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Diacritic | Among the types of diacritic used in alphabets based on the Latin script are:
accents (so called because the acute, grave, and circumflex were originally used to indicate different types of pitch accents in the polytonic transcription of Greek)
◌́ – acute (Latin: apex); for example ó
◌̀ – grave; for example ò
◌̂ – ci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic |
Arabian Peninsula | Most of the Arabian Peninsula is unsuited to agriculture, making irrigation and land reclamation projects essential. The narrow coastal plain and isolated oases, amounting to less than 1% of the land area, are used to cultivate grains, coffee and tropical fruits. Goat, sheep, and camel husbandry is widespread elsewhere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula |
Salah al-Din al-Bitar | The old guard were humiliated, the new government led by Hafiz initiated several statist measures, and the Military Committee reduced the National Command to a formality. At the 8th National Congress in April 1965, Aflaq did not stand for the Secretary Generalship of the party but was re-elected to the National Command... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar |
Bedouin | Asher, Michael (1997). The Last of the Bedu: In Search of the Myth. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140147500.
Bitar, Amer (2020). Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030573973.
Brous, Devorah. "The 'Uprooting:' Education Void of Indigenous 'L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin |
Ghazal | The ghazal is a short poem consisting of rhyming couplets, called bayt or sher. Most ghazals have between seven and twelve bayts. For a poem to be considered a true ghazal, it must have no fewer than five couplets. Almost all ghazals confine themselves to less than fifteen couplets (poems that exceed this length are mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal |
Persian language | New Persian texts written in the Arabic script first appear in the 9th-century. The language is a direct descendant of Middle Persian, the official, religious, and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as pārsīk, commonly called ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language |
Sasanian Empire | The Sassanids, like the Parthians, were in constant hostilities with the Roman Empire. The Sassanids, who succeeded the Parthians, were recognized as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighboring rival the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, for a period of more than 400 years. Following the division... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
History of slavery | One of the most controversial aspects of the British Empire is its role in first promoting and then ending slavery. In the 18th-century British merchant ships were the largest element in the "Middle Passage" which transported millions of slaves to the Western Hemisphere. Most of those who survived the journey wound up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Morocco | The area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since at least Paleolithic times, beginning sometime between 190,000 and 90,000 BC. A recent publication has suggested that there is evidence for even earlier human habitation of the area: Homo sapiens fossils that had been discovered in the late 2000s near the Atlanti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco |
Qatari folklore | Most of the figures from Islamic mythology are present in Qatari folklore, including angels, jinn (spirits), shaitan (devils), houris, and ghouls.
In the Lord of the Sea legend, the protagonist Bū Daryā is a malevolent half-man half-amphibian, who, according to some versions, attracts seafarers with a wailing call. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_folklore |
Tunisian revolution | During a national television broadcast on 28 December, President Ben Ali criticised protesters as "extremist mercenaries" and warned of "firm" punishment. He also accused "certain foreign television channels" of spreading falsehoods and deforming the truth, and called them "hostile to Tunisia". His remarks were ignored... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_revolution |
Assyria | The majority of the population of ancient Assyria were farmers who worked land owned by their families. Old Assyrian society was divided into two main groups: slaves (subrum) and free citizens, referred to as awīlum ("men") or DUMU Aššur ("sons of Ashur"). Among the free citizens there was also a division into rabi ("b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria |
Fairuz | Most of the works of the Rahbani Trio (Fairuz, Assi, and Mansour) consisted of musical plays or operettas. The Rahbani Brothers produced 25 popular musical plays (20 with Fairuz) over more than 30 years, and are credited as having been one of—if not the very first—to produce world-class Arabic musical theatre.
