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Atlantis of the Sands | The Saudi Arabian press was generally sceptical about the discovery of Ubar in Oman, with Abdullah al Masri, Assistant Under-Secretary of Archaeological Affairs stating that similar sites had been found in Saudi Arabia over the past 15 years. In Asharq al Awsat he explained: "The best of these sites was when, in 1975,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_of_the_Sands |
Morisco | Spain's Morisco population was the last population who self-identified and traced its roots to the various waves of Muslim conquerors from North Africa. Historians generally agree that, at the height of Muslim rule, Muladis or Muslims of pre-Islamic Iberian origin were likely to constitute the large majority of Muslims... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco |
Ridda Wars | The last of the great revolts against Islam was that of the powerful tribe of Kinda, who inhabited the region of Najran, Hadhramaut, and eastern Yemen. They did not revolt until January 633.
Ziyad bin Lubaid, Muslim governor of Hadhramaut, operated against them and raided Riyaz, after which the whole of the Kinda broke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_Wars |
Qisas al-Anbiya | The Qurʾān frequently mentions and makes use of stories of biblical figures, but only in the case of Joseph son of Jacob (Yūsuf ibn Yaqūb) does it narrate a prophet's story linearly and in full. Implicitly the original audiences of the Qurʾān had enough knowledge of these biblical figures to understand the allusions, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya |
Sayf al-Dawla | Sayf al-Dawla was born on 22 June 916 (17 Dhu al-Hijja 303 AH), although some sources give 914, as Ali ibn Abdallah, the second son of Abdallah Abu'l-Hayja ibn Hamdan (died 929), son of Hamdan ibn Hamdun ibn al-Harith, who gave his name to the Hamdanid dynasty. The Hamdanids were a branch of the Banu Taghlib, an Arab t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla |
List of Assyrian kings | Assyrian royal titles typically followed trends that had begun under the Akkadian Empire (c. 2334–2154 BC), the Mesopotamian civilization that preceded the later kingdoms of Assyria and Babylon. When the Mesopotamian central government under the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112–2004 BC) collapsed and polities that had once... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Zengid dynasty | The Zengid ruler Sayf al-Din Ghazi II died in June 1181 and his brother Izz ad-Din inherited the leadership of Mosul. On 4 December, the crown prince of the Zengids, as-Salih, died in Aleppo. Prior to his death, he had his chief officers swear an oath of loyalty to Izz ad-Din, as he was the only Zengid ruler strong eno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengid_dynasty |
Almoravid dynasty | In the early 1050s, a kind of triumvirate emerged in leading the Almoravid movement, including Abdallah Ibn Yasin, Yahya Ibn Umar and his brother Abu Bakr Ibn Umar. The movement was now dominated by the Lamtuna rather than the Guddala. During the 1050s, the Almoravids began their expansion and their conquest of the Sah... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia has a criminal justice system based on a form of Shari'ah reflecting a particular state-sanctioned interpretation of Islam.
Execution is usually carried out by beheading with a sword, but may occasionally be performed by shooting or firing squad. Saudi Arabia performs public executions. Sentences are prima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Zengid dynasty | In the 13th century, Mosul had a flourishing industry making luxury brass items that were ornately inlaid with silver.: 283–6 Many of these items survive today; in fact, of all medieval Islamic artifacts, Mosul brasswork has the most epigraphic inscriptions.: 12 However, the only reference to this industry in contemp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengid_dynasty |
Prophets and messengers in Islam | The revealed books are the records which Muslims believe were dictated by God to various Islamic prophets throughout the history of mankind, all these books promulgated the code and laws of Islam. The belief in all the revealed books is an article of faith in Islam and Muslims must believe in all the scriptures to be a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam |
Palestinian freedom of movement | Subsequent to the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel's military proclaimed the West Bank and Gaza Strip to be closed military areas by Military Order No. 1. In 1972, general exit orders were issued allowing residents of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to freely leave, and travel between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Palestinian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement |
Adal Sultanate | One of the empire's most wealthy provinces was Ifat it was well watered, by the large river Awash. Additionally, besides the surviving Awash River, at least five other rivers in the area between Harar and Shawa plateau existed. The general area was well cultivated, densely populated with numerous villages adjoining ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate |
Al-Jawf Province | Muhsin al-Shaalan, Nuri Al Shalaan's cousin, ceded the Qurayyat (Qurayyat al-Salt) region, which is the last remaining part of the al-Jawf region, and he ceded it in favor of the Saudi state. Ibn Battah was appointed a follower of Abdullah al-Tamimi, the emir of al-Jawf, The Emirate of Transjordan, however, rejected th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jawf_Province |
LGBT rights in Tunisia | Association Shams has long advocated for the repeal of article 230. Several civil organizations, such as the Tunisian Association of Democratic Women, have also been pushing for its repeal.
