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Al-Wathiq | In 838 al-Mu'tasim had scored a major victory against the Abbasid Caliphate's perennial foe, the Byzantine Empire, with the celebrated sack of Amorion. This success was not followed up, and warfare reverted to the usual raids and counter-raids along the border. According to Byzantine sources, at the time of his death i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiq |
Battle of Manzikert | While Manzikert was a long-term strategic catastrophe for Byzantium, it was by no means the massacre that historians earlier presumed. Modern scholars estimate that Byzantine losses were relatively low, considering that many units survived the battle intact and were fighting elsewhere within a few months, and most Byza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert |
Political status of Western Sahara | France
France claims neutrality on the Western Sahara issue, despite its military involvement in the Western Sahara War on the side of Morocco and Mauritania (see Operation Lamantin). In 2009 and 2010, France used the threat of its veto power to block the establishment of Human Rights monitoring by the MINURSO in Weste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara |
Syrian Armed Forces | The Syrian Armed Forces fought in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War (against Israel) and were involved in a number of military coups. Between 1948 and 1967 a series of coups destroyed the stability of the government and any remaining professionalism within the armed forces. In March 1949 the chief of staff, Gen. Husni al-Za'im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces |
Politics of Qatar | Qatar’s core foreign policy objective according to The Middle East Journal is "state survival" and the "desire for international prestige". Qatar became notable in international politics; and a key figure in the Arab affairs within two decades of its independent foreign policy. It has an "open-door" foreign policy wher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar |
Political aspects of Islam | In addition to the legitimacy given by medieval scholarly opinion, nostalgia for the days of successful Islamic empires simmered under later Western colonialism. This nostalgia played a major role in the Islamist political ideal of the Islamic state, a state in which Islamic law is preeminent. The Islamist political pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam |
Sam Harris | Harris has been accused of Islamophobia by linguist and political commentator Noam Chomsky. After Harris and Chomsky exchanged a series of emails on terrorism and U.S. foreign policy in 2015, Chomsky said Harris had not prepared adequately for the exchange and that this revealed his work as unserious. In a 2016 intervi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris |
Dam | Dam failures are generally catastrophic if the structure is breached or significantly damaged. Routine deformation monitoring and monitoring of seepage from drains in and around larger dams is useful to anticipate any problems and permit remedial action to be taken before structural failure occurs. Most dams incorporat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam |
Israeli cuisine | Vegetable salads are eaten with most meals, including the traditional Israeli breakfast, which will usually include eggs, bread, and dairy products such as yogurt or cottage cheese. For lunch and dinner, salad may be served as a side dish. A light meal of salad (salat), hummus and French fries (chips) served in a pita ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_cuisine |
Sine and cosine | The cross product and dot product are operations on two vectors in Euclidean vector space. The sine and cosine functions can be defined in terms of the cross product and dot product. If
a
{\displaystyle \mathbb {a} }
and
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine |
Circassian genocide | Misha Glenny notes that the settlement of the Circassian deportees played a major role in destabilizing the Ottoman Balkans, especially Bulgaria. Their arrival helped spread starvation and epidemics (including smallpox) in the Balkan territories, and worse, the Porte ordered that Christians be evicted en masse from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_genocide |
1991 Iraqi uprisings | Another wave of insurgency broke out shortly afterwards in the Kurdish populated northern Iraq. Unlike the spontaneous rebellion in the South, the uprising in the North was organized by two rival Kurdish party-based militias: primarily the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and to a lesser extent the Kurdistan Democrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings |
Damascus Spring | The "Damascus Spring" was characterised above all by the emergence of numerous muntadayāt (singular muntadā), referred to in English as "salons" or "forums". Groups of like-minded people met in private houses, with news of the occasion spread by word of mouth, and discussed political matters and wider social questions.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Spring |
United Arab Emirates Air Force | The UAEAF consists of about 4,000 personnel.
