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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืืื_ื ืชื ืืื#cite_note-186] | [TOKENS: 76002] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืึดึผื ึฐืึธืึดืื (ืึดึผืืึดึผื) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐืึธืืึผ (ื ืืื ื-21 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1949, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉ"ื) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืื ืคืงืื). ืืฉื ืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ื-1993 ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืืืฉ ืชืงืืคืืช ืื ืจืฆืืคืืช: ืืื 1996โ1999 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืข; ืืื 2009โ2021 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืชืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉ, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ; ืืืื ืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืืขื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2002 ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืืืืืืงื. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2003โ2005, ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืคืจืื, ืืืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020, ื ืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืืชืืจืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืขื ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ื-2023 ืืืจืข ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืื-2025 ืชืงืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื 2005 ื-2013 ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจืชืืช ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2020, ืงืืืื "ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช" ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืขืงืืืชืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืชืืง 1000, ืชืืง 2000 ืืชืืง 4000. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื (ICC) ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืื (ืืืืช ืกืื; 1912โ2000) ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1910โ2012) ืื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืคืจืืกื ืื ืืืื ืกืื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืชืืคืืืช ืื-1955 ืืงืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืจืื. ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืื[ื] ืืืืจ ืืฉืื "ืื" ืืงืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืชื. ืืืื ืื ืืืง ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืืชืืืืช ื-60 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืขื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ืขืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืช 1963, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืจื ืืฆ'ืืื ืื, ืคืจืืืจ ืฉื ืคืืืืืคืื ืฉืืคื ืกืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื-1967 ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืฆื"ื, ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื, ืฉืื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืขืื. ืืื ืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืืืชื ืชืืช ืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืง ืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฆืข ืชืฉืืจื, ืืืืฆืข ืชืืคืช ืืืืืฆืข ืืืืืืก 4 ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืข, ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืืฆืจื ืคืชื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช 13, ืืขืช ืฆืืืืช ืชืขืืช ืกืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืกืืจืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื. ืืืืฉื, ืกืืื ืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ื ืื"ืจ ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืฆืข ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืืก "ืกืื ื", ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืคืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืคืฆืข ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืืื. ืืคืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืืจื ืืคืขืืื ืกืืืืช ืืกืืจืื, ื ืชืงืข ืืฆืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืชืฉืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจ. ืืคืงื ืคืืืชื, ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืฉ ืืขืืจืชื ืืืืืฅ ืืืชื. ืืงืืฅ 1972 ืืฉืชืืจืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจืืช ืกืจื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ืฉืืืกืฆ'ืืกืืก. ืขื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1973, ืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืืฆื ืืืืืชืจืช ืฉื "ืืืืจืื" ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจื ืขื ืื ืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืข ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืคืื. ืืคื ืืืืืืื, ื ืจืื ืื ืคืืงื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืื. ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืขื 1981. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืืจ, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฉื ืงืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืืืช (B.S.A.D) ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ื-1974, ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื MIT ืกืืืื ื-1976. ืขืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฃ ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจ, ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืชืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืึพMIT ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืืฅ ืขืกืงื, "ืืืกืืื ืงืื ืกืืืื ื ืืจืืค". ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ื ืขืฆืื "ืื ื'ืืื ื ืืชืื" ืื "ืื ื ืืชืื". ื ืืชืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืขื ืืืืจืื. ื-1976 ืฉืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืกืืฃ 1976 ืืขื 1980 ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืฉืขืจื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืกืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืจ. ื-1980 ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ืืคืจืก ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืืงืจ, ืืขืืืจ ืืืฆืืช ืืืชืื ืืื ื. ืืื 1979โ1982 ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืจืืืืื "ืจืื ืชืขืฉืืืช". ืืืกืืจืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืฉืืื ืืกืึน ืืคืืืืืืงื ืืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืชื ืืฆืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื. ืกื., ืชืคืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืื 1982โ1984. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืจื ืก ืืฉืืจืืจ, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืื, ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื. ืืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืจื ืฉืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืืจื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื, ืงืืจื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืชืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืืฃ ืืกืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืขื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื. ื-1988 ืืืขื ืง ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื. ืงืจืืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ื-1988, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื". ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ื-12, ืืืชืื ื ืืกืื ื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฆืฆื ื ืืฆื ื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืื"ื, ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืืช. ื-1991 ื ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืืื, ืขืงื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-1992, ืืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืคืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ, ืืชืืืื ื-1993 ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืกืข ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช, ืืชืคืจืกืื "ืคืจืฉืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช". ืืืืคืขื ืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืืจืช ืคืืฉืขืื" ื ืืกื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชื. ืืจืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืฉื, ืืขืืืงื ืืช ืืงืจืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืงืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืงืฆื, ืืืื ื-52.1% ืืืงืืืืช (72,705 ืืชืื 139,522 ืงืืืืช ืืฉืจืื). ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื-1993 ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื, ืงืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืกืื ื', ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1995. ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืืคืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืจืขื ื ื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืจืื ืงืืืจื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืชืื "ืจืืื ืงืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช", ืืืชื ืืคืจืกืื ืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื. ื-29 ืืืื 1996 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืจืืข-ืขืฉืจื, ืืคื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก, ืฉืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฆืื, ืืจืื ืืืืง ืฉื ื-29,000 ืงืืืืช. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืชืงืื ืืืคืชืขื ืืงืจื ืืคืจืฉื ืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 1.4%, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืช ืืืงืจ ืืชืืคืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขืงื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืจืฆื ืจืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืช, ืืืชื ื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืชืืจืืช ื"ืืืืืื-ืืฉืจ-ืฆืืืช". ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืคืจืก ืืืคืืข ืขืืืฃ ืื ืจืื, ืื ืฉืคืืข ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืงืจื ืืืืขืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข "ืขื ืื ืืขื" ืืืืคืืื ืขื ืืคืจ ืงืื ื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืคืืื ืฆืขืืจื ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืง: "ื ืชื ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื", ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืืจื ืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืฆืืืข ืื ืชื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืขืฅ ืืจืชืืจ ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกืืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืื "ืคืจืก ืืืืง ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื", ืฉืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืชื ืืืื 47 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืึพ18 ืืืื ื 1996 ืขื ืึพ6 ืืืืื 1999. ืืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื. ืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืขื ืขืืงืจืื ืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืจืง ืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืชืขืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืกืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื'. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืกืืืืช. ื-24 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฆืคืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืจืื 17 ืืืืื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืืขืงืืืช ืคืชืืืช ืืคืชื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฉืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืชืืช ืืกืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืชื ืืคืชืืืช ืคืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืช ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช "ื ืืืขื ืืกืืข ืงืืืื ื". ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื ืชืื ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืงืจื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืจืคืืช ืืคืกืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืืคืกืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืชืืืช "ืืกืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืจ 1997. ืืืกืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืฉืชื ื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืงืจืื "ืฉืืืฉ ืืคืขืืืืช". ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ. ืืงืืฅ 1997 ืืชืจืืฉื ืฉื ื ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืื'ืืื ืืฉืขื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืืจืื. ืืคืขืืื ืื ืขืืชื ืืคื ืืกืืื ื "ืืืืกื" ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ื ืชืคืกื. ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืจืืคืช ื ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืขื ืืฉืืจืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืืืกืื. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืกืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืกื ืืื ืืจืืืง, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืฉืืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืื ืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืชืชื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืคืืืืขืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืคื ืื, ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืง ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืจืฆืื 4 ืื ืฉืื ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืชืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขื 2008. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืงืืช ืืืืขืฆื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืงืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืคืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืื ืก ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1998. ืืืืขืืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืืจ, ืื ืกืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืฉืืืื 13% ืืฉืืื C ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื A ื-B,โ 1% ื-12% ืืืชืืื, ืืืคืชืืืช ื ืื ืชืขืืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืกืขืืคื ืืืื ื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืชืื ืกื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืคืืจืกื ื ืืกื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืขืืคืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืจืง ืืืง ืงืื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจื: โืืชื ื โ ืืงืืื, ืื ืืชื ื โ ืื ืืงืืื.โ ืชืงืืคื ืื ืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืชืืงืืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ื"ืคืขืืืืช" ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืคืขื. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืงืืคืืื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืกืืจืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืืจ, ื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขื ืช ืื ืืก ืจืืก ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืืืชื ืืืกืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืืืช 1967, ืชืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืงื ืืืืืืง ืืืงืืข ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืขื ืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืขืงืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืงื ืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืื ืืช ืจืืื, ืืื: ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื (4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997), ืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืงืฆืื ืื ืืกืืืจืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื (23 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997) ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืืช (5 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1997) ืฉืื ื ืืจืื 12 ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช 13 ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืช ืืคืงืคืืง ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืช ืฉืคืขืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืืงืฆืื ืื ืืืืืข ืื"ืจ ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืขื ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื, ืขืืืฃ ืชืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืกืืจืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืชืช ืขื ืื ืกืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื. ืคืขืืืืช ืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื'ืจื ืคืืืืื (ืื ') ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื, ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืฆืจ: ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืืขืงื ื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โ ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืคืจืง ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ื. ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื" ืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืฉื ืงื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช 1998, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืขืืขืื ืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื, ืืขืื ืขื ื ืก ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืคืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื. ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฆืขื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื", ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจื ืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคื ืกืื ืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืฆืืืจืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืกืคืช ืืคืขืื ืกืืืืจื ืฉืืืฉื, ืชืืืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช "Yes" ืืืืกืคืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืง ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืืช. ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืืจืืคืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืจืืชื ืืคืืืืืืื ืึปืึผืึผ ืืขืืชืื ืืืจืืงืืช ืืฆืจืืืืช. ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืกื ืื ืืืง ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืจื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืจืฆื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืคืืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืืกืคืง ืื ืจืฉืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืกืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืชืงืคื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืจืกืืชืื ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ื.[ื] ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชื. ืืืคืขืชื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืฉืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื. ืืืชืืจืืจืืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื-21 ืืืฆืืืจ 1998 ืืฆืืืขื ืืื ืกืช ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืกืืื ืชืืจืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืงืืจื, ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืื-ืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืืขืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื; ืืฆืืง ืืจืืื, ืฉืืืชื ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืืฅ ื ืืื; ืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืคืจืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจืืฅ, ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืชืืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืง, ืฉื ืืฆื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื 1999, ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 56% ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืชื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืกืืคืืืช ืืืืืืข ืขื ื ืืืืช ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืงื, ืืฉืืฆืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืืคื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืชืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืจ ืขื ืืื ืขืืืงืื ืืงืจืข ืืขื ืืืืื ื ืฉืจืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืืกื 1999 ืืื ื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจืช "ืืืงืืจืืง ืคืืื". ืขื ื ืคืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืจืง ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืืืืงื. ืขื ืคื ืืืง, ืืชืคืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืจืช ืื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืื. ืืคืืืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืื ืจืฆืชื ืืืกืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืกืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืกืืืขื ืืืขืืจืช ืืืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืคืชืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืขืช ื"ืืืชื ืืืืจ" ืืืคืืคืืืจื ืคืืืช ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืช ืืื", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืืคืืืืขืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืกืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืจืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืขืชื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืืฆืข ืืคืจืื ืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2002 ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืขืืจืืง. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืจืคืืจืื ืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืขืืืชื ืืขืจืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื, ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืชืงืืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื" ืืืืกืืฃ ืื ืชืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืกืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื. ืืคืืขื ืืชืืจืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืืื ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืง ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืจืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืืช ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ืืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 24%. ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืืช 2003, ืืืฆืข ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืคืฅ ืืชืืง ืืืืฅ, ืกืืจื ืชืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืก ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ, ืขืจื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช ืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืคืืืืืกืืืช ืชืงืืคื, ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช. ืืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฆืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืง ื"ืืืฉ ืืจืื (ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื) ืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืื (ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื)". ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืคืืชืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืืื ืกื. ืืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืก ืืืืื ืคืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืก ืืชืืฉืื ืืชื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฆืข 2004 ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืจืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืืก ืืืืจืืช (25% ืืขืืืช 36%) ืขื ืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืคืืชืช ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื (44% ืืขืืืช 50%). (ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 2012 โ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-48% ืื-50% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืก ืืืื ืกื ืขื ื-40,000 ืฉ"ื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช.) ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืฉืืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืืชืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืจืง ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืื. ืขืจืื ืฉื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืงืคื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืงืื 147 ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื, ืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ื-15% ื-20% ืขื ืจืืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืจืกื ืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืคืืงืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืงืจืงืขืื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืืื ืงืืฆืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืขื ืงืฉืช ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืข"ื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉื 17%. ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืงืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื ("ืชืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื") ืืืืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืื. ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืคื ืืกืืจืชื ืคืขืื ืืืืืืช ืงืฆืื ืื (ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืคืจื), ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืช. ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืคืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืืฉืื ืืขืืจืจื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืงื ืคื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืขืืจื ืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื. ื-2003 ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืช "ืื ืขื", ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืงืืืฆืช "ืื ืคืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืคื ืืช "ืฆืื" (50% ืืืืืจื) ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืขืืคืจ ืชืืืจืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื. ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืงื ืจืืื ืื "ืขืกืงืช ืืฉืงืฉืืงื", ืขืืจืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืจืื, ืื ืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืจื ืืื"ื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืกืงืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืงืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืืจืื ืคืื, ืชืืืจืช 1.3 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ื-80% ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืกืืจื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืจืกื. ืืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช "ืืืง" ื ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืคืงืก, ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืกืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืืืคืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืื ืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืขืืืืื, ืฉืื ืชืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2009, ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืงืืข ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืืจืช ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืคืฉืจื ืืงืจื ืคืืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืคืจืขืื, ืืช ืชืฉืืื ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืจืื. ืฆืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืคืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืช ืืืขืืืืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืชืื. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืื ืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืืขืืช ืืืจ". ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืชืื, ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืคืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืื ืืื-ืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืขื-ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื 2002 ื-2004 ืขืื ืื-10%, ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืขืื ื-12%. ืืจืืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืื ืืงืงืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืคื ืกืืื ืจืื. ืืขืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืฆืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืืืงืืจืช, ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืื: ืืกืืฃ 2002 ืืชืงืฉืชื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืก ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ. ืืื"ื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืคืื ื ืกืืช ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืคืื ื ืกืืื ื ืืข, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืฉื, ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืงืฆืื (ืืฃ ืฉืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื), ืืืช ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืขืืื, ืงืืืช ืืขืจืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืจื-ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืคื, ืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืฆืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืก ืื-ืขืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืื ืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืข ืืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืง ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืขื ืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืข ืืกืชืืืืืืืช, ืืคืจื ืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืคื ืืืฆืืข ืขืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืฃ ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืข ืืขื ืืชืื ืืช. ืืฉืขืืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืฆืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืืืฉื ื ืกืื ืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืื ืืชืงืืื ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืช ืืชื ืขืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื, ืืืืก ืืืืจืคืช ืืฆืื ืืจืคืืื ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืข ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืขื, ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืข ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืช. ื-7 ืืืืืืกื 2005, ืขืจื ืืืฆืืข ืืคืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืื ื ืืืง ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืืฉืฉื ืฉืืขืื ืฆืคืื ืืงืื "ืืกืืก ืืจืืจ ืฉืืกืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืจ" ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื. ื-30 ืืืืืืกื 2005 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื "ืฉืืืื ืืืจืฆ". ืืกืคืืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืจืื, ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืคืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืจืื ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืฆืขื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืงืืืืช ืงืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืืคืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉื "ืงืืืื", ืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืข ืขืฉืจื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืฅ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื. ืขืืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืงืืืื". ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ื ืขืจืื ื-19 ืืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืขื 44% ืื ืืงืืืืช (ืืื 33% ืืฉืืื, 12% ืืคืืืืืื ื-9% ืืืฅ). ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2006 ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืคืชืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชื ืืขื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืืจ ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืชื ืืขื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืืชืืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืืงืื ืงืืกืืื ืืืื, ืืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฆืขื ื ื ืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-17, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืฆื ืืงืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช. ืืคืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ื"ืฆืขื ืงืืกืืื" ืืืชื ืืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื ืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืืื ืขืื ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืื ื-12 ืื ืืืื, ืืืช ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืขืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืฃ ืขืืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืคืืื. ืื ืืื ืืชืืืกื, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืคืืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืกืื ื ืื ืฉืงืคืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืฉืช ืืคืฆืฆืช ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืคืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืืืกืืจ ืืฉืงืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจืื. ื-14 ืืืืืืกื 2007 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื. ืืจืืื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืชืืืช ืืืืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื, ืชืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืขืืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืคืืื, ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 72.8% ืืืืกืก ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืจืื, ืืืคืืจ ืืงืื ืืก, ืืืืืงืชื ืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืงืื ื-36, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-20. ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืชืคืกื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืขืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืกืืคื ืืชืคืืจ. ืืืืืคืชื, ืฆืืคื ืืืื ื, ืืฉืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืช ืขืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื ืืชืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฆืข. ืืงืืคืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืกืืกืืืืช ืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืืื, ืืืง ืืืืืื". ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ, ืืฉืืืขืืื ืืืจื ืชืื ืืืฆืข "ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื", ื ืคืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืจืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืจ, ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืชื ืชืคืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื, ืืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืืคืืื, ืกืืคืจ ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ื-2020 ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉืื, ืขืงื ืกืงืจืื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืขื ืืชืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืชืื ืข. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ื-27 ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืงืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื-ืืชื, ืฉืืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืื ืกืช (65 ื"ืืื), ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืื ืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื, ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืฉ"ืก, ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ื-31 ืืืจืฅ 2009 ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืื 30 ืฉืจืื ื-9 ืกืื ื ืฉืจืื. ืืืื ื 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช "ื ืืื ืืจ-ืืืื", ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืกืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืืจืืื, ืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืจ, ืืืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ-ืืืื ื ืชืคืก ืืฆืืืืจ ืืชืคื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืก ืืขืืืืชืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืคื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2010 ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืื ืืืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืจืื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืจื ืืืฆื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื "ืงืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืืืืื... ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืฆืขื ืื ืคืกืงื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืขื ืืืืจื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฃ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืฉื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืงืื, ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืืืจ ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื, ืืืืจืืฃ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืขืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื 2010. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2010, ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืขืืื ืืชืื ืืกืชืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืก, ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืฆื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื 10 ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืืืจืขื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืืื ืืคืืืืข ืงืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืจื ืกืื ื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืงืคืช ืจืงืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2011, ืื ืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืฉ ืืืื"ื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืงืืื, ืคืขื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืจืฃ ืคืขืืืืช ืืื, ื-29 ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืฉืจื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืื (ืืืืืื 67/19 ืฉืื) ืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืงืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื"ื. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก, ืืคืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืืชื. ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืข ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืกืืจ ืงืืข. ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืก - ืืืกืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืชืืืจืช 1,027 ืืกืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืื ื'ืขืืจื, ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืข ืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ื'ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื 2011, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืกืืจืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืงืื, ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืชืื ืืฉืืจืช ืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืคื ืืืฆืขื ืืจืื ืชืืกืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืชืืฆืข ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจืื. ืกืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืกืืืืืช ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืขื ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืจืืข ืืืจ ื-1993. ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืจืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ื-31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011, ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืื โืืืจืื ืืจืขืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืขืืื ืโ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืขื ืืืืืช ืืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื 3, ืืืงื ืืืืกื ื"ืืืกื", ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ื-27 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืชืืืข ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืขืฉืจ ืืจืื ืฉื 90% ืชืืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื-ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ื"ืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืจื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืื 2010 ืืืขืื ืื ืืืก ืขื ืกืืืจืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืช ืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืขืืคืจ ืขืื ื, ืขื ืขืกืงืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืง ืฉืื ืฆืื ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชื. ืืฉืงื ืืชืืืง ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืงื ืืืช ืขืชืืืืช ืื"ื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืืกืืฃ. ืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจืืกืคืงืืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืชื ืืื ืืขื ื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช "ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ื", ืืืฉืฉืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืจื ืคืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื. ืืืื 2010 ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืื (OECD). ืืืืื-ืืืืืกื 2011 ืคืจืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืช ืจืื ืืืืฆืืชืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืฆืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื 3, ืืืขืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืข"ื, ืืก ืงื ืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2012 ืืืืข ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ื-39 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ืืคืืืื ืืืืชืืื ื. ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืกืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื, ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืขื ืืง ืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืขืชืืจื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ื ืืืชื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืกื ื ืจืง ื-700,000 ืืฉืจืืืื (ื-10%) ืืืืืื ื ื ืืชืจื ืขื ืขืืืฃ ืฉื ื-4.5 ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืื. ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื ืืฉืจืคื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืกืคื 44 ืื ื ืืื, ื-17,000 ืืืฉ ืคืื ื ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืื ื-25 ืงื"ืจ (25,000 ืืื ื) ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืขืื ืืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืชืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืกืืืืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืื ืฉืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืื' ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืคืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืื"ืค ืกืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ื-36 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช 2008, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืื ืกืช. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื, ืืฉืืฆืืืขื ืื ื-75% ืืืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2012 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืช "ืืืืืื" ื"ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉืืื ืชื "ืืืืืื ืืืชื ื" ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ื-31 ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ 2013. ืืืจืฅ 2013 ืืืืกืืจืช ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืื - ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืงืื, ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืื ื, ืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื ืืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื, ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืกืืืืช, ืฉืืืคืจืื 2014 ื ืจืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืืกืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืกืื ืืืจืืจื ืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืชืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืฃ ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืจืงืื ื ืขืจืื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืงืคื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืข ืืืืจืงืื. ืืืืง ืืืืกื ืืจืื ืืโืืฉืจืื ืืืืกื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ื-ืกืืกื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืคืช ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ื-12 ืืืื ื 2014 ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืคืชืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืืืืคืื ืืืคืืืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืขืื ื-400 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ื-50 ืืกืืจืื ืฉืฉืืืจืจื ืืืืื ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืื, ื ืืฉืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืกืืืงืื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืจืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืื. ื-8 ืืืืื 2014 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืจืืง ืฉื ื-3 ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืก. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืจื ืืืืก ืืืคื ืจืงืืืช ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-30 ืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืคืืชืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื'ืืขืืื, ืื-7 ืืืืืืกื ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืืชืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืคืกืงืืช ืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืจืคืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ื ืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืงืื ืืงืืจ ืืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืกืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืกืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืขื ืฉืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื-26 ืืืืืืกื, ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืืฆืข ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืฆืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืืคื ื ืืืืฆืข. ืืืืื 2014 ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืฆื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืงืืืืช ืื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ื ืจืฆืื 6 ืืฉืจืืืื. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืกืื ืืืชืืืฉ ืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื, ืืืกืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืขืฆื ื ืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืจืขืื ืฉื 40 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฆืคื ืืืืจืขืื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 4.9% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืงื ื-2013 ืืืืงื ื-2014. ืืืคืจืื 2013 ืืืฉืจื ืจืคืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืชืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืง ืืจืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืฉืง. ืืืื 2014 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืจ, ืืฉื ืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฆืืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ื 2015, ืืื ืฉืงืืคืืช, ืฆืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืงืืข ืืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืืืช. ืืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืื"ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2014 ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ืืชืจ ืฉืจื "ืืฉ ืขืชืื" ืืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ื-17 ืืืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ื "ืคืืืฉ" ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืืืชื ืืืืง "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืกืคืจื "ืืืื: ืกืืคืืจ ืืื" ืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฉืคืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืคืื ืืืื ื "ืขื ืกืื ืฉืืืขื ืงืื ืกืคืืจืืืืืช ืฉืืกืจื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืคืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืคืืืฉ". ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืื ื-30 ืื ืืืื. ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืคืืกื ืฉืคืจืกื ืืืฃ ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืืง ืืงืืคืืื ืืืจืฆืช ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื, ืคืจืกื ืกืจืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจ: โืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืืฆืืืขืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืงืืคื. ืขืืืชืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืกืื. ืจืืืชืื ืื ื ืืื V15, ืืฉ ืื ื "ืฆื 8", ืืฉ ืื ื ืจืง ืืชืื, ืฆืื ืืงืืคืโ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืข ืฆืขืจ ืขื ืฉืืืจืื ืคืืขื ืืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืขืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, "ืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืืื", ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2015, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-34 ืืจืืฉืืชื, ืืืฉืื ืฆืจื ืฉื ืฉืขื ื ืขื 61 ื"ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืฉื ื, ื-26 ืืืื 2016, ืืฆืืจืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-66. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืฃ ืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื (ืจืื ืืืื). ืขื ืกืืฃ 2016 ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืคืืืืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืื ืช ืืคืืืข ืืืกืื ืื-ืืงืฆื, ืืืืืฉืื ืชืืืจื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืช. ืื ืืืจืืจ ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ, ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ืืขืืืื ื-37, ื-20 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015, ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื' ืืืื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืจืฉ ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืคืชื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืชื. ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืืขืืจืช ื ืฉืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืกืื ืืืคืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื, ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉืื ืจืืกืื, ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื. ืืืื 2016 ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืกืช ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื "ื ืืจืจืช ืืืชืืืืช". ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ื-2018 ืืกืืกืื ืืืืจืื ื-ืืฉืจืืื ืืคื ืืขืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืช ืื"ื ืืชืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื T-4 ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืกื ื ืืชืืืืฉืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืคืจืื, ืืชืงืคืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืืืช. ื-30 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืข ืืืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืกืืืื ืืงืืฆืื ืฉืืืฆืื "ืืืืกื" ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืกืชื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื. ืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช 20 ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืื ืฆื"ื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืก. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืชืจ ืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ 2018 ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืกืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืก. ืืืืืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-220 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืจืืื ืคืขืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืช ืขืคืืคืื ื ืชืืขืจื, ืืืื ื ืชืืขืจื ืื ืคืฅ ืืจืงืืืช ืฉืฉืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืคืืงืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืืคืจ "ืืืืืืื" ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื, ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจื ืฉืืืจื, ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื-ืขืื, ืืคืงื ืืืืจื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืฉื "ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก", ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื "ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื". ืืชืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฆืืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืก. ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฆืื ืืจ ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืืืก, ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉื ื-30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืืืขืื ืืคืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืฃ ืชืกืืืข ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืกืืืื ืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืฉืืืกืคืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืจ. ืืจืืฉืืช 2019 ืืกืืืจ ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืก: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก. ืื ืืืง ืืืืกืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืคืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืข ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืงืืจ ืืืืืก ืืชืคืืจ ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืคืืืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืืฉืืชื ืคืจืฉื ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืื ื-18 ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืึพ17 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืื ื-10 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืฉืชืืืช ืขื ืืืง ืืืืกืฃ ืืงืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืื"ื ืฆืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืขืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืข ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืคืืจืืืจ 2019. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืืืื 2334 ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจืฉืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืกืงืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืืช "ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืื ื ื ืงืื ืฆืขืืื ื ืื ืกื ืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืื ื ืืืืคืกืงื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืฉืืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2018 ื ืขืจื ืืงืก ืคืชืืืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืจืืืค ืคืจืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืขืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืกืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื, ืื ืืฉ ืืจืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืขื ืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ("ืขืกืงืช ืืืื"). ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืงืจืจื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืชื ืืื. ื-4 ืืืืื 2017 ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื, ื ืจื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืกืืืข ืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืงืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคื. ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืคืจืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคืฉื, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืชื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืื-ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงื: ืืืืื 2016 ืขืจื ืกืื ืืืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื 40 ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืฆื ืคืกืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืงื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืชืืืคืื. ืืืื ื 2017 ื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื (ืื ') ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2017 ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืขืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืงื ืืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2017 ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืงืืืืืืื ืืืงืกืืงื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืืืข ืืืฆื ืืืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืกืืฃ 2017 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืชืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืจืืชืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืขืช ืืืืืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืขื ืง ืืืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช. ื-2 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืืืกืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืคืขืืื "ืืืฅ ืืืจืืคื ืขื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื" ืืกืืช ืืืืกืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื. ืืืงืื ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื, ืืจืื ืืจืขื, ืืื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืงืืื ืืคืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืชืงื ืืืืืช, ืื ืืืชืงื ืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช.ืืืกืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืืขืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืฉืื ืชืงืื ืื ืืกืจ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชื ืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืงื ืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ' ืืืขืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืืืืืืกื 2016 ืืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืง, ืืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจืืช ืืื"ืฅ ืื ืืฉื. ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืงืจื ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืงืืืข. ืืืืื 2015 ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืช 2017 ืคืขื ืืกืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืงืฃ ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืงื ืืืืฃ ื ืคืจื. ืชืืงืื ืืืงืืงื ืขืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืจื ืืงืืช ืืชืืืื, ืื ืืืงืคื ืืืื ืื"ืฅ (ืื-2018 ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช), ืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ื ืืชื ื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2015, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจื ืฉืืืืฉื ืกืืขืช "ืืฉ ืขืชืื", ืงืืข ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ. ืืขืงืืืช ืื, ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื "ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื" ืืชืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืืชืืืืช 2020 ื ืืจืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื. ืชืืืื ืืืคื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืจืฆื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืข ืชืืืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืชื ืืืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืฆืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉืื. ืืืืฉื ืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืืคืขืืชืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ื-29.9 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ื-54 ืืืืืืจื ืืืื ื 2019, ืืจืืื ืฉื 14 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืขืืืช ืืืขื ืืชืงืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืคื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจื ืกืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืฆืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ื-27 ืืืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกื ืื"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืชืืื, ืื ื ืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื ื. ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื, ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืขืืฃ ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืกืื ืคืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืฆืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืงืฆืืช ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืกืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื "ืืชืืื ืืืืชื" ืืคืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจืื ืขืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืชืคืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืฉืืช ืืืืชื. ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืช ืฉื ืืืชืืื, ืขื ืฉืืืงืคื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืชืืงืื ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื ื ืงืืข ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืืจืช ืื ืงืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืก ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกื 600,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืชืืืืงืช ืืืชื ืืคืจืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืืช ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืืงืื ืืงืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2015 ืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืฉืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืชื ืืขืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ื-24 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืขืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืืืคืงืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืจ ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืคืืืืจื ืืงืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืขืจืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019. ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืขืืื ืืช ืจืืฆืชื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ื-28 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019, "ืืืืืื" ืืื ื-35 ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืกืืื ืืคืงืืขืช ืคืจืง ืืืื ืฉื ืงืฆื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืช ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉื ืื, ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืข ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืืช" ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืืืจืืช, ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ื-32 ืื ืืืื, ืืขืืืช 38 ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื" ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืื-ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืื". ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืื ืืืื 55 ืืืจื ืื ืกืช, ืืขืืืช 54 ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2019 ื ืขืจืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช "ืืืืืื", ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื-72.5% ืืืงืืืืช, ืืฉืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2020 ืืืืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื-36 ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฅ ืืื ืืืืืฆืชื ืฉื 61 ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืขืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืจื ืกืืฃ ืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฅ, ืืขื ืจืงืข ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืงืืจืื ื, ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ื-7 ืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืชืืื ืฉื 72 ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืื ืื. ืืคื ื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืคืืจืกื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืขืช ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืฉืคืื. ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืืืฉืืข ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฆื, ื-17 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021, ืื ืืืืืคื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืฉื. ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืกืืืข ืืืขื ืงืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื, ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืฉืช ืืชืืืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืชืฉืจื. ืืืงืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉื. ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ. ืืืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ื"ื ืคืืืืจ, ืขื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ื ืขื ื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืชืืกื ืืืคืจืง ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชืืกื ืื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืฆืขืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืฅ ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืฉืืื ืชื "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื". ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืง ืขื ืืชืืืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืกืืื, ืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืกืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉ. ื-13 ืืืืืืกื 2020 ืืฆืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช-ืืฉืจืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืคื ืืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืคืื. ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ื ืงืจืื "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืืืกืื ื ืืชื ื-15 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ืืืชืืืืช) ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-10 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ื-22 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ื ืืชื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืจื ืกืืืื. ื-24 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 (ืฉืขืื ืืฉืจืื), ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ื-6 ืืื ืืืจ 2021 ืืชืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืืืืขื ืืชืืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืขื ืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ื-13 ืืืื ื 2014. ืืืื ื"ื ืืขืืืจ, ื"ื ืืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ืืืคืจืื 2021 ืืชืจืืฉ ืืกืื ืืืจืื, ืื ื ืกืคื 45 ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืฆืขื 102 ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-6 ืืืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืื ืืขืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืกืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืงื ืืชืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืืขืช ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืขืงื ืืขืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืจืงืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืคืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืืฆืข ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ื-23 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข, ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื-36 ื-30, ืื ืืืคืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉ ืขืชืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืืคืื, ืขื 17 ืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืชืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืคืื, ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื, ืืื ืขื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ื-13 ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคื ืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-12 ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืฉืจ ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ื ืืงืืคืื ืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืืืืืกืืจืื ืจืืื. ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื, ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื, ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืชืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืฉืืงืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืื ืข ืืืืืืข ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข ืขืืืช ืืฉืืจ, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืชืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืกืืืืช ืืขืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2021 ื ืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ื-2019. ืืืงืก ืืื ืืื ืืืง ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืฉืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฃ ืืช ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืื "ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืจื", ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืืืข ืืชืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื-ืืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืช ื ืืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื. ื-29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืกืง ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืืกืจ ืกืืืจืืช ืงืืฆืื ื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืขืืจื ืืคืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืื ื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืก. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืขื ืื: ืืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืึพ4 ืืื ืืืจ 2023 ืืืจืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืช ืคืกืืืช ืืืงืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืื ืจืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืืืืจืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืคืจืกืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืงืืขื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืชืขืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืืชื ื ืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช "ืืืง ืื ืืฆืจืืช", ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืขืงื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืฆืจื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ. ืืืืืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืืืืื ืคืืืขื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืกื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืฉืชืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืืื. ื ืฉืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืกืชืจ ืืืืช ืืืงืืขื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืชืคืืข ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืคืืช. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืชืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืงืฉื ืืขื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฆืช ืงืฆืื ืื ืืฆื"ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื ื ืืืื "ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื" ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืืื. ื-25 ืืืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืงืืงืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืืืืจืื, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืกืคืื ืื ืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื "ืืื ืืื ื". ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื "ืชืจืืื" ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื. ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืื. ืืืกืืฃ ื ืืืจื ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจืจ, ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจื ืงืืืืืฆืื, ืื ืืืขื ืขื ืืชืจืืื ืืืื ืืืงืคืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืงืงื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืฉืจืช ืืืคืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืจื ืืืจืืกื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ื ืงืื ืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืื ืืืคืืขืื. ืึพ9โ13 ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืฅ ืืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก. ืืกืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆืข "ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืชืขื". ืืืืื 2023 ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืฆื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืก ืืงืืืื ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื, ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืฉื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืขืื. ืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื 60%. ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืงืื, ืืคื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 2024 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืขืื ืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืจืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืคืฆืฆื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืื"ื, ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืืฆืืช "ืขื ืกืืคื ืฉื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื - ืืกืื ืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืขืืืื" - ืืกืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืฆืืื. ืืืื ื 2024 ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืืืงืจ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจืืขื ืืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืขืช ืืืืขืื: "ืืืชืืื ื ืืืฆืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืืขืื ืืฉืื ืื ืขืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืืืง ืืชืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืกืืืืืช ืจืืืฉืืช. ืืืช, ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืคืืืขื ืืืืกื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืขืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืขืืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืื 2024 ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช (ืืืื'ืก, ืคืืฅ' ืืกืื ืืจื ืื ื ืคืืจืก) ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1988. ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื S&P ืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024 ืืืจืืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืคื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืจืืืช. ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืก ืขืจื ืืืกืฃ ื-17% ื-18%. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืืกืื, ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืงืจื ืืืชืจ ื-38% ืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืข OECD. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืงืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืขืืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืฉื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืง ืืกืื: ืืฉืคืืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืืืงืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืืกืืจ ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืขืงื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืกืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืก ืืืืื 17% ืขื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืงืืขื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืจืืฉื ืฉื"ื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื "ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืื ื-2018 ืงืืื ืืขืืจื ืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืงืื, ืืงืืจ ืืืื ืืืืก. ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืงืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืคื ืกืืืจ, ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืกืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืขื: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก." ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืชืคืืกื ืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืฉืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื, ื ืื ืืจืืื, ืืืกื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืขืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืืกืคืืช ืืืกืืจืช "ืืืืขืื ืืงืืจืืช".[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื 2023 ืชืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืชื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืคืงืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจื ืขืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืฉื"ื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืืจืชืขื ื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืฆืขืืช โืกืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชืจืขื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืื. ืืืื ืชืฉืจื 2023 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ื-1 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืืฅ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช "ืืขืจืืคื" ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืก, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืกืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ืืืืงืจ 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023, ืืื ืฉืืช, ืฉืืืช ืชืืจื, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืคืืกืืื ืื "ืืืืก" ื"ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื" ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืืช ืฉืืืืจ ื-4,300 ืจืงืืืช, ืืืจื ื-6,000 ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื, ืืืขืจ ืืืจื ืืืืชืงื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืืืกืืืืชื, ื-119 ืคืจืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืชืื ื ืืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืก, ืจืฆืื ืืืจืื 1,173 ืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืื ื-779 ืืืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ื-251 ืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื, ื ืฉืื, ืงืฉืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช. ืืฉืขืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืื ื ืืช, ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ืฆื"ื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืกืคืจืืช. ืืงืจืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-1,609 ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ื ืืจืื 329 ืืืืืื, 58 ืฉืืืจืื ื-10 ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืืฉืจืื ืคืื ืชื ืืืืฉืืืื 29 ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื ื-22 ืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื. ืืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืจืืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืื, ื ืืจื ืืจืก ื ืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืจืฆืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืื, ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืฆืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืช'ืื ืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืก, ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืกืืจื ืืงืืช ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืก, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืง ืืืืืจืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืจื ื"ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืืช" ืืคืจืืฆืชื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืื. ืขื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช NBC ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืืจ: "ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืืช [...] ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืงืจื". ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื"ื ืืฉื "ืืืขืืจ ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืฆื"ื", ืืืกืืจืช ืกืืจืช ืื"ืืืช ืขื ืืฉืื 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืืื ืงืืข ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืื "ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืกื"ื ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืคื ืืคืขืืชื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ื-7.10.23". ืืืืื 2024 ืืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ื ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืคื ื ืฉื ื ืืชื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื, ืืงืืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ื-19 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2024, ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืงืจ, ืฉืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืื"ื ืคืืข ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืคืืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืจืืข. ื-4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2025 ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ืืืืงืืจ ืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช, ืืจืืืค ืืฆืืข ืืฆืขื ืืคืชืืขื ืืคืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืงื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืชืคื ื ืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืชืฉืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืจืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื" ืชืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช. ืืฆืขื ืื ืขืืจืจื ืชืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื-21 ืืืื 2025 ืืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื. ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืคืกืืงืช ืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืคืืืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ, ืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ". ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื "ื ืืื ืืืคืืคืื" ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื: โืขืืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืชืื, ืขื ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ? [...] ืขื ืืืืกื F-35? ืขื ืื? ืขื ืื ืงืื? ืขื ืื? ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ืขื ืืคืืคืื, ืงืืฆ'ื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืื ืขืืื ืคืจืืืืช.โ ื-12 ืืืคืจืื, ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืจืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืืืืื 60 ืืื. ื-2015 ืขื ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื-2018 ืืืืกืื ืืงืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืืจืื ืืืคืงืืื ืืกืื"ื ืืคืงื ืขื ืืชืงื ืื, ืจืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืชื ืขื 3.67%, ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืขืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืขื 300 ืง"ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืค ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืกืื ื-2018 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืฉืื. ื-31 ืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืกืื"ื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืืจืื 408.6 ืง"ื ืืจืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืฉื 60%. ืืคื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืขืื. ืืฉื ืืจืืืช ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื ืฉืืืฉ, ื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจืขืื ืืช ืืคืืฆืืฅ. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2025 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืืชื ืืคืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืขื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ื' ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืก, ืกืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืงื, ืืืืกืืจ ืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืกืืจืื. ืื ืืืืชื ืคืืืฉืชื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025, ืืกืขืืืื ืืืืืจืืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืกื F-35 ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 2023. ืืืื 13 ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืกืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืขืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืงื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืชืจื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืงืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืคืงื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืื ืกืืืื, ืจืืื"ื ืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืืืขื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืกืืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื 30 ืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืฉืชืืืช. ืืืื 22 ืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคืืช ื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืชืงืคื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื. ื-24 ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืคืกืงื. ื-5 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืืืืก ืื ืกืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืืชืืืื ืืืกืื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืกืืืืคืื ืืฉืงืจืื. ืืจืืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืขื ืฉืืืกืื "ืฉืงืจื ืืื ืืคืืืืืื", ืืื ืืขื ืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืื"ืจ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืื. ืคืจืฉืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืคืืืืื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืชืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืชืืงืื ื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืืจ-ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ 1997, ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ื ืคืชืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืงืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืฆืืื ืื "ืืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืขืื ืชืืืืืช". ืืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 1999, ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืจ ืขืืื, ืืืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืืฆืข. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2000 ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืงืืจื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืืงืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืืฉ ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืืคืจืฉืืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืจืืื ืืจืืงืจ, ืชืืงืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืืงืืจ", ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2008 ื ืกืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื, ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืืืืืืงื ื-2002. ืืชืืงืืจ, ืฉื ืืืข ื"ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืจืก", ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืงื ืืฉืืจืชืืช. ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ืงืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืกืืืจืช ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ื ืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ื ื ืืฉืืื: "ืชืืง 1000", ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืื'ืืืืก ืคืืงืจ ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืื"ื "ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช", ื ืื ื ืืืืก, ืฉืืื โ ืขื ืคื ืืืฉื โ ืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืงื ืืกืืงืืจ ืืืืกืคืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืช ืืคืฆืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืขื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช "ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช, ืืขืื ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ื"ืืืืืื" ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืฆืขื, ืฉื ืืืขื ืืฉื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืฉืืคืื ืชืืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืจื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืฆืืื ืขืืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืฆืขืืช ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2017, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืช ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืืืืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืงืืจืืชืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืงืืจืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืงื ื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื. ื"ืชืืง 1000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืกืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืชืคืืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจืื "ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืกืืก ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืงืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืคืขืืชื ื ืืื" ืจืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืคืืืืช ืื, ืืชืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืงืช ืืืคืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง "ืชืืง 4000", ืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื 433 ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืจืฉืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื, ืืื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื: ืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืช "ืืืง" ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ', ืื ื"ืืืช "ืืืง" ืกืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืขืฅ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืคืฅ. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2018 ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืคืืืืจ ืืืคืฅ, ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืกืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืขื ืฉืืืืืืชืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืฆืช ืืืจืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืฃ ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืกืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืชืจ 'ืืืืื' ืกืืงืจ ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืืจืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ืฉืืืงืืจื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืช, ืขืงื ืกืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืคื ืื ืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืืื ื. ืขื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืงืื 1000, 2000 ื-4000 ืืฆื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข ืื ืชืคืืจืกื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืข ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืชื ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืขืกืงืื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจืืจืืื'. ืืืืขืื ืงืืขื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ 300 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืชืจ ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืขืื ืชืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืคืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืฉื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข, ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืืงืื: ืืชืืง 1000 ื-2000 ืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื, ืืืชืืง 4000 ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืข ืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืืคืขืืช ืืืฅ ืคืกืื ืขื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืคืจืงืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืงืืฆืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉืืืืข ืืชืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืฉื ื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืง 4000 ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืงื 1000 ื-2000. ืืชืืืื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง (ืืืฉืืจื, ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื). ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืคื ืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืฉื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ืฉืืจืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืจืขื-ืคื ืืกื. ื-2 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืืชืคืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืง โ ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ื-28 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจ ืฉืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืกืื ืืช, ืืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืชื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืื. ื-30 ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉืช ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื, ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื. ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ื ืืืง: ืืืื 2024 ืืืืฉ ืืชืืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืืฆื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆื, ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืขืื. ืืืงืฉื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืคื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืืก - ืืืื ืกื ืืืืจ, ืืกืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฃ. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืื, ืจืฆื, ืจืืืคื ืืืืืื ืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืื ืฉ-124 ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืืกืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืกื ืืชืืืื. ืืฆืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชืคืกืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืง ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื, ืืื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืขืื, ืืื ืจืืคื ืืกืืคืจ. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฉืข, ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืคืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืฉื ื ื ืชื ืืื. ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื (ืืืงื) ืืืืกืื (ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืจื) ืืฉื ืช 1972. ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ื ืืขื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืจืื, ืืืฉ ืขืกืงืื ืืกืื ืืจืกืื; ืืืชื ื ืืขื ืืฉ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1979 ืืชืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืกืื. ื-1981 ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืจ ืงืืืืก, ื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืกืจืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืื"ื, ืขืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืชืืืืงืกื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืจืฉื ื-1989. ืืืจืฅ 1991 ื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืื ืขื". ืฉืจื ืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ, ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ. ื-2002 ืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื ืืกืืื ืฉื 1.8 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ื-2007 ืจืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื 1.7% ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช NMDM, ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื, ืชืืืจืช 600 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ. ื-2010 ืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืืจืช 4.3 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืงืคืื ืจืืื ืฉื 13.2 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืคื "ืคืืจืืก ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืื ื-50 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืชื ืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืฉืขืจืื ื-25 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืฉื ืื 2023โ2024, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืชืืช ืงืืฆื ืื, ื ืืชืื ืืชืืงืื ืืงืข ืืคืฉืขืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืืกืจืช ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืช. ื-17 ืืืืื 2024 ื ืืฉืฃ ืื ืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืคืืชื, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2023, ืขืืื ืขื 30 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืกืจื ื ืกืืืืก ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ 1 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืชื ืฉืจื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 279 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ื-11 ืืืื ื 2017, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืจืข ืฉืคืืจืกื ืืืืจื ืืคืืืข ืืืืื ืืช ืกืจื ื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืคืืฆืืืื ืืขืื 15 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืจ ืกืจื ื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช. ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืงืฉืช ืจืฉืืช ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืฃ ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 200 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช ืืคื ืกืื, ืืชืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืช ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืจืจื, ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืชืคืขื ืืืืืชื ืืชืืงืื. ืืืื 2023, ืืืฉืื ืคืฉืจื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืืขืชื ืืืกืคืืช ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืจื ืื ืืช ืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืื ืืืชืืจืจ ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืขื ืฉืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืื "ืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืคืื ืคืกืืืืืืจื". ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืช ื ืชื ืืื 62,500 ืฉ"ื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ื-16 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืชืฉืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื ืืืขืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืฆื ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืื ืกืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืคื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืกืง ืื ืืกืฃ 50 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืจืฆื ืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืกืง ืืืื ืื ืงืืข ืฉืืจืฆื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืื 290 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืืช, ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืืืืขื ืฉืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ื ืื ืคืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืงืื ืืจืกืืจ, ืขื ืกื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืชืืืขื ืขืืกืงืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืคืจืกืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืจ, ืื ืืขื ืื ืื "ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืืข ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืคืชืื ืืจืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืชืื ืคืืืช ืืฉืขื ืืืืก 500 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ื-750 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืฉืชืจืื ื-4,800 ืืืฉ. ืกืคืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืขืจืืืชื: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืกืคืจ ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืืืื "ืืฉืื ืืืจืื" ืืืืืฉื ื ืงืจื "ืื ืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื", ืืืฃ ืงืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืคืจืกืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืช, ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืจื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื: ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื: ืืืื ืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://www.matific.com/isr/he/home/parents/] | [TOKENS: 4180] |
