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Raqqa
By June 2019, 300,000 residents had returned to the city, including 90,000 IDPs, and many shops in the city had reopened. Through the efforts of the Global Coalition and the Raqqa Civil Council, several public hospitals and schools have been reopened, public buildings like the stadium, the Raqqa Museum, mosques and par...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa
Al-Assad family
The Makhloufs belong to the Alawi Haddad tribe, both Hafez and Rifaat are related through marriage to the Makhloufs. The Makhlouf family rose from humble beginnings to become the financial advisor to Hafez al-Assad after the former President married Makhlouf's sister. The family headed by Mohammad Makhlouf has establis...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad_family
Middle East Airlines
Middle East Airlines - Air Liban was founded on 31 May 1945 by Saeb Salam and Fawzi EL-Hoss with operational and technical support from BOAC. Operations started on 1 January 1946 using three de Havilland DH.89A Dragon Rapides on flights between Beirut and Nicosia, followed by flights to Iraq, Egypt, and Syria. Two Doug...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines
Bab-el-Mandeb
Paleo-environmental and tectonic events in the Miocene epoch created the Danakil Isthmus, a land bridge forming a broad connection between Yemen and Ethiopia. During the last 100,000 years, eustatic sea level fluctuations have led to alternate opening and closing of the straits. According to the recent single origin hy...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb
Icosium
Icosium remained part of the Roman Empire until it was conquered by Vandals in 430. In 442, an agreement between the Roman Empire and the Vandals allowed Icosium to be occupied by the Romans during the Vandal control of northern Mauretania Caesariensis. Some berber tribes took control of the city at the beginning of th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosium
Fidel Castro
Castro considered Africa to be "the weakest link in the imperialist chain", and at the request of Agostinho Neto he ordered 230 military advisers into Angola in November 1975 to aid Neto's Marxist MPLA in the Angolan Civil War. When the US and South Africa stepped up their support of the opposition FLNA and UNITA, Cast...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro
Islam and secularism
Secularism is an ambiguous concept that can be understood to refer to a number of policies and ideas—anticlericalism, atheism, state neutrality toward religion, the separation of religion from state, banishment of religious symbols from the public sphere, or disestablishment (separation of church and state, although Is...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_secularism
Quran
While belief in God and obedience to the prophets are the main emphasis in the prophetic stories, there are also non-prophetic stories in the Quran that emphasize the importance of humility and having profound-inner knowledge (hikmah) besides trusting in God. This is the main theme in the stories of Khidr, Luqman and D...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran
Saudi Arabia
The Saudi government, which mandates Muslim and non-Muslim observance of Sharia law under the absolute rule of the House of Saud, has been denounced by various international organizations and governments for violating human rights within the country. The authoritarian regime is consistently ranked among the "worst of t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia
Modern history of Yemen
British interests in the area which would later become South Yemen, began to grow when in 1839, British East India Company forces captured the port of Aden, to provide a coaling station for ships en route to India. The colony, known as the Aden Settlement, gained much political and strategic importance after the openin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen
Matrilineality
In the late 19th century, almost all prehistorians and anthropologists believed, following Lewis H. Morgan's influential book Ancient Society, that early human kinship everywhere was matrilineal. This idea was taken up by Friedrich Engels in The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. The Morgan-Engels t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality
Persian art
Sasanian art was produced under the Sasanian Empire, which ruled from the 3rd to 7th centuries AD, before the Muslim conquest of Persia was completed around 651. In 224 AD, the last Parthian king was defeated by Ardashir I. The resulting Sasanian dynasty would last for four hundred years, ruling modern Iran, Iraq, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_art
History of Asian art
Japanese art and architecture include works of art produced in Japan from the beginnings of human habitation there, sometime in the 10th millennium BC, to the present. Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture in wood and bronze, ink painting on silk and paper, and a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asian_art
Non-denominational Muslim
Western-born Muslims are more likely to be non-affiliated than immigrant Muslims, and when pressed may suggest they try to follow Islamic religious texts "as closely as possible". Although Pew has given comprehensive figures on Muslims with an unspecified branch or affiliation, earlier research from 2006 has also come ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim
Caliphate
