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Women in ancient Egypt | The purpose of marriage was to have more children and descendants of the family.
In the New Kingdom, there was a saying that:
"Take a wife while you are young
That she make a son for you
She should care for you while you are youthful
It is proper to make people
Happy is the man whose people are many
He is saluted on a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Egypt |
Bab-el-Mandeb | Paleo-environmental and tectonic events in the Miocene epoch created the Danakil Isthmus, a land bridge forming a broad connection between Yemen and Ethiopia. During the last 100,000 years, eustatic sea level fluctuations have led to alternate opening and closing of the straits. According to the recent single origin hy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb |
1963 Syrian coup d'état | Modern Syria was first established in 1920 as the Arab Kingdom of Syria under King Faisal I. This state was planned to be a new Arab kingdom, and not just Syrian, and the state espoused Arab nationalism and pan-Islamic policies. However the British, who had helped establish the state after World War I, made a secret ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Battle of Mosul (2016–2017) | Italian Filippo Grandi, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, arrived in Erbil on 17 October to meet with Kurdish officials. The UN has set up five refugee camps capable of taking up to 45,000 people and has the capability of taking in up to 120,000 if more sites are available for camps. Dozens of families from Mosul ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017) |
Abbasid Caliphate | A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Islamic science to the Christian West. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of Euclid and Claudius Ptolemy. These recovered... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Quranism | Quranists date their beliefs back to the time of Muhammad, who they claim prohibited the writing of hadiths. As they believe that hadith, while not being reliable sources of religion, can be used as a reference to get an idea on historical events, they point out several narrations about early Islam to support their bel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism |
Prophet's Mosque | In 706 or 707, the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I (r. 705–715) instructed his governor of Medina, the future caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, to significantly enlarge the mosque. According to the architectural historian Robert Hillenbrand, the building of a large scale mosque in Medina, the original center of the caliphate, was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet%27s_Mosque |
Egypt | In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. During his period, Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling the Soviet advisors in 1972. Egypt was renamed as Arab Republic of Egypt in 1971. Sadat launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt |
Doha | British administrator and historian J. G. Lorimer authored an extensive handbook for British agents in the Persian Gulf entitled Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf in 1908. In it, he gives a comprehensive account of Doha at the time:
Generally so styled at the present day, but Bedouins sometimes call it Dohat-al-Qatar, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha |
Adulis | Adulis was one of the first Axumite sites to undergo excavation, when a French mission to Eritrea under Vignaud and Petit performed an initial survey in 1840, and prepared a map which marked the location of three structures they believed were temples. In 1868, workers attached to Napier's campaign against Tewodros II v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulis |
Music of Sudan | In the 1960s, American pop stars became well known, which had a profound effect on Sudanese musicians like Osman Alamu and Ibrahim Awad, the latter becoming the first Sudanese musician to dance on stage. Under these influences, Sudanese popular music saw a further Westernisation and the introduction of electric guitars... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Sudan |
Schools of Islamic theology | Ashʿarīyyah is a school of theology that was founded by the Arab Muslim scholar, reformer, and scholastic theologian Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the 9th–10th century who developed the school of thought founded by Ibn Kullab a century earlier.
It established an orthodox guideline based on scriptural authority, rationalit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology |
Ghadir Khumm | In Shia and some Sunni sources, two verses of the Qur'an are associated with the Ghadir Khumm: verse 5:3, which announces the perfection of Islam, and verse 5:67, which urges Muhammad to fulfill his divine instructions. The latter, sometimes known as the verse of tabligh (Arabic: تبليغ, lit. 'proclamation'), has been l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm |
Muqarnas | In the western Islamic world, muqarnas decoration was definitively introduced during the reign of the Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf. The earliest examples, although limited to small details of larger domes, are found in the Almoravid Qubba in Marrakesh, Morocco, built probably in 1117 or 1125, and in the stucco openwork... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqarnas |
Algerian War | On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded Algeria in 1830. Directed by Marshall Bugeaud, who became the first Governor-General of Algeria, the conquest was violent and marked by a "scorched earth" policy designed to reduce the power of the native rulers, the Dey, including massacres, mass rapes and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War |
American Mission Hospital | The origins of the hospital can be traced back to 1889, when Arabian Mission, a Christian mission service organization, was established by graduating students of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, which was run by the Dutch Reformed Church, in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
The articles of association were signed in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mission_Hospital |
Pandya dynasty | The Buddhist text Mahavamsa (composed in the 5th century CE) mentions a Pandya king in the context of Prince Vijaya's (543–505 BCE) arrival in Sri Lanka with his 700 followers.
