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Human rights in the United Arab Emirates | In the past, the UAE government has denied any kind of labour injustices and has stated that the accusations by Human Rights Watch were misguided. Towards the end of March 2006, the government announced steps to allow construction unions. UAE labour minister Ali al-Kaabi said, "Laborers will be allowed to form unions."... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Old South Arabian | Short introductions and overviews
Nebes, Norbert; Stein, Peter (2008). "Ancient South Arabian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–178. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511486890. ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9.
Peter Stein: Ancient South Ara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_South_Arabian |
Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz | Although there is no formal evidence suggesting that Hussein bin Ali was inclined towards Arab nationalism before 1916, the rise of Turkish nationalism towards the end of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Young Turks Revolution of 1908, strongly displeased the Hashemites and Bedouins. Additionally, the increasing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz |
Infinitive | The original Proto-Germanic ending of the infinitive was -an, with verbs derived from other words ending in -jan or -janan.
In German it is -en ("sagen"), with -eln or -ern endings on a few words based on -l or -r roots ("segeln", "ändern"). The use of zu with infinitives is similar to English to, but is less frequent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitive |
Salafi movement | By the 1900s, the reformers had already become commonly known as "Salafis", which in-part was also used to deflect accusations from their opponents; to emphasize that they were different from the Wahhabis of Najd. The Salafi turn against Ibn 'Arabi and Sufism would materialize a decade later, after the First World War,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
2012–2013 Iraqi protests | The week of 5 January saw continuing anti-government protests in Mosul, Kirkuk, Tikrit, al-Daur, Samarra, Dhuluiyah, Ramadi, Fallujah, Abu Ghraib, and the Baghdad districts of Adhamiya and Ghazaliyah. The week also saw the emergence of pro-government protests, taking place in Baghdad, along with the southern Shiite c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Iraqi_protests |
Ilm (Arabic) | 'Ilm is commonly translated in English as "knowledge". Nevertheless, its interpretation can vary based on the specific context. It can encompass meanings such as "religious knowledge," "learning," or "science(s)," particularly when used in its plural form, "'ulum." According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ilm" is unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic) |
Hellenistic period | Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Western Sahara conflict | The referendum, originally scheduled for 1992, was intended to give the local population of Western Sahara the option between independence or affirming integration with Morocco, but it quickly stalled. In 1997, the Houston Agreement attempted to revive the proposal for a referendum, but likewise has not met with had su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict |
Malaysia | A founding member of ASEAN and OIC, the country participates in many international organisations such as the United Nations (U.N.), APEC, the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, and NAM. It has chaired ASEAN, OIC, and NAM in the past. A former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth. Kuala Lumpur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia |
Seleucus I Nicator | Soon after Seleucus' return, the supporters of Antigonus tried to get Babylon back. Nicanor was the new satrap of Media and the strategos of the eastern provinces. His army had about 17,000 soldiers. Evagoras, the satrap of Aria, was allied with him. It was obvious that Seleucus' small force could not defeat the two in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator |
Mogadishu | As Somalia's capital city, Mogadishu has many important national institutions. It is the seat of the Federal Government of Somalia established in August 2012, with the Somalia Federal Parliament serving as the government's legislative branch. Abdirahman Omar Osman has been the Mayor of Mogadishu since January 2018. Vil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu |
Elizabeth (biblical figure) | Elizabeth (Arabic: Isha', daughter of Faqudh), the wife of Zakaria, the mother of Yahya, is an honored woman in Islam. Although Zachariah himself is frequently mentioned by name in the Qur'an, Elizabeth, while not mentioned by name, is referenced. She is revered by Muslims as a wise, pious and believing person who, lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure) |
Salafi movement | Similar to Saudi Arabia, most citizens of Qatar adhere to a strict sect of Salafism referred to as Wahhabism. The national mosque of Qatar is the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque named after the founder of Wahhabism. Similar to Saudi Arabian sponsorship of Salafism, Qatar has also funded the construction of mosqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Constantine the Great | In 310, a dispossessed Maximian rebelled against Constantine while Constantine was away campaigning against the Franks. Maximian had been sent south to Arles with a contingent of Constantine's army, in preparation for any attacks by Maxentius in southern Gaul. He announced that Constantine was dead and took up the impe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great |
Neo-Assyrian Empire | When the Medes and Babylonians conquered the Assyrian heartland, they put the great monuments, palaces, temples and cities of Assyria to the torch; the Assyrian people were dispersed and the great cities were for a long time left largely abandoned. Though Assyria experienced a resurgence in the later post-imperial peri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire |
Asafoetida | Asafoetida was familiar in the early Mediterranean, having come by land across Iran. It was brought to Europe by an expedition of Alexander the Great, who, after returning from a trip to northeastern ancient Persia, thought that he had found a plant almost identical to the famed silphium of Cyrene in North Africa—thoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asafoetida |
Numidia (Roman province) | The people of the area were first identified as Numidians by Polybius around the 2nd century BC, although they were often referred to as the Nodidians.