In June 2012, Human Rights Minister Samir Dilou rejected the recommendation of the United Nations Human Rights Committee for Tunis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tunisia |
Jannah | Many sources agree that paradise has "various degrees and levels". One conservative Salafi source, quotes as evidence a sahih hadith where Muhammad reassures the mother of a martyr, "O Umm Haarithah, there are gardens in Paradise ... and your son has attained the highest Firdaws”, indicating a hierarchy of levels, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannah |
Christianity in the Middle East | Christianity has a long history in Iraq, with the early conversions of the indigenous Assyrian inhabitants of Assyria (Parthian controlled Assuristan) dating from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. This region was the birthplace of Eastern Rite (Assyrian Church of the East) Christianity, a flourishing Syriac literary traditi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East |
Geography of Jordan | The major characteristic of the climate is the contrast between a relatively rainy season from November to April and very dry weather for the rest of the year. With hot, dry, uniform summers and cool, variable winters during which practically all of the precipitation occurs, the country has a Mediterranean-style climat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan |
Byzantine Greeks | Byzantine state and society relied on the Hellenistic system of joint tax liability due to the easy handling, fast and simple revenue for the state from the different towns and villages chorio, komai mostly made up of peasants, who were the main income. There are no reliable figures as to the numbers of the peasantry, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks |
Arabs | From 1517 to 1918, The Ottomans defeated the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo, and ended the Abbasid Caliphate in the battles of Marj Dabiq and Ridaniya. They entered the Levant and Egypt as conquerors, and brought down the Abbasid caliphate after it lasted for many centuries. In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014) | In October a United Nations report said that torture and ill-treatment, sometimes resulting in death, was "widespread" in Libyan jails.
This torture was most frequently used "immediately after arrest and during the first days of interrogation" according to the report. The UN estimates about 8,000 people are still being... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014) |
Neo-Assyrian Empire | The queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire were titled issi ekalli, which could be abbreviated to sēgallu, both terms meaning "Woman of the Palace". The feminine version of the word for "king" (šarru) was šarratu, but this term was only applied to goddesses and queens of foreign nations who ruled in their own right. Since t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire |
Almohad Caliphate | The Almohad dynasty embraced a style of cursive Maghrebi script known today as "Maghrebi thuluth" as an official style used in manuscripts, coinage, documents, and architecture. However, the more angular Kufic script was still used, albeit in a reworked form in Qur'an epigraphy, and was seen detailed in silver in some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Friday prayer | The world's largest Muslim population can be found in Indonesia, where over 240 million Muslims live making up nearly 90% of Indonesia's total population. In the country, according to the World Values Survey conducted in the country in 2018, 62.0% of Indonesians attend religious services at least once a week (including... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_prayer |
Iraqi art | From 1969, the Arab nationalist political agenda of the Ba'ath Party encouraged Iraqi artists to create work that would explain Iraq's new national identity in terms of its historical roots. The Iraqi Ministry of Culture is involved in efforts to preserve tradition Iraqi crafts like leather-working, copper-working, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_art |
Egyptian–Ethiopian War | Following the war, Ethiopia and Egypt remained in a state of tension, which largely abated after the 1884 Hewett Treaty.
Ras Alula had shown himself to be a reliable general, and was promoted by Yohannes IV to the rank of Ras, and appointed governor of the Mareb Malash.
