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Battle of Hunayn | The event is mentioned in the Hadith collection Sahih Bukhari as follows:
We set out in the company of Allah's Messenger on the day (of the battle) of Hunain. When we faced the enemy, the Muslims retreated and I saw a pagan throwing himself over a Muslim. I turned around and came upon him from behind and hit him on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn |
Kalam | Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ibrahim; contemporary of Abu Hanifah and his direct student, has stated that kalam was a science of stupidity, and even further saying that those who learn about kalam are most likely a zindiq (hypocrite).
Al-Lalaka'i has recorded that Ali ibn al-Madini, colleague of Ahmad ibn Hanbal; has completel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam |
Abrahamic religions | Islam is based on the teachings of the Quran. Although it considers Muhammad to be the Seal of the prophets, Islam teaches that every prophet preached Islam, as the word Islam literally means submission, the main concept preached by all prophets. Although the Quran is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions |
History of slavery | The enslaved population in the United States stood at four million. Ninety-five percent of blacks lived in the South, constituting one third of the population there as opposed to 1% of the population of the North. The central issue in politics in the 1850s involved the extension of slavery into the western territories,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Terrorism in Yemen | On May 5, 2011, a missile fired from a US drone killed Abdullah and Mosaad Mubarak, brothers who may have been al-Qaeda militants. The missile struck their car, and both died instantly. The strike intended to kill al-Qaeda propagandist Anwar al-Awlaki, but he was not hit in the strike.
On June 3, 2011, American manned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Yemen |
Almoravid dynasty | The term "Almoravid" comes from the Arabic "al-Murabit" (المرابط), through the Spanish: almorávide. The transformation of the b in "al-Murabit" to the v in almorávide is an example of betacism in Spanish.
In Arabic, "al-Murabit" literally means "one who is tying" but figuratively means "one who is ready for battle at a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Umar | Umar's visit to Jerusalem is documented in several sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the following anecdote:
"Umar ordered Gentiles and a group of Jews to sweep the area of the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who had come sent letters to the rest of the Jews in Palestine and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar |
Aladdin | In the 1934 short film Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, Aladdin is a child laborer who finds a magic lamp and uses it to become a prince.
In the 1938 animated film Have You Got Any Castles?, Aladdin makes a brief appearance asking for help but gets punched by one of the Three Musketeers.
Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin |
İskenderun | There was fighting here under the Ottoman Empire: in 1606 the army of General Kuyucu Murat Pasha suppressed the Jelali revolts. The Ottomans continued to fortify the city, and the remains of the early 17th-century Ottoman castle walls can still be seen where the Güzün stream crosses the Varyant road. The city was well ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun |
History of science | Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BCE, whose motto was "L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science |
History of pathology | Early understanding of the origins of diseases constitutes the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance.
The Greek physician Hippocrates, the founder of scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_pathology |
Mohamed Morsi | On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a declaration which purported to protect the work of the Constituent Assembly drafting the new constitution from judicial interference. In effect, this declaration immunized his actions from any legal challenge. The decree states that it only applied until a new constitution is ratifie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi |
Nubia | From the Middle Kerma phase, the first Nubian kingdom to unify much of the region arose. The Classic Kerma culture, named for its royal capital at Kerma, was one of the earliest urban centers in the Nile region and oldest city in Africa outside of Egypt.: 50–51 The Kerma group spoke either languages of the Cushitic br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia |
Jinn | Jinn might be invoked, along with demons and devils, for means of sorcery, incantation, protection, or divination. Soothsayers (kāhin) are credited with the ability to ask jinn about things of the past, since their lives are believed to last longer than that of humans.(p73)
Common beliefs regarding sorcery and commandi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn |
1973 oil crisis | Three of the nations targeted by the embargo were located in southern Africa or had colonies there. Portugal which ruled the colonies of Angola, Portuguese Guiana (modern Guinea-Bissau), and Portuguese East Africa (modern Mozambique) had fighting colonial wars in all of its African colonies since the 1960s with Angola ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis |
Al-Wathiq | Al-Wathiq is reported as having been generous to the poor of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and to have reduced taxes on maritime commerce, but he does not appear to have enjoyed any great popularity. What is told of his character shows him being a mild-mannered person, given to indolence and the pleasures of cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiq |
Waste management in Egypt | 1950s-1990s: The method used to remove garbage in Egypt from the 1950s to around the 1990s stayed the same. For instance, in Cairo this method involved migrants from rural areas in Egypt who rode donkey carts around the city to collect garbage, then bring it to a North-Eastern district, where others then helped sort it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt |
Legal system of Saudi Arabia | The primary source of law in Saudi Arabia is the Islamic Sharia. Sharia is derived from the Qur'an and the traditions of Muhammad contained in the Sunnah; ijma, or scholarly consensus on the meaning of the Qur'an and the Sunnah developed after Muhammad's death; and qiyas, or analogical reasoning applied to the princip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia |
World War I | At the start of the war, German cruisers were scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping. These were systematically hunted down by the Royal Navy, though not before causing considerable damage. One of the most successful was the SMS Emden, part of the German East... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
East African campaign (World War II) | The success of Operation Begum in gaining control of the seas off East Africa eased the supply of the British land forces; ships on passage to and from the Mediterranean supplemented the Red Sea Force ships in offshore operations. The German ship MS Tannenfels sailed from Kismayo in Italian Somaliland on 31 January and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II) |
Chishti Order | The Encyclopedia of Islam divides Chishti history into four periods:
Era of the great shaykhs (c. 597/1200 to 757/1356)
Era of the provincial khānaḳāhs (8th/14th & 9th/15th centuries)
Rise of the Ṣābiriyya branch (9th/15th century onwards)
Revival of the Niẓāmiyya branch (12th/18th century onwards)
The order was found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chishti_Order |
Elam | Proto-Elamite civilization grew up east of the Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plains; it was a combination of the lowlands and the immediate highland areas to the north and east. At least three proto-Elamite states merged to form Elam: Anshan, Awan, and Shimashki. References to Awan are generally older than those to Ans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam |
Imamate in Shia doctrine | Sunnis reject the doctrine of Imamate on the basis of their interpretation of verse 33:40 of the Qur'an which says that Muhammad, as the seal of the Prophets, "is not the father of any of your men"; and that is why God let Muhammad's sons die in infancy. This is why Muhammad did not nominate a successor, as he wanted t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine |
Barbary pirates | Piracy was enough of a problem that some states entered into the redemption business. In Denmark:
At the beginning of the 18th century money was collected systematically in all churches, and a so called 'slave fund' (slavekasse) was established by the state in 1715. Funds were brought in through a compulsory insuranc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirates |
Intimate parts in Islam | Most modern Islamic scholars agree that, in public, a woman must cover the entire body except the face, hands and feet.
The covering of the female 'awrah changes according to the situation:
In ritual prayer: a woman should cover her entire body excluding her entire face and her hands to the wrist. (The Hanafis solely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam |
Religion in Morocco | Morocco first experienced Christianity while under Roman rule, as the Empire converted to the faith in its later years. Christianity in Morocco appeared during the Roman times, when it was practiced by Christian Berbers in Roman Mauretania Tingitana. Many of the pre-Christian religions were then reduced in number as C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco |
2003 invasion of Iraq | On 18 March 2003, B and D Squadrons of the British 22nd SAS Regiment had now infiltrated Iraq in full strength (D Squadron by air and B Squadron by ground) along with 1 Squadron Australian SASR and headed for H-2 and H-3 Air Base. They set up observation posts and called in airstrikes that defeated the Iraqi defenders.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Hanan Ashrawi | While voluntarily a student but denied re-entry to the West Bank, she became the spokesperson for the General Union of Palestinian Students in Lebanon, helped organize women’s revolutionary groups and served as a guide to foreign reporters visiting Palestinian refugee camps.
Ashrawi returned to the West Bank under the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanan_Ashrawi |
Fez, Morocco | In 1912, French colonial rule was instituted over Morocco following the Treaty of Fes. One immediate consequence was the 1912 riots in Fez, a popular uprising which included deadly attacks targeting Europeans as well as native Jewish inhabitants in the Mellah, followed by an even deadlier repression. The first French r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Almoravid dynasty | Ali Ibn Yusuf (r. 1106–1143) was born in Ceuta and educated in the traditions of al-Andalus, unlike his predecessors, who were from the Sahara. His long reign of 37 years is historically overshadowed by the defeats and deteriorating circumstances that characterized the later years, but the first decade or so, prior to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement | According to Hannu Juusola at the University of Helsinki, the agreement meant that Palestinians would think that the UAE put its own interests before those of the Palestinians, who had always assumed that Arab countries would not sign peace treaties with Israel before the rights of Palestinians had been guaranteed.