Eastern Numidia was annexed in 46 BC to create a new Roman province, Africa Nova. Western Numidia was also annexed as part of the province Africa Nova after the death ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province) |
Philosophy | Methods of philosophy are ways of conducting philosophical inquiry. They include techniques for arriving at philosophical knowledge and justifying philosophical claims as well as principles used for choosing between competing theories. A great variety of methods have been employed throughout the history of philosophy. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy |
International sanctions against Iraq | As the humanitarian impact of the sanctions became a matter of international concern, several UN resolutions were introduced that allowed Iraq to trade its oil for approved goods such as food and medicine. The earliest of these, Resolution 706 of 15 August 1991, allowed the sale of Iraqi oil in exchange for food, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq |
Elam | The later Neo-Elamite period is characterized by a significant migration of Indo-European speaking Iranians to the Iranian plateau. Assyrian sources beginning around 800 BC distinguish the "powerful Medes", i.e. the actual Medes, Persians, Parthians, Sagartians, etc. Among these pressuring tribes were the Parsu, first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam |
Islamic banking and finance | Following Islamic principles, "Islamic banks were supposed to adopt new financing policies and to explore new channels of investments" to encourage development and raise the standard of living of "small scale traders", but Taqi Usmani complains "very few Islamic banks and financial institutions have paid attention to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Granada War | The most notable facet of the Granada War was the power of bombards and cannons to greatly shorten the many sieges of the war. The Castilians and Aragonese started the war with only a few artillery pieces, but Ferdinand had access to French and Burgundian experts from his recent wars, and the Christians aggressively i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_War |
Water supply and sanitation in Morocco | So far there is limited planned reuse of reclaimed water in Morocco, given that only 21% of the collected wastewater undergoes any treatment. In 2009 there were more than 100 wastewater treatment plants in Morocco, mostly serving small and medium-sized towns located in the interior or the country. The first wastewater ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Morocco |
Fatimid Caliphate | The Shi'a opposed the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, whom they considered usurpers. Instead, they believed in the exclusive right of the descendants of Ali through Muhammad's daughter Fatima, to lead the Muslim community. This manifested itself in a line of imams, descendants of Ali via al-Husayn, whom their followers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Moorish architecture | The remains of castles and fortifications from various periods of Al-Andalus have survived across Spain and Portugal, often situated on hilltops and elevated positions that command the surrounding countryside. A large number of Arabic terms were used to denote the different types and functions of these structures, many... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture |
2003 Casablanca bombings | On May 16, 2003 at 8:45 p.m., the Casa de España restaurant was targeted by four suicide bombers during a bingo session organized at the restaurants. A security guard attempted to stop the group before one of the suicide bombers pulled out a knife and slit the guard's throat. Once inside the restaurant, the attackers y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Casablanca_bombings |
Berber Revolt | Through much of the winter of 741–42, the remnant of the Syrian expedition, some 10,000 men, under Balj ibn Bishr, remained trapped in Ceuta, besieged by the Berber rebels. The Andalusian ruler Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri, wary that the presence of the Syrians in Al-Andalus would only aggravate matters, denied them ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Revolt |
Fairuz | Fairuz and the Rahbani brothers started to garner more attention with their innovative ventures and went on to revolutionize the blueprint for Lebanese music. It started with incorporating western sounds into their music and eventually shaping the Lebanese style of music, since before the music had to fit into a certai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairuz |
Coast | Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast |
Nabonidus | It is unclear why Nabonidus returned to Babylon from Tayma. Potential explanations include fearing the growing power of Cyrus the Great or perhaps serious disagreements with Belshazzar on religion and the extent of his authority. Upon his return, he also swiftly began to seriously institute his intended religious refor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus |
2011 Egyptian revolution | The revolution's primary demands, chanted at every protest, were bread (also jobs and other material needs), freedom, social justice and human dignity. The fulfillment of these demands has been uneven and debatable. Demands stemming from the main four include the following:
On 17 February, an Egyptian prosecutor order... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution |
Najwa Karam | On 28 May Sawt el Ghad and several other Arab radio stations began to play the new hit "Hayda Haki". This song with a very new style was expected to be a great deal for 2007.
