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Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi (along with Ahmed Vaezi and Baqir Sharif al-Qurashi) cites a hadith known as "the maqbulah of ‘Umar ibn Hanzalah", where this Umar asks the 6th Imam (Ja'far al-Sadiq) whether it is permissible when two Shi‘ah have a dispute over a debt or a legacy to go to a judge or ruler for mediation/arbit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Timurid architecture | The most significant preserved Timurid monuments are found in and around the cities of Khorasan and Transoxiana, including Samarkand, Bukhara, Herat, and Mashhad. The monuments of Timur's reign (r. 1370–1405) are distinguished by their size. One of the earliest major works under Timur is the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Ya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_architecture |
Palestinian political violence | A July 2001 poll conducted by the Palestinian Center for Policy & Survey Research (PSR) found that 58 percent of Palestinians supported armed attacks against Israeli civilians inside Israel and 92 percent supported armed confrontations against the Israeli army in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. A May 2002 poll by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence |
Hyderabad | The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone–(Charminar), East Zone–(L. B. Nagar), West Zone–(Serilingampally), North Zone–(Kukatpally), Northeast Zone–(Secunderabad) and Central Zone–(Khairatabad); these zones c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad |
Mathematics and art | Mathematics can be discerned in many of the arts, such as music, dance, painting, architecture, and sculpture. Each of these is richly associated with mathematics. Among the connections to the visual arts, mathematics can provide tools for artists, such as the rules of linear perspective as described by Brook Taylor an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_art |
Hyderabad | Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from US$40-US$74 billion (PPP GDP), and have ranked it either fifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India. Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad |
Khartoum massacre | France 24 documented evidence that the rapes of 70 women and men during the massacre were a deliberate campaign to "break the girls". Nahid Jabrallah, founder of the Sima Centre for Women and Children's Studies, and other activists and journalists, stated that there were extensive testimonies of gang rapes and other se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_massacre |
Homs | In 1516, Homs was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire and consequently suffered a greater political eclipse, but it continued to thrive as an economic center, processing the agricultural and pastoral products that flowed to it from surrounding districts. Homs was particularly well known for silk and wool weaving, espe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs |
Golden Horde | Allsen, Thomas T. (1985). "The Princes of the Left Hand: An Introduction to the History of the Ulus of Ordu in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries". Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. Vol. V. Harrassowitz. pp. 5–40. ISBN 978-3-447-08610-3.
Allsen, Thomas (1994). "The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde |
Al-Maqrizi | al-Mawa'iz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (about the planning of Cairo and its monuments)
A. R. Guest, p. 103ff: A list of Writers, Books and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrisi in his Khitat
al-Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk (about Mamluk history in Egypt)
Ette'aaz al-honafa be Akhbaar al-A'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi |
History of Islam | The Shīʿīte Safavid dynasty rose to power in Tabriz in 1501 and later conquered the rest of Iran. They were of mixed ancestry, originally Kurdish, but during their rule intermarried with Turcomans, Georgians, Circassians, and Pontic Greeks. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, while the Ir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) | The United States and international partners have undertaken a large humanitarian effort to support refugees stranded in northern Iraq with airdropped supplies.
On 7 August, two Lockheed C-130 Hercules's and one Boeing C-17 Globemaster III dropped tens of thousands of meals and thousands of gallons of drinking water to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021) |
Soil fertility | The details of Indigenous societies prior to European colonization in 1492 within the Amazonian regions of South America, particularly the size of the communities and the depth of interactions with the environment, are continually debated. Central to the debate is the influence of Dark Earth. Dark Earth is a type of so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility |
Lebanon | With the 1970 defeat of the PLO in Jordan, many Palestinian militants relocated to Lebanon, increasing their armed campaign against Israel. The relocation of Palestinian bases also led to increasing sectarian tensions between Palestinians versus the Maronites and other Lebanese factions.
In 1975, following increasing s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Tawhid | The first detailed formulation of "Unity of Existence" (wahdat al-wujud) is closely associated to Ibn Arabi. Widely different interpretations of the meaning of the "Unity of Existence" have been proposed throughout the centuries by critics, defenders, and Western scholars. Ibn Arabi himself did not use the term "Unity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid |
Roger II of Sicily | Roger's backing of Anacletus plunged him into a ten-year war. Bernard of Clairvaux, Innocent's champion, organized a coalition against Anacletus and his "half-heathen king". He was joined by Louis VI of France, Henry I of England, and Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor. Meanwhile, southern Italy revolted.
In 1130, the Du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily |
Islamic architecture | The Mamluks were a military corps recruited from slaves that served under the Ayyubid dynasty and eventually took over from that dynasty in 1250, ruling over Egypt, the Levant, and the Hijaz until the Ottoman conquest of 1517. Despite their often tumultuous and violent internal politics, the Mamluk sultans were prolifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Tunisair | The carrier was formed by the government of Tunisia as Société Tunisienne de l'Air in late 1948. The initial investment was FRF 60 million, with shareholding split between the government (35%), Air France (35%) and another interests (30%). Air France transferred some of its DC-3s and routes (which included Tunis–Bone–A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisair |
Member states of the Arab League | 1942 – The United Kingdom promotes the idea of the Arab League.
1945 – Leaders of seven states in the Middle East sign the Alexandria Protocol, thus establishing the first Organization with a Pan-Arabic ideology in the 20th century. The founding members were Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan (entering u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League |
Sasanian Empire | Following Hormizd II's death, northern Arabs started to ravage and plunder the western cities of the empire, even attacking the province of Fars, the birthplace of the Sassanid kings. Meanwhile, Persian nobles killed Hormizd II's eldest son, blinded the second, and imprisoned the third (who later escaped into Roman ter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Early modern literature | A new spirit of science and investigation in Europe was part of a general upheaval in human understanding, which began with the discovery of the New World in 1492 and continues through the subsequent centuries, even up to the present day.
The form of writing now commonplace across the world—the novel—originated from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_literature |
Anglo-Persian Oil Company | On 14 April 1909, Burmah Oil created the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) as a subsidiary and also sold shares to the public.
Volume production of Persian oil products eventually started in 1913 from a refinery built at Abadan, for its first 50 years the largest oil refinery in the world (see Abadan Refinery). In 1913... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company |
Qizilbash | The rise of the Ottomans put a great strain on the Turkmen tribes living in the area, which eventually led them to join the Safavids, who transformed them into a militant organisation, called the Qizilbash (meaning "red heads" in Turkish), initially a pejorative label given to them by the Ottomans, but later adopted as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash |
Tribes of Yemen | The tribal structure in ancient times was based on tribal unions: the Kingdom of Sheba, Qataban, Ma'in, and Hadhramaut and from these four kingdoms the tribes emerged. Although after Islam historians did not know much about the Qataban and Main, they included the tribes that were affiliated with them in Imma and in Sab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen |
Impalement | During the Ottoman rule of Greece, impalement became an important tool of psychological warfare, intended to inflict terror into the peasant population. By the 18th century, Greek bandits turned guerrilla insurgents (known as klephts) became an increasing annoyance to the Ottoman government. Captured klephts were often... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalement |
Sky News | In November 2008 BSkyB paid substantial undisclosed libel damages to Robert Murat in relation to their reporting of the abduction of Madeleine McCann. Sky News had falsely suggested that Murat, who was assisting in the search of McCann, had acted like child murderer Ian Huntley following McCann's disappearance. Sky New... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News |
Marrakesh | The Marrakesh area was inhabited by Berber farmers from Neolithic times, and numerous stone implements have been unearthed in the area. Marrakesh was founded by Abu Bakr ibn Umar, chieftain and second cousin of the Almoravid king Yusuf ibn Tashfin (c. 1061–1106). Historical sources cite a variety of dates for this even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh |
Mustafa Kamil Pasha | Lord Cromer usually described Kamil in his dispatches to London as "the incapable nationalist demagogue", and in one dispatch described a conversation with a nationalist Egyptian intellectual who was almost certainly Kamil: "I had to explain to the young Gallicised Egyptian that the principles of an ultra Republica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kamil_Pasha |
Desert | Many people think of deserts as consisting of extensive areas of billowing sand dunes because that is the way they are often depicted on TV and in films, but deserts do not always look like this. Across the world, around 20% of desert is sand, varying from only 2% in North America to 30% in Australia and over 45% in Ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | In the 9th century, Fez was the capital of the Idrisid dynasty, considered to be the first Moroccan Islamic state. According to one of the major early sources on this period, the Rawd al-Qirtas by Ibn Abi Zar, al-Qarawiyyin was founded as a mosque in 857 or 859 by Fatima al-Fihri, the daughter of a wealthy merchant nam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
Italian Tripolitania | A large number of Italian colonists moved to Tripolitania in the late 1930s. These settlers went primarily to the area of Sahel al-Jefara, in Tripolitania, and to the capital Tripoli. In 1939 there were in all Tripolitania nearly 60,000 Italians, most living in Tripoli (whose population was nearly 45% Italian). As a co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania |
Assur | By the time the Neo-Sumerian Ur-III dynasty collapsed at the hands of the Elamites around the end of the 21st century BC according to the Middle Chronology and mid-20th century according to the Short Chronology following increasing raids by Gutians and Amorites. The native Akkadian-speaking Assyrian kings were now free... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur |
Sasanian Empire | The second golden era began after the second reign of Kavad I. With the support of the Hephthalites, Kavad launched a campaign against the Romans. In 502, he took Theodosiopolis in Armenia, but lost it soon afterwards. In 503 he took Amida on the Tigris. In 504, an invasion of Armenia by the western Huns from the Cauca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Ottoman miniature | There is a relative lack of information about the book-making centers in the 15th century Ottoman Empire, but there is a record in the Ottoman Archives from 1525 that indicates a nakkaşhane (studio) in Istanbul. It references a complex hierarchical structure, which indicates that the studio had existed for likely 50 ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_miniature |
Mamluk architecture | Jerusalem was another site of significant patronage outside Cairo. The frequent building activity in the city during this period is evidenced by the 90 remaining buildings that date from the 13th to 15th centuries. The types of structures built included madrasas, libraries, hospitals, caravanserais, fountains (or sabil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_architecture |
Polis | Modern theorists of the polis are theorizing under a major disadvantage: their topic has not been current for thousands of years. It is not left to the moderns to redefine polis as though it were a living institution. All that remains to ask is how the ancients defined it. It is not to be redefined now; for example, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis |
Twelver Shi'ism | Twelvers celebrate the following annual holidays:
Eid ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر), which marks the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan and falls on the first day of Shawwal.
Eid al-Adha, which marks the end of the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca, starts on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah.
The following holidays are observed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism |
Banu Kilab | The Banu Amir's original homeland was the area west of the Turubah oasis, extending eastward beyond Ranyah to the uplands south of the modern Mecca–Riyadh highway in Najd (central Arabia). From this region, the Kilab migrated northward and northwestward into a large area which later became known as the Hima Dariyya. At... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kilab |
Ancient Carthage | By 410 BC, Carthage had recovered from its serious defeats in Sicily. It had conquered much of modern-day Tunisia and founded new colonies across northern Africa. It also extended its reach well beyond the Mediterranean; Hanno the Navigator journeyed down the West African coast, and Himilco the Navigator had explored t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage |
Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud | The main work of al-Mu'taman was his Kitab al-Istikmal (Book of Perfection). This book was a compendium of the Greek mathematics of Euclid and Archimedes among others, but also contained the teachings of Thabit ibn Qurra, the Banu Musa and Ibn al-Haytham, and included some theorems and proofs not found in earlier extan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_al-Mu%27taman_ibn_Hud |
History of Jordan | Many of the villages built during the Early Bronze Age (3200–1950 BC) included simple water infrastructures, as well as defensive fortifications probably designed to protect against raids by neighboring nomadic tribes.
At Bab al-Dhra in Wadi `Araba, archaeologists discovered more than 20,000 shaft tombs with multiple c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jordan |
Idris of Libya | On 24 December 1951, Idris announced the establishment of the United Kingdom of Libya from the al-Manar Palace in Benghazi. The country had a population of approximately one million, the majority of whom were Arabs, but with Berber, Tebu, Sephardi Jewish, Greek, Turkish, and Italian minorities. The newly established st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_of_Libya |
Romanticism | Romanticism was relatively late in developing in French literature, more so than in the visual arts. The 18th-century precursor to Romanticism, the cult of sensibility, had become associated with the Ancien Régime, and the French Revolution had been more of an inspiration to foreign writers than those experiencing it a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism |
Niqāb in Egypt | The Al-Azhar decision prompted heated discussions in the media, with debates on religion, personal freedom, the role of religious institutions in society, and the identity of Egyptian society. Even though this was not the first decision concerning the wearing of the niqāb, the fact that the order came from Egypt's hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt |
SEPECAT Jaguar | The Jaguar programme began in the early 1960s, in response to a British requirement (Air Staff Target 362) for an advanced supersonic jet trainer to replace the Folland Gnat T1 and Hawker Hunter T7, and a French requirement (the École de Combat et d'Appui Tactique, ECAT "tactical combat support trainer") for a cheap, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar |
Shilha language | Shilha speakers usually refer to their language as Taclḥiyt. This name is morphologically a feminine noun, derived from masculine Aclḥiy "male speaker of Shilha". Shilha names of other languages are formed in the same way, for example Aɛṛab "an Arab", Taɛṛabt "the Arabic language".
The origin of the names Aclḥiy and Ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_language |
1986 FIFA World Cup | The first round of the finals began in Group A, where Italy were held 1–1 by Bulgaria. Meanwhile, Argentina beat South Korea 3–1, with Diego Maradona playing a major part. Italy and Argentina drew 1–1, Maradona and Alessandro Altobelli scoring. South Korea and Bulgaria also drew 1–1 in a downpour. The final set of matc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup |
Christianity and Druze | The Ottomans, through the Ma'n dynasty, a great Druze feudal family, and the Shihabs, a mixed Sunni Muslim-Druze family that had converted to Christianity. Ma'n dynasty were a family of Druze chiefs of Arab stock based in the rugged Chouf area of southern Mount Lebanon who were politically prominent in the 15th–17th ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze |
Al-Kindi | Al-Kindi was born in Kufa to an aristocratic family of the Arabian tribe of the Kinda, descended from the chieftain al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, a contemporary of Muhammad. The family belonged to the most prominent families of the tribal nobility of Kufa in the early Islamic period, until it lost much of its power following th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi |
Islamic architecture | In West Africa, Muslim merchants played a vital role in the western Sahel region since the 9th century through trans-Saharan trade networks. While the Islamic architecture of this region shares a certain style, a wide variety of materials and local styles are evident across this wide geographic range. In the more arid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations | In the initial stages of the war on terror, the Central Intelligence Agency under George Tenet was rising to prominence as the lead agency in the Afghan war. When Tenet insisted in his personal meetings with President Bush that there was no connection between al-Qaeda and Iraq, however, Dick Cheney and Secretary of Def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations |
Astrology | Astrology has not demonstrated its effectiveness in controlled studies and has no scientific validity. Where it has made falsifiable predictions under controlled conditions, they have been falsified. One famous experiment included 28 astrologers who were asked to match over a hundred natal charts to psychological profi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology |
History of the United Arab Emirates | After Labour MP Goronwy Roberts informed Sheikh Zayed of the news of British withdrawal, the nine Persian Gulf sheikhdoms attempted to form a federation of Arab emirates. The federation was first proposed in February 1968 when the rulers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai met in the desert location of Argoub El Sedirah, and agreed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Petroleum industry in Iraq | Iraq faces many challenges in meeting this timetable. One of the most significant is the lack of an outlet for significant increases in crude oil production. Both Iraqi refining and export infrastructure are currently bottlenecks and need to be upgraded to process much more crude oil. Iraqi oil exports are currently ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq |
Shewa | Shewa first appears in the historical record as part of a Muslim state (Makhzumi dynasty), which G. W. B. Huntingford believed was founded in 896, and had its capital at Walalah. In a recent discovery, a team of French archaeologists uncovered three urban centers believed to have been remnants of the former Sultanate o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa |
Ottoman Egypt | In 1766, after the death of his supporter, the grand vizier Raghib Pasha, he was again compelled to flee from Egypt to Yemen, but in the following year he was told that his party at Cairo was strong enough to permit his return. Resuming his office, he raised 18 of his friends to the rank of bey—among them Ibrahim and M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt |
Syria | Since approximately 10,000 BC, Syria was one of the centers of Neolithic culture (known as Pre-Pottery Neolithic A), where agriculture and cattle breeding first began to appear. The Neolithic period (PPNB) is represented by rectangular houses of Mureybet culture. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
Westcar Papyrus | Papyrus Westcar contains hidden allusions and puns to the characters of the kings Nebka, Sneferu, and Khufu. An evaluation of the character description of Djoser is impossible due to the great deterioration within his story.
In the second story, king Nebka plays the key role. He is depicted as a strict, but lawful judg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcar_Papyrus |
Middle Persian | -īg (-yk'), sometimes possibly -īk: derives adjectives from nouns, often with a meaning 'belonging to' and 'originating from', but also 'having': āb (MYA) 'water' > ābīg (ʾp̄yk') 'aquatic'; Pārs (pʾls) 'Fars' > pārsīg (pʾlsyk') 'Persian'; zōr (zʾwl) 'power' > zōrīg (zʾwlyk') 'powerful'; nazd (nzd) 'vicinity' > nazdīk (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian |
Bazaar | Permanent bazaars were established in urban zones, usually within the city walls and close to the heart of the city. In much of the Middle East and North Africa, the bazaar is a network of interconnected spaces, including streets and buildings, with diverse architectural forms. Its boundaries are not sharply defined an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar |
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world | Browne, Edward G. (2002). Islamic Medicine. Goodword Books. ISBN 978-81-87570-19-6.
Dols, Michael W. (1984). Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwan's Treatise 'On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt'. Comparative Studies of Health Systems and Medical Care. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04836-2.
Lecle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Al-Mu'tadid | The Abbasid army, following the reforms of al-Mu'tasim, was a smaller and more professional fighting force than the caliphal armies of the past. Although it proved effective militarily, it also posed a potential danger to the stability of the Abbasid regime: drawn from Turks and other peoples from the Caliphate's perip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid |
Yemeni revolution | Head of the ruling party's foreign affairs committee and the Advisor to the Prime Minister, H.E Dr. Mohammed Abdul Majeed Qubaty
Head of the finance committee of parliament Fathi Tawfiq Abdulrahim
Deputy Ministry of Culture (Yemen) Sam Yahya Al-Ahmar
Deputy Ministry of Youth and Sports (Yemen) Hashid Abdullah al-Ahmar
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_revolution |
Iraqi cuisine | Various stews served over rice form a major part of Iraqi cuisine.
Fasolia yabsa (Iraqi white bean stew), made up of tender lamb or veal, white kidney beans (also called cannellini beans), tomato sauce and served over rice.
Fasoulia, a soup of dry white beans, olive oil, and vegetables.
Harissa, similar to keşkek, a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine |
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine | Although both the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the terms of the League of Nations British Mandate of Palestine called for a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine, the British did not accept any linkage between Palestine and the situation of European Jews. After the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 many German Jews sou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Almarai | Almarai announced in 2011 that they would be investing heavily in Saudi Arabia to increase dairy production in the country. Arab News reported that they would be creating an additional 12,000 jobs in the country over the next five years. The joint venture with Pepsi continued to grow, when Reuters announced that both c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almarai |
Muhammad in Islam | The earliest compounded account on the Miʿrāj is found in the famous biography of Muhammad written by ibn ʾIsḥāq's Biography of the Prophet (Sīrah). While this narrative rather fragmentary and a summary, later Muslem authorities, provide further details around this basic outline. The story is mostly known only through ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam |
Marwan II | When Yazid III persisted in overthrowing al-Walid II, Marwan at first opposed him, then rendered allegiance to him. On Yazid's early death (Yazid named his brother Ibrahim ibn al-Walid as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour), Marwan renewed his ambitions, ignored Yazid's named successor Ibrahim, and became ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_II |
Baghdad | Baghdad's population was estimated at 7.22 million in 2015. The city historically has a predominantly Sunni population, but by the early 21st century around 52% of the city's population were Iraqi Shi'ites. At the beginning of the 21st century, some 1.5 million people migrated to Baghdad. Sunni Muslims make up 29–34% o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad |
Hafez al-Assad | The Islamist uprising began in the mid-to-late 1970s, with attacks on prominent members of the Ba'ath Alawite elite. As the conflict worsened, a debate in the party between hard-liners (represented by Rifaat al-Assad) and Ba'ath liberals (represented by Mahmoud al-Ayyubi) began. The Seventh Regional Congress, in 1980, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | Wilāyat al-Faqīh/velayat-e faqih is often used to mean Ayatollah Khomeini's vision of velayat-e faqih as essential to Islamic government, giving no further qualification, with those supporting limited non-governmental guardianship of faqih, being described as "rejecting" velayat-e faqih. This is common particularl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Biblical narratives in the Quran | In the Bible, Adam and Eve have two sons: the elder Cain, who is a farmer, and the younger Abel, a shepherd. When both make sacrifices to God, God only accepts Abel's offerings. Angered, Cain kills his brother despite God's warning. He is condemned to a lifetime of wandering and fruitless toil. The Qur'an narrates a si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran |
Girsu | Barrelet, Marie-Thérèse, "Une ‘Construction Enigmatique’ a Tello", Iraq, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 100–18, 1965
CAUVIN, Marie-Claire, "TELLO ET L’ORIGINE DE LA HOUE AU PROCHE-ORIENT", Paléorient, vol. 5, pp. 193–206, 1979
CROS, Gaston, "NOTE RECTIFICATIVE: SUR LE CASQUE CHALDÉEN DE TELLO: LETTRE DE M. LE COMMANDANT GASTON CR... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girsu |
Abdul Hamid II | Abdul Hamid had at least 13 daughters:
Ulviye Sultan (1868 – 5 October 1875) – with Nazikeda Kadın. Born in Dolmabahçe Palace, she tragically died at the age of seven: while her mother played the piano and the servants were dismissed for their meal, Ulviye Sultan began to play with some matches. Her dress caught fire ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II |
Arabic literature | In al-Andalus, Arabic literary culture had a massive impact on Jewish literary culture in the tenth to thirteenth centuries; this included the assimilation of features, genres, and stylistic devices of Arabic poetry as well as—influenced by the classicizing Quranic language of classical Arabic poetry—the decision to wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature |
Oriental rug | The field, or sections of it, can also be covered with smaller design elements. The overall impression may be homogeneous, although the design of the elements themselves can be highly complicated. Amongst the repeating figures, the boteh is used throughout the “carpet belt”. Boteh can be depicted in curvilinear or rect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_rug |
Pieds-noirs | In Metropolitan France, Algeria was considered an integral part of French national territory, and this sentiment was largely shared by the pied-noir community.
The end of the French protectorate of Tunisia and of the French protectorate in Morocco in 1956 led to mass emigration of French people from both states. These ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieds-noirs |
State religion | The State of Deseret was an unrecognised provisional state of the United States, proposed in 1849, by Mormon settlers in Salt Lake City. The provisional state existed for slightly over two years, but attempts to gain recognition by the United States government floundered for various reasons. The Utah Territory which wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion |
2011 Egyptian revolution | The 6 April Youth Movement (Arabic: حركة شباب 6 أبريل) is an Egyptian Facebook group begun in spring 2008 to support workers in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, an industrial town, who were planning to strike on 6 April.
Activists called on participants to wear black and stay home the day of the strike. Bloggers and citizen journa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution |
Battle of Ain Jalut | The large number of sources in vastly-different languages caused Mongol historians to have generally focused on one limited aspect of the empire. From that standpoint, the Battle of Ain Jalut has been represented by numerous academic and popular historians as an epochal battle. One that saw, for the first time, a Mongo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut |
Mamluk Sultanate | Egypt and Syria played a central transit role in international trade in the Middle Ages. Early into their rule, the Mamluks expanded the empire's role in foreign trade, with Baybars signing a commercial treaty with Genoa and Qalawun signed a similar agreement with Ceylon. By the 15th century, internal upheaval from Mam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
First Sealand dynasty | Al-Zubaidi, Ahmed K. Taher, and Mohammed S. Attia, "A Cylinder Seal From TELL Abu Al-Dhahab Dated To THE First Sealand Dynasty (1740–1374 BC)", IRAQ 83, pp. 13-24, 2021
Boivin, Odette, "Kār-Šamaš as a South-Western Palace Town of the Sealand I Kingdom", NABU, pp. 162–64, 2015
Boivin, Odette, "Taxpayers and the Palace a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty |
Jewish Agency for Israel | The Jewish Agency Executive is charged with administering the operations of the Jewish Agency, subject to the control of the board of governors. It has 26 members, of which 24 are chosen by the board of governors. The executive is composed in the following manner: 12 members designated by WZO and 12 members designated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel |
Homs | The First Crusade was launched in 1096, and in 1098, the Crusaders captured Antioch to the northwest, looted Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, and finally besieged Homs itself. Although they managed to cut the city off from its main port Tartus, they failed in taking the city. Soon after, Homs came under the control of the Saljuqid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs |
Hud (prophet) | Hud has sometimes been identified with Eber, an ancestor of the Ishmaelites and the Israelites who is mentioned in the Old Testament.
Hud is said to have been a subject of a mulk (Arabic: مُلك, kingdom) named after its founder, 'Ad, a fourth-generation descendant of Noah (his father being Uz, the son of Aram, who was t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hud_(prophet) |
Chechens | The Chechens are one of the Nakh peoples, who have lived in the highlands of the North Caucasus region since prehistory. There is archeological evidence of historical continuity dating back to 3000 B.C. as well as evidence pointing to their ancestors' migration from the Fertile Crescent c. 10,000–8,000 B.C.
The discuss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens |
Hellenistic period | Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Shia view of the Quran | There are some common disputed misconceptions and accusations about the Shī‘ah regarding their beliefs.
While Sunnis and the Shī‘ah accept the same text of the Qur'an, some, such as Muhibb-ud-Deen Al-Khatib, claim that Shī‘ah dispute the current version, including that they add two additional sūratayn, an-Nūrayn and al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran |
Kuwaiti Persian | According to Kuwait University professor Abdulmuhsen Dashti, the anti-preservation attitude of the Kuwaiti government towards the Persian language will eventually lead to the disappearance of the language in Kuwaiti society. The government of Kuwait tries to delegitimise the use of the language in as many domains as po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian |
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb | The years 665 to 689 saw a new Arab invasion of North Africa. It began, according to Will Durant, to protect Egypt "from flank attack by Byzantine Cyrene". So "an army of more than 40,000 Muslims advanced through the desert to Barca, took it, and marched to the neighborhood of Carthage", defeating a defending Byzantine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb |
Ancient Greek medicine | Originally, in ancient Greece, women were not allowed to become doctors, however, there are some accounts of female doctors who practiced medicine. One such account was that of the female doctor Agnodice. The validity of Agnodice’s story has been debated by scholars but according to legend, Agnodice was a woman in anci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine |
Fatwa | In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, a group of Middle Eastern Islamic scholars issued a fatwa permitting Muslims serving in the U.S. army to participate in military action against Muslim countries, in response to a query from a U.S. Army Muslim chaplain. This fatwa illustrated two increasingly widespre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa |
Peasants' revolt in Palestine | In general, 20th-century historians from Palestine and the Arab world, and Palestinian and Arab nationalists, communists and leftists of all stripes, held a negative view of the Ottoman era, which they associated with backwardness, corruption and tyranny. According to historian Adel Manna, this uniformly negative perce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_revolt_in_Palestine |
Cardamom | According to Nair (2011), in the years when India achieves a good crop, it is still less productive than Guatemala. Other notable producers include Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Much production of cardamom in India is cultivated on private property or i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom |
Post-classical history | During post-classical times, there is evidence that many regions of the world were affected similarly by global climate conditions; however, direct effects in temperature and precipitation varied by region. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, changes did not all occur at once. Generally however,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-classical_history |
Hulegu Khan | Hulegu's Mongol army set out for Baghdad in November 1257. Once near the city he divided his forces to threaten the city on both the east and west banks of the Tigris. Hulegu demanded surrender, but the caliph, Al-Musta'sim, refused. Due to the treason of Abu Alquma, an advisor to Al-Muta'sim, an uprising in the Baghda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu_Khan |
Al-Andalus | During the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, the commander Tariq ibn-Ziyad led an army of 7,000 that landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711, ostensibly to intervene in a Visigothic civil war. After a decisive victory over King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq, accompanied by his mawla, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus |
Göbekli Tepe | The plateau Göbekli Tepe is situated on has been shaped by erosion and quarrying from the Neolithic onwards. There are four 10-metre-long (33 ft) and 20-centimetre-wide (7.9 in) channels on the southern part of the plateau, interpreted as the remains of an ancient quarry from which rectangular blocks were taken. These ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe |
Quran | Following Muhammad's death in 632, a number of his companions who memorized the Quran were killed in the Battle of al-Yamama by Musaylima. The first caliph, Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), subsequently decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. Zayd ibn Thabit (d. 655) was the person to collect the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Healthcare in Somalia | During the medieval era, traditional forms of medicine were often used. During the colonial era, due to the distrust that existed in northwest Somalia towards British colonial administrators, there was minimal development in healthcare training. The BMA (British Military Administration) diminished the inflow of Italian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Somalia |
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