A contemporary effort to re-establish the caliphate by supporters of armed jihad that predates Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and the Islamic State and was much less successful, was "the forgotten caliphate" of Muhammad bin ʿIssa bin Musa al Rifaʿi ("known to his followers as Abu ʿIssa"). This "microcaliphate" was founded on 3 A...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate
Necronomicon
In 1927, Lovecraft wrote a brief pseudo-history of the Necronomicon. It was published in 1938, after his death, as "History of the Necronomicon". According to this account, the book was originally called Al Azif, an Arabic word that Lovecraft defined as "that nocturnal sound (made by insects) supposed to be the howling...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon
Cinema of Morocco
Cinema in Morocco has a long history, stretching back over a century to the filming of Le chèvrier Marocain ("The Moroccan Goatherd") by Louis Lumière in 1897. Between that time and 1944, many foreign movies were shot in the country, especially in the Ouarzazate area. In the first half of the 20th century, Casablanca h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco
Dynasty of Isin
Iddin-Dagan (fl. c. 1900—1879 BCE by the short chronology) was the 3rd king of the Dynasty of Isin. Iddin-Dagān was preceded by his father Šu-ilišu. Išme-Dagān (to be confused with neither Išme-Dagān I nor Išme-Dagān II of the Old Assyrian Empire) then succeeded Iddin-Dagān. Iddin-Dagān reigned for 21 years (according ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin
Desert castles
The function and use of the buildings are today not entirely clear, and scholarship has suggested that they might have served a variety of defensive, agricultural, residential, recreational and commercial purposes. The earliest researchers, such as Musil and Lammens, suggested that desert castles were primarily used fo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_castles
Cuneiform
The archaic cuneiform script was adopted by the Akkadian Empire from the 23rd century BC (short chronology). The Akkadian language being East Semitic, its structure was completely different from Sumerian. The Akkadians found a practical solution in writing their language phonetically, using the corresponding Sumerian p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform
Houthi movement
The United Nations Human Rights Council published a report covering the period July 2019 to June 2020, which contained evidence of the Houthis' recruitment of boys as young as seven years old and the recruitment of 34 girls aged between 13 and 17 years of age, to act as spies, recruiters of other children, guards, medi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_movement
Amenemhat III
Amenemhat III's building program included monuments in Khatana, Tell el-Yahudiyya, and Bubastis. At Bubastis, Amenemhat III probably built a palace which hosts relief art containing his name. Of note is a relief that depicts Amenemhat III officiating his sed-festival. Further works include the enlargement of the temple...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenemhat_III
Houthi takeover in Yemen
In the wake of the resignations, security officials in Aden and other southern cities reportedly declared they would no longer accept orders from Sana'a, with some reports indicating they would seek an independent south. Thousands demonstrated in Aden, Al Hudaydah, Ibb and Taiz, among other cities, against the Houthi c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen
Al-Hariri of Basra
The work was copied many times by the various Islamic dynasties due to the royal custom of commissioning copies of well-known manuscripts for their private libraries. From the 13th and 14th centuries, the work was translated into a number of Middle-Eastern languages including Hebrew and Turkish. Some of the earliest co...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra
History of the Jews in Iraq
In 1743, there was a plague in which many of the Jews of Baghdad, including all the rabbis, died. The remaining Baghdad community asked the community of Aleppo to send them a new Chief Rabbi, leading to the appointment of Rabbi Sadka Bekhor Hussein. Culturally, it would prove a decisive moment when Chief Rabbi Shmuel ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq
M1 Abrams
A number of considerations had led the service and its contractors to favor the Army's standard M68 105 mm gun over Germany's 120 mm Rheinmetall Rh-120 smoothbore gun for the XM1. To begin with, the 105 mm gun was "the smallest, lightest, and least costly gun adequate for the job." Indeed, new kinetic energy ammunition...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams
Tefnakht
Tefnakht erected two donation stelas in Years 36 and 38 of Shoshenq V as a Prince at Saïs. His Year 38 stela from Buto is significant not only because Tefnakht employs the rather boastful epithet of "Great Chief of the entire land" but due to its list of his religious titles as prophet of Neith, Edjo and the Lady of Im...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnakht
Makuria
In 1171 Saladin overthrew the Fatimid dynasty, which signaled new hostilities between Egypt and Nubia. The following year, a Makurian army pillaged Aswan and advanced even further north. It is not clear if this campaign was intended to aid the Fatimids or was merely a raid exploiting the unstable situation in Egypt, al...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria
Homs