Lis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement |
Aghlabid architecture | One of the most important Aghlabid monuments is the Great Mosque of Kairouan, which was completely rebuilt in 836 by the emir Ziyadat Allah I, although various additions and repairs were effected later which complicate the chronology of its construction.: 28–32 Aside from Ziyadat Allah I's construction, it seems anoth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture |
Nakba | During the 1947–49 Palestine war, an estimated 750,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled, comprising around 80% of the Palestinian Arab inhabitants of what became Israel. Almost half of this figure (over 300,000 Palestinians) had fled or had been expelled ahead of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakba |
Egyptian–Libyan War | According to The New Arab, the Four Day War initiated a new era of conflict in the Middle East characterised by fighting between Arab states instead of combat between them and Israel. The war disrupted the cross-border trade and smuggling activities of the Bedouins, a nomadic people who resided in both countries. Thous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War |
Almohad Caliphate | Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.
Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190624552.
Baadj, Amar S. (2015). Saladin, the Almohads and the Ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna | The principal plant communities include drought-deciduous open thorn woodlands, drought-deciduous woodlands, evergreen woodlands, shrublands, and dry grasslands. The vegetation varies with elevation, rainfall, and soils, and has been extensively altered by livestock grazing and human use.
Acacia-Commiphora woodlands pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Arabian_foothills_savanna |
Camp David Accords | Accompanied by their capable negotiating teams and with their respective interests in mind, the Israeli and Egyptian leaders Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat converged on Camp David for 13 days of tense and dramatic negotiations from 5 to 17 September 1978.
Carter's advisers insisted on the establishment of an Egyptian–I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords |
International propagation of Salafism | American politicians and media have accused the Saudi government of supporting terrorism and tolerating a jihadist culture, noting that Osama bin Laden and fifteen out of the nineteen 9/11 hijackers were from Saudi Arabia.
In 2002 a Council on Foreign Relations Terrorist Financing Task Force report found that: “For yea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism |
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut | The opening feature of the temple is the three terraces fronted by a portico leading up to the temple proper, and arrived at by a 1 km (0.62 mi) long causeway that led from the valley temple. Each elevated terrace was accessed by a ramp which bifurcated the porticoes.
The lower terrace measures 120 m (390 ft) deep by 7... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_temple_of_Hatshepsut |
Rashidun Caliphate | The mosques were not merely places for offering prayers, but also community centers where the faithful gathered to discuss problems of social and cultural importance. During the caliphate of Umar, as many as four thousand mosques were constructed extending from Persia in the east to Egypt in the west. Al-Masjid an-Naba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate |
Druze | Various scholars agree that the Druze community's cultural identity is deeply intertwined with their Arab heritage. Historian Nejla Abu-Izzedin and Kamal Salibi both argue that the Druze are profoundly embedded within the Arab cultural framework, as demonstrated by their common language and social customs. They assert ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Egyptian Expeditionary Force | "1st Light Horse Brigade War Diary". Canberra: Australian War Memorial. March 1917. Archived from the original on 2011-03-21.
Battaglia, Antonello (2005). Da Suez ad Aleppo. La campagna Alleata e il Distaccamento italiano in Siria e Palestina (1917–1921) [From Suez to Aleppo. The Allied campaign and the Italian detachm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force |
Twelver Shi'ism | Twelvers celebrate the following annual holidays:
Eid ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر), which marks the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan and falls on the first day of Shawwal.
Eid al-Adha, which marks the end of the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca, starts on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah.
