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Honor killing | The concept of family honor is extremely important in many communities worldwide. The UN estimates that 5,000 women and girls are murdered each year in honor killings, which are widely reported in the Middle East and South Asia, but they occur in countries as varied as Brazil, Canada, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Egypt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_killing |
Name of Syria | The majority of modern scholars strongly support the already dominant position that 'Syrian' and Syriac indeed derived from 'Assyrian', and the recent (1997) discovery of the bilingual Çineköy inscription from the 8th century BCE, written in the Luwian and Phoenician languages, seems to clearly confirm that Syria is ul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Syria |
Two-nation theory | The subsequent partition of Pakistan itself into the present-day nations of Pakistan and Bangladesh was cited as proof both that Muslims did not constitute one nation and that religion alone was not a defining factor for nationhood. Some historians have claimed that the theory was a creation of a few Muslim intellectua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Cinema of Palestine | In 1987, there was the first Intifada, and this led to an increase in news coverage in Palestine, showcasing their occupation. This is when filmmakers started getting back up to make more films, in documentarian style, as they were given the understanding of film techniques through these news reporters. This is when a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine |
Byzantine art | Alloa, Emmanuel (2013). "Visual Studies in Byzantium". Journal of Visual Culture. 12 (1): 3‒29. doi:10.1177/1470412912468704. S2CID 191395643.
Beckwith, John (1979). Early Christian and Byzantine Art (2nd ed.). Penguin History of Art. ISBN 978-0140560336.
Bühren, Ralf van; Jasiński, Maciej Jan (2024), The invisible div... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art |
Wali | According to various traditional Sufi interpretations of the Quran, the concept of sainthood is clearly described. Some modern scholars, however, assert that the Quran does not explicitly outline a doctrine or theory of saints. In the Quran, the adjective walī is applied to God, in the sense of him being the "friend" o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali |
Muhammad Abduh | Muḥammad ʿAbduh was born in 1849 to a father with Turkish ancestry and an Egyptian mother in the Nile Delta. His family was part of the Ottoman Egyptian elite: his father was part of the Umad, or the local ruling elite, while his mother was part of the Ashraf. He was educated in Tanta at a private school. When he turne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh |
Baháʼí Faith in Morocco | In Morocco there were episodes of religious persecution in 1962–1963, on the basis of condemnation from Allal El Fassi when 15 Baháʼís were arrested for their religious convictions; three were given death sentences. On December 7, 1961, an article in Al Alam laments the decline of Islam and attacks the Baháʼís. During ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Morocco |
Hadith | Shi'a Muslims seldom if ever use the six major hadith collections followed by the Sunnis because they do not trust many of the Sunni narrators and transmitters. They have their own extensive hadith literature. The best-known hadith collections are The Four Books, which were compiled by three authors who are known as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith |
Kurdistan Region | In 2010 Human Rights Watch reported that journalists in the Kurdistan Region who criticize the regional government have faced substantial violence, threats, and lawsuits, and some have fled the country. Some journalists faced trial and threats of imprisonment for their reports about corruption in the region.
In 2009 Hu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region |
Moorish architecture | Almohad architecture showed more restraint than Almoravid architecture in its use of ornamental richness, giving greater attention to wider forms, contours, and overall proportions. Earlier motifs were refined and were given a grander scale. While surface ornament remained important, architects strove for a balance bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture |
Al-Muqtadir | In 908, al-Muktafi fell ill, and was evidently nearing his end. The issue of succession had been left open, and with the Caliph incapacitated, the vizier al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i took it upon himself to seek out a successor. Two different versions are told of the events: Miskawayh reports that the vizier soug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadir |
Baghdad | After the fall of the Umayyads, the first Muslim dynasty, the victorious Abbasid rulers wanted their own capital from which they could rule. They chose a site north of the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, and on 30 July 762 the caliph Al-Mansur commissioned the construction of the city. It was built under the guidance of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad |
Geography of Sudan | Northern Sudan –lying between the Egyptian border and Sennar– has two distinct parts, the desert and the Nile Valley. To the east of the Nile is the Nubian Desert and to the west, the Libyan Desert. Both are stony, with sandy dunes drifting over the landscape. There is virtually no rainfall in these deserts. Water in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan |
Battle of the Nile | At 19:00 the identifying lights in the mizzenmasts of the British fleet were lit. By this time, Guerrier had been completely dismasted and heavily battered. Zealous by contrast was barely touched: Hood had situated Zealous outside the arc of most of the French ship's broadsides, and in any case Guerrier was not prepare... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile |
Uruk period | The Uruk period provides the earliest signs of the existence of states in the Near East. The monumental architecture is more imposing than that of the preceding period; 'Temple D' of Eanna covers around 4600 m2—a substantial increase compared to the largest known temple of the Ubayd period, level VI of Eridu, which had... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_period |
Sultanate of the Geledi | The Geledi Sultanate maintained a vast trading network, and had trade relations with Arabia, Persia, India, Near East, Europe and the Swahili coast, dominating the East African trade, and minting its own currency, and were recognized as a powerful regional power.
