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Hormuud Telecom | Hormuud was established in 2002 in Mogadishu, Somalia by a small group of shareholders, and originally consisted of 16 telecommunication sites. The group included its current Owner, Ahmed Nuur Ali Jim’ale. Jim’ale founded the company with the aim of connecting people in Somalia with what would be life-changing services... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom |
Ethiopia–Somalia relations | In 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British authorities in British Somaliland "returned" the Haud — an important Somali pastoral area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886 — and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations |
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire | In 1908, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) or Dashnak Party embraced a public position endorsing participation and reconciliation in the Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire and the abandonment of the idea of an independent Armenia. Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian managed the political campaign for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Mamluk Sultanate | Baraka was ousted in a power struggle ending with Qalawun, a top deputy of Baybars, as sultan in November 1279. The Ilkhanids launched a massive offensive against Syria in 1281. The Mamluks were outnumbered by the 80,000-strong Ilkhanid-Armenian-Georgian-Seljuk coalition, but routed the coalition at the battle of Homs,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Judgement Day in Islam | Islamic and Christian eschatology both have a "Day of Resurrection" of the dead (yawm al-qiyāmah), followed by a "Day of Judgement" (yawm ad-din) where all human beings who have ever lived will be held accountable for their deeds by being judged by God. Depending on the verdict of the judgement, they will be sent for e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam |
Pierre Gemayel | In the years before and after Lebanon's independence, Gemayel's influence and that of the Kataeb Party was limited. It survived a French attempt to forcibly dissolve it in 1937 and took part in an uprising against the French Mandate in 1943, but despite its membership of 35,000, it operated on the fringes of Lebanese p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel |
Islamic terrorism | Along with explaining Islamic terrorism, many observers have attempted to point out their inconsistencies and the flaws in their arguments, often suggesting means of de-motivating potential terrorists.
Princeton University Middle Eastern scholar Bernard Lewis argues that although bin Laden and other radical Islamists c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism |
Precipitation | The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales, but are available very frequently (15 minutes or more often) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit. IR works best in cases of deep, vigorous convection—such as the tropics—and becomes progressively less useful in areas where stratiform (laye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation |
Hellenistic period | Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being lar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Sumerian language | The plural marker proper is (𒂊)𒉈 /-(e)ne/. It is used only with nouns of the animate gender and its use is optional. It is often omitted when other parts of the clause indicate the plurality of the referent. Thus, it is not used if the noun is modified by a numeral (𒇽𒁹𒁹𒁹 lu2 eš5 "three men"). It has also been obs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language |
Mesha Stele | Here is the beginning of a transliteration and translation by Alviero Niccacci from his article "The Stele of Mesha and the Bible: Verbal System and Narrativity" in Orientalia NOVA SERIES, Vol. 63, No. 3 (1994), pp. 226–248.
No authoritative full edition of the Moabite inscription remains. The translation used here is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesha_Stele |
Lebanon | On 17 October 2019, the first of a series of mass civil demonstrations erupted; they were initially triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco and online phone calls such as through WhatsApp, but quickly expanded into a country-wide condemnation of sectarian rule, a stagnant economy and liquidity crisis, unemploym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Ibadi Islam | The fiqh or jurisprudence of Ibadis is based on the same fundamental principles as Sunni and Shi'a juristic traditions, but the Ibadis reject taqlid or deference and stress the importance of ijtihad, or independent reasoning. Contemporary Ibadis hold that believers are allowed to follow incorrect opinions derived throu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi_Islam |
Sin (mythology) | The Hurrian moon god, variously known as Kušuḫ, Umbu or Ušu, was identified with Sin and his name was sometimes written logographically as dEN.ZU or d30. It is possible that his character was influenced by exposure to Mesopotamian culture and the image of the moon god in it in particular.