According to the Mahavamsa, emissaries laden with precious gifts were sent from Sri Lanka to the city of Madhura in southern India. Their miss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandya_dynasty |
Muqtada al-Sadr | On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned from Iran, to Najaf, having spent four years out of the country after vowing never to return unless the American military forces left.
Prior to his arrival in Najaf, he had been instrumental in the formation of the 2011 Iraqi government.
Following the US withdrawal from Iraq, Sadr cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr |
Messaoud Ould Boulkheir | In 1960, Messaoud Ould Boulkheir was admitted and transferred to Atar a city populated by the Beydhan in majority. In July 1960, Messaoud arrived at Atar; he met the commandant of the colonial administrator who was at that time French. A few months later, Mauritania gained its Independence from France in November 1960.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaoud_Ould_Boulkheir |
South Sudan People's Defence Forces | In 2004, a year before the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), the Coalition to Stop Child Soldiers, estimated that there were between 2,500 and 5,000 children serving in the SPLA.
Following the signing of the CPA, an SPLA reorganisation process began. This process was actively supported by funding from the United St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces |
Shadow play | Shadow puppets are an ancient part of India's culture, particularly regionally as the keelu bomme and Tholu bommalata of Andhra Pradesh, the Togalu gombeyaata in Karnataka, the charma bahuli natya in Maharashtra, the Ravana chhaya in Odisha, the Tholpavakoothu in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Shadow puppet play is also found ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_play |
Civil disobedience | An important decision for civil disobedients is whether to plead guilty. There is much debate on this point, as some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law, while others believe that defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience |
History of Syria | In 1919, a short-lived dependent Kingdom of Syria was established under Emir Faisal I of the Hashemite dynasty, who later became the king of Iraq. In March 1920, the Syrian National Congress proclaimed Faisal as king of Syria "in its natural boundaries" from the Taurus mountains in Turkey to the Sinai desert in Egypt. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
Commagene | Commagene was originally a small Syro-Hittite kingdom, located in modern south-central Turkey, with its capital at Samosata (modern Samsat, near the Euphrates). It was first mentioned in Assyrian texts as Kummuhu, which was normally an ally of Assyria, but eventually annexed as a province in 708 BC under Sargon II. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commagene |
Rahmaniyya | Benaissa, O., "Le soufisme algérien à l'époque coloniale", in: Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire, N°41, 1999. Jorge Luis Borges et l'héritage littéraire arabo-musulman / Le soufisme en Occident Musulman. pp. 91–103 ; doi:10.3406/horma.1999.1843
Clancy-Smith, J. A., "Between Cairo and the Algerian Kabylia: the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmaniyya |
Ancient Greek medicine | Aelius Galenus was a prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine |
Persian traditional music | The history of musical development in Iran dates back thousands of years. Archaeological records attributed to "pre-Iranian" civilizations, such as those of Elam in the southwest and of Oxus in the northeast, demonstrate musical traditions in prehistoric times.
Little is known about the music of the classical Iranian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_traditional_music |
Turkish people | Most ethnic Turkish people are either practicing or non-practicing Muslims who follow the teachings of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam. They form the largest Muslim community in Turkey and Northern Cyprus as well as the largest Muslim groups in Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Liechtenstein, the Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people |
Islamic glass | The glass industry in the Early Islamic Period can initially be characterized as a continuation of older traditions, coinciding with the Umayyad Caliphate, the first Islamic dynasty (Israeli 2003, 319). Following the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD, the capital of the Islamic world was moved from Damascus in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_glass |
Assassination of Rafic Hariri | The Lebanese government and the UN agreed to establish a Special Tribunal for Lebanon in 2007, signing the agreement on 23 January 2007 and 6 February 2007 respectively. When the agreement was sent to the Lebanese Parliament for ratification, however, the Speaker refused to convene Parliament to vote on it. Upon reques... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Rafic_Hariri |
Granada | The Charterhouse of Granada is a monastery of cloistered monks, located in what was a farm or Muslim almunia called Aynadamar ("fountain of tears") that had an abundance of water and fruit trees. The initiative to build the monastery in that place was begun by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, known as El Gran Capitán. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada |
Wolof people | The Wolof people have had a rigid, patriarchal, endogamous social stratified society at least since the 15th-century.
