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Farouk of Egypt | He was born as His Sultanic Highness Farouk bin Fuad, Hereditary Prince of Egypt and Sudan, on 11 February 1920 (Jumada al-Awwal 21, 1338 A.H.) at Abdeen Palace, Cairo, the eldest child of Sultan Fuad I (later King Fuad I) and his second wife, Nazli Sabri. He had Albanian, Circassian, Turkish, French and Greek ancestry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt |
Popular Mobilization Forces | Kata’ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, a member of the PMF, stated that their forces were bombed by US planes on 7 August 2017, in Al Anbar Governorate near the Iraq–Syria border and that Hashd al-Shaabi forces suffered many casualties. The Baghdad-based spokesman of the U.S.-led coalition, Army Col. Ryan Dillon, dismissed the all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces |
History of Somalia | News of the incident that sparked the Dervish rebellion and the 21 years disturbance according to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler was spread by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. The incident in question was that of a group of Somali children that were converted to Christianity and adopted by the French Catholic Missi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia |
Etymology of Arab | In Hebrew the words ʿarav and ʿaravah literally mean "desert" or "steppe". In the Hebrew Bible the latter feminine form is used exclusively for the Aravah, a region associated with the Nabateans, who spoke Arabic. The former masculine form is used in Isaiah 21:13 and Ezekiel 27:21 for the region of the settlement of Ke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology_of_Arab |
Torture in Bahrain | The state's obligation to provide an effective remedy and the need for torture survivors to receive compensation and other forms of reparation was stressed by the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention. The views of civil society have also emphasised the need for effective and enforceable remedies for tort... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_in_Bahrain |
Ethics | The history of ethics studies how moral philosophy has developed and evolved in the course of history. It has its origin in ancient civilizations. In ancient Egypt, the concept of Maat was used as an ethical principle to guide behavior and maintain order by emphasizing the importance of truth, balance, and harmony. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics |
Ali al-Rida | The motivations of al-Mamun for this appointment are not fully understood. At the time, he justified his decision by maintaining that al-Rida was the most suitable person for the caliphate. The reluctance of al-Rida in accepting this designation, however, might reflect his suspicion that al-Mamun had ulterior motives. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Rida |
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse | In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applied to all detainees in the War on Terror. It said that the military tribunals used to try these suspects were in violation of U.S. and international law. It said that the president could not unilaterally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse |
Abdul Hamid II | The Triple Entente – the United Kingdom, France and Russia – had strained relations with the Ottoman Empire. Abdul Hamid and his close advisors believed the Empire should be treated as an equal player by these great powers. In the Sultan's view, the Ottoman Empire was a European empire that was distinguished by having ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II |
Augustus | By AD 13, Augustus boasted 21 occasions where his troops proclaimed him imperator after a successful battle. Almost the entire fourth chapter in his publicly released memoirs of achievements known as the Res Gestae is devoted to his military victories and honors.
Augustus also promoted the ideal of a superior Roman civ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus |
Abbas the Great | Of Abbas' five sons, three had survived past childhood, so the Safavid succession seemed secure. He was on good terms with the crown prince, Mohammed Baqir Mirza (born 1587; better known in the West as Safi Mirza). In 1614, however, during a campaign in Georgia, the shah heard rumours that the prince was conspiring aga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great |
Central Asia | Central Asia is bounded on the north by the forests of Siberia. The northern half of Central Asia (Kazakhstan) is the middle part of the Eurasian steppe. Westward the Kazakh steppe merges into the Russian-Ukrainian steppe and eastward into the steppes and deserts of Dzungaria and Mongolia. Southward the land becomes in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia |
Christianity in Egypt | Will Durant presents some social characteristics of Christian communities in the first centuries. According to him, these communities were composed mostly of lower- and middle- class people. While some wealthier people did convert to Christianity, they remained a minority. The community would support its poorest famili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt |
Regionalism (politics) | Australia: West Australian secessionism; Tasmanian secessionism; Proposals for new Australian states
Belgium: communities, regions and language areas; Languages; Economic regional differences
Brazil: regions; Languages; nationalisms and regionalisms (Sao Paulo independence movement, The South Is My Country)
Canada: lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics) |
Islam in Romania | The first significant numbers of Muslims arrived in Romania with the Pechenegs and Cumans. Around 1061, when the Pechenegs ruled in Wallachia and Moldavia, there was a Muslim minority among them, as was among the Cumans. The Cumans followed the Pechenegs in 1171, while the Hungarian kings settled the Pechenegs in Trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Romania |