On 6 June 2007 the company Rotana released Najwa's 16th album titled Hayda Haki. A new Lebanese album with Najwa Karam's special flavor in it. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najwa_Karam |
Women in Kuwait | Until August 2020, there had been no laws specifically criminalizing domestic violence and marital rape. On 19 August 2020, Kuwait passed the Law on Protection from Domestic Violence criminalizing "physical, psychological, sexual, or financial mistreatment, whether in words or actions" between family members, going int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait |
Osroene | The area of the kingdom was perhaps roughly coterminous with that of the Roman province of Osrhoene. The great loop of the Euphrates was a natural frontier to the north and west. In the south Batnae was capital of the semi-autonomous principality of Anthemusias until its annexation by Rome, in AD 115. The eastern bound... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene |
Shia Islam | In the Nizārī Ismāʿīlī interpretation of Shia Islam, the Imam is the guide and the intercessor between humans and God, and the individual through whom God is recognized. He is also responsible for the esoteric interpretation of the Quran (taʾwīl). He is the possessor of divine knowledge and therefore the "Prime Teacher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Water supply and sanitation in Egypt | The Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities supervises all institutions in charge of providing water and sanitation services. Broadly speaking, these are two types of institutions: those in charge of investment and those in charge of operation. However, this separation is not always clear-cut, since some com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt |
Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates | Recent finds of pottery in Thuqeibah and Madam have further linked the development of early aflaj (plural for falaj, the word used to denote waterways of this type in the United Arab Emirates) water systems there to an Iron Age II date, further substantiating the attribution of the innovation of these water systems to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Manichaeism | Manichaeism reached Rome through the apostle Psattiq by 280, who was also in Egypt in 244 and 251. It was flourishing in the Faiyum in 290.
Manichaean monasteries existed in Rome in 312 during the time of Pope Miltiades.
In 291, persecution arose in the Sasanian Empire with the murder of the apostle Sisin by Emperor Ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism |
Ancient Egyptian trade | Shipbuilding was known to the Ancient Egyptians as early as 3000 BCE, and perhaps earlier. Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull, with woven straps used to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. The Archaeological Institute of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade |
Capital punishment | Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture. Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it "cruel, inhuman and de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment |
Abdullah II of Jordan | Abdullah joined his father on a number of missions, including meetings abroad with Soviet and American leaders. He was occasionally King Hussein's regent during the 1990s but this duty was mainly performed by Hussein's younger brother, Crown Prince Hassan. Abdullah led his father's delegation to Moscow for talks in 198... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan |
Janissary | As Janissaries became aware of their own importance, they began to desire a better life. By the early 17th century Janissaries had such prestige and influence that they dominated the government. They could mutiny, dictate policy, and hinder efforts to modernize the army structure. Additionally, the Janissaries found th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary |
North Yemen civil war | On 5 November, Yemeni dissidents, supported by republican tribesmen called down to San'a, moved four tanks into the city's dusty squares, took over the Presidential Palace and announced over the government radio station that Sallal had been removed "from all positions of authority". The coup went unopposed. In Baghdad,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
