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Conversion to Christianity
According to a 2001 study by religion professor David B. Barrett of Columbia University and historian George Thomas Kurian, approximately 2.7 million people were converted to Christianity that year from another religion, while approximately 3.8 million people overall were converting annually. In the first decades of th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity
Ethics
There are many other schools of normative ethics in addition to the three main traditions. Pragmatist ethics focuses on the role of practice and holds that one of the key tasks of ethics is to solve practical problems in concrete situations. It has certain similarities to utilitarianism and its focus on consequences bu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics
Turkish people
The ethnic Turks are the largest ethnic group in Turkey and number approximately 60 million to 65 million. Due to differing historical Turkish migrations to the region, dating from the Seljuk conquests in the 11th century to the continuous Turkish migrations which have persisted to the present day (especially Turkish r...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people
Human rights in Kuwait
The State of Kuwait formally has an official Nationality Law that grants non-nationals a legal pathway to obtaining citizenship. However, as access to citizenship in Kuwait is autocratically controlled by the Al Sabah ruling family it is not subject to any external regulatory supervision. The naturalization provisions ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait
Abraham
In Christianity, Abraham is revered as the prophet to whom God chose to reveal himself and with whom God initiated a covenant (cf. Covenant Theology). Paul the Apostle declared that all who believe in Jesus (Christians) are "included in the seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham
Adultery
Buddhist texts such as Digha Nikāya describe adultery as a form of sexual wrongdoing that is one link in a chain of immorality and misery. According to Wendy Doniger, this view of adultery as evil is postulated in early Buddhist texts as having originated from greed in a previous life. This idea combines Hindu and Budd...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery
Qatar national football team
Despite Qatar had automatic qualification for the World Cup 2022, they had to play the AFC qualifiers in the second round. Qatar was invited for the first time to the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup. They played in Group D with Honduras, Panama and Grenada. In December 2020, UEFA invited Qatar to play friendlies against the tea...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team
Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University
Health Colleges College of Medicine Basic Sciences College of Dentistry Preventive Dental Sciences Clinical Dental Sciences Basic Dental Sciences College of Nursing College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Clinical Pharmacy College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Rehabilitation Sciences Health Sciences Medica...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Nourah_Bint_Abdul_Rahman_University
Yazidis
During World War I, the Armenian genocide of 1915 caused a mass exodus of Yezidis from Van, Kars, and Bazîd, who together with many Armenians, fled from the Ottoman Empire in masses to Transcaucasia, following their kinsfolk who had already settled in territories of Russian Empire after fleeing during the Russo-Turkish...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis
Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar started his military career in Al-Maghawir Brigade, as a leader of an infantry company in 1970, then he joined the 1st Armored Brigade and became a commander of a tank company in 1975, he became a commander of the independent 4th Tank battalion in 1977. He was close to Ali Abdullah Saleh since 1973,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar
Umayyad Caliphate
Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7. Beckwith, Christopher I. (1993). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Pow...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate
Multinational Force in Lebanon
French Navy warplanes retaliated in November to the bombings by striking Iranian Revolutionary Guard's barracks in Baalbek, in the Bekaa Valley, though it did minor damage. At this time, tensions rose between Syria and the United States as Syrian anti-aircraft batteries fired on U.S. aircraft as they patrolled Lebanese...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon
Yemeni Armed Forces
During the revolution of 2011, large crowds of Houthis participated in the protests. When the armed uprising started, the Houthis used this as a chance to take over northern Yemen. When Ali Abdullah Saleh was replaced by Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi as president, Hadi was to take over as president for two years. The Houthis ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces
Lebanon
In 1516, Lebanon became part of the Ottoman Empire, with governance administered indirectly through local emirs. Lebanon's area was organized into provinces: Northern and Southern Mount Lebanon, Tripoli, Baalbek and Beqaa Valley, and Jabal Amil. In 1590, Druze tribal leader Fakhr al-Din II succeeded Korkmaz in southern...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon
Cairo Citadel