The musi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairuz |
Hindu–Islamic relations | The 10th-century Persian polymath Al-Biruni in his book Tahaqeeq Ma Lilhind Min Makulat Makulat Fi Aliaqbal Am Marzula (Critical Study of Indian Speech: Rationally Acceptable or Rejected) discusses the similarity of some Sufism concepts with aspects of Hinduism, such as: Atman with ruh, tanasukh with reincarnation, Mok... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations |
Tunisian campaign | On 30 January 1943, the German 21st Panzer and three Italian divisions from the 5th Panzer Army met elements of the French forces near Faïd, the main pass from the eastern arm of the mountains into the coastal plains. Fredendall did not respond to the French request to send reinforcements in the form of tanks from 1st ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign |
Brunei | Until 1979, Brunei's foreign relations were managed by the UK government. After that, they were handled by the Brunei Diplomatic Service. After independence in 1984, this Service was upgraded to ministerial level and is now known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Officially, Brunei's foreign policy is as follows:
Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei |
People's Defense Units | In comparison to the other major factions involved in the Syrian Civil War, the YPG has the least armor. To compensate for the resulting capability gap, the YPG became heavily involved in the production of DIY armoured vehicles, typically based on bulldozers or large trucks. The YPG has traditionally relied on vehicles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units |
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world | In 1947, rioters in Aleppo burned the city's Jewish quarter and killed 75 people. As a result, nearly half of the Jewish population of Aleppo opted to leave the city, initially to neighbouring Lebanon.
In 1948, there were approximately 30000 Jews in Syria. In 1949, following defeat in the Arab–Israeli War, the CIA-back... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world |
Lashkar-e-Taiba | Hafiz Muhammad Saeed – founder of LeT and aamir of its political arm, JuD. Shortly after the 2008 Mumbai attacks Saeed denied any links between the two groups: "No Lashkar-e-Taiba man is in Jamaat-ud-Dawa and I have never been a chief of Lashkar-e-Taiba." On 25 June 2014, the United States declared JuD an affiliate of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba |
Central Asia | One of the first geographers to mention Central Asia as a distinct region of the world was Alexander von Humboldt. The borders of Central Asia are subject to multiple definitions. Historically, political geography and culture have been two significant parameters widely used in scholarly definitions of Central Asia. Hum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia |
Ibn al-Haytham | Alhazen was a Muslim and most sources report that he was a Sunni and a follower of the Ash'ari school. Ziauddin Sardar says that some of the greatest Muslim scientists, such as Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, who were pioneers of the scientific method, were themselves followers of the Ashʿari school of Islamic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
Constantine the Great | Beginning in the mid-3rd century, the emperors began to favour members of the equestrian order over senators, who had a monopoly on the most important offices of the state. Senators were stripped of the command of legions and most provincial governorships, as it was felt that they lacked the specialised military upbrin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great |
Arab Chileans | The population census of 1895 was the first to register the presence of Arabs in Chile. Earlier records, in 1854 and 1885, identify Ottoman subjects, who may have been Lebanese, Palestinian, or Syrian, which were all subjects of the Ottoman Empire at the time. They were mostly Christians and Sunni Muslims who left the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Chileans |
Persian carpet | The technically more advanced, stationary vertical looms are used in villages and town manufactures. The more advanced types of vertical looms are more comfortable, as they allow for the weavers to retain their position throughout the entire weaving process. The Tabriz type of vertical loom allows for weaving of carpet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_carpet |
Ali al-Rida | Madelung, W. (1985). "ʿALĪ AL-REŻĀ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I/8. pp. 877–880.