The Old City is the most condensed area of Homs, and it includes the neighbourhoods of Bab Tadmur, Bab al-Dreib, Bab Hud and the immediate vicinity of the citadel, covering an area of 1.2 square kilometres (0.46 sq mi). Little remains of the Old City; its walls and gates were demolished in the Ottoman era, but a short ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs
Doha
Doha is considered as the most important tourist city in Qatar. Qatar's tourism sector is also a key focus of its economic diversification strategy. The country is investing in the development of new tourism infrastructure, such as hotels and resorts, and promoting its cultural attractions, such as the Museum of Islami...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha
Deir Yassin massacre
The Haganah denied its role in the attack and publicly condemned the massacre, blaming it on the Irgun and Lehi, and the Jewish Agency for Palestine (which controlled the Haganah), sent Jordan's King Abdullah a letter of apology, which Abdullah rejected, stating "the Jewish Agency stands at the head of all Jewish affai...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre
Zirid dynasty
After the rebellion of Buluggin's brothers failed in 999, Zawi ibn Ziri sought to move to al-Andalus, which was under Umayyad control. The hajib of Caliph Hisham II (r. 976–1009) and de facto ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba at the time, Ibn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur (also known as Almanzor), initially refused to allow Zawi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty
Scientia sacra
Allen, Micheal (2003). "Seyyed Hossein Nasr". In Dematteis, Philip B.; McHenry, Leemon B. (eds.). Dictionary of Literary Biography. Gale. ISBN 978-0787660239. Aslan, Adnan (2004). Religious Pluralism in Christian and Islamic Philosophy: The Thought of John Hick and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_sacra
ʾIʿrab
The Dual - These nouns denote two of something. They decline very similarly to the sound masculine plurals because they are not marked for definiteness and look the same in both the accusative and genitive cases. For the nominative, the marking is -āni and for the accusative/genitive, -ayni. An example is "parents," wh...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab
History of Mauritania (1978–1984)
In Mauritania, Haidalla was faced with the daunting task of consolidating power. To his credit, in January 1980 he proclaimed Mauritanian neutrality in the Western Sahara conflict and convinced Morocco to evacuate all its troops from Mauritanian soil. From the beginning of his regime, however, Haidalla was viewed with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mauritania_(1978%E2%80%931984)
Morisco
In Granada for the first decades after the conversion, the former Muslim elites of the former Emirate became the middlemen between the crown and the Morisco population. A certain religious tolerance, too, was still observable during the first half of the 16th century. They became alguaciles, hidalgos, courtiers, advi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco
Levantine Arabic
Nouns are either masculine or feminine and singular, dual or plural. The dual is formed with the suffix ين- -ēn. Most feminine singular nouns end with ـة tāʼ marbūṭah, pronounced as –a or -e depending on the preceding consonant: -a after guttural (ح خ ع غ ق ه ء) and emphatic consonants (ر ص ض ط ظ), -e after other conso...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
In the first few months of the civil war, the climate in the Mandate of Palestine became volatile, although throughout this period both Arab and Jewish leaders tried to limit hostilities.: 90–99  According to historian Benny Morris, the period was marked by Palestinian Arab attacks and Jewish defensiveness, increasingl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight
Al-Assad family
During the 1950s, Syrian Alawites started becoming influential in the Syrian Armed Forces and Ba'ath party. Led by Alawite military officers like Salah Jadid. Ba'athist factions staged a series of coups during the 1960s and built up a one-party state. The party cemented its total control over the state and society by p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad_family
Golden jackal
The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed. The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads. Males measure...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jackal
Fatimid Caliphate
In 969 Jawhar launched a carefully-prepared and successful invasion of Egypt, which had been under the control of the Ikhshidids, another regional dynasty whose formal allegiance was to the Abbasids. Al-Mu'izz had given Jawhar specific instructions to carry out after the conquest, and one of his first actions was to fo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate
Keffiyeh
British Colonel T. E. Lawrence (better known as Lawrence of Arabia) was probably the best-known Western wearer of the keffiyeh and agal during his involvement in the Arab Revolt in World War I. This image of Lawrence was later popularized by the film epic about him, Lawrence of Arabia, in which he was portrayed by Pete...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keffiyeh
Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan
He was born in the emirate of Abu Dhabi sometime around 1835 or 1840. He lived much of his early life with the Bedouin of Abu Dhabi. He was made Ruler of Abu Dhabi after the deposition of his cousin, Sheikh Saeed bin Tahnun, in 1855. He ruled for 54 years, until his death in 1909. He had a wife called Maitha Almansoor...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayed_bin_Khalifa_Al_Nahyan
Banu Kalb