Ba'athism | According to Aflaq, the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) against the Ottoman Empire failed to unify the Arab world because it was led by a reactionary class. He believed the ruling class, who supported the monarchy as the leaders of the Arab Revolt did, were synonymous with a reactionary class. In Ba'athist ideology, the ruling... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
Arab Spring | In its economic and social manifesto, the Tunisian Ennahda Movement states that the movement "adopts the social and solidarised market economy within a national approach based on free economic activity, freedom of ownership, production and administration on the one hand, and social justice and equal opportunities on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Algiers | The Casbah (of Al Qasbah, "the Citadel"), 1st District of Algiers: called Al-Djazaïr Al Mahroussa ("Well Kept Algiers"), is founded on the ruins of old Icosium. It is a small city of picturesque winding lanes built on a hill and descending towards the sea, divided into two sections: the High City and the Low City. It i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers |
Air France Flight 8969 | On 24 December 1994, at Houari Boumedienne Airport in Algiers, four armed men boarded Air France Flight 8969 which was due to depart for Orly Airport, Paris at 11:15 a.m. The men were dressed as Algerian presidential police; they wore blue uniforms with Air Algérie logos. Their presence originally did not cause any ala... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_8969 |
Salafi movement | Syrian Salafiyya tradition that emerged in late nineteenth century consisted of two divergent tendencies: an apolitical Quietist trend and a "Salafi-Islamist hybrid". The early Salafiyya led by Rashid Rida was dominated by revolutionary Pan-Islamists who had socio-political goals and advocated for the restoration of an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Ardashir III | After the death of Kavad II, the Wuzurgan elected Ardashir as his successor, who was only a 7-year-old boy. In reality, however, he exercised little power and his empire was controlled by his vizier Mah-Adhur Gushnasp, whose duty was to protect the empire until Ardashir became old enough to rule. The Iranian historian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_III |
Operation Infinite Reach | On 23 February 1998, Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, and three other leaders of Islamic militant organizations issued a fatwa in the name of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, publishing it in al-Quds al-Arabi. Deploring the stationing of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, the alleged U.S. aim ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach |
Divisions of the world in Islam | Dar al-harb (Arabic: دار الحرب "house of war") was a term classically referring to those countries which do not have a treaty of non-aggression or peace with Muslims (those that do are called dar al-'Ahd or dar al-Sulh). The notions of divisions of the world, or dar al-harb, does not appear in the Quran or the Hadith. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam |
Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani | The epithet, al-Isfahani, refers to the city, Isfahan, on the Iranian plateau. Instead of indicating al-Isfahani's birthplace, this epithet seems to be common to al-Isfahani's family. Every reference al-Isfahani makes to his paternal relatives includes the attributive, al-Isfahani. According to Ibn Hazm (994–1064), som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani |
Hezbollah | Funding of Hezbollah comes from the Iranian government, Lebanese business groups, private persons, businessmen, the Lebanese diaspora involved in African diamond exploration, other Islamic groups and countries, and the taxes paid by the Shia Lebanese. Hezbollah says that the main source of its income comes from its own... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah |
2007 Lebanon conflict | Fouad Siniora, Lebanon's prime minister, accused Fatah al-Islam of trying to destabilize the country. Lebanese Interior Minister Hasan al-Sabaa described Fatah al-Islam as "part of the Syrian intelligence-security apparatus." Lebanon's national police commander, Maj. Gen. Ashraf Rifi, contradicted the Lebanese army and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict |
Music of Mesopotamia | Shulgi of Ur, who ruled c. 2094 – c. 2046 BCE during the Third Dynasty of Ur, was a generous patron of the arts, especially music. In self-laudatory texts, he professed to be an expert musician, claiming that the zeal with which he studied it prevented it from being too difficult. He listed numerous instruments he clai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia |
Kuwait Armed Forces | U.S. President George H. W. Bush condemned the invasion and led efforts to drive out the Iraqi forces. Authorized by the United Nations Security Council, an American-led coalition of 34 nations led by Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. fought the Gulf War to liberate Kuwait. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a U.S.-l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Armed_Forces |
Hassan II of Morocco | In 1943, a twelve-year-old Hassan attended the Casablanca Conference at the Anfa Hotel along with his father, where he met United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and General Charles de Gaulle. In 1947, he attended his father's speech in what was then the Tangier International Zo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco |
Naoum Mokarzel | Bailony, Reem (2013). "Transnationalism and the Syrian Migrant Community: The Case of the 1925 Syrian Revolt". Mashriq & Mahjar. 1 (1): 8–29. doi:10.24847/11i2013.3. ISSN 2169-4435. Archived from the original on 2019-12-15.