Equivalence between Sin and Ya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(mythology) |
Mamluk Sultanate | Before Shaykh died in 1421, he attempted to offset the power of the Circassians by importing Turkish mamluks and installing a Turk as atabeg al-asakir to serve as regent for his infant son Ahmad. After his death, a Circassian emir, Tatar, married Shaykh's widow, ousted the atabeg al-asakir and assumed power. Tatar died... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Mufti | In the modern era, public "fatwa wars" have reflected political controversies in the Muslim world, from anti-colonial struggles to the Gulf War of the 1990s, when muftis in some countries issued fatwas supporting collaboration with the US-led coalition, while muftis from other countries endorsed the Iraqi call for jiha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti |
Gulf War | Throughout the Cold War, Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union, and there was a history of friction between Iraq and the United States. The US was concerned with Iraq's position on Israeli–Palestinian politics. The US also disliked Iraqi support for Palestinian militant groups, which led to Iraq's inclusion on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War |
Capital punishment | The United Nations introduced a resolution during the General Assembly's 62nd sessions in 2007 calling for a universal ban. The approval of a draft resolution by the Assembly's third committee, which deals with human rights issues, voted 99 to 52, with 33 abstentions, in support of the resolution on 15 November 2007 an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment |
Salafi movement | Wiktorowicz's typology has largely been discarded by recent scholarship due to its simplistic assumptions regarding religion, in addition to other limitations, such as its neglect of the changing social, political and cultural realities occurring across the Muslim World. Several researchers have criticised the classifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Rashidun Caliphate | Troubles emerged soon after Muhammad's death, threatening the unity and stability of the new community and state. Apostasy spread to every tribe in the Arabian Peninsula with the exception of the people in Mecca and Medina, the Banu Thaqif in Ta'if and the Bani Abdul Qais of Oman. In some cases, entire tribes apostatiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate |
Mu'tazilism | Facing the problem of existence of evil in the world, the Mu'tazilis pointed at the free will of human beings, so that evil was defined as something that stems from the errors in human acts. God does nothing ultimately evil, and he demands not from any human to perform any evil act. If man's evil acts had been from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilism |
Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi | Anthony, Sean W. (2012a). The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 91. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004216068. ISBN 978-90-04-20930-5.
Anthony, Sean W. (2012b). "The Mahdī and the Treasures of al-Ṭālaqān". Arabica. 59 (5): 459–483. doi:10.1163/157005812X... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi |
Kingdom of Kinda | Bamyeh, Mohammed A. (2006). "The Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia". In Chatty, Dawn (ed.). Nomadic Societies in the Middle East and North Africa: Entering the 21st Century. Leiden: Brill. pp. 33–48. ISBN 90-04-14792-6.
Beeston, A. F. L. (1986). "Kinda — The relations of Kinda with Saba and Himyar". In Bosworth, C. E.; van ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda |
Mohamed Bouazizi | An investigation was launched following Bouazizi's self-immolation to find the details leading up to his actions. On 20 December 2010, it was reported that Faida Hamdi, the officer who accosted Bouazizi the day of his immolation, was suspended along with the secretary-general (governor) of Sidi Bouzid, but this was sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi |
East Jerusalem | Both the Oslo Accords and the 2003 Road map for peace postponed the negotiations on the status of Jerusalem. The 1997 Beilin–Eitan Agreement between some members of the Likud block and Yossi Beilin, representing Labor, which envisioned for final negotiations a limited autonomy to a demilitarized "Palestinian entity" s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem |
Pashtuns | Pashto is the mother tongue of most Pashtuns. It is one of the two national languages of Afghanistan. In Pakistan, although being the second-largest language being spoken, it is often neglected officially in the education system. This has been criticised as adversely impacting the economic advancement of Pashtuns, as s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns |
Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry | Initial rejection of the authenticity of the corpus of pre-Islamic poetry came in the early 20th century, from a paper by D.S. Margoliouth in 1925 and the book On Pre-Islamic Poetry by Taha Husayn in 1926. Use of pre-Islamic poetry in the field of Quranic studies also declined compared to earlier eras after the skeptic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry |
Libyan civil war (2011) | The Royal Canadian Navy frigate HMCS Charlottetown was deployed to the Mediterranean off the coast of Libya on 2 March 2011, but did not take immediate action once arrived. Seventeen days later, a multi-state coalition began a military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011) |
Sudanese revolution | On the evening of 12 April, the head of the Transitional Military Council in Sudan, Awad Ibn Auf, announced his resignation following intense protests. Ibn Auf said that he had chosen Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the army's inspector-general, to succeed him. The protesters were "jubilant" upon hearing thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_revolution |
Egyptians | It was not until the Nasser era more than a decade later that Arab nationalism, and by extension Arab socialism, became a state policy and a means with which to define Egypt's position in the Middle East and the world, usually articulated vis-à-vis Zionism in the neighboring new state of Israel. Nasser's politics was s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians |
First Bulgarian Empire | The Bulgars were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, but some researchers say that their ethnic roots can be traced to Central Asia. They spoke a form of Turkic as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire |
Moroccan architecture | The culture of Muslim-controlled Al-Andalus, which existed across much of the Iberian Peninsula to the north between 711 and 1492, also had close influence on Moroccan history and architecture in a number of ways – and was in turn influenced by Moroccan cultural and political movements. Jonathan Bloom, in his overview ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_architecture |
Hasankeyf | With its history that spans nine civilizations, the archaeological and religious significance of Hasankeyf is considerable. Many of the city's historical treasures were inundated as construction of the Ilısu Dam is completed. These include the ornate mosques, Islamic tombs and cave churches. Up to 80,000 people in Hasa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasankeyf |
Posts and telecommunications in Lebanon | Radio-Orient, which started broadcasting in 1938, was the second radio to do so in the Arab world, after Cairo. In April 1946, three years after Lebanon's independence, it became Radio Libanaise: Attached to the Ministry of News and Tourism, it was the country's first radio channel, later known as Radio Liban. In Janua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posts_and_telecommunications_in_Lebanon |
History of philosophy | The later part of the medieval period was dominated by scholasticism, a philosophical method heavily influenced by Aristotelian philosophy and characterized by systematic and methodological inquiry. The intensified interest in Aristotle during this period was largely due to the Arabic–Persian tradition, which preserved... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy |
Two-state solution | By 2010, when direct talks were scheduled to be restarted, continued growth of settlements on the West Bank and continued strong support of settlements by the Israeli government had greatly reduced the land and resources that would be available to a Palestinian state creating doubt among Palestinians and left-wing Isra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution |
Anbar campaign (2013–2014) | Army forces, as of 2 January, remained outside Ramadi. On 3 January, al-Qaeda-linked militants took over several police stations in Fallujah. In the early morning, tribal and ISIL fighters advanced into areas in central Ramadi and deployed snipers on one street, a police captain said. A police colonel said the army had... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2013%E2%80%932014) |
Isma'ilism | Ismailism shares its beginnings with other early Shia sects that emerged during the succession crisis that spread throughout the early Muslim community. From the beginning, the Shia asserted the right of Ali, cousin of Muhammad, to have both political and spiritual control over the community. This also included his two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Cairo Tower | Built from 1956 to 1961, the tower was designed by the Egyptian architect Naoum Shebib, inspired by the Ancient Egyptian Architecture. Its partially open lattice-work design is intended to evoke a pharaonic lotus plant, an iconic symbol of Ancient Egypt. The tower is crowned by a circular observation deck and a revolvi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Tower |
Houri | Details of descriptions of houri (or ḥūr), in hadith collections differ, but one summary (by Smith & Haddad) states:they are generally said to be composed of saffron from the feet to the knees, musk from the knees to the breast, amber from the breast to the neck, and camphor from the neck to the head. Working often wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houri |
Meze | In Turkey, meze often consist of beyaz peynir 'white cheese', kavun (sliced ripe melon), acılı ezme (hot pepper paste often with walnuts), haydari (thick strained yogurt with herbs), patlıcan salatası (cold eggplant salad), beyin salatası (brain salad), kalamar tava (fried calamari), midye dolma and midye tava (stuffed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meze |
Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s | Before late 1907, the British have not openly declared Bahrain a protectorate, instead they considered it under their protection. The Foreign Office refused to use "strict terms" to define the status of Bahrain. But in private correspondents between British officials, the term "protectorate" was often used since the 18... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s |
Operation Infinite Reach | Each cruise missile cost between $750,000 and $1 million, and nearly $750,000,000 in weapons was fired in the strikes overall. The missiles' failure to eliminate their targets led to an acceleration in the American program to develop unmanned combat air vehicles. On September 2, the Taliban announced that it had found ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach |
Télévision Tunisienne | In the late 1950s and early 1960s, television made its appearance with the transmission of RAI broadcasts in the northeast of the country. From 1963, certain programs were broadcast by Tunisian public television on an experimental basis or on the occasion of special events. The first test broadcast took place in Octobe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Tunisienne |
Adamawa Emirate | News about the jihad eventually reached Adamawa through the activities of Buba Yero of Gombe. Some Muslim Ardo'en held a meeting in Gurin to reach a decision on how to approach the situation. Unlike Uthman in Gobir, the Adamawa jihad was not found on self-defence. The Muslims of the Adamawa region were not prohibited f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate |
Imamate in Shia doctrine | Sunnis reject the doctrine of Imamate on the basis of their interpretation of verse 33:40 of the Qur'an which says that Muhammad, as the seal of the Prophets, "is not the father of any of your men"; and that is why God let Muhammad's sons die in infancy. This is why Muhammad did not nominate a successor, as he wanted t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine |
1983 Beirut barracks bombings | U.S. President Ronald Reagan called the attack a "despicable act" and pledged to keep a military force in Lebanon. U.S. Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, who had privately advised the administration against stationing U.S. Marines in Lebanon, said there would be no change in the U.S.'s Lebanon policy. French Preside... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings |
Syrian opposition | Initially, the Free Syrian Army was perceived as the ultimate military force of the Syrian Opposition, but with the collapse of many FSA factions and emergence of powerful Islamist groups, it became clear to the opposition that only a cooperation of secular military forces and moderate Islamists could form a sufficient... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_opposition |
Islamic architecture | The Islamic era began with the formation of Islam under the leadership of Muhammad in early 7th-century Arabia. The first mosque was a structure built by Muhammad in Medina in 622, right after his Hijrah (migration) from Mecca, which corresponds to the site of the present-day Mosque of the Prophet (al-Masjid an-Nabawi)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
2014 Egyptian presidential election | UN — The United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon congratulated el-Sisi, saying that he puts his faith in Egypt's president-elect and trusts that he will do everything possible to support the Egyptian people's aspirations for a "stable, democratic and prosperous Egypt." Ą
EU — The European Union extended congratul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election |
Jordan | The tourism sector is considered a cornerstone of the economy and is a large source of employment, hard currency, and economic growth. In 2010, there were 8 million visitors to Jordan. The majority of tourists coming to Jordan are from European and Arab countries. The tourism sector in Jordan has been severely affected... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
History of Islam in southern Italy | Throughout the ninth century, Arab ships dominated the Tyrrhenian Sea. Their pirates prowled the Italian coast launching hit and run attacks against the cities of Amalfi, Gaeta, Naples, and Salerno. During this period, as the cities took command of their own defences, the Duchies of Gaeta and Amalfi gained their indepe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy |
Saudi Arabia | Education is free at all levels, although higher education is restricted to citizens only. The school system is composed of elementary, intermediate, and secondary schools. Classes are segregated by sex. At the secondary level, students are able to choose from three types of schools: general education, vocational and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
Constitution of Bahrain | After the death of the Amir Shaikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa in 1999, his throne was taken over by his son Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. Seeking to bring an end to the 1990s uprising in Bahrain, he announced a new set of democratic reforms, including a promise to return to constitutional rule.