In the case of the Geledi, wealth accrued to the nobles ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi |
Cleopatra | Of the surviving Greco-Roman-style busts and heads of Cleopatra, the sculpture known as the "Berlin Cleopatra", located in the Antikensammlung Berlin collection at the Altes Museum, possesses her full nose, whereas the head known as the "Vatican Cleopatra", located in the Vatican Museums, is damaged with a missing nose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra |
Nabonidus | According to Herodotus, an official by the name Labynetus (the same name used for Nabonidus in ancient Greek sources) was present as a mediator and witness on behalf of Babylon at the negotiations conducted between the Median and Lydian kingdoms after the Battle of the Eclipse in 585 BC. It is possible that this ambass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus |
Ash'arism | Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī was born in Basra, Iraq, and was a descendant of Abū Mūsa al-Ashʿarī, which belonged to the first generation of Muhammad's closest companions (ṣaḥāba). As a young man he studied under al-Jubba'i, a renowned teacher of Muʿtazilite theology and philosophy. He was noted for his teachings on atomism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism |
Law | Criminal law, also known as penal law, pertains to crimes and punishment. It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact but, in itself, makes no moral judgment on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically prevent people from c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law |
Northeastern Neo-Aramaic | Coghill, Eleanor. "Some notable features in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects of Iraq". Neo-Aramaic Dialect Studies. Gorgias Press. pp. 91–104. ISBN 978-1-4632-1161-5.
Fox, Samuel Ethan (1994). "The Relationships of the Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 114 (2): 154–162. doi:10.2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic |
Sources of Sharia | The Sunnah is the next important source, and is commonly defined as "the traditions and customs of Muhammad" or "the words, actions and silent assertions of him". It includes the everyday sayings and utterances of Muhammad, his acts, his tacit consent, and acknowledgments of statements and activities. According to Shi'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_Sharia |
Kingdom of Yemen | The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was a member of international organizations such as Arab League (1945), United Nations (1947). Since South Yemen was under the auspices of the United Kingdom at that time, it represented the whole of Yemen. In line with its power, the Kingdom of Yemen often pursued a policy of isolat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen |
Iraq–United States relations | The Richard Nixon administration was confronted with an early foreign policy crisis when Iraq publicly executed 9 Iraqi Jews on fabricated espionage charges at the end of January 1969. The Nixon administration initially sought to stay the executions by convincing American allies with close ties to Iraq—such as France, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations |
Christianity and Druze | The Epistles of Wisdom present a unique perspective on religions and philosophies, including Christianity and Islam, offering insights and interpretations that reflect the beliefs and teachings of the Druze faith. These epistles delve into various aspects of Christianity, including the role of Jesus, the Gospel writers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze |
Sufism | There is evidence that Sufism influenced the development of some schools of Jewish philosophy and ethics. In the first writing of this kind, we see Kitab al-Hidayah ila Fara'iḍ al-Ḳulub, Duties of the Heart, of Bahya ibn Paquda. This book was translated by Judah ibn Tibbon into Hebrew under the title Chovot HaLevavot.T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism |
Ibn Battuta | After returning home from his travels in 1354, and at the suggestion of the Marinid ruler of Morocco, Abu Inan Faris, Ibn Battuta dictated an account in Arabic of his journeys to Ibn Juzayy, a scholar whom he had previously met in Granada. The account is the only source for Ibn Battuta's adventures. The full title of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta |
Kuwait | Kuwait is part of the Tigris–Euphrates river system basin. Several Tigris–Euphrates confluences form parts of the Kuwait–Iraq border. Bubiyan Island is part of the Shatt al-Arab delta. Kuwait is partially part of the Mesopotamian Marshes. Kuwait does not currently have any permanent rivers within its territory. However... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Al-Mu'tadid | In the Jazira the new Caliph struggled against a variety of opponents: alongside an almost thirty-year-old Kharijite rebellion, there were various autonomous local magnates, chiefly the Shaybani ruler of Amid and Diyar Bakr, Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani, and the Taghlibi chief Hamdan ibn Hamdun. In 893, while the Kharijit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid |
Palestinians | Palestinian hip hop reportedly started in 1998 with Tamer Nafar's group DAM. These Palestinian youth forged the new Palestinian musical subgenre, which blends Arabic melodies and hip hop beats. Lyrics are often sung in Arabic, Hebrew, English, and sometimes French. Since then, the new Palestinian musical subgenre has g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians |
Sharia | Jonathan A.C. Brown says:
The vast majority of the ulama across the Sunni schools of law inherited the Prophet's unease over domestic violence and placed further restrictions on the evident meaning of the 'Wife Beating Verse'. A leading Meccan scholar from the second generation of Muslims, Ata' bin Abi Rabah, counsele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Sahrawi refugee camps | Since the Polisario Front and Morocco are still at war, visits between the camps and the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara are virtually impossible, with the Moroccan Wall hindering movement through Western Sahara, and the Algeria–Morocco border closed added to the restriction on movement by the Polisario on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps |
2011 Bahraini uprising | The country has been ruled by the House of Khalifa since the Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain in 1783, and was a British protectorate for most of the 20th century. In 1926, Charles Belgrave, a British national operating as an adviser to the ruler, became the de facto ruler and oversaw the transition to a "modern" state. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising |
Shukri al-Quwatli | Amid the euphoria generated by Egypt's military intervention, serious unity discussions commenced between Syria and Egypt. Towards the end of October, Anwar al-Sadat, the Egyptian speaker of parliament, visited the Syrian parliament in Damascus in a gesture of solidarity, only for the visit to end with the Syrian parli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
Pharaoh | In Ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh was often considered to be divine. This precept originated before 3000 BCE and the Egyptian office of divine kingship would go on to influence many other societies and kingdoms, surviving into the modern era. The Pharaoh also became a mediator between the gods and man. This institution rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh |
Cosmological argument | David Hume and later Paul Edwards have invoked a similar principle in their criticisms of the cosmological argument. William L. Rowe has called this the Hume-Edwards principle:
If the existence of every member of a set is explained, the existence of that set is thereby explained.
Nevertheless, David White argues that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument |
History of the Middle East | In 1878, as the result of the Cyprus Convention, the United Kingdom took over the government of Cyprus as a protectorate from the Ottoman Empire. While the Cypriots at first welcomed British rule, hoping that they would gradually achieve prosperity, democracy and national liberation, they soon became disillusioned. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East |
2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency | With the violent threat from Sadr's forces eliminated throughout most of Iraq, coalition forces and the Iraqi government began turning their attention towards bringing under control the numerous Sunni guerrilla safe-havens that remained from the spring uprising. Officials from the U.S.-led coalition and Allawi's govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%932006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency |
Bab al-Nasr (Cairo) | It is a massive fortified gate with rectangular stone towers flanking the semicircular arch of the eastern portal. The gate and the surrounding wall were carefully designed for defense. Arrow slits allowed defenders to shoot projectiles at enemies below and projecting towers made it possible to deliver flanking fire as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo) |
Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s | Following the end of internal conflicts and external threats in 1869, the tribal rule in Bahrain was stabilized. According to Bahraini historian Khayri, during the first 20 years of Shaikh Isa's rule, authority was centralized. However, in 1889, after the death of his brother, Shaikh Ahmed, authority began to be distri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s |
