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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D] | [TOKENS: 3350]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื, ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืกื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื•ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืกื›ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช. ืžืฉืžืข ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ืš, ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ื ืข. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื–ื’ ืฉื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืงืฉื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืจืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืจืื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืขืžื•ื. ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืขืžื•ื ื•ืืคืชื™ื”. ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืฉื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™. ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืจืฆืฃ ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื (ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ื’ึตื ื•ึนื˜ึดื™ืคึผ") ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ("ืคึตื ื•ึนื˜ึดื™ืคึผ") ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืื• ืžื ืฆืœืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื—. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคืชื—ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ (ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ืฆืœื™ืœื™ืช) ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคืชื—ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืœื•ื’ื•ื’ืจืžื™ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืคืŸ). ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฆืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื•. ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื“ื ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืจืื” ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืื• ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืžื’ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ. ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืงืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจืคื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืœืฆื‘ื•, ืื• ืœืชืจืคื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื• ืœืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ื•ืžื–ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื–ื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืคืกื’ื•ืช] | [TOKENS: 3620]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืคึฐึผืกึธื’ื•ึนืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื™ืจื”, ืขืœ ื”ืจ ("ื’'ื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœ") ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 906 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉืžื•. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›-350 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ื ืชืคืกื• ื›-3,000 ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืคืกื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆื•, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืคืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืืœื ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1981 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ืื–ื•ืจื™ "ืคืกื’ื•ืช" ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืžื•ืงืžื• ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1981, ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืงืจื•ื•ืื ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื”ืœืš ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ืจื ื‘ื™ื‘ื ื” ื•ืžืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืžืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžืื– 1976 ื ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ืจื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื‘ื’"ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1986. ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1981 ื•ืขื“ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020, ืื– ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืžืืœืœื” ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื• ื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ ืืœ-ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืจืžืืœืœื” (ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 60 ื”ื™ืฉืŸ) ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื”. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987 ื‘ืื” ื”ื—ืžืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื™ืจื™. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1988, ื ืฉืจืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืœื”ืกืขืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืชื‘ืขืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืš ืขืœื™ื•. ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืจืžืืœืœื” ื•ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ึพ1996 ื ืกืœืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืงืฃ ืจืžืืœืœื” ืžื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘. ื›ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืžืืœืœื”. ื‘ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ืžืงืœื™ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื“ืจื• ืœืชื•ื›ื, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ืขื“ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ, ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืžืืœืœื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืกื’ื•ืช ื•ืืฉืจ ืžื”ืŸ ื ื•ืจืชื” ื”ืืฉ, ืขืฆืจื• ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืชืคืกื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื—ืชื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ ืžืจืžืืœืœื”. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013 ื—ื“ืจ ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื“ืงืจ ื•ืคืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืงืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช 9. ื‘ืžืื™ 2014 ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืจืชื” ืืฉ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื ื• ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1983 ื•ืขื“ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020, ื›ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชื "ืก ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™, ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" โ€“ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ื™ืœื”", ืื•ืœืคื ื ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช "ื˜ืœ ืชื—ื™ื”", ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ (ื”ืžืฉืจืช ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ืคืกื’ื•ืช, ืžื’ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื‘ืขืช ืืกืฃ) ื•ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืกื’ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื•ืขืœ ืกื ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื. ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ. ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ืขื™ืŸ ืืœื’'ื ืŸ", ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ "ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื" ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื•ืžืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื‘ื™ื•ืก ื›ืืชืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืืœ. ื™ืงื‘ ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ืช 2003. ื›ืจืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื‘ ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืจืกื•ืช ื’ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 900 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงื‘ ืœืžื’ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ืš. ื‘-19 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ืื™ืจื— ื”ื™ืงื‘ ืืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืง ืคื•ืžืคืื•. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื—ื•ืจื‘ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืืชืจ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื ืขื ื™, ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื›ืš. ื‘ืืชืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ืžืขืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื™ืงื‘, ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช ื˜ื”ืจื” ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื“. ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืืชืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขืจืช ืžืกืชื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1979 ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2002 ื—ืคืจื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื“"ืจ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 16 ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืคื™ืจื”,. ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœ ืขื ื”ืขื™ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ. ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื ื’ืกืืงื™] | [TOKENS: 2030]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ื ื’ืกืืงื™ (ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช: ้•ทๅดŽ, โ€ื”ืื–ื ื”โ“˜โ€โ’พโ€) ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืคืŸ, ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื ื” ื›-392,000 ืื™ืฉ (ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2024). ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ื ื™ืขืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืกืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1570, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืžืœ ืฉื ืงื ื” ืžื”ื™ืคื ื™ื. ืžืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื, ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”-16 ื•ื”-19. ืื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ืœืžืจื›ื– ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื›ืื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17, ื ื•ืชืจื” ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื”ื˜ืœืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ("ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื") ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” โ€“ "ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ" โ€“ ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ื‘-6 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1945, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘-9 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืžืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื ื’ืกืืงื™, ื‘ื” ืจื•ื›ื–ื• ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ, ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืคืฆืฆืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื โ€“ "ืื™ืฉ ืฉืžืŸ". ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ึนืงื•ึผืจื”, ืื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืžื™ื™ื’'ื•ืจ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืกื•ื•ื™ื ื™ ืืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืขื ื ื™ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืžืฉื ื™ืช. ื”ื ื–ืง ืœื ื’ืกืืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื”ื”ืจืจื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืขืœ ืคืจื‘ืจ ืื•ืจืงืืžื™, ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืื•ืจืงืืžื™, ื‘ืฉืขืชื” ื”ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. 74,800 ืื™ืฉ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื’ืœ ื”ื”ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื ืคืฅ ืฉืœ 21 ืืœืฃ ื˜ื•ืŸ TNT, ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 3,900 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก. ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข. ืคืืจืง ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ื”ื•ืงื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-1955. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื ื’ืกืืงื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื ืชื” ื›-100 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื ื”. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขื™ืจ ืงื•ื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืฉืคืงื“ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘-1923. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืžืื“ืื ื‘ืื˜ืจืคืœื™ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื ื’ืกืืงื™. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”_ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก_ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™_(1939โ€“1945)] | [TOKENS: 27278]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืงื ื“ื” ืงื ื“ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื“ื“ืœื™ ืคืื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืคื™ืจืกื™ ื ื•ื‘ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžืงืก ื”ื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸืงื ื“ื” ืคื™ืจืกื™ ื•. ื ื™ืœืกืงื ื“ื” ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ื•. ืžื•ืจื™ื™ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจื ืกื˜ ืงื™ื ื’ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืืจื™ืš ืจื“ืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืงืจืœ ื“ื ื™ืฅ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืœื™ื ื’ื•ืกืŸ 30,264 ืžืœื—ื™ื 3,500 ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ 175 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ 119 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื 28,000 ืžืœื—ื™ื 800 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ื” ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœื•ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืงื ื“ื” ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืงื•ื‘ืฆื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื”, ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ื›ืืœืฃ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ืช 1940 ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 1943. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชืžืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ: "ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช". ืจืงืข ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืฆื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืืกืคืงื” ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื, ื•ื ื–ืงืงื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื•ืžื“ืŸ, ืœื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืกืคืงื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืฆื™ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืžืžื ื”. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชื•ืจืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขืฉืชื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชืง ืืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืขื”. ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”. ืœืฆื“ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื’ื ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•, ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—. ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื• ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื–ื•. ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืคืขื ื•ื— ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื”ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”: ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939 - ืžืื™ 1940 ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื”. ื’ืจื•ืก ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืืจื™ืš ืจื“ืจ, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืชื›ื ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืžืงื™ืคื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ 13 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, 12 ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, 8 ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœ-1947, ื•ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-1939 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืขื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—. ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ืชืคืกื•, ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื–ืจื•ืข ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™, ื•ื›"ื ืฉืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™". ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื ืžืœื™ื. ืืš ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืงืจืœ ื“ื ื™ืฅ, ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืžืžื ื” ื•ืืœื™ื”. ื“ื ื™ืฅ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืชืคื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-600,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืฅ ื™ืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื“ื ื™ืฅ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื–ื”, ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 300 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืฉ-100 ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืืœ ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืื• ืžืžื ื”. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ืฉืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” 57 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืจืง 39 ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืืœื” - ืจืง 26 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืขื ืฆื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ. ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืฆื•ื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืœ ืขื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืกื•ื ืืจ, ื•ืฉืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”. ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื ืืกืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืจืกืื™, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ืฆื™ืคื• ืœื”. ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›"ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”", ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ืช, ืœื ื–ื•ื”ืจืช ื•ืœื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ื ืขืจืš ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื•. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืชืงืคื”. ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื. ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื‘ืขื• ืžื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืงืจื‘ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ืฉืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช "ืืชื ื™ื”" ื‘-3 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช U-30 ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช, ืื•ื‘ืจ-ืœื•ื™ื˜ื ื ื˜ ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื™ ืคืจื™ืฅ-ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืœืžืค, ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ื—ืžื•ืฉื”. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ืกืคื• 112 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 1,103 ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”"ืืชื ื™ื”" ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช Courageous, ื•ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช U-47, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื, ื’ื™ื ืชืจ ืคืจื™ืŸ, ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžืขื’ืŸ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืกืงืคื” ืคืœื•, ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื”"ืž ืจื•ื™ืืœ ืื•ืง ื•ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืœืœื ืคื’ืข. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืงื™ืคืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื• 68 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืชืคื•ืกื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 200,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืชื•ื›ื 100,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืœืงื— ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื ืขื ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืขื•. ืžืชื•ืš 114 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืจืง 12 ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื›-Panzerschiff - ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ื–ื•ื˜ื, Pocket Battelship. ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื• ื•ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ. "ืœื™ืฆื•" ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“; "ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืคื”" ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืชืฉืข ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื” ื‘-13 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1939 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื ื—ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ื ื”ืจ ืจื™ื• ื“ื” ืœื” ืคืœื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื•ืื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคื’ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื”ืจ ืœื” ืคืœื˜ื”, ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ "ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืคื”" ืืช ืื•ื ื™ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ืชืื‘ื“. ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืจื ื”ื•ืจืกื˜ (Scharnhorst) ื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื–ื ืื• (Gneisenau). ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-23 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉื” "ืจื•ื•ืœืคื™ื ื“ื™" (Rawalpindi) ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™, ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื‘ืกื™ืกืŸ. ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื•ื ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ 1941, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ืขืฉื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื™ื˜ื”. ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ื• ืœื ืฉื™ืืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืจืืŸ. ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืืš ืœืžืฆื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืื“ืžื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ื›ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืคื ืžื”, ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืจื•ื›ื–ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื“ืžื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืคื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืชืงืคื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• "ื”ื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช". ื”ืฆื™ ืืจื’ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉืกื™ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืจืืฉ ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ืžืงื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื ืฉืง ืžืชืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช, ื•ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื ืขืœืžื” ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช; ื‘-14 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช "ืื”"ืž ืืจืง ืจื•ื™ืืœ" (Ark Royal) - ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืจืง ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช U-39 ืœื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•. ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื—ืง ื”ืžื–ืœ ืœื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจืช, ืื”"ืž ืงื•ืจื™ื™ื’'ื•ืก (Courageous), ื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช U-29. ืžื›ืฉืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ื•ืชื•ืจืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื•, ื•ื›ืš ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื•ื•. ื›ืš, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื, ื ื—ืฉืคื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืœืกื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืฅ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ืจื“ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืžืœื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื’ื ื’ืœ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื ื”ื“ืฃ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืฉืจืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1939 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1940. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœื˜ื™ ืงืคืื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื ืคื— ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื”, ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืคืจืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื, ื™ืฉื ื” ืœืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœืช, ื”ืคืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืงืฉื”. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช 30% ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืœื™ื. ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ื•ืชื•ืงื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•ืช. "ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื•ืฉืจ" ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ื™ื•ื ื™ 1940 ืขื“ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1941 ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1940, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื–ืืช ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืงื˜ ื“ื ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื– ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, "ืขื“ืช ื–ืื‘ื™ื" (wolfpack, ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื ืงืจืื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” Rudeltaktik), ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืชื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote, ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ - BdU. ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ B-dienst (ืฉืคื™ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™), ืžืกื™ื•ืจื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ืžืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ. ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืืช ืจืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฉืŸ ืฉืคืœื˜ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื ืฉืœื—ื• ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ืžืงื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›"ืขื“ืช ื–ืื‘ื™ื", ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ืฉื ืงื•ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื”. ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘ (ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ), ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชืงืคื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ. ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืชืงืคื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืชื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ (ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™). ืืฃ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืœื ืขืœื• ื™ืคื”, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืชืช ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ 1940. ื‘-21 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” HX-72, ืฉืžื ืชื” 41 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ื•ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกืœื•ืค ืžืœื—ืžืชื™, ืžืฉื—ืชืช ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื•ืจื‘ื˜ื•ืช (ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช). ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืขื“ืช ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช (ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื’ืข ืžืžืฉื™ ืจืง ื—ืžืฉ), ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข 11 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืชืคื•ืกื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ 72,727 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ, ืœืœื ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ 17 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืœ-19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื“ืช ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจืช 16 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื” SC-7, ื•ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื (19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ - 20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ) ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืกื™ืžื ื” HX-79, ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ืื—ืจื™ื”, 12 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-70,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื—ื–ืง. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘-1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” HX-90 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฉ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืขืชื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื ืชืจ ืคืจื™ืŸ (ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืข ืืช ืจื•ื™ืืœ ืื•ืง), ืื•ื˜ื• ืงืจืฆ'ืžืจ, ื™ื•ืื›ื™ื ืฉืคืง, ืืจื™ืš ื˜ื•ืค ื•ืื ื’ืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื ื“ืจืก. ื”ื ื ืงืจืื• "ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืืคื•ืจื™ื", ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ืจืฃ 100,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืืฃ ืืช ืจืฃ 200,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” - ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื - ื›ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืจืก ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•, ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคื ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช (ืจืื• ืขืจืš: ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ (1939โ€“1945) - ืžืชืงืคืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—). ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืืš ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•. ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1942 ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืื• ืœืฉืชืง ืืช ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื•ืื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืกืจ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื”. ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ื•ืœื ืžืกืคืง, ื•ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื”, ืœื ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืกื•ื ืืจ (ืฉื ืงืจื ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ASDIC), ื”ืชืื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื - ืืš ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืฆืคื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื, ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžืื•ื“, ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื•, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื–ืงืงื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืžืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช - ืกื•ื—ืจ ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ - ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจ ื•ืœืชื’ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืช ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1941. ื‘-7 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช U-47, ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื ืชืจ ืคืจื™ืŸ; ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื” U-100, ื•ืžืคืงื“ื”, ืฉืคืง, ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืชื•; ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” U-99 ืฉืœ ืงืจืฆ'ืžืจ, ื ืคื’ืขื” ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื ืืœืฅ ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื”. ืงืจืฆ'ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืื• ื ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”"ืืกื™ื" ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™. ื“ื ื™ืฅ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช (ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืœ ืจืง ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืžืžื ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื”). ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” SC-26 ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืืคืจื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื” 10 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืื—ืช. ื‘-9 ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช "ื‘ื•ืœื“ื•ื’" ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช U-110 ื•ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื”; ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื ืžืฆืื” ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืื ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืœืžื”. ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ืœืฆ'ืœื™ ืคืืจืง, ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื” ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื”. ืขื“ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจืื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืฆืฃ, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืž-300 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืžืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื”, ืื ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืžืช. ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1941 ืœื™ื•ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ื‘-23 ื‘ืžืื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืกื˜. ื’'ื•ื ืก, ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“, ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื›ื•ื— ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื NEF (ืจ"ืช - Newfoundland Escort Force). ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ื“ื•ืจ; ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืฉ ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ื•-17 ืงื•ืจื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™, ืฉืชื•ื’ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช, ื—ืžืฉ ืงื•ืจื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืœื•ืค ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“ ื•ืžืฉื ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืื™ืกืœื ื“. "ื›ื™ืกื•ื™" ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช; ื‘-10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1941 ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ื•ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืืจื’'ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”, ืœื™ื“ ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“; ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืคื’ืฉ ื–ื” ื ื—ืชืžื” ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ืขืžืงืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช; ืฆื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืกืœื ื“, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฆื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืงื”; ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืชืงืคื” ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1941, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช "ื ื™ื‘ืœืืง" (Niblak) ืชืงืคื” ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื—ื™ืœืฆื” ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืขื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ; ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช USS ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก (DD-245) (Reuben James) ืœืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”-U-552 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืš ื˜ื•ืค. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืœืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง, ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ืจื›ืชื™ื”ืŸ (ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืžื’ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืืœื”, ืจืื•: ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื ื•ืจื• ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžืขื•ื™ืŸ), ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืชืืžื• ื›ืžื” ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ืœืฉืืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ื˜ ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงืจื‘, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื’ื ื”ื•ืงืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ. ืžื˜ื•ืก ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื ืง ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ, ื•ื ืืกืฃ ืืœื™ื”; ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื‘ื“, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืื•ื ื™ื™ื”. ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื˜ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช (CAM); ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ื ืกืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื ื’ื“ ืืœื•, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื ืžื ืขื” ื›ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 1941 ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 3,600,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื—ืกื›ื• 3,000,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื•ืกื” ืฉืœ 1,200,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ; ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืขื ื›ืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ืขื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื ื‘ืข ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื; ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื•ืœื“ื™ืœื•ืœื”. ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”: ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1941 - ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1943 ื‘-7 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1941 ืชืงืคื” ื™ืคืŸ ืืช ืฆื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ, ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฆืื” ืขืฆืžื” ื ืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช - ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ - ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช. ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื ื—ืœืฉ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ; ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™, ื•ื–ืืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื“ื ื™ืฅ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื ืขืจืš ืœืžื‘ืฆืข "ื”ืงืฉื”" (Drumbeat, ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Paukenschlag). ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ืžืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื ื™ื• ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื XI, ื ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื’ื ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื VII, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืฅ: ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืกืคืงื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื ืงืจืื• "ืคืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื‘ื•ืช" (Milch Cows) ืชื“ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ื ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืœื ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—; ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืื– ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ, ื•ืขื“ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช, ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืกืคืง ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืฃ, ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ืฉื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช 1942 ื”ื•ืจื” ื“ื ื™ืฅ ืœืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืœื ืฉืงื˜ื• ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1942 ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื 91 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืš ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื•ื—ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœ-212 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืžืกืคืจืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ - ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืคื”. ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื Hedgehog (ืงื™ืคื•ื“) ืฉื™ืจื• ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื”; ืืžืฆืขื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ (High Frequency Direction Finder, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ - HF/DF, ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ Huff-Duff) - ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื”ืŸ (ื’ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคืขื ื— ืื•ืชืŸ). ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื™ืจื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ (VLR, very long range) ืžื“ื’ื B-24 ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืงืฆื” ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ืืš ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืืœื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžื›"ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฆื•ื™ื“ื• ื‘ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืžื›"ื. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžื’ืœื” ืžื›"ื ื‘ืฉื ืžื˜ืื•ืงืก (Metox) ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื›"ื ืกื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ื”ื. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1942; ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, ื•ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ืœืื™ืกืœื ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืคื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-88 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-470,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื—ื–ืจื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืขืœื•ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื™ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืœื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1942 ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื• 480 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืชืคื•ืกื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-2.6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ; ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืจืžืชื• ื‘-1939. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืžื’ื ื ื” ืœืžืชืงืคื”. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1942 ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“; ืงืจื‘ ื’ื•ื•ื“ืœืงื ืœ ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช; ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœืคื™ื“ ื‘-8 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืฉืงืขืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื”, ื•ื“ื™ืœืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืงืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืงืฆืื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—; ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ, ืœื ื ืคื’ืขื” ืืฃ ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืฉืื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœืคืœื™ืฉื”. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1943. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื•ืช ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 403 ืœ-435, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื ื›-100 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืฉืืฃ ื“ื ื™ืฅ, ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื• ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื”. ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืฅ ื‘-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1942. ืจื“ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื•. ื“ื ื™ืฅ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื–ื›ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช. ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื”; ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื”ื•ืคื ื• ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 1942 ื”ื•ืจื” ื“ื ื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื’ืœื’ืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื™ื’ืžื”; ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื” ืœืžืคืขื ื—ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1942 ืคื•ืฆื— ื”ืงื•ื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื’ื ืื– ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื. ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ืžืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1943, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื‘. ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, B-dienst, ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช. ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื›ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืœืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืืŸ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ 1942 ืขืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1943 ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืคืงื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื—ื™ื“ืฉื• ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืงืคื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœืชื” ืžืื“; ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช HX 229 ื• - SC 122 ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 16 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืœ-19 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ืชืงืคื• 41 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื–ืื‘ื™ื, ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช (ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ) ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ 110 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืœื•ื•ืช ื‘-13 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ (ืฉืชื•ื’ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš); ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข 22 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ - 20% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืชืคื•ืกื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ 141,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ), ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื”. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช; ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืจืกืช, ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ONS-5, ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืž-29 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื•ืขื“ 6 ื‘ืžืื™ ืชืงืคื• 43 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ONS-5 ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 7 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™. ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข 12 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ (ื‘ืชืคื•ืกื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ 63,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ), ืืš ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข 6 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื“ื ื™ืฅ ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืจืง ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื "ืžืื™ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ"; ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข 41 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื•ืจื” ื“ื ื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”, ื•ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ืกื•ื’ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ? ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœื›ืš, ืืœื ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืงื–ื‘ืœื ืงื” (ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1943) ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ (VLR, Very Long Range) ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืง ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1943 ื”ื™ื• ืจืง 20 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ืžืกืคืจื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืขืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™. ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืจืฃ ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™; ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื’ื F4F ื•ื™ื™ืœื“ืงื˜, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืžื™ืžื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™. ืžืกืคืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืกื•ืคื—ื• ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ื’ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœืชื”: ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื’ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืขืฆืžืŸ ื›ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™, ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื• ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™, ืฉืœื ืœื™ื•ื• ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืœื ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืงืคืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ืžื”ืœืš ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ. ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืฆื‘ ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”: ืจืง ื‘-1943 ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžืกืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-17 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืช ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ืžื›"ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื›"ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช; ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืŸ (HF/DF) ื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ืขืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™; ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืจืื•: ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ (1939โ€“1945) - ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1943, ืฉืชืจื ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืชื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1943. ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื•ืจื” ื“ื ื™ืฅ ืœืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืกื’ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก; ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื›-100 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืืจื›ื ื’ืœืกืง ื•ืžื•ืจืžื ืกืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ื ื”, ื—ืฆื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™, ื•ื ืขื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžืŸ. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืขืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืฉื‘ื” ืœื—ืžื• ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื’ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ: ืชื‘ื•ืกืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ืกื™ื’ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืชืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื. ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฆื™ื•ื“, ืืกืคืงื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื ื—ืชื• ืžื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช: ื”ืื“ืžื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื”ืงื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืคืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ; ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื ื—ืกื. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื—ืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืžืกืขืŸ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืกืงืื™ื”, ื‘ืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืืชืŸ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื‘ืขืช ื—ื–ืจืชืŸ. ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1943, ืื– ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื• 20 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“. ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”, ืืš ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื” ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช, "ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘". ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืขืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืฆื™ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื VII, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื "ืž ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืกืคื• ืœื”ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืจืงืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื”. ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ืฆืœื—ื•; ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื”ืฉื ื•ืจืงืœ ืกื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ. ืืžืฆืขื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™, ืฉื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื”. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื—ืคื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™, ืฉืคืขืœื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื ืžืฆื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ื–ืจืงื• ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืจืขืฉื™ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•ืช ืžืžืกืœื•ืœื. ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื "ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜" (ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช, Elektroboot), ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื’ืžื™ื: XXI ื• - XXII. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”; ืจืง ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืจืง ืฉื™ื•ื˜ ืื—ื“, ืœืœื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืขืœืช ืœืžืื ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืคืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื–ื ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื‘-5 ื‘ืžืื™ 1945 ื”ื•ืจื” ื“ื ื™ืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืชืŸ ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ืคื”. ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžืชืžืฉืš. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_(American_spaceflight_company)] | [TOKENS: 2244]
Contents Astra (American spaceflight company) Astra Space, Inc., formerly known as Ventions, LLC from 2005 - 2016, is an American space company based in Alameda, California, with facilities in Atwater, California. The company was initially an aerospace technology research firm that focused on SBIR contracts, developing small rocket engines for use on launch vehicles and satellite propulsion. In 2012, the company shifted to developing launch vehicles and was selected for the DARPA ALASA program, eventually leading to the development and launch of the Astra Rocket series of launch vehicle utilizing both government and private funding after reincorporating itself to Astra Space, Inc. in 2016. The company would have their first successful launch in 2021, nine years after the start of development, after 6 previous failed attempts. Astra became publicly traded in 2021 through a SPAC merger. The company acquired Apollo Fusion, an electric-propulsion engine manufacturer, the same year. The acquisition enabled Astra to continue development of a spacecraft engine using a Hall-effect thruster (HET), known as the Astra Spacecraft Engine. Astra sells these spacecraft engines for use on satellites for station-keeping, collision avoidance, and end-of-life de-orbiting. After four test launches of versions 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 of the Astra rocket, the company demonstrated orbital capability with version 3.2 of its design. Astra later conducted four commercial launches of version 3.3; two were not successful due to upper-stage issues. In 2022, Astra planned to increase the payload capacity of version 4.0 to around 600, compared with the 50 kg maximum capacity of version 3.0. In October 2024, Astra announced a U.S. Department of Defense contract valued at up to $44 million to support continued development of its mobile launch system and the 4.0 rocket. In November 2023, Astraโ€™s co-founders proposed taking the company private, and in July 2024 Astra announced the completion of the take-private transaction. History Astra was founded in October 2016 by Chris Kemp and Adam London. In late 2016, Astra moved into a building on the former Naval Air Station Alameda known as โ€œOrionโ€ due to its location at 1690 Orion Street, Alameda, CA 94501. This former naval jet engine testing facility provided the ability to perform in-house single engine testing. Due to Naval Air Station Alameda's vast retired runways, the company was able to perform full vehicle testing very close to their headquarters, eliminating the need for expensive and complex logistics for rocket testing. During early to mid 2019, most non-test related employees moved from the Orion building into a new building at 1900 Skyhawk Street, Alameda, CA 94501, known as "Skyhawk". This allowed a large expansion of a previously cramped machine shop, additional in house machining capabilities, and a rocket production line in anticipation of Rocket 3. Additionally, this building has a number of known chemical contaminants due to its history as a Naval jet engine overhaul facility (Building 360) and is now designated as part of Naval Air Station Alameda Superfund site. Two suborbital test flights were conducted in 2018 from Pacific Spaceport Complex โ€“ Alaska (PSCA): one on 20 July 2018 (Rocket 1.0), and one on 29 November 2018 (Rocket 2.0). Both were stated to be launch failures by the Federal Aviation Administration. However, Astra stated that both were successful and the second one was "shorter than planned". Astra spent 2019 designing and building Rocket 3.0 integrating propulsion systems, avionics, and other pressurization/plumbing components into a high-performance electric pump-fed orbital launch vehicle.[citation needed] From 2018 to 2020, Astra was a contender in the DARPA Launch Challenge; first, as one of three teams, although at this point Astra kept its involvement secret and was only referred to as "stealth startup" by the Challenge organizers. Then as the other two teams dropped out, Astra remained as the only team in the competition. The competition involved launching two small satellite payloads into orbit from two different launch sites in the U.S. with approximately two weeks between launches. Astra attempted to perform a launch for the Challenge in late February โ€“ early March 2020 from PSCA, but had to scrub the launch attempts (due to faulty sensor data) and in the end, did not launch a rocket for the Challenge. With the competition's only remaining team (Astra) being unable to launch a rocket within the set time frame, DARPA announced the DARPA Launch Challenge closed on 2 March 2020 with no winner. The prize of US$12 million went unclaimed. On 23 March 2020, Astra's Rocket 3.0 ("1 of 3"), the vehicle that was initially intended to launch as Astra's first rocket for the DARPA Launch Challenge, but which failed to launch within the challenge's launch window and was subsequently reused for the next launch without DARPA involvement, suffered a fire on the launch pad (PSCA, Pad 3B) prior to launch, destroying the rocket. In September 2020, Astra attempted another orbital rocket launch, this time with their Rocket 3.1. The rocket cleared the launchpad and began to ascend before a failure caused all the engines to shut down. The vehicle began to quickly fall back down to Earth, exploding on impact. Next month, Astra was selected by the U.S. Air Force's AFWERX program to pursue the development of their Rocket 5.0, although it was not clear if the selection was tied to a specific monetary award. In the last month of 2020, Astra's Rocket 3.2 nearly (but did not) reached orbit after a launch from Kodiak Island, Alaska. On 2 February 2021, Astra announced they planned to go public through a reverse merger with special-purpose acquisition company Holicity in a deal that valued the rocket company at a $2.1 billion enterprise value. Later in February, Astra announced the appointment of former Apple engineering leader Benjamin Lyon as its new chief engineer. On 7 June 2021, Astra announced their plans to acquire electric propulsion system manufacturer Apollo Fusion for $50 million, with the purchase being triggered by the merger with Holicity. In July, Astra completed its first day as a public company on the Nasdaq, the first publicly traded space launch and rocket company on the exchange. On 4 August 2022, together with the release of the Q2 2022 financial results, Astra announced that following two out of the previous four Rocket 3.3 launches being unsuccessful, they intended to fully transition to the upgraded Rocket 4, whose maiden flight has been subsequently rescheduled to 2023. Because of this, all remaining Rocket 3.3 launches had been cancelled and the company began talks with its customers to remanifest their payloads on Rocket 4. On 3 November, 2023, Astra disclosed in its U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filing that it defaulted on a $12.5 million debt financing agreement and could not assure it would be able to raise the necessary funds. In November 2023, Astra founders, Chris Kemp and Adam London, proposed a plan to privatize the company by acquiring all the outstanding stock, according to a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The stock is offered at $1.50 per share, a significant premium over the closing trading price. The proposal is now under review by Astra's board of directors. On 24 November, 2023, the company raised $2.7 million from existing investors to continue operations while it works out its long-term plan. In March 2024, Astra's board agreed for the company to be taken private by its co-founders at a $11.25 million valuation. Launch vehicles Astra produced several launch vehicle designs. Rocket 1 was a single test vehicle, with five first stage "Delphin" engines and a mass simulator in place of a functional second stage. Rocket 2 was likewise a test vehicle without a second stage. Rocket 3 was a 11.6 m (38 ft) launch vehicle that had an advertised payload capacity of 25โ€“150 kg (55โ€“331 lb) to a 500 km (310 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit. The rocket consisted of two stages. The first stage had five electric-pump-fed "Delphin" engines advertised at 6,500 lbf (29,000 N) of thrust each. The second stage had one pressure-fed "Aether" engine with 740 lbf (3,300 N) (vacuum) of thrust. The rocket was used as part of a project for the DARPA Launch Challenge, although challenge's deadline passed before any Rocket 3 launches. Launches of Rocket 3.0 and 3.1 resulted in failure, while Astra claimed success after Rocket 3.2 failed to reach orbit. Rocket 3.3 was larger than previous Rocket 3 variants, and multiple vehicles were produced and launched. Rocket 3.3 serial number LV0007 became Astra's first rocket to reach orbit. The final Rocket 3.3 produced, serial number LV0010, failed to launch the NASA TROPICS-1 mission. Rocket 4 is a new rocket design, improving on capability and reliability compared to the outgoing Rocket 3 series. 18.9 m (62 ft) in height and 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in diameter, its planned payload capacity is 550 kg to a 300 km low Earth orbit or 350 kg to a 500 km sun-synchronous orbit. The first stage is designed around Chiron engines (modified Firefly Reaver engines) with a combined thrust of up to 80,000 lbf (360 kN), while the second stage propulsion is a Ursa Major Hadley ITV engine with a thrust of 6,500 lbf (29 kN). Astra aims to achieve a weekly launch cadence with this vehicle. Spacecraft Engine On June 7, 2021, Astra announced an acquisition of electric propulsion engine manufacturer Apollo Fusion and has continued manufacturing the Hall-effect thruster in-house. The engine utilizes Krypton or Xenon propellant for a total impulse of 200-300 kN-s and has been integrated with several customer payloads that have launched to orbit. The spacecraft engine system consists of a thruster, power processing unit, feed system, and propellant tank. See also References External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnitin] | [TOKENS: 2494]