In the 1970s and 80s, the UAEAF was instructed by Pakistan Air Force pilots on Dassault Mirage 5s, the backbone of the UAEAF at the time. Even today, many of the personnel are ex-Pakistan Air Force officers and technicians. Most of the flying instructors at Al Ain are from P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Air_Force |
Avempace | Averroes was another important philosopher, and while he was born shortly before Avempace's death, Averroes later in life would be in opposition to Avempace's theories the majority of the time. Avempace starts with a good kinematic definition of motion and construes it as a force. According to Avempace regarding freely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avempace |
Islamic philosophy | Al-Dinawari (828–896), considered the founder of Arabic botany for his Book of Plants, discussed plant evolution from its birth to its death, describing the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit.
Ibn Miskawayh's al-Fawz al-Asghar and the Brethren of Purity's Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Puri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
HIV/AIDS | HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells.
HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the family Retrovirida... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS |
Diyarbakır | The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire saw it expand into Western Armenia and all but the eastern regions of Kurdistan at the expense of the Safavids. From the early 16th century, the city and the wider region was the source of intrigue between the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire, both of whom sought the support of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r |
Ibn al-Haytham | Alhazen made significant contributions to optics, number theory, geometry, astronomy and natural philosophy. Alhazen's work on optics is credited with contributing a new emphasis on experiment.
His main work, Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics), was known in the Muslim world mainly, but not exclusively, through the thirt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
Suret language | Iraqi Koine, also known as Iraqi Assyrian and "Standard" Assyrian, is a compromise between the rural Ashiret accents of Hakkari and Nineveh Plains (listed above) and the former prestigious dialect in Urmia. Iraqi Koine does not really constitute a new dialect, but an incomplete merger of dialects, with some speakers so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suret_language |
Women in Lebanon | Women gained the right to vote halfway into the 20th century, thirty years after American women suffragists gained the right in the United States. Though the women of Lebanon garnered their right to vote fairly early on, there is still a huge lack of them in Lebanon's political sphere. The political field in Lebanon, l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon |
Soqotri language | Alexander Militarev Semitic Language Tree with Soqotri modern classification (above)
Wolf Leslau, Lexique Soqotri (sudarabique moderne) avec comparaisons et explications étymologiques. Paris: Klincksieck 1938
Dr. Maximilian Bittner: Charakteristik der Sprache der Insel Soqotra Anzeiger der philosophisch-historischen Kl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_language |
Battle of Alcácer Quibir | Sebastian, who would later be known in Portugal as the Desired, was the son of the Infante Dom John (son of John III of Portugal) and Joanna, daughter of the Emperor Charles V. His father died before he was born, and he became king at the age of three after the death of his grandfather in 1557. He was educated almost e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | International law regards a blockade as an act of war. The blockade has been criticized by former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and other human rights organizations. In 2011, a panel of UN experts concluded that the naval blockade of Gaza constituted collective punish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip |
Zirid dynasty | The Zirid period of Ifriqiya is considered a high point in its history, with agriculture, industry, trade and learning, both religious and secular, all flourishing, especially in their capital, Qayrawan (Kairouan). The early reign of al-Mu'izz ibn Badis (r. 1016–1062) was particularly prosperous and marked the height o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty |
Arianism | During the time of Arianism's flowering in Constantinople, the Gothic convert and Arian bishop Ulfilas (later the subject of the letter of Auxentius cited above) was sent as a missionary to the Gothic tribes across the Danube, a mission favored for political reasons by the Emperor Constantius II. The Homoians in the Da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism |
Islam and democracy | Salafism as an ideology and movement has close ties to Saudi Arabia. The Saudi monarchy from its beginning in the 18th century has partnered with Wahhabism as military tool and ideological support to their monarchical rule. The ruling monarchy uses their scholars (termed salafis, wahhabis, and Najdis) to defend their a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_democracy |
Suriname | Beginning in the 16th century, French, Spanish and English explorers visited the area. A century later, Dutch and English settlers established plantation colonies along the many rivers in the fertile Guiana plains. The earliest documented colony in Guiana was an English settlement named Marshall's Creek along the Surin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname |
Baklava | Many claim that the placenta cake, and therefore likely baklava, derived from a recipe from Ancient Greece. Homer's Odyssey, written around 800 BC, mentions thin breads sweetened with walnuts and honey. In the fifth century BC, Philoxenos states in his poem "Dinner" that, in the final drinking course of a meal, hosts w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baklava |
Surah | Theodor Nöldeke's chronology is based on the assumption that the style of the Qur'an changes in one direction without reversals. Nöldeke studied the style and content of the chapters and assumed that first, later (Medinan) chapters and verses and are generally shorter than earlier (Meccan) ones, and second, that earli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah |
Tin sources and trade during antiquity | Benvenuti, M.; Chiarantini, L.; Norfini, A.; Casini, A.; Guideri, S.; Tanelli, G. (2003), "The "Etruscan tin": a preliminary contribution from researches at Monte Valerio and Baratti-Populonia (Southern Tuscany, Italy)", in Giumlia-Mair, A.; Lo Schiavo, F. (eds.), The Problem of Early Tin, Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 55–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_during_antiquity |
Sports in Somalia | Abdi Bile, one of the most successful athletes from Somalia, won the 1500 m World Championship in 1987, running the fastest final 800 m of any 1,500 meter race in history. He was a two-time Olympian (1984 and 1996) and dominated the event in the late 1980s. Bile was ranked first in the world at the mile distance in 198... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Somalia |
Jeddah | In 1517, the Ottoman Turks conquered the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of Selim I.