Second Italo-Senussi War | Italy had seized military control of Libya from the Ottoman Empire during the Italo-Turkish War in 1912, but the new colony had swiftly revolted, transferring large swaths of territory to local Libyan rule. Conflict between Italy and the Senussis – a Muslim political-religious tariqa based in Libya – erupted into major... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War |
Upper Mesopotamia | The conquest of the region took place under the early Caliphate that left the general administration of the region intact, with the exception of levying the jizya tax on the population. At the time of Mu‘awiyah, governor of Syria and the later of the Umayyad Caliphate), the administration of al-Jazira was included in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia |
Hell | Early Vedic religion does not have a concept of hell. The Rigveda mentions three realms, bhūr (the earth), svar (the sky) and bhuvas or antarikṣa (the middle area, i.e. air or atmosphere). In later Hindu literature, especially the law books and the Puranas, more realms are mentioned, including a realm similar to hell, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell |
Assala | Assala was born in Damascus, Syria to a middle class family. Mostafa Nasri, Assala's father, was a revered composer and singer. Assala began her musical career by performing patriotic, religious, and children's songs when she was fourteen years old. She sang the theme song "Qessas Al Sho'oub" (قصص الشعوب), of the carto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assala |
Asbab al-Nuzul | The earliest and the most important work in this genre is undoubtedly Kitab asbab al-Nuzul ("Book of occasions of revelation") of Ali ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi (d. 1075 CE). al-Wahidi mentions occasions of about 570 verses out of 6236 verses of the Quran. Wahidi's work is not only the first attempt to collect all the materia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbab_al-Nuzul |
Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement | A European Commission spokeswoman said the deal was an important for both Israel and the UAE, in addition to ensuring their stability. Italy meanwhile hoped that it would usher in peace and stability in the Middle East. It also called Israel's suspension of annexation of parts of the West Bank positive and hoped it wil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement |
Punjab | The Sikh Empire ruled the Punjab until the British annexed it in 1849 following the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars. Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India, though a number of small princely states retained local rulers who recognized British authority. The Punjab with its rich farmlands becam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab |
Ming dynasty | Wang Gen was able to give philosophical lectures to many commoners from different regions because—following the trend already apparent in the Song dynasty—communities in Ming society were becoming less isolated as the distance between market towns was shrinking. Schools, descent groups, religious associations, and othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty |
Suez Canal | The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on world trade. Combined with the American transcontinental railroad completed six months earlier, it allowed the world to be circled in record time. It played an important role in increasing European colonization of Africa. The construction of the canal was one of the rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal |
Ay (pharaoh) | All that is known for certain was that by the time he was permitted to build a tomb for himself (Southern Tomb 25) at Amarna during the reign of Akhenaten, he had achieved the title of "Overseer of All the Horses of His Majesty", the highest rank in the elite charioteering division of the army, which was just below the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh) |
Prayer rug | In Islamic world there are two basic types of prayer rug, one designed with a single mihrab and meant for individual worship, the other with multiple niches and intended for a place of public prayer such as a mosque. This second type is known as saf.