The Egyptian defeat in the war had serious ramifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War |
Karl Richard Lepsius | In 1842, Lepsius was commissioned (at the recommendation of the minister of instruction, Johann Eichhorn, and the scientists Alexander von Humboldt and Christian Charles Josias Bunsen) by King Frederich Wilhelm IV of Prussia to lead an expedition to Egypt and the Sudan to explore and record the remains of the ancient E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius |
Operation Opera | Yehuda Zvi Blum, in a speech to the United Nations Security Council following the attack, claimed that the operation was launched on a Sunday afternoon under the assumption that workers present on the site, including foreign experts employed at the reactor, would have left. Notwithstanding this precaution, there were h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Opera |
Ash-Shu'ara | 1-2 Muhammad is grieved at the unbelief of the Quraysh
3-4 God will grant them no miracle save the Quran
5 The Quraish regard the Quran as a forgery
5-8 God will send a grim messenger whom they shall respect
The story of Moses
9-10 He is sent to Pharaoh and his people
11-12 Fearing that he will be called an impostor, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash-Shu%27ara |
Abbas the Great | Abbas projected great military power, regained most of the lands lost by his predecessors, and adopted a set of forward-looking policies designed to optimise military strength, centralise state control, and expand Iran’s internal and international commercial scope. He paired ruthlessness with justice and dealt harshly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great |
Barbarian | Chinese historical records mention what may now perhaps be termed "barbarian" peoples for over four millennia, although this considerably predates the Greek language origin of the term "barbarian", at least as is known from the thirty-four centuries of written records in the Greek language. The sinologist Herrlee Gless... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian |
Ethics | There are many different types of consequentialism. They differ based on what type of entity they evaluate, what consequences they take into consideration, and how they determine the value of consequences. Most theories assess the moral value of acts. However, consequentialism can also be used to evaluate motives, char... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics |
Chogha Mish | The site consists of a cone-shaped mound with a large terrace to the south. The mound is about 200 by 150 meters in area and rises to a height of about 27 meters above the plain. The terraces is about 400 meters by 300 meters in area with four small peaks.
Excavations were conducted at the site between 1961 and 1978, f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogha_Mish |
Approximations of π | Extremely long decimal expansions of π are typically computed with iterative formulae like the Gauss–Legendre algorithm and Borwein's algorithm. The latter, found in 1985 by Jonathan and Peter Borwein, converges extremely quickly:
For
y
0
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximations_of_%CF%80 |
Arab Spring | Tunisia experienced a series of conflicts during the three years leading up to the Arab Spring, the most notable occurring in the mining area of Gafsa in 2008, where protests continued for many months. These protests included rallies, sit-ins, and strikes, during which there were two fatalities, an unspecified number o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
1991 Iraqi uprisings | Many of the rebels in southern Iraq, where the uprisings began, were either demoralized soldiers of the Iraqi Army or members of anti-regime groups, in particular the Islamic Dawa Party and Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI). Iraqi armed forces were composed largely of Shia conscripts and contai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings |
Tanukhids | In the late 2nd century, a branch of the tribe of Azd, from Southern Arabia, migrated to al-Hasa where Tanukhids were settling. The Azdies allied with the Tanukhids, becoming part of the confederation. The two sheikhs (tribal leaders) gave up the rule to Malik ibn Fahm (196–231), who led them into what is now Iraq and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanukhids |
Turabay dynasty | Ahmad's son Zayn succeeded him as sanjak-bey and held office until his death in 1660. In Sharon's summarization, both the French diplomat Laurent d'Arvieux (d. 1702) and the local historian al-Muhibbi (d. 1699) described Zayn as "courageous, wise and modest". His brother and successor Muhammad Bey was described by d'Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turabay_dynasty |
Somali Armed Forces | The Federal Government of Somalia was established in August/September 2012. On 6 March 2013, United Nations Security Council Resolution 2093 was passed. The resolution lifted the purchase ban on light weapons for a provisional period of one year, but retained restrictions on the procurement of heavy arms such as surfac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces |
Ahmad ibn Tulun | Despite the brief duration of his dynasty, Ibn Tulun's rule was a seminal event not only for Egypt, but for the entire Islamic world. For Egypt itself, his reign marks a turning point as the country for the first time since the Pharaohs ceased being a passive province subject to a foreign imperial power, and became onc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun |
Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire | The Ottoman reforms were enforced to fight the rise of nationalism from within the state and European expansion. The Ottoman state increasingly restricted women including women with a higher status. Women were not allowed to move around and wear what they desired. Therefore, the goals of the reforms stated in the Nobl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Schistosomiasis | Eggs also migrate to the liver leading to fibrosis in 4 to 8% of people with chronic infection, mainly those with long-term heavy infection.