In 2001 Emir Hamad put... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain |
Umayyad Caliphate | The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. Acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Jilbāb | A mention of the plural term of jilbāb, jalabib, is found in the Qur'an, verse 33:59 (Surah Al-Ahzab). A popular translation by Yusuf Ali of the transliterated Arabic goes:
Yā 'ay-yuha n-Nabiy-yu qul li'azwājika wabanātika wa nisā'i l-mu'minīna yudnīna 'alayhin-na min jalābībihin-na; dhālika adnā an yu'rafna falā yu'd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b |
Corpus separatum (Jerusalem) | With the failure to implement the Partition Plan, including the continuing Arab–Israeli conflict, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 194 on 11 December 1948 to establish a UN Conciliation Commission, whose tasks included the implementation of the international regime for the Jerusalem area. Resolutio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem) |
Mosaic | Bronze Age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic |
Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula | The Iberian Peninsula was the westernmost tip of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and was under the rule of the governor of Ifriqiya. In 720, the caliph even considered abandoning the territory. The conquest was followed by a period of several hundred years during which most of the Iberian peninsula was known as al-An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula |
Windcatcher | In dry climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windcatcher |
Sudanese Armed Forces | Relations with the Soviets cooled in the late 1970s, and Sudan turned to China and Britain for training and equipment. In addition, Sudan received financing from Arab states, particularly Saudi Arabia, for the purchase of Western equipment. Until 1985, however, Sudan's closest military ties were with Egypt, defined by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces |
Benjamin Netanyahu | Netanyahu has been described as "the advocate of the free-market". As prime minister in his first term, he significantly reformed the banking sector, removing barriers to investment abroad, mandatory purchases of government securities and direct credit. As Minister of Finance (2003–2005), Netanyahu introduced a major o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu |
Taliban | Along with Hindus, the small Christian community was also persecuted by the Taliban. Violence against Western aid workers and Christians was common during the Afghan conflict.
On several occasions between 2008 and 2012, the Taliban claimed that they assassinated Western and Afghani medical or aid workers in Afghanistan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban |
Knight | In continental Europe different systems of hereditary knighthood have existed or do exist.
In the Kingdom of Spain, the Royal House of Spain grants titles of knighthood to the successor of the throne. This knighthood title, known as Order of the Golden Fleece, is probably the most prestigious and exclusive chivalric or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight |
Glossary of Islam | Kaʿbah (الكعبة)
cube-house; i.e., the cube-shaped building in Mecca which Muslims face to pray.
Kāfir - non-Muslim (كافرkāfir sing.; كفّار kuffār pl.)
from the word kafara, "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; non-Muslims in Islamic or non-Islamic countries or states, unbelievers, truth-concealers; one who... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam |
Arabs | The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who settled in a territory centred around their capital of Petra in what is now Jordan. Their early inscriptions were in Aramaic, but gradually switched to Arabic, and since they had writing, it was they who made the first inscriptions in Arabic. The Nabataean alphabet was adopted by A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Tétouan | During the 1920s, activists belonging to the national movement in northern Morocco, especially in Tétouan under Spanish protectorate, made science and education a supreme goal of their struggle to combat colonialism. In 1924, and after considerable effort and determination, they established a primary school and named i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9touan |
Al Imran | The chapter takes its name from the family of Imran mentioned in verse 3:33.
According to Christian tradition, Joachim is the husband of Saint Anne and the father of Mary, mother of Jesus. As there is sparse evidence for Joachim being the name for the father of Mary, the Quranic account possibly alludes to the pun of M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Imran |
Romanticism | Romanticism in Poland is often taken to begin with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822, and end with the crushing of the January Uprising of 1863 against the Russians. It was strongly marked by interest in Polish history. Polish Romanticism revived the old "Sarmatism" traditions of the szlachta or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism |
Israel | The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consists of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations—ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel |
Italian invasion of British Somaliland | After the Armistice of Villa Incisa, the end of pro-British prevarication by Legentilhomme led to Chater receiving orders to plan an evacuation if the colony became untenable. By August, the garrison consisted of the 1st Battalion Northern Rhodesia Regiment (1st NRR), the 2nd (Nyasaland) Battalion KAR, the 1st East Afr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland |
Islam and violence | The Quran contains seven references to fate of "the people of Lut", and their destruction is explicitly associated with their sexual practices:
Given the fact that the Quran is allegedly vague regarding the punishment for homosexual sodomy, Islamic jurists turned to the collections of the hadith and the seerah (account... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_violence |
Moroccan Arabic | In this section, all verb classes and their corresponding stems are listed, excluding the small number of irregular verbs described above. Verb roots are indicated schematically using capital letters to stand for consonants in the root:
F = first consonant of root
M = middle consonant of three-consonant root
S = secon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic |
Zaydism | The Imams of Yemen constitute one line of Zaidi imams.