Jalal al-Din Davani | Binbaş, İlker Evrim (2016), Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Dīn 'Alī Yazdī and the Islamicate Republic of Letters, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-05424-0
Browne, Edward G. (2013). A History of Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265-1502). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-11... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Davani |
Women in Jordan | While female participation in Jordanian parliament has increased over the past decade, it still remains low. Notwithstanding the 1974 law giving women the right to campaign and serve in office, few Jordanian women today are motivated to or feel comfortable running for political office, while even fewer are elected and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Jordan |
Uganda–Tanzania War | At first Nyerere only sought to wage war in defence of Tanzanian territory. After Amin failed to renounce his claims to Kagera and the OAU failed to condemn the Ugandan invasion, he decided that Tanzanian forces should occupy southern Uganda, specifically the two major towns there: Masaka and Mbarara. The Tanzanians de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War |
Rosetta Stone | After the surrender, a dispute arose over the fate of the French archaeological and scientific discoveries in Egypt, including the artefacts, biological specimens, notes, plans, and drawings collected by the members of the commission. Menou refused to hand them over, claiming that they belonged to the institute. Britis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone |
Presidency of Donald Trump | In January 2017, Trump signed an executive order which indefinitely suspended admission of asylum seekers fleeing the Syrian Civil War, suspended admission of all other refugees for 120 days, and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen for 90 days. The order also established a rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump |
Jinn | Jinn might be invoked, along with demons and devils, for means of sorcery, incantation, protection, or divination. Soothsayers (kāhin) are credited with the ability to ask jinn about things of the past, since their lives are believed to last longer than that of humans.(p73)
Common beliefs regarding sorcery and commandi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn |
Macedonia (ancient kingdom) | Perdiccas II of Macedon was able to host well-known Classical Greek intellectual visitors at his royal court, such as the lyric poet Melanippides and the renowned medical doctor Hippocrates, and Pindar's enkomion written for Alexander I of Macedon may have been composed at his court. Archelaus I received many more Gree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom) |
Lustreware | Lustreware began to be made in Persia when it was part of the Seljuk Empire, whose ruling dynasty and top elite were ethnically Turkish. But Persia was ruled by the Khwarazmian dynasty, initially as vassals of the Seljuk, until in 1190 they severed these ties and ruled independently until the devastating Mongol conque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustreware |
Syrian Democratic Forces | With continuous growth in particular due to Arab groups and volunteers joining, in March 2016 only an estimated 60% of the men and women in the SDF fighting force were ethnic Kurds. Growth in particular of Arab, Turkmen and Assyrian participation in the SDF has since continued. In an interview on the first anniversary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces |
Christianity in the Roman Africa province | The Arabs started conquering the region of North Africa in the 7th century and in 698 Carthage was taken. The Roman church gradually died out alongside the vulgar Latin of the region. One prevailing view has been that the decline of Christianity in North Africa was quick. Another view however has been that it remained ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province |
Coptic literature | The monk Shenoute (died 465), head of the White Monastery, was "perhaps the most prolific writer" in the Coptic language. He is its "one truly remarkable individual author", whose writing is by far "its most sophisticated". He raised Coptic to the rank of literary language. He was, however, almost unknown outside the C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_literature |
2008 Mauritanian coup d'état | Arab League – The Arab League expressed concerns regarding the situation in Mauritania, called for the return of stability, and sent the Vice Secretary General of the Arab League to Mauritania.