In the 10th century, the Kalb was one of the three largest Arab confederations of Syria, largely concentrated in the central parts of the region; the other two confederations were the Tayy in southern Syria and the Kilab in northern Syria. Unlike the Tayy and Kilab, who were relative newcomers, most of the long-establi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kalb
Israel–Jordan peace treaty
Wolfsfeld et al. (2002) said that Prime Minister Rabin and King Hussein collaborated in selling the agreement to their people. The Knesset approved the agreement 92 to 3, but "The level of elite support in Jordan was considerably lower. ... [A] number of political parties and institutions were opposed to making peace w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty
Golan Heights
In June 2024, Hezbollah launched a series of retaliatory rocket and drone attacks in the Golan Heights, resulting in the destruction of 10,000 dunams of open areas by fire. It was in response to Israels attack on Hezbollah targets in Lebanon. The fire damaged parts of the Yehudiya Forest Nature Reserve, including hikin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war
In March 2015, President Barack Obama declared that he had authorized US forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen. Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that "as part of that effort, we have expedited weapons deliveries, we have increased our in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war
Wahhabism
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserted that every Muslim layman, even one without modest educational credentials, have a duty to read and study the Qur'an and the Sunnah; encouraging them to research religious scriptures. Regional rivals castigated him as a self-taught "ignorant" since "knowledge could come only from bei...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism
Capture of Béjaïa (1510)
The Spaniards disembarked at the site of the old port, near the tomb of Sheikh Aïssa es-Sebouki. The sultan had allocated this district to Muslims driven out of Spain because there was not enough space within the city walls. The gardens on the other side of the city, on the side of the "wadi el Kebir" (wadi Soummam) we...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1510)
Nancy Ajram
In February and March 2008, Ajram released three Coca-Cola commercials that featured a brand new hit from her long-awaited album. The song, "Meen Ghairy Ana (Noss El Kawn)" (Who Else But Me?) was made by the successful "Yay" and "Ana Yalli" trio, Nizar Francis, Samir Sfeir, and Tarek Madkour. The single was an instant ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Ajram
Maron
Saint Maron was a mystic who initiated a new ascetic-spiritual approach that attracted many people in the region encompassing what is now Syria and Lebanon to become his disciples. Accompanying his deeply spiritual and ascetic life, he was a zealous missionary with a passion for spreading the message of Christ by preac...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maron
Theatre of Bahrain
Drama in the Arab States of the Persian Gulf was pioneered by Kuwait and Bahrain in the early 20th century. The first recorded theatre production was A Judge from God's Will (Arabic: القاضي بأمر الله) which was performed in 1925 at the Hidaya Al-Khalifa Boys School in Muharraq. As a result of the formal education syste...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Bahrain
Coptic language
The Muslim conquest of Egypt by Arabs came with the spread of Islam in the seventh century. At the turn of the eighth century, Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan decreed that Arabic replace Koine Greek as the sole administrative language. Literary Coptic gradually declined, and within a few hundred years, Egyptian bishop S...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language
March of loyalty to martyrs
In the afternoon of 22 February tens of thousands of children, men and women occupied and marched on the main streets of Manama. The march was called "The march of loyalty to martyrs" in reference to those killed in previous protests. It stretched for several miles, filling the eastern side of Sheik Khalifa bin Salman ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_loyalty_to_martyrs
University of al-Qarawiyyin
In the 9th century, Fez was the capital of the Idrisid dynasty, considered to be the first Moroccan Islamic state. According to one of the major early sources on this period, the Rawd al-Qirtas by Ibn Abi Zar, al-Qarawiyyin was founded as a mosque in 857 or 859 by Fatima al-Fihri, the daughter of a wealthy merchant nam...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin
Ariel Sharon
After 400,000 Peace Now protesters rallied in Tel Aviv to demand an official government inquiry into the massacres, the official Israeli government investigation into the massacre at Sabra and Shatila, the Kahan Commission (1982), was conducted. The inquiry found that the Israeli Defense Forces were indirectly responsi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon
Hanbali school
Sufism, often described as the inner mystical dimension of Islam, is not a separate "school" or "sect" of the religion, but, rather, is considered by its adherents to be an "inward" way of approaching Islam which complements the regular outward practice of the five pillars; Sufism became immensely popular during the me...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school
Al-Qaeda