Eggs can become lodged in the liver, leading to portal hypertension, splenomegaly, the buildup of fluid in the abdomen, and potentially life-threatening dilations or swollen areas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis |
Qatar diplomatic crisis | An article published by the Financial Times stated that, according to people briefed on the matter, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia moved towards ending the 2017 blockade against the State of Qatar after the victory of President-elect Joe Biden in 2020. An advisor to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, was quoted as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis |
Shakira | In October 2010, Shakira released her ninth studio album, titled Sale el Sol. The album received critical acclaim and was included in AllMusic's "Favorite Albums of 2010" and "Favorite Latin Albums of 2010" year-end lists. At the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards ceremony, Sale el Sol was nominated for "Album of the Year" and "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira |
Jewish Agency for Israel | The Israel Experience programs bring young Jews from around the globe to Israel to get to know the country and deepen their Jewish identities.
Taglit-Birthright Israel provides ten-day educational trips to Israel, Jerusalem and the Golan Heights for Jews ages 18 to 26 from around the world, completely free of charge. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel |
Saladin | Saladin turned his attention from Mosul to Aleppo, sending his brother Taj al-Muluk Buri to capture Tell Khalid, 130 km northeast of the city. A siege was set, but the governor of Tell Khalid surrendered upon the arrival of Saladin himself on 17 May before a siege could take place. According to Imad ad-Din, after Tell ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin |
Al-Awasim | Already from late 630s, after the rapid Muslim conquest of the Levant, a vast zone unclaimed by either Byzantines or Arabs and virtually deserted (known in Arabic as al-Ḍawāḥī (اَلـدَّوَاحِي, "of the Outer Lands") and in Greek as ta akra (τὰ ἄκρα, "the extremities") emerged between the two powers in Cilicia, along the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Awasim |
Story of Wenamun | Baines, John R. 1999. "On Wenamun as a Literary Text". In Literatur und Politik im pharaonischen und ptolemäischen Ägypten: Vorträge der Tagung zum Gedenken an Georges Posener 5.–10. September 1996 in Leipzig, edited by Jan Assmann, and Elke Blumenthal. Bibliothèque d'Étude 127. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_of_Wenamun |
Banu Tujib | ʿAbd al-Rahman III, now caliph, was hesitant to allow Muhammad ibn Hashim to succeed his father as governor of Zaragoza. He and his family, along with the Banu Shabrit sons of Muhammad al-Tawil of Huesca, went to the caliph to plead their loyalty, and on acceding to his demands that Muhammad pay an unspecified tribute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Tujib |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | On 12 September 2005, the final day of the Israeli withdrawal, international politicians such as France's Foreign Minister Philippe Douste-Blazy and Jordan's Deputy Prime Minister Marwan Muasher warned of Gaza being turned into an open-air prison. Four days later, Mahmoud Abbas stated to the UN General Assembly: "It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip |
Nur al-Din | Ibrahim Nooraddeen (died 1892), sultan of the Maldives
Abdurrahman Nurettin Pasha (1833–1912), Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Hakeem Noor-ud-Din (1841–1914), Head of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Nur al-Din al-Salimi (1869–1914), Omani Ibadi scholar
Nureddin Pasha (1873–1932), Turkish military officer
Hassan Nooraddee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din |
Alawites | The Sunni Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, issued a fatwa recognizing them as part of the Muslim community in the interest of Arab nationalism. However, classical Sunni scholars such as the Syrian historian Ibn Kathir categorized Alawites as non-Muslim and mushrikeen (polytheists), in their writings. Ibn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites |
History Channel | In 2017, a History Channel documentary, Amelia Earhart: The Lost Evidence, proposed that a photograph in the National Archives of Jaluit Atoll in the Marshall Islands was actually a picture of a captured Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan. The picture showed a Caucasian male on a dock who appeared to look like Noonan and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Channel |
Sanaa | In 1904, as Ottoman influence was waning in Yemen, Imam Yahya of the Zaydi Imams took power in Sanaa. In a bid to secure North Yemen's independence, Yahya embarked on a policy of isolationism, avoiding international and Arab world politics, cracking down on embryonic liberal movements, not contributing to the developme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa |
Lion | Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits, there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered an ambassador specie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion |
Criminalization of homosexuality | Many present-day jurisdictions criminalize homosexuality based on colonial criminal codes they adopted under British rule. The Indian Penal Code and its Section 377 criminalizing homosexuality were applied to several British colonies in Asia, Africa, and Oceania. The Wright Penal Code was drafted for Jamaica and ultima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality |
Green building | Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.