– The Arab Maghreb Union asked its own Secretary General Habib Ben Yahia to visit Mauritania immediately in order to assess t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Dawoodi Bohra | The roots of the community's establishment in India go back to the Fatimid era, when Al Mustansir Billah, the 18th Imam, sent a Dai named Abdullah from Yemen to initiate the Da’wah on his behalf. Abdullah arrived in Cambay (modern day Khambhat, Gujarat) in AD 1067/H 460 and soon won many converts, including local ruler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra |
History of Islam | The Arab–Israeli conflict spans about a century of political tensions and open hostilities. It involves the establishment of the modern State of Israel as a Jewish nation state, the consequent displacement of the Palestinian people and Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, as well as the adverse relationship be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Sufism | Sufis believe the sharia (exoteric "canon"), tariqa ("order") and haqiqa ("truth") are mutually interdependent. Sufism leads the adept, called salik or "wayfarer", in his sulûk or "road" through different stations (maqāmāt) until he reaches his goal, the perfect tawhid, the existential confession that God is One. Ibn A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism |
Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400) | A century after the Qur'an was written, numerous religious schisms arose in Islam. Skeptics sought to investigate the doctrines of the Qur'an, which until then had been accepted as divine revelation. The first independent protest was that of the Qadar ("Destiny"), whose partisans affirmed the freedom of the will, in co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400) |
Positional notation | The numbers which have a finite representation form the semiring
N
0
b
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation |
Slavery in Saudi Arabia | After World War II, there was growing international pressure from the United Nations to end the slave trade. In 1948, the United Nations declared slavery to be a crime against humanity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, after which the Anti-Slavery Society pointed out that there was about one million slaves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | Sources disagree about the quantity of arms at the Yishuv's disposal at the end of the Mandate. According to Efraim Karsh before the arrival shipments from Czechoslovakia as part of Operation Balak, there was roughly one weapon for every three fighters, and even the Palmach could arm only two out of every three of its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby | Allenby supposedly once said that people would have to visit a war museum to learn of him, but that T. E. Lawrence would be remembered and become a household name. This was quoted by Robert Bolt in his screenplay for the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia, directed by David Lean. A blue plaque unveiled in 1960 commemorates A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby |
Benjamin Netanyahu | Prior to the 1988 Israeli legislative election, Netanyahu returned to Israel and joined the Likud party. In the Likud's internal elections, Netanyahu was placed fifth on the party list. Later on he was elected as a Knesset member of the 12th Knesset, and was appointed as a deputy of the foreign minister Moshe Arens, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu |
French invasion of Egypt and Syria | In addition to its significance in the wider French Revolutionary Wars, the campaign had a powerful impact on the Ottoman Empire in general, and the Arab world in particular. The invasion demonstrated the military, technological, and organisational superiority of the Western European powers to the Middle East. This led... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria |
Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi | Kitab al-talwihat
Kitab al-moqawamat
Kitab al-mashari' wa'l-motarahat, Arabic texts edited with introduction in French by H. Corbin, Tehran: Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy, and Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1976; vol II: I. Le Livre de la Théosophie oriental
(Kitab Hikmat al-ishraq) 2. Le Symbole de foi des philos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi |
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire | Akın, Yiğit (2018). When the War Came Home: The Ottomans' Great War and the Devastation of an Empire. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-503-60490-2.
Albertini, Luigi (2005). The Origins of the War of 1914. Vol. I. New York: Enigma Books.
Bandžović, S. (2003). "Ratovi i demografska deosmanizacija Balk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Al-Mustazhir | Al-Mustazhir's father was caliph Al-Muqtadi. His mother was Tayf al-Khayal, a Turkish concubine. He was born in 1078 (the 5th Islamic century). Al-Mustazhir's full name was Ahmad ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi and his kunya was Abu'l-Abbas.
When his father died on 3 February 1094 at the age of 37 – 38. Al-Mustazhir succeeded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustazhir |
Arbayistan | At the beginning of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591, in late 572, a small Byzantine army of 3000 infantrymen were dispatched by Marcian, magister militum per orientum, to Arzanene where they laid waste and plundered the region before returning to Dara. In the spring of 573, a Byzantine army under the command of M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbayistan |
Lashkar-e-Taiba | 1998 Wandhama massacre: 23 Kashmiri pandits were murdered on 25 January 1998.
In March 2000, Lashkar-e-Taiba militants are claimed to have been involved in the Chittisinghpura massacre, where 35 Sikhs in the town of Chittisinghpura in Kashmir were killed. An 18-year-old male, who was arrested in December of that year, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba |
Barbary slave trade | Britain and Ireland were attacked by the Barbary Corsairs pirates both on sea and by raids on land. The Irish Sea was infamous for being frequented by Barbary pirates.
In 1620–1621, the government of James VI and I maintained long negotiations to prevent attacks, but did not succeed.
In the 1620s and 1640s, the coasts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade |
Sharia | According to the classical doctrine, apostasy from Islam is a crime as well as a sin, and can be punished with the death penalty, typically after a waiting period to allow the apostate time to repent and to return to Islam. Wael Hallaq writes that "[in] a culture whose lynchpin is religion, religious principles and rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Jerusalem | In 538 BCE, the Achaemenid King Cyrus the Great invited the Jews of Babylon to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple. Construction of the Second Temple was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of Darius the Great, 70 years after the destruction of the First Temple.