Construction of the Ayyubid Citadel appears to have continued under Sultan al-'Adil (r. 1200–1218), Saladin's brother and later successor, and was probably finished under the reign of al-Kamil (1218–1238). Al-'Adil had already supervised some of the construction under Saladin, while al-Kamil in turn probably worked on ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Citadel
First Sealand dynasty
Al-Zubaidi, Ahmed K. Taher, and Mohammed S. Attia, "A Cylinder Seal From TELL Abu Al-Dhahab Dated To THE First Sealand Dynasty (1740–1374 BC)", IRAQ 83, pp. 13-24, 2021 Boivin, Odette, "Kār-Šamaš as a South-Western Palace Town of the Sealand I Kingdom", NABU, pp. 162–64, 2015 Boivin, Odette, "Taxpayers and the Palace a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty
Six-Day War
Israel was to gain almost total control of the West Bank by the evening of 7 June, and began its military occupation of the West Bank on that day, issuing a military order, the "Proclamation Regarding Law and Administration (The West Bank Area) (No. 2)—1967", which established the military government in the West Bank a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War
Al-Azhar Mosque
Napoleon invaded Egypt in July 1798, arriving in Alexandria on July 2 and moving on to Cairo on July 22. In a bid to placate both the Egyptian population and the Ottoman Empire, Napoleon gave a speech in Alexandria in which he proclaimed his respect for Islam and the Sultan: People of Egypt, you will be told that I ha...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque
Horseshoe arch
It was in Al-Andalus (on the Iberian Peninsula) and western North Africa (the Maghreb) that horseshoe arches developed their characteristic form. Prior to the Muslim invasion of Spain, the Visigoths of the Iberian Peninsula used them in their architecture. Although it is possible that Andalusi architecture borrowed the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_arch
Medina
In 627, Abu Sufyan led another force toward Medina. Knowing of his intentions, Muhammad asked for proposals for defending the northern flank of the city, as the east and west were protected by volcanic rocks and the south was covered with palm trees. Salman al-Farsi, a Persian Sahabi who was familiar with Sasanian war ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina
Middle Ages
Charlemagne continued the Frankish tradition of dividing his empire between his sons, but only one son – Louis the Pious (r. 814–40) – was still alive by 813. Louis's reign was marked by divisions of the empire among his sons and civil wars between various alliances of father and sons. Three years after his death, his ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages
History of Islamic economics
Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) classified economics as one of the sciences connected with religion, along with metaphysics, ethics, and psychology. Authors have noted, however, that this connection has not caused early Muslim economic thought to remain static. Iranian philosopher Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) presents an ea...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics
Michael Scot
Scot was a typical example of the polyglot wandering scholar of the Middle Ages—a churchman who knew Latin, Greek, Arabic and Hebrew. When he was about 50, Frederick II attracted him to his court in the Kingdom of Sicily. At the instigation of the emperor, Scot supervised (along with Hermannus Alemannus) a fresh transl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scot
Ottoman Tunisia
A few decades passed until, in 1556, another Turkish corsair, Dragut (Turgut), ruling in Tripoli, attacked Tunisia from the east, entering Kairouan in 1558. In 1569, Uluj Ali Pasha, a renegade corsair, advanced with Turkish forces from the west and seized the Spanish presidio Goletta and the Hafsid capital, Tunis. Afte...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia
Geography of Sudan
Except for a small area in northeastern Sudan, where wadis discharge the sporadic runoff into the Red Sea and rivers from Eritrea that flow into shallow evaporating ponds west of the Red Sea Hills, the entire country is drained by the Nile and its two main tributaries, the Blue Nile and the White Nile. The longest rive...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan
History of the State of Palestine
On May 14, 1948, at the end of the British Mandate, the Jewish People's Council gathered in Tel Aviv and the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. U.S. President Harry Truman recognised the State of Israel de facto ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine
Betawi cuisine
Bubur cha cha, dessert or breakfast dish made of pearled sago, sweet potatoes, yams, bananas, coconut milk, pandan leaves, sugar and salt. The ingredients are cooked in coconut milk, and the dish can be served hot or cold. Bubur sumsum, white congee made from rice flour and eaten with brown sugar sauce. Cakwe, cruller ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_cuisine
Bahmani Sultanate
Before the establishment of his kingdom, Hasan Gangu (Zafar Khan) was Governor of Deccan and a commander on behalf of the Tughlaqs. On 3 August 1347, during the rebellion by the Amirs of the Deccan, Ismail Mukh, the leader of the rebellion (whom the rebel amirs of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345),...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate
Ancient Egyptian literature