The following holidays are observed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism |
Byzantine North Africa | In parts of western Roman North Africa in 439, with the conquest of Carthage by the Vandals under their king Geiseric, a de facto independent empire ruled by predominantly Germanic warriors had been established. This Vandal Kingdom dominated the western Mediterranean region with its powerful fleet and brought Corsica ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa |
Mahmud II | Mahmud II had at least nineteen daughters, but only six survived infancy and only four reached the age of marriage:
Fatma Sultan (4 February 1809 – 5 August 1809) – with Nevfidan Kadin. Her birth, the first in the imperial dynasty after 19 years and just six months after her father's accession to the throne, caused sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II |
US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) | While some U.S. troops were already active in Iraq for several purposes since June 2014 (see section Background), on 13 August, the U.S. deployed another 130 military advisers to Northern Iraq, and up to 20 U.S. Marines and special forces servicemen landed on Mount Sinjar from CH-53E aircraft to coordinate the evacuati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021) |
Natural history | Modern definitions of natural history come from a variety of fields and sources, and many of the modern definitions emphasize a particular aspect of the field, creating a plurality of definitions with a number of common themes among them. For example, while natural history is most often defined as a type of observation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history |
Roman Egypt | As Rome overtook the Ptolemaic system in place for areas of Egypt, they made many changes. The effect of the Roman conquest was at first to strengthen the position of the Greeks and of Hellenism against Egyptian influences. Some of the previous offices and names of offices under the Hellenistic Ptolemaic rule were kept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
Fatah | In December 2005, jailed Intifada leader Marwan Barghouti broke ranks with the party and announced that he had formed a new political list to run in the elections called the al-Mustaqbal ("The Future"), mainly composed of members of Fatah's "Young Guard." These younger leaders have repeatedly expressed frustration with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah |
Assyrian people | After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq by US and its allies, the Coalition Provisional Authority disbanded the Iraqi military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President Saddam Hussein and began a process of "de-Baathification". This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the bigg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Neo-Mandaic | Aspect is as basic to the Neo-Mandaic verbal system as tense; the inflected forms derived from the participle are imperfective, and as such indicate habitual actions, progressive or inchoative actions, and actions in the future from a past or present perspective. The perfective forms are not only preterite but also res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Mandaic |
Salafi movement | Contemporary proponents of the Athari school of theology largely come from the Salafi movement; they uphold the Athari works of Ibn Taymiyya. Ibn Taymiyya himself, a disputed and partly rejected scholar during his lifetime, became a major scholar among followers of the Salafi movement credited with the title Shaykh al-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Sultanate of Rum | Kilij Arslan, although victorious against the People's Crusade of 1096, was defeated by soldiers of the First Crusade and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with its capital in Konya. He defeated three Crusade contingents in the Crusade of 1101. In 1107, he ventured east and captured Mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum |
Islam and war | The First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–42) was one of Britain's most ill-advised and disastrous wars. William Brydon was the sole survivor of the invading British army of 16,500 soldiers and civilians.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was also a disaster and considered to be their "Vietnam". The invasion and atrocities com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_war |
Sudanese nomadic conflicts | At least 37 people were killed in the second week of December 2011, in a series of raids carried out by the Murle on the Nuer. The next week came... they killed two of the cattle rearers, wounded one and took the cattle". The UN peacekeeping force warned that increasing levels of violence were threatening the nation of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts |
Old Assyrian period | The time between the collapse of Shamshi-Adad's kingdom in the 18th century BC and the rise of Assyria in the 14th century BC is often regarded by modern scholars as an Assyrian "Dark Age" due to the lack of sufficient historical evidence to clearly establish events during this time. The main sources of historical reco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period |
Dracunculiasis | Diseases consistent with the effects of dracunculiasis are referenced by writers throughout antiquity. Plutarch's Symposiacon refers to a (lost) description by the 2nd century BCE writer Agatharchides concerning a "hitherto unheard-of disease" in which "small worms issue from [people's] arms and legs ... insinuating th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracunculiasis |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | Gaddafi was a close supporter of Ugandan President Idi Amin.
Gaddafi sent thousands of troops to fight against Tanzania on behalf of Idi Amin. About 600 Libyan soldiers lost their lives attempting to defend the collapsing regime of Amin. After the fall of Kampala, Amin was eventually exiled from Uganda to Libya before ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars | Ali (601, Mecca – 661, Kufa ), Arabic grammarian, rhetoric, theologian, exegesist.