The social strata have included a free category called geer, a castes category called nyeenyo or neeno, and a servile category of slaves called jaam. Caste status has been hereditary, and endogamy among... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_people |
Naucratis | The Egyptians supplied the Greeks with mostly grain but also linen and papyrus while the Greeks bartered mostly silver but also timber, olive oil and wine. Naukratis, and the associated Greek "forts" in the general delta area, as demonstrated by accounts given above, became a ready source of mercenary fighting men for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naucratis |
Mandatory Palestine | The three main Jewish underground forces later united to form the Jewish Resistance Movement and carry out several attacks and bombings against the British administration. In 1946, the Irgun blew up the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, the southern wing of which was the headquarters of the British administration, killing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine |
Palestine Liberation Organization | In the late 1960s, and especially after the expulsion of the Palestinian militants from Jordan in Black September events in 1970–1971, Lebanon had become the base for PLO operations. Palestinian militant organizations relocated their headquarters to South Lebanon, and relying on the support in Palestinian refugee camps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization |
Diglossia | As an aspect of study of the relationships between codes and social structure, diglossia is an important concept in the field of sociolinguistics. At the social level, each of the two dialects has certain spheres of social interaction assigned to it and in the assigned spheres it is the only socially acceptable dialect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglossia |
Ridda Wars | Agha Ibrahim Akram (1969). Khalid Bin Al-Waleed Sword of Allah : A Biographical Study (PDF). pp. 97–100. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
al-Hanbali, Ibn al-Mubarrad (2014). Muhammad Al-Azhari Abu Al-Mundhir, Saleh bin (ed.). Mahd Al-Maram fi Fadil Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam [Pure Mercy in the Virtues of Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam]. p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_Wars |
Baháʼu'lláh | Bahá’u’lláh explains human knowledge of God's existence and awareness of the Creator’s attributes have been—and will forever be—only possible to the extent that these are shared by special Beings he and the Báb describe as Manifestations of God. Rather than simply being great thinkers with a better perspective on life ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h |
Al-Ghazali | According to William Montgomery Watt, al-Ghazali was considered to be the mujaddid ("Reviver") of his age. Many, perhaps most, later Muslims concurred and, according to Watt, some have even considered him to be the greatest Muslim after Muhammad.
As an example, the Islamic scholar al-Safadi stated: Muhammad ibn Muhamm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali |
Assyrian people | The Neo-Aramaic languages, which are in the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, ultimately descend from Late Old Eastern Aramaic, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which displaced the East Semitic Assyrian dialect of Akkadian and Sumerian. After being conquered by the Assyr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Islam in India | Sikhism emerged in the Punjab during the Mughal period. Conflict between early Sikhs and the Muslim power center at Delhi reached an early high point in 1606 when Guru Arjan, the fifth guru of the Sikhs, was tortured and killed by Jahangir, the Mughal emperor. After the death of the fifth beloved Guru his son took his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_India |
Reason | Aristotle famously described reason (with language) as a part of human nature, because of which it is best for humans to live "politically" meaning in communities of about the size and type of a small city state (polis in Greek). For example:
It is clear, then, that a human being is more of a political politikon = of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason |
Ismah | In the perspective of Shi‘ites, Verse 4: 64 of the Qur’an expresses an absolute order to follow the messengers, so they must be infallible. Verse 4: 59 and other such verses express the virtues of obedience and the terrible results of disobedience. Allah orders the servants to obey Him and His messengers, who are equiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismah |
Hellenistic period | The separation of the Indo-Greek kingdom from the Greco-Bactrian kingdom resulted in an even more isolated position, and thus the details of the Indo-Greek kingdom are even more obscure than for Bactria. Many supposed kings in India are known only because of coins bearing their name. The numismatic evidence together wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War) | Carthage and Rome fought the 17-year long Second Punic War between 218 and 201 BC, which ended with a Roman victory. The peace treaty imposed on the Carthaginians stripped them of all of their overseas territories, and some of their African ones. An indemnity of 10,000 silver talents was to be paid over 50 years. Hosta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War) |