The Ottomans rebuilt the weak walls of Jeddah in 1525 following the defense of the city against the Lopo Soares de Albergaria's Armada at the Siege of Jeddah (1517). The new stone wall included six watchtowers and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah |
Islamic art | The Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) witnessed the movement of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, and then from Baghdad to Samarra. The shift to Baghdad influenced politics, culture, and art. Art historian Robert Hillenbrand (1999) likens the movement to the foundation of an "Islamic Rome", because the meeting of Easter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art |
Al-Aqsa Mosque | After the Ottomans assumed power in 1517, they did not undertake any major renovations or repairs to the mosque itself, but they did to the Noble Sanctuary as a whole. This included the building of the Fountain of Qasim Pasha (1527), the restoration of the Pool of Raranj, and the building of three free-standing domes—t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque |
Harran | After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, Harran was successively under the control of the Achaemenid (539–330 BC), Macedonian (330–312 BC) and Seleucid (312–132 BC) empires. Under the Seleucids, Harran largely functioned as a military colony and from the time of the Macedonian conquest onwards, many Greek... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harran |
Round city of Baghdad | According to Ya'qubi, the plans for the city were drawn up, but it was not until 2 August 762 that construction began, under the supervision of four architects. Huge resources were amassed for the project: the Arab chroniclers report 100,000 workers and craftsmen, and sums of 18 million gold dinars or 100 million silve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_city_of_Baghdad |
Mu'awiya I | Although revenge for Uthman's assassination had been the basis upon which Mu'awiya claimed the right to the caliphate, he neither emulated Uthman's empowerment of the Umayyad clan nor used them to assert his own power. With minor exceptions, members of the clan were not appointed to the wealthy provinces nor the caliph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I |
Republic of Sudan (1956–1969) | Sudan achieved independence without the rival political parties' having agreed on the form and content of a permanent constitution. Instead, the Constituent Assembly adopted a document known as the Transitional Constitution, which replaced the governor-general as head of state with a five-member Supreme Commission that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969) |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | On 21 July 1977, there were first gun battles between troops on the border, followed by land and air strikes. Relations between the Libyan and Egyptian governments had been deteriorating ever since the end of the Yom Kippur War from October 1973, due to Libyan opposition to President Anwar Sadat's peace policy as well ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | All legislative and executive authority was vested in the GPC. This body, however, delegated most of its important authority to its general secretary and General Secretariat and to the General People's Committee. Gaddafi, as general secretary of the GPC, remained the primary decision maker, just as he had been when cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Hellenistic period | Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century BC. In 4th-century BC Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361–289 BC) who seized the city with an arm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Muhammad in Islam | Muslims believe that Muhammad was the possessor of moral virtues at the highest level, and was a man of moral excellence. He represented the 'prototype of human perfection' and was the best among God's creations. Consequently, to the Muslims, his life and character are an excellent example to be emulated both at social... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam |
Economy of Dubai | The government's decision to diversify from a trade-based but oil-reliant economy to one that is service- and tourism-oriented resulted in the property boom from 2004 to 2008. Construction on a large scale has turned Dubai into one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.