A prayer rug is characterized by a niche at one end, representing the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_rug |
Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire | The system of administration introduced by Idris remained unchanged until the close of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29. But the Kurds, owing to the remoteness of their country from the capital and the decline of Ottoman Empire, had greatly increased in influence and power, and had spread westwards over the country as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | Commenting on an article that Muhammad Suheyl Umar dedicated to him, Nasr speaks of his own "philosophical position":
I am a follower of that philosophia perennis and also universalis, that eternal sophia, which has always been and will always be and in whose perspective there is but one Reality which can say "I" [...... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
HIV/AIDS | The second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products. Blood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle-stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment. The risk from sharing a needl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS |
M. Cherif Bassiouni | In 1972, Bassiouni was one of the founders of the International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences (ISISC) located in Siracusa, Italy, where he served as dean from 1972 to 1989 and then as president to date. He also served as the secretary general of the International Association of Penal Law (L’Associati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Cherif_Bassiouni |
Fatimid Caliphate | In 969 Jawhar launched a carefully-prepared and successful invasion of Egypt, which had been under the control of the Ikhshidids, another regional dynasty whose formal allegiance was to the Abbasids. Al-Mu'izz had given Jawhar specific instructions to carry out after the conquest, and one of his first actions was to fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Sharifian Solution | Faisal was the first of Hussein's sons to gain an official role, in OETA East, a joint Arab-British military administration. The Arab and British armies entered Damascus on 1 October 1918, and on 3 October 1918 Ali Rida al-Rikabi was appointed Military Governor of OETA East. Faisal entered Damascus as of 4 October and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifian_Solution |
Baboon | The collective noun for baboons is "troop". Most baboons live in hierarchical troops. Group sizes are typically around 50 animals, but can vary between 5 and 250, depending on species, location and time of year. The structure within the troop varies considerably between hamadryas baboons and the remaining species, so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baboon |
History of medicine | American Civil War
In the American Civil War (1861–65), as was typical of the 19th century, more soldiers died of disease than in battle, and even larger numbers were temporarily incapacitated by wounds, disease and accidents. Conditions were poor in the Confederacy, where doctors and medical supplies were in short su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine |
Sanaa | From the era of Muhammad (ca. 622 CE) until the founding of independent sub-states in many parts of the Yemen Islamic Caliphate, Sanaa persisted as the governing seat. The Caliph's deputy ran the affairs of one of Yemen's three Makhalifs: Mikhlaf Sanaʽa, Mikhlaf al-Janad, and Mikhlaf Hadhramaut. The city of Sanaa regul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa |
Economy of the Middle East | Israel's national leadership created a socialist economy when Israel was established in 1948. The purpose of this approach was to establish economic self-sufficiency, particularly agriculturally, to provide jobs for a population rapidly expanding through immigration. The socialist nature of the economy created a great... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East |
Rashid Rida | Riḍā believed that the management of state affairs and its principles were an integral part of Islamic faith. Accordingly, he called for the restoration of an Islamic caliphate and waged fierce battles against secularist trends that emerged during the 20th century. He considered calls for separation of religion and sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida |
Husainid dynasty | After Husayn I ibn Ali was granted the title of beylerbeyi by Sultan Ahmed III in 1705, the Husaynid beys ruled with effective independence from the Ottomans, even going so far as to form separate diplomatic agreements with European powers such as France, England, and the Italian states. Their independence was strength... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husainid_dynasty |
Kuwait | Human rights in Kuwait has been the subject of significant criticism, particularly regarding the Bedoon (stateless people). The Kuwaiti government's handling of the stateless Bedoon crisis has come under criticism from many human rights organisations and even the United Nations. According to Human Rights Watch in 1995,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Aden | In order to stabilize Aden and the surrounding Aden Protectorate from the designs of the Egyptian backed republicans of North Yemen, the British attempted to gradually unite the disparate states of the region in preparation for eventual independence. On 18 January 1963, the Colony of Aden was incorporated into the Fede... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden |
War against the Islamic State | On 15 November 2015, the United States launched an airstrike in Derna, Libya. Two U.S. F-15E fighter jets targeted senior ISIL leader Abu Nabil al-Anbari in the airstrike, who was the top ISIL commander in Libya. In January 2016, ISIL's Libyan faction confirmed Abu Nabil's death in a eulogy to him.
Administration offic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State |
Music of Palestine | After the creation of Israel in 1948, large numbers of Arab Palestinians fled to, or were forced into, refugee camps in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The most popular recorded musicians at the time were the superstars of Arab classical music, especially Umm Kulthum and Sayed Darwish. The centers for Palestinian music w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Palestine |
Rabat | The pirates did not have to contend with any central authority until al-Rashid, the founder of the 'Alawi dynasty, conquered the area in 1666 and united most of Morocco under his rule. Nonetheless, the 'Alawi sultans allowed the piracy to continue up until the reign of Moulay Slimane in the early 19th century. This led... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat |
Kassite dynasty | As with other cultural aspects, the arrival of the Kassites did not change Babylonian architectural and artistic traditions, although some developments did occur.