As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building |
Alavi Bohras | The city of Vadodara deserves a special attention along with the Tayyibi missionary activities in Ahmedabad as many devoted personalities worked hard to retain the community faith when the turmoil of dissidents created by Ja’far Naherwali was at its peak. During the time of 21st Da’i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna saheb (tus) Has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohras |
Egyptology | Egyptology was established as an academic discipline through the research of Ippolito Rosellini in Italy, Emmanuel de Rougé in France, Samuel Birch in England, and Heinrich Brugsch in Germany. In 1880, Flinders Petrie, another British Egyptologist, revolutionised the field of archaeology through controlled and scientif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology |
Roman Empire | Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the Roman Republic in the 6th century BC, though not outside the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC. Thus, it was an "empire" (a great power) long before it had an emperor. The Republic was not a nation-state in the modern sense, but a network of self-ruled... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Chaldean dynasty | Bayles Paton, Lewis (1901). "Recent Investigations in Ancient Oriental Chronology". The Biblical World. 18 (1): 13–30. doi:10.1086/472845. JSTOR 3137273. S2CID 144421909.
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1989). Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon (556-539 BC). Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2250wnt. ISBN 9780300043143. J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty |
Syria | The instability which followed the 1961 coup culminated in the 8 March 1963 Ba'athist coup. The takeover was engineered by members of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar. The new Syrian cabinet was dominated by Ba'ath members. Since the 1963 seizure of power by its Military Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
2019 Sudanese coup d'état | After being detained, al-Bashir was initially placed under house arrest under heavy guard; his personal bodyguard was dismissed. Lt. General Omar Zain al-Abideen, who at the time also served as head of the Transitional Military Council's political committee, said that the military government would not extradite al-Bash... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Fasting in Islam | Islamic fasting, as a time-restricted eating habit that inverts the normal human day-night routine for observance, can have deleterious health effects on sleep patterns and general health. Fasting in Ramadan has been shown to alter the sleep patterns and the associated hormone production.
Statistical comparison of thou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam |
Colette Khoury | Khoury was a pioneer of Arab feminism, and wrote angry stories in the 1950s about men and their selfishness. Khoury's career began in 1957 and has spanned more than 6 decades. Her literary career began with the publication of a collection of poems in French entitled "Vingt Ans" (Beirut, 1958). In it Khoury expressed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette_Khoury |
Sulaymani | Founded in 1592, the Sulaymanis are mostly concentrated in Yemen but are also found in Pakistan and India. The denomination is named after its 27th Daʻī, Sulayman bin Hassan.
The total number of Sulaymanis currently are around 300,000, mainly living in the eastern district of Jabal Haraz in northwest Yemen and in Najr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymani |
Rationale for the Iraq War | The October 2002, US congress Iraq War Resolution cited many factors to justify the use of military force against Iraq:
Iraq's noncompliance with the conditions of the 1991 ceasefire agreement, including interference with UN weapons inspectors.
Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction, and programs to develop such w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War |
Central Asia | Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan count the highest researcher density in Central Asia. The number of researchers per million population is close to the world average (1,083 in 2013) in Kazakhstan (1,046) and higher than the world average in Uzbekistan (1,097).