ืชืคืจืื ื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืืช ืืืืคืืง ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืคืืืงืฆืื ืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืขืื ื-200,000 ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืชืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืจืชืงืช ืืืืืกืกืช ืจืืืืช ืชืืื ืืืกืข ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืขืืจืช ืืชืืืืงื ืืื ืืจืืงืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืช ืฉืชืคื ืคืขืืื ืขื ืืืืคืืง ืืื ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืจืื ืืืคืืืงืฆืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืชืืืืงื ืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืืง ืฉืคืจื ืืช ืืชืืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ื-34% 50+ ืฉืคืืช 70+ ืืืื ืืช 2000s ืื ืืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืฉื ืคืชืจื ืืืืืื ื ืืืืืื 15000+ ืืืงืืจืืช 5 ืืืืืื ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืคืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืืขืืช ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืงืฆื ืฉืืื. ืืืชืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืคืืง ืคืืขืืช ืืฆื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืืืืจ ืื ืคืขืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืืช ืืืขืืช ืขืจื ืืืกืข ืืืืืื ืืืืฉื. ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืคืฉ ืชืืืื ืื ืืขืฉืจื, ืืืืคืืง ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืืืช - ืขืืฉืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืืขืชื? ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืคืืง ืืืื ืืืกืืืข ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืชืืฆืื ื-34% ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืืื ืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืคืืง ืืืคืืช ืืช ืืืชืืืืงื ืืืกืข ืฉื ืืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืฉืขืืกืง ืืืืืงืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืชืืฉื ืื ืชืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืื ืชื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืช ืขืฆืื. ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืืชืงืื ืฉื ืืืืคืืง ืืชืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืงืฆื ืืืืชืงืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืคืชืงื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืืฆื ืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืืจ. ืืชืืืืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืงื ืืืชืืงืืืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืืื ืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืชืืืืงื. ืชื ื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืชืืืืงื ืฉืืื ืืฆื ืื ื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื. ืืื, ืื ืืคืชืื ืืช ืืืืข ืฉืืื, ืืขืืืงื ืืช ืืื ืชื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืืงื ืื ื ืฉืืืจืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืคืืง, ืื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจ. ืืืืืืจืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืืจืคืชืงืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืงืฆื ืืืืชืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืงืฉื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืชืืืืงื? ืืืืจ ืืชืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืคืืง ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืคืจ ืืื, ืืขืืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืคืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืชืืจืื ืืืืชืจ. ืกืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืคืืง ืืืชืืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืกืืื. ืขื ืืืืคืืง, ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืกืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืกืืช. ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืืงื ืืืงืจืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืฉื 30 ืืงืืช ืืฉืืืข ืืืืืคืืง ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืชืืืืงื ื-34% ืืืืืฆืข. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืฉื ื ืขืืืื ืฉื 31% ืืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืืืืืืื ืฉ"ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืืงื", ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืคืืง. ืื ืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื! ืขื ืืืืคืืง ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืขืืืืจืช, ืืื ืืงืืืื ืืื ื ืจืขืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืืจืชืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืืชืืืืื. ืืฆืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืืืจื, ืืจืงืื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืฆ'ืืกืืก ืืกืื ืคืืจื. ืื ื ืขืืืืื ืงืฉื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืคืืง ืชืืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืืง ืืืืข ืืงืืื. ืื ื ืฉืืืจืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืชืขืืื ืืืชืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื. ืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืืคืืง, ืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืช ืืืืฆืืขืื ืฉืืื. ืืืืคืืง ืืกืคืงืช ืขืืืื ืื ืฉืืืคืื ืขื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืง ืืืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืืื. ืืขืืจืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืื, ืชืืืื ืืกืคืง ืชืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืงืฉืื ืืืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืคืชื ืืช ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืงื ืฉืืื. ืขื ืืืืคืืง ืชืจืืืฉื ืืืกืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืข ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืชืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืืื ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืจืฉืช ืขืืจื. ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืืคืืง ืืชืืืืจ ืืกืื % ืืืืื ืื 12 ืืืืฉืื ( ืืืืืฉ) ื ืกื ืืช ืืืืคืืง ืขืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืฉ ื ืกื ืืช ืืืืคืืง ืขืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืคืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืงืืจืชืืช ืืคืชืจืื ืืขืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืฉืืง ืืื ืืืืจืื ืกืืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืชืืืืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืึฐืึดืืจ ืืืฆืจืื ืืืจืื ืืขืจื /ืืืืฉ ืืืจืื ืคืจืืืื ืืขืจื /ืฉืขื /ืืืืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ื ืชืื ื ืชืื ืืืงืืช ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืคืืง ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืคืืง ืืืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืืืื ืฉืคืืชืื ืขื-ืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืคืจื, ืืจืืืืจื, ืืจืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื. ืงื ืืื, ืืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืืืคืืง ืืื ืคืืืคืืจืื ืื ืืืฉืืจ. ืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืืฉื, ืื ืกืืขื, ืื ืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืชืืืืืช. ื ืืชื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืืคืืง ืื ืืืฆื ืื ืืงืืื ืืจื ืืืคืืืงืฆืื, ืื ืฉืืขืืื ืื ืชืฆืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืจื ื-WIFI ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืฉื ืฉืืื. ืืืืคืืง ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืคืจืกืืืืช ืืืฃ ืฆื ืฉืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืืื ืืจื ืืืคืืืงืฆืื. ืืืืคืืง ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื - ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืืคืืืงืฆืืืช Google Play ืืคืืคื ืืื ืืจื ื ืื ืืช ืืืงืจืืกืืคื ืืชืืืื ืืช ืืกืข ืืืืคืืง ืืื ืืืื ื! ืืืจืคืชืงื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืขื ื ืืกืืื ืืื ื ืฉื 7 ืืืื. ืงืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืชืงืช ืืืืืงืืช ืฆืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื. ื ืืกืืื ืืื ื ืืืฉื 7 ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืจืง ืื ืฉืื ื ืืฆืืขืื ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืืฆืจ ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ ืืืจื |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/new-immigrants/] | [TOKENS: 353] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉ? ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจื ืืงืฆืจื ื... ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/shahar-children-youth-at-risk/] | [TOKENS: 2124] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉื"ืจ - ืืืืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืกืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืืืชืืช ืืชืื ืืืช ืฉื"ืจ ืืืืกืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืืงื ืืืืชืืช ืืชืื ืืืช ืฉื"ืจ ืืืืกืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืืงื ืืืืชืืช ืืชืื ืืืช ืฉื"ืจ ืฉืื ืื ืืืืจืช ืขื ืืช ืงืืืื ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืชืืช ืฉื ืชืืืืื ืฉื"ืจ ืชืื ืืฉืงืขื ืืชืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืกืกืื ืขื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืืคืืืืช. ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืืคืื, ืืชืื ืื, ืฉืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืคืฉืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืขื ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืขืฆืืื ืืืฆืืื. ืืคืขืจืื ืืืืจืชืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชื ื ืืคืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืจืฅ ืืงืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืงืฆื ืืืืง ืืฉืืืืืชื ื ืืืืจืชืืช. ืขืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืชืืืืืื ืืื ืงืฉืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืืืื, ืืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืกืคืง ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืชืืืื. ืื ื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืื/ืช, ืืื ื/ืช ืืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขื/ืช ืืืืช ืืคืชื ืืืืืืช ืชืืืืืื ืืืืชืืช ืฉื"ืจ ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืช, ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจืชืืช. ืืขืฉืืืชื ื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืชืืช ืฉื"ืจ ืื ื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืคืืจืืชืื ื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืชืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ื ืชืื ื ืื ืฉืืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืืชืื ืืื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืื ืื ื ืฉืืคืจืงืืืงืืช ืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืฉื"ืจ ืื ืฆืืืช. ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืงื ืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืกืืื ืืฆืืื ืืชืืื ืืชืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืกืืืื ืื ืฉืืจื ืกืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืื ืืจืืืืืืช ืืจืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช (ืื: ืืืืจืืืืช) ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืืจืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืชื ืื:ื. ืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืืคืืฉืื ืกืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืืืฆืขืืช: zoom ,Google meet ,WebEx ืืขืื.ื. ืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืืืคื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ื: ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืฆืืช ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช (ืืืืืช: Moodle, Google Classroom, Microsoft 365 ืืขืื) ืืืขืืจืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื (ืืืืืช: ืืื ืฉืืชืืคื, ืืฆืืืช ืฉืืชืืคืืืช, ืคืืืงืืกื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื).ื. ืืืืื ืืืคืืฉืื ืคื ืื ืื ืคื ืื ืืืืชื. ืืฉื ืช ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ื ืืฉืื: ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืงืจืืงืจืืืืฆืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืื ืงืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืขืฆืืืช ืขื ืงืจืืืืฆืื ืฉื 10 ืฉืขืืช ืืงืืจืก ืขื ืฆืืื. ืืงืืจืกืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืงืืคืืก IL ืชืืฆืจื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืื ืฉื"ืจ ืงืฆืจืื - ืืืื ืงืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช - ืืจืืื ืืืขืืงื ืฉื"ืจ - ืืืืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืกืืืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืื_ืื-ืกืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 1047] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื-ืกืืืืื ืืื ืื-ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืกืืื, ืืืืืง ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืงืฆื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืงืืจื, ืืืืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฆืคืื ื, ืกืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืื ืฉืืง ืืฆืืจืคืื. ืืืื ื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจ ืืืื ืงืืืขืื ืคืชืืื ืืืืืจืืจ ืืืชืืืจื, ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืจืื ืืจืื ืืชืืขืืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืืื. ืืฉืขืจ ืืกืืื ืืืืชื ืืืช ืจืืื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืช ืืฉื, ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืกืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืื. ืืกืืื ืืกืืื ืจืืืช ืืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืื ืื ื ืฉืชื ืงืืืืช - ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืืจื, ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืจืื ืงืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืจืคืกืืช, ืฉืฉืืืฉื ืืืืกื ืื ืืกืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืืืงื ืืฉื ืืช ื-80 ืฉื ืืืื ื-14 ืืืื ืืจืงืืง, ืจืืฉืื ืืกืืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืืืืจื'ืืช, ืชืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืื ืงืืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ื ืืจืช ืืืจืืืืื ืืืคืืื ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืจืคืกืืช. ืืกืืืจืื ืืืจืฉื ืืืฆืข ืืกืืจ ืืืฆืจ ืืืื, ืืจืง ืื. ืืื'ืืจ ื-ืืื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืกืืช ืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืืช, ืืกื ืืจืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืจ (ืกืืื ื ืืืจ) ืืืกืคืงืช ืืื ื ืืฉืืจืืชืื, ืืื ืงืืืฉ ืืืืืงืช ืืกืื ืื-ืืงืฆื. ืืืื ื-18 ืฉืืคืฅ ืืืื ืืืชืืืช ืืืงืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืื. ืฉืืคืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืงืื ื ืขืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืงืฃ ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ื-20, ืืืืืจืื ื ืขื ืืื ืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืฉืืื_ืืืืื_ืืืฉืจืื] | [TOKENS: 7626] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืคืืขืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืื: ืืืืจื ืืืืกื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืกืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืืคืชืืืชื ืฉื ืืืกื ืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืืขืฆื. ืืจืืืช ืืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืฉืืชืืช ืืชืงืฆืืื. ืืืืกืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืช. ืขื ืคื ื-OECD, ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2017 ืืืฉืจืื 50.9% ืืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืื ืชืขืืื ืขื-ืชืืืื ืืช (ืืงืืืืช ืื ืื-ืืงืืืืช), ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืฉื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืคื ื ืชืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืงืื ื-1958 ืืจืฉืืช ืคืืงืื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืคืงืืช ืขื ืืงืืช ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืจืืืช ืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืงืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืชืืจืื, ืืืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื"ื, ืคืืงืื ืขื ืืขื ืงืช ืชืืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืืื ืืงืืจื ืืืขืืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืืืขืฆื ืคืืขืืช ืขื ืคื ืืืง ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืขื-ืคืื ืืกืืจ ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืฉ ืืืขื ืืืืฆืคืื, ืืืชืขืจื ืืงืืืขืช ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืชืขืจื ืืืื ืื ืืกืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืคืืขืืช ืืืืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืชืงืฆืื, ืืืืืขื ืืืชืจ ืืจืืฉื ืชืืืืช ืฉืื - ืืช"ืช, ืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืืืงืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืงืืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืคืืขืืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 1977. ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืคืืขืืืช ืืื-ืขืฉืจ ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช: ืืงืืช ืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืง ืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ื, ืืืฆืขื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืช ืขืืชื ืืืจ ืืฉื ืช 1884 ืืืืขืืืช ืงืืืืืฅ. ืืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืืงืืช ืฉื ื ืืืกืืืช ืืฉืืื: ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1918 ืืื ืื ืืื ืืคืื ื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืืฉืืข ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืคืจืื 1925, ื ืื ื ืงืืคืืก ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืจ ืืฆืืคืื. ืืืื ืืื - ืืืช ืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ื-1924 ืขื 16 ืชืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจืฆืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืฉืืืืชื ืื ืฉืคืช ืืืืข, ืื ืชืืืื ืืขืืจืืช ื ืืฆืื ืืืืืง ืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืคืืขื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข, ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืกืง ืืชืืืื ืืืขื ืืืืข ืืืืชืืืืงื, ืืืืกืืจืชื ืคืืขืืช "ืืืจืฉืช ืคืืื ืืจื", ืฉืื ืืชืงืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืฉืืืฉื (ืืืงืืืจ). ืืืกื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฃ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืคืชืืื, ืฉืืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืืกืกืื ืืขืืงืจ ืขื ืกืคืจื ืืืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืงืืจื ืืืืชื, ืืฉืืืืื ื ืืืื ืชืจืืื ืืืคืืฉืื ืคืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืื 2024 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืชื-ืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื. ืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืื. ื-19 ืืื ืืืจ 2026 ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืกืืคืืช ืืืืืืื ืืคืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื - ืืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืจืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืืืื. ืืขื ืจืืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืฉืืืงื ืืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืช ื-60 ืฉื ืืืื ื-20, ืืืื, ื ืืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2016, ืืช ืื ืืืืคืื ืฉืืืืืจื ืืขืื. ืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืจืง 16% ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื. 70% ืืืืืืื ืืืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืื ืชืจืืืืช. ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืจืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืคืจืืืช, ืฉืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช ืืื ืฉืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช. ืืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืืงืื ืืขืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื: ืืขืืช ืืืจื ื (1959), ืืขืืช ืงืจืืื (1966), ืืขืืช ืืจ ื ืื (1971), ืืขืืช ื ืืื (1977), ืืขืืช ืงืฆื (1982), ืืขืืช ืงืืืจืกืงื (1991), ืืขืืช ืืืฅ (1996), ืืขืืช ืืื ืืืจื (2001) ืืืขืืช ืฉืืื (2006). ืืืฉืจืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืงื ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืืืงืช ืขื ืฉืืจ ืืืืืื. ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืชืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืืื ื-1998, ื-2005 ืื-2007. ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืื ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืกืืืื ืืืขื ืืง ืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ. ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืื. ืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืชื ืื ืืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืืืืืช. ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืฆืืืฆื ืืืกืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช. ืืืชืื ืืืืง ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืืืกื ืืฉืจืืื ืจืฉืื ืืชืืจ ืขืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืจืง ืื ืงืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืกืืื ืืืืืืช: ืืขื ืจืืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืฆืืืืจืืืช (ืืจ"ื), ืฉืืืงื ื-2006, ืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉื 21 ืืืืืืืช ืืฆืืืืจืืืช. ืืืกืืจืชื ืคืืขืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืืืืกืืืช, ืคืืชืืื ืืืงืืื, ืืงืืืืืช ืื ืกืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืขืืกืงืืช ืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืกืืืืช ืืืขื ืืง ืชืืืจ ืืงืืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืืขื ืืงืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืงืืืืช, ืืืงื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืชืขืืืืช, ืืืคืจื ืชืขืืืช ืืื ืื, ืชืขืืืช ืื ืืกืื ืื ืชืขืืืช ืืงืฆืืข. ืืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืงืืจืกืื ืื ืืกืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืืื: ืจืคืืื ืืฉืืืื, ืืืฉืืื, ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืงื, ืื ืืื ืืชืืืืงื, ืืฉืืื ืืืช, ืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืช, ืืฉืืืืืช, ืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืกืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืชืืงืืืช ืืืจื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืกืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืงืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืขื ืื ืช ืืชืช ืืกืืืื ื ืืืื ืชืขืกืืงืชืืื-ืืงืฆืืขืืื. ืืคืืงืื ืขื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืืืืฉืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืื ืืืคืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืข (ืื"ื) ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืชืขืฉืืื, ืืืกืืจ ืืืชืขืกืืงื ืฉืืขื ืืง ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืคืืงืืื. ืืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืืืืฉืืจืืช ืืขืื ืืงืฆืืข ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืขื ืืงืืช ืชืขืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืช (ืืืคืืืื), ืื ืืื ื ืืคืืงืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืงืื ืชืืืจ ืืฉ ืืขืืื ืืฆืืื ืขืืืจ ืฉื ืืื ืงืืจืกื ืืืืื, ืชืื ืขืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืชืืืจ. ื ืืชื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืงืืจืกืื ืืืืจื ืืฉืคืจ ืฆืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืกืืืืื, ืื ืืจืืจืช ืืชืืืจ ืืขืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืขื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ื ืืชืฉืืื ืขืืืจ ืฉื ืช ืืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืช. ืืจืื ื ืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืขื ืกืื ืืฆืืืื ืืช ืื ืขื ืืกืืก ืจืงืข ืกืืฆืื-ืืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืกื. ืงืืืืืช ืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืคื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืืื ืื. ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืงืืืื, ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืชืืืืื ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืฉืืชืืคื ืคืขืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืฉืจืืืื. ืืคื "ืืืง ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ื, ืชืฉืก"ื-2007" ื ืืชื ืืคื ืืช ืืชืืื ื ืื ืฆืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืชืขืืจืืช ืื ืืคืืื ืืืคื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจื ืืขื ืืื ืืคืืื ืืฆืืื ืื, ืืืก ืื ืืคืืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืช ืชืืืจ. ืงืืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืคืจื ืืืฉืืชืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉืืจืื ืืงืืืืช ืืชืื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืืช ืขืืืืืื; ืืืืจืืช ืคืืชืื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืจืช ื ืืื ืืช ืขืืืืื. ืฉืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2015 47% ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื 25โ34 ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืกื ืืงืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1990 ืขืื ื ืชืื ืื ืขื 20% ืืืื. ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1980โ2015 ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืกืืืื ืืื ืฆืื ืื-350% ืืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื 116% ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื 83% ืืืกืคืจื ืฉื ืื ื ื-20โ24. ืขืืงืจ ืืืืืื ื ืืข ืืจืืืช ืืืฆืข ืืืืกืืืช ืืืงืืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช. ืืงืจื ืื ื 25โ64 ืืื ืืขืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฉื ืช 2015 49%, ืฉืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืจืง ืืงื ืื ืืืืคื. ืืขืืืช ืืืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืืฉืจื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืขื-ืชืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืืืื ืืช ื-OECD. ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืฉืืืื ื ืชืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืฉืื ืืืฉืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืฉืื ืืืฉืจื ืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืื ืืืฉื, ืืืืฉืจื ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืกืคืจ ืืกืืื ืืคืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืื ืชืื ื ืกืคืจ ืืชืจืฉืืืื ืฉื ืคืืจืื ืงืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2018 ื ืืฆื ืื ืงืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืื ืขืืืคืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆืข ืืขืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืงืืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืขืกืืงืื. ืืกืงืจ PIAAC ืฉื ื-OECD ืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื 34 ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ืืกืืืช-ืืชืจ ืืืืก ืืขืืกืืงื, 32% ืืืขืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืขืืืืชื ืื ื ืืจืฉืช ืืฉืืื ืืื. ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืขืืืคืช ื ืืฆื ืืงืจื ืืืืจื ืืืขื ืืจืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืขื ืื ืืคืจืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืจ, ืืชืจืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืขืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืืืืช ืขื ืคื ื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืฉื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืืขืื ืืฉืืื ืขืืืคืช. ืืืงืจ ืฉืืืง ืคืขืจืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืจืชืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืจืื ืฉืืฉื ืช 1995 ืืขื 2018 ืืฆืืืฆื ืืคืขืจ ืืขืืชื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืื ืฉืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืขืื ืืืฆืขืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืงืฉืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืขืืชื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืื, ืืคืืื ื ืืืืงืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ื ืืกืฃ, ืืืช ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื-20. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ื-70 ืืฉื ื ืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืงืืืื, ืืืฉื ืืช ื-90 ืื ืืืคื ืืืงืฉืจ ืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืืืช ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืขืื ืขืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืื ืื ื ืืืจืช ืื ืืงืจื ื ืฉืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืืฆืขืื, ืฉืกืืืืืืื ืืืืืข ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืคืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืชืื 13 ืฉื ืื, ืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืืฆืขืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืชืงืฉืื ืืืืืข ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืื 5,500 ืกืืืื ืืื ืืจืืื, ืืืฉื ืช 2016 ืืื 11,500. ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืคืขืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืจื-ืฉื ืชืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืงืืืื. ืืฉื ืช ืืืืืืืื ืชืฉ"ืค 2019/20 ืืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื 13,400 ืกืืืื ืืื ืืจืืื, 84% ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ื-16% ืืชืืจืื ืืชืงืืืื. ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืช ืชืืื ืืช "ืฉืขืจ ืืืงืืืื" ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืกืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืขืืื ื ืื ืืคืืจืื ืคืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืืกืืืช, ืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023] | [TOKENS: 173] |
Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023 This category combines all articles with unsourced statements from July 2023 (2023-07) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles with unsourced statements. To add an article to this category add {{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} to the article. If you omit the date a bot will add it for you at some point. Backlog: Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023 Goal: 0 articles Current: 6,107 articles Initial: 9,063 articles (Refresh) Pages in category "Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 6,107 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืฉืืคืืฅ] | [TOKENS: 1460] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืืคืืฅ ืฉืืคืืฅ ืืื ืชืืืื ืฉื ืฉืื ืื, ืฉืืงืื, ืฉืืคืืจ ืื ืชืืงืื ืฉื ืขืฆืืื โ ืืื ื ืืืจืืืื (ืืืจื, ืื ืืื, ืืฆืืืืื), ืืื ืชืืืืจื, ืืืื ื ืืขืื. ืขืืืืืช ืืฉืืคืืฅ ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืืื ืืืืืคืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืขื ืืขืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืื ืืขืืฆืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืคืืฅ ืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืื ืืคืืื ืฉื ืืคืฅ ืฉืืชืืื, ืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืื. ืฉืืคืืฅ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืช ืกืืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืืช: ืืืืืจ, ืฆืืืขื, ืืืืงืช ืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืชืคืจืื, ืขืืืืืช ืฉืจืืจืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืช. ืืชืงื ืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืื: ืืืื ืืช, ืืืชืืช, ืืืืคืช ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืกืคืงืช ืืื ืืขืื. ืฉืืคืืฅ ืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืฉืืคืืฅ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืช ืกืืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืืช: ืืืืืจ, ืฆืืืขื, ืืืืงืช ืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืชืคืจืื, ืขืืืืืช ืฉืจืืจืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืช. ืืชืงื ืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืื: ืืืื ืืช, ืืืชืืช, ืืืืคืช ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืกืคืงืช ืืื ืืขืื. ืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืชืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืคืขืืช. ืืืฉืจืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืื ื-21 ืืืื ืชื"ื 38 ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืง ืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืคื ื ืจืขืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืคืืจืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืื ืืืกืคืช ืืขืืืช ืืื"ื. ืืฆื ืืืื ืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืื ืชื"ื 38/2, ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืจืืกื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืงืืช ืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืืื. ืฉืืคืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืคืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืฉื ืชืืืืงื ืืื ืขืช. ืฆืืืืช, ืืืฉื, ื ืืจืฉืช ืืื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืืช ืืฉื ื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืชืืงืื ืื ืืฉืืคืืฆืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืชืืืืงื ืืื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืืฉืจื ืฉื ืืืืืก ืื ืืื ืืฉืื, ื ืขืจืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืฉืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืคืช ืืื ืืข ืืืขืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืคืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืงื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื "ืงืืจื ืก 2000" ืืฉืืจืื ืืืืกื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืืก F-4 ืคื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื, ืฉืขืืงืจื ืืืืคืช ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืงื, ืืืืืืฉ ืืืื"ื. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_D._Fackenthal] | [TOKENS: 767] |