Madrid Conference of 1991 | Although "check-book diplomacy" had been used in the past to move the peace process, as at the Camp David Accords, President Bush and Secretary Baker felt the coalition victory and increased U.S. prestige would itself induce a new Arab-Israeli dialogue, but also because their diplomatic initiative focused on process an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991 |
Babylonian astrology | The history of Babylonian astrology shows the development of astronomical knowledge within the context of divination. A collection of 32 tablets with inscribed liver models, dating from about 1875 BC, are the oldest known detailed texts of Babylonian divination, and these demonstrate the same interpretational format as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_astrology |
Islamic terrorism | Historians have said that militant Islamism first gained ground among Kurds before its appeal grew among ethnic Turks and that the two most important radical Islamist organizsations have been an outgrowth of Kurdish Islamism rather than Turkish Islamism. The Turkish or Kurdish Hizbullah is a primarily Kurdish group has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism |
Central Asian art | The Pazyryk culture is a Scythian nomadic Iron Age archaeological culture (of Iranian origin; c. 6th to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the Siberian permafrost, in the Altay Mountains, Kazakhstan and nearby Mongolia. The mummies are buried in long barrows (or kurgans) s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_art |
Mosque | As they are considered important to the Muslim community, mosques, like other places of worship, can be at the heart of social conflicts. The Babri Mosque in India was the subject of such a conflict up until the early 1990s when it was demolished. Before a mutual solution could be devised, the mosque was destroyed on D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque |
Qajar dynasty | Politics
Prince Abdol-Hossein Farmanfarma, prime minister of Iran
Mohammad Mosaddegh, prime minister of Iran and nephew of Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma.
Prince Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III, son of Prince Abdol-Hossein Farmanfarma, foreign minister of Iran
Hossein Khan Sardar, last ruler of the Erivan Khanate a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty |
Fatimid Caliphate | In 975 the Byzantine emperor John Tzimisces retook most of Palestine and Syria, leaving only Tripoli in Fatimid control. He aimed to eventually capture Jerusalem, but he died in 976 on his way back to Constantinople, thus staving off the Byzantine threat to the Fatimids. Meanwhile, the Turkish ghulām (plural: ghilmān, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Tunisia | Farming methods reached the Nile Valley from the Fertile Crescent region about 5000 BC, and spread to the Maghreb by about 4000 BC. Agricultural communities in the humid coastal plains of central Tunisia then were ancestors of today's Berber tribes.
It was believed in ancient times that Africa was originally populated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia |
Druze | The Druze faith extended to many areas in the Middle East, but most of the modern Druze can trace their origin to the Wadi al-Taym in Southern Lebanon, which is named after an Arab tribe Taym Allah (or Taym Allat) which, according to Islamic historian al-Tabari, first came from the Arabian Peninsula into the valley of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Early Middle Ages | Roman Britain was in a state of political and economic collapse at the time of the Roman departure c. 400. A series of settlements (traditionally referred to as an invasion) by Germanic peoples began in the early fifth century, and by the sixth century the island would consist of many small kingdoms engaged in ongoing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages |
Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula | The Iberian Peninsula was the westernmost tip of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and was under the rule of the governor of Ifriqiya. In 720, the caliph even considered abandoning the territory. The conquest was followed by a period of several hundred years during which most of the Iberian peninsula was known as al-An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula |
Astrolabe | On the right side of the image above:
The blue arrow indicates the direction of true north (the North Star).
The central blue point represents Earth (the observer's location).
The black arrow represents the zenith direction for the observer (which would vary depending on the observer's latitude).
The two black... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe |
Michael Atiyah | Many of his papers on gauge theory and related topics are reprinted in volume 5 of his collected works. A common theme of these papers is the study of moduli spaces of solutions to certain non-linear partial differential equations, in particular the equations for instantons and monopoles. This often involves finding a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah |
Arabesque | The arabesques and geometric patterns of Islamic art are often said to arise from the Islamic view of the world (see above). The depiction of animals and people is generally discouraged, which explains the preference for abstract geometric patterns.