Ayman al-Zawahiri had been al-Qaeda's deputy emir and assumed the role of emir following bin Laden's death. Al-Zawahiri replaced Saif al-Adel, who had served as interim commander. On June 5, 2012, Pakistani intelligence officials announced that al-Rahman's alleged successor as second in command, Abu Yahya al-Libi, had ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda
History of Bahrain
The protests in Bahrain started on 14 February, and were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and respect for human rights; they were not intended to directly threaten the monarchy.: 162–3  Lingering frustration among the Shiite majority with being ruled by the Sunni government was a major root cause,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (1839-1911), commonly known as Akhund Khurasani, was a Shi'i Marja'. based in Najaf who was the main clerical supporter and legitimizing force for the Persian Constitutional Revolution, Iran's democratic revolution of 1905–1911. Traditional Shia scholarship has been historically critical with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist
Mark Sykes
When the First World War broke out in 1914, Lieutenant-Colonel Sykes was the commanding officer of the 5th Battalion of the Green Howards. However he did not lead them into battle, as his particular talents were needed by the Intelligence department of the War Office working for Lord Kitchener, the Secretary of State f...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sykes
Al-Biruni
Ali, Wahshat Khan Bahadur Reza (1951). Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume. Calcutta: Iran Society. OCLC 55570787. Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Boyle, J.A. (ed.). The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambrid...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni
Indus Valley Civilisation
The Indus Valley Civilisation was roughly contemporary with the other riverine civilisations of the ancient world: Ancient Egypt along the Nile, Mesopotamia in the lands watered by the Euphrates and the Tigris, and China in the drainage basin of the Yellow River and the Yangtze. By the time of its mature phase, the civ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation
2012–2013 Egyptian protests
On 2 June, former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was sentenced to life in prison, for complicity in the killings of protesters by police, during the revolution that eventually toppled him, in 2011. However, the judge also found him not guilty, on corruption charges. This, and the fact that he had not received the dea...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Egyptian_protests
2015 European migrant crisis
Pegida, a pan-European far-right political movement founded in 2014 on opposition to immigration from Muslim countries, experienced a resurgence during the refugee crisis, especially in eastern Germany. The movement said that "Western civilisation could soon come to an end through Islam conquering Europe". In the Unite...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis
Syrian civil war
United Nations and human rights organizations have asserted that human rights violations have been committed by both the government and the rebel forces, with the "vast majority of the abuses having been committed by the Syrian government". Numerous human rights abuses, political repression, war crimes and crimes again...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war
2014 Gaza War
The Gazan militants used different kinds of rockets, including the Syrian-made (Chinese-designed) M-302 and the locally-made M-75, which had the range to hit Tel-Aviv. Other rockets include the Soviet Katyushas and Qassams. The Israeli Defense Force reported that at the beginning of the 2014 conflict, Hamas had close t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Gaza_War
Khanate of Khiva
After the capital was moved to Khiva, Khwarazm came to be called the Khanate of Khiva (the state had always referred to itself as Khwarazm, the Khanate of Khiva as a name was popularized by Russian historians in honor of its capital, Khiva). Some time around 1600, the Daryaliq or west branch of the Oxus dried up causin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva
List of United Arab Emirates–related topics
Template:UAE-stub 21st Century Tower Abdul Rehman (UAE cricketer) Abu Dhabi Indian School Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey Abu Dhabi Men's College Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company Abu Dhabi TV Abu Dhabi Women's College Adnan Al Talyani Ahmad Al Tayer Ahmad Bin Majid Ahmed Bin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93related_topics
Aniconism in Islam
Narrated Aisha:The wife of the Prophet purchased a cushion with pictures of animals on it for the Prophet to sit on and recline on. The Prophet disapproved of the making of such pictures, saying the makers would be punished on the Day of Resurrection when God would ask them to bring their creations to life. The Hadith ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam
Ghassan Kanafani
In 1962, his novel, Men in the Sun (Rijal fi-a-shams), reputed to be "one of the most admired and quoted works in modern Arabic fiction," was published to great critical acclaim. Rashid Khalidi considers it "prescient". The story is an allegory of Palestinian calamity in the wake of the nakba in its description of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassan_Kanafani
Siege of Kut
British leaders attempted to buy their troops out. Aubrey Herbert and T. E. Lawrence were part of a team of officers sent to negotiate a secret deal with the Ottomans. The British offered £2 million (equivalent to £190 million in 2023) and promised those soldiers would not fight the Ottomans again, in exchange for Town...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kut