Fabrizio Speziale, “La Risāla al-dahabiyya, traité médical attribué à l'imām ‘Alī al-Riżā’”. Luqman. Annales des Presses Universitaires d'Iran, vol. XX, n. 2 (40), 2004 (2005), pp. 7-34, [ISSN 0259-904X]
Fabrizio Speziale - Giorgio Giuri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Rida |
Crusades | The military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslims provided a template for warfare in other areas that also interested the Latin Church. These included the 12th and 13th century conquest of Muslim Al-Andalus by Spanish Christian kingdom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
History of the State of Palestine | By September 2012, with their application for full membership stalled, Palestinian representatives had decided to pursue an upgrade in status from "observer entity" to "non-member observer state". On November 27 it was announced that the appeal had been officially made, and would be put to a vote in the General Assembl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine |
History of Morocco | After the death of Yahya I in 863 he was succeeded by his less competent son, Yahya II, who divided up the Idrisid realm yet again among the extended families. Yahya II died in uncertain circumstances in 866 after fleeing his palace. After an episode of disorder in Fes his cousin Ali ibn Umar took over power. In 868, u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco |
Persecution of Baháʼís | In April 2005, Diane Ala'i, Baháʼí spokesperson to the United Nations in Geneva, described other forms of persecution to the UN Commission on Human Rights:
The most serious outbreak occurred in Yazd, where several Baháʼís were assaulted in their homes and beaten, a Baháʼí's shop was set on fire and burned, and others ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs |
2003 invasion of Iraq | The U.S. invasion of Iraq was the most widely and closely reported war in military history. Television network coverage was largely pro-war and viewers were six times more likely to see a pro-war source as one who was anti-war. The New York Times ran a number of articles describing Saddam Hussein's attempts to build we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Sennacherib | Throughout the millennia following Sennacherib's death, the popular image of the king has been mainly negative. The first reason for this is Sennacherib's negative portrayal in the Bible as the evil conqueror who attempted to take Jerusalem; the second is his destruction of Babylon, one of the most prominent cities in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib |
Head of state | The Commonwealth realms share a monarch, currently Charles III. In the realms other than the United Kingdom, a governor-general (governor general in Canada) is appointed by the sovereign, usually on the advice of the relevant prime minister (although sometimes it is based on the result of a vote in the relevant parliam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state |
Mudawana | The PAIWD was formulated and promoted in the context of Morocco's 1993 ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Platform for Action established at the Beijing Conference on Women in 1995, and the Moroccan government's subsequent commitment to developing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudawana |
Amasis II | Amasis brought Egypt into closer contact with Greece than ever before. Herodotus relates that under his prudent administration, Egypt reached a new level of wealth; Amasis adorned the temples of Lower Egypt especially with splendid monolithic shrines and other monuments (his activity here is proved by existing remains)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasis_II |
Selim I | While marching into Persia in 1514, Selim's troops suffered from the scorched-earth tactics of Shah Ismail. The sultan hoped to lure Ismail into an open battle before his troops starved to death, and began writing insulting letters to the Shah, accusing him of cowardice:
They, who by perjuries seize scepters ought not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I |
Saudi Arabia | The new kingdom was reliant on limited agriculture and pilgrimage revenues. In 1938, vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al-Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf, and full-scale development of the oil fields began in 1941 under the US-controlled Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company). Oil provided Saud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum | The proposals were supported by Free Egyptians Party MP Mohamed Abu Hamed, who claimed el-Sisi needed more time in office to continue reforms.
Multiple political parties, including the Socialist Popular Alliance Party, the Egyptian Social Democratic Party, the Constitution Party, the Reform and Development Party, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum |
Semitic languages | All Semitic languages exhibit a unique pattern of stems called Semitic roots consisting typically of triliteral, or three-consonant consonantal roots (two- and four-consonant roots also exist), from which nouns, adjectives, and verbs are formed in various ways (e.g., by inserting vowels, doubling consonants, lengthenin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages |
Politics of Libya | Interpol on 4 March 2011 issued a security alert concerning the "possible movement of dangerous individuals and assets" based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970, which imposed a travel ban and asset freeze. The warning lists Gaddafi himself and 15 key members of his government:
Muammar Gaddafi: Respons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Libya |
Turkish literature | Stylistically, the prose of the early years of the Republic of Turkey was essentially a continuation of the National Literature movement, with Realism and Naturalism predominating. This trend culminated in the 1932 novel Yaban ("The Wilds"), by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu. This novel can be seen as the precursor to two t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_literature |
Oud | The complete history of the development of the lute family is not fully compiled at this date, but archaeomusicologists have worked to piece together a lute family history. The highly influential organologist Curt Sachs distinguished between the "long-necked lute" and the short-necked variety. Douglas Alton Smith argue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud |
Turco-Persian tradition | Middle Persian was a lingua franca of the region before the Islamic invasion, but afterwards Arabic became a preferred medium of literary expression. Instrumental in the spread of the Persian language as a common language along the Silk Road between China and Parthia in the second century BC, that lasted well into the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition |
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I | Following the shelling of Odessa, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November 1914. The British Navy attacked the Dardanelles on 3 November. Britain and France declared war on 5 November. The Ottoman declaration of Jihad was drafted on 11 November and first publicized on 14 November.