By the Early Dynastic Period in the late 4th millennium BC, Egyptian hieroglyphs and their cursive form hieratic were well-established written scripts. Egyptian hieroglyphs are small artistic pictures of natural objects. For example, the hieroglyph for door-bolt, pronounced se, produced the s sound; combined with anoth...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature
Al-Mu'tadid
Al-Mu'tadid died at the Hasani Palace on 5 April 902, at the age of either 40 or 47. There were rumours he had been poisoned, but it is more likely that the rigours of his campaigns, coupled with his dissolute life, severely weakened his health. During his final illness, he refused to follow the advice of his physician...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid
1961 Syrian coup d'état
At 4 am on 28 September an armoured column under the command of Lt-Colonel Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi, the chief of Amer's bureau in Syria, and Desert Guard units under the command of Lt-Colonel Haydar al-Kuzbari entered Damascus, and met with the troops of the Damascus garrison and air force. Army HQ, the radio station a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
Art Deco
American skyscrapers marked the summit of the Art Deco style; they became the tallest and most recognizable modern buildings in the world. They were designed to show the prestige of their builders through their height, their shape, their color, and their dramatic illumination at night. The American Radiator Building by...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco
Cyrene, Libya
In 324 BC, a Spartan mercenary leader, Thibron, joined forces with Cyrenean and Barcan exiles on Crete and invaded Cyrenaica, capturing Cyrene's port and forcing Cyrene to accept his rule. However, one of his officers, Mnasicles, defected to the Cyreneans and helped them to expel Thibron's troops and recapture the port...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya
Israeli West Bank barrier
Suicide bombings have decreased since the construction of the barrier. Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Hamas, and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad have been less able to conduct attacks in Israel, which have decreased in areas where the barrier has been completed. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Israel Security...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier
2011 military intervention in Libya
21 February 2011: Libyan deputy Permanent Representative to the UN Ibrahim Dabbashi called "on the UN to impose a no-fly zone on all of Tripoli to cut off all supplies of arms and mercenaries to the regime." 23 February 2011: French President Nicolas Sarkozy pushed for the European Union (EU) to pass sanctions against ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya
Lixus (ancient city)
Researchers have found that the Mauritanian phase can be subdivided into two phases: Phase 1: is characterized by the emergence of a real neighborhood probably composed of houses, a cistern, and buildings K, E, B, and C. East–west oriented, this set of structures was surrounded by an enclosure. Surveys carried out in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)
Ijtihad
After the 11th century, Sunni legal theory developed systems for ranking jurists according to their qualifications for ijtihad. One such ranking placed the founders of maddhabs, who were credited with being "absolute mujtahids" (mujtahid muṭlaq) capable of methodological innovation, at the top, and jurists capable only...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad
Creationism
As of 2006, most Christians around the world accepted evolution as the most likely explanation for the origins of species, and did not take a literal view of the Genesis creation narrative. The United States is an exception where belief in religious fundamentalism is much more likely to affect attitudes towards evoluti...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism
Persian art
Sogdian art refers to the art, architecture, and art-forms produced by the Sogdians, an Iranian people who lived mostly in Sogdia in Central Asia, but also had a large diaspora spread throughout Asia, especially in China, where their art was much appreciated, and influenced the Chinese. This influence on the Chinese ra...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_art
Islam in the United Arab Emirates
The federal General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowments (Awqaf) oversee the administration of Sunni mosques, except in Dubai, where they are administered by the Dubai’s Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department (IACAD). The Awqaf distributes weekly guidance to Sunni imams regarding the themes and con...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates
Suez Crisis
Although the public believed the British government's justification of the invasion as a separation of Israeli and Egyptian forces, protests against the war occurred in Britain after it began. On the popular television talk show Free Speech, an especially bitter debate took place on 31 October with the leftist historia...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis
Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
Ali Berzengi and Ferman Abdullah, the owner of a falafel stand in Stockholm, raised money for what they claimed was poor children and Muslims. The money was then transferred through Abdullah's food stand, using the hawala transfer system. The Swedish Security Service was informed in 2002 that people in Sweden had trans...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan
David Serero (singer)
He wins the BroadwayWorld Awards 2020 for Best Performer of the decade, Best Producer of a Musical of the decade (Anne Frank, a Musical), Best Producer of a Play of the decade (Romeo and Juliet in a Jewish adaptation by David Serero). The Mayor of New York, Bill de Blasio, awards David Serero with the Certificate of Re...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Serero_(singer)
Seleucid Empire
Agriculture, like most pre-modern economies, constituted a vast majority of the Seleucid economy. Somewhere between 80 and 90% of the Seleucid population was employed, in some form, within the prevailing agricultural structures inherited from their Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid predecessors. These included temples, pol...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire
Somali people
Somalis are ethnically of Cushitic ancestry, but have genealogical traditions of descent from various patriarchs associated with the spread of Islam. Being one tribe, they are segmented into various clan groupings, which are important kinship units that play a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clan families ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
After the country was hit by a number of bloody strifes in the middle of the nineteenth century, and after Mount Lebanon became a small Mutasarrifate with limited production, the doors of livelihood narrowed in the faces of a large number of unemployed youth, so they searched for a way out to save them from what they w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate
Amin al-Husseini
Al-Husseini arrived in Rome on 10 October 1941. He outlined his proposals before Ubaldo Alberto Mellini Ponce de León. On condition that the Axis powers "recognize in principle the unity, independence, and sovereignty, of an Arab state, including Iraq, Syria, Palestine, and Transjordan", he offered support in the war a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini
Anwar al-Awlaki
In 1994, al-Awlaki married a cousin from Yemen, and began service as a part-time imam of the Denver Islamic Society. In 1996, he was chastised by an elder for encouraging a Saudi student to fight in Chechnya against the Russians. He left Denver soon after, moving to San Diego. From 1996 to 2000, al-Awlaki was imam of t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki
Almohad Caliphate
In 1212, the Almohad Caliph Muhammad 'al-Nasir' (1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the three Christian kings of Castile, Aragón and Navarre at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The battle broke the Almohad advance, b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate
1991 Iraqi uprisings
In southeastern Iraq, thousands of civilians, army deserters, and rebels began seeking precarious shelter in remote areas of the Hawizeh Marshes straddling the Iranian border. After the uprising, the Marsh Arabs were singled out for mass reprisals, accompanied by ecologically catastrophic drainage of the Iraqi marshlan...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings
Mehmed II
Aside from his efforts to expand Ottoman dominion throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Mehmed II also cultivated a large collection of Western art and literature, many of which were produced by Renaissance artists. From a young age, Mehmed had shown interest in Renaissance art and Classical literature and histories, w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II
Aristotle
Concerning the nature of change (kinesis) and its causes, as he outlines in his Physics and On Generation and Corruption (319b–320a), he distinguishes coming-to-be (genesis, also translated as 'generation') from: growth and diminution, which is change in quantity; locomotion, which is change in space; and alteration, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
Royal Jordanian Army
Volunteers and conscripts receive 14 weeks of basic training in military skills and discipline. This is followed by more advanced training in weaponry and various specialities, such as artillery, communications and engineering, after the recruit is assigned to a permanent unit. Soldiers who qualify for promotion undert...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Army
Arab world
As of 2006, the Arab world accounts for two-fifths of the gross domestic product and three-fifths of the trade of the wider Muslim world. The Arab states are mostly, although not exclusively, developing economies and derive their export revenues from oil and gas, or the sale of other raw materials. Recent years have se...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world
Hellenistic period
During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed, and these schools of Hellenistic philosophy had a significant influence on the Greek and Roman ruling elite. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However, Athens had now lost ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period
Ghulat
Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2013). "Ḵaṭṭābiya". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473. Asatryan, Musheg...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulat
2006 Lebanon War
At around 9 am local time on 12 July 2006, Hezbollah launched diversionary rocket attacks toward Israeli military positions near the coast and near the border village of Zar'it as well as on the Israeli town of Shlomi and other villages. Five civilians were injured. Six Israeli military positions were fired on, and the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War