Abbas Ibn Firnas, astronomer, mathematician, physicist, inventor
Aisha al-Bauniyya (1402–1475), an Arab woman Sufi master and poet
Avempace (1085, Zaragoza – 1138, Fez), philosopher, astronomer, physician
Ammar al-Mawsili (10th century,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Arab_scientists_and_scholars |
Rashidi dynasty | ʿAbdullah bin Ali Al Rashid (Arabic: عبدالله بن رشيد), (1836–48). Abdullah came to power after he got the support from Imam Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud to be assigned officially and takeover the Emirate of Hail instead of the current Emir, Muhammad bin Ali al-Jaafar al-Shammari. Abdullah bin Rashid came to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty |
History of Islamism | The abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 1 November 1922 ended the Ottoman Empire, which had lasted since 1299. On 11 November 1922, at the Conference of Lausanne, the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly exercised by the Government in Angora (now Ankara) over Turkey was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamism |
Kingdom of Libya | Since Muammar Gaddafi's four-decade rule ended in 2011, Libya has struggled to establish basic institutions and rule of law. The 1951 Constitution as amended in 1963 has been at the center of political debate over the past years. In fact, the document continues to be widely regarded as an important instrument and a sol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya |
Shia Islam | Upon the death of ʿAlī, his elder son Ḥasan became leader of the Muslims of Kufa. After a series of skirmishes between the Kufa Muslims and the army of Muawiyah, Ḥasan ibn Ali agreed to cede the caliphate to Muawiyah and maintain peace among Muslims upon certain conditions: The enforced public cursing of ʿAlī, e.g. dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Yazidi genocide | On 3 August 2014, IS killed the men from the al-Qahtaniya area, ten Yazidi families fleeing were attacked by IS; and IS shot 70 to 90 Yazidi men in Qiniyeh village.
On 4 August, IS fighters attacked Jabal Sinjar, and killed 30 Yazidi men; 60 more Yazidi men were killed in the village of Hardan. On the same day, Yazidi ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi_genocide |
Al-Baqara | Q2:8-20 in Surah Al Baqarah refer to the hypocrites (Munafiqun). In the Meccan phase of Muhammad, there existed two groups, the Believers and the Mushrikeen (non-believers). However, after Hijrah (Emigration to Medina) Muhammad had to deal with the opposition of those who openly accepted Islam while secretly plotting a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqara |
Mandate for Palestine | The mandate system was created in the wake of World War I as a compromise between Woodrow Wilson's ideal of self-determination, set out in his Fourteen Points speech of January 1918, and the European powers' desire for gains for their empires. It was established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine |
Wallace Fard Muhammad | Beynon described the substance of Fard's teaching as follows:The black men in North America are not Negroes, but members of the lost tribe of Shabazz, stolen by traders from the Holy City of Mecca 379 years ago. The prophet came to America to find and to bring back to life his long lost brethren, from whom the Caucasia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad |
Darius the Great | The Scythians were a group of north Iranian nomadic tribes, speaking an Eastern Iranian language (Scythian languages) who had invaded Media, killed Cyrus in battle, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the Black Sea as they lived between the Danube River, River ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great |
Battle of Gaza (2007) | As a result of the battle, Hamas took complete control of Gaza. The pro-Fatah view is, that it was a plain military coup by Hamas. The pro-Hamas view is, that the US drew up a plan to arm Fatah cadres with the aim of forcefully removing Hamas from power in Gaza. According to the pro-Hamas view, Fatah fighters, led by c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007) |
Haganah | The Saison officially ended when the Haganah, Irgun and the Lehi formed the Jewish Resistance Movement, in 1945. Within this new framework, the three groups agreed to operate under a joint command. They had different functions, which served to drive the British out of Palestine and create a Jewish state.