First Lord of the Admir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I |
Demon | Since Early Christianity, demonology has developed from a simple acceptance of demons to a complex study that has grown from the original ideas taken from Jewish demonology and Christian scriptures. Christian demonology is studied in depth within the Roman Catholic Church, although many other Christian churches affirm ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon |
Omar Khayyam | Khayyam seems to have been the first to conceive a general theory of cubic equations, and the first to geometrically solve every type of cubic equation, so far as positive roots are concerned. The Treatise on Algebra contains his work on cubic equations.: 9 It is divided into three parts: (i) equations which can be so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam |
Sayyid Qutb | Sayyid Ibrahim Husayn Shadhili Qutb was born on 9 October 1906. He was raised in the Egyptian village of Musha, located in Upper Egypt's Asyut Province. His father, whose sixth great-grandfather was an Indian Muslim, was an Upper Egyptian landowner and the administrator of the family estate, but he was also well known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb |
Yosef Qafih | Yosef Qafiḥ was born 27 November 1917 in Sana'a in Yemen. His father was Rabbi David Qafiḥ, who died after being assaulted by an Arab man, when his son Yosef was less than one year old. At the age of five, Yosef also lost his mother and was raised by his grandfather Rabbi Yiḥyah Qafiḥ, under whom he studied Torah. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Qafih |
Hafez al-Assad | When Hafez came to power, he increased Alawite dominance of the security and intelligence sectors to a near-monopoly. The coercive framework was under his control, weakening the state and party. According to Hinnebusch, the Alawite officers around Hafez "were pivotal because as personal kinsmen or clients of the presid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Nelson Mandela | Mandela began studying law at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was the only black African student and faced racism. There, he befriended liberal and communist European, Jewish and Indian students, among them Joe Slovo and Ruth First. Becoming increasingly politicised, Mandela marched in August 1943 in supp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Shanidar Cave | Agelarakis A., "Proto Neolithic Human Skeletal Remains in the Zawi-Chemi Layer in Shanidar Cave", Sumer XL:1-2, pp. 7–16, (1987–88)
Agelarakis, Anagnostis (1989). The paleopathological evidence, indicators of stress of the Shanidar Proto-Neolithic and the Ganj Dareh early Neolithic human skeletal collections (Thesis).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanidar_Cave |
History of timekeeping devices | The invention of the verge and foliot escapement in c.1275 was one of the most important inventions in both the history of the clock and the history of technology. It was the first type of regulator in horology. A verge, or vertical shaft, is forced to rotate by a weight-driven crown wheel, but is stopped from rotatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices |
Aleppo | On 12 August 2011, some months after protests had begun elsewhere in Syria, anti-government protests were held in several districts of Aleppo, including the city's Sakhour district. During this demonstration, which included tens of thousands of protesters, security forces shot and killed at least twelve people. Two mon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo |
Salafi movement | "Salafi Jihadism" was a term invented by Gilles Kepel to describe those self-claiming Salafi groups who began developing an interest in (armed) jihad during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis", "Salafi jihadists", "Revolutionary Salafis" or "armed Salafis". Journalist Bruce Livesey es... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Isis | Despite her significance in the Osiris myth, Isis was originally a minor deity in the ideology surrounding the living king. She played only a small role, for instance, in the Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus, the script for royal rituals performed in the reign of Senusret I in the Middle Kingdom. Her importance grew during t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis |
Jinn | Though discouraged by some teachings of modern Islam, cultural beliefs about jinn remain popular among Muslim societies and their understanding of cosmology and anthropology. Affirmation on the existence of jinn as sapient creatures living along with humans is still widespread in the Middle Eastern world and West Afric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn |
Nasr Abu Zayd | From the beginning of his academic career, Abu Zaid developed a renewed hermeneutic view (the theory and methodology of text interpretation) of the Qur'an and further Islamic holy texts, arguing that they should be interpreted in the historical and cultural context of their time. The mistake of many Muslim scholars was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd |
Yemenite Jews | On October 11, 2015, Likud MK Ayoob Kara stated that members of the Yemenite Jewish community had contacted him to say that the Houthi-led Yemen government had given them an ultimatum to convert or leave the country. A spokesman for the party of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh denied the reports as incorrect.
On Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews |
Rib vault | The development of the rib vault was the result of the search for greater height and more light in the naves of cathedrals. In Romanesque cathedrals, the nave was typically covered by a series of groin vaults, which were formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults. The vaults pressed down directly onto the walls. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_vault |
State religion | Jurisdictions where a Lutheran church has been fully or partially established as a state recognized religion include the Nordic States.
Denmark: Section 4 of the Constitution of Denmark confirms the Church of Denmark as the established church.
Faroe Islands: The Church of the Faroe Islands is the state church of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion |
Turco-Egyptian Sudan | Under the new government established in 1821, Egyptian soldiers lived off the land and exacted exorbitant taxes from the population. They also destroyed many ancient Meroitic pyramids searching for hidden gold. Furthermore, slave trading increased, causing many of the inhabitants of the fertile Al Jazirah, heartland of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan |
Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory | The sexual violence which was perpetrated by IS included its use of rape as a weapon of war; instituting forced marriages to its fighters; and trading women and girls as sex slaves.
There are many reports of sexual abuse and enslavement in IS-controlled areas of women and girls, predominantly from the minority Christia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory |
Qattara Depression | The large size of the Qattara Depression and the fact that it falls to a depth of 133 m (436 ft) below mean sea level has led to several proposals to create a massive hydroelectric power project in northern Egypt rivalling that of the Aswan High Dam. This project is known as the Qattara Depression Project. The proposal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qattara_Depression |
Sharia | Early Islamic law developed a number of legal concepts that anticipated similar such concepts that later appeared in English common law. Similarities exist between the royal English contract protected by the action of debt and the Islamic Aqd, between the English assize of novel disseisin and the Islamic Istihqaq, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Baháʼí Faith | When ʻAbdu'l-Bahá first traveled to Europe and America in 1911–1912, he gave public talks that articulated the basic principles of the Baháʼí Faith. These included preaching on the equality of men and women, race unity, the need for world peace, and other progressive ideas for the early 20th century. Published summarie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith |
Kingdom of Africa | Sicily and Africa had close and growing economic ties during the period 1050–1150. The Sicilians imported gold, shipped by caravan across the Sahara to Kairouan (Qayrawan) and Mahdia (al-Mahdiyya), and cloth manufactured of Egyptian and local flax or cotton imported from India and Sicily. Besides this cotton, the Sicil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa |
History of Persian domes | The earliest known Islamic domes in Persia, such as the Great Mosque of Qom (878) and the tomb of Muhammed b. Musa (976), seem to have continued the rounded Sasanian form.
Domed mausoleums contributed greatly to the development and spread of the dome in Persia early in the Islamic period. By the 10th century, domed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes |
2003 invasion of Iraq | Criticisms about the evidence used to justify the war notwithstanding, many opponents of military intervention objected, saying that a diplomatic solution would be preferable, and that war should be reserved as a truly last resort. This position was exemplified by French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin, who resp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity | The text in the "Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity" describes biological diversity in a manner similar to the modern day theory of evolution. The contexts of such passages are interpreted differently by scholars. The Brethren view as a proof on pre-Darwinian evolution theory also has been criticized by some schola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity |
Kuwait Armed Forces | With the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975, units of the Kuwait 25th Commando Brigade were sent to Lebanon to protect mainly the State of Kuwait Embassy mission in Beirut. On another hand, a United Nations multinational peace deterrence force was formed by the United Kingdom, United States, France and Italy. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Armed_Forces |
Safavid Iran | As for the royal household, the highest post was that of the Nazir, Court Minister. He was perhaps the closest advisor to the Shah, and, as such, functioned as his eyes and ears within the Court. His primary job was to appoint and supervise all the officials of the household and to be their contact with the Shah. But h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Battle of Siffin | As for the motives of al-Ash'ath, Ali had confirmed him in his post as the governor of Azerbaijan under Uthman, but also warned him in a letter about embezzling public funds. The governor might have done so during his tenure under Uthman, and thus perhaps contemplated joining Mu'awiya in rebellion but was dissuaded fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin |
Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi | Al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya (Arabic: العقائد النسفية) or 'Aqa'id al-Nasafi (Arabic: عقائد النسفي) is his most celebrated work in Kalam, which alongside Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar (Arabic: الفقه الأکبر) of Abu Hanifa and Al-'Aqeedah al-Tahawiyya (Arabic: العقيدة الطحاوية) of Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi is one of the three seminal works in S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Nasafi |