Contents Frank D. Fackenthal Frank Diehl Fackenthal (February 22, 1883 โ September 5, 1968) was an American academic administrator best known for his long association with Columbia University. Of Pennsylvania Dutch descent, he resided for much of his life in the Crown Heights and Park Slope sections of Brooklyn, New York. Biography The son of the general manager of Brooklyn's Peter Cooper Glue Factory, Fackenthal graduated from the borough's Boys High School in 1902 before earning his undergraduate degree (as a self-described "able C man") from Columbia College in 1906. As a student, his prodigious administrative abilities (reflected by his leadership in various campus organizations, including the Varsity Show and the Columbia Daily Spectator) were recognized by president Nicholas Murray Butler, leading to his appointment as chief clerk (1906โ1910), secretary (1910โ1937), and provost (1937โ1948) of the university. As secretary and provost, he was the de facto administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes' non-journalistic awards from their inception until 1948; following his retirement, he received a special Prize in recognition of his service. Previously, Fackenthal received an honorary LL.D. from Franklin & Marshall College (a recipient of familial philanthropy) and an honorary Litt.D. from Columbia in 1929. Although he never completed an earned graduate degree, he was frequently characterized in the press thereafter as "Dr. Fackenthal." He subsequently received honorary doctorates from Syracuse University, Rutgers University, New York University and Union College. Between the retirement of Nicholas Murray Butler in 1945 and the installation of Dwight D. Eisenhower as president in 1948, Fackenthal served as acting president while retaining his post as provost. Although several trustees considered motioning for his permanent appointment (in part due to his longstanding popularity among the undergraduate student body), this was forestalled by the ailing Butler, who considered Fackenthal to be unworthy of the position. Despite this acrimony, Fackenthal was elected to the university's board of trustees against Butler's wishes in 1946 in an unprecedented breach of longstanding tradition. According to Pulitzer Prizes staff member Sean Murphy, Fackenthal developed a plan for Columbia's continued growth during this period that was "largely eschewed by his successors," presaging the tumult of Grayson Kirk's administration and the Columbia University protests of 1968. He also oversaw the formation of the School of General Studies (for nontraditional undergraduates and nonmatriculated students), the graduate-level School of International Affairs and the Harriman Institute. Following his retirement from the university in 1948, he served as educational consultant to the Carnegie Corporation (1948โ1952) and then as president of Columbia University Press (1953โ1958). He also served as president of the Bushwick Savings Bank and remained a trustee of various institutions, including Columbia, Barnard College, Franklin and Marshall College and the Riverdale Country School. His speeches as acting president were published by Columbia University Press as The Greater Power and Other Addresses (1949). In December 1965, he was critically injured when his car collided with a truck in White Township, New Jersey, 35 miles south of his country home in Buck Hill Falls, Pennsylvania. As a result of his injuries, Fackenthal (who never married and had no legitimate children) was forced to permanently relocate from Brooklyn to Buck Hill Falls. He relinquished his trusteeship of Columbia in 1967 and died at Monroe County General Hospital in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, on September 5, 1968. Notes External links * indicates acting or interim president or chancellor |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7_(%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94)] | [TOKENS: 5570] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืืง (ืืืืื) ืืืืืื, ืฉืืง ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืกืื ืืื ืงืื ืื ืืืืืจืื. ืขื ืืกืืก ืืชืืคืขื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืฉื ืจืืืื ืงืื ืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืคืืื ืืื, ื ืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืชื ืืชืจืืฉืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืฉืืจื ืืืกืืจ ืืืืฆืจืื, ืืกืืืจืืช ืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื ืืกืืืื ืืกืืืืื. ืืฉืืง ืคืขืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืจืืฉืืช ืขืกืงืืืช ืืกืืจ. ืืืจื ืืื ืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืฉืงืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื, ืืฉืื ืืชืจืืฉืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืขืกืงืืืช. ืืคืขืืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืฉ ืืืืจืช ืืกืืจ ืคืืืืช ืื ืืืจืืืืืืช ืืืช, ืฉืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืขื ืื ืงืื ื. ืืืืืื, ืจืื ืคืขืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืชืจืืฉืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื ืืชื ืืืื. ืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืจ ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืช ืฉืื ืืชืจืืฉืืช ืขืกืงืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืงื ืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืื ืืขืกืงืืืช ืืืื ืงืืืืช, ืขื ืืืช, ืืฉืคืขื ืืืืืช. ืืืืืื, ืืฉืืง ืืขืืื ืืืช ืืงืืขืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืชืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืคื ืขืกืงืืืช, ืืืืคื ืืชื ืขืกืง ืืืคืืืจืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ; ืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืข ืืขืืื ืืืช ืืจื, ืืืืจ ืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืง ืืื ืืื ื ืืืคืฉื, ืืืืื ืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืขืกืงืืืช ืฉืืงืฉืจ ืืืืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืจืืคืฃ. ืืฉื ืื ื ืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืฉืจ ืืกืืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืื ืื 'ืฉืืง'. ืืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืชืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืคืืจืช ืืฉืืง ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืฉืืฉืช ืืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืืจ ืื ืืชืืงื ืืืงืฉืจ ืืืจืชื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืง ืืขืืืื, ืื ืฉืืง ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืฉืืง ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืชืื ืืืกืืกืืืช ืืชืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืขืกืงื ืืืืืืช, ืืงืื ื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืง ืฉืื. ืืืืจืช ืฉืืง ืฉืืง ืืื ืืื ื ืืืคืฉื, ืืืืื ืขืกืงืืืช ืจืืืช. ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืกืืื, ืืฉ ืืงืืืข ืืืื ืขืกืงืืืช ื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืื. ืืืจื ืืื ื ืงืืขืื "ืืืืืืช" ืืฉืืง ืืคื ืืื ืืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื: ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืกืืจ ืืืฆืจ ืกืคืฆืืคื, ืื ืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืืืฆืจืื ืงืฉืืจืื. ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืง ืืืืื, ืฉืืง ืืืจืงืืช, ืฉืืง ืชืคืืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืง ืชืคืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืื. ืื ืืชืื ืืืงืจื-ืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชื, ืฉืื ืืชืงืืืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืชืืจืืช ืืืฉืืืืืช, ืืืืฆืจ ืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืง ืืื ืืืืืื ื. ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืืง ืขืืกืง ืจืง ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฆืจ ืืื, ืื ืฉืืฆืจืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืคื ืืงื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืช. ืืืืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืจืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืจ ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืจืืื (ืืืื: ืืืชืื). ืืืื ื ืฉืืง ืขืืกืง ืืืจื ืืื ืืขืกืงืืืช ืืืชืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืจืคื ืืกืืื, ืืื ืืืื ื, ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ. ืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืื: ืขื ืืืช, ืืคืขืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืขื ืฉืืืงืื ืขืืืืืื (ืืืืืืืื), ืืืืืื ืฉืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืกืืืจืืช (ืืื ื ืคื, ืื ืคืืื ืงืคื) ืื ืฉื ืืชืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืจืืช. ืืืืง ืืืืืฆืจืื, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืงืื ืงืืขืื ืืืื, ืฉืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืฉืงื ืืืช ืื ืืฆืจืื ืื ืกืืคืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืฉืืืงืื. ืืืคืืื ื ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืชืืช ืฉื ืื-ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ื ืงืจืืช ืืกื ืคืจ, ืืฉืืง ืฉืื ืืื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืฉืืชืืช ื ืงืจื ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื. ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืงืคืืืืืกืืืช ื ืืืืืื ืื ืื-ืงืืืกืืช. ืืคื ืชืคืืกื ืื, ืืฉืืง ืืืืคืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืข ืืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืง. ืฉืืง ืืื ืืื ื ืงืืื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืจื-ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืขืจืืช ืืคืืืช ืืืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืื ืช ืืชืงื ืืฉืื ืฉืืง. ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืชืขืจื ืืืืืจืื ืื ืงืืขืื ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืืื ืงืืืขืช ืืืกืื, ืกืืืกืืืืืช, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืงืกืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉ ืืืกืื (ืืื ืืก ืขืจื ืืืกืฃ) ืืืขื ืขื ืื ืืืืฆืจืื; ืืฉ ืกืืืกืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืฆืจื ืืืกืืก, ืืื ืงืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืืจื ืฆืืืืจืืช; ืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืขืืืื (ืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืื). ืกืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืื ืจืืืืฆืื, ืืงืืืขืช ืชืงื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืกืืจ ื ืืงืฉืื ืืฉืืง. ืฉืืง ืฉืืฉ ืื ืจืืืืฆืื ื ืงืจื ืฉืืง ืืืกืืจ. ืืชืงื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช, ืืื ืืฉ ืืืจื-ืืื ืจืฉืืช ืืืฉืืชืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืืืคืช ืืชืงื ืืช. ืืืืืื, ืืจืฉืืช ืื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืืช ืขื ืชืงื ืืช ืืืกืืจ ืื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื. ืืืงืจืื ืืืจืื ืืชืงื ืืช ืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืฉืืง. ืืืฉื ืืืจืช ืืจืืืืฆืื ืชืืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืง, ืืื ืืืฆืจืช ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืงืืืื. ืืืืืจ, ืฉืืืงืื ืจืืื ืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืช ืฉืื ื ืคืืฉืื ืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืืืืจืื. ืืืฆืืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืืจืกืืช, ืฉืื ืืืจืืช ืืื ื ืกืืจืืช ืกืืืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืคืืืฉ ืงืื ืื ืืืืืจืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืกืืืจื. ืืืกืืจ ืืืืจืกื ืืคืืฃ ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืกืฃ ืื ืชืงื ืื ืฉืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืจืกืืช ืื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื, ืืื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื ืืชื ืืืื; ืืืจืกืืช ืกืืืจืืช; ืืขืื. ืืืจืืช ืืกืืจ ืืืจืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืืกืืจ ืืงืืื ืืช, ืฉืื ืฉืืืงืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืจืฉืช. ืืืจืืช ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืงืืขืื ืืกืืืจ ืืฉืืจื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจืื, ืืืืืืช ืืืืขืืช, ืกืืืจืืช, ืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืงืกืื ืืืืืฆื ืืื. ืืืง ืืืืจืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืกืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืขืฆืื, ืืืกืืจืชื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืงืืข ืืกืืืจ ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืฆืจ ืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืื. ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืืคืฆืื ืืื ืืจืืช, ืืืขื ืืงื ืืืฉืงืืข ืจืืื ืื ืืคืกื ืืืืื (ืื ืืืขื ืืืืื) ืืชืืืช ืืืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืงืืข ืืืขืจืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืกืืื ืืขืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืขื ืคืงืืขืชื ืฉื ืืืืคืฆืื. ืืืฉืจืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืืงืืงืชื ืฉื ืืืง ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืจืืช ืืกืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืขืฆืื ืขืื ื-2010, ืื ืืืื ืก ืืชืืงืฃ ืจืง ืืืืื 2015. ืืืง ืื ืงืืืข ืฉืืจื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืกืืจืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืชืคืขืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืกืืจ ืฉืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืงืืข ืืกืืืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืื. ืฉืืืงืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ื ืฉืืง ืืืื ื "ืืื ื ืฉืืง" ืืชืืจ ืืช ืกืื ืืชืืจืืช ืืืชื ืืืช ืืฉืืง. ืืื ื ืืฉืืง ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืงืืืืื ืื ืฉืืง ืืฉืืืื, ืฉืื ืืชืงืืืืช ืชืืจืืช ืืฉืืืืืช, ืฉืืง ืขื ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืคืืืืกืืืช, ืืื ืืคืื, ืืืืืืืคืื, ืืืื ืืคืกืื. ืืคืืืืืก ืกืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ื "ืืื ื ืฉืืง" ืืชืืจ ืืช ืกืื ืืชืืจืืช ืืืชื ืืืช ืืฉืืง. ืืื ื ืืฉืืง ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืงืืืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืื ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืง ืื ืืจืื ืืืขืื ืื ืืกืืจ "all things considered", ืืืืื ื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืฆืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืงืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช, ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืฉื ื ืืืขืื ืื ืืืชืืืจืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ืื ืื ืืืืขืื ืื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืืงืื. ืืืง ืืืืืขืื ืื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืง, ืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื. ืืืง ืืืืืขืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืื. ืืืฆืืงืืช ืืฉืืืงืื ืืชืืืงืืช ืืืฆืืงืืช ืืคืจืืืจืืืช, ืฉืขื ืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืขืืช ืืงื ืืื ืคืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืืฆืืงืืช ืฉืขื ืืื ื ืฆืืงืช ืืืืืงื ืื ืืืขืช ืืืฉืืง, ืื ืืืื ืื desert ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืงืกืื ืืจืืืื ืืืฆืจืคืืช. ืื ืื, ืืฉื ื ืืืงืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืงื, ืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืืจืช ืื ืฉืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืคืขืชื ืขื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืช, ืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืคืจื ืืืืืชื ืืืฃ ืืขื ืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืง ืขื ืืืขืืคืืช ืืืชื ืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืืืงืกื, ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืขืฉื ืืช ืืจืืืื ืืืฆืจืคืืช. ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/hahala-hishtalvot/] | [TOKENS: 2600] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืคืืื ืช ืืคืกืืคืก ืื ืืฉื ืจืื: ืชืืืืืื ืืชืืืืืืช ืืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช, ืฆืจืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืจืงืขืื ืชืจืืืชืืื ืืืืจืชืืื, ืขืืืืืช ืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืคืืช ืืืฉืืืช. ืืชืื ืืฆืืืืช ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืื ื ืจืง ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืขืจืืืื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืืืงืช, ืกืืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืฉืืช. ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืช ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืงืืจ ืืขืืฉืจ, ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืช.ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืจืขืื โ ืืืืืืืชืื, ืืฆืจืืื, ืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืื โ ืืืืืืช ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืฅ ืชืคืืกืช ืขืืืง ืชืืืขืชืืช. ืชืคืืกื ืื ืจืืื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉืืชืคืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืืืืชื ืืืืขืืช, ืืืฉืชืื ืืืื ืืืื-ืืื ืฉื ืืืืกื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืชืคืื ืืืืจื ืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืกืืจืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืืืชื-ืคืืจืืืืืช. ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืชืคืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืืฉืชืืืืช ืื ื ืืชืืืืกืื ืืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืืกื ืืืื ืืื: ืคืืืืื, ืืืจืชื, ืืจืืื ื ืืคืืื, ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืชืืื ื ืืช ืืขืืืงื, ืจืืื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืื ืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืจืืื ืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ืืชื ืืขื ืื ืืืชืืืื ืืคืจื ืชืืจื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืจืืืืชื ืืืืชืงืืืืชื ืฉื ืืงืืืฆื ืืืื. ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉืื ืฆืจืืื: ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืจืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืชืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืชืืืื ืืืจืชืืช. ืืฆื ืืืช, ืขืงืจืื ืืืืืจื ืชืืคืก ืืงืื ืืจืืื: ืืชื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืฉืืื, ืืงืฆื ืืืืืงืฃ ืืขืืกืืง ืืขืืื ืชืืืฉืช ืืกืืืืืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืืขืืจืืืช. ืืืืืจื ืืืืงืช ืืช ืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืืช, ืชืื ืืจืืืช ืชืืืื ืืขื ืืื, ืืืืฉืืจืื ืืืืจืชืืื ืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉื. ืฆืืืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืชืืจืื ืขืจืืืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืื ืืืจืืืื. ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืชืืืืืื ืืืจืฉืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืืื ืืชืืืช ืืฉืืชืืคื ืคืขืืื ืืื ืฆืืืชื ืืื ืื, ืืืขืฆืืช, ืืืคืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืงืฆืืข ื ืืกืคืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืชืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช - ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืจื ืืช ืขืืืื ืืืงืฆืืขื ืืืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื, ืืืื ืช ืืชื ืกืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืืงื ืืช ืชืืืฉืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืขืืช ืืขืืืืชื. ืืกืืืื,ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื ืื ืืกืข ืืชืืฉื, ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืืืืช ืขืจืืืช, ืืฉืืื ืืขืจืืชืืช ืืคืชืืืืช ืืฉืื ืื. ืืชื ืืขื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ื ืจืง ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืคืจื, ืืื ืื ืืฃ ืืงืืืื ืืืืกื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื. ืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืช, ืืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืฉืื, ืื ืชืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืงืืื, ืืืชืคืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืชืืื ื ืฉืืื, ืขืฉืืจื ืืืืืื ืช ืฉื ืงืืืื ืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืงืืจ ืืืืข, ืคืจืงืืืงืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืจืฉืืชืื, ืืฉืืชืคืื ืฉืื ื, ืืืกืข ืืื ืืื ืืืืื. ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืืื - ืกืจืืื ื ืื ืืืฆืื (ืืกืืช) ืคืืืืืืช | ืืืจืชืืช-ืจืืฉืืช | ืืจืืื ืืช | ืคืืืืช ืืืืื ืจืื | ืื ืกืื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช_ืืืฉืจืื] | [TOKENS: 2800] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืื-ืขืฉืจ ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช ืขืืกืงืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืคืืงืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืืฆื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืคืืขืืืช 47 ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช, ืืขืืกืงืืช ืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืจืื ืืื ื ืขืืกืงืืช ืืืืงืจ ืชืืืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืืชืืื ืขืืงืจื. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืคืืขืืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืฃ ืื ืืืืชื. ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืกืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื ืื ืชืขืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืื ื ืืคืกืืืืืืจืืช ืืืขื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืคืชืืื. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืงืืืืืช 11 ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืกื ืืืื: ืืืคื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืื ืงืืคืืกืื ืจืืฉืืื ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื. ืืฉื ืช 2005 ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื; ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืช ืกืคืจ ืืจืคืืื, ืืืื ืืฉื ืช ืืืืืืืื ืชืฉืข"ื (2011) ืคืืขืืช ืืคืงืืืื ืืจืคืืื ืืฆืคืช ืืืขื ืืจ-ืืืื. ื ืืื ื-2021, ืชืฉืข ืืชืื ืขืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืืช, ืื ืื ืืช ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืืขืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืชืงืฆืื ืฉืคืืขืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2021 ืืคืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืจืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืคืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืืขืงืืืช ืชืงืืคืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืชืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืงื ืืืื "ืงืืคืืก ื'ืื ืืืจ". ืืืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืื ืืืกืื ืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื. ื-2018 ืืื ืื ืืื ืืคืื ื ืืืงืืช ืืงืจืื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืื. ืืืื 2024 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืชื-ืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื. ืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืื. ื-19 ืืื ืืืจ 2026 ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืกืืคืืช ืืืืืืื ืืคืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื - ืืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืจืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืืืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2018, 49.9% ืืืืืืืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื 25 ืขื 64 ืืืืืงืื ืืชืืืจ ืืงืืื (ืืืื ืืืืืืช). ืืคืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืืืืช ืืขืืื. ืืจืืื ื ืืกืืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืื ื"ืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื". ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืชืงืืืืื, ืืฆื ืืกืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืืื, ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืืื: ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืืื ื-56 ืืืฃ ืขืืืืื ืื-34 ืืืฃ ืืฉืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. 38% ืืืืฉืจืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื. ืืืขื ืืฆื ืืขืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืกืงื ืืคืืืช ืืืฆื ืืฉืจื, ืืื ืชืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื ืืชืงืืืื ืฉืขืืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืขืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืคืจืืืงืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืฆืื ืื ืืืืฅ. ืืืจื ืืกืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆื, ืืจืฆื ืืืืจ, ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืจ ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืื ืืื ืืื. ืงืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืชืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืชืืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืฉืืฉื ืช 2019 ืฉืืขืืจ ืืคืจืืคืกืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืขืื ืขื ื-55% ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืคืจืืคืกืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืจืื ืขืื ืขื 22%. ืขื ืื ืช ืืขืืื ืืืืก ืืืจื ืกืื ืืืฉืื, ืืงืฆืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืกื ืงืืืื ืืืจืฆืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืฉืืืื ืืืืืฆืข ืืื ื-240 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ืืจืืื ื ืืกืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ื"ืืืขืฆื ืืืชืืืช ืฉื ืืกืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจ", ืืจืืื ื ืืกืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืชืคืื ื"ืคืืจืื ืืืชืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ื ืืกืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช". ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืืืช_ืืืฉืจืื] | [TOKENS: 4296] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืฉืืขื, ืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืืคืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืืงื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืขื ืคื ืืงืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืช: ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช (ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจืช ืืืจืื ืืื ื ืืช ืืืชื ืกืคืจ ืืงืืืืื ืืกืืขืื), ืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืช. ืขื ืคื ืืืง ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืชืฉื"ื-1958, ืจืง ืืืกื ืฉืงืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืจืฉืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ืื "ืืืืื ืืงืืืืช". ืืืืง ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ื-1993 ืืกืจ ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืงืจืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืืืืืืืชื ื ืคืชืื ืืืืืืช ืจืืืช. ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2014, ืคืืขืืืช ืืืฉืจืื 64 ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช. ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช "ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช" ืื ืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืืคืืขืืื ืขื ืคื ืืืง ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืชืฉื"ื-1958, ืืืคืืงืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืขื ืืงืืช ืชืืืจ ืืงืืื ืืฉืจืืื, ืืืื ืืขื ืืงืืช ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2002, ืขืงื ืชืืงืื ืืืืง, ืืืงื ืืฃ ืืขื ืืงืืช ืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืขื ืชืื ืืืื ืชืื, ื ืืื ื-2014 ืืื ื ืืืกืืืืช ืืืขื ืืง ืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื, ืืืืืืกื 2014 ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2015 ืืคืชืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื (ืืืงืืืจ) ืื ืืืืืืืช. ืจืง ืืืง ืืืืืืืืช ืืขืกืืงืืช ืืืงืจืื, ืืืืจืืืชื ืื ืืชืืฆืข ืืืงืจ ืืงืืื. ืืืง ืืืืืืืืช ืขืืกืงืืช ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืงื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืคืชืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืง ืืืืืืืืช ืืฉืืฉืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืืืืฉืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืข. ืืขืืจ ืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืื ืื "ืืืืื ืืงืืืืช", ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืช ืขืืง ืืืจืื ืืขื ืืงื ืืขืฆืื ืืช ืืชืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืกื ืืืืง. ืืืฉืจืื ืงืืืืืช ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช, ืฉืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืช ืืกืืืชื ืืืขื ืืง ืชืืจืื ืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืื ื ืืืงืืช ืืืืืืืช ืคืจืืืืช (ืฉืืื ื ืืชืืงืฆืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ื) ืืืืืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืืช (ืฉืืืงื ืืกืื ืคืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช). ืืืฆืืืจ 2011 ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืืขื ืืง ืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืืช ืืชืืืจ ืคืจืืคืกืืจ: ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ื ืชื ืื, ืืืจืื ืืืื ืชืืืื ืืจืฆืืื ืืืืกืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืกืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืื ืืืจืืฉื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืฉื ืคืจืืคืกืืจืื ืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืช ืืืขื ืืง ืื ืชืืืจ ืคืจืืคืกืืจ. ืจืืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืคืจืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืื ืืงืื ืืืง ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืคืจืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืจืฉื ืืืขื ืืง ืื ืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื (ืืืงืืืจื). ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืจืืื, ืืชืืจืจ ืื ืืืง ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืขื ืืืกืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืฃ ืคืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืช "ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื" (ืื"ื-ืื"ืฉ), ืื ืืชื ืช ืืกืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืฉื ืช 2013, "ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ืึพ1978, ืืขืงืืืช ืืขืืช ืขืฆืืื ื ืืฉืืจืื ืืขืื ืืืืจื, ืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช ืืงืฆืืข ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืคืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช "ืืกืืื ืจืื ืืืืฉืจืช ืืืจืื" ืฉืคืขืื ืืชืืงืฃ "ืืืง ืืชื ืืืืจืฉ ืืชืฉื"ื" ื"ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืื ืื" ืืืขื ืืงืืช ืชืืืจ ืืงืืื ืจืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืชืขืืืช ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืงื, ืืืกืืจืช ืืืง ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืื ืฉื ืคืขืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืื, ืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจืช ืขืืืื ืืืจืื ืืขื ืืงืืช ืชืืืจ ืืงืืื, ืืืืืืืช ืืขืจื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช. ืกื ืืืืืืื ืืชืฉืก"ื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจืช ืขืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืึพ23 ืืืฃ ืกืืืื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืึพ500 ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืกืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืชืืงืฆืขืืช ืฉื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืกืืขืื, ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืขื ืืงืืช ืชืืืจ ืื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืชืืืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืขื ืงืื ืชืืจืื ืืกืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืงืืืืื. ืืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืฉืืื: ืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืืื"ื ืชืืืจ ืืืืขื ืง ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืคืืขืืื ืืืฉืจืื - ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืจ ืืืื ื ืชืืืจ ืืงืืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจ. ืืืกืืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืื ื ืืืกืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื. ืืืง ืืืืืคืื ืืืคืขืืืื ืฉืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื "ืืืืื" ืืฉืื, ืืืืืื: "ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื", "ืจืฉืช ืืืืืืช" ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืงืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืจืื ืฉืืืขื ืงื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืืืืช ืืื"ื, ืืืฉื ืืชืืืจื "ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืื". ืืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืงืืืืืช ื ืืฆืืืช ืืคืืงืื ืื"ื - ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืข, ืฉืืื ืืืฃ ืืืืืชื ืืืืคืงื ืขื ืืืฉืจืช ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืื ืืกืืื-ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืฉืจื ืืคืืชืื ืื ืืื, ืืฉืจื ืืชืขืฉืืื, ืืืกืืจ ืืืชืขืกืืงื. ืื"ื ืืขื ืืง ืืืืืจืื ืชืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืกืื ืืชืืืจ ืื ืืกืื. ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืชืืงืืืช ืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืกืืื ืืื ืื ืืขื ืืงืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืขื ืื ืช ืืชืช ืืกืืืื ื ืืืื ืชืขืกืืงืชืืื-ืืงืฆืืขืืื. ืจืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืืืจืฉืืช ืชื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช. ืืืืง ืืืืืืืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืืช ื ืขืจืืื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืื ืืงืืจืกืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืื ืคืกืืืืืืจื ืืจืง ืืืืงื ื ืืจืฉืช ืชืขืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืืืื. ืืืคืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื "ืืืืื" ืืฉืื, ืืืฉื "ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืจื" ืฉืืื ืื-ืืืืื, ืืืง ืืืืคืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืืืช ืืืืฉืจื ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืขื ืืงืื ืชืขืืืช ืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืขื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_White] | [TOKENS: 3014] |