A few housing blocks from this period have been uncovered in the Babylonian sites at Ur, Nippur, and Dur-Kurigalzu, where no major changes from the preceding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassite_dynasty |
The Times of Israel | The Times of Israel was launched in February 2012. Its co-founders are journalist David Horovitz, and American billionaire Seth Klarman, founder of the Baupost Group and chairman of The David Project. Klarman is the chairman of the website.
Several Times of Israel editors had previously worked for the Haaretz English e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel |
Nabonidus | Nabonidus rose to the throne in the aftermath of the collapse of the direct dynastic line of the Chaldean dynasty. After the brief reign of Neriglissar, a son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar II, the throne had been inherited in April 556 BC by Neriglissar's son Labashi-Marduk. Berossus erroneously wrote that Labashi-Marduk ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus |
Mauretania Caesariensis | In the middle of 1st century AD, Roman emperor Claudius divided the westernmost Roman province in Africa, named Mauretania (land of the Mauri people, hence the word Moors), into Mauretania Caesariensis (named after its capital, one of many cities simply named Caesarea after the imperial cognomen that had become a titl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis |
Senusiyya | The Senussi order has been historically closed to Europeans and outsiders, leading reports of their beliefs and practices to vary immensely. Though it is possible to gain some insight from the lives of the Senussi sheikhs further details are difficult to obtain.
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi (1787–1859), the founder of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusiyya |
Hellenistic-era warships | Perhaps the most famous of the Hellenistic-era warships, because of its extensive use by the Carthaginians and Romans, the quinquereme (Latin: quīnquerēmis; Greek: πεντήρης, pentērēs) was invented by the tyrant of Syracuse, Dionysius I (r. 405–367 BC) in 399 BC, as part of a major naval armament program directed agains... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships |
Fars province | The ancient Persians were present in the region from about the 10th century BC, and became the rulers of the largest empire the world had yet seen under the Achaemenid dynasty which was established in the mid 6th century BC, at its peak stretching from Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia and Eastern Europe proper in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_province |
Syro-Hittite states | One of the most contested issues within the field is related to the choice of proper terms for this group of states. On that issue, scholars are divided into several categories. Some prefer terms that are derived from endonymic (native) names for Luwians and Arameans, thus using terms like Luwian-Aramean or Aramean-Luw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states |
Neo-Assyrian Empire | The imperialism of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was in some ways different from that of later empires. The perhaps biggest difference was that the Neo-Assyrian kings at no point imposed their religion or language on the foreign peoples they conquered outside the Assyrian heartland; the Assyrian national deity Ashur had no s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire |
1977 Egyptian bread riots | To help the country to counter the riots, the IMF conceded a $150 million loan to Egypt to re-establish order. The cut to subsidies was suspended and the country had to rethink its domestic and foreign policies.
In a public speech in the days that followed the insurrections, the President claimed that the violences wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Egyptian_bread_riots |
Old Assyrian period | Though evidence from Assur is scant, there are surviving rich textual records of Assyrian society and activity from the early Old Assyrian period, though they are not from Assur or northern Mesopotamia, but rather from central Anatolia. The largest known collection of old Assyrian tablets are from Kültepe, near the mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period |
Sasanian Empire | From Shapur II's death until Kavad I's first coronation, there was a largely peaceful period with the Romans (by this time the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire) engaged in just two brief wars with the Sassanian Empire, the first in 421–422 and the second in 440. Throughout this era, Sasanian religious policy differed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
2003 invasion of Iraq | The main allegations were: that Saddam possessed or was attempting to produce weapons of mass destruction, which Saddam Hussein had used in places such as Halabja, possessed, and made efforts to acquire, particularly considering two previous attacks on Baghdad nuclear weapons production facilities by both Iran and Isra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Special Tribunal for Lebanon | After the assassination of Rafic Hariri in 2005, four generals, including Jamil al Sayyed, were detained for suspected involvement. The STL ordered the Lebanese authorities to release the generals when it was established in 2009, after the testimony of the "false witnesses," the basis for the generals' detention, was d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon |
Oil shale | The various attempts to develop oil shale deposits have succeeded only when the cost of shale-oil production in a given region comes in below the price of crude oil or its other substitutes (break-even price). According to a 2005 survey, conducted by the RAND Corporation, the cost of producing a barrel of oil at a surf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale |
Battle of Karameh | Israel accomplished its objective of destroying the Fatah camp, the battle ended in Israel's favor on a tactical level. "The Karama operation exposed the vulnerability of PLO units deployed along the Jordan River and so they moved their concentrations up into the mountains. This imposed additional strains on them and m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh |
Nizari Isma'ilism | Over the many phases of Nizārī Ismāʿīlī history – pre-Fāṭimid, Fāṭimid, Alamūt, Post-Alamūt, Anjudan, etc., there has never been a single unified view of eschatology. While there are certainly eschatological ideas from the Pre-Fāṭimid period that have been carried unto the present day, particularly those of Abū Ya’qūb ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism |
Safa Khulusi | Following the lead of the 19th-century Arab scholar Ahmad Faris Shidyaq, Khulusi wrote a book which attempted to prove that William Shakespeare was an Arab, the original form of his name being "Shaykh Zubayr". Academic Eric Ormsby summarises Khulusi's claims as follows,
In a massive tome, the professor argued that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safa_Khulusi |
Al-Muktafi | Ali ibn Ahmad was born in 877/8, the son of Ahmad ibn Talha, the future caliph al-Mu'tadid (r. 892–902) by a Turkish slave-girl, named Čiček ("flower", Jijak in Arabic). He was the first caliph named after caliph Ali.
At the time of his birth, the Abbasid Caliphate was still reeling from the decade-long civil war known... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi |
Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011) | Following the U.S.-launched 2003 invasion of Iraq, the situation deteriorated, and by 2007, the intercommunal violence between Iraqi Sunni and Shi'a factions was described by the National Intelligence Estimate as having elements of a civil war. In a 10 January 2007 address to the American people, President George W. Bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011) |
Persian language | While having a lesser influence from Arabic and other languages of Mesopotamia and its core vocabulary being of Middle Persian origin, New Persian contains a considerable number of Arabic lexical items, which were Persianized and often took a different meaning and usage than the Arabic original. Persian loanwords of Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language |
Semitic languages | Semitic languages were spoken and written across much of the Middle East and Asia Minor during the Bronze Age and Iron Age, the earliest attested being the East Semitic Akkadian of Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria, Isin, Larsa, and Babylonia) from the third millennium BC.
The origin of Semitic-speaking peoples is still unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages |
Socotra Island xeric shrublands | The islands' fauna includes several endemic species.
The islands have 178 known bird species, including six endemic species – the Socotra starling (Onychognathus frater), Socotra sunbird (Nectarinia balfouri), Socotra bunting (Emberiza socotrana), Socotra cisticola (Cisticola haesitatus), Socotra sparrow (Passer insula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Island_xeric_shrublands |
Turco-Persian tradition | In Samanid times began the growth of the public influence of the ulama, the learned scholars of Islam. Ulama grew in prominence as the Samanids gave special support to Sunnism, in contrast with their Shiite neighbors, the Buyids. They enjoyed strong position in the city of Bukhara, and it grew under the Samanids' succe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition |
Abu Dhabi | Abu Dhabi has a diverse and multicultural society. The city's cultural imprint as a small, ethnically homogeneous pearling community was changed with the arrival of other ethnic groups and nationals—first by the Iranians in the early 1900s, and later by various Asian and European ethnicities in the 1950s and 1960s. Abu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi |
Derna dam collapses | The Libyan Presidential Council based in Tripoli declared the cities of Derna, Shahhat, and Bayda disaster zones, while the Tripoli-based Health Ministry dispatched a plane carrying 14 tons of medical equipment, drugs, body bags, and personnel to Benghazi on 12 September. The House of Representatives (HoR) based in Ben... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna_dam_collapses |
Principles of Islamic jurisprudence | Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2009). "Maṣlaḥah". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017.
Calder, Norman (2009). "Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Isl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence |
Sharia | The social fabric of pre-modern Islamic societies was largely defined by close-knit communities organized around kinship groups and local neighborhoods. Conflicts between individuals had the potential to escalate into a conflict between their supporting groups and disrupt the life of the entire community. Court litigat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
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