Michael Atiyah
Many of the papers in the 6th volume of his collected works are surveys, obituaries, and general talks. Atiyah continued to publish subsequently, including several surveys, a popular book, and another paper with Segal on twisted K-theory. One paper is a detailed study of the Dedekind eta function from the point of view...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah
2018 Iraqi parliamentary election
As of 26 December 2017, a total of 204 parties had registered to contest the elections. The deadline for registering coalitions was 11 January 2018. A total of 27 coalitions were registered by the deadline, grouping 143 political parties, with registered parties not part of a coalition also free to contest separately. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Iraqi_parliamentary_election
Muhammad
Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim was born in Mecca about the year 570, and his birthday is believed to be in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal. He belonged to the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe, which was a dominant force in western Arabia. While his clan was one of the more distinguished in the tr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad
Sin (mythology)
Sources dealing with the worship of Sin in Ur after the Old Babylonian period are less common than these from early periods. While Ur is not directly referenced in any of the texts agreed to come from the archives of the First Sealand dynasty, it is nonetheless possible that both the city and Sin had a particular impor...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(mythology)
Egyptian Arabic
During the early 1900s many portions of the Bible were published in Egyptian Arabic. These were published by the Nile Mission Press. By 1932 the whole New Testament and some books of the Old Testament had been published in Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script. The dialogs in the following novels are partly in Egyptian Ar...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Islamic influence on Chinese astronomy was first recorded during the Song dynasty when a Hui Muslim astronomer named Ma Yize introduced the concept of seven days in a week and made other contributions. Islamic astronomers were brought to China in order to work on calendar making and astronomy during the Mongol Empire a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world
Rashidun Caliphate
After Muhammad's death in June 632, a gathering of the Ansar (lit. 'Helpers'), the natives of Medina, took place in the Saqifah (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves, wi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate
Yasser Arafat
In mid-1996, Benjamin Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister of Israel. Palestinian-Israeli relations grew even more hostile as a result of continued conflict. Despite the Israel-PLO accord, Netanyahu opposed the idea of Palestinian statehood. In 1998, US President Bill Clinton persuaded the two leaders to meet. The resu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat
Land of Punt
The earliest recorded ancient Egyptian expedition to Punt was organized by Pharaoh Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty (25th century BC), returning with cargoes of antyue and Puntites. However, gold from Punt is recorded as having been in Egypt as early as the time of Pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty. Subsequently, there we...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Punt
Egyptian faience
Three methods have been hypothesized to shape the body of faience objects: modeling, moulding and abrasion, the last being used in conjunction with the first two. Modeling, scraping and grinding are the techniques most widely used in earlier times, as represented in the material qualities of Predynastic and Protodynast...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_faience
Mamluk Sultanate
Khushqadam died on 9 October 1467 and the mamluk emirs initially installed Yalbay al-Mu'ayyadi as his successor. After two months he was replaced by Timurbugha al-Zahiri. Timurbugha was deposed in turn on 31 January 1468, but voluntarily consented to the accession of his second in command, Qaitbay. Qaitbay's 28-year-lo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate
Blockade of the Gaza Strip
May 2010 Gaza flotilla raid On 31 May 2010, the Israeli Navy seized an aid convoy of six ships known as the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla". aiming to break through the blockade, carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials. The flotilla had declined an Israeli request to change course to the port of Ashdod, where the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip
Ancient Egypt
The medical problems of the ancient Egyptians stemmed directly from their environment. Living and working close to the Nile brought hazards from malaria and debilitating schistosomiasis parasites, which caused liver and intestinal damage. Dangerous wildlife such as crocodiles and hippos were also a common threat. The l...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt
Jabir ibn Hayyan
The Jabirian writings contain a number of references to Greco-Egyptian alchemists such as pseudo-Democritus (fl. c. 60), Mary the Jewess (fl. c. 0–300), Agathodaemon (fl. c. 300), and Zosimos of Panopolis (fl. c. 300), as well as to legendary figures such as Hermes Trismegistus and Ostanes, and to scriptural figures su...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan
Fatimid Caliphate
Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674. Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate
United Arab Emirates
The state security apparatus in the UAE has been accused of human rights abuses including forced disappearance, arbitrary arrests and torture. The annual Freedom House report on Freedom in the World has listed the United Arab Emirates as "Not Free" every year since 1999, the first year for which records are available o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates
Last Judgment
In art, the Last Judgment is a common theme in medieval and renaissance religious iconography. Like most early iconographic innovations, its origins stem from Byzantine art, although it was a less common subject than in the West during the Middle Ages. In Western Christianity, it is often the subject depicted in mediev...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment
Riba
Islamic jurists have traditionally interpreted the admonition of riba by the ahadith to mean that if one amount of commodity is traded for the same kind of commodity then the two items exchanged must be of the same quantity, ignoring the quality of the commodity or the labor added to it. (Although there is some questio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riba
History of Lebanon
After the gradual decline of their strength, the Phoenician city-states on the Lebanese coast were conquered outright in 539 BC by Achaemenid Persia under Cyrus the Great. Under Darius I, the area comprising Phoenicia, Canaan, Syria, and Cyprus was administered in a single satrapy and paid a yearly tribute of three hun...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lebanon
Zenobia
Aurelian, learning about Zenobia's departure, sent a contingent which captured the empress before she could cross the Euphrates to Persia; Palmyra capitulated soon after news of Zenobia's captivity reached the city in August 272. Aurelian sent the empress and her son to Emesa for trial, followed by most of Palmyra's co...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia
Rumi
Ma-Aarif-E-Mathnavi A commentary of the Mathnavi of Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi (R.A.), by Hazrat Maulana Hakim Muhammad Akhtar Saheb (D.B.), 1997. The Sufi Path of Love: The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi, by William Chittick, Albany: SUNY Press, 1983. The Mysteries of the Universe and Rumi's Discoveries on the Majestic Path...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi
Nubia
Kashta peacefully became King of Upper and Lower Egypt with his daughter Amendiris as Divine Adoratrice of Amun in Thebes.: 144–146  Rulers of the 23rd Dynasty withdrew from Thebes to Heracleopolis, which avoided conflict with the new Kushite rulers of Thebes. Under Kashta's reign, the Kushite elite and professional cl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia
Rapid transit
At subterranean levels, tunnels move traffic away from street level, avoiding delays caused by traffic congestion and leaving more land available for buildings and other uses. In areas of high land prices and dense land use, tunnels may be the only economic route for mass transportation. Cut-and-cover tunnels are const...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit
Battle of Khartoum (2023–present)
On 26 April, two shells fell on the al-Roomy medical center in Omdurman, injuring twenty people. The RSF also attacked Kober prison in Bahri the same day, where many putschists from the 1989 Sudanese coup d'état were imprisoned, but the attack failed, and the SAF took control of the prison. Later, several pro-Bashir ha...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_(2023%E2%80%93present)
1919 Egyptian revolution
Before World War I, nationalist agitation in Egypt was limited to the educated elite. The outbreak of the conflict caused several issues with the political landscape of Egypt. The British authorities attempted to form a Legislative Assembly that would've better represented native Egyptian interests, albeit with limited...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution
Zirid dynasty
The Zirids renounced the Fatimids and recognized the Abbasid Caliphs in 1048-49, or sometime between 1041 and 1051. The recognition of the Abbasids was nominal, as the Abbasids themselves were in political decline and could not impose direct authority in the region. In retaliation against the Zirids, the Fatimids sent ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty
Faisal I of Iraq
Faisal regularly attended Friday prayers as it helped him meet with the public Iraqi people more. Faisal was noticeably unaffected by sectarian considerations, and was noted by al-Rihani to have a faith that reflected all Islamic dominations, which made him respect, and be tolerant to all world religions. Abbas Baghdad...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq
Muqarnas
In the western Islamic world, muqarnas decoration was definitively introduced during the reign of the Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf. The earliest examples, although limited to small details of larger domes, are found in the Almoravid Qubba in Marrakesh, Morocco, built probably in 1117 or 1125, and in the stucco openwork...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqarnas
Rashtrakutas