Contents Turnitin Turnitin (stylized as turnitin) is an Internet-based similarity detection service run by the American company Turnitin, LLC, a subsidiary of Advance Publications. The software as a service (SaaS) website allows users to check submitted documents against its database and the content of other websites to identify plagiarism. As of 2025, the company licenses access to its services to over 16,000 universities and high schools worldwide, with more than 71 million students enrolled. In the UK, the service is supported and promoted by JISC as "Plagiarism Detection Service Turnitin UK". The Service is operated by iParadigms, in conjunction with Northumbria Learning, the European reseller of the service. Company history Turnitin originated in 1994 at the University of California, Berkeley, where graduate student John M. Barrie developed an online peer-review system that later evolved into plagiarism-detection software. To commercialize the system, he and collaborators Christian Storm, Emmanuel (Max-Emmanuel) Briand and Melissa Lipscomb established iParadigms LLC in 1996. Development of the Turnitin platform progressed over the next several years. The company introduced the Turnitin service in 1998, launched its precursor site Plagiarism.org to the public in April 1999, and released Turnitin.com more broadly in early 2000. In 2018, Turnitin acquired the plagiarism-detection service VeriCite, expanding its presence among U.S. higher-education institutions. The following year, it was purchased by Advance Publications for US$1.75 billion, marking one of the largest acquisitions in the educational-technology sector at the time. Turnitin continued to broaden its reach by acquiring Unicheck in 2020 and Ouriginal in 2021, the latter formed from the merger of Urkund and PlagScan. These additions consolidated Turnitinโ€™s position as a leading provider of academic-integrity and text-matching software worldwide. Functionality The Turnitin software checks for potentially unoriginal content by comparing submitted papers to several databases using a proprietary algorithm. It scans its own databases and also has licensing agreements with large academic proprietary databases. Results can identify similarities with existing sources and can also be used in formative assessment to help students learn to avoid plagiarism and improve their writing. Turnitin, LLC also runs the informational website plagiarism.org and offers a similar plagiarism-detection service for newspaper editors and book and magazine publishers called iThenticate. Other tools included with the Turnitin suite are GradeMark (online grading and corrective feedback) and PeerMark (student peer-review service). In early 2023, Turnitin released a feature that aims to detect content generated by artificial intelligence applications like ChatGPT; however, the accuracy of AI content detection remains a topic of debate. Later that year, some schools disabled Turnitin's AI detection software due to concerns that, like all other AI detection tools the software is not entirely accurate. Concerns arose after cases were brought with students alleging Turnitin falsely accused them of using AI. This has happened when students use the grammar-correcting software Grammarly, which is recommended for student use by many schools. Turnitin says that they believe about 1% of the papers they flag as AI-written were actually written by humans, and that a much higher rate is generated by AI but not flagged. The essays submitted by students are stored in a database used to check for plagiarism. This prevents one student from using another student's paper by identifying matching text between papers. In addition to student papers, the database contains a copy of the publicly accessible Internet, with the company using a web crawler to add content to Turnitin's archive continually. It also contains commercial and/or copyrighted pages from books, newspapers, and journals. As of June 2025, the company's student-paper database contained 1.9 billion submissions. If requested by teachers, students can upload their papers directly to the service for teachers to access them there. Teachers may also submit student papers to Turnitin.com as individual files, by bulk upload, or as a ZIP file. Teachers can further set assignment-analysis options so that students can review the system's "originality reports" before they finalize their submission. A peer-review option is also available. Some virtual learning environments can be configured to support Turnitin, so that student assignments can be automatically submitted for analysis. Blackboard, Moodle, ANGEL, Instructure, Desire2Learn, Pearson Learning Studio, Sakai, and Studywiz integrate in some way with the software. In 2019, Turnitin began analyzing admissions application materials through a partner software, Kira Talent. Reception Students may be required to submit work to Turnitin as a requirement of taking a certain course or class. The software has been a source of controversy, with some students refusing to submit, arguing that requiring submission implies a presumption of guilt. Some critics have alleged that the use of this proprietary software violates educational privacy as well as international intellectual-property laws, and exploits students' works for commercial purposes by permanently storing them in Turnitin's privately held database. The Student Union at Dalhousie University has criticized the use of Turnitin at Canadian universities because the American government may be able to access the submitted papers and personal information in the database under the USA PATRIOT Act. Mount Saint Vincent University became the first Canadian university to ban Turnitin's service partly because of implications of the Act. Lawyers for the company claim that student work is covered under the theory of implied license to evaluate, since it would be pointless to write the essays if they were not meant to be graded. That implied license, the lawyers argue, thus grants Turnitin permission to copy, reproduce, and preserve the works. The company's lawyers further claim that dissertations and theses also carry with them an implied permission to archive in a publicly accessible collection such as a university library. University of Minnesota Law School Professor Dan Burk countered that the company's use of the papers may not meet the fair-use test for several reasons: When a group of students filed suit against Turnitin on that basis, in Vanderhye et al. v. iParadigms LLC, the district court found the practice fell within fair use; on appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed. Some students argue that requiring them to submit papers to Turnitin creates a presumption of guilt, which may violate scholastic disciplinary codes and applicable local laws and judicial practice. Some teachers and professors support this argument when attempting to discourage schools from using Turnitin. iParadigms, the company that once owned Turnitin, ran another commercial website called WriteCheck. On this website, students pay a fee to have a paper tested against the database used by Turnitin to determine whether or not that paper would be detected as plagiarism when the student submits that paper to the Turnitin website. It was announced that the WriteCheck product was being withdrawn in 2020 with no new subscriptions being accepted after November 2019. The economist Alex Tabarrok has complained that Turnitin's systems "are warlords who are arming both sides in this plagiarism war". The website is no longer active. Litigation In one well-publicized dispute over mandatory Turnitin submissions, Jesse Rosenfeld, a student at McGill University declined, in 2004, to submit his academic work to Turnitin. The University Senate eventually ruled that Rosenfeld's assignments were to be graded without using the service. The following year, another McGill student, Denise Brunsdon, refused to submit her assignment to Turnitin.com and won a similar ruling from the Senate Committee on Student Grievances. In 2006, the Senate at Mount Saint Vincent University in Nova Scotia prohibited the submission of students' academic work to Turnitin.com and any software that requires students' work to become part of an external database where other parties might have access to it. This decision was granted after the students' union alerted the university community of their legal and privacy concerns associated with the use of Turnitin.com and other anti-plagiarism devices that profit from students' academic work. This was the first campus-wide ban of its kind in Canada, following decisions by Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Stanford not to use Turnitin. At Toronto Metropolitan University in Toronto, students may decide whether to submit their work to Turnitin.com or make alternate arrangements with an instructor. Similar policies are in place at Brock University in Saint Catharines. On March 27, 2007, with the help of an intellectual property attorney, two students from McLean High School in Virginia (with assistance from the Committee For Students' Rights) and two students attending Desert Vista High School in Phoenix, Arizona, filed suit in United States Circuit Court (Eastern District, Alexandria Division) alleging copyright infringement by iParadigms, Turnitin's parent company. Nearly a year later, Judge Claude M. Hilton granted summary judgment on the students' complaint in favor of iParadigms/Turnitin, because they had accepted the click-wrap agreement on the Turnitin website. The students appealed the ruling, and in 2009, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed Judge Hilton's judgment in favor of iParadigms/Turnitin. Flaws Several flaws and bugs in the Turnitin plagiarism detection software have been documented in scientific literature. In particular, Turnitin has been proven to be vulnerable to Another study showed that Turnitin failed to detect text produced by popular free Internet-based paraphrasing tools. Besides, more sophisticated machine learning techniques, such as automated paraphrasing, can produce natural and expressive text, which is virtually impossible for Turnitin to detect. Also, article spinning was not recognized by Turnitin. Asked about the situation, the then vice president of marketing at Turnitin Chris Harrick said that the company was "working on a solution", but it was "not a big concern" because in his opinion "the quality of these tools is pretty poor". Several years later, Turnitin published an article titled "Can students trick Turnitin? Some students believe that they can 'beat' Turnitin by employing various tactics". The company denied any technical issues and said that "the authors of these 'tricks' are mostly essay mills." The article then listed a few possible "tricks" and how Turnitin intended to take care of them, without mentioning scientific literature, technical treatises or examples of source code. Further criticism The Italian scholar Michele Cortelazzo [it], professor of linguistics who also studies copyright attribution and similarity between texts, noted that, ironically, it is impossible to tell if Turnitin's source code has been plagiarized from other sources, because it is not open source. For the same reason, it is unknown what scientific methodologies, if any, Turnitin uses to assess papers. In 2009, a group of researchers from Texas Tech University reported that many of the instances of "non-originality" that Turnitin finds are not plagiarism but the use of jargon, course terms, or phrases that appeared for legitimate reasons. For example, the researchers found high percentages of flagged material in the topic terms of papers (e.g. "global warming") or "topic phrases", which they defined as the paper topic with a few words added (e.g. "the prevalence of childhood obesity continues to rise"). Turnitin was also criticized for paying panelists at conferences on education and writing. In June 2025, The Markup revealed that Turnitin was charging universities widely divergent prices for access to Turnitin's plagiarism detection services, ranging from $1.79 per student paid by the City University of New York system to $6.50 per student paid by the UC Irvine Division of Continuing Education during the 2021-2022 academic year. In 2024, the California State University system was charged $2.71 per student annually, with an additional $3.19 per student for an AI detection upgrade, while South Orange County Community College paid $3.57 per student for the same service. The University of California, Berkeley, signed a 10-year contract valued at $1.2 million, and the California State University system paid $6 million over seven years through 2024. See also References External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืžื—ืœืฃ_ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื] | [TOKENS: 2022]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ืœืฃ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืžื—ืœืฃ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœืฃ, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ืขื ื“ืจืš ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœ ื—ืจื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื-ื–ืขื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื—ืœืฃ ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืœืฃ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื›ืžื—ืœืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืฉื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืžื–ืจื— ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื. ื™ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ืœืจืžืืœืœื”, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกื˜ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื”. ื”ืžื—ืœืฃ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžื ื”ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš 1,200 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืืœืขื™ื–ืจื™ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 45 ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™. ื•ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื. ื›ืš ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—-ืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื—ื ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2003. ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื, ืจืžืืœืœื” ื•ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”. ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”, ืฉื—ืฆืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžื ื”ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืืœืขื™ื–ืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื•ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืฃ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืœืฆื•ืžืช ืขื™ืกืื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ืœืฆื•ืžืช ืขื ืชื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืกืœื™ืœืช ืงื˜ืข ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืคืชื— ืœืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ืื•ืฉืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืžื—ืœืฃ, ืฉืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืข ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉื ืกืœืœ, ื›ืš ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉื ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ื—ืกื•ืš ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื ื—ื™ื–ืžื, ื‘ื• ื™ืฉื ื ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืฃ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื™ืกืขื• ื”ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•. ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœื“ืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืœื ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืœืฃ ื ื—ื ื›ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2019. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืœืฃ ื”ืžื—ืœืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœืฃ ืžืœื, ืจืง ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื•ืœืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื™ืช_ืืœ] | [TOKENS: 4883]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืึตืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืจืžืืœืœื”. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997, ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืขืœ 6,000 ื ืคืฉ. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืฉื‘ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื "ืš. ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืจ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืžืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกื•ืœื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจื•ืžื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžืืžืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง โ€ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘: ืงื•ึผื ืขึฒืœึตื” ื‘ึตื™ืช ืึตืœ ื•ึฐืฉึถืื‘ ืฉึธืื...โ€ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื”, ื') ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืกืžืœ. ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืกืžืœ ื’ื ืืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1977 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžึพ16 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ (ืฉืึดื›ืœืก ืืช ื‘ื”"ื“ 4 ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช), ืœื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื™ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆื‘ืื™ โ€“ ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ โ€“ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆื‘ืื™. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื” ื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“, ืคื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื•, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ืฆืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžึพ1978. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1997, ืœืื—ืจ ื›-20 ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืชื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ืชื—ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื—ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื" ื•"ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘". ื‘ึพ2012 ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืงื“ืช ืžื’"ื‘ ืื™ื•"ืฉ ื•ืžืคืงื“ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืงื“ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืžืชื—ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื›ึพ1,200 ื™ื—"ื“. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื™ ืืจื™ืืœ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉื™ ืืœื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจืืฉื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช: ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื”"ื“ 4 ื”ืกืžื•ืš ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•. ื‘ืกื™ืก ื–ื” ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืคื•ืจืกื ืฆื• ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ (1/70) ื‘ืฉื ืช 1970. ื‘ืฆื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืงื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”, ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื• ื›"ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฆื• ืžึพ1970, ืขืชืจื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงืžืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื•. ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื”, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ืกืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืชืื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ืจืœื™, ืฉืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื™ื ืช. ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ", ื•ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื‘ึพ1979, ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ืงื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืชื"ืœ (ืžื™ืœ.) ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ21, ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงืขื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื ื• ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ึพ2007 ืžืขืœ ืœึพ100 ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›-300 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื•, ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื•ืœืคื ื”", ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื (ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ) ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉื ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื ืืœ ืงืจืข ื”ืกืžื•ืš, ืฉืœื ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฆื• ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืขืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื”, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ื, ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขื“ 1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื”ืจื™ืกื”, ืืš ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™, ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2012 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืœืงืจื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ. ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื- ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช (ืื•ืœืคื ืช ืจืขื™ื”, ืื•ืœืคื ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ) ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื (ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืฆื‘ื™, ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ), ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืงื“ื ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”, ืžืชื "ืก, ืžืจื›ื– ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ืืจื™ืืœ ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ื–, ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื ื—"ืœ, ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืคื™ื ืช ื—ื™. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ ื™ืฉ 4 ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื, 17 ื’ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ 3 ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, 2 ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื“ืชื™ ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ 4 ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ืืงืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” (ื”ืœืž"ืก) ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 (ืื•ืžื“ืŸ), ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ 6,540 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 6,513 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžืงื•ื 219 ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” โ€Ž+6.6% ื‘ืฉื ื”โ€. ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื‘ (2021-โ€2022) ื”ื™ื” 88.5%. ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืช 2021 ื”ื™ื” 7,793 ืฉ"ื— (ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืจืฆื™: 11,330 ืฉ"ื—). ืœื”ืœืŸ ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘: ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States] | [TOKENS: 6098]
Contents Women's reproductive health in the United States Women's reproductive health in the United States refers to the set of physical, mental, and social issues related to the health of women in the United States. It includes the rights of women in the United States to adequate sexual health, available contraception methods, and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases. The prevalence of women's health issues in American culture is inspired by second-wave feminism in the United States. As a result of this movement, women of the United States began to question the largely male-dominated health care system and demanded a right to information on issues regarding their physiology and anatomy. The U.S. government has made significant strides to propose solutions, like creating the Women's Health Initiative through the Office of Research on Women's Health in 1991. However, many issues still exist related to the accessibility of reproductive healthcare as well as the stigma and controversy attached to sexual health, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases. The Department of Health and Human Services has developed a definition for sexual health in the United States based on the World Health Organization's definition of sexual health. "Sexual health is a state of well-being in relation to sexuality across the life span that involves physical, emotional, mental, social and spiritual dimensions. Sexual health is an intrinsic element of human health and is based on positive, equitable, and respectful approach to sexuality, relationships, and reproduction, that is free of coercion, fear, discrimination, stigma, shame, and violence. The United States government recognizes that gender is a factor which plays a significant role in sexual health. Partially influenced by second-wave feminism, women in the U.S. challenged the male dominated healthcare system while also demanding better information and autonomy over their bodies. Initiatives such as the Womenโ€™s Health Initiative have improved awareness and research, however, significant barriers still remain. Those barriers include limited access to reproductive services, stigma surrounding sexual health, contraception, and STIs. Race and reproductive health In the United States, reproductive health disparities exist between white and minority women. Historical abuses and experimentation on Black women by medical professionals has led to greater distrust of the medical community. Additionally, current racial biases held by medical personnel affect medical care of Black and minority women. Compared to white women, the rate of HIV infection is disproportionately high in Black and Hispanic women. These groups account for 75% of infection among women. There is also a gap in contraceptive use between white and Black women. These disparities are partly due to lack of health insurance and financial costs. Comprehensive gynecological care can also help reduce the rates of HIV in minority women and increase contraceptive use. The lack of reproductive health is a contributing factor in higher rates of maternal mortality in the United States among minority women, especially among Black women. Black women are 3.3 times more likely than white women to die from pregnancy-related causes. This is partly due to lack of insurance before pregnancy and higher rates of chronic conditions, such as obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, there are disparities in the use and success of ART among racial and socio-economic groups given the high costs, limited access, and varied utilization. A review of all U.S. studies that considered race and ethnicity when reporting success rates for ART, found white women consistently had the highest success rates, followed by Hispanic and Asian women, and African American women. An African American women does not receive the same treatment as a white women due to the age they were diagnosed at, the household income, and the specific treatment facility. Contraception The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has identified national reproductive health goals including reducing the level of unintended pregnancy. Out of all the pregnancies reported in the United States, half are unplanned. Of the 62 million women in the U.S. who are able to have children, seven out of ten of these women are sexually active but do not want to become pregnant. Contraception is a major issue of women's reproductive health. 86% of sexually active women practice some form of contraception and 30% of these women use a hormonal form of contraception. Women in the U.S. have more freedoms in deciding their use of contraceptives among other global nations, comparatively. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has significant pull over the decision-making process women must make when choosing different types of contraception. Women of the U.S. still rely on their healthcare providers for the majority of information they receive about contraceptive use. In order to help healthcare providers provide appropriate family planning care, the CDC published the US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010. The CDC lists methods of birth control under two categories: reversible and permanent. Hormonal contraception is the most popular method of contraception among women in the United States. Women under the age of thirty more commonly use hormonal oral contraception as their preferred method. Hormonal contraceptives can be almost 100% effective when used perfectly, but in most cases it is used imperfectly. Oral hormonal contraceptives have an 8% failure rate. The popularity of oral hormonal contraceptives among women changes over the course of a year with 32% of women deciding to discontinue use of an oral hormonal contraceptive after one year of typical use. A large stigma exists among women on the topic of using an intrauterine device (IUD) as a form of contraception.