Kingdom of Galicia
During the Iron Age, and later during Roman and Germanic rule, Southern Gallaecia—today north Portugal and south Galicia—was the more dynamic, urbanized, and richest area of Gallaecia. This role was assumed by the rural north during the Early and High Middle Ages, as a consequence not only of the Islamic invasion, but ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia
Hasan al-Basri
Hasan was born in Medina in 642 CE. His mother, Khayra, is said to have been a maidservant of one of Muhammad's wives, Umm Salama (d. 683), while his father, Peroz, was a Persian slave who originally hailed from southern Iraq. According to tradition, Hasan grew up in Medina for the vast portion of his early life, prior...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri
1970s
During the early 1970s, popular music continued to be dominated by musicians who had achieved fame during the 1950s and the 1960s such as the Rolling Stones, The Who, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Loretta Lynn, Conway Twitty, Bob Dylan, The Grateful Dead, and Eric Clapton. In addition, many newcomer rock groups such as B...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s
Umayyad Caliphate
Iraq remained politically unstable and the garrisons of Kufa and Basra had become exhausted by warfare with Kharijite rebels. In 694 Abd al-Malik combined both cities as a single province under the governorship of al-Hajjaj, who oversaw the suppression of the Kharijite revolts in Iraq and Iran by 698 and was subsequent...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate
Yom Kippur War
Based on intelligence estimates at the commencement of hostilities, American leaders expected the tide of the war to quickly shift in Israel's favor, and that Arab armies would be completely defeated within 72 to 96 hours. On 6 October, Secretary of State Kissinger convened the National Security Council's official cris...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War
Jerba Berber
At the end of the 19th century, Tamazight (or Berber) was apparently well established and spoken through the island. It was then possible to connect the dialect of Djerba to other Berber-speaking areas of Maghreb, and many orientalists like Adolphe de Calassanti Motilynski or René Basset (father of André Basset) were a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerba_Berber
French Algeria
On 1 December 1830, King Louis-Philippe named the Duc de Rovigo as head of military staff in Algeria. De Rovigo took control of Bône and initiated colonisation of the land. He was recalled in 1833 due to the overtly violent nature of the repression. Wishing to avoid a conflict with Morocco, Louis-Philippe sent an extra...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria
Religion
Religion is a modern concept. The concept was invented recently in the English language and is found in texts from the 17th century due to events such as the splitting of Christendom during the Protestant Reformation and globalization in the Age of Exploration, which involved contact with numerous foreign cultures with...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion
Marwan I
Ahmed, Asad Q. (2010). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Oxford: University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research. ISBN 978-1-900934-13-8. Biesterfeldt, Hinrich; Günther, Sebastian (2018). The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English T...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_I
Amharic
Amharic grammar distinguishes person, number, and often gender. This includes personal pronouns such as English I, Amharic እኔ ǝne; English she, Amharic እሷ ǝsswa. As in other Semitic languages, the same distinctions appear in three other places in their grammar. Subject–verb agreement All Amharic verbs agree with their...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic
Christianity in Africa
Another phase of Christianity in Africa began with the arrival of Portuguese in the 15th century. After the end of Reconquista, the Christian Portuguese and Spanish captured many ports in North Africa. Missionary expeditions undertaken by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) began as early as 1548 in various regions of Afric...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa
Ruhollah Khomeini
Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians are officially recognized and protected by the government. Shortly after Khomeini's return from exile in 1979, he issued a fatwa ordering that Jews and other minorities (except those of the Baháʼí Faith) be treated well. In power, Khomeini distinguished between Zionism as a secular po...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini
Turkish literature
The folk poetry tradition in Turkish literature, as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sufi and Shi'a traditions. Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still existent aşık/ozan tradition, the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. The development of folk p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_literature
Israel–Hamas war
The truce expired on 1 December, as Israel and Hamas blamed each other for failing to agree on extension. The disagreement centered on "how to define soldiers versus civilians and how many Palestinian prisoners Israel would release for its hostages". The remaining Israeli hostages include a year old baby, his 4-year-ol...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war