There are two modes to arabesque art. The first mode recalls the princ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque |
Egyptian Armed Forces | In the second decade of the 21st century, the Armed Forces enjoy considerable power and independence within the Egyptian state. They are also influential in business, engaging in road and housing construction, consumer goods, resort management, and own vast tracts of real estate. A significant amount of military inform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces |
Intimate parts in Islam | The term 'awrah as it is used in the Quran is confined neither to women nor to the body. The Quranic text reveals the use of the term in various passages Surah An-Nur and Surah Al-Ahzab.
The below verse is about privacy as the Quranic text states:
... and let those among you who have not yet come to the age of puberty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam |
Lute | The lute enjoyed a revival with the awakening of interest in historical music around 1900 and throughout the century. That revival was further boosted by the early music movement in the twentieth century. Important pioneers in lute revival were Julian Bream, Hans Neemann, Walter Gerwig, Suzanne Bloch and Diana Poulton.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute |
Tausūg people | In 1380, the Sunni Sufi scholar Karim-ul Makhdum, a Muslim missionary of the Ash'ari Aqeeda and Shafi'i madhhab, arrived in Sulu. He introduced the Islamic faith and settled in Tubig Indangan in Simunul, where he lived until his death. The pillars of a mosque he had built at Tubig-Indangan still stand. In 1390, Rajah B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people |
Elam | The succeeding dynasty, often called the Sukkalmah dynasty (c. 1970 – c. 1770 BC) after "Great regents", the title borne by its members, also called the Epartid dynasty after the name of its founder Ebarat/ Eparti, was roughly contemporary with the Old Assyrian Empire, and Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia, being yo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam |
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East | [a].^ Unification of Saudi Arabia (combined casualties 7,989–8,989+)
Battle of Riyadh (1902) – 37 killed.
Battle of Dilam (1903) – 410 killed.
Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907) – 2,300+ killed.
Annexation of Al-Hasa and Qatif (1913) – unknown.
Battle of Jarrab (1915) – unknown.
Battle of Kanzaan (1915) – unknown.
First Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East |
Spread of Islam | It used to be argued that Zoroastrianism quickly collapsed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of Persia due to its intimate ties to the Sassanid state structure. Now however, more complex processes are considered, in light of the more protracted time frame attributed to the progression of the ancient Persian religion ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam |
Sasanian Empire | The cavalry used during the Sassanid Empire were two types of heavy cavalry units: Clibanarii and Cataphracts. The first cavalry force, composed of elite noblemen trained since youth for military service, was supported by light cavalry, infantry and archers. Mercenaries and tribal people of the empire, including the Tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba | In 793 Abd ar-Rahman I's son and successor, Hisham I, added to the mosque a ṣawma'a, a shelter for the muezzin on top of the outer wall, as the mosque did not yet have a minaret (a feature which was not yet standard in early mosques).: 21 : 45
The mosque was significantly expanded by Abd ar-Rahman II (r. 822–852) som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla | Following a military coup against Taya in August 2005, an amnesty in early September freed Mohamed Khouna from his sentences, along with more than a hundred others sentenced for political offenses.
On December 27, 2006, Mohamed Khouna announced that he would be a candidate in the presidential election scheduled for M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Khouna_Ould_Haidalla |
Shia Islam | The history of Shia–Sunnī relations has often involved religious discrimination, persecution, and violence, dating back to the earliest development of the two competing sects.
At various times throughout the history of Islam, Shia groups and minorities have faced persecution perpetrated by Sunnī Muslims.