Kazakhstan is the only Central Asian country where the business en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia |
Jihad | Islamism has played an increasing role in the Muslim world in the 20th century, especially following the economic crises of the 1970s and 1980s. One of the first Islamist groups, the Muslim Brotherhood, emphasized physical struggle and martyrdom in its creed: "God is our objective; the Quran is our constitution; the Pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad |
Reptile | Dinosaurs have been widely depicted in culture since the English palaeontologist Richard Owen coined the name dinosaur in 1842. As soon as 1854, the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs were on display to the public in south London. One dinosaur appeared in literature even earlier, as Charles Dickens placed a Megalosaurus in the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile |
Human rights in Egypt | From December 31, 1999, to January 2, 2000, 21 Coptic Christians were killed by an angry mob in Al-Kosheh. Al-Ahram in part cites economic resentment as the cause, but discusses Muslims who condemned the action. A Coptic organization saw it as a sign of official discrimination. In 2005 a riot against Copts occurred in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt |
Divorce in Islam | In the modern era, sharia-based laws were widely replaced by statutes based on European models, and its classical rules were largely retained only in personal status (family) laws. Different explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon. Several scholars have argued that because these laws are more extensively sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam |
Neolithic | During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic |
Mahdist State | In 1892, Herbert Kitchener (later Lord Kitchener) became sirdar, or commander, of the Egyptian army and started preparations for the reconquest of Sudan. The British thought they needed to occupy Sudan in part because of international developments. By the early 1890s, British, French, and Belgian claims had converged a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_State |
Pharyngeal consonant | Pharyngeals are known primarily from three areas of the world:
the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa, in the Semitic (e.g. Arabic, Aramaic (western and eastern), A Modern Hebrew (only Middle-Eastern dialects), Maltese, Tigrinya, and Tigre), Berber (mostly in borrowings from Arabic) and Cushitic (e.g. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant |
Mujahideen | Various Islamic groups, often referred to as mujahideen and jihadists, have participated in the Syrian civil war. Alawites, the sect to which Syrian President Bashar al-Assad belongs, are considered to be heretics in some Sunni Muslim circles. In this sense, radical Sunni jihadist organizations and their affiliates hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen |
Israeli West Bank barrier | In 1992, the idea of creating a physical barrier between the Israeli and Palestinian populations was proposed by then-prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, following the murder of an Israeli teenage girl in Jerusalem. Rabin said that Israel must "take Gaza out of Tel Aviv" in order to minimize friction between the peoples.
Fol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier |
Islam | Forerunners of Islamic modernism influenced Islamist political movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood and related parties in the Arab world, which performed well in elections following the Arab Spring, Jamaat-e-Islami in South Asia and the AK Party, which has democratically been in power in Turkey for decades. In Ira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Anti-Shi'ism | In modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Wahhabi rulers limit Shia political participation to a few notable people. These notables benefit from their ties to power and in turn, are expected to control their community. Saudi Shias comprise roughly 10% of the 28 million Saudis (estimate 2012). They have been considered Second-Cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism |
Sculpture | The Hellenistic period is conventionally dated from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, and ending either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BCE or with the final defeat of the last remaining successor-state to Alexander's empire after the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, which also mark... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture |
Mombasa | The founding of Mombasa is associated with two rulers: Mwana Mkisi and Shehe Mvita. According to legend, Mwana Mkisi is the original ancestor of Mombasa's oldest lineages within Thenashara Taifa (or Twelve Nations). Families associated with the Twelve Nations are still considered the original inhabitants of the city. M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa |
Western Libya campaign | 3 February
The 5+5 Libyan Joint Military Commission of 5 senior GNA-selected military officers and 5 senior LNA officers started meeting in Geneva on 3 February in the military track of the intra-Libyan component of the Salamé 3-point peace process, aiming to agree on practical details of monitoring and strengthening ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign |
1973 oil crisis | The embargo lasted from October 1973 to March 1974. During a summit in Cairo on November 6, Kissinger asked Sadat what Faisal was like and was told: "Well, Dr. Henry, he will probably go on with you about Communism and the Jews". King Faisal's two great hatreds were Communism and Zionism as he believed that the Soviet ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis |
Jebel Akhdar War | The Imamate resorted to international organizations, mainly the United Nations and the Arab League, in order to appeal for settling the conflict. Talib al-Hinai, who was the Wali (governor) of Rustaq, and Suleiman bin Hamyar, who was the Wali (governor) of Jebel Akhdar, presented the case of Oman in front of the Arab L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War |
Internet censorship in Syria | In February 2011 Syria stopped filtering YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter.