The Haganah wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haganah |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | From the start, RCC spokesmen had indicated a serious intent to bring the "defunct regime" to account. In 1971 and 1972, more than 200 former government officials (including seven prime ministers and numerous cabinet ministers), as well as former King Idris and members of the royal family, were brought to the Libyan Pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz | After his accession in late 717, Umar ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim army led by his cousin Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik from their abortive siege against Constantinople to the regions of Antioch and Malatya, closer to the Syrian frontier. He commissioned an expedition in the summer of 718 to facilitate their withdra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz |
Al-Farabi | The practical application of philosophy was a major concern expressed by al-Farabi in many of his works, and while the majority of his philosophical output has been influenced by Aristotelian thought, his practical philosophy was unmistakably based on that of Plato. In a similar manner to Plato's Republic, al-Farabi em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi |
Two-nation theory | M. S. Jain and others have traced the origins of the two nation-theory to Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement, consisting of his followers such as Mohsin-ul-Mulk. Syed Ahmed Khan was the grandson of the Mughal Vizier of Akbar Shah II, Dabir-ud-Daula, while Mohsin-ul-Mulk belonged to a family that played an importa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Arabic hip hop | Associative life and media are restricted to varying degrees throughout the Arab world. Reasons for censorship, whether state enforced or community enforced, generally fall under two categories – political or religious. Vis-a-vis state control, satellite TV has done much to restrict the state monopoly on television pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop |
Palestinian Arabic | The dialects spoken by the Arabs of the Levant – the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean – or Levantine Arabic, form a group of dialects of Arabic. Arabic manuals for the "Syrian dialect" were produced in the early 20th century, and in 1909 a specific "Palestinean Arabic" manual was published.
The Palestinian Arabic dia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic |
Kingdom of Kinda | The Kinda tribe originally had their abode in South Arabia, possibly in Hadramawt, where they served as nomad auxiliaries for the armies of the Sabaean and Himyarite kings. Himyar gained full control over Saba and the other South Arabian kingdoms in the late 3rd century CE. By at least the mid-4th century they were lau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda |
Hermetica | Some pieces of Hermetica have been translated into English multiple times by modern Hermeticists. However, the following list is strictly limited to scholarly translations:
Brashler, James; Dirkse, Peter A.; Parrott, Douglas M. (1990). "The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth VI,6". In Robinson, James M. (ed.). The Nag ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetica |
Day of Rage (Bahrain) | A few weeks before the protests, the Cabinet of Bahrain made a number of concessions, including increasing social spending and offering to free some of the minors arrested in the Manama incident in August. On 4 February, several hundred Bahrainis gathered in front of the Egyptian embassy in Manama to express support fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Rage_(Bahrain) |
Syriac Christianity | A schism in 1552 in the Church of the East gave rise to a separate patriarchate, which at first entered into union with the Catholic Church but later formed the nucleus of the present-day Assyrian Church of the East and Ancient Church of the East, while at the end of the 18th century most followers of the earlier patri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity |
Shukri al-Quwatli | By 1960, Quwatli had quarreled with Nasser and criticized his policies in Syria. In particular, he condemned the institution of land distribution and industrial nationalization in July 1961, stating it would harm the economy severely. He was also personally affronted that his son-in-law Fayez al-Ujl had much of his pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
Al-Mu'tasim | In 819 Abu Ishaq, accompanied by his Turkish guard and other commanders, was sent to suppress a Kharijite uprising under Mahdi ibn Alwan al-Haruri around Buzurj-Sabur, north of Baghdad. According to a most likely fanciful story provided by the 10th-century chronicler al-Tabari, Ashinas, in later years one of the chief ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim |
The Martian (film) | In 2035, the crew of the Ares III mission to Mars is exploring Acidalia Planitia on Martian solar day (sol) 18 of their 31-sol expedition. A severe dust storm threatens to topple their Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV). In the ensuing evacuation, astronaut Mark Watney is struck by debris and presumed dead. With the MAV on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martian_(film) |
2003 invasion of Iraq | This campaign featured a variety of new terminology, much of it initially coined by the U.S. government or military. The military official name for the invasion was Operation Iraqi Freedom. Also notable was the usage "death squads" to refer to Fedayeen paramilitary forces. Members of the Saddam Hussein government were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Iranian Revolution | Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution, many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women. During the reign of Reza Shah, the government mandated the removal of the veil and promoted the education of young girls. However, the push-back of the Shia clerics made progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution |
Seljuk Empire | Starting around the middle of the 12th century, there appears to have been a major increase in the number of artistic metalwork objects produced in the eastern Islamic world (roughly Iran and Central Asia). More of these objects have survived from after the 1140s than from before this period. The major centers of produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire |
Roman Empire | Traditional Roman education was moral and practical. Stories were meant to instil Roman values (mores maiorum). Parents were expected to act as role models, and working parents passed their skills to their children, who might also enter apprenticeships. Young children were attended by a pedagogue, usually a Greek slave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Rabee al-Madkhali | Contemporary hadith scholar Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani regarded Al-Madkhali to be very knowledgeable in the field of hadith, particularly in Al-Jarh wa-l-Ta’dil. Al-Albani stated that, “the carrier of the flag of [knowledge] of Jarh wa Ta'deel today, in this present time, and rightfully so, is our brother Dr. Rabee’... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali |
Arabs | Arab tribes are prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, Levant, Egypt, Maghreb, the Sudan region and Horn Africa.