Sometime soon after 485 BCE Jerusalem was besieged, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem |
Timeline of Middle Eastern history | 570 – Birth of Muhammad
573 - Birth of Abu Bakr
585 - Birth of Umar
573/576 - Birth of Uthman
601 – Birth of Ali
614 – Persecution of the Muslims by the Quraish (Migration to Abyssinia)
616 – Second migration to Abyssinia
620 – Ascension to the heavens
622 – Constitution of Medina, establishment of the first Islamic s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history |
Ptolemy VIII Physcon | In late 132 BC, the conflict between the royal siblings finally erupted into open warfare, with Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III on one side opposing Cleopatra II on the other. At first, Ptolemy retained control of Alexandria, but in late 131 BC the people of Alexandria rioted in favour of Cleopatra II and set fire to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon |
Ancient Egyptian medicine | The oldest metal (Bronze or copper
) surgical tools in the world were discovered in the tomb of Qar.
Surgery was a common practice among physicians as treatment for physical injuries. The Egyptian physicians recognized three categories of injuries; treatable, contestable, and untreatable ailments. Treatable ailments th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine |
United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 | Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu responded to the debate, in particular Abbas' speech, in saying: "The world watched a defamatory and venomous speech that was full of mendacious propaganda against the Israel Defense Forces and the citizens of Israel. Someone who wants peace does not talk in such a manner. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_67/19 |
T. E. Lawrence | Lawrence returned to the United Kingdom a full colonel. Immediately after the war, he worked for the Foreign Office, attending the Paris Peace Conference between January and May as a member of Faisal's delegation. On 17 May 1919, a Handley Page Type O/400 taking Lawrence to Egypt crashed at the airport of Roma-Centocel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence |
Christianity in Saudi Arabia | There are more than 500,000 Catholics in Saudi Arabia. Most of them are expatriate Filipinos who work there, but are not Saudi Arabian citizens. As of 2008, about 90% of the roughly 1.2 million Filipinos are Christians. In the same year there were also Christians from Canada, the United States, New Zealand, Spain, Aust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Kavad I | Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1999). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4355-2.
Axworthy, Michael (2008). A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. New York: Basic Book... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavad_I |
Legal status of the State of Palestine | Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) had been recognized as "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people," competent on all matters concerning the question of Palestine by the UN General Assembly in addition to the right of the Palestinian people in Palestine to national independence and sovereignty, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_State_of_Palestine |
Astrology | The general consensus of astronomers and other natural scientists is that astrology is a pseudoscience which carries no predictive capability, with many philosophers of science considering it a "paradigm or prime example of pseudoscience." Some scholars in the social sciences have cautioned against categorizing astrolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology |
Khabur (Euphrates) | The river was well noted by ancient writers, with various names used by various writers: Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder called it the Chaboras (Ancient Greek: Χαβώρας), Procopius called it the Chabura, Strabo, Zosimus, and Ammianus Marcellinus called it the Aborrhas (Ἀβόρρας), and Isidore of Charax called it the Aburas (Ἀ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates) |
Muammar Gaddafi | In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalize relations. In September 2001, Gaddafi publicly condemned the September 11 attacks on the US by al-Qaeda, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the US-led War on Terror against militant Islamism. His governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
History of biology | The pre-Socratic philosophers asked many questions about life but produced little systematic knowledge of specifically biological interest—though the attempts of the atomists to explain life in purely physical terms would recur periodically through the history of biology. However, the medical theories of Hippocrates an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biology |
Fasting in Islam | In the Quran, the practice of fasting is mentioned. In verse 2:183, the Quran expresses situations in which a Muslim is allowed to abstain from fasting and introduces alternative solutions such as feeding needy people. Also, it is emphasized in verse 2:183–185 that it is not necessary for people who are traveling or si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam |
Moors | In 711 the Islamic Arabs and Moors of Berber descent in northern Africa crossed the Strait of Gibraltar onto the Iberian Peninsula, and in a series of raids they conquered Visigothic Christian Hispania. Their general, Tariq ibn Ziyad, brought most of Iberia under Islamic rule in an eight-year campaign. They continued n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors |
Al-Ma'mun | Al-Tabari recounts how al-Ma'mun was sitting on the river bank telling those with him how splendid the water was. He asked what would go best with this water and was told a specific kind of fresh dates. Noticing supplies arriving, he asked someone to check whether such dates were included. As they were, he invited thos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun |
Sharia | Westernization of legal institutions and expansion of state control in all areas of law, which began during the colonial era, continued in nation-states of the Muslim world. Sharia courts at first continued to exist alongside state courts as in earlier times, but the doctrine that sultanic courts should implement the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011) | In August, Abdelhakim Belhadj was appointed commander of the Tripoli Military Council, a grouping of several brigades of rebels involved in taking the capital. Belhadj was the emir of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. In 2004, he was taken into custody by the CIA and rendered to the Libyan government at the time, who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011) |
Erbil | Erbil lies on the plain beneath the mountains, but for the most part, the inhabitants of Iraqi Kurdistan dwell up above in the rugged and rocky terrain that is the traditional habitat of the Kurds since time immemorial.