Blum, Edward J. (2012). The color of Christ : the Son of God & the saga of race in America. Oliv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoum_Mokarzel |
Islamic architecture | Yemeni architecture can be characterized as "conservative", as it combines both pre-Islamic and Islamic features. In Antiquity, Yemen was home to several wealthy city-states and an indigenous tradition of South Arabian architecture. By the 5th century AD, there is evidence that the indigenous styles were being influenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Turkey | Based around Söğüt, Ottoman Beylik was founded by Osman I in the early 14th century. According to Ottoman chroniclers, Osman descended from the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks. Ottomans started annexing the nearby Turkish beyliks (principalities) in Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans. Mehmed II completed Ottoman conq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey |
Ahlam Mosteghanemi | It was during Mosteghanemi's fifteen years she spent in Paris writing for various magazines and fragments of what would, after four years, become a novel that she transitioned from poetry to prose, stating that "When we lose a love, one writes a poem, when we lose our homeland, one writes a novel". She said Algeria was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi |
Abu Mansur al-Maturidi | His school became the dominant Sunni school of Islamic theology in Central Asia, and later enjoyed a preeminent status as the theological school of choice for both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire.
Al-Maturidi was known as Shaykh al-Islām and Imām al-Hudā ("Leader of Right Guidance"). He was one of the two fore... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi |
Ayyubid dynasty | In 1248, a Crusader fleet of 1,800 boats and ships arrived in Cyprus with the intent of launching a Seventh Crusade against the Muslims by conquering Egypt. Their commander, Louis IX, attempted to enlist the Mongols to launch a coordinated attack on Egypt, but when this failed to materialize, the Crusader force sailed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Arab Americans | According to the Arab American Institute based on the Zogby International Survey in 2002, the breakdown of religious affiliation among persons originating from Arab countries is as follows:
63% Christian
35% Roman/Eastern Catholic, including Roman Catholic, Maronite and Melkite
18% Orthodox, including Antiochian, Syri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Americans |
Orodes II | Around the same time, Marcus Licinius Crassus, one of the Roman triumvirs, who was now proconsul of Syria, had been preparing to invade the Parthian realm in belated support of Mithridates IV. Orodes' emissaries had initially attempted to convince Crassus to abandon his expedition, which the latter replied by saying he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orodes_II |
Constitutional monarchy | The Kingdom of Afghanistan was a constitutional monarchy under Mohammad Zahir Shah from 1964 to 1973.
Kingdom of Albania from 1928 until 1939, Albania was a Constitutional Monarchy ruled by the House of Zogu, King Zog I.
The Anglo-Corsican Kingdom was a brief period in the history of Corsica (1794–1796) when the island... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy |
Turkish literature | In the early years of the Republic of Turkey, there were a number of poetic trends. Authors such as Ahmed Hâşim and Yahyâ Kemâl Beyatlı (1884–1958) continued to write important formal verse whose language was, to a great extent, a continuation of the late Ottoman tradition. By far the majority of the poetry of the time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_literature |
Economy of Jordan | The state of the tourism sector is widely regarded as below potential, especially given the country's rich history, ancient ruins, Mediterranean climate, and diverse geography. Despite personal appeals by the king and an increasingly sophisticated marketing campaign, the industry is still adversely affected by the poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan |
Hezbollah | The United States Department of State has designated Hezbollah a terrorist organization since 1995. The group remains on Foreign Terrorist Organization and Specially Designated Terrorist lists. According to the Congressional Research Service, "The U.S. government holds Hezbollah responsible for a number of attacks and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah |
Sikh culture | In addition to celebrating Sikh festivals, Sindhi Sikhs celebrate cultural festivals such as Cheti Chand, the Sindhi new year. Sindhi Sikhs speak the Sindhi language. Khalsa Sikhs historically had a stronghold in Kandhra, Khairpur during the reign of the Talpur Mirs (1775–1955). However, most Sikhs in Sindh are followe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_culture |
Almohad Caliphate | Most historical records indicate that the Almohads were recognized for their use of white banners, which were supposed to evoke their "purity of purpose". This began a long tradition of using white as main dynastic color in what is now Morocco for the later Marinids and Saadian sultanates. Whether these white banners c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Rasulid dynasty | The Rasulid era is often considered one of the most brilliant in the history of Yemen. While the history of this region has usually been characterized by deep political and religious divisions, the extent of territory that the Rasulids ruled would not be superseded until (briefly) in the seventeenth century. The southe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty |
Mullah Omar | Muhammed Omar was born in 1960 into a poor and large Pashtun family in the village of Chah-i-Himmat in Khakrez of Kandahar, Kingdom of Afghanistan. He came from a line of Islamic scholars and teachers. At 2 m (6 ft 6 in) tall, he was the tallest boy in his family.