The Arabs of the Levant are traditionally divided into Qays and Yaman tribes. The distinction between Qays and Yaman dates back to the pre-Islamic era and was based on tribal affiliations and geogr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Mustafa Barzani | The government began reconstruction in northern Iraq and work towards creating an autonomous region, appointed five Kurdish men to junior-level ministries in the government, incorporating the Kurds along with the ICP into the National Front and provided Barzani with a stipend to manage the KDP. Ibrahim Ahmad and Jalal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani |
Arrapha | The first written record of Arrapha is attested from the Neo-Sumerian Empire (c. 22nd to 21st century BC). Ancient Arrapha was a part of Sargon of Akkad's Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC), and the city was exposed to the raids of the Lullubi during Naram-Sin's reign.
The city was occupied around 2150 BC by the Gutians. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrapha |
Islamic architecture | The Mamluks were a military corps recruited from slaves that served under the Ayyubid dynasty and eventually took over from that dynasty in 1250, ruling over Egypt, the Levant, and the Hijaz until the Ottoman conquest of 1517. Despite their often tumultuous and violent internal politics, the Mamluk sultans were prolifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Islamic philosophy | Al-Dinawari (828–896), considered the founder of Arabic botany for his Book of Plants, discussed plant evolution from its birth to its death, describing the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit.
Ibn Miskawayh's al-Fawz al-Asghar and the Brethren of Purity's Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Puri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
2019 Sudanese coup d'état | On 11 April, the Sudanese military removed Omar al-Bashir from his position as President of Sudan, dissolved the cabinet and the National Legislature, and announced a three-month state of emergency, to be followed by a two-year transition period. Lt. Gen. Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf, who was both the defense minister of Sudan a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Ba 'Alawiyya | Like many other Sufi orders, Ba 'Alawi order supports the doctrine of outward (zahir) and inward (batin). The outward aspect of this tariqa consists of pursuing religious sciences and ritual practices while its inward aspect is the attainment of Sufi stations (maqamat) and states (ahwal). The outward aspect follows Al-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya |
Drum | The shell almost always has a circular opening over which the drumhead is stretched, but the shape of the remainder of the shell varies widely. In the Western musical tradition, the most usual shape is a cylinder, although timpani, for example, use bowl-shaped shells. Other shapes include a frame design (tar, Bodhrán),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum |
Ayyubid dynasty | Saladin structured the Ayyubid empire around the concept of collective sovereignty i.e. a confederation of principalities held together by the idea of family rule. Under this arrangement there existed numerous "petty sultans" while one family member, as-Sultan al-Mu'azzam, reigned supreme. After the death of Saladin, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Al Qadarif State | The state is characterized by land suitable for agriculture. It has the largest projects in Sudan for rainfed agriculture, a mechanism used in various stages of agricultural production such as tractors and combine harvesters that rely on rainfall. State silos with large capacity are used to store grain. Al Qadarif also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qadarif_State |
Rashtrakutas | The ascent of Dhruva Dharavarsha's third son, Govinda III, to the throne heralded an era of success like never before. There is uncertainty about the location of the early capital of the Rashtrakutas at this time. During his rule there was a three way conflict between the Rashtrakutas, the Palas and the Pratiharas for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakutas |
Saint Thomas Christians | Participation based on caste and community divisions and sympathies has been a feature of politics in the present day state of Kerala and its predecessor entities. Until the mid-20th century the primary cause of the divisions between the various communities was competition for rights and resources.
Like other communiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians |
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