The modern town of Erbil stands on a tell topped by an Ottoman fort. During the Middle Ages, Erbil b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil |
Cairo | The Muslim conquest of Byzantine Egypt was led by Amr ibn al-As from 639 to 642. Babylon Fortress was besieged in September 640 and fell in April 641. In 641 or early 642, after the surrender of Alexandria (the Egyptian capital at the time), he founded a new settlement next to Babylon Fortress. The city, known as Fusta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo |
Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | In November 1991, two Libyan intelligence agents, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, were charged with the December 1988 Lockerbie bombing. Libya refused to extradite the two accused to the U.S. or to Scotland. As a result, United Nations Security Council Resolution 748 was approved on 31 March 1992, requ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Sidon | This sectarian and demographic division rose to the surface during the Lebanese Civil War, when armed clashes erupted between Sunni Muslims and Christians. The clashes ended with the surrender of the Christian front, and Christians were forced to move to east Beirut. After the war ended in 1990, some Christians gradual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon |
Julian (emperor) | Julian's personal religion was both pagan and philosophical; he viewed the traditional myths as allegories, in which the ancient gods were aspects of a philosophical divinity. The chief surviving sources are his works To King Helios and To the Mother of the Gods, which were written as panegyrics, not theological treati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor) |
Mamluk Sultanate | Tensions between as-Salih and his mamluks culminated in 1249 when Louis IX of France's forces captured Damietta in their bid to conquer Egypt during the Seventh Crusade. Al-Salih opposed the evacuation of Damietta and threatened to punish the city's garrison. This provoked a mutiny by his garrison in al-Mansura, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Arabic | Egyptian Arabic is spoken by 67 million people in Egypt. It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world
Levantine Arabic is spoken by about 44 million people in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Pal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
Najaf | In early 14th century, Sheikh Ibn Battuta visited the burial site of Ali ibn Abi Talib during his travels in Iraq after his pilgrimage to Mecca. During this period, Najaf was called Meshhed Ali. As Translated by Samuel Lee, Ibn Battuta in his Arabic Rihla relates:
We next proceeded to the city of Meshhed Ali where the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf |
History of Sudan | In 1896, a Belgian expedition claimed portions of southern Sudan that became known as the Lado Enclave. The Lado Enclave was officially part of the Belgian Congo. An 1896 agreement between the United Kingdom and Belgium saw the enclave turned over to the British after the death of King Leopold II in December 1909.
At t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan |
History of slavery | Although slavery was illegal inside the Netherlands it flourished throughout the Dutch Empire in the Americas, Africa, Ceylon and Indonesia. The Dutch Slave Coast (Dutch: Slavenkust) referred to the trading posts of the Dutch West India Company on the Slave Coast, which lie in contemporary Ghana, Benin, Togo and Nigeri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Arab–Israeli conflict | On 14 May 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum and approved a proclamation that declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. The declaration was made by David Ben-Gurion, the Ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict |
Menachem Begin | Begin quickly made a name for himself as a fierce critic of the dominant Zionist leadership for being too cooperative with the British, and argued that the only way to save the Jews of Europe, who were facing extermination, was to compel the British to leave so that a Jewish state could be established. In 1942 he joine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin |
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