Militarily est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Cremation | Christians preferred to bury the dead rather than to cremate the remains, as was common in Roman culture. The early church carried on Judaism's respect for the human body as being created in God's image, and followed their practices of speedy interment, in hopes of the future resurrection of all dead. The Roman catacom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation |
Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011) | In the summer of 2003, the US military focused on hunting down the remaining leaders of the ousted government, culminating in the killing of Saddam's sons Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein on 22 July. In all, over 200 top leaders of the former regime were killed or captured, as well as numerous lesser functionaries and mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011) |
Spanish protectorate in Morocco | The administrative regime of the Protectorate is derived from the concept of protectorate itself, with a formal duality of authorities. On the one hand, there is a Moroccan administration, headed by a Khalifa (Spanish: Jalifa), who exercised, by delegation of the Sultan, all his powers, mainly the legislative, which he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco |
Italian Tunisians | The fact that the French government promoted actively the French citizenship between the Italians in Tunisia was one of the main reasons of the direct intervention of Mussolini in the Tunisian problems. From 1910 to 1926, the Italians were reduced by this French policy of assimilation from 105,000 to fewer than 90,000.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Tunisians |
Cavalry | A popular myth is that Polish cavalry armed with lances charged German tanks during the September 1939 campaign. This arose from misreporting of a single clash on 1 September near Krojanty, when two squadrons of the Polish 18th Lancers armed with sabres scattered German infantry before being caught in the open by Germa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry |
Egyptian literature | Al-Madrasa al-Ḥadītha was a modernist literary movement focused on the short story.
Two of the most important figures of 20th century Egyptian literature are Taha Hussein and Naguib Mahfouz, the latter of whom was the first Egyptian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Edwar al-Kharrat, who embodied Egypt's 60s Genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_literature |
Israeli occupation of the West Bank | In 1981, Ya'akov Meridor stated Israel aspired to play the role of "top proxy" for the United States in Central America. By 1984, according to Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Israel had become one of the world's major arms exporters, the largest arms supplier to Central America and Sub-Saharan Africa, and globally active in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank |
Gebel el-Arak Knife | Today a total of 17 similar ceremonial knives with decorated handles are known. These knives comprise:
The ritual knife of the Brooklyn Museum, discovered by Jacques de Morgan in the Tomb 32 at Abu Zeidan near Edfu, and similar in size to the Gebel el-Arak knife. The handle of the knife, made of elephant ivory, is dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife |
Kutubiyya Mosque | Many embellishing features of the minaret are also found in other religious buildings in the country, such as a wide band of ceramic tiles near the top and the alternation between different but related motifs on each façade of the minaret. The main shaft is marked by panels of sunken masonry forming blind arches and bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque |
History of Morocco | The Almoravid dynasty (c.1060–1147) originated among the Lamtuna nomadic Berber tribe belonging to the Sanhaja. They succeeded in unifying Morocco after it had been divided among several Zenata principalities in the late 10th century, and annexed the Emirate of Sijilmasa and the Barghawata (Tamesna) into their realm.
U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco |
Libya | A national assembly crafted a constitution that established a monarchy and extended an offer for the throne to Sayyid Idris, the Emir of Cyrenaica. Sayyid Idris held the esteemed position as the leader of the influential Senussi religious brotherhood, which was founded by his grandfather in the preceding century as a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya |
Syrian Jews | According to the community's tradition, Jews have been in Syria since ancient times, since the time of King David and certainly since early Roman times. Jews from this ancient community were known as Musta'arabim "Arabizers" to themselves or Moriscos to the Sephardim.
Many Sephardim arrived following the expulsion from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Jews |
Byzantine medicine | The Byzantine Empire was one of the first empires to have flourishing medical establishments. Prior to that, the united Roman Empire had hospitals specifically for soldiers and slaves. However, none of these establishments were for the public. The hospitals in Byzantium were originally started by the church to act as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_medicine |
Red Sea crisis | On 2 February, the Houthis claimed that they had fired a ballistic missile towards Eilat. The IDF also said that the Arrow defense system intercepted a missile over the Red Sea. On 3 February, a day after conducting airstrikes in Iraq and Syria, the US and UK conducted strikes against 36 Houthi sites, which included un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis |
Ibn Taymiyya | Ibn Taymiyya referred to his imprisonment as "a divine blessing". During his incarceration, he wrote that, "when a scholar forsakes what he knows of the Book of God and of the sunnah of His messenger and follows the ruling of a ruler which contravenes a ruling of God and his messenger, he is a renegade, an unbeliever w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya |
Ancient Egyptian mathematics | Written evidence of the use of mathematics dates back to at least 3200 BC with the ivory labels found in Tomb U-j at Abydos. These labels appear to have been used as tags for grave goods and some are inscribed with numbers. Further evidence of the use of the base 10 number system can be found on the Narmer Macehead whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics |
Afrin Region | The Afrin region area has seen human settlement since the early neolithic.