Contents William Allen White William Allen White (February 10, 1868 โ January 29, 1944) was an American newspaper editor, politician, author, and leader of the Progressive movement. Between 1896 and his death, White became a spokesman for middle America. At a 1937 banquet held in his honor by the Kansas Editorial Association, he was called "the most loved and most distinguished member" of the Kansas press.: 39 Early life White was born in Emporia, Kansas and moved to El Dorado, Kansas, with his parents, Allen and Mary Ann Hatten White, where he spent the majority of his childhood. He loved animals and reading books. He attended the College of Emporia and the University of Kansas, and in 1889 started work at The Kansas City Star as an editorial writer. The Emporia Gazette In 1895, White bought the Emporia Gazette for $3,000 and became its editor, remaining it for the rest of his life. White was a political conservative at this early stage of his career. In 1896 a White editorial titled "What's the Matter With Kansas?" attracted national attention with a scathing attack on William Jennings Bryan, the Democrats, and the Populists. White sharply ridiculed Populist leaders for letting Kansas slip into economic stagnation and not keeping up economically with neighboring states because their anti-business policies frightened away economic capital from the state. White wrote: "There are two ideas of government," said our noble Bryan at Chicago. "There are those who believe that if you legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, this prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous their prosperity will find its way up and through every class and rest upon them." That's the stuff! Give the prosperous man the dickens! Legislate the thriftless man into ease, whack the stuffing out of the creditors and tell the debtors who borrowed the money five years ago when money "per capita" was greater than it is now, that the contraction of currency gives him a right to repudiate. The Republicans sent out hundreds of thousands of copies of the editorial in support of William McKinley during the intensely fought presidential election of 1896, providing White with national exposure. With his warm sense of humor, articulate editorial pen, and uncommon sense approach to life, White soon became known throughout the country. His Gazette editorials were widely reprinted; he wrote stories on politics syndicated by the George Matthew Adams Service; and he published many books, including biographies of Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge. "What's the Matter With Kansas?" and "Mary White" (a tribute to his 16-year-old daughter on her death in 1921) were his best-known writings. Locally he was known as the greatest booster for Emporia. He won a 1923 Pulitzer Prize for his editorial "To an Anxious Friend", published July 27, 1922, after being arrested in a dispute over free speech following objections to the way the state of Kansas handled the men who participated in the Great Railroad Strike of 1922. In his novels and short stories, White developed his idea of the small town as a metaphor for understanding social change and for preaching the necessity of community. While he expressed his views in terms of the small town, he tailored his rhetoric to the needs and values of emerging urban America. The cynicism of the post-World War I world stilled his imaginary literature, but for the remainder of his life he continued to propagate his vision of small-town community. He opposed chain stores and mail order firms as a threat to the business owner on Main Street. The Great Depression shook his faith in a cooperative, selfless, middle-class America. Like most old Progressives his attitude toward the New Deal was ambivalent: President Franklin D. Roosevelt cared for the country and was personally attractive, but White considered his solutions haphazard. White saw the country uniting behind old ideals by 1940, in the face of foreign threats. White sought to encourage a viable moral order that would provide the nation with a sense of community. He recognized the powerful forces of corruption but called for slow, remedial change having its origin in the middle class. In his novel In the Heart of a Fool (1918), White fully developed the idea that reform remained the soundest ally of property rights. He felt that the SpanishโAmerican War fostered political unity, and believed that a moral victory and an advance in civilization would be compensation for the devastation of World War I. White concluded that democracy in the New Era inevitably lacked direction, and the New Deal found him a baffled spectator. Nevertheless, he clung to his vision of a cooperative society until his death in 1944. Politics White became a leader of the Progressive movement in Kansas, forming the Kansas Republican League in 1912 to oppose railroads. White helped Theodore Roosevelt form the Progressive (Bull-Moose) Party in the 1912 presidential election in opposition to the conservative forces surrounding incumbent Republican president William Howard Taft. White was a reporter at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and a strong supporter of Woodrow Wilson's proposal for the League of Nations. The League went into operation but the U.S. never joined. During the 1920s, White was critical of both the isolationism and the conservatism of the Republican Party. According to Roger Bresnahan: White's finest hour came in his vigorous assault, beginning with Gazette editorials in 1921, on the Ku Klux Klan โ a crusade that led him to run for governor of Kansas in 1924 so that his anti-Klan message would reach a broader state and national audience. As expected, White did not win the election, but he was widely credited with deflating Klan intentions in Kansas. In the 1928 presidential election, he condemned the Democratic nominee Al Smith as the candidate of "the saloon, prostitution, and gambling" for Smith's opposition to Prohibition. He was an early supporter of Republican presidential nominees Alf Landon of Kansas in 1936 and Wendell Willkie in 1940. However, White was on the liberal wing of the Republican Party and wrote many editorials praising the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Sponsoring painter John Steuart Curry White was the leader in persuading Kansas newspaper editors and publishers to run a fund-raising campaign so as to invite Kansas's most famous artist, John Steuart Curry, to paint murals for Kansas. He got the support of Governor Walter Huxman and other politicians, and the result was the prestigious invitation to paint murals for the Kansas Capitol. The result was Tragic Prelude. : 37โ39 Sage of Emporia The last quarter century of White's life was spent as an unofficial national spokesman for Middle America. This led President Franklin Roosevelt to ask White to help generate public support for the Allies before America's entry into World War II. In 1940 White was fundamental in the formation of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, sometimes known as the White Committee. He resigned on January 3, 1941, writing to a newspaper columnist that "In our New York and Washington chapters we have a bunch of war mongers and under our organization we have no way to oust them and I just can't remain at the head of an organization that is being used by those chapters to ghost dance for war." Sometimes referred to as the Sage of Emporia, he continued to write editorials for the Gazette until his death in 1944. He was also a founding editor of the Book of the Month Club, along with longtime friend Dorothy Canfield. Family White married Sallie Lindsay in 1893. They had two children, William Lindsay, born in 1900, and Mary Katherine, born in 1904. Mary died in a 1921 horseback-riding accident, prompting her father to publish a famous eulogy, "Mary White," on May 17, 1921. White visited six of the seven continents at least once in his long life. Due to his fame and success, he received 10 honorary degrees from universities, including one from Harvard. White taught his son William L. the importance of journalism, and after his death, William L. took charge of the Gazette and continued its local success; after he died, his wife Kathrine ran it. Their daughter Barbara and her husband, David Walker, took it over much as William had earlier, and today the paper remains family-run, currently headed by William Allen White's great-grandson, Christopher White Walker. White and the two Roosevelts White developed a friendship with President Theodore Roosevelt in the 1890s that lasted until Roosevelt's death in 1919. Roosevelt spent several nights at White's Wight and Wight-designed home, Red Rocks, during trips across the United States. White was to say later, "Roosevelt bit me and I went mad." Later, White supported much of the New Deal, but voted against Franklin D. Roosevelt every time. Famous visitors to Red Rocks (White family home in Emporia) Posthumous honors Life described White: He is the small-town boy who made good at home. To the small-town man who envies the glamour of the city, he is living assurance that small-town life may be preferable. To the city man who looks back with nostalgia on a small-town youth, he is a living symbol of small-town simplicity and kindliness and common sense. The city of Emporia raised $25,000 in war bonds during World War II and were granted naming rights for a B-29 bomber in early 1945. They unsurprisingly chose to name it after their most famous citizen, William Allen White. This bomber was sent with a crew of men to the island of Tinian in the South Pacific and was part of the same bomber squadron that the Enola Gay was in. During World War II, the William Allen White Liberty ship was launched from Richmond, California on May 8, 1944. His autobiography, which was published posthumously in 1946, won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. In 1948 a 3ยข stamp was issued in his honor by the U.S. Postal Service. The University of Kansas Journalism School is named for him, as is the library building at Emporia State University. There are also two awards the William Allen White Foundation has created: the William Allen White Award for outstanding journalistic merit and the Children's Book Award. The town of Emporia honors him to this day with city limits signs on I-35, US-50, and K-99 announcing "Home of William Allen White." A photograph of White has been used by the band They Might Be Giants in stagecraft and music videos throughout their entire career. Quotations From editorial "Mary White": A rift in the clouds in a gray day threw a shaft of sunlight upon her coffin as her nervous, energetic little body sank to its last sleep. But the soul of her, the glowing, gorgeous, fervent soul of her, surely was flaming in eager joy upon some other dawn. From editorial "Student Riots", The Emporia Gazette, April 8, 1932: As a matter of fact student riots of one sort or another, protests against the order that is, kicks against college and university management indicate a healthy growth and a normal functioning of the academic mind. Youth should be radical. Youth should demand change in the world. Youth should not accept the old order if the world is to move on. But the old orders should not be moved easilyโcertainly not at the mere whim or behest of youth. There must be clash and if youth hasn't enough force or fervor to produce the clash the world grows stale and stagnant and sour in decay. If our colleges and universities do not breed men who riot, who rebel, who attack life with all their youthful vim and vigor, then there is something wrong with our colleges. The more riots that come on college campuses, the better world for tomorrow. From a 1933 editorial about the futility of war (referring to World War I): The boys who died just went out and died. To their own souls' glory of course -- but what else? ... Yet the next war will see the same hurrah and the same bowwow of the big dogs to get the little dogs to go out and follow the blood scent and get their entrails tangled in the barbed wire. From an editorial published in February 1943, shortly after President Franklin D. Roosevelt returned from the Casablanca Conference with Winston Churchill: Biting good Republican nails, we're compelled to say that Franklin Roosevelt is the most unaccountable president the United States has ever seen; he has seen more of this amazing world than Marco Polo. Well, damn your smiling old picture, here it is: We who hate your gaudy guts salute you." From a March 20, 1899 editorial, The Emporia Gazette: Riots against the police are occurring in Havana. They will keep occurring. No Latin country governs itself. Self-government is the most difficult thing in the world for a people to accomplish. It is not a matter that a nation acquires by adopting a set of laws. Only Anglo-Saxons can govern themselves. The Cubans will need a despotic government for many years to restrain anarchy until Cuba is filled with Yankees. Uncle Sam, the First, will have to govern Cuba as Alphonso, the Thirteenth, governed it if there is any peace in the island at all. The Cubans are not and, of right, ought not to be free. To say that they are, or that they should be, is folly. Riot will follow riot. Anarchy will rise to be crushed. And unrest will prevail until the Yankee takes possession of the land. Then the Cubans will be an inferiorโif not a servileโrace. Then there will be peace in the land. Then will Cuba be free. It is the Anglo-Saxon's manifest destiny to go forth in the world as a world conqueror. He will take possession of all the islands of the sea. He will exterminate the peoples he cannot subjugate. That is what fate holds for the chosen people. It is so written. Those who would protest, will find their objections overruled. It is to be. Published works White had 22 works published throughout his life. Many of these works were collections of short stories, magazine articles, or speeches he gave throughout his long career. See also Notes Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin] | [TOKENS: 10283] |
Contents Aretha Franklin Aretha Louise Franklin (/ษหriหฮธษ/ ษ-REE-thษ; March 25, 1942 โ August 16, 2018) was an American singer, songwriter and pianist. Honored as the "Queen of Soul", she was twice named by Rolling Stone magazine as the greatest singer of all time. As a child, Franklin was noticed for her gospel singing at New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit, Michigan, where her father C. L. Franklin was a minister. At the age of 18, she was signed as a recording artist for Columbia Records. While her career did not immediately flourish, Franklin found acclaim and commercial success once she signed with Atlantic Records in 1966. There, she recorded significant hit albums such as I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You, Lady Soul and Aretha Now in the late 1960s and Young, Gifted and Black, Amazing Grace and Sparkle in the 1970s, before experiencing problems with the record company. Franklin left Atlantic in 1979 and signed with Arista Records, where her career was revived with the hit albums Jump to It, Who's Zoomin' Who?, Aretha and A Rose Is Still a Rose. Franklin is one of the best-selling music artists, with more than 75 million records sold worldwide. She charted 112 singles on the US Billboard charts, including 73 Hot 100 entries, 17 top-ten pop singles, 96 R&B entries and 20 number-one R&B singles. While her rendition of "Respect" has been referred to as her signature song, Franklin is known for other hit singles such as "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman", "Chain of Fools", "Think", "I Say a Little Prayer", "Rock Steady", "Day Dreaming", "Freeway of Love" and "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)" (a duet with George Michael), to name a few. She also made a featured appearance in the 1980 musical-comedy film The Blues Brothers. Franklin received numerous honors throughout her career. She won 18 Grammy Awards out of 44 nominations, including the first eight awards given for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance (1968โ1975), as well as a Grammy Living Legend Award and Lifetime Achievement Award. She was also awarded the National Medal of Arts and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 1987, she became the first female artist to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Her other inductions include the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005, the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2012, and posthumously the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2020. In 2019, the Pulitzer Prize jury awarded her a posthumous special citation "for her indelible contribution to American music and culture for more than five decades". Early life Aretha Louise Franklin was born on March 25, 1942, to Barbara (nรฉe Siggers) and Clarence LaVaughn "C. L." Franklin. She was delivered at her family's home located at 406 Lucy Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee. Her father was a Baptist minister and circuit preacher originally from Shelby, Mississippi, while her mother was an accomplished piano player and vocalist. C. L. and Barbara Franklin both had children from prior relationships in addition to the four children they had together. When Aretha was two years old, the family relocated to Buffalo, New York. By the time Aretha turned five, C. L. Franklin had permanently relocated the family to Detroit, Michigan where he took over the pastorship of the New Bethel Baptist Church. The Franklins had a troubled marriage because of C. L. Franklin's infidelities, and they separated in 1948. At that time, Barbara Franklin returned to Buffalo with Aretha's half-brother, Vaughn. After the separation, Aretha recalled seeing her mother in Buffalo during the summer, and Barbara Franklin frequently visited her children in Detroit. Aretha's mother died of a heart attack on March 7, 1952, before Aretha's 10th birthday. Several women, including Aretha's grandmother, Rachel, and Mahalia Jackson, took turns helping with the children at the Franklin home. During this time, Aretha learned how to play piano by ear. She also attended public school in Detroit, going through her first year at Northern High School, but dropping out during her second year. Aretha became pregnant with her first child, Clarence, when she was only 12 years old. She originally claimed that the father was a classmate named Edward Jordan, but would later write in her will that the father was Edward Jordan Sr.[better source needed] Aretha's father's emotionally driven sermons resulted in his being known as the man with the "million-dollar voice". He earned thousands of dollars for sermons in various churches across the country. His fame led to his home being visited by various celebrities. Among the visitors were gospel musicians Clara Ward, James Cleveland, and early Caravans members Albertina Walker and Inez Andrews. Martin Luther King Jr., Jackie Wilson and Sam Cooke all became friends of C. L. Franklin, as well. Ward was romantically involved with Aretha's father from around 1949 until Ward's death in 1973, though Aretha "preferred to view them strictly as friends". Ward also served as a role model to the young Aretha. Musical career Just after her mother's death, Franklin began singing solos at New Bethel Baptist Church, debuting with the hymn "Jesus, Be a Fence Around Me". When Franklin was 12, her father began managing her; he would take her on the road with him, during his "gospel caravan" tours for her to perform in various churches. He also helped her sign her first recording deal with J.V.B. Records. Franklin was featured on vocals and piano. In 1956, J.V.B. released Franklin's first single, "Never Grow Old", backed with "You Grow Closer". "Precious Lord (Part One)" backed with "Precious Lord (Part Two)" followed in 1959. These four tracks, with the addition of "There Is a Fountain Filled with Blood", were released on side one of the 1956 album, Spirituals. This was reissued by Battle Records in 1962, under the same title. In 1965, Checker Records released Songs of Faith, featuring the five tracks from the 1956 Spirituals album, with the addition of four previously unreleased recordings. Aretha was only 14 when Songs of Faith was recorded. During this time, Franklin would occasionally travel with the Soul Stirrers. As a young gospel singer, Franklin spent summers on the gospel circuit in Chicago and stayed with Mavis Staples's family. According to music producer Quincy Jones, while Franklin was still young, Dinah Washington let him know that "Aretha was the 'next one'". Franklin and her father traveled to California, where she met singer Sam Cooke. At the age of 16, Franklin went on tour with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and she would ultimately sing at his funeral in 1968. Other influences in her youth included Marvin Gaye, as well as Ray Charles and Sam Cooke, "two of Franklin's greatest influences". Also important was James Cleveland, known as the King of Gospel music, "who helped to focus her early career as a gospel singer"; Cleveland had been recruited by her father as a pianist for the Southern California Community Choir. After turning 18, Franklin confided to her father that she aspired to follow Sam Cooke in recording pop music, and moved to New York. Serving as her manager, C. L. Franklin agreed to the move and helped to produce a two-song demo that soon was brought to the attention of Columbia Records, who agreed to sign her in 1960, as a "five-percent artist". During this period, Franklin would be coached by choreographer Cholly Atkins to prepare for her pop performances. Before signing with Columbia, Sam Cooke tried to persuade Franklin's father to sign her with his label, RCA Victor, but she had already decided to go with Columbia. Berry Gordy had also asked Franklin and her elder sister Erma to sign with his Tamla label, but C. L. Franklin turned Gordy down, as he felt Tamla was not yet an established label. Franklin's first Columbia single, "Today I Sing the Blues", was issued in September 1960 and later reached the top 10 of the Hot R&B Sides chart. In January 1961, Columbia issued Franklin's first album, Aretha: With The Ray Bryant Combo. The album featured her first single to chart the Billboard Hot 100, "Won't Be Long", which also peaked at number 7 on the R&B chart. Mostly produced by Clyde Otis, Franklin's Columbia recordings saw her performing in diverse genres, such as standards, vocal jazz, blues, doo-wop and rhythm and blues. Before the year was out, Franklin scored her first hit-single with her rendition of the standard "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody". By the end of 1961, Franklin was named as a "new-star female vocalist" in DownBeat magazine. In 1962, Columbia issued two more albums, The Electrifying Aretha Franklin and The Tender, the Moving, the Swinging Aretha Franklin, the latter of which became her first charting album, reaching number 69 on the Billboard Top LPs โ Monaural chart. In the 1960s, during a performance at the Regal Theater in Chicago, WVON radio personality Pervis Spann announced that Franklin should be crowned "the Queen of Soul". Spann ceremonially placed a crown on her head. By 1964, Franklin began recording more pop music, reaching the top 10 on the R&B chart with the ballad "Runnin' Out of Fools", in early 1965. She had two R&B charted singles in 1965 and 1966, with the songs "One Step Ahead" and "Cry Like a Baby", while also reaching the Easy Listening charts with the ballads "You Made Me Love You" and "(No, No) I'm Losing You". By the mid-1960s, Franklin was making $100,000 per year from countless performances in nightclubs and theaters. Also during that period, she appeared on rock-and-roll shows, such as Hollywood a Go-Go and Shindig! However, she struggled with commercial success while at Columbia. Label executive John H. Hammond later said he felt Columbia did not understand Franklin's early gospel background and failed to bring that aspect out further during her period there. In November 1966, Franklin's Columbia recording contract expired; at that time, she owed the company money because record sales had not met expectations. Producer Jerry Wexler convinced her to move to Atlantic Records. Wexler decided that he wanted to take advantage of her gospel background; his philosophy in general was to encourage a "tenacious form of rhythm & blues that became increasingly identified as soul". The Atlantic days would lead to a series of hits for Aretha Franklin between 1967 and early 1972; her rapport with Wexler helped in the creation of the majority of her peak recordings on the Atlantic label. The next seven years' achievements were less impressive. However, according to Rolling Stone, "they weren't as terrible as some claimed, they were pro forma and never reached for new heights". In January 1967, Franklin traveled to Muscle Shoals, Alabama, to record at FAME Studios and recorded the song "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)", backed by the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. Franklin only spent one day recording at FAME, as an altercation broke out between her manager and husband Ted White, studio owner Rick Hall, and a horn player, and sessions were abandoned. The song was released the following month and reached number one on the R&B chart, while also peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100, giving Franklin her first top-ten pop single. The song's B-side, "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man", reached the R&B top 40, peaking at number 37. "Respect" was Otis Redding's song but Aretha modified it with a "supercharged interlude featuring the emphatic spelling-out of the song's title". Her frenetic version was released in April and reached number one on both the R&B and pop charts. "Respect" became her signature song and was later hailed as a civil rights and feminist anthem. Upon hearing her version, Otis Redding said admiringly: "That little girl done took my song away from me." Franklin's debut Atlantic album, I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You, also became commercially successful, later going gold. According to National Geographic, this recording "would catapult Franklin to fame". Franklin scored two additional top-ten singles in 1967: "Baby I Love You" and "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman". Working with Wexler and Atlantic, Franklin had become "the most successful singer in the nation" by 1968. In 1968, Franklin issued the top-selling albums Lady Soul and Aretha Now, which included some of her most popular hit singles, including "Chain of Fools", "Ain't No Way", "Think", and "I Say a Little Prayer". That February, Franklin earned the first two of her Grammys, including the debut category for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. On February 16, Franklin was honored with a day named for her and was greeted by longtime friend Martin Luther King Jr., who gave her the SCLC Drum Beat Award for Musicians less than two months before his death. Franklin toured outside the US for the first time in late April/May 1968, including an appearance at the Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, where she played to a near-hysterical audience who covered the stage with flower petals. She performed two concerts in London, at the Finsbury Park Astoria and the Hammersmith Odeon on May 11 and May 12. In June 1968, she appeared on the cover of Time magazine in a portrait illustration by Boris Chaliapin. In March 1969, Franklin was unanimously voted winner of Acadรฉmie du Jazz's R&B award, Prix Otis Redding, for her albums Lady Soul, Aretha Now, and Aretha in Paris. That year, Franklin was the subject of a criminal impersonation scheme. Another woman performed at several Florida venues under the name Aretha Franklin. Suspicion was drawn when the fake Franklin charged only a fraction of the expected rate to perform. Franklin's lawyers contacted Florida authorities and uncovered a coercive scheme in which the singer, Vickie Jones, had been threatened with violence and constrained into impersonating her idol, whom she resembled closely both in voice and looks. After being cleared of wrongdoing, Jones subsequently enjoyed a brief career of her own, during which she was herself the subject of an impersonation. Franklin's success further expanded during the early 1970s, during which she recorded the multi-week R&B number one "Don't Play That Song (You Lied)", as well as the top-ten singles "Spanish Harlem", "Rock Steady", and "Day Dreaming". Some of these releases were from the acclaimed albums Spirit in the Dark (released in August 1970, in which month she again performed at London's Hammersmith Odeon) and Young, Gifted and Black (released in early 1972). In 1971, Franklin became the first R&B performer to headline Fillmore West, later that year releasing the live album Aretha Live at Fillmore West. In January 1972, she returned to gospel music in a two-night, live-church recording, with the album Amazing Grace, in which she reinterpreted standards such as Mahalia Jackson's "How I Got Over". Originally released in June 1972, Amazing Grace sold more than two million copies, and is one of bestselling gospel albums of all time. The live performances were filmed for a concert film directed by Sydney Pollack, but because of synching problems and Franklin's own attempts to prevent the film's distribution, the film's release was only realized by producer Alan Elliott in November 2018. Franklin's career began to experience problems while recording the album Hey Now Hey, which featured production from Quincy Jones. Despite the success of the single "Angel", the album bombed upon its release in 1973. Franklin continued having R&B success with songs such as "Until You Come Back to Me" and "I'm in Love", but by 1975 her albums and songs were no longer top sellers. After Jerry Wexler left Atlantic for Warner Bros. Records in 1976, Franklin worked on the soundtrack to the film Sparkle with Curtis Mayfield. The album yielded Franklin's final top 40 pop hit of the decade, "Something He Can Feel", which also peaked at number one on the R&B chart. Franklin's follow-up albums for Atlantic, including Sweet Passion (1977), Almighty Fire (1978) and La Diva (1979), bombed on the charts, and in 1979 Franklin left the company. On November 7, 1979, she guested The Mike Douglas Show with her yellow costume from her La Diva album, and sang "Ladies Only", "What If I Should Ever Need You" and "Yesterday" by the Beatles. In 1980, after leaving Atlantic Records, Franklin signed with Clive Davis's Arista Records. "Davis was beguiling and had the golden touch", according to Rolling Stone. "If anybody could rejuvenate Franklin's puzzlingly stuck career, it was Davis." Franklin participated in the musical comedy film, The Blues Brothers, in a cameo guest role as a soul food restaurant proprietor and wife of Matt "Guitar" Murphy. In November of that year, Franklin participated in the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium in front of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, directed by Louis Benjamin in celebration of fifty years of entertainment. Franklin's first Arista release, Aretha, was released in 1980 and produced the top three R&B hit single "United Together". While not released as a single, Franklin's funk-influenced cover of Otis Redding's "I Can't Turn You Loose" on the same album resulted in her first Grammy nomination in four years. The follow-up album, Love All the Hurt Away (1981) featured her hit R&B duet of the title track with George Benson, while a post-disco rendition of Sam & Dave's "Hold On, I'm Comin'" won Franklin her first Grammy in six years. For her next Arista release, Clive Davis hired rising soul singer Luther Vandross to produce, resulting in Jump to It (1982). Producing her first top 40 single on the Billboard Hot 100 since "Something He Can Feel" with the danceable title track", the album would become her first since the Sparkle soundtrack seven years earlier to receive a gold certification from the RIAA. When her immediate Vandross-helmed follow-up, Get It Right (1983), failed to perform successfully despite the title track becoming a number one R&B single, Arista hired a young Narada Michael Walden to produce the album, Who's Zoomin' Who. Eschewing her R&B and soul roots, the album brought on a crossover pop sound with elements of synthesized dance-rock and urban pop. Featuring the top ten Hot 100 hits such as "Freeway of Love" and the title track, the album peaked at number thirteen on the Billboard 200, her highest peak in nearly 20 years and was her first album to be certified platinum in the United States. Part of the album's success was due to exposure on the then-fledgling music video channel MTV, which also exposed Franklin to a younger audience. Franklin also achieved a top 20 hit with the duet, "Sisters Are Doing It for Themselves" with the new wave band Eurythmics. More than a year later in 1986, Franklin issued her sixth Arista release, Aretha (sometimes referred to as Aretha '86). The Walden-produced album went gold on the strength of her globally successful duet with George Michael, "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)", which became her first single in nearly twenty years to top the Billboard Hot 100 and also topped the charts in the United Kingdom and Australia and resulted in Grammy wins for Franklin. Other hit singles on Aretha included a pop-rock rendition of "Jumpin' Jack Flash", culled from the Whoopi Goldberg-starring film of the same name, and "Jimmy Lee". Throughout 1987, Franklin provided vocals to the theme songs of the TV shows A Different World and Together. Also in 1987, the artist performed "America the Beautiful" at WWE's Wrestlemania III; one