His father was Mawlawi Ghulam Nabi, his grandfather Maw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar |
1983 Beirut barracks bombings | At around 06:22, a 19-ton yellow Mercedes-Benz stake-bed truck drove to the Beirut International Airport. The 1st Battalion 8th Marines (BLT), commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Larry Gerlach, was a subordinate element of the 24th MAU. The truck was not the water truck they had been expecting. Instead, it was a hijacked t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings |
Mu'awiya I | Athamina, Khalil (1994). "The Appointment and Dismissal of Khalid ibn al-Walid from the Supreme Command: A Study of the Political Strategy of the Early Muslim Caliphs in Syria". Arabica. 41 (2). Brill: 253–272. doi:10.1163/157005894X00191. JSTOR 4057449.
Bosworth, C. Edmund (1991). "Marwān I b. al-Ḥakam". In Bosworth, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I |
Ancient Egyptian literature | Underground Egyptian tombs built in the desert provide possibly the most protective environment for the preservation of papyrus documents. For example, there are many well-preserved Book of the Dead funerary papyri placed in tombs to act as afterlife guides for the souls of the deceased tomb occupants. However, it was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature |
Early Muslim conquests | In Islam, Christians and Jews are seen as "Peoples of the Book" as the Muslims accept both Jesus Christ and the Jewish prophets as their own prophets, which accorded them a respect that was not reserved to the "heathen" peoples of Iran, Central Asia and India. In places like the Levant and Egypt, both Christians and Je... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests |
Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon | By 22 June 2016, 95% of the territory once controlled by militants had been recaptured by the Lebanese Army and its allies, with only 50 km2 left under militant control. Daily clashes were ongoing mainly near the town of Arsal. On 22 September, ISIL emir Imad Yassin was arrested at the Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp and se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon |
Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world | Islamic geography began in the 8th century, influenced by Hellenistic geography, combined with what explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Old World (Afro-Eurasia). Muslim scholars engaged in extensive exploration and navigation during the 9th-12th centuries, including journeys across the Muslim wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Susa | Although numerous excavation reports have been published so far, many excavations are not or only partially published. Above all, the found architecture was often presented only in short preliminary reports and plans.
Pierre Amiet, "Glyptique susienne des origines à l'époque des Perses achéménides: cachets, sceaux-cyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa |
Music of Sudan | As in other African regions, the traditional musical styles of Sudan are ancient, rich and diverse, with different regions and ethnic groups having many distinct musical traditions. Music in Africa has always been very important as an integral part of religious and social life of communities. Performances of songs, dan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Sudan |
Slavery in Africa | The enslavement of Africans for eastern markets started before the 7th century but remained at low levels until 1750. The volume of the trade peaked around 1850 but may largely have ended around 1900. Muslim participation in the slave trade started in the eighth and ninth centuries AD, beginning with small-scale moveme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa |
Caspian Sea | The Caspian turtle (Mauremys caspica), although found in neighboring areas, is a wholly freshwater species. The zebra mussel is native to the Caspian and Black Sea basins, but has become an invasive species elsewhere, when introduced. The area has given its name to several species, including the Caspian gull and the Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea |
Oromo language | An Oromo verb root can be the basis for three derived voices, passive, causative, and autobenefactive, each formed with addition of a suffix to the root, yielding the stem that the inflectional suffixes are added to.
