were mainly ulama from his homeland, the Najd region of central Arabia, which was directly affected by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab |
Gnawa | Gnawa music mixes classical Islamic Sufism with pre-Islamic African folk traditions. The term Gnawa musicians generally refers to people who also practice healing rituals. The healing rituals have apparent ties to pre-Islamic African animism rites known as Bori in the Hausa culture. In Moroccan popular culture, Gnawas,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnawa |
Judgement Day in Islam | Not everyone consigned to hell will remain there. Somewhat like the Catholic concept of purgatory, sinful Muslim will stay in hell until purified of their sins. According to the scholar Al-Subki (and others), "God will take out of the Fire everyone who has said the testimony" (i.e. the shāhada testimony made by all Mus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam |
Central Asia | The Tang dynasty of China expanded westwards and controlled large parts of Central Asia, directly and indirectly through their Turkic vassals. Tang China actively supported the Turkification of Central Asia, while extending its cultural influence. The Tang Chinese were defeated by the Abbasid Caliphate at the Battle of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia |
Yom Kippur War | Syria ignored the Geneva Conventions and many Israeli prisoners of war were tortured or killed. Advancing Israeli forces, re-capturing land taken by the Syrians early in the war, came across the bodies of 28 Israeli soldiers who had been blindfolded with their hands bound and summarily executed. In a December 1973 addr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War |
Scribe | By the 5th century CE, written Chinese was being adapted in Japan to represent spoken Japanese. The complexity of reconciling Japanese with a system of writing not meant to express it meant that acquiring literacy was a long process. Phonetic syllabaries (kana), used for private writing, were developed by the 8th centu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribe |
Anatolia | In Classical antiquity, Anatolia was described by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus and later historians as divided into regions that were diverse in culture, language, and religious practices. The northern regions included Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus; to the west were Mysia, Lydia, and Caria; and Lycia, Pamp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia |
Saladin | According to Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad (one of Saladin's contemporary biographers), Saladin was a pious Muslim—he loved hearing Quran recitals, prayed punctually, and "hated the philosophers, those that denied God's attributes, the materialists and those who stubbornly rejected the Holy Law." He was also a supporter of S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin |
Al-Ghazali | Al-Ghazali wrote most of his works in Persian and in Arabic. His most important Persian work is Kimiya-yi sa'adat (The Alchemy of Happiness). It is al-Ghazali's own Persian version of Ihya' 'ulum al-din (The Revival of Religious Sciences) in Arabic, but a shorter work. It is one of the outstanding works of 11th-century... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali |
Somaliland | In the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate began to flourish in Somaliland. These included the Isaaq Sultanate and Habr Yunis Sultanate. The Isaaq Sultanate was a Somali kingdom that ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. It spanned the territories of the Isaaq cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland |
Kyrenia (ship) | The objects in Kyrenia Castle are the original ones that it carried during its last voyage about 2,300 years ago. From them, we learned about the life of the captain and three sailors who manned the ship. The ship carried 381 amphoras or transport jars containing a cargo of wine, olive oil, and almonds--most amphoras ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrenia_(ship) |
Saqqara | During routine excavations in 2011 at the dog catacomb in Saqqara necropolis, an excavation team led by Salima Ikram and an international team of researchers led by Paul Nicholson of Cardiff University uncovered almost eight million animal mummies at the burial site next to the sacred temple of Anubis. It is thought th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara |
Syriac Christianity | Syriac Christianity is divided on several theological issues, both Christological and Pneumatological.
In 431, the Council of Ephesus, which is reckoned as the third ecumenical council, condemned Nestorius and Nestorianism. That condemnation was consequently ignored by the East Syriac Church of the East, which had been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity |
Farhud | In some accounts the Farhud marked the turning point for Iraq's Jews. Other historians, however, see the pivotal moment for the Iraqi Jewish community much later, between 1948 and 1951, since Jewish communities prospered along with the rest of the country throughout most of the 1940s, and many Jews who left Iraq follow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud |
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) | By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to a combination of racial and ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and militar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present) |
Early social changes under Islam | The pre-Islamic Middle East was dominated by the Byzantine and Sassanian empires. The Roman–Persian Wars between the two made the empires unpopular amongst the local tribes.