Yemeni Armed Forces | The origins of the South Yemeni army can be traced back to WW1, when the 1st Yemeni battalion was formed, consisting of locally enlisted Arabs to confront Turkish troops threatening Aden. This unit was disbanded in 1925, but reformed three years later as Aden Protectorate Levies (APL), under the control of the RAF. Bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces |
Palestinian territories | The political status of the territories has been the subject of negotiations between Israel and the PLO and of numerous statements and resolutions by the United Nations. (See List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel.) Since 1994, the autonomous Palestinian National Authority has exercised various degrees of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories |
Muslims | The word muslim (Arabic: مسلم, IPA: [ˈmʊslɪm]; English: , , (MUZZ-lim, MUUZ-lim, MUUSS-lim) or moslem , (MOZ-ləm, MOSS-ləm)) is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact". A female adherent is a muslima (Arabic: مسلمة) (also transliterat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims |
Taifa of Córdoba | After the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031, Al-Andalus had begun to fracture into small, independent Taifa emirates. After the abdication of the last Caliph and his flight from Córdoba, the city was left leaderless. The leading citizens decided to grant power to the most prominent Córdoban sheikh of the Banu Jw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Crusades | In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested military aid from Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza. He was probably expecting a small number of mercenaries he could direct. Alexios had restored the Empire's finances and authority but still faced numerous foreign enemies. Later that year at the Council o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Ibn al-Haytham | The Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics) describes several experimental observations that Alhazen made and how he used his results to explain certain optical phenomena using mechanical analogies. He conducted experiments with projectiles and concluded that only the impact of perpendicular projectiles on surfaces was force... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
Baptistère de Saint Louis | The technique of making this object consists of inlaid metalwork which is still practiced in Cairo to this day. The artist first develops the desired pattern by hammering the brass and then polishing it. Subsequently, he creates the next layer of decorative metal by dividing the surface of the basin into divisions, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist%C3%A8re_de_Saint_Louis |
Toledo School of Translators | Under King Alfonso X of Castile (known as the Wise), Toledo rose even higher in importance as a translation center, as well as for the writing of original scholarly works. The Crown did not officially recognize the School, but the team of scholars and translators shared their communal knowledge and taught newcomers new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_School_of_Translators |
Human rights in Jordan | Jordan is a destination for women and men subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically conditions of forced labor and, to a lesser extent, forced prostitution. Jordan is possibly a source and transit country for women and men subjected to conditions of forced labor and forced commercial sexual exploitation. There ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan |
Haifa | Haifa is served by six railway stations and the Carmelit, currently Israel's only subway system (another is planned in Tel Aviv). The Nahariya–Tel Aviv Coastal Railway main line of Israel Railways runs along the coast of the Gulf of Haifa and has six stations within the city. From south-west to north-east, these statio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa |
Saada | The Ottoman Empire was defeated and disintegrated in World War I, and the northern Yemen region under the former Ottoman Empire, including Saada, gained full independence in 1918. The Imam of the Qasem dynasty of the Zaydisi, Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din ("Imam Mutawakil"), announced the establishment of the Mutawakkili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saada |
1991 Iraqi uprisings | In March and early April, nearly two million Iraqis, 1.5 million of them Kurds, escaped from strife-torn cities to the mountains along the northern borders, into the southern marshes, and to Turkey and Iran. By April 6, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNCHR) estimated that about 750,000 Iraqi Kurds h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings |
Adhan | While listening to the adhan, it is recommended to silently repeat after the caller, except when they say "come to prayer" (ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāhti) and "come to success" (ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥi), to which it is recommended to silently say "there is no ability and no power except by God, [the Most High, Most Great]" (lā ḥawl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhan |
History of ancient Egypt | The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the 39th regnal year of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 and 1650 BC. The period comprises two phases, the Eleventh Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes, and then the Twelfth Dyna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt |
Punic people | Recent genetics studies based on Ancient DNA showed that Punic people from Sardinia, Ibiza, South Iberia and Italy had strong genetic relationships to ancient north African and eastern Mediterranean sources.