source states that "to this day her WrestleMania III performance might be the most memorable" of the event openers by many artists. That same year, Franklin released her second full-length gospel album, One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism, which was recorded at her late father's New Bethel church. After 1988, "Franklin never again had huge hits", according to Rolling Stone. In 1989, Franklin reunited with Narada Michael Walden on the album Through the Storm. Despite the appearances of Elton John and fellow label mate and "honorary niece" Whitney Houston, the album sold poorly, as did her 1991 follow-up, What You See is What You Sweat. Both albums attempted to bring Franklin to the new jack swing era but were critical failures as well. Franklin returned to the charts in 1993 with the house song "A Deeper Love", which was featured on the soundtrack to Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit and topped the Billboard Dance Club Play chart and was a UK top five hit. A year later, Franklin began working with Babyface, landing her first top 40 single in five years with the R&B ballad, "Willing to Forgive". In 1995, Franklin portrayed Aunt Em in the Apollo Theater revival of The Wiz. That year, Franklin contributed to the soundtrack of Waiting to Exhale, after being handpicked by Whitney Houston to perform the ballad "It Hurts Like Hell", which reached the Billboard R&B charts. Three years after that, Franklin released the album, A Rose Is Still a Rose, which produced her final top 40 single with the title track, with both the album and single earning gold certifications. That same year, Franklin received global praise after her 1998 Grammy Awards performance. She had initially been asked to perform in honor of the 1980 film The Blues Brothers, in which she appeared with Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi. That evening, after the show had already begun, another performer, opera tenor Luciano Pavarotti became too ill to perform the aria "Nessun dorma" as planned. The show's producers, desperate to fill the time slot, approached Franklin with their dilemma. She was a friend of Pavarotti and had sung the aria two nights prior at the annual MusiCares event. She asked to hear Pavarotti's rehearsal recording, and after listening, agreed that she could sing it in the tenor range that the orchestra was prepared to play in. More than one billion people worldwide saw the performance, and she received an immediate standing ovation. She would go on to record the selection and perform it live several more times in the years to come. The last time she sang the aria live was for Pope Francis at the World Meeting of Families in Philadelphia in September 2015. A small boy was so touched by her performance that he came onto the stage and embraced her while Franklin was still singing. Her final Arista album, So Damn Happy, was released in 2003 and featured the Grammy-winning song "Wonderful". In 2004, Franklin announced that she was leaving Arista after more than 20 years with the label. To complete her Arista obligations, Franklin issued the duets compilation album Jewels in the Crown: All-Star Duets with the Queen in 2007. In February 2006, she performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" with Aaron Neville and Dr. John for Super Bowl XL, held in her hometown of Detroit. In 2007, Franklin would perform America the Beautiful at WrestleMania 23, 20 years since her performance at WrestleMania 3, where she was specifically chosen to reflect the events "all grown up" theme and tagline. In 2008, Franklin issued the holiday album This Christmas, Aretha on DMI Records. On February 8, 2008, Franklin was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year, and performed "Never Gonna Break My Faith", which had won her the Grammy for best gospel performance the year before. Twelve years later, an unheard performance of "Never Gonna Break My Faith" was released in June 2020 to commemorate Juneteenth with a new video visualizing the American human rights movement. This caused the song to enter the Billboard gospel charts at number one, giving Franklin the distinction of having had a number one record in every decade since the 1960s. On November 18, 2008, she performed "Respect" and "Chain of Fools" at Dancing with the Stars. On January 20, 2009, Franklin made international headlines for performing "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" at President Barack Obama's inaugural ceremony with her church hat becoming a popular topic online. In 2010, Franklin accepted an honorary degree from Yale University. In 2011, under her own label, Aretha's Records, she issued the album Aretha: A Woman Falling Out of Love. In 2014, Franklin was signed under RCA Records, controller of the Arista catalog and a sister label to Columbia via Sony Music Entertainment, and worked with Clive Davis. There were plans for her to record an album produced by Danger Mouse, who was replaced with Babyface and Don Was when Danger Mouse left the project. On September 29, 2014, Franklin performed to a standing ovation, with Cissy Houston as backup, a compilation of Adele's "Rolling in the Deep" and "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" on the Late Show with David Letterman. Franklin's cover of "Rolling in the Deep" was featured among nine other songs in her first RCA release, Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics, released in October 2014. In doing so, she became the first woman to have 100 songs on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart with the success of her cover of Adele's "Rolling in the Deep", which debuted at number 47 on the chart. In December 2015, Franklin gave an acclaimed performance of "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" at the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors during the section for honoree Carole King, who co-wrote the song. During the swelling bridge of the song, Franklin dramatically dropped her fur coat from her shoulders to the stage, for which the audience rewarded her with a mid-performance standing ovation. Dropping the coat was symbolic according to Rolling Stone: it "echoed back to those times when gospel queens would toss their furs on top of the coffins of other gospel queens โ a gesture that honored the dead but castigated death itself". She returned to Detroit's Ford Field on Thanksgiving Day 2016 to once again perform the national anthem before the game between the Minnesota Vikings and Detroit Lions. Seated behind the piano, wearing a black fur coat and Lions stocking cap, Franklin gave a rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" that lasted more than four minutes and featured a host of improvisations. Franklin released the album A Brand New Me in November 2017 with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, which uses archived recordings from Franklin. Franklin canceled some concerts in 2017 for health reasons. Nevertheless, she was still garnering highly favorable reviews for her skill and showmanship. At the Ravinia Festival on September 3, 2017, she gave her last full concert. Franklin's final public performance was at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City during Elton John's 25th anniversary gala for the Elton John AIDS Foundation on November 7, 2017. Music style and image According to Richie Unterberger, Franklin was "one of the giants of soul music, and indeed of American pop as a whole. More than any other performer, she epitomized soul at its most gospel-charged". She had often been described as a great singer and musician because of "vocal flexibility, interpretive intelligence, skillful piano-playing, her ear, her experience". Franklin's voice was described as being a "powerful mezzo-soprano voice". She was praised for her arrangements and interpretations of other artists' hit songs. According to David Remnick, what "distinguishes her is not merely the breadth of her catalog or the cataract force of her vocal instrument; it's her musical intelligence, her way of singing behind the beat, of spraying a wash of notes over a single word or syllable, of constructing, moment by moment, the emotional power of a three-minute song. 'Respect' is as precise an artifact as a Ming vase." Describing Franklin's voice on her first album, Songs of Faith, released in 1956 when she was just 14, Jerry Wexler explained that it "was not that of a child but rather of an ecstatic hierophant". Critic Randy Lewis assessed her skills as a pianist as "magic" and "inspirational". Musicians and professionals alike โ such as Elton John, Keith Richards, Carole King, and Clive Davis โ were fans of her piano performances. In 2015, President Barack Obama wrote the following regarding Franklin: Nobody embodies more fully the connection between the African-American spiritual, the blues, R. & B., rock and rollโthe way that hardship and sorrow were transformed into something full of beauty and vitality and hope. American history wells up when Aretha sings. That's why, when she sits down at a piano and sings 'A Natural Woman,' she can move me to tearsโthe same way that Ray Charles's version of 'America the Beautiful' will always be in my view the most patriotic piece of music ever performedโbecause it captures the fullness of the American experience, the view from the bottom as well as the top, the good and the bad, and the possibility of synthesis, reconciliation, transcendence. Activism From her time growing up in the home of a prominent African-American preacher to the end of her life, Franklin was immersed and involved in the struggle for civil rights and women's rights. She provided money for civil rights groups, at times covering payroll, and performed at benefits and protests. When Angela Davis was jailed in 1970, Franklin told Jet: "Angela Davis must go free ... Black people will be free. I've been locked up (for disturbing the peace in Detroit) and I know you got to disturb the peace when you can't get no peace. Jail is hell to be in. I'm going to see her free if there is any justice in our courts, not because I believe in communism, but because she's a Black woman and she wants freedom for Black people." Her songs "Respect" and "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" became anthems of these movements for social change. Franklin and several other American icons declined to take part in performing at President Donald Trump's 2017 inauguration as a mass act of musical protest. Franklin was also a strong supporter of Native American rights. She quietly and without fanfare supported Indigenous peoples' struggles worldwide, and numerous movements that supported Native American and First Nation cultural rights. Personal life, death and funeral Franklin moved to New York City from Detroit in the 1960s where she lived until relocating to Los Angeles in the mid-1970s. She eventually settled in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Encino, where she lived until 1982. She then returned to the Detroit suburb of Bloomfield Hills to be close to her ailing father and siblings. Franklin maintained a residence there until her death. Following an incident in 1984, she cited a fear of flying that prevented her from traveling overseas; she performed only in North America afterwards. Franklin was Baptist. Franklin was the mother of four sons. She first became pregnant at the age of 12 and gave birth to her first child, named Clarence after her father, on January 28, 1955. In one of her handwritten wills, discovered in 2019, Franklin revealed that the father was Edward Jordan. On August 31, 1957, at the age of 15, Franklin had a second child fathered by Jordan, named Edward Derone Franklin after his father. Franklin did not like to discuss her early pregnancies with interviewers. Both children took her family name. While Franklin was pursuing her singing career and "hanging out with [friends]", her grandmother Rachel and sister Erma took turns raising her children. Franklin would visit them often. Her third child, Ted White Jr., was born to Franklin and her husband Theodore "Ted" White in February 1964 and is known professionally as Teddy Richards. He provided guitar backing for his mother's band during live concerts. Her youngest son, Kecalf Cunningham, was born in April 1970 and is the child of her road manager Ken Cunningham. Franklin was married twice. Her first husband was Ted White, whom she married in 1961 at the age of 18. She had actually seen White the first time at a party held at her house in 1954. After a contentious marriage that was marred by domestic abuse, Franklin separated from White in 1968 and divorced him in 1969. She married actor Glynn Turman, on April 11, 1978, at her father's church. By marrying Turman, Franklin became stepmother of Turman's three children. Franklin and Turman separated in 1982 after she returned to Michigan from California and they divorced in 1984. Franklin's sisters, Erma and Carolyn, were professional musicians and spent years performing background vocals on Franklin's recordings. Following Franklin's divorce from Ted White, her brother Cecil became her manager and maintained that position until his death from lung cancer on December 26, 1989. Her sister Carolyn died in April 1988 from breast cancer and her eldest sister Erma died from throat cancer in September 2002. Franklin's half-brother Vaughn died in late 2002. Her half-sister, Carol Ellan Kelley (nรฉe Jennings; 1940โ2019), was C. L. Franklin's daughter by Mildred Jennings, a 12-year-old member of New Salem Baptist Church in Memphis where C. L. was pastor. Franklin's father and idol, described as "unorthodox on every level," knowingly preyed on his pre-teen congregants. Franklin was performing at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada, on June 10, 1979, when her father, C. L., was shot twice at point-blank range in his Detroit home. After six months at Henry Ford Hospital while still in a coma, C. L. was moved back to his home with 24-hour nursing care. Aretha moved back to Detroit in late 1982 to assist with the care of her father, who died at Detroit's New Light Nursing Home on July 27, 1984. Franklin had a long friendship with Willie Wilkerson, a Vietnam War veteran and Detroit firefighter, who also helped in her work and cared for her when ill. In 2012 she announced plans to marry Wilkerson but the engagement was quickly called off. Franklin's music business friends included Dionne Warwick, Mavis Staples, and Cissy Houston, who began singing with Franklin as members of the Sweet Inspirations. Houston sang background on Franklin's hit "Ain't No Way". Franklin first met Cissy's young daughter, Whitney Houston, in the early 1970s. She was made Whitney's honorary aunt (not a godmother as has been occasionally reported) and Whitney often referred to her as "Auntie Ree" or "Aunt Ree". Franklin had to cancel plans to perform at Whitney Houston's memorial service on February 18, 2012, because of a leg spasm. Franklin was a registered Democrat. While her estate had been estimated at $80 million, according to the New York Times, at her death it was valued at $18 million. Franklin had weight issues for many years. In 1974, she lost 40 pounds (18 kg) on a very-low-calorie diet and maintained her new weight until the end of the decade. She again lost weight in the early 1990s, before gaining some back. A former chain smoker who struggled with alcoholism, she quit smoking in 1992. She admitted in 1994 that her smoking was "messing with my voice", but after quitting smoking she said later, in 2003, that her weight "ballooned". In 2010, Franklin canceled a number of concerts to have surgery for an undisclosed tumor. Discussing the surgery in 2011, she quoted her doctor as saying that it would "add 15 to 20 years" to her life. She denied that the ailment had anything to do with pancreatic cancer, as had been reported. Franklin added, "I don't have to talk about my health with anybody other than my doctors ... The problem has been resolved". Following the surgery, Franklin lost 85 lbs.; however, she denied that she had undergone weight-loss surgery. On May 19, 2011, Franklin had her comeback show at the Chicago Theatre. In May 2013, Franklin canceled two performances because of an undisclosed medical treatment. Further concert cancellations followed in the summer and fall. During a phone interview with the Associated Press in late August 2013, Franklin stated that she had had a "miraculous" recovery from her undisclosed illness but had to cancel shows and appearances until her health was at 100%, estimating she was about "85% healed". Franklin later returned to live performing, including a 2013 Christmas concert at Detroit's MotorCity Casino Hotel. She launched a multi-city tour in mid-2014, starting with a performance on June 14 in New York at Radio City Music Hall. In February 2017, Franklin announced in an interview with local Detroit television anchor, Evrod Cassimy, that 2017 would be her final year touring. However, she scheduled some 2018 concert dates before canceling them based on her physician's advice. On August 13, 2018, Franklin was reported to be gravely ill at her home in Riverfront Towers, Detroit. She was under hospice care and surrounded by friends and family. Stevie Wonder, Jesse Jackson and former husband Glynn Turman visited her on her deathbed. Franklin died at her home on August 16, 2018, aged 76. She was initially thought to have died without a will. The cause of death was a malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET), which is distinct from the most common form of pancreatic cancer. Numerous celebrities in the entertainment industry and politicians paid tribute to Franklin, including former U.S. President Barack Obama who said she "helped define the American experience". Civil rights activist and minister Al Sharpton called her a "civil rights and humanitarian icon". A memorial service was held at her home church, New Bethel Baptist Church, on August 19. Thousands then paid their respects during the public lying-in-repose at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. The August 31 Homegoing Service held at Greater Grace Temple in Detroit, included multiple tributes by celebrities, politicians, friends and family members and was streamed by some news agencies such as Fox News, CNN, The Word Network, BET and MSNBC. Among those who paid tribute to Aretha at the service were Ariana Grande, Bill Clinton, Rev. Al Sharpton, Louis Farrakhan, Faith Hill, Fantasia, the Clark Sisters, Ronald Isley, Angie Stone, Chaka Khan, Jennifer Holliday, Loretta Devine, Jennifer Hudson, Queen Latifah, Tasha Cobbs, Shirley Caesar, Shirma Rouse, Stevie Wonder, Eric Holder, Gladys Knight, Cedric the Entertainer, Tyler Perry, Smokey Robinson, Yolanda Adams, and Rev. Dr. William Barber II. At Franklin's request she was eulogized by Rev. Jasper Williams Jr. of Salem Baptist Church in Atlanta, as he had eulogized her father as well as speaking at other family memorials. Williams's eulogy was criticized for being "a political address that described children being in a home without a father as 'abortion after birth' and said black lives do not matter unless blacks stop killing each other". Franklin's nephew Vaughan complained of Williams: "He spoke for 50 minutes and at no time did he properly eulogize her." Following a telecast procession up Seven Mile Road, Franklin was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in Detroit. Legacy and honors Franklin received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1979, had her voice declared a Michigan "natural resource" in 1985, and became the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences awarded her a Grammy Legend Award in 1991, then the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994. Franklin was a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1994, recipient of the National Medal of Arts in 1999, recipient of the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award presented by Awards Council member Coretta Scott King, and was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005 by then President George W. Bush. She was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2015. Franklin became the second woman inducted to the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. She was the 2008 MusiCares Person of the Year, performing at the Grammys days later. In 2019 she was awarded a Pulitzer Prize Special Citation "[f]or her indelible contribution to American music and culture for more than five decades". Franklin was the first individual woman to receive a Pulitzer Prize Special Citation. At the beginning of her career, Siouxsie Sioux named her as her favourite female singer. In 2010 Franklin was ranked first on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time" and ninth on their list of "100 Greatest Artists of All Time". Following news of Franklin's surgery and recovery in February 2011, the Grammys ceremony paid tribute to the singer with a medley of her classics performed by Christina Aguilera, Florence Welch, Jennifer Hudson, Martina McBride, and Yolanda Adams. That same year, she was ranked 19th among the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time top artists. When Rolling Stone listed the "Women in Rock: 50 Essential Albums" in 2002 and again in 2012, it listed Franklin's 1967 I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You at number one. Inducted to the GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2012, Franklin was described as "the voice of the civil rights movement, the voice of black America". Asteroid 249516 Aretha was named in her honor in 2014. The next year, Billboard named her the greatest female R&B artist of all time. In 2018, Franklin was inducted in to the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. "American history wells up when Aretha sings", President Obama explained in response to her performance of "A Natural Woman" at the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors. "Nobody embodies more fully the connection between the African-American spiritual, the blues, R&B, rock and rollโthe way that hardship and sorrow were transformed into something full of beauty and vitality and hope." Franklin later recalled the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors as one of the best nights of her life. On June 8, 2017, the City of Detroit honored Franklin's legacy by renaming a portion of Madison Street, between Brush and Witherell Streets, Aretha Franklin Way. The Aretha Franklin Post Office Building was named in 2021, and is located at 12711 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Rolling Stone called Franklin "the greatest singer of her generation". In April 2021, Aretha Franklin was featured in National Geographic magazine and in the previous month, the society began airing the third season of the television series Genius about her life and career. After working with the artist for nearly four decades, Clive Davis, said that Aretha "understood the essence of both language and melody and was able to take it to a place very fewโif anyโcould". According to National Geographic, "she was a musical genius unmatched in her range, power, and soul". Franklin received honorary degrees from Harvard University and New York University in 2014, as well as honorary doctorates in music from Princeton University, 2012; Yale University, 2010; Brown University, 2009; the University of Pennsylvania, 2007; Berklee College of Music, 2006; the New England Conservatory of Music, 1997; and the University of Michigan, 1987. She was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by Case Western Reserve University 2011 and Wayne State University in 1990 and an honorary Doctor of Law degree by BethuneโCookman University in 1975. After Franklin's death, fans added unofficial tributes to two New York City Subway stations: the Franklin Street station in Manhattan, served by the 1 train, and the Franklin Avenue station in Brooklyn, served by the Cโ and S trains. Both stations were originally named after other people. Although the fan tributes were later taken down, the subway system's operator, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, placed permanent black-and-white stickers with the word "Respect" next to the "Franklin" name signs in each station. During the American Music Awards on October 9, 2018, the show was closed by bringing Gladys Knight, Donnie McClurkin, Ledisi, Cece Winans, and Mary Mary together to pay tribute to Aretha Franklin. The "all-star" group performed gospel songs, including renditions from Franklin's 1972 album, Amazing Grace. A tribute concert, "Aretha! A Grammy Celebration for the Queen of Soul", was organized by CBS and the Recording Academy on January 13, 2019, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The concert included performances by Smokey Robinson, Janelle Monรกe, Alicia Keys, John Legend, Kelly Clarkson, Celine Dion, Alessia Cara, Patti LaBelle, Jennifer Hudson, Chloe x Halle, H.E.R., SZA, Brandi Carlile, Yolanda Adams and Shirley Caesar, and was recorded for television, airing on March 10. At the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, the ceremony was ended with a memorial tribute to the life and career of Franklin. The tribute concluded with a rendition of her 1968 hit, "A Natural Woman (You Make Me Feel Like)", performed by Fantasia Barrino-Taylor, Andra Day and Yolanda Adams. In 2019, Time created 89 new covers to celebrate women of the year starting from 1920; it chose Franklin for 1968. Rick Price wrote a tribute "Farewell But Not Goodbye" for his Soulville album released in 2021. In June 2023, Aretha โ A Love Letter to the Queen of Soul opened at Sydney Opera House before heading to Brisbane and Melbourne. Australian playwright, actor and screenwriter Jada Alberts directed and narrated the musical, which featured Emma Donovan, Montaigne, Thandi Phoenix, Thndo, and Ursula Yovich, along with a nine-piece band. On January 29, 2018, Gary Graff confirmed that Jennifer Hudson would play Franklin in a biographical film. The film, Respect, was released in August 2021 in various countries. On February 10, 2019, it was announced that the subject of the third season of the American National Geographic anthology television series Genius would be Franklin, in the "first-ever, definitive scripted miniseries on the life of the universally acclaimed Queen of Soul". The season, starring Cynthia Erivo as Franklin, was aired in March 2021. However, Franklin's family denounced the series, claiming to be uninvolved with the production process, despite the production team stating that the series had been endorsed by the Franklin estate. Franklin, as the "Queen of Soul", is name-checked in the 1980 single "Hey Nineteen" by Steely Dan from their album Gaucho. Discography Studio albums Filmography See also Citations General sources External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื ืฆืืืืช_ืืื"ื_ืืคืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 1844] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืขืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืื (ืืื ืืืืช: United Nations High Commission for Refugees; ืจืืฉื ืชืืืืช: UNHCR) ืืื ืืืฃ ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืจืช ืืืืืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืคืืืืื, ืฉืืกืคืจื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืืขืจื ื-21.3 ืืืืืื ื-2015. ืื ืฆืืืืช ืื ืืืคืืช ืืืืงืฉื ืืงืื ืืืืืกืจื ืืืจืืืช. ืื ืฆืืืืช, ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืงื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืฉืืฉืืืืืฆืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืช ืชืคืงืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืคืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1951 ืืืคืจืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืื ืืฉื ืช 1967. ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืืชื ืืคืจืก ื ืืื ืืฉืืื ื-1954 ืืฉืื ื-1981. ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2023, ืชืงืฆืื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืื 10.7 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืขืกืืงื ื-21 ืืืฃ ืขืืืืื. ืืชืืื ื-90% ืื ืขืืืื ืฉืื. ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืคืืช ืื-35 ืืืืืื ืคืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ื-65 ืืืืืื ืขืงืืจืื ื5.4 ืืืืืื ืืืงืฉื ืืงืื. ืขืื ื-5.9 ืืืืืื ืคืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืคืืื ืืืืคื ื ืคืจื ืืืืขืื ืขื-ืืื ืืื ืจ"ื (UNRWA) ืฉืืคืขืืื ืงืจืืืจืืื ืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืชื ืืืขืื ืฉื ืคืืื. ืืจืืฉ ืื ืฆืืืืช ืขืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืจืช ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืืื ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืืืคืืืื ืืืืืืงื, ืคืืืืคื ืืจื ืื (ืื '). ืืกืืืืช ืืืงืืช ืื ืฆืืืืช ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ื ืืกืื ื-14 ืืืฆืืืจ 1950, ืืชืืงืฃ ืืืืื ืฉื ืขืฆืจืช ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืืคื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืคืืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืฉืืืงื ื-1946 ืืคืชืจืื ืืขืืืช ืคืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืืจืืช ืื ืฆืืืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืคืจืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืฉื ืช 1967, ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืช ืฉื ืคืืืืื. ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืคืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืคืืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื, ืฉืขืืืจื ืืืงื ืืืฃ ื ืคืจื ืฉื ืืื"ื โ ืืื ืจ"ื (UNRWA), ืฉืื ืืฉ ืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืจืืืืช ืืฃ ืืืชืจ, ืืคืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืืืคืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืคื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืคืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืฉื ืช 1951 ืืขื ืืคืจืืืืงืื ืืฉื ืช 1967. ืขื ืกืื ืืืจื ื ืฆืื ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื, ืืืืืกื ืืื ืื, ืืฉื ืช 1957, ืืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืขืจื (ืืืืกืืื) โ ืขืืื ืืงื ื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจืช ืืคืืื ืฉื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื, ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืช ืืืคืื ืืืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื: under the mandate of my (UNHCR) officeโ. ื ืฆืืืืช ืฉื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืคืืืืื ืคืืขืืช ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืชืืงืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืฉื ืืงืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉืจืื. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-246] | [TOKENS: 12221] |