Early in the Syrian civil war on 3 June 2011 the government shut down the country's Internet network. Although fully restored the following day, the country's 3G, DSL and dial-up were disconnected the same day massive protests and marches were bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Syria |
Christopher Columbus | The figure of Columbus was not ignored in the British colonies during the colonial era: Columbus became a unifying symbol early in the history of the colonies that became the United States when Puritan preachers began to use his life story as a model for a "developing American spirit". In the spring of 1692, Puritan pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus |
Saudi Exchange | Also known as the "Black February", the Saudi stock market collapsed in 2006, and the number of listed companies was 76, causing a loss of one trillion Saudi riyals, which led to the bankruptcy of many middle-income traders. Some of them sold their cars or invested their life savings on the market.
The second day of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Exchange |
Astrology | Under the criterion of falsifiability, first proposed by the philosopher of science Karl Popper, astrology is a pseudoscience. Popper regarded astrology as "pseudo-empirical" in that "it appeals to observation and experiment," but "nevertheless does not come up to scientific standards." In contrast to scientific discip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology |
Averroes | By 1153 Averroes was in Marrakesh, the capital of the Almohad Caliphate (now in Morocco), to perform astronomical observations and to support the Almohad project of building new colleges. He was hoping to find physical laws of astronomical movements instead of only the mathematical laws known at the time but this resea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes |
Women in Iraq | As a part of their conquest, the Iamas successfully defeated the Persians during the seventh century. Doreen Ingrams, the author of The Awakened: Women in Iraq, stated it was a time when women's help was needed. In particular, a woman called Amina bint Qais "at the age of seventeen was the youngest woman to lead a medi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Iraq |
Borders of Israel | On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 181 (II) recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition Palestine into "Independent Arab and Jewish States" and a "Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem" administered by the United Nations. The Jewish Agency for Pales... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Israel |
Al-Ma'idah | 1 Covenants are to be fulfilled
2 Lawful meats
3 Islam completed
4 Food caught by hunting animals is permissible
5 Muslims permitted to eat the food of Jews and Christians, and to marry their women.
6 The law of purifications
7-8 Believers reminded of the covenant of Aqabah, Muslims should bear true testimony and not l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27idah |
1986 United States bombing of Libya | The attack was condemned by many countries. By a vote of 79 in favor to 28 against with 33 abstentions, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 41/38, which "condemns the military attack perpetrated against the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 15 April 1986, which constitutes a violation of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya |
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz | After his accession in late 717, Umar ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim army led by his cousin Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik from their abortive siege against Constantinople to the regions of Antioch and Malatya, closer to the Syrian frontier. He commissioned an expedition in the summer of 718 to facilitate their withdra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz |
Turco-Egyptian Sudan | Under the new government established in 1821, Egyptian soldiers lived off the land and exacted exorbitant taxes from the population. They also destroyed many ancient Meroitic pyramids searching for hidden gold. Furthermore, slave trading increased, causing many of the inhabitants of the fertile Al Jazirah, heartland of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan |
Islam in Southeast Asia | Muslim merchants dominated trade in Southeast Asia by the 9th century or earlier. There existed a colony of foreign Muslims on the west coast of Sumatra by 674 AD; other Muslim settlements began to appear after 878 AD when Islam increasingly took root among the people. However, little remains from these early communit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia |
Jezreel Valley | During the early Ottoman period, the Jezreel Valley was the core territory of the Turabay Emirate (1517–1683). The Valley's capital was initially at Lajjun, the center of an eponymous sanjak and one of Palestine's provincial capitals during the 16th century. Around 1600, the seat of the Turabays moved to Jenin. In the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezreel_Valley |
Islamic–Jewish relations | Islam and Judaism share the idea of a revealed scripture. Even though they differ over the precise text and its interpretations, the Hebrew Torah and the Muslim Qur'an share a lot of narrative as well as injunctions. From this, they share many other fundamental religious concepts such as the belief in a day of Divine J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations |
Hoopoe | Hoopoes are monogamous, although the pair bond apparently only lasts for a single season. They are also territorial. The male calls frequently to advertise his ownership of the territory. Chases and fights between rival males (and sometimes females) are common and can be brutal. Birds will try to stab rivals with the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoopoe |
Balkh | In 870, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar rebelled against Abbasid rule and founded the Saffarid dynasty at Sistan. He captured present Afghanistan and most of present Iran. His successor Amr ibn al-Layth, tried to capture Transoxiana from the Samanids, who were nominally vassals of Abbasids, but he was defeated and captur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh |
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