According to René Dussaud, the region of Kurd-Dagh and the plain near Antioch were settled by Kurds since antiquity. Stefan Sperl says that there is a reason to believe that Kurdish settlements in the Kurd Mountains go back to the Seleucid era, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin_Region |
Bible | The New Testament is the name given to the second portion of the Christian Bible. While some scholars assert that Aramaic was the original language of the New Testament, the majority view says it was written in the vernacular form of Koine Greek. Still, there is reason to assert that it is a heavily Semitized Greek: it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible |
Miniature (illuminated manuscript) | In the native schools of illumination of Western Europe, decoration only was the leading motive. In the manuscripts of the Merovingian period, in the school which connected Frankland and northern Italy, and which is known as Lombardic or Franco-Lombardic, in the manuscripts of Spain, in the productions of the Insular a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript) |
History of Islam | Early and High Middle Ages
Also see: Cairo Abbasid Caliphs (above)
During the beginning of the Middle Baghdad Abbasids, the Fatimid Caliphs claimed spiritual supremacy not only in Egypt, but also contested the religious leadership of Syria. At the beginning of the Abbasid realm in Baghdad, the Alids faced severe perse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Iranian Revolution | When news of the Shah's departure was announced, there were spontaneous scenes of joy throughout the country. Millions poured onto the streets, and virtually every remaining sign of the monarchy was torn down by the crowds. Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK and freed all remaining political prisoners. He ordered the army to all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution |
U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement | Some anonymous U.S. officials and specialists who follow the war have argued they believe that parts of the agreement may be circumvented and that other parts may be open to interpretation, including: the parts giving Iraqi legal jurisdiction over United States soldiers who commit crimes off base and off duty, the part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement |
Human trafficking in the United Arab Emirates | During the reporting period, the Government of the U.A.E. made noticeable, but uneven, efforts to protect victims of trafficking. In July, Dubai authorities opened a government shelter for victims of abuse, including victims of trafficking. Between October 2007 and March 2008, this shelter provided rehabilitation servi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Shapur II | In 358 Shapur II was ready for his second series of wars against Rome, which met with much more success. In 359, Shapur II invaded southern Armenia, but was held up by the valiant Roman defence of the fortress of Amida (now Diyarbakır, Turkey), which finally surrendered in 359 after a seventy-three-day siege in which t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_II |
Culture of Tunisia | Tunisia's cultural life dates to prehistoric times, as illustrated by dolmens near Bou Salem and rock carvings of the Tunisian Sahara. The Hermaïon of El Guettar, discovered near the city of El Guettar in the south, is the oldest extant religious display discovered.
The dawning era of Tunisian cultural history was shap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Tunisia |
Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) | On 13 June 2014, Iraqi forces supported by elements of the Quds Force and Iranian Revolutionary Guards had gathered in the town of Samarra and claimed to have regained control of parts of Saladin Governorate, namely the town of Dhuluiyah. Journalists from Al-Monitor embedded in Mosul and Tikrit reported that repeated a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014) |
Water supply and sanitation in Egypt | With the economic opening of Egypt under the government of Anwar Sadat in the 1970s (Infitah) substantial foreign aid arrived. In particular, USAID provided assistance for water supply and sanitation in Greater Cairo, Alexandria and the Suez Canal cities. Provincial cities and rural areas, however, were initially negle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt |
Water supply and sanitation in Yemen | Cost recovery. The accepted norm for cost recovery by the entities in charge of urban water supply and sanitation in Yemen is for the tariff to be set such that the operation and maintenance costs are recovered at the least, with the government and donors financing investments. However, in some cases, such as Sana’a, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Yemen |
Yemen | Muhammad sent his cousin Ali to Sana'a and its surroundings around 630. At the time, Yemen was the most advanced region in Arabia. The Banu Hamdan confederation was among the first to accept Islam. Muhammad sent Muadh ibn Jabal, as well to Al-Janad, in present-day Taiz, and dispatched letters to various tribal leaders.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen |
Urukagina | Some insight into Sumerian values can be gained from praise poems written for kings. While the kings may not always live up to this praise they show the type of achievements that they wished to be remembered by. Extracts below praise Urukagina who appears as a social reformer, getting rid of gross abuses of power that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urukagina |
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