A timeline indicating Zaidi Imams in the early period amongst other Shia Imams as listed in Al-Masaabeeh fee As-Seerah by Ahmad bin Ibrahim is as follows:
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib
Al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib
Ali Zayn al-Abidin ibn Al-H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism |
Dictionary | The earliest dictionaries in the English language were glossaries of French, Spanish or Latin words along with their definitions in English. The word "dictionary" was invented by an Englishman called John of Garland in 1220 – he had written a book Dictionarius to help with Latin "diction". An early non-alphabetical li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary |
Kabbalah | The idea that there are ten divine sephirot could evolve over time into the idea that "God is One being, yet in that One being there are Ten" which opens up a debate about what the "correct beliefs" in God should be, according to Judaism. The early Kabbalists debated the relationship of the Sephirot to God, adopting a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah |
Arab–American relations | The Barbary Wars were a series of conflicts fought between the United States and the Arab Barbary States of North Africa, namely the Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania, Algiers, and Tunis, as well as the independent Sultanate of Morocco. These wars took place between 1801 and 1815 and were primarily sparked by the Barba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations |
History of Yemen | Prophet Mohammed sent his cousin Ali to Sana'a and its surroundings around 630. At the time, Yemen was the most advanced region in Arabia. The Banu Hamdan confederation were among the first to accept Islam. Mohammed sent Muadh ibn Jabal as well to Al-Janad in present-day Taiz, and dispatched letters to various tribal l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yemen |
Arabs in Europe | Arabs in Europe have a history beginning with the Umayyad Caliphate, which conquered the Iberian Peninsula, including what is now Spain and Portugal, in 711 AD. Other Arabs occupied the Italian island of Sicily from 831 to 1072. Arabs were later expelled from those domains after the Reconquista and the Catholic Church'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs_in_Europe |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | Jordan's Arab Legion was considered the most effective Arab force. Armed, trained and commanded by British officers, this 8,000–12,000 strong force was organised in four infantry/mechanised regiments supported by some forty artillery pieces and seventy-five armoured cars. Until January 1948, it was reinforced by the 3,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
Sources of Sharia | The Sunnah is the next important source, and is commonly defined as "the traditions and customs of Muhammad" or "the words, actions and silent assertions of him". It includes the everyday sayings and utterances of Muhammad, his acts, his tacit consent, and acknowledgments of statements and activities. According to Shi'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_Sharia |
Muammar Gaddafi | In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than government activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from government. Although no longer in a formal government post, he adopted the title of "L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Coffee | Of the two main species grown, arabica coffee (from C. arabica) is generally more highly regarded than robusta coffee (from C. canephora). Robusta coffee tends to be bitter and has less flavor but a better body than arabica. For these reasons, about three-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide is C. arabica. Robusta s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee |
Hijab | Veiling did not originate with the advent of Islam. Statuettes depicting veiled priestesses date back as far as 2500 BC. Elite women in ancient Mesopotamia and in the Byzantine, Greek, and Persian empires wore the veil as a sign of respectability and high status. In ancient Mesopotamia, Assyria had explicit sumptuary l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab |
Soqotri language | The language is under immense influence of the dominant Arabic language and culture because many Arabic-speaking Yemenis have settled in the Soqotri region permanently, resulting in Arabic becoming the official language of the island. Soqotri is now replaced with Arabic as a means of education in schools. Students are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_language |
1986 FIFA World Cup | Colombia was originally chosen as hosts by FIFA in June 1974, with Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Pereira and Bucaramanga intended as the host cities, plus potentially Barranquilla. Colombia agreed to host a 16-team competition. However, FIFA later allowed an expansion to 24 teams for the 1982 World Cup in Spain, which was m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup |
Almohad Caliphate | Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.
Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190624552.
Baadj, Amar S. (2015). Saladin, the Almohads and the Ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority | The role of the earliest USSC mission under Lt. Gen. Kip Ward was criticized by a senior officer of the PA security sector in his article "Reconstructing the PNA Security Organizations" under the pseudonym Ahmad Hussein. According to Hussein, the Security Assessment Initiative was discredited by its public relations po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_security_assistance_to_the_Palestinian_National_Authority |
Sippar | F. N. H. al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar Library I. The "Weidner Chronicle": A Suppositious Royal Letter concerning a Vision", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 1–15, 1990
F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library II. Tablet II of the Babylonian Creation Epic", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 149–158, 1990
F. N. H. al-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sippar |
Pashtuns | A tribe called Pakthās, one of the tribes that fought against Sudas in the Dasarajna, or "Battle of the Ten Kings", are mentioned in the seventh mandala of the Rigveda, a text of Vedic Sanskrit hymns dated between c. 1500 and 1200 BCE:
Together came the Pakthas (पक्थास), the Bhalanas, the Alinas, the Sivas, the Visani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns |
Panchatantra | The Panchatantra
Ryder, Arthur W. (transl) (1925), The Panchatantra, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 81-7224-080-5 (also republished in 1956, reprint 1964, and by Jaico Publishing House, Bombay, 1949). The Panchatantra, Columbia University archives; (Translation based on Hertel's text of Purnabhadra's Recension of 11... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra |
Palestine and the United Nations | The year 2000 saw the failure of the Camp David peace negotiations and the beginning of the Second Intifada. In 2003, the Israeli West Bank barrier became another subject of criticism. It was declared illegal by both the General Assembly and the International Court of Justice. The Court found that the portions of the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations |
Byzantine music | Lycourgos Angelopoulos died on 18 May 2014, but during his life-time he always perceived himself more as a student than a teacher, despite the great number of his students and followers and the great success he enjoyed as a teacher. He published some essays where he explained the role that his teacher Simon Karas had f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_music |
Sharia | The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought the topic of Sharia to international attention in the form of numerous political campaigns in the Muslim world calling for full implementation of Sharia. A number of factors have contributed to the rise of these movements, classified under the rubric of Islamism or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Lihyan | Only one inscription from Taymāʾ, the so-called ‘al-Ḥamrāʾ stele,’ can relatively assist us in understanding when the Lihyanites came to rule the city. This, in turn, helps us understand when the Lihyanite kingdom itself emerged. It stands out as the sole inscription mentioning the Lihyanite dynasty that was found in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihyan |
Frantz Fanon | Staniland, Martin (January 1969). "Frantz Fanon and the African political class". African Affairs. 68 (270): 4–25. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095826. JSTOR 719495.
Hansen, Emmanuel (1974). "Frantz Fanon: portrait of a revolutionary intellectual". Transition. 46 (46): 25–36. doi:10.2307/2934953. JSTOR 2934953.
De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon |
Hellenistic period | During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Hellenistic period | The separation of the Indo-Greek kingdom from the Greco-Bactrian kingdom resulted in an even more isolated position, and thus the details of the Indo-Greek kingdom are even more obscure than for Bactria. Many supposed kings in India are known only because of coins bearing their name. The numismatic evidence together wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Ayyubid dynasty | In 1164, Nur al-Din dispatched Shirkuh to lead an expeditionary force to prevent the Crusaders from establishing a strong presence in an increasingly anarchic Egypt. Shirkuh enlisted Ayyub's son, Saladin, as an officer under his command. They successfully drove out Dirgham, the vizier of Egypt, and reinstated his prede... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Cradle of civilization | Drawing on archaeology, geology and anthropology, modern scholars do not see the origins of the Chinese civilization or history as a linear story but rather the history of the interactions of different and distinct cultures and ethnic groups that influenced each other's development. The specific cultural regions that d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization |
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