Inscriptions and other literary records indicate the Rashtrakutas selected the crown prince based on heredity. The crown did not always pass on to the eldest son. Abilities were considered more important than age and chronology of birth, as exemplified by the crowning of Govinda III who was the third son of king Dhruva...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakutas
BP
BP downstream's activities include the refining, marketing, manufacturing, transportation, trading and supply of crude oil and petroleum products. Downstream is responsible for BP's fuels and lubricants businesses, and has major operations located in Europe, North America and Asia. As of 2018, BP owned or had a share i...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP
Diodotus Tryphon
Diodotus was originally from Casiana, a dependent town of the city of Apamea. He served as a general for Alexander Balas, during the civil war which the latter fought with Demetrius II Nicator. In 145 BC, when Alexander's father-in-law Ptolemy VI of Egypt switched his support to Demetrius II and invaded Syria, Diodotus...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon
Northern Cyprus
A united Cyprus gained independence from British rule in August 1960, after both Greek and Turkish Cypriots agreed to abandon their respective plans for enosis (union with Greece) and taksim (Turkish for "partition"). The agreement involved Cyprus being governed under a constitution which apportioned cabinet posts, par...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus
Isin
Isin is located approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of the ancient city of Nippur. The site covers an area of about 150 hectares with a maximum height of about 10 meters. By 1922 the site had been suggested as that of Isin. Ishan al-Bahriyat was visited by Stephen Herbert Langdon for a day to conduct a sounding, while...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isin
Al-Biruni
Biruni's fame as an Indologist rests primarily on two texts. Biruni wrote an encyclopedic work on India called Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind min maqūlah maqbūlah fī al-ʿaql aw mardhūlah (variously translated as Verifying All That the Indians Recount, the Reasonable and the Unreasonable, or The book confirming what pertains to In...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni
Aden Colony
To solve many of the above problems, as well as continuing the process of self-determination that was accompanying the dismantling of the Empire, it was proposed that Aden Colony should form a federation with the protectorates of East and West Aden. It was hoped that this would lessen Arab calls for complete independe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Colony
Timur
In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes. This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottom...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Relations with Israel improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal, with Sisi saying that he had talked to Israel's prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, "a lot". Sisi was described by The Economist as "the most pro-Israeli Egyptian leader ever". With continuous support for Palestine, the Sisi administration ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi
Kashgar
The Book of the Later Han also gives the only extant historical record of Yuezhi or Kushan involvement in the Kashgar oasis: During the Yuanchu period (114–120) in the reign of Emperor, the king of Shule (Kashgar), exiled his maternal uncle Chenpan to the Yuezhi (Kushans) for some offense. The king of the Yuezhi becam...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar
Ba'athist Iraq
al-Bakr strengthened his position in the party with the help of Saddam's newly established party security apparatus and the intelligence services. Most of 1968 was used to repress non-Ba'athist thought and groups; for instance, a campaign against Nasserists and communists was initiated under Saddam's command. Several s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq
Yemeni Air Force
The PDRYAF participated in the short Yemenite War of 1972, flying transport missions in support of the ground units, and air strikes with its MiG-17 fighters. One of these aircraft was shot down by the Northerners, with its pilot killed. The North Yemeni air force isn't known to have been involved in the conflict, even...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Air_Force
Somalia
Somali cuisine is an intricate and diverse fusion of a multitude of culinary influences, drawing from the rich tapestry of Arab, Indian, and Italian flavours. This culinary tapestry is a direct result of Somalia's longstanding heritage of vibrant trade and bustling commerce. The essential components that form the found...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
The principles reached by the delegates were written in an official form known as the "Protocol of 1861" (also known as the Beyoglu Protocol) and signed on 9 June of the same year. It was also agreed that the system stipulated in the protocol would be put to trial until 1864, and Dawud Pasha, an Ottoman career diplomat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
The first systematic observations in Islam are reported to have taken place under the patronage of al-Mamun. Here, and in many other private observatories from Damascus to Baghdad, meridian degree measurement were performed (al-Ma'mun's arc measurement), solar parameters were established, and detailed observations of t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world