The property boom is largely driven by mega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Dubai |
Hussein of Jordan | Hussein's biographer Avi Shlaim sees that the assassination of his grandfather King Abdullah I in Jerusalem was the most formative event in his life, as he had witnessed the event personally at the age of 15. Two years later, the 17-year-old schoolboy would become King. Hussein inherited the throne to a young Kingdom, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan |
Jerboa | The bipedal locomotion of jerboas involves hopping, skipping, and running gaits, associated with rapid and frequent, difficult-to-predict changes in speed and direction, facilitating predator evasion relative to quadrupedal locomotion. This may explain why evolution of bipedal locomotion is favored in desert-dwelling r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerboa |
Islam in Korea | In 1962, the government of Malaysia (then Malaya) offered a grant of 33,000 USD for a mosque to be built in Seoul. However, the plan was derailed due to inflation. The Seoul Central Mosque was finally built in Seoul's Itaewon neighborhood in 1976. Today there are also mosques in Busan, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Gwangju, Jeonju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Korea |
Sand War | Weeks of skirmishes along the border eventually escalated into a full-blown confrontation on September 25, 1963, with intense fighting around the oasis towns of Tindouf and Figuig. The Royal Moroccan Army soon crossed into Algeria in force and succeeded in taking the two border posts of Hassi Beida and Tindjoub. On Oct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_War |
Sufism | Historically, Sufis have often belonged to "orders" known as tariqa (pl. ṭuruq) – congregations formed around a grand master wali who will trace their teaching through a chain of successive teachers back to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Within the Sufi tradition, the formation of the orders did not immediately produce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism |
Sultan of Egypt | From 1882 onwards, Egypt's status became deeply convoluted: officially a province of the Ottoman Empire, semi-officially a virtually independent state with its own monarchy, armed forces, and territorial possessions in Sudan, and for practical purposes a British puppet. The legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty in Egypt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt |
Great Mosque of Kairouan | The mihrab, which indicates the Qibla (direction of Mecca), in front of which stands the imam during the prayer, is located in the middle of the southern wall of the prayer hall. It is formed by an oven-shaped niche framed by two marble columns and topped by a painted wooden half-cupola. The niche of the mihrab is two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan |
Salafi movement | Modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and many of his students to have been Salafis. He started a reform movement in the remote, sparsely populated region of Najd. He invited people to Tawhid (monotheism) and advocated purging of practices such as shrine and tomb visitation, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Energy in the State of Palestine | The Gaza Power Plant is the only power plant in the Gaza Strip. It is owned by Gaza Power Generating Company (GPGC), a subsidiary of the Palestine Electric Company (PEC). It is located on Salaheddin Road and relies on diesel fuel imported via Israel.
Following the Hamas takeover of Gaza in 2007, the Gaza Strip has been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Avdat | Before the end of the 1st century BCE a temple platform (the acropolis) was created along the western edge of the plateau. Recent excavations have shown that the town continued to be inhabited by the Nabataeans continuously from this period until its destruction by earthquake in the early 7th century CE. Sometime towar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avdat |
North Yemen civil war | While Bunche was reporting to UN Secretary-General U Thant, the United States Department of State sought the help of ambassador Ellsworth Bunker. His mission was based on a decision made by the National Security Council, which was conceived by McGeorge Bundy and Robert Komer. The idea behind what became known as "Opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
Caliphate | Rashidun ("Righteously Guided")
Abu Bakr, first Rashidun caliph. Subdued rebel tribes in the Ridda wars.
Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab), second Rashidun caliph. During his reign, the Islamic empire expanded to include Egypt, Jerusalem and Persia.
Uthman, (Uthman ibn Affan) third Rashidun caliph, When Caliph Umar died in of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
List of Assyrian kings | Incomplete king-lists have been recovered from three of the major ancient Assyrian capitals (Assur, Dur-Sharrukin and Nineveh). The three lists are largely consistent with each other, all originally copies of a single original list, and are based on the yearly appointments of limmy-officials (the eponymous officials fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Maghrebi mint tea | Gunpowder tea was introduced into North Africa by the British in the 18th and 19th centuries via Morocco and Algeria.
According to food historian, Helen Saberi, the drinking of green tea infused with mint spread from Morocco to Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and to nomadic tribes of Berbers and Tuareg in the Sahara.
S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_mint_tea |
1952 Egyptian revolution | Relations between the RCC and the DMNL were established before the coup. DMNL leader Ahmad Hamrush met with Nasser on July 22, and charged him with mobilizing loyal troops in Alexandria. The DMNL had connections within the military establishment, with around sixty-seventy officers in the military wing, including Khaled... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution |
Soil fertility | The sacred relationship between Black people and the soil can be traced back to Cleopatra’s reign in Egypt in 51 BCE. According to farmer Leah Penniman, in Egypt, earthworms of the Nile River Valley contributed to the significant fertility of the soils. As a result, Cleopatra declared the earthworm and sacred animal to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility |
Monsoon | The southwestern summer monsoons occur from June through September. The Thar Desert and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heat up considerably during the hot summers. This causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon |
Nebka | The earliest source for Nebka's name is the mastaba tomb of the late Third Dynasty high official Akhetaa who, among other positions, held that of "priest of Nebka". The exact location of Akhetaa's mastaba is now lost, hindering further research. It may be near Abusir, where some relief-bearing blocks from the tomb were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebka |
Babur | In 1494, eleven-year-old Babur became the ruler of Fergana, in present-day Uzbekistan, after Umar Sheikh Mirza died "while tending pigeons in an ill-constructed dovecote that toppled into the ravine below the palace". During this time, two of his uncles from the neighbouring kingdoms, who were hostile to his father, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur |
Shamash | Utu was among the deities worshiped in the territory of Lagash in the Early Dynastic period. A dais dedicated to him existed in Namnuda-kigarra. It was originally erected by Eannatum, then destroyed by Ur-Lumma of Umma, and finally rebuilt by Entemena. It is possible that these events took place during a border conflic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash |
Battle of Jenin (2002) | The IDF announced that it would not withdraw its troops from the Jenin camp until it had collected the bodies of the Palestinian dead. The army would not confirm Palestinian reports that military trucks had removed dozens of bodies, nor would it comment on whether or not burials had taken place.
According to Haaretz, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002) |
Libyan civil war (2014–2020) | During the first half of 2015, the United Nations facilitated a series of negotiations seeking to bring together the rival governments and warring militias of Libya. A meeting between the rival governments was held at Auberge de Castille in Valletta, Malta on 16 December 2015. On 17 December, delegates from the two gov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020) |
Ba'athism | Michel Aflaq supported the Arab nationalist Sati' al-Husri's view that language was the principal defining and unifying factor of the "Arab nation" because language led to the unity of thought, norms and ideals. History was another unifying feature for them, as it was the "fertile ground in which our consciousness took... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
Wallace Fard Muhammad | A declassified Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) memorandum dated May 16, 1957, states: "From a review of instant file it does not appear that there has been a concerted effort to locate and fully identify W. D. Fard. In as much as Elijah Muhammad recognizes W.D. Fard as being Allah (God) and claims that Fard is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad |
Origins of the Six-Day War | Earlier in the week, Syria had twice attacked an Israeli tractor working in the DMZ area. When the tractor returned on the morning of April 7, 1967, as predicted in the plan, the Syrians opened fire again initially with light weapons. The Israelis responded by sending in armor-plated tractors to continue ploughing, res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War |
Tunisian campaign | Nehring, considered by most to be an excellent commander, had continually infuriated his superiors with outspoken critiques. He was "replaced" when the command was renamed the 5th Panzer Army and Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim arrived in Tunis unannounced on 8 December, to assume command. The Army consisted of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign |
History of Syria | The 8 March 1963 coup, resulted in installation of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority. The takeover was engineered by members of the Ba'ath Party led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
1982 Hama massacre | The Ba'ath Party of Syria, which advocates Ba'athism, the ideologies of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism had clashed with the Muslim Brotherhood, a group which advocates a Sunni Islamist ideology, since 1940. The two groups were opposed in important ways. The Ba'ath party was nominally secular, nationalist. The Musl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre |
Berber languages | Above all in the area of basic lexicon, the Berber languages are very similar. However, the household-related vocabulary in sedentary tribes is especially different from the one found in nomadic ones: whereas Tahaggart has only two or three designations for species of palm tree, other languages may have as many as 200 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages |
Islamism | Demographic transition (caused by the gap in time between the lowering of death rates from medical advances and the lowering of fertility rates), leads to population growth beyond the ability of housing, employment, public transit, sewer and water to provide. Combined with economic stagnation, urban agglomerations have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism |
Agence France-Presse | Agence France-Presse has its origins in the Agence Havas, founded in 1835 in Paris by Charles-Louis Havas, making it the world's oldest news service. The agency pioneered the collection and dissemination of news as a commodity, and had established itself as a fully global concern by the late 19th century. Two Havas emp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse |
History of the ancient Levant | Eastern Roman control over the Levant lasted until 636 when Arab armies conquered the Levant, after which it became a part of the Rashidun Caliphate and was known as Bilād ash-Shām.