Neriglissar
Neriglissar's influence was further increased through his marriage to one of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters. Historian David B. Weisberg proposed in 1974 that the daughter in question was Kashshaya, since her name appears together with the name of Nebuchadnezzar, Neriglissar and Bel-shum-ishkun in economic documents. Altho...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neriglissar
Failed state
However, the Fragile States Index has received comparatively much attention since its first publication in 2005. Edited by the magazine Foreign Policy, the ranking examines 178 countries based on analytical research of the Conflict Assessment System Tool (CAST) of the Fund for Peace. The Fragile States Index published ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state
Islamic State of Iraq
By the beginning of 2007, Sunni tribes and nationalist insurgents were battling with AQI over control of Sunni communities, and some Sunni groups agreed to fight the group in exchange for American arms, ammunition, cash, pick-up trucks, fuel and supplies. In February 2007, a truck bomb exploded near a mosque near Fallu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq
Sheep
The domestic sheep is a multi-purpose animal, and the more than 200 breeds now in existence were created to serve these diverse purposes. Some sources give a count of a thousand or more breeds, but these numbers cannot be verified, according to some sources. However, several hundred breeds of sheep have been identified...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep
Red
The first known team sport to feature red uniforms was chariot racing during the late Roman Empire. The earliest races were between two chariots, one driver wearing red, the other white. Later, the number of teams was increased to four, including drivers in light green and sky blue. Twenty-five races were run in a day,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red
Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
A report published by the Wall Street Journal on 10 August 2023 quoted Ugandan officials as saying that an Emirati plane on a stopover at Entebbe Airport en route to Amdjarass International Airport in eastern Chad turned out upon inspection to have been carrying dozens of green plastic crates in the plane's cargo hold ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)
History of Moroccan Jews
The Jews suffered much during the great conquests of Moulay Rashid, who united the separate parts of Morocco into one single state, and wished to add to it all northwest Africa. According to Chénier, when Al-Raschid took the city of Marrakech in 1670, at the desire of the inhabitants he caused the Jewish counselor and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews
World War I
After the war, there grew a certain amount of academic focus on the causes of war and on the elements that could make peace flourish. In part, these led to the institutionalization of peace and conflict studies, security studies and International Relations (IR) in general. The Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
Fatimid Caliphate
After al-Aziz's unexpected death, his young son al-Mansur, 11 years old, was installed on the throne as al-Hakim. Hasan ibn Ammar, the leader of the Kalbid clan in Egypt, a military veteran, and one of the last remaining members of al-Mu'izz's old guard, initially became regent, but he was soon forced to flee by Barjaw...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate
Regency of Algiers
The 17th century was the "golden age of privateering". By 1600, Algerian corsairs had adopted the square-rigged sailing ships introduced by Dutch corsair Simon Dansa and begun to rely less on Christian galley slaves. The expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain also gave the corsairs reinforcements, with whom they weakened...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers
Fidel Castro
Militarily weaker than NATO, Khrushchev wanted to install Soviet R-12 MRBM nuclear missiles on Cuba to even the power balance. Although conflicted, Castro agreed, believing it would guarantee Cuba's safety and enhance the cause of socialism. Undertaken in secrecy, only the Castro brothers, Guevara, Dorticós and securit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro
Damascus
Following the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali's death in 661, Mu'awiya was chosen as the caliph of the expanding Islamic empire. Because of the vast amounts of assets his clan, the Umayyads, owned in the city and because of its traditional economic and social links with the Hijaz as well as the Christian Arab tribes of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus
Sukarno
After securing control over West Irian/West Papua, Sukarno then opposed the British-supported establishment of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, claiming that it was a neo-colonial plot by the British to undermine Indonesia. Despite Sukarno's political overtures, which found some support when leftist political elemen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno
Capital punishment
Opponents of the death penalty argue that this punishment is being used more often against perpetrators from racial and ethnic minorities and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, than against those criminals who come from a privileged background; and that the background of the victim also influences the outcome. Resea...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment