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Theatre | The Tang dynasty is sometimes known as "The Age of 1000 Entertainments". During this era, Ming Huang formed an acting school known as The Pear Garden to produce a form of drama that was primarily musical. That is why actors are commonly called "Children of the Pear Garden". During the dynasty of Empress Ling, shadow pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre |
Michel Aflaq | Aflaq's advocacy of a national revival conflicted with the problem of reconciling goals of Arab nationalism with the universal Islamic values so engrained in Arab life. His answer was to assert that Islam was the most sublime expression of Arabism: one had out grown out of the other and there is no contradiction betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Aflaq |
Seven pillars of Ismailism | Walayah "guardianship" denotes love and devotion to God, the prophets, the scripture, the imams and the du'āt "missionaries". In Ismā'īlī doctrine, God is one and the true desire of every soul, creator of everything. The appointed du'āt lead believers to the right path. The Druze refer to this pillar as Taslīm "Submiss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism |
Israeli occupation of the West Bank | During the 1967 June War Israel appointed a Military Governor to rule the West Bank, with a remit to retain Jordanian law except where these conflicted with Israel's rights as belligerent occupying power. The Israeli administration of Palestinian territories became in time "the longest – and, accordingly, the most entr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank |
History of Libya | On 1 September 1969, a small group of military officers led by 27-year-old army officer Muammar Gaddafi staged a coup d'état against King Idris, launching the Libyan Revolution. Gaddafi was referred to as the "Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution" in government statements and the official Libyan press.
On the bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya |
North African campaign | Following the Operation Torch landings – from early November 1942 – the Germans and Italians initiated a buildup of troops in Tunisia to fill the vacuum left by Vichy troops which had withdrawn. During this period of weakness, the Allies decided against a rapid advance into Tunisia while they wrestled with the Vichy au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign |
Angham | Angham's eighteenth studio album, Kolma N'arrab (Whenever We Come Closer), was released in 2007 and contained contributions from music composers such as Khaled Ezz, Tamer Ali, Ramy Gamal, Baleegh Hamdy and Sheriff Tagg. After criticisms that Angham is over-using her ex-husband to rearrange the tracks in "Omry Maak" and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angham |
Khuzestan province | Iran National Heritage Organization lists 140 sites of historical and cultural significance in Khuzestan, reflecting the fact that the province was once the seat of Iran's most ancient empire.
Some of the more popular sites of attraction include:
Choqa Zanbil: The seat of the Elamite Empire, this ziggurat is a magnifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_province |
List of child bridegrooms | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (aged 14), was married to Joan de Geneville (aged 15) in 1301.
The future Gaston I, Count of Foix (aged 13/14), was married to Joan of Artois (aged 11/12) in 1301.
The future Louis X of France (aged 15) was married to Margaret of Burgundy (aged about 15) in 1305.
Philip V of France (ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_child_bridegrooms |
Turabay dynasty | The Iqta of Turabay was transformed into a sanjak, called Lajjun Sanjak after its center, Lajjun, in 1559. Turabay's son Ali was appointed its sanjak-bey, becoming the first member of the family to hold the office. Under his leadership, the Turabays once again entered into a state of rebellion by acquiring firearms and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turabay_dynasty |
Najd | After Muhammad's death, previously dormant tensions between the Meccan immigrants, the Muhajirun, and the Medinan converts, the Ansar, threatened to split the Ummah. Other Arabian tribes also wished to revert from Islam to local leadership and split from Medina's control; in some places, people such as Al-Aswad Al-Ansi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd |
Lebanese Shia Muslims | In the 19th century, Lebanon saw dramatic changes when missionaries started establishing schools throughout the country. While the French and Russians mainly encouraged Maronite and Orthodox active learning respectively, along with American Protestant missions in Beirut, the British established educational institutions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims |
Anwar Sadat | The initial Egyptian and Syrian victories in the war restored popular morale throughout Egypt and the Arab World and, for many years after, Sadat was known as the "Hero of the Crossing". Israel recognized Egypt as a formidable foe, and Egypt's renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and reopening the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat |
Averroes | By 1153 Averroes was in Marrakesh, the capital of the Almohad Caliphate (now in Morocco), to perform astronomical observations and to support the Almohad project of building new colleges. He was hoping to find physical laws of astronomical movements instead of only the mathematical laws known at the time but this resea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes |
Nelson Mandela | In April 1982, Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Tokai, Cape Town, along with senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mhlaba; they believed that they were being isolated to remove their influence on younger activists at Robben Island. Conditions at Pollsmoor were bette... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Eurofighter Typhoon | On 21 November 2002, the Spanish twin-seat Typhoon prototype DA-6 crashed due to a double engine flameout caused by surges of the two engines at 45,000 ft. The two crew members escaped unhurt and the aircraft crashed in a military test range near Toledo, some 110 kilometres (68 mi) from its base at Getafe Air Base.
On ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon |
Spread of Islam | Even before Islam was established amongst Indonesian communities, Muslim sailors and traders had often visited the shores of modern Indonesia, most of these early sailors and merchants arrived from the Abbasid Caliphate's newly established ports of Basra and Debal, many of the earliest Muslim accounts of the region not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam |
Ottoman Empire | The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. Poetry was by far the dominant stream. The earliest work of Ottoman historiography for example, the İskendernâme, was composed by the poet Taceddin Ahmedi (1334–1413). Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fictio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire |
16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement | On 30 August, the summit was inaugurated by Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Then the Egyptian President, Mohammad Morsi, as the chair of the 15th summit declared opening of the 16th summit and presented the report of NAM's chairmanship during the past three years. Morsi officially handed the presidency o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement |
Uruk period | Writing appeared very early in the Middle Uruk period, and then developed further in the Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods. The first clay tablets inscribed with a reed stylus are found in Uruk IV (nearly 2000 tablets were found in the Eanna quarter) and some are found also in Susa II, consisting solely of numeric sign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_period |
Arianism | Emperor Constantine the Great summoned the First Council of Nicaea, which defined the dogmatic fundaments of Christianity; these definitions served to rebut the questions posed by Arians. Since Arius was not a bishop, he was not allowed to sit on the council, and it was Eusebius of Nicomedia who spoke for him and the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism |
2011 Bahraini uprising | Despite extensive, and sometimes even non-stop coverage of the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, Al Jazeera's coverage of Bahrain was much less comprehensive.
"Despite being banned in Egypt, Al Jazeera went to great lengths to provide non-stop live coverage of events. It did not do that in Bahrain."
In February 2011, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising |
Al-Ma'mun | Al-Ma'mun's first wife was Umm Isa, a daughter of his uncle al-Hadi (r. 785–786), whom he married in 804, when he was eighteen years old. They had two sons, Muhammad al-Asghar, and Abdallah. Another wife was Buran, the daughter of al-Ma'mun's vizier, al-Hasan ibn Sahl. She was born as Khadija on 6 December 807. Al-Ma'm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun |
Islamic religious police | In Nigeria, "religious police" are organized by state and called "Hisbah". Nigeria has twelve states—all in the north—where Islam is the dominant religion. In 1999 the states made a "declaration of full Sharia law", and consequently each state created institutions such as Sharia and Zakat commissions, and "to promote I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_religious_police |
Bayezid II | Bayezid II, once ascended to the throne, granted his daughters and granddaughters in the male line the title of "Sultan" and his granddaughters in the female line that of "Hanımsultan", which replaced the simple honorific "Hatun" in use until then. His grandsons in female line obtained instead the title of "Sultanzade"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II |
Seleucid Empire | Chandragupta Maurya (Sandrokottos) founded the Maurya Empire in 321 BC after the conquest of the Nanda Empire and their capital Pataliputra in Magadha. Chandragupta then redirected his attention to the Indus River region, and by 317 BC, he conquered the remaining Greek satraps left by Alexander. Expecting a confrontati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire |
Shepseskare | In view of the scarcity of sources concerning Shepseskare, nothing is known for certain about his relation to his predecessors. He was most likely a member of the royal family, although the possibility that he was a usurper unrelated to his predecessors cannot be totally excluded.
Silke Roth has proposed that Shepseska... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepseskare |
Union for the Mediterranean | On 22 June 2011, the UfM labelled its first project, the creation of a seawater desalination plant in Gaza. In 2012, the UfM had a total of 13 projects labelled by the 43 countries in the sectorial areas of transport, education, water and development companies.
In 2013, the Union for the Mediterranean launches its firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean |
Arab Christians | The New Testament has a biblical account of Arab conversion to Christianity recorded in the Book of Acts. When Saint Peter preaches to the people of Jerusalem, they ask,And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? [...] Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. (Ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians |
Algerian nationalism | Women played a major yet diverse role in the war of independence in Algeria (see Women in the Algerian War), as physical participants but also as symbolic contestation. The war could in one way be seen as a battle to win hearts and minds of the people, and the body and idea of the Muslim woman was an arena of major co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_nationalism |
History of the Mediterranean region | Another power was rising in the east, that of Islam, whilst the Eastern Roman Empire and Sassanid Persian empires were both weakened by centuries of stalemate warfare during the Roman–Persian Wars. In a series of rapid Muslim conquests, the Arab armies, motivated by Islam and led by the Caliphs and skilled military com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region |
Kahlil Gibran | According to Bushrui and Jenkins, an "inexhaustible" source of influence on Gibran was the Bible, especially the King James Version. Gibran's literary oeuvre is also steeped in the Syriac tradition. According to Haskell, Gibran once told her that The [King James] Bible is Syriac literature in English words. It is the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran |
Byzantine art | Byzantine art originated and evolved from the Christianized Greek culture of the Eastern Roman Empire; content from both Christianity and classical Greek mythology were artistically expressed through Hellenistic modes of style and iconography. The art of Byzantium never lost sight of its classical heritage; the Byzanti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art |
El (deity) | For the Canaanites and the ancient Levantine region as a whole, ʼĒl or ʼIl was the supreme god, the father of mankind and all creatures. He also fathered many gods, most importantly Baal, Yam, and Mot, each sharing similar attributes to the Greco-Roman gods: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades respectively.
As recorded on the cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity) |
Mahmud II | Mahmud II had at least nineteen consorts:
Fatma Kadın (? – February 1809). BaşKadin (First Consort) for one year before her death.
Alicenab Kadın (? – before 1839). BaşKadin after Fatma's death. Mother of at least one son.
Hacıye Pertevpiyale Nevfidan Kadın (4 January 1793 – 27 December 1855). Mahmud's concubine alrea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II |
Library of Alexandria | The Library of Alexandria was not the first library of its kind. A long tradition of libraries existed in both Greece and in the ancient Near East. The earliest recorded archive of written materials comes from the ancient Sumerian city-state of Uruk in around 3400 BC, when writing had only just begun to develop. Schola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria |
Sultanate of Sulu | The present area of the Sultanate of Sulu was once under the influence of the Bruneian Empire before it gained its own independence in 1578. During the 13th century the people of Sulu began migrating to present-day Zamboanga and Sulu archipelago from their homelands in northeastern Mindanao. Scott (1994) writes that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu |
Economy of Yemen | According to economists, Yemen's financial services sector is underdeveloped and dominated by the banking system. Yemen has no public stock exchange. The banking system consists of the Central Bank of Yemen, 15 commercial banks (nine private domestic banks, four of which are Islamic banks; four private foreign banks; a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | United Kingdom
David Cameron, the UK Prime Minister, during Prime Minister's Questions, stated that "Friends of Israel – and I count myself a friend of Israel – should be saying to the Israelis that the blockade actually strengthens Hamas's grip on the economy and on Gaza, and it's in their own interests to lift it and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip |
Bashar al-Assad | On 4 September 2015, when prospects of Assad's survival looked bleak, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that Russia was providing the Assad government with sufficiently "serious" help: with both logistical and military support. Shortly after the start of direct military intervention by Russia on 30 September 2015 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad |
Mandatory Palestine | When the United Kingdom announced the independence of the Emirate of Transjordan as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan in 1946, the final Assembly of the League of Nations and the General Assembly both adopted resolutions welcoming the news. The Jewish Agency objected, claiming that Transjordan was an integral part o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine |
Mahmoud Saeed | 1955 – Ominous Gun This short story won the Prize of Fata Al Iraq Newspaper (Iraqi Young).
1957 - Port Saeed and Other Stories. Short stories. Baghdad. There is a copy in the National Library in Baghdad
1963 - The Old Case. Novel. Published in Baghdad by the Iraqi Writers Union, but was destroyed a few days later when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Saeed |
Anti-Iranian sentiment | Early on in his career, Saddam Hussein and pan-Arab ideologues targeted the Arabs of southwest Iran in an endeavour to have them separate and join 'the Arab nation.' Hussein made no effort to conceal Arab nationalism in his war against Iran (which he called "the second Battle of al-Qādisiyyah). An intense campaign of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment |
Years of Lead (Morocco) | As the more liberal-minded Mohammed VI succeeded his father on the throne in 1999, the period was definitely over. While Morocco is still not considered a democracy in the western meaning of the term and human rights abuses still frequently occur according to rights groups (especially against suspected Islamists and Sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco) |
2014 Egyptian presidential election | The Strong Egypt Party, headed by Aboul Fotouh, himself a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood, opposed el-Sisi's candidacy. Sabahi had criticized the possibility of having someone with a past military background become the next president, arguing that such an outcome would run counter to the goals of the Egyptian r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election |
History of modern Egypt | In foreign relations Sadat instigated momentous change. President Sadat shifted Egypt from a policy of confrontation with Israel to one of peaceful accommodation through negotiations. Following the Sinai Disengagement Agreements of 1974 and 1975, Sadat created a fresh opening for progress by his dramatic visit to Jerus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt |
Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war | The Rojava conflict has seen substantial military and logistic support from the Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) coalition for the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) since 2014. The SDF has been strongly supported with foreign air power in the Rojava-Islamist conflict, but not when it has f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war |
Education in Sudan | Sudan in 2005 was home to 27 public universities and at least 46 private universities and colleges, the vast majority of them in the North. These institutions enrolled 447,000 students, 69,000 of whom completed their studies. Comparable figures for 1997–98 were 152,000 students and 26,000 graduates (public institutions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Sudan |
Almohad Caliphate | Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.
Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190624552.
Baadj, Amar S. (2015). Saladin, the Almohads and the Ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Morocco | The Moroccan government has been implementing reforms to improve the quality of education and make research more responsive to socio-economic needs. In May 2009, Morocco's prime minister, Abbas El Fassi, announced greater support for science during a meeting at the National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco |
Saudi Arabia | During the 1970s, cinemas were numerous in the kingdom although they were seen as contrary to Wahhabi norms. During the Islamic revival movement in the 1980s, and as a political response to an increase in Islamist activism including the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the government closed all cinemas and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
Misrata | In October 1911, Italy had launched an invasion against Ottoman Tripolitania, but were unable to reach Misrata until June 1912. Ahmad Dhiya al-Muntasir had consulted with the Italians in Rome months prior to the invasion and Umar al-Muntasir used his influence to coordinate with them militarily once they landed on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrata |
Mass media in the United Arab Emirates | The first newspaper to appear in the United Arab Emirates was Al-Ittihad, considered the first proper Arabic-language newspaper in 1969, followed by Al Khaleej, the first Arabic daily, in 1970. Other papers had been printed and circulated before that time, but because of print and publication issues, Al-Ittihad is stil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world | Several works of Islamic astronomy were translated to Latin starting from the 12th century.
The work of al-Battani (d. 929), Kitāb az-Zīj ("Book of Astronomical Tables"), was frequently cited by European astronomers and received several reprints, including one with annotations by Regiomontanus. Nicolaus Copernicus, in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Arab Peace Initiative | Israeli Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Avigdor Lieberman said on April 21, 2009, that the plan is "a dangerous proposal, a recipe for the destruction of Israel."
Likud party spokesperson Zalman Shoval said in March 2007 that Israel would never accept the return of refugees who had lived in pre-1967 Israeli ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative |
Umayyad state of Córdoba | The economy of al-Andalus had been monetized by the end of the 8th century, but it wasn't until the 10th century that both gold and silver coins were minted, thanks in large part to the flow of gold from trans-Saharan trade. A new mint was established at Madinat al-Zahra circa 947 CE (336 AH), though it was moved back ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Kurdistan Democratic Party | In 1946, the leader of the Soviet-backed Republic of Mahabad, Qazi Muhammad, announced the formation of a "Kurdish Democratic Party" based in Iran, or Eastern Kurdistan. The Soviet Union, then supporting the Kurdish national struggle against the monarchies of Iran and Iraq, instructed Mustafa Barzani to place himself u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party |
Walashma dynasty | The Walashma princes of Ifat and Adal claimed to possessed Arab genealogical traditions. In terms of lineage, Walashma traditions trace descent from Banu Makhzum tribe by El Maqrisi. But Ifat Sultanate trace descent from Akīl ibn Abī Tālib, the brother of the Caliph ʿAlī and Djaʿfar ibn Abī Tālib. The latter was among... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty |
Battle of Jerusalem | The newly established, strategically strong defensive British line remained in place until mid September 1918 when the advance to Damascus and Aleppo, which ended the war in this theatre, took place. It stretched across from the Mediterranean coast in the west to north and east of Jerusalem. The line was extended durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem |
Al-Shawkani | Muhammad Al-Shawkani is widely regarded as one of the most prolific Hadith scholars of his time; whose ideas influenced later Salafi movements. He played a major role in the revival of the works of medieval theologian Ibn Taymiyya. He was one of the most prominent figures in the late lineage of hadith-oriented Sunni sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shawkani |
Hafsid dynasty | After the Marinid threat ended, attempts to reunify the Hafsids failed until Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II (r. 1370–1394), the emir of Béjaïa and Constantine, conquered Tunis in 1370. A capable ruler and military leader, he reestablished Hafsid authority on stronger terms, centralizing power to a greater extent than ever befor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty |
Avicenna | In c. 1014, Avicenna went to the city of Ray, where he entered into the service of the Buyid amir Majd al-Dawla (r. 997–1029) and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto ruler of the realm. There he served as the physician at the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Avicenna reportedly lat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna |
Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent | Shah Waliullah's eldest son, Shah Abd al-Aziz (1746 – 1823 AD), hated Shias the most. Although he did not declare them apostates or non-Muslims, but he considered them lesser human beings just like what he would think about Hindus or other non-Muslims. In a letter he advises Sunnis to not greet Shias first, and if a Sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent |
Sodom and Gomorrah | Two areas of contention have arisen in modern Christian scholarship concerning the story of Sodom and Gomorrah:
Whether or not the violent mob surrounding Lot's house were demanding to engage in sexual violence against Lot's guests.
Whether it was homosexuality or another transgression, such as the act of inhospitable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah |
Islam in the United Kingdom | In a 2010 aggregate study published by the Government Equalities Office, Muslims in the United Kingdom had the lowest median hourly salary and held the least wealth amongst religious groups. They also held the lowest employment rates amongst religious groups, at 24% for Muslim women and 47% for Muslim men. The study no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom |
Buddhist art | Like the rest of Southeast Asia, Indonesia seems to have been most strongly influenced by India from the 1st century CE. The islands of Sumatra and Java in western Indonesia were the seat of the empire of Sri Vijaya (8th–13th century), which came to dominate most of the area around the Southeast Asian peninsula through... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_art |
Iron Age | Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details.
Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age Historic Iron Age
The earliest evidence of iron smelting predates the emergence of the Iron Age proper by several centuries. Iron was being used in Mundigak to manufacture some items in the 3rd millennium BC s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age |
Rashidun Caliphate | Under Abu Bakr, the empire was not clearly divided into provinces, though it had many administrative districts.
Under Umar the Empire was divided into a number of provinces which were as follows:
Arabia was divided into two provinces, Mecca and Medina.
Iraq was divided into two provinces, Basra and Kufa.
Jazira was di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate |
Mihrab | The earliest mihrabs generally consisted of a simple stripe of paint or a flat stone panel in the qibla wall. They may have originally had functions similar to a maqsura, denoting not only the place where the imam led prayers but also where some official functions, such as the dispensation of justice, were carried out.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrab |
Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) | The party slogan "Unity, Freedom, Socialism" was enshrined in the Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic. The eighth article of the Constitution stipulated that "[t]he leading party in the society and the state is the ... Ba'ath Party. It leads the National Progressive Front seeking to unify the resources of the mass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction) |
Albert Memmi | Memmi found himself at the crossroads of three cultures, and based his work on the difficulty of finding a balance between the East and the West.
Memmi's well-regarded first novel, La statue de sel (translated as The Pillar of Salt), was published in 1953 with a preface by Albert Camus and was awarded the Fénéon Prize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Memmi |
Nelson Mandela | In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was "retiring from retirement" and retreating from public life, remarking, "Don't call me, I will call you." Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the foundation discouraged invitations for him to appear at public events and d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Faisal I of Iraq | In 1920, Iraqis gathered in sociable meetings in coffeehouses and tents during the winter of 1920 to discuss which form of government and leader the new Iraqi state should have. The British government, mandate holders in Iraq, were concerned at the unrest in the colony. They decided to step back from direct administrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq |
Syrians | Genetic tests on Syrians were included in many genetic studies. The genetic marker which identifies descendants of the ancient Levantines is found in Syrians in high proportion. Modern Syrians exhibit "high affinity to the Levant" based on studies comparing modern and ancient DNA samples. Syrians cluster closely with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrians |
Abbasid Caliphate | The status and treatment of Jews, Christians, and non-Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate was a complex and continually changing issue. Non-Muslims were called dhimmis. Dhimmis faced some level of discrimination in Abbasid society: they did not have all the privileges of Muslims and had to pay jizya, a tax on non-Muslims.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Early Middle Ages | The Merovingians established themselves in the power vacuum of the former Roman provinces in Gaul, and Clovis I converted to Christianity following his victory over the Alemanni at the Battle of Tolbiac (496), laying the foundation of the Frankish Empire, the dominant state of early medieval Western Christendom. The Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages |
Islam in Saudi Arabia | The religious establishment in Saudi Arabia, led by the Al ash-Sheikh, which influences almost every aspect of social life, is deeply involved in politics. It has long been fractured into at least two distinct groups, with the senior ulema closely tied to the political agenda of the House of Saud. A younger generation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011) | For several months the United States maintained that it intended to convene a constitutional convention, composed of influential Iraqis. However, European demands for an early election and Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani's insistence eventually forced the United States to let the appointed Governing Council serve this functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011) |
Environmental issues in Syria | In the years of 2006–2011, Syria experienced five successive years of drought that created one of the biggest humanitarian crisis Syria has ever known. Although, the climate change has significantly impacted the drought in Syria, affecting the agriculture resources, the Assad government has demonstrated a long-term mis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Syria |
Wild boar | While domestic pigs, both captive and feral (popularly termed "razorbacks"), have been in North America since the earliest days of European colonization, pure wild boars were not introduced into the New World until the 19th century. The suids were released into the wild by wealthy landowners as big game animals. The in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar |
Tanbur | Kazakhstan's National instrument the dombra (or dombyra or dombira or dombora) looks quite similar to the dutar although it is made of staves, and it has a flat peghead instead of a neck extension.
The Russian domra and national instrument balalaika are derived of similar Turkic origins.
The Afghanistan dambura is main... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanbur |
Al-Andalus | The society of al-Andalus was made up of three main religious groups: Muslims, Christians, and Jews. The Muslims, although united on the religious level, had several ethnic divisions, the main being the distinction between the Arabs and the Berbers. The Arab elite regarded non-Arab Muslims as second-class citizens; and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus |
Aïr Mountains | The Aïr is known for its rock art, dating from 6000 BCE to around 1000CE. During the African humid period, the region was a pastoral area, as is illustrated by images of cattle and large mammals. During the 3rd millennium BC, however, a process of desertification began and the Tuareg from further north migrated into t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains |
Investment in post-invasion Iraq | Until the early 1990s, Iraq's healthcare system was considered one of the most advanced in the Middle East. Following the Gulf War, it began to deteriorate. Prior to the Iraq War, healthcare spending amounted to 50 cents (US) per Iraqi per year. Today, the Iraqi healthcare system has regressed to a chronic and smolderi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq |
2006–2008 Lebanese protests | December 1, 2006 – Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators amassed peacefully in downtown Beirut. Police estimated the crowd to number approximately 800,000, while Hezbollah claimed it was larger. By nighttime, several thousand protesters remained to begin a sit-in, setting up tents and vowing not to leave until Prime M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Lebanese_protests |
Daraa | According to Ibn Hisham and al-Waqidi, 9th-century biographers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Jewish Banu Nadir and Banu Qaynuqa tribes immigrated to Adhri'at following their expulsion from Medina. However, Historian Moshe Sharon dismisses that assertion citing the absence of their claims in any Jewish sources an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa |
Wives of Muhammad | Ibn Mājah, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Yazīd (2007). English Translation of Sunan Ibn Majah with Commentary. Riyadh: Darussalam Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-9960-9881-3-9.
al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr (1997). The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A.D. 626-630/A.H. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wives_of_Muhammad |
Nethanel ben Isaiah | The first notice of this work was given by Jacob Saphir, who saw a manuscript of it at Hirbah, a small town in Yemen, in 1863. But the beginning of the manuscript was missing, and Saphir's statement that the author's name was Isaiah and that the title was Al-Nur wal-Zulm depends only upon hearsay. Two other manuscripts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nethanel_ben_Isaiah |
Aja'ib al-Makhluqat | Qazwini shows that God created many things that are unknown to the people (Quran 16:8), and a fundamental part of this, with central importance, is God's Throne, His footstool are the angels and the jinn (demons, evil/good spirits).
The celestial spheres are inhabited by the angels. The angels are good perfect beings w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja%27ib_al-Makhluqat |
Banu Kalb | The Kalb was a Bedouin (nomadic) tribe well known for raising camels. Before the advent of Islam in the 7th century, the tribe's grazing grounds were in northwestern Arabia. Its earliest known abode, during the Byzantine era (4th–7th centuries CE), was in the al-Jawf depression, including the oasis of Dumat al-Jandal. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kalb |
Science and technology in Morocco | In 2008, Morocco announced plans for a new campus to strengthen research and training in clean technology. The campus was to be part of a US$219 million clean energy industrial park being built in the city of Oujda to support private sector investment in renewable energy. Due to be completed in 2010, the 'knowledge cam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Morocco |
Syrian Jews | The Aleppo Codex, now known in Hebrew as Keter Aram Tsoba, is the oldest and most famous manuscript of the Bible. Written in Tiberias in the year 920, and annotated by Aaron ben Asher, it has become the most authoritative Biblical text in Jewish culture. The most famous halachic authority to rely on it was Maimonides, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Jews |
Diana Haddad | The final single from Shater, "Al Fosol Al Arba'a", another Khaliji song, was released as a music video in early 2000. The song, produced by Saudi musician Aseel Abu Bakr Salem, is about a love interest who changes instantly like the four seasons. The music video was shot in a green screen and used 3D graphics.
In summ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Haddad |
Contemporary art in Egypt | The purpose of political songs is to move and unify the crowds in a state that 'Durkheim has called "collective effervescence". Egyptian political song is always playing a crucial role at provoking the public to be politically active. For example, the song Patriotic Port Said by El Tanbura refers to the 1956 Suez Cris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt |
Carrot | Carrots can be eaten in a variety of ways. Only 3 percent of the β-carotene in raw carrots is released during digestion: this can be improved to 39% by pulping, cooking and adding cooking oil. Alternatively they may be chopped and boiled, fried or steamed, and cooked in soups and stews, as well as baby and pet foods. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot |
Mali Empire | In the early 15th century, Mali was still powerful enough to conquer and settle new areas. One of these was Dioma, an area south of Niani populated by Fula Wassoulounké. Two noble brothers from Niani, of unknown lineage, went to Dioma with an army and drove out the Fula Wassoulounké. The oldest brother, Sérébandjougou ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire |
History of slavery | Within the British Empire, the Massachusetts courts began to follow England when, in 1772, England became the first country in the world to outlaw the slave trade within its borders (see Somerset v Stewart) followed by the Knight v. Wedderburn decision in Scotland in 1778. Between 1764 and 1774, seventeen slaves appear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Jurji Zaydan | Zaydan would typically write his annual novel during the summer months when al-Hilal was not published to begin its serialisation in the fall. Every novel but one had an almost identical frame.
He would begin each one by picking a historical topic. Though his novels did not follow a logical timeline, they were all cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurji_Zaydan |
Khalid ibn al-Walid | In the year 6 AH (c. 627) or 8 AH (c. 629) Khalid embraced Islam in Muhammad's presence alongside the Qurayshite Amr ibn al-As; the modern historian Michael Lecker comments that the accounts holding that Khalid and Amr converted in 8 AH are "perhaps more trustworthy". The historian Akram Diya Umari holds that Khalid an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | From the start, RCC spokesmen had indicated a serious intent to bring the "defunct regime" to account. In 1971 and 1972, more than 200 former government officials (including seven prime ministers and numerous cabinet ministers), as well as former King Idris and members of the royal family, were brought to the Libyan Pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
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