Under the Umayyads, the capital was moved to Damascus. However, the Levant did not experience wide-scale Arabian tribal settlement unlike... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant |
Al-Muqtadi | He was born to Muhammad Dhakirat, the son of caliph Al-Qa'im, and an Armenian slave girl named Urjuman. His full name was ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im and his Kunya was Abū'l-Qasim. He was born in 24 July 1056.
When al-Qa'im was on his deathbed in 1075, Fakhr ad-Dawla took charge of his personal care - al-Qa'im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadi |
Sagesse SC (basketball) | Al-Hikma in classical Arabic, El-Hekmeh in Lebanese dialect stands for "wisdom", thus also the French alternative name of the club, Sagesse (meaning wisdom in French).
The historical Hekmeh club was founded in Beirut in 1943 under the patronage of the late father Boulos Kik, supported by late Mgr. Jean Maroun, with aff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagesse_SC_(basketball) |
British Empire | In the 1951 general election, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire |
Instruction of Amenemope | A number of passages in the Instruction of Amenemope have been compared with the Book of Proverbs, including:
(Proverbs 22:17–18): "Incline thine ear, and hear the words of the wise, And apply thine heart to my doctrine; For it is pleasant if thou keep them in thy belly, that they may be established together upon thy l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_of_Amenemope |
Red Sea crisis | The Houthis targeted the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, USS Gravely, and three commercial vessels on 1 June. The US Central Command confirmed the attacks, while adding that no casualties or damage was reported, with one drone being intercepted in the southern Red Sea and two others crashing into the water. It also added tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis |
Ulama | The early Muslim conquests brought about Arab Muslim rule over large parts of the Hellenistic world. During the time of the Umayyad Caliphate, at latest, the scholars of the emerging Islamic society had become familiar with the classical philosophical and scientific traditions of the world they had conquered. The colle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama |
The Merchant of Venice | 1914 – The Merchant of Venice, a silent film directed by Lois Weber and Phillips Smalley. Weber played Portia and Smalley, her husband, played Shylock. With this film, Weber became the first woman to direct a full-length feature film in America.
1916 – The Merchant of Venice, an unsuccessful silent British film produce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice |
Dubai | Many international news agencies such as Reuters, APTN, Bloomberg L.P. and Middle East Broadcasting centre (MBC) operate in Dubai Media City and Dubai Internet City. Additionally, several local network television channels such as Dubai One (formerly Channel 33), and Dubai TV (EDTV) provide programming in English and Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai |
Refugees of the Syrian civil war | The topic of US involvement in alleviating the Syrian refugee crisis continues to be a highly contentious issue among legislators, stakeholders, and activists. As instability in the region continues to rise, and the number of people seeking refuge continues to increase, the topic of whether or not to admit Syrian refug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war |
Somaliland | Somaliland is located north of the equator. It is semi-arid. The average daily temperatures range from 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F). The sun passes vertically overhead twice a year, in April and in August or September. Somaliland consists of three main topographic zones: a coastal plain (Guban), the coastal range (Ogo), a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland |
Umm el-Jimal | Umm el-Jimal was rediscovered in the nineteenth century, during a time of Western interest in antiquities. The first systematic survey was completed by the Princeton University Expedition to Southern Syria in 1905 and 1909.
The first recorded visit to the site was by William John Bankes (1786–1855) in 1818 who conduct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_el-Jimal |
Arab conquest of Egypt | According to tradition, Cyrus of Alexandria had a beautiful daughter named Armenousa, who he desired to marry to Heraclius Constantine. Constantine accepted the marriage proposal, so in late 639 Armenousa left Babylon in a grand marriage procession which included two thousand horsemen, along with slaves and a long cara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt |
Love | Ren (仁), a concept in Confucianism philosophy, embodying the essence of humanity and virtue. It is regarded as the sum of all virtues within a person, encompassing traits such as selflessness and self-cultivation. Ren emphasizes the cultivation of harmonious relationships within society, starting from the family unit a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love |
Victoria and Albert Museum | This is the largest and most comprehensive ceramics and glass collection in the world, with over 80,000 objects from around the world. Every populated continent is represented. Apart from the many pieces in the Primary Galleries on the ground floor, much of the top floor is devoted to galleries of ceramics of all peri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum |
Inanna | Inanna and Enki (ETCSL t.1.3.1) is a lengthy poem written in Sumerian, which may date to the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112 BCE – c. 2004 BCE); it tells the story of how Inanna stole the sacred mes from Enki, the god of water and human culture. In ancient Sumerian mythology, the mes were sacred powers or properties belon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna |
Savanna | The closed forest types such as broadleaf forests and rainforests are usually not grazed owing to the closed structure precluding grass growth, and hence offering little opportunity for grazing. In contrast the open structure of savannas allows the growth of a herbaceous layer and is commonly used for grazing domestic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna |
Maimonides | With the loss of the family funds tied up in David's business venture, Maimonides assumed the vocation of physician, for which he was to become famous. He had trained in medicine in both Spain and in Fez. Gaining widespread recognition, he was appointed court physician to al-Qadi al-Fadil, the chief secretary to Sultan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides |
Atba-e-Malak | The Atba-e-Malak Vakil is Muslim-Shia-Ismaili-Tayyebi-Dawoodi-Malak-Vakil Bohra sect that firmly believes in the tradition of Nass governing the appointment of Saheb-e-Amar (spiritual successor) continuing the succession (Silsila). As per the principle of Nass, neither Imam nor Da'i al-Mutlaq can pass away without appo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atba-e-Malak |
Geography of Oman | According to the Köppen climate classification, Oman has four different climates (BWh, BWk, BSk, BSh), however is highly dominated by the BWh (hot desert) climate.
With the exception of Dhofari region, which has a strong monsoon climate and receives warm winds from the Indian Ocean, the climate of Oman is extremely hot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Oman |
Qasr Kharana | Qasr Kharana combines different regional traditions with the influence of the then-new religion of Islam to create a new style. Syrian building traditions influenced the design of the castle, with Sassanid building techniques applied. The layout follows Syrian houses, themselves influenced by Byzantine and Roman custom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasr_Kharana |
State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list) | Michael F. Oppenheimer, professor at New York University's Center for Global Affairs, considers the State Sponsors of Terrorism list as a "negotiating tool" that, in the case of Iran, serves as a "bargaining chip," where the United States would "take them off as part of process of alleviating sanctions against Iran in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list) |
Palestinian Christians | In addition to neighboring countries, such as Lebanon and Jordan, many Palestinian Christians emigrated to countries in Latin America (notably Argentina and Chile), as well as to Australia, the United States and Canada. The Palestinian Authority is unable to keep exact tallies. The share of Christians in the population... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Christians |
Uruk period | Out of these urban agglomerations, it is Uruk, the period's eponymous site, which was the largest by far, according to our current knowledge, and it is the main one from which the chronological sequence of the period has been constructed. It may have covered 230–500 hectares at its peak during the Late Uruk period, mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_period |
Ardashir I | According to the information collected from Latin and Greek sources, the first clash between the "newborn Sasanian power" in its west borders with Rome occurred by the Persians' attack on the regions held by Rome in Northern Mesopotamia on Ardashir's era, 230. Ardashir besieged Nusaybin, which was one of the two fortr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_I |
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