During the early Islamic conquests, the Rashidun army, mostly led by Khalid ibn al-Walid and 'Amr ibn al-'As, defeated both empires, making the Is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam |
Buyid dynasty | The death of Adud al-Dawla is considered the start of the decline of the Buyid dynasty; his son Abu Kalijar Marzuban, who was in Baghdad when he died, at first kept his death secret to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he eventually made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty |
Nuclear program of Egypt | In March 2001 and July 2002, the IAEA was investigating on the environmental samples which was taken from the ETRR-1's hot cells that revealed traces of actinides and fission products, which was explained by Egypt in July 2003, that the presence of the particles was attributed by a damaged nuclear fuel cladding resulte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt |
Jihadism | The term “jihadism” has been applied to various Islamic empires in history, such as the Arab Umayyad Caliphate and the Ottoman empire, who extensively campaigned against non-Muslim nations in the name of jihad.
Islamic extremism dates back to the early history of Islam with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism |
Osroene | The independence of the state ended probably in c. 214; during Caracalla's reign the monarchy was abolished by the Roman Empire and Osroene was incorporated it as a province (colonia). It was a frontier province, lying close to the Persian empires with which the Romans were repeatedly at war, and was taken and retaken ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene |
First Crusade | According to historian Jonathan Riley-Smith and Rodney Stark, muslim authorities in the holy land often enforced harsh rules "against any open expressions of the Christian faith":
In 1026 Richard of Saint-Vanne was stoned to death after he was seen saying Mass. Muslim officials also ignored the constant robberies and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade |
Manueline | When King Manuel I died in 1521, he funded 62 construction projects. However, much original Manueline architecture in Portugal was lost or damaged beyond restoration in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and subsequent tsunami. In Lisbon, the Ribeira Palace, the residence of King Manuel I, and the Hospital Real de Todos os San... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manueline |
Immortality | The traditional concept of an immaterial and immortal soul distinct from the body was not found in Judaism before the Babylonian exile, but developed as a result of interaction with Persian and Hellenistic philosophies. Accordingly, the Hebrew word nephesh, although translated as "soul" in some older English-language B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality |
History of Moroccan Jews | The Marinid dynasty (Berber: Imrinen, Arabic: Marīniyūn) was a dynasty of Zenata Berber descent that ruled Morocco from the 13th to the 15th century.
The Marinids overtook the Almohads controlling Morocco in 1244, and briefly controlled all the Maghreb in the mid-14th century. They supported the Kingdom of Granada in A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews |
Presidency of Donald Trump | Trump continued his use of Twitter following the presidential campaign. He continued to personally tweet from @realDonaldTrump, his personal account, while his staff tweet on his behalf using the official @POTUS account. His use of Twitter was unconventional for a president, with his tweets initiating controversy and b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump |
Child marriage | According to UNICEF's "State of the World's Children-2009" report, 47% of India's women aged 20–24 married before the legal age of 18, with 56% marrying before age 18 in rural areas. The report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages occur in India. As with Africa, this UNICEF report is based on data that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage |
Kingdom of Galicia | In 585, Liuvigild, the Visigothic king of Hispania and Septimania, annexed the Kingdom of Galicia, after defeating King Audeca, and later the pretender to the throne, Malaric. Thus the kingdom of the Suebi, which incorporated large territories of the ancient Roman provinces of Gallaecia and Lusitania, became the sixth ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia |
List of Assyrian kings | Assyrian royal titles typically followed trends that had begun under the Akkadian Empire (c. 2334–2154 BC), the Mesopotamian civilization that preceded the later kingdoms of Assyria and Babylon. When the Mesopotamian central government under the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112–2004 BC) collapsed and polities that had once... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Spanish Sahara | At the Berlin Conference (1884–1885), the European powers were establishing the rules for setting up zones of influence or protection in Africa, and Spain declared 'a protectorate of the African coast' from Cape Blanc to Cape Bojador on 26 December 1884. It officially informed the other powers in writing on 14 January ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Sahara |
Heaven | Brahmāloka
Here the denizens are Brahmās, and the ruler is Mahābrahmā. After developing the four Brahmavihāras, King Makhādeva rebirths here after death. The monk Tissa and Brāhmana Jānussoni were also reborn here.
The lifespan of a Brahmās is not stated but is not eternal.
Parinirmita-vaśavartin (Pali: Paranimmita-vas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven |
Iraqi art | Scholars point out that very little is known about photography in Iraq. Iraq was relatively slow to adopt photography as an industry and art form, due to the religious and social prohibitions on making figurative images. The first camera entered Iraq as late as 1895 when an Iraqi photographer, Abdul-Karim Tabouni, from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_art |
Shapur I | Shapur I invaded Mesopotamia in 250 but again, serious trouble arose in Khorasan and Shapur I had to march over there and settle its affair.
Having settled the affair in Khorasan he resumed the invasion of Roman territories, and later annihilated a Roman force of 60,000 at the Battle of Barbalissos. He then burned and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_I |
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