Contents Reddit Reddit (/หrษdษชt/ โ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโincluding photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโand discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโfor both the general front page and for individual subredditsโis determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืง] | [TOKENS: 2741] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืง ืึธืึฐึผืึทืง ืืื ืกืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืขื ืืงืืช ืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืฉืืช ืืืืื. ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืืื ืืืืืง ืืช ืกืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืชืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืง ืคืืจืืฉ ืืฉื "ืืืืง" ืืขืจืืืช ืืื "ืื ืืืจ", ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืงืช ืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืจืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืฆืืขื ืืื ืื. ืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืงืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืกืืจืืืื: ื ืืื ืืื ืขืฉืื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืขืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืข ืืืจ. ืืขืืชืื ืืืขืฉื ืืชืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืจืืช (ืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจื ืื) ืื ืืื ืืช (ืืื ืืืจ ืืกืืืื), ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช. ืืขืืชืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื, ืื ืื ืจืง ืืืืืืืช ืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืงืืคื ืืืืื ืืช. ืชืืืืืช ืืืืืง ืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืงืื ื ืืืืืจื ืืจื ืืืืืจืืก ืืืืืจืืก. ืืฉื ืชืืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืืช ืขืืืช ืืืืข ืืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืื ืืจืขืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืฉื ืื ืืืคืฉื ืชืืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ื ืืงืืื. ืืื ื ืืจืฉื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ื ืฆืจืื ืืืกืืืืช ืืกืืืืช, ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืืืืช "ืื ืืข" ืืขื, ืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืื ืจืขืฉ ืืืื. ืื ื ืืื ืจืขืืื ืืืืืง - ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืฉืืงื ื ืืืืง ืืืฆืืืืช, ืื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืชืืืช, ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืืชืจ ื"ืืืื ืืขืืืขืื" ืืืขื. ืืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืฅ ืฉื ืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืืจืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืืืื. ืืขืืชืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืง ืจืง ืืืกืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืชืืช, ืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืฉื ืืืื ื. ืื ืจืืืง ืืจืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืง ื ืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืชืืืืจ ืื ืืืช ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืฉื ื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืจื: โื ึดืึฐืึธึผืึดืื ืึดึผื ืึถืึถื ืึฐึผืึธื - ืชึฐึผืึธืชึธื ืึฐื ึดืึฐืึธึผืึฐ ืึดึผื ืึธืข - ืึฒืึทืชโ (ืขืืจื ื', ื'). ืืชืจืืื ืืขืืจืืช: ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืฉ - ืฉืืืฉื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ืขืฅ ืืื. ืืืืืจ - ืืืงืืฉ ื ืื ื ืืฉืืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืขืฅ, ืืืืืจ ืืืืื. ืืืืืง ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1260โ1517, ืืืืื ืขืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืกืื ืืืืจืชื ืืช ืืื ืืงืช ืืืืืง. ืืืืจ ืฉืจืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืืื ืืืช ืืืืจืงืื ืืื ื ื ืคืืฆืืช ืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืคืืฅ ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืขืช, ืขืืจ ืืืืืง ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ืขื ืืืืขื ืืืจืฅ, ืืืืขืฉื ืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืืง ืืืจืฅ ืื "ืืืืง ืืืืืฃ": ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืชืฉืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืขืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืืืกืืืืช ื ืขืื ืืืืืง ืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉื ืืชืจ ืื ืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืืฆืืขืื ืืืช. ืืืืง ืืกืื ืื ืืชืคืฉื ืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืขืืงืจ ืืขืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืง ืืื ืืชืืจ ืืืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืขืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืง ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืช, ืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืืจืฅ, ืืืขืืงืจ ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืขืฉืืืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืืืง ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืืขืื ืฉืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื. ืืื ื ืืืืง ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืคืืืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืืชืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืจืืืืื ืกืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืืช ืคืืจ ืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื ืืืืง ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช. ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืืืช: ืื ืขื ืืจ ืืืืช ืขืฆืื ืืฉื ื ืขืืฉืจ ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืง ืืืืืืืื, ืืืืืช ืืืจืกืช ืืฉืจืคืื, ืืืจืกืช ืขืืช'ืืื ืื, ืฉืขืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ื ืืขืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืฃ ืฉืืคืฆื ืืช ืืกืืืืื ืืืงืืคืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืขืจืื ื ืฉืชืืจื ืืขืจืืช ืงืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืคืืื, ืขืฉืืื ืืืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืืืง. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer,_Jr.] | [TOKENS: 499] |
Contents Joseph Pulitzer Jr. Joseph Pulitzer III (May 13, 1913 โ May 26, 1993) was an American newspaperman and publisher of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch for 38 years. A grandson of the famous newsman Joseph Pulitzer, for 31 years he chaired the board which was responsible for awarding the Pulitzer Prize, and from 1955 to 1993 was chairman of the Pulitzer Publishing Company. Biography Born in St. Louis, Missouri on May 13, 1913, he was baptized in the Episcopal Church as Joseph Pulitzer III, but later adopted the junior designation (his father had dropped the junior designation after the death of his father). A graduate of the St. Mark's School and Harvard University, Pulitzer ran the St. Louis Post-Dispatch through the social and political challenges of the 20th century while holding fast to the liberal vision set out by his grandfather in 1907. His paper was among the first to oppose the Vietnam War. He served as chairman of the Pulitzer Prize Board at Columbia University for 31 years and was the last member of the Pulitzer family to directly participate in the Prize process to date. Along with Columbia University president William J. McGill and Pulitzer Prize administrator John Hohenberg, he oversaw its transition from an advisory group under the aegis of the Columbia trustees to the principal award-granting body in 1975. The board, which had been established by his grandfather's will, is responsible for selecting the coveted annual prizes in journalism, books, drama and music. In 1993, he received an honorary doctorate of laws degree from Washington University in St. Louis. In addition to his reputation as a newsman, Pulitzer was also known for his collection of contemporary art, regarded as one of the largest and finest in the world. In 2008, his second wife, Emily Rauh Pulitzer, gave a gift of 31 major works of modern and contemporary art and $45 million to the Harvard Art Museum. In announcing the gift, the museum also announced that between 1953 and 2005 it had received gifts of 43 other modern and contemporary works from Pulitzer and his first wife, Louise Vauclain Pulitzer, who died in 1968, and from Pulitzer and his second wife. Pulitzer died at his home in the Central West End of St. Louis from colon cancer. He was 80. See also Further reading References Sources External links |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/maagal_hashana/hebrew-calendar/] | [TOKENS: 343] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืขืืจื ืืขืื ืืฉื ื ืืืจื ืืงืฆืจื ื... ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core.ac.uk] | [TOKENS: 1165] |
Contents CORE (research service) CORE (Connecting Repositories) is a global open access indexing service developed at the Knowledge Media Institute (KMi) of The Open University, United Kingdom. It systematically indexes metadata and full text content from institutional and subject repositories, as well as open access and hybrid journals, to provide a comprehensive access to the worldโs scholarly works. COREโs strongly supports the open access movement in scholarly communication by improving the discoverability, accessibility, and reuse of research outputs at scale. The service underpins applications in a wide variety of areas including in systematic reviews, open access compliance monitoring, reproducibility of research software, training of LLMs, and analytics for funders and institutions. As of August 2025, CORE indexes over 400 million scholarly resources from repositories globally, a measure of its reach and comprehensiveness within the scholarly ecosystem. This represents a growth of 47% from an earlier report in 2023.The data is made available via a range of services, which currently reach over 30 million monthly users, highlighting COREโs role as a major hub for open scientific knowledge. Service description There are existing commercial academic search systems, such as Google Scholar, which provide search and access level services, but do not support programmable machine access to the content. This is seen with the use of an API or data dumps, and limits the further reuse of the open access content (e.g., text and data mining). There are three access levels to content: The programmable machine access is the main feature that distinguishes CORE from Google Scholar and formerly Microsoft Academic Search. History The first version of CORE was created in 2011 by Petr Knoth with the aim to make it easier to access and text mine very large amounts of research publications. The value of the aggregation was first demonstrated by developing a content recommendation system for research papers, following the ideas of literature-based discovery introduced by Don R. Swanson. Since its start, CORE has received financial support from a range of funders including Jisc and the European Commission. CORE aggregates from across the world; in 2017, it was calculated that it reached documents from 102 countries in 52 languages. It has the status of the UK's national aggregator of open access content, aggregating metadata and full-text outputs from both UK publishers' databases as well as institutional and subject repositories. CORE operates as a one step search tool for UK's open access research outputs, facilitating discoverability, use and reuse. The importance of the service has been widely recognised by Jisc, which suggested that CORE should preserve the required resources to sustain its operation and explore an international sustainability model. CORE is now one of the Repository Shared Services projects, along with Sherpa Services, IRUS, Jisc Publications Router and OpenDOAR. In 2018, CORE said it was the world's largest aggregator of open access research papers. Based on the open access fundamental principles, as they were described in the Budapest Open Access Initiative, its open access content not only must be openly available to download and read, but it must also allow its reuse, both by humans and machines. As a result, there was a need to exploit the content reuse, which could be made possible with the implementation of a technical infrastructure. The CORE project started with the goal of connecting metadata and full-text outputs offering, through content aggregation, value-added services, and by opening new opportunities in the research process. As of November 2025, CORE provided access to 431 million metadata records of scholarly papers, with an estimated 323M free to read full text links and 46M full texts hosted directly by CORE. CORE makes its data available freely over the CORE API to everyone, including unauthenticated users. Higher rate limits are available to academics from CORE member institutions and paying users. CORE does not claim ownership of any individual metadata record or underlying work received from third-party repositories. In 2025, CORE announced that it is reviewing its data-licensing framework. Future versions of CORE will distinguish between factual metadata, which will be made openly reusable under a suitable licence, such as CC0 or ODC-0, and expressive content (e.g. abstracts or full texts), which will be made available under conditional access for lawful text- and data-mining purposes. Programmable access to CORE data CORE data can be accessed through an API or downloaded as a pre-processed and semantically enriched data dump. Searching CORE CORE provides searchable access to a collection of over 125 million open access harvested research outputs. All outputs can be accessed and downloaded free of cost and have limited re-use restrictions. One can search the CORE content using a faceted search. CORE also provides a cross-repository content recommendation system based on full-texts. The collection of the harvested outputs is available either by looking at the latest additions or by browsing the collection at the date of harvesting. The CORE search engine was selected by an author on Jisc in 2013 as one of the top 10 search engines for open access research, facilitating access to academic papers. Analytical use of CORE data The availability of data aggregated and enriched by CORE provides opportunities for the development of new analytical services for research literature. These can be used, for example, to monitor growth and trends in research, validate compliance with open access mandates and to develop new automatic metrics for evaluating research excellence. According to the Registry of Open Access Repositories, the number of funders increased from 22 units in 2007 to 34 in 2010 and then to 67 in 2015, while the number of institutional full-text and open access mandates picked up from 137 units in 2007 to 430 in 2015. Applications CORE offers eight applications: See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7_(%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8)] | [TOKENS: 1829] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืืง (ืืกืืจ) ืฉืึผืง ืืื ืืงืื ืคืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืืกืืจ, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืฆืจื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืจืื. ืฉืืง ืงืืขืื ืื ืื ืฉืืง ืกืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืคืืฉ ืืื ืกืืืจืื ืืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืกืืคื, ืืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืกืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืฃ ืื ืกืืืจืื ืืืื (ืืืื, ืืืชืง, ืืฉืจ), ืืงืื ืื ืกืืืจื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืืืงื. ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืื ื ืืงืืจื, ืืืืืืจื ืื ื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ืื, ืื ืืฉ ืื ืฉืืืงืื ืืคืืขืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืืชืื ืคืืขื ืืฉืืง ืืจื ืงืืข, ืืืขืืชืื ืืื ื ืคืชื ืจืง ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืฉืืืข (ืื ืืืืื ืืกืืืืื), ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืืฉืช ืืืืจื ืื (ืืืืจ ืืฉืืง). ืืืืืฉ ื ืคืืฅ ืฉื ืฉืืง ืืคืืขื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืฉืืืข ืืื ืฉืืง ืืืืจืื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืช ืชืืฆืจืชื. ืืฉื ื ืกืื ืฉื ืฉืืง ืื ืงืจื: "ืฉืืง ืงื-ืชื" ืืืฉืืฉ ืืชืืจ ืืืืคื ืฉื ืกืืืจืืช ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืื ืชืฉืืื ืืกืคื. ืฉืืง ืืขืื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืืื ืช "ื ืืื ืฆืืง" ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืฉืืขืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืฉื ืฉืืง, ืฉืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืฉืืื, ื ืืฆืจื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืคืืจื ืืืืืืจื ืฉืืง ืืืขืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืงืื ืื, ืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืชืจ ืคืืื ืงืื ืงืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืง ืืืื, ืฉืืง ืืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืืง ืืืืืข ืืขืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืืืื 'ืฉืืง' ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจืื: ืึธืงืึผืึธื ื ึธึผื ืึทืึฒืกืึนืึฐืึธื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืึทึผืฉึฐึผืืึธืงึดืื ืึผืึธืจึฐืึนืืึนืช ืึฒืึทืงึฐืฉึธืื ืึตืช ืฉึถืืึธืึฒืึธื ื ึทืคึฐืฉึดืื ืึดึผืงึทึผืฉึฐืืชึดึผืื ืึฐืึนื ืึฐืฆึธืืชึดืื. ืชืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืื ืืืชืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืฉืืง ืืงืื ืืคืืฉ ืืื ืื ืฉืื, ืื ืจืง ืืื ืงืื ืื ืืืืืจืื. ืืืืืชื ืคืชืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืื, ื ืืฉื ืืฉืืง ืืงืื ืฆืืขืื ื ืืชืืกืก, ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขืื ืืืืืืจืช ืืืกืืจ, ืืืืืืื ืฆืขืงืืช ืืืจืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื "ืชืจืืืช ืืฉืืง" ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืกืจืช ื ืืืืก. ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืชืืฆืจืช ืืืชืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืกืืืจืื ืืืกืืคื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืงืื ื ืื ืืงื ืืืช. ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืคืืื ืืืคืืื ืืกืืืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืื ื ืฉื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืืงืคืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืกืชืืืงื. ืืฉืืง ืืืงืื ืืงื ืืืช ืืืืขืืฃ, ืคืื ื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืชื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืชืืช ืฉืืืืง ืืืืืืช (ืกืืคืจืืจืงืืื ืืืื ืืืจืงืืื). ืืืจืืช ืืืช ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืขืืฉืื ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืงืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืื "ืืื ื ืฉืืง" ืืืฉื ื ืืืื ืืืืืงืืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืื ืจืืืืืช. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื ืืืื_ืขื ืืื ืื] | [TOKENS: 3053] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืื ืืฆื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืชืคืงืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืจืก ื ืืกืฃ, ืกืืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืืืืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืงืื ืืจ. ืืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืฆืืืืจ ืคืืขื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืช ืขืืืจืช ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื, ืื ืขืืืจืช ืฉืืื. ืืคื ืคืกืืงืช ืื"ืฅ ืืืืื ื ืืืฆื ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืื ืฆืืืืจ ืฉื ื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืงืืื: ืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืขื, ืืจืฆืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืืฉื, ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืืืืืชืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืงืืข ืื "ืืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ื ืชืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืงืืื ืืฉืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืงื ืืืฉืืื, ืฉืขื ืฉืืคืขืื ืืช ืกืืืืชื, ืืฃ ืืช ืืืื ืืจืก ืื ืืื... ืืฉืฉ ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืข". ืืฉืืคื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืื "ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืืงืืืกื ืฉื ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื". ืืืฉืคื ืืคืืืื ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืฆืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื, "ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืคืขืืื ืืืจ ืืืฆืขื, ื ืืชื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืคืขืืื ืืจื ืืืฆืขื, ื ืืชื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืฆืืขื". ืืืืื ืืฉืคืื ืื ืืืจืจืืช, ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืื ืคื ืื. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืคื ืื, ืืืงืืจ, ืงืืืข ืืฉืืคืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืคืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืืฆืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืขืืืืื ืืืคืืืช. ืืืขืืืชืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืืืชืืช, ืืืื, ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืคื ืื ืืืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืขืืคืช ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืฉืืงืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืื. ืกืืื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืง ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืคืขืืื ืชืชืืืฉ ืืืื ืขืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืืจืืฉ "ืคื ืืืืืจ ื ืืกืฃ", ืืืืืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืขืืื ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืฉืืฉ ืื ืื ืืฉืฉ ืืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืคืกืืงื ืจืืื ืื ืืฉื ืื, ืืฆื ืฉืื ืขืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืฉืฉ ืืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืืืจื, ืืืืืจ ื"ืกืืื ืื ืืฉืืจื". ืืืืื ื ืืืฉื ืืขืืื ืฆืืืืจ ืืืขื ืืง ืืืก ืืืขืืฃ, ืืคืืื ืื ืืืืคื ืืชืื, ืืืื ืืจืก ืืืืฉื. ืืืงืฉืจ ืื ื ืงืืข ืื "ืืคืืืขื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืชื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืจืืืช ื ืืง ืืกืคื ืื ืืืืจื. ืื ืฉืืคืจืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืชืคืืข ืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืฉืืืื". ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืขืช ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฆื ืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืืขืช ืคืกืื, ืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืคื ืคื ื ืขืชืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืจืข ืืืจื ืืชืจืืฉ. ืืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืงืื ืืขืช ืฉื ืคืงืื ืฆืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืจืืื, ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืฆื ืฉืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืคืขืื ืืจืขื ืืช ืฉืืงืื ืืขืชื, ืืฉ ืืื ืืข ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืฉืื ืกืืืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืืชืคืชืืช ืืืขืืืฃ ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืฉืืงืืืื ืืจืื ืขืช ืืืจืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืชืคืงืืื. ืืืื ืืืืกืจ ืขื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืฉืื ืืคื ืื: โืืกืืจ ืื ืืขืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืื ืืขื ืชืคืงืื ืขื ืคื ืืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืกืืจ ืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืฉืฉ ืกืืืจ ืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืช ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื.โ ืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืื ืฆืืืืจ ืืืืื ืจืื ืืืื, ืขื ืื ืืืฉ ืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืคื ืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฃ ืืืฆื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื. ืืคืกืืงื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืงืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืช ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืฉ ืกืืืจ. ืืืฉืืช ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืคืกืืงื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืกืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืชืืืืืื ืขื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืคืกืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืคืืชืื ืจืฆืฃ ืืืื ืื ืืืืืงืช ื ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืืื: ื. ืืืคืื ืื ืชืคืงืื ืืืื ืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืชืคืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืคืืื ืฆืืืื ืฉื ืื ืชืคืงืื. ื. ืืฉืืืืช ืฉืชื ืืขืจืืืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืืฆืืืช ื ืงืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื. ื. ืืืื ืช ื ืงืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ: ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืืืจื: ืืืืืข ืืืืืงืืคืืื ื ืืขื ืืืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืขืืฅ ืืฉืคืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืขืื_ืืชืื ืื_ืืืชืงืฆืื] | [TOKENS: 1870] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืชืงืฆืื (ืืจืืฉื ืชืืืืช: ืืช"ืช) ืืื ืืขืื ืืคืืขืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื (ืืื"ื) ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืืืงืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืงืืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืคืืขืืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืง ื ืืืจ ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืงืฆื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืช"ืช, ืืฉ ืืืืขืื ืืฉืคืขื ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืืช"ืช ืืชืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืืืฉืืจ ืืื"ื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื. ืืช"ืช ืืื ื ืฉืืขื ืืืจืื: ืืจืืขื ืคืจืืคืกืืจืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืขืื ืืขืื ืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืชืืงืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื. ืชืงืฆืื ืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1972 ืืืงืื ืืืืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืชืงืฆืื (ืืช"ืช) ืืืืขืืช ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืชืงืฆืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืกืืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืฉื ืช 1975 ืืชืช ืกืืืืช ืืืช"ืช ืืขื ืืื ืงืืืช ืขืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืขืืจืช ื ืืกืื ืฉื ืืื"ื. ื-6 ืืืื ื 1977, ื ืืชื ื ืืื"ื ืืืฉืคื ืงื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื 666, ืฉืื ืืืืฉืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืขื ืืืช"ืช ืืืืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืโ. ืืชืคืงืื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืช"ืช ืฉื ืงืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 1977, ืืื ืืืฆืืข ืืช ืชืงืฆืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืกืขืืฃ 17ื ืืืืง ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืชืฉื"ื-1958, ืงืืืข ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืช"ืช: ืืื ืืฉืืงืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืืคืจืกืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืกืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืขืช ืืขืจืืช CRIS ืืจืฆืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืฉื ืืช"ืช. ืืขืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืจื ืฉื ืชืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืช"ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืช"ืช ืืืขืจื ืื-11 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืฉื ื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืจื ืฉื ืชืืช (2017-2022) ืืืื ืืกืืก ืืชืงืฆืื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื ืฉืงืืื. ืกื"ื ืืชืืกืคืช ืืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืืฆืืืจืช ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืืขื ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ืื ืฉืืกืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืจื ืฉื ืชืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ื-12 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืฉื ื - ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืขืื ืืืจื ืืืืขืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืกื 2025 ืื: ืืืฉืื ืจืืฉ ืืช"ืช ืื"ืจ ืืช"ืช ืืชืื ื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื, ืืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืฆืื ื ืืกืคืช ืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืขืฆื_ืืืฉืืื_ืืืืื_(ืืืืื_ืืฉืืืจืื)] | [TOKENS: 3055] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื (ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื) ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื (ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื) ("ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ") ืืืืชื ืืืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื ืฉืืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืืก ืืืืกืืืช ืืื, ืืื ืืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ืกืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ("ืื"ื") ืืืคื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืงืืืืื. ื-12 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2018 ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืกืช ืชืืงืื ืืืืง ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืืคืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื, ืืื ื-15 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019, ืื ืขื ืืืกืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืืืจืื (ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืื"ื ืื"ืฉ) ืืืขืงืืืช ืื ืคืืจืงื ืืืืขืฆื. ืืงืืช ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ืืืื, ื ืื ืขืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืื ืืืืชื ืืื"ืฉ ืชืืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืง ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืืคืืื, ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืืคืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืง ืื, ืื ืืืกืืื ืืคืงื ืขื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืงืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืืื"ืฉ ืืื 1967. ืืฉื ืช 1992 ืืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืจืืื (ืืคื ืฉื ืงืจืื ืื) ืืงืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืจื ืืฉืชื ืืืืืงืืช ืืขืฆืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื (ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื ืืืืงืืจืื ืืงื ืืื ืืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื). ืชืฉืืืช ืืื"ื ืืืืชื ืื ืขื ืคื ืืืง ืืื"ื, ืืื ืืืฃ ืื ืืืื ืืืคื ืืคื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืฉื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืจืคื ืืขืืจ ืืงื ืืืจืืง, ืฉืื ืืืง ืืื"ื ืืื ื ืื ืื. ืืื ืืคืชืืจ ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืื, ืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืื: ืขื ืืงืืช ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ื ืคืชืื ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืงืืืช ืืืชืจืื ืืืคืขืืช ืืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืขืืจ ืืงื ืืืจืืง, ืืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืกืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื ืืืืงืืจืื ืืงื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื. ืื ืืื, ืงืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจื ื"ืืืกื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื" ืืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืง ืืื"ื. ืืจืื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ืขื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ, ืืืจืื ืืคืจืกืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืื"ื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืืืืืืื, ืืืืชืืกืก ืขื ืืืง ืืื"ื, ืืืง ืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืื"ื ืกืืจืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ, ืืืืขืฉื ืืจืื ืืืงืคืืช ืขืืืืชื, ืฉืื ื ืืืืฃ ืคืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืคืจืกืื ืื ืฉื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ. ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืชื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ืืืจืืืช ืืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื"ื. ื-30 ืืืื 2006 ืืืืืื ืื"ื ืืคื ืืช ืืืคืงื ืืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืืจ ืื"ืฉ, ืืื ืฉืืงืืข ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื"ื (ืืืขื ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื) ืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ. ืืจืืฉ ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ืขืื ืคืจืืค' ืขืืืก ืืืืฉืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื. ืืืคืจืื 2008 ืืื ื ืืคืงื ืืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืืจ ืื"ืฉ, ืืืืฃ ืืื ืฉืื ื, ืืช ืคืจืืค' ืืืืจ ืืช, ืคืจืืค' ืขืืืก ืจืืืืืจ, ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืจืืงืื, ืขื"ื ืืจืื ืืจืืืื, ืืืชื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืืจื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ. ืืจืืืช ืืฉื ืื ืฆืืจืคื ืืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ืคืจืืค' ืืืืขืืจ ืืืขืื, ืคืจืืค' ืืืืื ืคืจืืืื ืืจ, ื"ืจ ืืืจืื ืจืืืื, ืคืจืืค' ืืจืื ืจืืจ, ืคืจืืค' ืืื ื ืืืืืจ, ืคืจืืค' ืืจืืื ืคืจื, ืคืจืืค' ืืืกืฃ ืืฉืืจืื, ืคืจืืค' ืืจืื ืืื ืืง, ื"ืจ ืืืคืืจ ืืขืืจื, ื"ืจ ืืื ืื, ืคืจืืค' ืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืคืจืืค' ืืื ืคืืืง. ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืช ืืืคืจืื ืฉืืืืชื ืงืืืืช ืขื ืืืืื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ื-2019, ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืื"ืฉ ืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืคืืขื ืืืงื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืฆืืื, ืฉืื ืฉืชื ืืืขืจืืืช ื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืงืืคื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืืืืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืชืงืฆืื (ืืช"ืช). ืืืืง ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ, ื ืงืืข ืื "ืืืจืืืช ืืืง ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื" (ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืง ืืื"ื). ืืฉืืขืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืื, ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืกืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืื ืืชื ืช ืืชืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ. ื-1995 ืชืืงื ืืืง ืืื"ื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืื ืืื"ื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ ืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืงืืขื ืขื ืืื ืืื"ื. ืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจ ืืืจื ืืชืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ, ืขื ืื"ื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืง: ืกืืืืชื ืฉื ืื"ื ืื"ืฉ, ืขื ืคืืจืืงื, ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื: ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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