Zalloua, P., Collins, C.J., Gosling, A. et al. in 2018 showed that Eastern Mediterranean and North African infl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_people |
Ibn Battuta | In 1345, Ibn Battuta traveled to Samudra Pasai Sultanate (called "al-Jawa") in present-day Aceh, Northern Sumatra, after 40 days voyage from Sunur Kawan. He notes in his travel log that the ruler of Samudra Pasai was a pious Muslim named Sultan Al-Malik Al-Zahir Jamal-ad-Din, who performed his religious duties with utm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta |
Jesus in Islam | The Islamic faith echoed some strands within the Christian tradition that Mary (or Maryam) was a literal virgin when Jesus was conceived. The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in Surah 3 (Al Imran) and 19 (Maryam) of the Quran, where the story is narrated that God (Allah) sent an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam |
Eggplant | In tropical and subtropical climates, eggplant can be sown in the garden. Eggplant grown in temperate climates fares better when transplanted into the garden after all danger of frost has passed. Eggplant prefers hot weather, and when grown in cold climates or in areas with low humidity, the plants languish or fail to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant |
Scribe | Women also played a role as scribes in Anglo-Saxon England, as religious women in convents and schools were literate. Excavations at medieval convents have uncovered styli, indicating that writing and copying were done at those locations. Also, female pronouns are used in prayers in manuscripts from the late 8th centur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribe |
Levantine Arabic | The lexicon of Levantine is overwhelmingly Arabic, and a large number of Levantine words are shared with at least another vernacular Arabic variety outside the Levant, especially with Egyptian. Many words, such as verbal nouns (also called gerunds or masdar), are derived from a Semitic root. For instance, درس dars, '... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic |
Somali people | According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b (formerly E3b) haplogroup also makes up a significant proport... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people |
2011 Egyptian revolution | The Egyptian Armed Forces initially enjoyed a better public reputation than the police did; the former was seen as a professional body protecting the country, and the latter was accused of systemic corruption and lawless violence. However, when the SCAF cracked down on protesters after becoming the de facto ruler of Eg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution |
Granada | The historic neighbourhood, located on the hillsides north of the Alhambra, still retains much of its medieval street plan dating back to the Nasrid period, although it has undergone physical and demographic changes since then. Archeological evidence indicates that Iberians inhabited the main hill of the present-day Al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada |
Kharijites | Distinct Sufriyya and Ibadiyya sects are attested from the early eighth century in North Africa and Oman. The two differed in association with different tribal groups and competed for popular support. During the last days of the Umayyad empire, a major Sufri revolt erupted in Iraq in 744. It was at first led by Sa'id i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
History of the Jews in Iraq | In late 1968, scores of Jews were jailed on charges of spying for Israel, culminating in the 1969 public hanging of 14 men, 9 of them Jews, who were accused of spying for Israel. Other suspected spies for Israel died under torture. After Baghdad Radio invited Iraqi citizens to "come and enjoy the feast", half a million... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | Nasr completed his primary education in Tehran. His education was supplemented by religious and philosophical discussions with his father and an entourage of theologians, ministers, scholars, and mystics. He immersed himself in the Koranic studies, Persian literature, Arabic and French languages at an early age. While ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
Islam | According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 CE and was orphaned early in life. Growing up as a trader, he became known as the "trusted one" (Arabic: الامين) and was sought after as an impartial arbitrator. He later married his employer, the businesswoman Khadija. In the year 610 CE, troubled by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Prostitution | By the end of the 15th-century attitudes seemed to have begun to harden against prostitution. An outbreak of syphilis in Naples 1494 which later swept across Europe, and which may have originated from the Columbian Exchange, and the prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections from the earlier 13th century, may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution |
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