Passive voice
The Oromo passive corresponds closely to the English passive in function. It is formed b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language |
Rabat | The Kasbah of the Udayas (also spelled "Kasbah of the Oudaias") is the oldest part of the present-day city, built by the Almohads in the 12th century. It was later refortified and expanded by the corsairs and the 'Alawi dynasty in the 17th and 18th centuries.: 171 The kasbah is now a residential district with traditio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat |
Byzantine North Africa | general literature to be found in articles Late Antiquity, Maurice, Heraclius and Early Muslim conquests.
Ralf Bockmann: Africa. In: The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Volume 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2018, ISBN 978-0-19-881624-9, pages 29–31.
Michael Brett, Elizabeth Fentress: The Berbers. Blackwell Pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa |
Tigray People's Liberation Front | The party has its roots in the 1960s student movement which was ideologically nationalist before shifting towards Marxism–Leninism in late 1960s. After revolutionary students formed the Tigray University Student Association, a new leftwing organization known as the Tigrayan National Organization was founded in 1974, fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front |
Sultanate of Sulu | In the 18th century, Sulu's dominion covered most of northeastern part of Borneo. However areas like Tempasuk and Abai had never really shown much allegiance to its earlier ruler, Brunei, subsequently similar treatment was given to Sulu. Alexander Dalrymple, who made a treaty of allegiance in 1761 with Sulu, had to mak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu |
Islamization of the Sudan region | Contacts between Nubians and Arabs long predated the coming of Islam, but the Arabization of the Nile Valley was a gradual process that occurred over a period of nearly one thousand years. Arab nomads continually wandered into the region in search of fresh pasturage, and Arab seafarers and merchants traded at Red Sea p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Sudan_region |
Islam | Through Muslim trade networks and the activity of Sufi orders, Islam spread into new areas and Muslims assimilated into new cultures.
Under the Ottoman Empire, Islam spread to Southeast Europe. Conversion to Islam often involved a degree of syncretism, as illustrated by Muhammad's appearance in Hindu folklore. Muslim ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Osama bin Laden | On 16 March 1998, Libya issued the first official Interpol arrest warrant against Bin Laden and three other people. They were charged for killing Silvan Becker, agent of Germany's domestic intelligence service, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, in the Terrorism Department, and his wife Vera in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden |
Environmental issues in Egypt | The Nile river has allowed for the summation of natural resources, affects Egyptians through the course of agricultural lands and irrigation systems. In addition to this, Egypt has an expanding population and limited resources. Although, countries like that of Western Europe, Japan and North America have higher demands... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt |
Rashid Rida | Rida's views of Wahhabism became more favorable upon his arrival in Egypt in the 1890s, when he read about the movement and al-Jabartī and al-Nāṣiri, though he was still critical of what he perceived as a lack of moderation in the group, as he considered moderation foundational to Salafism. As early as the 1900s, Rida ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida |
Islam in Palestine | On May 14, 1948, one day before the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, the leaders of the Jewish community in Palestine led by prime minister David Ben-Gurion, made a declaration of independence, and the state of Israel was established. Contingents of Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, and Iraqi armies invaded Israel, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine |
Arab cinema | In the 21st century, many Arab filmmakers and cultural commentators are concerned about the current state and production of the Arab cinema. In November 2000, Arab filmmakers from eleven different countries across the Middle East held a meeting to further address this issue and discuss the future of the Arab cinema, as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_cinema |
Emirates (airline) | As of July 2023, Emirates operates a fleet of 249 passenger aircraft and 11 cargo aircraft operated by Emirates SkyCargo. Emirates operates the largest fleet of both the Airbus A380 and Boeing 777 aircraft in the world, with one A319 as an executive jet (this is painted in a plain white livery). Emirates has had no nar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_(airline) |
Phoenician language | Phoenician, together with Punic, is primarily known from approximately 10,000 surviving inscriptions, supplemented by occasional glosses in books written in other languages. In addition to their many inscriptions, the Phoenicians are believed to have left numerous other types of written sources, but most have not survi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_language |
Church of the East | After the Sasanian Empire was conquered by Muslim Arabs in 644, the newly established Rashidun Caliphate designated the Church of the East as an official dhimmi minority group headed by the Patriarch of the East. As with all other Christian and Jewish groups given the same status, the church was restricted within the C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East |
History of Bahrain (1783–1971) | Dickson was replaced with Major C. K. Daly (1920–26), who unlike his predecessor used tough and uncompromising measures to introduce reforms. He started by undermining the influence of Abdulla bin Isa, who strongly opposed the reforms and strengthening his elder brother and the heir apparent, Hamad bin Isa. By 1921, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain_(1783%E2%80%931971) |
Fountain | Shortly after the spread of Islam, the Arabs incorporated into their city planning the famous Islamic gardens. Islamic gardens after the 7th century were traditionally enclosed by walls and were designed to represent paradise. The paradise gardens, were laid out in the form of a cross, with four channels representing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain |
Rationale for the Iraq War | After the invasion, the Iraq Survey Group (ISG), headed by American David Kay, was tasked with searching for weapons of mass destruction. The survey ultimately concluded that Iraqi production of weapons of mass destruction ceased and all major stockpiles were destroyed in 1991 when economic sanctions were imposed, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War |
Muslim world | In the 20th century, the end of the European colonial domination has led to creation of a number of nation states with significant Muslim populations. These states drew on Islamic traditions to varying degree and in various ways in organizing their legal, educational and economic systems. The Times first documented the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world |
Neoplatonism | Neoplatonism is a modern term. The term neoplatonism has a double function as a historical category. On the one hand, it differentiates the philosophical doctrines of Plotinus and his successors from those of the historical Plato. On the other, the term makes an assumption about the novelty of Plotinus's interpretation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism |
Taliban | According to a 55-page report by the United Nations, the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001. They also said, that "[t]hese have been highly syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban |
Participle | Latin grammar was studied in Europe for hundreds of years, especially the handbook written by the 4th-century teacher Aelius Donatus, and it is from Latin that the name and concept of the participle derives. According to Donatus there are four participles in Latin, as follows:
present participle: present stem + -ns (g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participle |
Gülen movement | The movement skirted Kemalist Turkey's prohibitions against assembling in non-state sponsored religious meetings. (As a young man, future President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan belonged to the Naqshbandi tariqa, then technically banned in Turkey.)
Akin to Turkey's Sufi tariqas which are lay religious orders, banned i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement |
Muisca art | Tunjos (from Muysccubun: tunxo) are small votive offering figures produced in great quantities by the Muisca. They are found in various places on the Altiplano, mainly in lakes and rivers, and are the most common object housed in museum collections outside Colombia. The word tunjo was used first in the literature about... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_art |
Subtropics | The tropics have been historically defined as lying between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, at latitudes 23°26′09.9″ (or 23.43609°) north and south, respectively. According to the American Meteorological Society, the poleward fringe of the subtropics is at latitudes approximately 35° north and south, resp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics |
Wahhabism | According to Jeffry R. Halverson, the Muwahidun movement was characterised by a strong opposition to mysticism. Although this feature is typically attributed to the influence of the classical theologian Ibn Taymiyya, Jeffry Halverson states that Ibn Taymiyyah only opposed what he saw as Sufi excesses and never mysticis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Music of the United Arab Emirates | The UAE houses a lively underground music scene consisting mostly of expatriates. Concentrated in Dubai, the majority of local artists play rock and metal music. Some musicians also play alternative styles of music such as ska, punk, house and experimental music.
Yassin Alsalman, better known by his stage name Narcy, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Oman | After deposing his father in 1970, Sultan Qaboos opened up the country, removed "Muscat and" from the country's name, embarked on economic reforms, and followed a policy of modernisation marked by increased spending on health, education and welfare. Saudi Arabia invested in the development of the Omani education system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman |
Arecaceae | Palms are a monophyletic group of plants, meaning the group consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants. Extensive taxonomic research on palms began with botanist H.E. Moore, who organized palms into 15 major groups based mostly on general morphological characteristics. The following classification, proposed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | Gaddafi was a close supporter of Ugandan President Idi Amin.
Gaddafi sent thousands of troops to fight against Tanzania on behalf of Idi Amin. About 600 Libyan soldiers lost their lives attempting to defend the collapsing regime of Amin. After the fall of Kampala, Amin was eventually exiled from Uganda to Libya before ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560) | After the voyages of Vasco da Gama, a powerful Portuguese Navy took control of the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century. It threatened the coastal cities of the Arabian Peninsula and India. The headquarters of the Portuguese was Goa, a city on the west coast of India, captured in 1510.
Ottoman control of the Red Sea ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560) |
Abbasid dynasty | People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII edited by A. Hasan & J. C. Das page 285
Bonner, Michael (2010). "The Waning of Empire: 861–945". In Robinson, Charles F. (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. I: The Formation of the Islamic World: Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty |
Middle Ages | The Viking settlement in the British Isles led to the formation of new political entities, including the small (but militant) Kingdom of Dublin in Ireland. The Anglo-Saxon king Alfred the Great (r. 871–99) reached an agreement with Danish invaders in 879, acknowledging the existence of an independent Viking realm in Br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Prehistory of Mesopotamia | At Tepe Gawra, the architecture of the large tripartite houses was reused for ritual purposes and became temples, often associated with fortified buildings, most likely under the control of an elite who could thus exercise political activity and mobilize labor and its production by acting as priests, sponsors of shrine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia |
Avicenna | Ibn Sina was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. He aimed to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. His views on Islamic theology and philosophy were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna |
Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula | In the first stage of the invasion, the armies were made up of Berbers from northern regions of North Africa, together with different groups of Arabs from Western Asia. These peoples, clustered around the banner of the Umayyads did not mix together, remaining in separate towns and boroughs. The Berbers, recently subdue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula |
Banu Kilab | Salih had designated his son, Thimal, as his successor, but his eldest son, Nasr, a survivor of al-Uqhuwana, also sought the emirate. At the same time, the two brothers faced an imminent offensive by the Byzantine emperor Romanos III in 1030. Thimal remained in Aleppo with the bulk of their forces, while Nasr led the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kilab |
Kingdom of Kongo | Slavery had existed since the Kingdom of Kongo's founding, as during its early wars of expansion the nascent kingdom had taken many captives. Kongo's tradition of forcibly transferring peoples captured in wars to the royal capital was key to the power of the Kongolese king, and it was the same mechanism of enslavement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo |
2015 European migrant crisis | After inspecting a refugee camp in Traiskirchen, Austria, in August 2015, Amnesty International noted inhabitants were receiving insufficient medical care and claimed Austria was "violating human rights".
In late November, Finnish reception centers were running out of space, which forced authorities to resort to refurb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis |
Islamic State | IS is a theocracy, proto-state, or quasi-state, and a Salafi jihadist group. The organization's ideology has been described as a hybrid of Qutbism, Takfirism, Salafism, Salafi jihadism, Wahhabism, and Sunni Islamist fundamentalism. Although IS claims to adhere to the Salafi theology of Ibn Taymiyyah, it rebels against ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State |
Sudan | On 19 December 2018, massive protests began after a government decision to triple the price of goods at a time when the country was suffering an acute shortage of foreign currency and inflation of 70 percent. In addition, President al-Bashir, who had been in power for more than 30 years, refused to step down, resulting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Nizam al-Mulk | Following Alp Arslan's assassination in 1072, Malik-Shah I was challenged in battle by his uncle, Kavurt. In January 1074, their armies met near Hamadan. Kavurt's troops consisted of the traditional Turkmen elements from Alp Arslan's army, while Malik's consisted of ghulams and contingents of Kurdish and Arab troops. D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk |
Chess | Texts referring to the origins of chess date from the beginning of the seventh century. Three are written in Pahlavi (Middle Persian) and one, the Harshacharita, is in Sanskrit. One of these texts, the Chatrang-namak, represents one of the earliest written accounts of chess. The narrator Bozorgmehr explains that Chatra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess |
Kalam | Abu Hanifah, founder of Hanafi school, was recorded to fiercely denounce kalam. He was recorded to scold a kalam scholar Amr ibn Ubayd: "May Allah curse Amr bin Ubaid, since he has paved the way for people who study the science of Kalam, even though this science is useless to them.". Abu Hanifa also said: "(Kalam) are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam |
Fatima | The last passage of verse 33:33, also known as the verse of purification, reads:God only desires to remove defilement from you, O Ahl al-Bayt, and to purify you completely.Muslims disagree as to who belong to the Ahl al-Bayt (lit. 'people of the house') and what political privileges or responsibilities they have. Shia ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima |
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