[citation needed] The two types of IUDs that exist for current contraceptive use are Copper T 380A and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or Mirena. IUDs are underutilized by women in the United States with only 2% of women using IUD as an effective contraception. The effectiveness of a contraceptive is described in terms of perfect use and typical use. An IUD is different than most forms of contraception, as it is 100% effective in both cases of use. It is not possible to use IUDs improperly or inconsistently because they must be inserted inside of the uterus. Women in the United States have many fears about the use of IUDs, making them a less popular form of contraception. For many women in the U.S., IUDs are only an option when other traditional contraception methods have been used (hormonal birth control, barrier methods, etc.) or when a woman has already had children. The fear surrounding use of an IUD stems from a lack of proper education on all available contraception options available to women in the U.S.. Women have cited being afraid of the quality of the device itself, placing the device inside their bodies voluntarily, and the time required to hold the device in place. There is a lack of knowledge about female anatomy and pregnancy prevention, even among women of the United States. Fertility awareness based methods consist of non-hormonal or invasive contraceptive methods. These take the form of only having sex when a woman isn't fertile, thus avoiding having sex during ovulation. Women can monitor her menstrual cycle pattern using calendar-based methods or symptoms-based methods. The most effective calendar-based method is the Standard Days Method, a method in which the woman doesn't have sexual intercourse on days 8-19 of her cycle. One symptoms-based method is the TwoDay Method, a method where the woman checks for secretions twice a day and if she has had vaginal secretions that day or the day prior, she can potentially get pregnant. A second symptoms-based method is the Sympto-thermal method, which combines a woman's observations of her vaginal secretions with the use of an electric hormonal fertility monitor which detects urine hormones. One benefit of using fertility awareness based method is that there are no side effects or health issues as no drugs or implants are used. Reproductive mental health Women's reproductive mental health focuses on mental health issues that are experienced on account of or exacerbated by transitions in female reproductive cycles. This field is a subset of women's mental health, which includes mental health issues faced by women at all points in their life. Reproductive mental health specifically focuses on reproductive transitions in female life. These include puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, infertility, perimenopause and menopause, abortion, and more. These transitions, brought on by hormonal changes, can trigger emotional and physical symptoms in some women. While the severity ranges from person to person, it was reported that over 75% of women with regular menstrual cycles report unpleasant physical or psychological symptoms, premenstrually. Reproductive psychiatry is the subset that is focused on treating these issues. These clinicians are trained experts in the diagnosis and treatment of mood and anxiety symptoms that occur throughout these cycles in female reproduction. This field is growing as the current gap in mental health specifically focused on women and their reproductive cycles is realised and people see how impactful studying these issues can be.[citation needed] Sexual health includes sexual development and reproductive health, the ability to have strong interpersonal relationships, appreciate one's body, interact appropriately with both genders, and express love, affection, and intimacy in ways consistent with one's own values. Sexual health also includes intercourse that is "consensual, non-exploitative, honest, pleasurable, and protected against unintended pregnancy and STDs" according to the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) consensus statement. For most young people, sexual interest begins at the time of puberty and there is evidence that those who get sexual health information from their parents are more likely to initiate sexual activity later than those who get it from their peers although some young people prefer to get information from professionals. Contraception is used to prevent pregnancy. It is the means by which people can family plan so that they have their optimal number of children with their desired spacing. According to WHO, contraceptives help lower maternal ill-health and the number of deaths related to pregnancy. It also reduces unsafe abortions and reduces HIV transmission between the mother and children. According to the CDC, couples need to consider safety, effectiveness, availability, and acceptability when choosing their form of contraception. Some forms of contraception like the use of male condoms also help lessen the transmission of HIV and other STDs while other forms of contraception like intra-uterine devices (IUDs) do not. Intra-uterine devices (IUDs) are a reversible form of contraception and includes the placing of a small T-shaped device made of copper inside the uterus. It releases a small amount of progestin each day so that the woman does not get pregnant. It can stay from 3โ€“6 years and has a very low risk rate. Hormonal methods of contraception include an arm implant that releases progestin and can be used for around five years, an injection once in three months, combined oral contraceptives, progestin only pill, patch, and hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring. Barrier methods include a diaphragm or cervical cap, sponge, male and female condoms, and spermicides. Emergency contraception is not to be used regularly and prevents pregnancy after sexual intercourse. It includes a copper IUD and emergency contraceptive pills. Finally, permanent methods of contraception are female sterilization called tying tubes and male sterilization called a vasectomy. Birth control (BC) pills are oral hormonal pills that prevent a woman's ovaries from releasing eggs during ovulation.[medical citation needed] The side effects of birth control pills include acne, bleeding or spotting between periods, bloating, high blood pressure, depression, fatigue, dizziness, fluid retention, headache, increased appetite, insomnia, melasma, mood swings, nausea, breast pain and tenderness, vomiting, and weight gain.[medical citation needed] Health risks associated with BC include blood clots, gallbladder disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, liver cancer, and stroke although these are very uncommon according to Planned Parenthood. Estrogen containing pills also increase the likelihood of venous thrombosis compared to only progestin containing pills. They increase the risk from 2 to 10 venous thrombotic events per 10,000 women-years to 7 to 10 venous thrombotic events per 10,000 women-years. Birth control can also affect mental health and there is recent evidence of a correlation between birth control use and mood disorders. Some studies have found correlations between use of BC and lifetime diagnoses of depression in adolescents. The mood effects are thought to be due to the reaction between estrogen and progestin and other mood-related neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. Studies have found that hormonal contraceptive users had higher rates of depression, anxiety, fatigue, neurotic symptoms, sexual disturbances, compulsion, anger, and negative menstrual effects. For women with preexisting mental health conditions, it is advisable to talk to a psychiatrist before taking BC pills. Women may also benefit by speaking to a counselor. The link between abortion and mental health has become a controversial and political issue in the US. Some people claim that abortion causes mental health issues while others agree there is no scientific evidence to back up this claim. The term "post-abortion syndrome" was coined to refer negative psychological impacts following an abortion. The symptoms are based on post traumatic stress disorder; however, this diagnosis is not recognised by the American Psychological Association and is not included in the DSM. This disorder was pushed by pro-life movements and Crisis Pregnancy Centres, which were designed to talk women out of having abortions. There have been lots of studies conducted to examine the link between mental health and abortion. Many of these studies are very limited, and do not account for the impact of confounding variables, one of the biggest being pre-existing mental health issues prior to getting an abortion. One systematic review found a clear trend linking the highest quality studies with results that showed a neutral link, and the most flawed studied finding a link between abortion and negative mental health impacts. These findings are common amongst investigations that have gone back and looked through previous findings and analysed their methods and conclusions.[citation needed] The Turnaway study was the first study to rigorously examine the effects of women being denied an abortion. Participants included nearly 100 women seeking abortions from 30 facilities across the country. Interviews were conducted over a 5 year period, and compared women who did receive a wanted abortion to those turned away because they passed the facilities gestational age limit. This study did not find any correlation between having an abortion and negative mental health impacts. In fact, it found that 95% of women report that the decision was the correct one for them over 5 years after the procedure. This study also showed the clear negative impacts of being denied a wanted abortion on women's general health and trajectory of life. Some of these negative impacts include being more likely to stay with abusive partners, being more likely to suffer anxiety and loss of self esteem, as well as serious implications for the children born of unwanted pregnancies and the existing children in the family, if any. The postpartum period has one of the highest rates of mental health issues associated with it, with 85% of women experiencing a mood disturbance. The current three categories of postpartum disorders include the postpartum blues, postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Most women experience what has been named the postpartum blues, which is usually considered to be more mild and shorter lived than other disorders associated with the postpartum period. During the postpartum blues an individual may experience anxiety, irritability and mood swings. The postpartum blues are considered to be a relatively common and normal side effect of giving birth, especially in western countries where there is a lack of general community and familial support. The stress of delivery combined with changes in hormone levels is thought to contribute to the postpartum blues many people face after childbirth. It is thought that the postpartum blues are relatively common; however, if they last for more than 2 weeks individuals might be at risk for more severe postpartum disorders. Postpartum depression (PDD) is a psychiatric disorder observed in the postpartum period. PDD can occur at any point after delivery but most commonly it onset 2โ€“3 months after childbirth. PDD is nearly indistinguishable from regular depression; however, in PDD the negative thoughts and feelings are primarily centered on the newborn. PDD symptoms include feeling of guilt and incompetence, low mood, fatigue, poor concentration, anxiety and suicidal ideation. Hormone changes, marital dissatisfaction, and inadequate social support are all factors that contribute to experiences of PPD. Those with a history of mental health issues, such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, are the most vulnerable to developing PDD after childbirth. Postpartum psychosis (PP) is the most rare and severe disorder that can occur in the postpartum period. The development of PP is very abrupt and is usually observed within at least the first two weeks after childbirth, and symptoms can start as early as 24โ€“48 hours after giving birth. Severe mood swings, as seen in bipolar disorder, are usually observed, as well as erratic behavior, confusion and delusional beliefs about the newborn. Auditory hallucinations can also occur in which the mother is instructed to harm herself or her child. Those with PP are at risk for suicide and potentially infanticide and must be treated in a hospital. There are resources available for PP survivors as well as those suffering from PP. Other postpartum disorders include postpartum OCD, specific anxiety disorders, and postpartum PTSD. Postpartum OCD is characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsions surrounding the health safety of the newborn as well as intrusive thoughts about harming the child. It is also thought that 5.6% of women show symptoms of postpartum PTSD, which can be characterized by flashbacks to childbirth, nightmares and tension and can occur when pregnant again. Maternity neurosis is another potential issue associated with the postpartum period, in which mothers are excessively anxious and worried about the health and safety of their child. Perimenopause is when a woman's monthly menstruation begins to decrease in her late 40s and early 50s. Perimenopause increases the risk of symptoms affecting mental health and can exacerbate previously diagnosed mental illnesses. The greatest evidence is for the recurrence and existence of depression. Studies also found that women with bipolar disorder were more likely to have depressive episodes during perimenopause. Perimenopause is also when women are at an increased risk for schizophrenia. Some women also show increased anxiety symptoms. Menopause is when a woman's period stops and is unable to get pregnant naturally. This happens when a woman's ovaries age and are no longer able to make hormones necessary for reproduction. During menopause, the incidence of depression doubles. There is some evidence that women are more likely to have panic attacks during menopause. However, there is some difficulty differentiating panic attacks from hot flashes which are a common symptom of menopause. Many women also experience sleeping problems. Treatment options include antidepressants if diagnosed with depression. Other options that help are eating a balanced diet, exercising and practicing yoga. Not only are there gender disparities when it comes to mental health issues - women being twice as likely than men to suffer from mental illness, but there are also inequalities between white women and women of color when it comes to accessing mental health treatments. In 2017, women of color reported feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness and sadness almost twice as often as white women did. It is more likely that people of color and women of color specifically will be misdiagnosed and prescribed antipsychotics at higher rates, because of the racism and the implicit bias in the US healthcare system The stigma women of color face also adds to this inequality, with the idea of the "strong black women'' creating barriers for many that would benefit from mental health treatments. Asian Americans also face barriers, and are shown to be three times less likely to seek mental health treatment than their white counterparts in the U.S. Another factor that adds to the inequalities in mental health care is the lack of POC providers. APA data published in 2020 showed that less than 5% of mental healthcare providers were black, 4% are Asian American and 4% are Hispanic and only 2% of psychiatrists are black. The racial profiles of providers does not match the racial diversity of the U.S. which adds to the inequality and bias people of color and especially women of color can face when attempting to get mental health assistance. Reproductive problems One in ten women of childbearing age in the U.S. are affected by Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with this condition are at a higher risk of experiencing complications during pregnancy. PCOS is a medical condition consisting of hyperandrogegism, ovarian dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). The hormonal imbalance caused by PCOS can cause the egg to not properly develop or be released as would otherwise normally occur during ovulation in a healthy menstrual cycle. In the past, research of PCOS has been focused on diagnostics, symptoms, and effects such as infertility. Very little research has been done concerning complications than can result when a woman with PCOS conceives. This is a very important condition to address as it can have major financial impacts on the lives of those diagnosed with PCOS. Currently, in the U.S. it can cost the healthcare system nearly four million dollar to treat women with PCOS, due to the many other conditions that PCOS can cause including: cardiovascular disease; pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia; miscarriage; infertility; and type 2 diabetes mellitus. There has also been some research conducted concerning the outcomes of the health of offspring born to mothers with PCOS. The results have proved inclusive, but they are thought to be at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular dysfunction and endocrine dysfunction. Infertility is an increasingly common issue among women of reproductive age. The CDC estimates 6% of women between the ages of 15 and 44 in the U.S. cannot get pregnant after one year of trying. Along with medicine and surgery, one growing treatment for infertility is assisted reproductive technology (ART). ART describes any method in which both eggs and embryos are manipulated outside the woman's body, of which in vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common type. In 2015, 1.7% of all live births in the U.S. were the result of ART. While this method of conception is becoming more common, it is still a highly complex and debated issue. ART has been associated with many adverse health outcomes including an increased risk of birth defects, and a 1.71 increased risk of preeclampsia among women. Success rates for ART are improving yet vary significantly and are particularly dependent on age. For instance, for women younger than 35 the average success rate of ART in 2015 was 31% compared to 16% for those aged 38โ€“40, and 3% for those over 44 years of age. Infertility is a medical condition in which a woman canโ€™t get pregnant after a year of trying, or 6 months for a woman over the age of 35. Women can also be considered infertile if they become pregnant but canโ€™t stay pregnant. This condition affects about 10 percent of women in the United States. In addition to those women, men are also having trouble with infertility. According to the Office on Womenโ€™s Health โ€œOne third of fertility problems are due to the man.โ€ Depending on if the infertility is caused by a man or a woman also changes the reason why the infertility is occurring. There are many different reasons why infertility happens. For most women infertility is caused by issues with ovulation, age, tubal disorders, ovary disorders, uterine disorders, and uterine fibroids. Most men experience causes such as varicocele, creation of too few sperm or none, hormonal issues, and movement or shape of sperm. An increasingly large factor to infertility is age. Many women are choosing to wait to become pregnant until their 30s and 40s. This is a factor for infertility because the eggs a woman has can become unhealthy and the number of eggs a woman has left is very small by the age of 35. Depending on the cause of infertility, most cases can be treated. Several effects of infertility, pregnancy loss, birth trauma, and delivery of offspring lead to a wide range of major health issues in women. In the US about 1 in 5 (19%) are unable to get pregnant after one year of trying to get pregnant. A qualitative study in Iran assessed the emotional-psychological consequences of infertility and concluded that it created psychological distress and caused depression in a subset of the women. A more quantitative study conducted by Penn University linked the association between infertility and mortality. The study revealed that women with a history of infertility have a 20 percent increased risk of cancer-related mortality, including increased risk of death from breast cancer and diabetes. pregnancy loss or miscarriages can also lead to increased risks of psychological and/or physical health problems. Miscarriages can create a greater risk of high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. About 3% also suffer from infections after a miscarriage. Depression and Anxiety disorders are the main mental health issues that arise after a pregnancy loss. In the case of a birth, certain traumas can occur. Some women who experience traumatic events during pregnancy develop postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which is considered a type of anxiety disorder. In the case of a relatively normal delivery of offspring other health issues can arise. About 16% of pregnancies in 2019 had hypertensive disorders. Overall pregnancy mortality has been increasing over time and pregnancy-related mortality ratios for black women were more than three times higher than for white women. The top 5 causes of pregnancy death include cardiovascular conditions (16.2%), infection or sepsis (13.9%),cardiomyopathy (12.5%),hemorrhage (11.0%), thrombotic pulmonary or other embolism (9.4%). Overall pregnancy loss, trauma, delivery, and infertility can have a wide range of psychological and physiological major problems.[citation needed] Treatment for infertility can be simple or extensive. Some women only need one or two treatments while others may need much more extensive treatment that can take months. The treatments for women include fertility medications, intrauterine insemination, and surgery to restore fertilization. Treatment for men can include lifestyle changes, medications, surgery, or sperm retrieval processes. One of the largest forms of assistance is In Vitro Fertilization. This process includes retrieving the egg, fertilizing it outside of the uterus, then placing it back into the uterus in order to promote growth. There are increasing numbers of this type of assistance in the U.S. every year. Sexually transmitted diseases A health objective of the United States government through The United States Public Health Service is to reduce the number of cases of sexually transmitted diseases from the 1980s to today. The Centers for Disease Control is responsible for many studies on the topic of STDs as well as the effect of STDs on women and girls. STDs are defined by the CDC as "infections you can get from having sex with someone who has an infection". There are more than twenty types of identifiable STDs caused by bacteria, parasites, or viruses. Within one year in the United States there are an estimated 12 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases that occur. Of those 12 million cases there are 1.5 million cases of gonorrhea, 500,000 cases of genital herpes, and 110,000 cases of syphilis. Both women and men in the United States are affected by the STD epidemic. However, women have a stronger negative health reaction to some STDs than men. The negative health effects of STDs for women can include pelvic inflammatory disease (PIV), ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, fetal and perinatal infections, complications to pregnancy, fetal loss, cervical cancer, and increased risk of tubal pregnancy, intrauterine growth retardation and preterm delivery. Women in the U.S. are less likely to seek out treatment for STDs for a variety of reasons. Some STDs appear asymptomatic in women therefore women are less likely to seek out treatment for STDs than men. Like most health topics, there is a gap that exists in understanding the pathology of diseases in women versus men. Women receive less than adequate information about the prevalence of STDs as well as the symptoms of STDs.[citation needed] As with contraception in the U.S., a stigma exists which prevents women from learning about all possible STDs and their treatment. A study by the Journal of Women's Health identified STDs as a topic women would rather not talk about. Women, with their partners, do not commonly discuss STDs as well. The stigma surrounding STDs in the U.S. prevents women from discussing the topic even among healthcare provides, close friends, partners, and family. Younger women do not understand the risk that STDs can pose to them. For example, Chlamydia is one of the most common STDs affecting women and men in the United States. Women do not follow the recommendation that people should be screened for Chlamydia at least once per year. Most women do not even know any information about Chlamydia as an STD besides the fact that it is curable. STD screening is most effective for identifying STDs in women, but is commonly underutilized by women in the U.S. Healthcare access and access to family planning clinics increases the probability that women will seek out and utilize STD screening. Screening is a form of testing healthy versus symptomatic people against traditional symptoms of STDs to determine STD prevalence. The Planned Parenthood Federation of America has available clinics across the United States for the purpose of screening for STDs as well as other family planning services. Planned Parenthood suggests that sexually active women screen for STDs at least annually. A study by the Journal for Women's Health identified a need for a knowledge campaign on STD screening targeting sexually active young women. 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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืžืืœืื™ื”] | [TOKENS: 7179]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืžึธืœึถื–ึดื™ึทื” (ื‘ืžืœืื™ืช: Malaysia, ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื’'ืื•ื•ื™: ู…ู„ูŠุณูŠุง, ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœืื™ืช: [malษ›jsia], ืชืขืชื™ืง: ืžืœื™ื™ืกื™ื”) ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื›-31 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื (2017), ื•ื‘ื™ืจืชื” ืงื•ืืœื” ืœื•ืžืคื•ืจ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2020, ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›-63.5% ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื (ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ื“ืชื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”), ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื›-18.7% ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืกืœืืžื™. ืจืง ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ, ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืœืื™ืช, ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืœื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืื• ืžืžืœื–ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื™ ืื• ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื ืงืจื ืžืœืื™. ืžืœืื™ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื• ืžืืกืœืื ืœื“ืช ืื—ืจืช ืžืื‘ื“ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืžืœืื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืš ืžื—ื“ ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื• ืœืืกืœืื ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ืžืœืื™ ืžืื™ื“ืš. ื—ื•ืงืช ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ืช ื’ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.[ื] ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืœืื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-14 ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืืช ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื“ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื‘-1511 ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืœืืงื” ื•ื‘-1641 ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžืœืืงื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-18 ื•ื”-19 ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื˜ ืื˜ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘-1914 ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื’ื ืืช ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ. ื›ืœื›ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ. ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•) ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืคืจื ืกืชื ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžืœืื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘-1948 ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืœืื™ื” ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืฆ'ื™ืŸ ืคื ื’ (Chin Peng). ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื ืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ื (ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžืจื“) ืžื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจืื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื’'ืจืœื“ ื˜ืžืคืœืจ (Gerald Templer). ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช (ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืœืื™ื”) ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื“. ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957 ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืœืžืœืื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963 ื”ืชืื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืขื“ ืื– ื ืงืจืื” ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื™ื”, ืขื ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื” ื•ืกืจืื•ื•ืืง ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ ื‘ื•ืจื ืื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืื—ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื ืžืœื–ื™ื”. ื‘-1965 ื”ืชื ืชืงื” ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืžืžืœื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืืชื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืื™ื. ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื ืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืกืคื— ืืช ืกื‘ื” ื•ืืช ืกืจืื•ื•ืืง ืืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื”, ืืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ืชื ื”ืื™ืชื ื” ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1966 ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื”. ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื”-ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช: ืชืฉืข ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ โ€“ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืกื•ืœื˜ืื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ (ืคืจืœื™ืก) ืขื•ืžื“ ืจืื’'ื” ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช (ื ื’ืจื™ ืกืžื‘ื™ืœืŸ) ืขื•ืžื“ "ื™ืืžื˜ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืกืืจ" ("ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ") ื ื‘ื—ืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ "ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ื™ืื ื’ ื“ื™-ืคืจื˜ื•ืืŸ ืื’ื•ื ื’ (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื "ืžืœืš ืžืœื–ื™ื”" ืื• "ืกื•ื‘ืจืŸ ืขืœ" ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื”) ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืžืœืš ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืืกืœืื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ (ืž-2019) ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืคืื”ืื ื’. ื‘-27.10.2023 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื (ืžืกื•ืœื˜ื ื•ืช ื’'ื•ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช), ื‘ืŸ 64, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื”. ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘-31.1.2024. ืœืžืœื–ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื (Dewan Rakyat) ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช (Dewan Negara). ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื 222 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช 70 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืื—ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืื ื’ ื“ื™-ืคืจื˜ื•ืืŸ ืื’ื•ื ื’. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืื ื’ ื“ื™-ืคืจื˜ื•ืืŸ ืื’ื•ื ื’ ืขืœ-ืกืžืš ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ. ืžืื– ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืœืื™ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ (UMNO). ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1974, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”, ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ UMNO) ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”-DAP ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”-PAS ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื. ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืื˜ื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ (1981 โ€“ 2003) ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื›ืœื™ืืชื• (ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก) ื‘-1997 ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื, ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืคืจืฉืช ืื ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืคืœื’ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืขืžืžื™, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื” ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ืขื–ื™ื–ื” ื•ืืŸ ืืกืžืืขื™ืœ, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืืจ ืื‘ืจืื”ื™ื. ืžืื”ืื˜ื™ืจ ืคืจืฉ ื‘-2003 ื•ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœืœื” ืื—ืžื“ ื‘ืื“ืื•ื•ื™, ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืื ื•ืืจ ื•ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืกืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืช ื‘ืื“ืื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘-2009 ื ื’'ื™ื‘ ืจื–ืืง. ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืž-13 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช (ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ 7 ืกื•ืœื˜ืื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•-2 ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช) ื•-3 ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื“ืจืœื™ื•ืช: ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื”. ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืžืœื–ื™, ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืœื–ื™ ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืœื–ื™. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื 18. ื”ืฆื‘ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-1.5% ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืžืขืกื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœ 1.23% ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืš. ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื›-650 ืง"ืž: ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื“ื•ืžื”. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืฆืคื•ืฃ, ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื‘ื•ืจื ืื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจ ืงื™ื ืื‘ืœื• ืฉืžืชื ืฉื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 4,095 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช (ืืคืจื™ืœโ€“ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ) ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช (ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจโ€“ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963 ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื˜ืœื•ืžื™ืืŸ. ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ืžืœื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (1956โ€“1960) ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (1961โ€“1965) ื”ื•ืืฆื” ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื ืžืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื–ื ื—ื• ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ืชืž"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 14,425 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ืชื ืคื•ื˜ื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื™ื (PV) ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ. ืื—ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื 27 ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›-500 ืืœืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื ืชื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-21 ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020. ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ Perodua ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื”ื˜ืกื•. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช Proton ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืขื ืืฃ ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื˜ืจื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืช TD2000. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ืขื ืคื”. ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื•ืื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืืช ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคืœืคืœ. ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืื•ืื™ื. ื’ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื™ื. ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ื ืขืฆื™ื, ื’ื•ืžื™, ืฉืžื ื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื ื•ืฉืžืŸ ืงื•ืงื•ืก) ื•ืงื•ืคืจื” ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื”. ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ื ื ืคื˜, ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืขื•ืคืจืช ื•ื‘ื•ืงืกื™ื˜. ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžืœื–ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื” ื›-33.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื›-76 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 1.75 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื”. ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืืกืœืื ืืฉืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื” 63.5% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ืชืจ: 18.7% ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, 9.1% ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, 6.1% ื”ื™ื ื“ื• ื•-3.1% ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ื–ื ื•ื“ืชื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ื ืžืœืื™ื ื•ื›-10% ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืœืื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช "ื‘ื•ืžื™ืคื•ืชืจื" ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” "ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ" ื•ื’ื "ืื•ืจืื ื’-ืื•ืจืื ื’ ืืกืœื™" ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” "ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื". ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžืžื•ืฆื ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืงื™ืกื˜ื ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื” ื•ืกืจืื•ื•ืืง ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืกื™ื ื™ ืื• ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”"ืึดื™ื‘ึทึผืŸ" ื•ื”"ื‘ึถึผื“ึธืื™ื•ึผื”ึผ" ื‘ืกืจืื•ื•ืืง, ื•"ืงึธื“ึทื–ึธืืŸ-ื“ื•ึผืกื•ึผืŸ" ื‘ืกื‘ื”, ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื ืงืจืื™ื "ื“ืื™ืืง" ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืื™ื. ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ (ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ). ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื 1ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. 2ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช. 3ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื”.
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืžืขืœื”_ืื“ื•ืžื™ื] | [TOKENS: 8433]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžึทืขึฒืœึตื” ืึฒื“ึปืžึดึผื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื“ ื•ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ 2025, ื›-36,000 ืื™ืฉ, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืขื™ืจ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืœื•ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื™ื–ื ื™ื’ืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1967, ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื™ืกื•ืคื—ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืจื‘ืชื™, ื•ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ืจืš ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ื” "ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ืขื™ืœื™ืช", ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1967 ืœ-1974 ืฉื“ืจื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืขื”: ืงื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืžืชื— ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• "ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืืœื•ืŸ", ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ "ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ" ื™ื–ืžื• ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื’ืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ ืžื”ืœืš ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื•ืœืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1971 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1972 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” โ€“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืขื ื™ืจื“ืŸ, "ืžืžืœื›ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช". ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1972 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชืคืจื•ืกืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื•. ื‘-26 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1972 ื ืฉืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืžื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ: ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืจืข ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืชืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื—ืœืงื” ืžืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืชืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช, ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืขืจืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืžื–ืจื— ื•ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžื–ื” ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžื–ื”. ืืœื•ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื”ืงืžืช ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื•, ืชืžื•ืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจืฅ 1972 ืขืจืš ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืœื™ืœื™, ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืชืจื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1972 ืชื‘ืขื• ืจืืฉื™ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ, ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ-ืžืื™ืจ, ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืชื•ืงื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื•ื›ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ. ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขืœื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืš ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1974 ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื "ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช" ื ืจื—ื‘, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื: ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ื•ื•ืื“ื™ ืงืœื˜, ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื‘ื ื‘ื™ ืกืืœื— ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืฆื”"ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ืืช ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืชืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื˜ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืง ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1974 ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืžื’ืจ, ืฉืคืขืœื” ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-24 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1974 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ื”ืงืžืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืชืžื›ื• 12 ืฉืจื™ื ื•-8 ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื’ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืื– ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื), ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 1,600 ื“ื•ื ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื• ืœื”. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื" ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 1975 ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 600 ื“ื•ื ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1975 ืื•ืฉืจ ืœ"ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื" ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžืื– "ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื", ื›"ืžื—ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื" ืืš ืœื ื›ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื‘ืข. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1975 ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืืš ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ "ืžื—ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื". ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1977 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื›-4 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘-5 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ืฉืจื” ื”ืงืžืช ืฉืœื‘ ื' ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช 5,000 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1979 ื—ืชื ืžืคืงื“ ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื• ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืื‘ื ืจ ืคืจืฅ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื‘ื• ื“ื™ืก ื•ื›ืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืงืขื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื. ืชืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื“ื—ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื–ืขืจื™ ืžื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื. ื‘-8 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1979 ื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ื›ืœืกื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982. ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘"ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื" ื ื•ืชืจื” ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื” ื”ืชืคืชื— "ืคืืจืง ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื™ื", ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฉืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืขืจื“, ื•ืœืชืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคืจื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช (ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงืจื” ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื). ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœื“ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชื›ื ื ื” ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช "ืขืจื™ื". ืขื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ื›ืคืจื™ ื”ืชืคืฆืœ "ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืฉื™ื•ืงื ืœื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™. ื‘-20 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1978 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 4,600 ื“ื•ื ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืงืขื• ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืขื ืืชื. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1979, ื‘"ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช", ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืงืขืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืงืจื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ "ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘'", ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื• ืœื›ืคืจ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘-1989, ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืื›ืœื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ืจื• ื‘ื• ื›-13,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ. ื‘-1991 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืขื™ืจ. ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืก ื˜ืจื˜ืžืŸ (ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช). ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1989 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืฉืจื™ืืœ ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื˜ืจื˜ืžืŸ ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1994 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื™ืืœ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2023 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืฉืจื™ืืœ ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’ื™ื ื™ืคืจื— ืžื˜ืขื ืกื™ืขืช "ืœื‘" ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื•ื ื™ืฆื—. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ื™ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืชืกื•ืคื— ื•ืชื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืืจื™ืืœ ื•ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— E-1 ("ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืื“ื•ืžื™ื"). ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— E1 ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืจืฆืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘-2008 ืžื˜ื” ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉ"ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื•ื•ืึตื™ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื•ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ, ื”ืชื•ื•ืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ื”"ืคืจืฆื”" ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืกืชืžื” ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืืช ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื“ืจ. ืžืžื—ืœืฃ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ื’ื“ืจ ืชืœืชืœื™ื•ืช ืชืœืช-ืงื•ืžืชื™ืช ืžืงื•ื˜ืขืช, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœื ื ืกืœืœื” ื›ืœ ื’ื“ืจ. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” (ื”ืœืž"ืก) ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 (ืื•ืžื“ืŸ), ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื 36,185 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 35,990 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžืงื•ื 66 ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” โ€Ž-0.9% ื‘ืฉื ื”โ€. ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื‘ (2021-โ€2022) ื”ื™ื” 86.0%. ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืช 2021 ื”ื™ื” 10,729 ืฉ"ื— (ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืจืฆื™: 11,330 ืฉ"ื—). ืœื”ืœืŸ ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘: ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืœืฆื“ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื—). ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืœืฃ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื‘ืžื—ืœืฃ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื. ืืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืžื ื” ืืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฉืจืชืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื’ื“ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž-2013, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืœื” ืขื“ ืื–. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื• ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืคื” ืœืืจื™ืืœ. ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื ืœืื™ืœืช, ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ, ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืžื ื–ืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืจื™ื•ืก, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ ืžื ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื™ืžื™ื•ืก. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืืชืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ื•ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืงืกื˜ืœ ื ืคืชื— ืœืงื”ืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ. ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืจื–ื ื™ืง, ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืฉื” ืงืกื˜ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015. ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืงืจืกื• ืื—ื–ืงื•ืช" ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืกืœืข ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืžื•ืชืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ืจืจ ืืงืœื™ื ืฆื—ื™ื— ืœืžื—ืฆื”, ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืงืจ ื•ื’ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ ืืฃ ืฉืœื’ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืขืจื™ื ืชืื•ืžื•ืช ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืคืคื•ืื”_ื ื™ื•_ื’ื™ื ื™] | [TOKENS: 6226]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชืขืชื™ืง ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืคืคื•ืื” ื ื™ื• ื’ื™ื ื™, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Papua New Guinea; ื‘ื˜ื•ืง ืคื™ืกื™ืŸ: Papua Niugini; ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ ืžื•ื˜ื• (ืื '): Papuaโ€“Matamata Guinea) ื•ื‘ืฉืžื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Independent State of Papua New Guinea; ื‘ื˜ื•ืง ืคื™ืกื™ืŸ: Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ ืžื•ื˜ื•: Gau Hedinarai ai Papuaโ€“Matamata Guinea) ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ืื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื—ืฆื™ื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื•ืžืชื—ืœืง ืœื›ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื’ื ืืช ื‘ื•ื’ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ืกืžืจืง ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืžึถืœึทื ึถื–ื™ื”, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืจืช ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื•ืจืกื‘ื™. ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืคืคื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžืœืื™ืช PEPUAH ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• "ื‘ืขืœ/ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจื–ืœ"[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ืฉื ื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1526 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื–'ื•ืจื–ื” ื“ื” ืžื ื–ืก ืืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ "ืจืืฉ ื”ืฆืคื•ืจ" ื•ืฉื”ื” ืฉื ืขื“ 1527. ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื” ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื OS PAPUAS. ื”ืฉื "ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”" ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืก ื“ื” ืจื˜ืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1545, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ืžื” ืืช ืžืจืื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1606 ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืœื•ืื™ืก ื•ืืก ื“ื” ื˜ื•ืจืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื. ื”ืžืฆืจ ื ืงืจื ืžืื– ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1623 ืชืจ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืงืืจืœ ืงืืจืกื˜ื ืก ื‘ืื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1678 ื—ืฆื” ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื›ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืื– 1884, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืขื ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื—ืกื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืื– 1884. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื’ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืžืจืง (ืื ') ื—ืœืง ืžืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1885 ืžืฆืื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ื•ืื•ืŸ. ืžื–ื”ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ 20 ืžืืจืง ืขื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช", ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืกื“ืจืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื". ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1885 ื•ื‘-16 ื‘ืžืื™ 1895. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1828. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ 19 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1961 ืœ-15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1962 ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1962, ื•ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘-1 ื‘ืžืื™ 1963. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1906 ื ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืื™ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืกืจ ื›ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื™ืคืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืจื‘ืื•ืœ ื‘-23 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1942 ื•ื‘ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื”. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืคืŸ ื›ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžึพ1943 ื ื—ืชื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืจืง ืืช ื—ื•ืคื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืื™ ืกืžื•ืš ืงื™ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1945 ื ื›ื ืขื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ืื•ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949 ืื™ื—ื“ื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืื™ ืœื›ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืคืคื•ืื” ื•ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘-16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1975 ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืคืคื•ืื” ื ื™ื• ื’ื™ื ืื”. ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื“ ืจืืฉื™ื ื•ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื“ืชื™. ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื›ืžื•ืกื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1901 ืžืฆื ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจ ื”ืืจื™ ื“ื•ื ืกื™ื™ ื‘ืื™ ื’ื•ืืจื™ื‘ืืจื™ (Goaribari) ืฉื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืคืคื•ืื” 10,000 ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืช. ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืคืคื•ืื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื‘-1975, ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื”ืžืœืš ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ื•ืœื "ื”ืžืœืš". ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉื ื 109 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 20 ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื™ 20 ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Papua New Guinea Defence Force, ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ: PNGDF) ื”ื•ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื•ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื. ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›-4,000 ืื™ืฉ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก. ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื›-2 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืŸ ื”ืชืž"ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื–ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืขื ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช, ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœ-22 ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืช. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืœ-4 ืื–ื•ืจื™ื. ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ื•ื’ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื– ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ืœื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘-2019 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘-2021 ืื™ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืืœ ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืฆื ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2027. ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 462,840 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื’ื™ื ืื” ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื” ื’ื ื”ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื‘ื•ื’ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-7,000 ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ืžื• ืœื›ืฃ ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื• ืจื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜. ืงืœื“ืจืช ืจื‘ืื•ืœ (Rabaul) ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ (ืงืœื“ืจื”) ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื–ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืœื•ืขื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ืจื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืคืจืฅ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ืœื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจืก ื ื™ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ื™ืจื” ืจื‘ืื•ืœ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”. ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ื” ื—ื ื•ืœื—, ื•ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”. ื›-93 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ืžื™ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื. ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืื™ ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›-4.5 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื” ืฉืœื’ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืชื” ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”. ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื, ืžืฆืคื•ื ื ืกืคื™ืง ื•ืžื“ืจื•ืžื ืคืœื™ื™. ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื•ื ื” ื›-9.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื›-69 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 3.9 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 30% ื•-40% ืื—ื•ื–. ื‘ืคืคื•ืื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-820 ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช; ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื•ืช (ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ืœ 1,268 ืฉืคื•ืช), ื•ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืคืคื•ืื ื™ื•ืช (ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืืœื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช). ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื–ื™ืช ื”ืืจื™ ืžื•ื˜ื• (Hari Motu) ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืฉืคื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉืคืช ืื. ืฉืคื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื˜ื•ืง ืคื™ืกื™ืŸ (Tok Pisin, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Talk Pidgin), ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืคื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช; ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืจื™ืื•ืœื™ืช: ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืฉืคื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื›-50,000 ืื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉืคืช ืื. ื›-80% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืคืคื•ืื” ื”ื ืคืคื•ืื ื™ื, ื•ื›-20% โ€“ ืžืœื ื–ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื ื—ืงืจื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื 44 ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”) ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ื ืžืฆื ืฉ-70% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื•ืชืจื ื™ื. 25% ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ืžื™ื-ืงืชื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื“ืชื™ (ื›-5%) ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืืกืœืื - ื›-2,000 ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืฉื›ื ืชื” ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-220 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F] | [TOKENS: 2931]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ ืึทื ึฐืชึฐืจื•ึนืคึผื•ึนืงึถืŸ (ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืก" โ€“ ืื“ื, "ืงืŸ" โ€“ ื—ื“ืฉ) ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืคื•ืœ ืงืจื•ืฆืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000. ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืืฃ ืฉืงืžื• ืœื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ืฆืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืืžืจ ืจื‘-ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื–ื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื” ื›ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื”, ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืคืœื™ืื•-ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ Science ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” (2016), ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช - ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื’ืจืคื™ื” (ืื ') - ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืชื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ, ื•ืœืื™ื–ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”. ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ื, ืื• ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืœื•ื›ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื; ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื; ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืคื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ, ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื”. ืœืื—ืจ 7 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช Sience ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2022, ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš: ื‘ืžืฉืš 7 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื” 12 ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ; ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืื• ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ื™ื—ื“, 12 ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืื ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืืชืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื‘ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืกืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1952. ื”ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืกืžืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืืฉืจ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2022 ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช Science, ื™ืคื•ืจืกืžื• 12 ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื”ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืž-12 ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ึดื™ื›ื ืกื• ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” - ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืกื“ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ ื›ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื ืœืื•, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคืงืŸ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ "ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช" ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืฉืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึทื ึฐืชึฐืจื•ึนืคึผื•ึนืงึถืŸ. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื ืขืžื™_ืฉืžืจ] | [TOKENS: 21194]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ (13 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1930, ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”'ืชืจ"ืฅ โ€“ 26 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2004, ื–' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื“) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช, ืžืชืจื’ืžืช, ืžืœื—ื™ื ื” ื•ืคื–ืžื•ื ืื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื›ืœืช ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื–ืžืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื’ (1983). ืฉืžืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื›ืžื• "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘", "ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืืงืœื™ืคื˜ื•ืก", "ืœื• ื™ื”ื™", "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื”", ืดืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื•ื ื” ืกื•ื›ื”ืด ื•"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื". ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœ"ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช". ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืžืจ ื ื•ืœื“ื”, ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื ื›ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื ืขืžื™ ืกืคื™ืจ. ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืื™ืจ ืกืคื™ืจ (ืกืคื™ืจื•ื‘), ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืจื‘ืงื”, ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืคืจื™ืจื™. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ, ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืฉืžืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื ื“ื‘ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ, ื ืกืขื• ื ืขืžื™ ื•ืืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ืฉื ืคื’ืฉื” ืืช ื“ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ืจื˜ื”, ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”, ืืช ื‘ืชื” ืœืžืงื”, ื•ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชืŸ. ื“ื•ื“ืชื” ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื ืกืคื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ืื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืจ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช. ืขื ืฉื•ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืžืฉืง ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืฉืจื” ืžืื™ืจื•ื‘, ืฉืฉื›ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื” ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžืื™ืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืืกืคื” ื•ืงืจืื” "ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื”? ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื”?!". ืžื›ืชื‘ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื” ืืžื”, ืจื‘ืงื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื” ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื•ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืคืื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืคืจื ืง ืคืœื’, ืื‘ืœ ืืจืœื™ืš, ืื™ืœื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆื”-ืงืจืื•ืก ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืœ. ื›ืฉืฉื‘ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจื™ืชืžื™ืงื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื‘ื ื”ื™ื•ื" ื•"ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ" (ื™ืคื” ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” "ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ื ืจืช" ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื” ื™ืขื ืงืœ'ื”). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951, ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›-4 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื” ืœืืชื’ืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื ื—"ืœ ื›ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช. ื‘-1953 ืคื’ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจ, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขืœ ืขืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ืฆืจ ืกืจื ื™. ืœืคื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ ื ื—ืœ ืขื•ื–. ื‘-1954 ื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื•, ื•ืœื”ื ื‘ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื–ืจืื™ ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ" (ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื "ื—ืžืฉ-ื—ืžืฉ"), ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื—ื ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ ืฉ. ื›ืจืžืœ. ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื" ื—ืชืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืืœื™ืคื–. ืขื ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื ืžื ื™ื "ืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ", "ืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชื›ืœืช" ื•"ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœ"ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจ" ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื”ืœ. ื›ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช "ื‘ืฆืœ ื™ืจื•ืง", ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” "ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื–ืžืจ ื ื•ื“ื“" (ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›"ื”ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื”") ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957, ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื” "ื ื•ืขื”", ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”, ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ื–ื”. ืœื”ืฆื’ื” "ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ" ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘-1958 ื›ืชื‘ื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช", ืฉืื•ืชื• ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• "ื—ืžืกื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืœื˜", "ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืกืžืจ" (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ ื ื•ืฉืŸ) ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืฆืžื“ ื”ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื ืืช "ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืื•ืจื•ืช" ื•"ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื", ืฉืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืคืจืกื ืชื—ืช ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ "ืืœื™ืคื–". ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช "ืขื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื”" ืฉืฉืจ ื”ื–ืžืจ ืœื•ืœื™ืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื’ื ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื‘ื• ืœื ื• ื–ืžืจ" ืž-1957 ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืื•ืœืจื™-ื ื•ื–'ื™ืง ื›ืชื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ ืืœื™ืคื–. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช "ื”ื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื™" ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืก ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช "ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืชืœืชืŸ" ืœืœื”ืงืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืœื™ืœ ืืžืฉ", ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงื” ืœื•ื™, ื•"ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง", ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” "ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื". ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1960 ื™ืฆืื” ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘-1962 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื“ื”" ืœืžืงื”ืœืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ืœืœื”ืงืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ ืืช "ืžื—ืจ", "ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื", "ืžื—ื‘ื•ืื™ื" ("ื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื™") ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื ืคืจื“ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื” (ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘-1968). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช "ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืืงืœื™ืคื˜ื•ืก" ืœืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืžืกื™ืŸ", ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื ืจืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช "ื›ื ืจืช" ("ืฉื ื”ืจื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ"), ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืงืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, "ืื”ื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”", ืืช "ืื”ื‘ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ", "ืกืจื ื“ื” ืœืš", "ืื™ื™ืœืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื", ื•"ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ืื›ื–ื™ื‘", ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื“ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื" ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืคืจื™ื– ืขื ื‘ืชื”. ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืงืคื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืื ืกื•ื ื™ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืคื•ืจ" (ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ), ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ื ื•ืกื— ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืื™ืœื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื" (ืฉืœ ื–'ืืŸ ืคื™ื™ืจ ืงืืœื‘ื” ื•ื–'ืืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื•ืœ), "ืฉืœื’ื™ื”" (ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืืจ) ื•"ืื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืช" (ื–'ื•ืจื–' ื‘ืจืกื ืก), ืฉืืช ื—ืœืงื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื ืื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื” ื‘-1966 ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช. ืฉืžืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช "ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจ" ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื“ื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื“ืœื™ื” ืื•ืจืŸ, ืืžื ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืงืœ. ื‘ืชื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืขืœืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืœื” ืืช "ื‘ื’ื ื™" ("ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื ื˜ืขืชื™ืš"), "ื–ืžืจ" ("ืœืš ื•ืขืœื™ืš") ื•"ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื", ืืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืจืงื”. ืื—ื“ ืžืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘". ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื˜ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืง, ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืจื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื–ืžืจืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืืœืžื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืฉื•ืœื™ ื ืชืŸ, ืฉืฉืžืจ ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืฆืช ื‘ืชื” ืœืœื™, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื”ืฆืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืื•ื—ื“ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช "ืื™ื›ื” ื™ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื" ื•"ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืงื“ ืืช ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช" ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ "ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื" ื•"ืฉื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืจื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช". ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืงื ื” ืœื• ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ-ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืžืื– "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘" ื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื - ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” - ืœ"ืคื–ืžื•ื ืื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช" ื•ืืฃ ืœ"ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช" ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 2005 ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื›ื™ ืฉืžืจ ื”ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœื’ื™ืœ ืืœื“ืžืข, ื›ื™ ืฉืžืขื” ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื‘ืกืงื™ ื™ืฉืŸ (ื”ืฉื™ืจ "Pello Joxepe", ืฉืฉืžืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ืคืืงื• ืื™ื‘ื ื–), ื•ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืœ"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘". ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืœื’ื™ืื˜. ืฉืžืจ ืขืฆืžื” ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื›"ืชืื•ื ื” ืžืฆืขืจืช", ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื” ืขื•ื’ืžืช ื ืคืฉ ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžื—ืœืชื”. ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื’ื™ืื˜ ื‘ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘", ืืœื ืจืง ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ ืืžืจ: โ€ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื ืขืžื™ ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืง ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจืข ืืžืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื”: 'ืื“ื‘ืจื” ื•ื™ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื™'.โ€ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช. ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืขืคืจื” ื—ื–ื”, ื™ืคื” ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™, ืจืŸ ืืœื™ืจืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืืงื•"ื, ืœืฉื™ืจ ืžืขืœ ืœ-300 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื•. ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช: ื™ืคื” ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ (ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช), ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉืช (ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ) ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื’ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืืกื ืช ืคื– ื‘ืชืงืœื™ื˜ "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื™". ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืฉื™ื ื“ืœืจ" ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืงื”ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืช 1968 ืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ืกืคืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื", ืฉื›ืœืœ 42 ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื”. ืจืง ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘" ืžื˜ืขื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื˜ืงืก ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืจืฅ 1968 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ "ื•ื•ืœื“ื•ืจืฃ-ืืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”" ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืฆืื” ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื ื“ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืช ืฉืขื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืžืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื "ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืคืจ", "ื‘ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™", ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื™ื, "ืœืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ", "ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืžืขื•ื–" ื•"ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื”ื“"ื". ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ "ื”ื ื—ืœืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื" ืฉืขืœืชื” ื‘-1967 ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื•ืืœืก ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—". ืฉืžืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช "ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจ", ืืš ืœื”ืงืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื ื—"ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘-1968 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื‘ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™" ืœืœื”ืงืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจื™ ืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” "ื‘ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™" ืฉืขืœืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ื‘-1969 ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืงืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ "ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืคืจ", ืฉืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืจ ืœืœื”ืงืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ "ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1970 ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื, ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื "ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื" ืฉืขืœืชื” ื‘-1971 ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ "ืขืœ ืื ื”ื“ืจืš". ืกื•ืœื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื” ืืจื“. ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื” ืืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืฉื™ืจ ืกื™ื•ื", ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื ื•ืก ื—ื’'ื™ื“ืืงื™ืก. ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืœื”ืงืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืžืขื•ื–", ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ "ืžืขื•ื– ืฆื•ืจ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972 ื™ืฆืื” "ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช" ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉืžืจ, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉืคื• ืคืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ, ืขื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืžืจ ื ืจืงื™ืก" ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจื•ื•ืง ื›ืจื•ื ื™, "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืจืฉ ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื" ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ืขืจืฉ ืœื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ื, "ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคื™ื" ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ืคื™ื™ืคื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•"ื”ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช" ืขืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืœืื™ืช. ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื ื›ืœืœื• ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืืจื‘ืขื™ื" ("ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื... ื•ืœื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื") ื•"ืื ื™ ืžื’ื“ืœืช ื‘ืขืœ" ("ื•ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื’ื™ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ, ื”ื ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจ ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ"). ืฉืžืจ ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืงื˜ื™ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ืคืข ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• "ืœืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ" ื•"ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื”ื“"ื", ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื™ ืืœื•ื ื™. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžืจ ื•ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืฉืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืขื ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื’". ืฉื™ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื–'ืืง ื‘ืจืœ "ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื", ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื ืื™. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช "ืœื• ื™ื”ื™". ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื ื•ืกื— ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืฉื™ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก "Let it be" (ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ / ืื ื ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ / ื›ืœ ืฉื ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื• ื™ื”ื™"), ืืš ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœื–ืžืจืช ื—ื•ื” ืืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื” ื‘ืขืœื”, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื– ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, "ืื ื™ ืœื ืืชืŸ ืœืš ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื, ื–ื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืชื›ืชื‘ื™ ืœื” ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช". ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื” ืœื—ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžืกืžืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืฉืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื” ืืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ70 ืฉืžืจ ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ("ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ", "ืกืคื ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš", "ืขืœ ืื ื”ื“ืจืš", "ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช"), ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ("ื”ื•ื™ ืืจืฆื™ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™", "ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ืคืชื™", "ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืจืฅ"), ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ("ืงื•ืžื™ ืฆืื™"), ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ("ื‘ืชื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื") ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื™ื ืชืจื’ืžื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžืื ื’ืจ ("ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขืฅ ืขื•ืžื“"), ื•ื‘ื™ืกืกื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ("ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื" ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘, "ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง" ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช). ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ "ืื”ื‘ื” ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช" ืžึพ1973 ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง "ืงื•ืžื™ ืฆืื™". ื‘ึพ1974 ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืžืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืืœืฃ ื‘ื™ืช" ื•"ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื•ื ื” ืกื•ื›ื”". ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœืชื” ืฉืžืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืชืื•ืžื™. ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื•ื ื” ืกื•ื›ื”" ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืื™ืœื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืžื“ ื”ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื ืื™ ืืช ืœื—ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืจ "ืกืคื™ืจืช ืžืœืื™", ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• "ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืขื ื™". ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1973 ืขื“ 1974 ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”" ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช. ื‘ึพ1976 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื” ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ื”ื "ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ" ("ืฉืœื’ ืขืœ ืขื™ืจื™"), "ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื•" ื•"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื". ืœ"ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™" ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื ื’ืžืจืช", ืฉืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืงืช ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืจื” "ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืกืชื™ื• ื’ื™ื•ืจื", ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ืžื” ืจื–. ืฉืžืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื•ื”ื, ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ึพ1976 ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื” "ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™", ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืŸ "ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™" ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ืกื™ืคืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืฉืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ืฉื—ืœืชื” ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชืงื•ื ืžืžื™ื˜ืชื”, ื•ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชืžืจื“ืช ื—ืจื–ื”: "ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช...". ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ "ื”ื•ื™ ืืจืฆื™ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™". ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžื ื˜ื” ืžืกื˜ื™ืง, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ืืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1977โ€“1979 ืคืจืกืžื” ืฉืžืจ ื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืช". ื‘ึพ1978 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—", ืฉืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื—. ื‘-1979 ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ืœืจื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ "ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืžื•ื–". ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” "ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื”", ืฉื™ืฆื ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืจื‘ืงื” ืžื™ื›ืืœื™ ื‘-1980 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืจื’ืข ื“ืœ", ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœื™. ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉืจื™" ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื”", ืฉืื•ืชื• ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื ืื™. ื‘ื ืื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• "ืื ื™ ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืื™ื– ื”ืงื˜ืŸ". ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืืกื™ืฃ" ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืชืžืจ ืคืจืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืงืช "ื‘ืฆืœ ื™ืจื•ืง 80". ื‘ึพ1979 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืกืจื˜ "ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ" ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืคื ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฅ ("ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ื—ืฆืจ") ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ. ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืฉืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื. ื‘ึพ1981 ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” "ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ" ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืจื‘ ืžื›ืจ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื", "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื”" ืฉืฉื ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ "ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืจืฅ", ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ื™ืžื™ ื›ืกืœื•" ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื" ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื". ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1983 ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘"ืคืจืก ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžื—ืงืจ", ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื–ืžืจ ืขื‘ืจื™. ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื”: "ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื–ืžืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขื ืง ืœื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื ืžื–ื“ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืœืจื—ืฉื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื” ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืื–ืจื— ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื•ืื™ืœืš ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• "ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื" ("ื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ") ื•"ืœื ืืžื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื—ื™ื”", ืืš ื”ืคื›ื• ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื", ืื• "ืืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื". ืœืฆื“ื, ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื’ื™ื™ื (ื›ืžื• "ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืกืชื™ื•, ื’ื™ื•ืจื") ื•ืฉื™ืจื™-ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— "ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™". ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ70 ืœืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80 ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื”ืคืš ืฉืœ 1977, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื™ื ื™, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื”. ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืขื ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ (ืจืื• ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™), "ื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช" ื”ื•ืกืจื” ืžืžื ื” ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช. ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ ืคื—ืชื•. ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ "ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื“ืจืš" ืžึพ1982 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื• "ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš" ืžึพ1984 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืœื ืชื ืฆื—ื• ืื•ืชื™". ืœืžื•ืคืข "ื”ื›ืœ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™" ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ืื•ืจื—". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืฉืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœืื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืชืจืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ, ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชืจื•ื. ื‘ึพ1985 ื™ืฆื ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื "ืื“ืžื”" ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคืจื” ื—ื–ื”. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื” ื•ืฉืžืจ, ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจืง ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ - "ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช". ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืชืœื‘ืฉื™ ืœื‘ืŸ" ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื. ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ "ืืœืฃ ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช" ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ึพ1986 ื›ืชื‘ื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืืžื™" ื•"ื›ืžื• ื—ืฆื‘". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื” "ื›ื“ ื”ืงืžื—" ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืœื”ืงืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ึพ1987 ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื "ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื", ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื”. ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžืš ืื—ื•ืช, "ื’ื’" ื•"ืชื•ืช" ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™. ืฉืžืจ ื ื˜ืชื” ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืชืจืžื” ื’ื ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื• ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืจ[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988 ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื•ืจ" ืœืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื“ืžืืจื™. ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžืืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื”, ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ืชืจื ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื“ืžืืจื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืขื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ื‘ึพ1988 ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืชื™ ื›ืกืคื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืฉืชื™ ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉืžืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืฉืžืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืื—ื“, "ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืฉืžื—ืชื™". ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืฉืื•ึผื‘ึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึผืœึทืžึดึผื™ืช". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991, ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืœืคื™ื” ืฉืžืจ ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื”, ื ืขืจืš ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืจื‘ ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ื“ืœื™ื” ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื“ืจืŸ ืœื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ". ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ 1991. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžื—ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™. ืขืจื‘ ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1998, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ ืจื ืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื ืžื ื™ื "ื”ื›ืœ ืคืชื•ื—" ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืจืช ื‘-1993, ื•ืฉืžื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืคืชื™ื—ืช ืกื›ืจ ื“ื’ื ื™ื”. ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืžื“ื•ืจืกืงื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ืฉืžืจ ืœืฆื“ ืžื™ืงื™ ืงื, ืžืฉื” ื‘ืงืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืจื™ื ืช ื’ื‘ืื™ ื‘ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื "ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ", ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืงืœื˜ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื›ืœ ืคืชื•ื—" ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืžื™ืงื™ ืงื, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืจื™ื ืช ื’ื‘ืื™. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืื” ืœื•ืคื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืคืจ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืœื”ื™ื˜. ืฉืžืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจื” ืฉื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื”, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขื•ืคืจ ืœื•ื™ ื˜ืขื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื (ืฉืจ "ื–ื•ื”ืจืช" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืกื•ืขืจืช"). ื‘-1995, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจืฆื— ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืชืจื’ืžื” ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื• ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืœ" - ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ "Oh Captain, My Captain" ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฆื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ, ื•ืœื–ื›ืจื•, ืžืื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ื—ืฉื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื›ืื‘ื” ื•ื›ืื‘ ื”ืขื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื—. ื”ื™ื ืชืจื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื˜ืจื‘ืœืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ืฉืžืจ ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืงื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ื›ื–ืžืจืช. ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžืจ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืงื”ืœื” ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ืชื•. ืžืฉื ืช 2000 ื•ืขื“ ืžื—ืœืชื”, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืืœืฃ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจ", ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจืžื™ ื”ืจืืœ. ืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื ื—ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื–ื-ืขื•ืจืš ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื“ื• ืืœื”ืจืจ, ื•ื‘ื• ื’ื ืฉืจื” ื•ื ื™ื’ื ื” ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืจื•ืœื ื“. ืœืžื•ืคืข ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ื”ืžืขื™ืœ", "ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ", "ื”ืžื ื’ืŸ" ื•"ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื”". ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื”, ืคื ืชื” ืฉืžืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจื” ืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืื™ืœืŸ", ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืœืŸ ืจืžื•ืŸ. ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื™ืžื” ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ื ืขื” ืืช ืฉืžืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“. ืฉืžืจ ื ืขื ืชื” ื•ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืœืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ, ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ. ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื” ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ืชื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืกื‘ืœื” ืฉืžืจ ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืงืœื”, ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ 26 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2004, ื–' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื“. ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืžื•ื–", ืœืคื ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ: ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืžื•ื– ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืžื•ื– ืืžื•ืช ืืœ ื‘ื•ืกืชื ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ืชืžื• ื”ื™ื“ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื“ ื ืคื•ืœ ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืขืœ ืงื™ืฆืš ื•ืขืœ ืงืฆื™ืจืš ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ื ื˜ืžื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื ืจืช, ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื ืจืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื”, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืื™ืจ ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืกืคื™ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื”, ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื“ื•ื“ื• ืืœื”ืจืจ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื”: "ื›ื ืจืช" ("ืฉื ื”ืจื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ" ืœืžื™ืœื•ืช ืจื—ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช), "ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืืงืœื™ืคื˜ื•ืก", "ืœืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ" ื•"ื ื•ืขื”". ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืงื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืจื” ืœืืชืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืืฉื” ืฉื’ื™ืœืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื•ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื” ืืช "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ืคื”". ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื”, ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจ ืขืฆืžื” ื˜ืจื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœืคืจืกื. ืืจื™ืืœ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช "ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ" ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื• "ืื ื‘ืœ" ื•ืจื•ื—ืžื” ืจื– ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืขืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืœ" ืฉื™ืจ ืขืžืžื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืฉืžืจ ืชืจื’ืžื” ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ (ื”ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื 'ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”') ื•ืจื– ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื” 'ืคื™ืกืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื'. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ "ืคืจื™ื“ื”" ื”ื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืžื™ ืงืœื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืžื™ ืงืœื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ืœ ืกื•ื ื“ืง ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ื ื“ืง "ืฉื™ืจืชื". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื” ื ืงืจืื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื™ืŸ, ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ืช ื™ื, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืื•ื ื•, ืจืขื ื ื”, ืžื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืชื™ื”, ื’ืŸ ื™ื‘ื ื”, ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื‘ืืจ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื ื•ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื”ื ืคื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื”. ื‘-22 ื‘ืžืื™ 2009 ื”ื ืคื™ืง ื“ืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ 12 ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื“ืืจ ืขืœ "ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช"; ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื”. ื”ืืžื ื™ืช ืžื™ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœ. ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืœ, ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืจ : "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืฉืœ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื•ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ" ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ืžืกืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ ืืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืœืืœื• ืฉื™ื’ืœื• ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš, ื”ืžื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื™ื”ืœื™ ื’ืช ืฉืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ืขืœื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื“ืจืš", ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื•ืจืŸ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื’ื™ื•ืจื ื™ื”ืœื•ื, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืงืคื˜ืŸ, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืขืจื” ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021 ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ "ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ", ื•ื‘ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021 ื”ื•ืฉืœื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื’ื" ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ืœืจื’ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ื”-90. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืืฉืจืช ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื’ืืœ ื‘ืฉืŸ. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2022, ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ "ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”!" (ื’ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื‘, ื“ื‘ ื’ืœื™ืงืžืŸ, ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื•ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ ืงื•ืฉื ื™ืจ) ืืช "ื ืขืžื™, ืืœื ืžื™", ืฉื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืœื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœืืช 18 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื”. ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954 ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจ, ื•ื‘-1956 ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชื ื”ืœืœื™ (ืœืœื™) ืฉืžืจ (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืจื™ ื•ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืจื™). ื‘-1962 ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื• ื•ื‘-1968 ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1969 ื ื™ืฉืื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื‘-1970 ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™, ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืžืจ ื–ื•ื”ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ืœืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘" ื‘ื’ืœืœ 'ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื' ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ("ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืจื™ืงื”", "ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—"). ืฉืžืจ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœื™ืžื™ื: โ€ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ ื–ืขื ื ื•ืจื, ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ืฉืœื• [...] ื•ืื– ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• 'ืืœ ืชื“ืื’, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื”'... ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืช ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื™ืงื” ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืฉื•ืžืžืช ื•ืจื™ืงื”โ€. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ "ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื". ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ืืช "ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจ" ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื" ืœืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ื”, ื•"ืคืจื ื•ืื™ื“" ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1975 ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื 1975, ืžืชืืจืช ืฉืžืจ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืจื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกืจื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืžืชืขืœื. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื›ืจื™ื– ื”ืกืจื“ื™ืŸ ("ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ") ื›ื™ "ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ-ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ." ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกืœ ืื•ืชื•: "ืืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื - ื—ืฉืฃ ืฉื™ื ื™ื• - ื•ื”ืกืจื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ึธืจื•ึนืฃ ื˜ื•ืจึทืฃ". ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืขื•ืจืจื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจ, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืกืคื’ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืฉื’ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1976 ืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘ื”: โ€ืฉื˜ืฃ ืขื– ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืช, ื—ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื›ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืžืื– ื”ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ืœืคื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”... ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื"ื™ ื”ืฉืœืžื”... ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆื“ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœโ€. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื’ืชื” ืืช ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื-ื ื•ืจ, ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ืœืงืจืงืข. ืฉืžืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืœ ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจื” "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื”", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” "ืืœ ื ื ืชืขืงื•ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืข" ื”ืคืš ืœืกืžืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืื—ื•ืชื” ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกื‘ืื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืืœืžื ื”. ื™ืฉื ื” ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืฆื•ื ื–ืจื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืžืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืกื™ื ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืžื™ืช, ืžืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ืชืจื’ืžื” 56 ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื: ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”: ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™: ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช: ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ_ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•#cite_note-313] | [TOKENS: 76002]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึดึผื™) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื™) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘-1993 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉ ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ 1996โ€“1999 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข; ื‘ื™ืŸ 2009โ€“2021 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ; ื•ืžืื– ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2002 ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื•ืื™ ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2003โ€“2005, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื”, ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020, ื ื—ืชืžื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืจื›ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ืจืขื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘-2023 ืื™ืจืข ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื‘-2025 ืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2005 ืœ-2013 ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020, ืงื™ื“ื•ื "ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช" ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ื•ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืื– ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืชื™ืง 1000, ืชื™ืง 2000 ื•ืชื™ืง 4000. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืฉื ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ICC) ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” (ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกื’ืœ; 1912โ€“2000) ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• (1910โ€“2012) ื•ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•, ื”ืคืจื“ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืกื’ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืž-1955 ื‘ืงื˜ืžื•ืŸ. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™" ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ. ืื—ื•ืชื• ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื•[ื] ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ "ื‘ื™" ื›ืงืจื™ืืช ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืง ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”-60 ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจื” ื‘ืฆ'ืœื˜ื ื”ื, ืคืจื•ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืฉื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1967 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื•ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืจื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชืฉื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชื•ืคืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 4 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืคืชื— ื‘ืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13, ื‘ืขืช ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืกื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก "ืกื‘ื ื”", ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื” ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืชืงืข ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจ. ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื’ืชื•, ืขื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ืฉ ืœืขื–ืจืชื ื•ื—ื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1972 ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืกืจืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื–ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจืช ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื" ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ 1981. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช (B.S.A.D) ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT ื‘-1974, ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ MIT ืกืœื•ืืŸ ื‘-1976. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืฃ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขื ื–ืื‘ ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ืจ ืชื•ืจื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ึพMIT ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืขืกืงื™, "ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ืค". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื›ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• "ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืชืื™". ื ื™ืชืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื—ืชื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื•. ื‘-1976 ืฉื›ืœ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•, ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืกื•ืฃ 1976 ื•ืขื“ 1980 ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-1980 ื–ื›ื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืขื“ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1979โ€“1982 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื "ืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืจ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื•ึน ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ื›ืฆื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™., ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžื™ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1982โ€“1984. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื ืก ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ, ืžื™ืœื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1984โ€“1988 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื•ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืชื‘ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘-1988 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘-1988, ืฉื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“". ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืืช ื™ื’ืืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-12, ื•ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืฆืฆื• ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•"ื, ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘-1991 ื ืžื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-1992, ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืคืœืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘-1993 ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช". ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื" ื ื™ืกื” ืœืกื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืฉืชื•. ื”ืจืžื™ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื”, ื”ืขืžื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื•ื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” ืงืฆื‘, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœ-52.1% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (72,705 ืžืชื•ืš 139,522 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื). ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืž-1993 ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘', ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1995. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืจืขื ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื—ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ "ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช", ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ. ื‘-29 ื‘ืžืื™ 1996 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฆื—ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›-29,000 ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื— ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 1.4%, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื’ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืคืขืœ ืœืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื‘ ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืชืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœ"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“-ื’ืฉืจ-ืฆื•ืžืช". ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืคืจืก ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื ืจื’ื–, ืžื” ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื ื‘ื™ ื–ืขื" ื•ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ืงืื ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง: "ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื, ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื’ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืคืจืก ื™ื—ืœืง ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 47 ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1996 ืขื“ ืœึพ6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1999. ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืžืกืจื” ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘'. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืจื–, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช. ื‘-24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 17 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื›ืžืื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืชื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœื•ืจื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืคืจืช ืชื—ืช ืžืกื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืคืชื— ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช "ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืœืข ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•". ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื• ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืงืจื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืขืจืคืืช ืœืคืกื’ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืกื’ื” ืกืœืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื’ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืขื˜ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ืงืจืื• "ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช". ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1997 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืขืœืชื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื” ื ืชืคืกื•. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื, ืฉืœื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืจื•ืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืขืœ ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืื—ืžื“ ื™ืืกื™ืŸ. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื’ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื ืื‘ื• ืžืจื–ื•ืง, ืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžืืก ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชืชื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื•, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืจืฆื—ื• 4 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ 2008. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืงืช ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ื™ื ืก ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื•ืื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1998. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ, ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื›ืœืœื” 13% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ C ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ A ื•-B,โ€ 1% ื•-12% ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ื•ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื ืžืœ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: โ€ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ื™ืงื‘ืœื•, ืœื ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื•.โ€ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžืงื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘"ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื—ืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื“ืจ, ื ืฉืœื— ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื“ื ื™ืก ืจื•ืก ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง, ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžืชื, ื›ืœืœื” ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 1967, ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื: ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื (4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997), ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ (23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997) ื•ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช (5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1997) ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 12 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคืงืคื•ืง ืฉื‘ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื– ืœื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื•, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืฉืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ืจื™ ืคืืœื•ื•ืœ (ืื ') ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ ืื•ืฆืจ: ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ" ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ืฉื ืงื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1998, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืจืขื•ืขื™ื ืขืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ื•ื—ืชืจ ืœืžืžืฉ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™. ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ", ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืคื ืกื™ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ืกื™ื” ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช, ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "Yes" ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœึปื•ึผื•ึผ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื™ืžื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ืจืฆื— ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืื™ ื’ืจื ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืกืคืง ืœื• ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื”ืžื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืืœื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืกื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•.[ื‘] ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืื”ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ืœื•. ื”ื”ืชืžืจืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื•. ืžืชื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘-21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1998 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื•ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืช ืื™-ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ ื ื’ื“ื•; ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืขื–ืžื™ ื‘ืฉืืจื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฉื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง, ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื™ 1999, ื›ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 56% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ื‘ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื•ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ืขื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื—ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืžืืœ.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1999 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื˜ืž ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืช "ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืคื™ื•ืœ". ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืง ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืื—ืจืช ืœื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”. ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื”, ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืœ"ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ" ื•ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืงืจื ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2002 ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™" ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 24%. ืขื ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2003, ื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืกื™ืจื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื• ื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืขืจืš ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคื”, ื•ืงื™ื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืœ"ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื–ื” (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™) ื”ืกื•ื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืŸ (ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™)". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ืžื•, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืก ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืžืก ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืข 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ืžืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (25% ืœืขื•ืžืช 36%) ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2010 ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื (44% ืœืขื•ืžืช 50%). (ืžื’ืžื” ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืขืœื” ืœ-48% ื•ืœ-50% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ืื•ืœื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืก ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืขื“ ื›-40,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.) ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš, ืืš ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืœื”. ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื•ืงืคื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 147 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ืž-15% ืœ-20% ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2007 ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื— ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืข"ืž ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 17%. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ("ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”") ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ื” ื–ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืคืจื˜), ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื—ืื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ ืงื ืคื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘-2003 ื”ื•ื ืคืงื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืžื ื™ื•ืช "ืืœ ืขืœ", ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื“ื“ื™ ื•ืื™ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2004 ืžื›ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช "ืฆื™ื" (50% ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”) ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืœื™ ื•ืกืžื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืžื”ืœืš, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื™ืงื™ ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ "ืขืกืงืช ื”ืฉืงืฉื•ืงื”", ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขืจื” ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืžืŸ, ืชืžื•ืจืช 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›-80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืกื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ื ืžื›ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืคืงืก, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกืื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื ืžืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืขืœื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื’ืžืœื• ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื ืžืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ื•ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืงื‘ืข ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื ื›ืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืœืืžืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืงืจืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคืจืขื•ืŸ, ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืขืœืื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืงื™ื“ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื›ืจ". ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืžื•ืžืฉื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ื•ืืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2002 ืœ-2004 ืขืœื” ื‘ื›-10%, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื” ืœ-12%. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2002 ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ. ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื ื‘ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ (ืืฃ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”), ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืžื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ืจืฉื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•, ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ืื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื—ืก ื“ื•-ืขืจื›ื™ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืฆื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืืœ ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ื›ืฉืขืœืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื“ื”, ืืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื™ืชืคื˜ืจ ืื ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ืืช ื”ืชื ืขืจื•ืชื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘, ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื—ืจืคืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ ื•ืชื‘ืข ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005, ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื‘ืขื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื "ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉ"ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื‘ื›ืจ" ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื‘-30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื "ืฉืžืืœื” ืžืžืจืฆ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœื ื“ืื• ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืงื“ื™ืžื”", ื”ืคืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”. ืžื•ืœื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฅ ื•ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ. ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื•, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื–, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ืงื“ื™ืžื”". ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-19 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืขื 44% ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ืœ 33% ืœืฉืœื•ื, 12% ืœืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•-9% ืœื›ืฅ). ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2006 ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืžืขืชื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉื ื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื—ื“ ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื ื ืงื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืฆืขื“ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™" ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืื–. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืžืŸ ืžืคืœื” ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘-12 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืœื ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื”, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉื ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื ืฉืงืคืช ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืžืชื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื–, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื ื™ ื“ื ื•ืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 72.8% ื•ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื•, ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืืงื•ื ื™ืก, ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-36, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-20. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืœืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ืžื—ืœื™ืคืชื•, ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื™ื‘ื ื™, ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืคื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืกืืžื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”". ื‘-3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”", ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ืจืงื˜ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืชืคืขืœ ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื”, ื•ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘-2020 ืฉื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื•, ืขืงื‘ ืกืงืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื•ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื–ื›ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ื‘-27 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื ื™-ื“ืชื™, ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช (65 ื—"ื›ื™ื), ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉ"ืก, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2009 ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื” 30 ืฉืจื™ื ื•-9 ืกื’ื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช "ื ืื•ื ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ", ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืชืคื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื”ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื... ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ืคืกืงื” ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ืคืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืงื”, ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื™ 2010. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืขืžื™ื ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืžืืก, ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 10 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืื™ืจืขื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืžืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืขื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื‘ืื•"ื, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืื•"ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงืจื ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืขืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื•ื˜ื• ืžืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื—ืจืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘-29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 67/19 ืฉืœื”) ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื•"ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื•ืœืžืจื˜. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื•. ืœื“ื™ื“ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื‘ืข. ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืชืžื•ืจืช 1,027 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืื—ืžื“ ื’'ืขื‘ืจื™, ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื—'ืืœื“ ืžืฉืขืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืืจื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื“ 2011, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืจืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืชืžืกื•ืจ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœืฉื˜ื— ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืชื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื’ื ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืš ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืชืงื™ืคืชื ืฉืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1993. ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011, ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ โ€ืื™ืจืืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื ืื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื•โ€. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืื™ืจืขื• ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื”ืื‘ 3, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœ"ืžื•ืกื“", ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉืื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘-27 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 90% ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ืื“ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›"ืฉืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช". ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ืจื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžืกื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื’ื ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืคืจ ืขื™ื ื™, ืขืœ ืขืกืงืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉืง ืฉืœื” ืฆืžื— ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ืฉืงืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืžื•ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜"ื— ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื™ื™ืกื•ืฃ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ื—ืงืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช "ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื•ืœื™ืœื ื“", ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 2010 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ (OECD). ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™-ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ืคืจืฆื” ืžื—ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื˜ืจื›ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืื”, ื•ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืœ 3, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืข"ืž, ืžืก ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืง ื•ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœ-39 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ. ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืœืื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื ื“ื—ืชื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืžื’ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ืกื ื• ืจืง ื›-700,000 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (ื›-10%) ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื” ื”ืฉืจืคื” ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ื‘ื” ื ืกืคื• 44 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›-17,000 ืื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-25 ืงืž"ืจ (25,000 ื“ื•ื ื) ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืื’ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ื•ืงื ืžื˜ื” ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•"ืค ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-36 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2008, ื•ืœื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ-ื›ื ืกืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœื• ื›-75% ืžื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช 2013, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืื™ื—ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื•"ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘-31 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-19 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2013. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2013 ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” - ืฉื•ื—ื— ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืจื’'ืค ื˜ืื™ืค ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ ืœืขื–ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014 ื ืจืื• ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื“ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืืจื“ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืฉื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ืื–ื”ืจืช ืžืกืข ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”โ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื-ืกื™ืกื™. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื•ืจืฆื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืขืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืื—ื™ื ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-400 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื›-50 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืกืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืœื™ืงื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื. ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-3 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ืจื” ื—ืžืืก ืืœืคื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื” ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืžืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื’'ืืขื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืจืคืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ื›ืจื” ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื“ืจืฉ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ืงื˜ืจ ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘, ืืš ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื›ืฉืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื•ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• 6 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืฆืคื™ ืœื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ 4.9% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2013 ื•ื—ืœืงื” ื‘-2014. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2013 ืื•ืฉืจื” ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืžืื™ 2014 ื”ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœื•ืงืจ, ืœืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื•ืช. ืืœื” ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืจืฉื• ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืชืจ ืฉืจื™ "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“" ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœ-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืชื›ื ื ื• "ืคื•ื˜ืฉ" ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืง "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื‘ื™ื‘ื™: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™" ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื˜ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืืช ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ "ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืกืจื• ืœื• ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื• ืคื•ื˜ืฉ". ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘-30 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืœืš ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจืฆืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืจืกื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืฉืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื• ืืžืจ: โ€ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงืœืคื™. ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื. ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ V15, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืฆื• 8", ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืืชื›ื, ืฆืื• ืœืงืœืคื™โ€. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, "ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื", ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2015, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”-34 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื•, ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื” ืฉื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ 61 ื—"ื›ื™ื. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื ื”, ื‘-26 ื‘ืžืื™ 2016, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืขืœื” ืœ-66. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ). ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 2016 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™, ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ "ื˜ื™ื™ื" ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ ืืœ-ืืงืฆื, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื“ืขืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืžื“ืืŸ. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”-37, ื‘-20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื—ื’' ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืจืง ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื, ืืš ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื– ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ืกืชื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ืฉืง ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2016 ืžื™ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” "ื ื’ืจืจืช ื•ืžืชืœื”ืžืช". ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื’ื ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืื™ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘-2018 ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืžืœ"ื˜ ืžืชืื‘ื“ ืื™ืจืื ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ ืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” T-4 ื•ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘-30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื• ื—ืฉืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืžื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจืืŸ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ ื™ืจื• ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช 20 ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื•ืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื™ืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 2018 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-220 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื”, ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื ืคืฅ ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืคืจ "ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”" ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืืช ื‘ื”ืื ืื‘ื• ืืœ-ืขื˜ื, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก", ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™". ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ื”ื—ืžืืก. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืงื˜ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 2019 ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก. ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ืœื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ืื’ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื—ืžืืก ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืคืจืฉื” ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž-18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื•ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืš ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื‘-10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืœืฉื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืชืจืขื” ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ืืž"ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืขื™ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื™ืžื ืข ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 2334 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช "ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืกื ื’ืœ, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2018 ื ืขืจืš ื˜ืงืก ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื˜ืจืืžืค ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืžืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื•ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื›ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื—ืชื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืขืœ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœื• ("ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžืื”"). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืชืงืจืจื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื ืจื ื“ืจื” ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื“ืŸ ืขื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืžืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื’ืจืื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”: ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2016 ืขืจืš ืกื‘ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืœืจื’ืœ 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”, ืœืฆื“ ืคืกื’ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ืขื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017 ื ืื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” (ืื ') ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืืœื™. ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืงื ื™ืื˜ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2017 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื, ื’ืœืขื“ ืืจื“ืŸ, ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืžืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื” ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ืง ืœืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืช. ื‘-2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ื—ื–ืจื” ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื” "ืœื—ืฅ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”" ืœืกื’ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืืš ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™, ืžื•ืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืชื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืœื ืฉื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืงื“ื ื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2016 ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืืช ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื–ืง, ื•ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื”ืคืš ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ืžืื™ ืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื•ื‘ ืงืจื ื›ืฉืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2015 ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2017 ืคืขืœ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืžืฉื” ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื™ืงื•ื ืœืœื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ืงื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืคืจื“. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“, ืืš ื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ (ื•ื‘-2018 ืืฃ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช), ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืงื ืขื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2015, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืกื™ืขืช "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“", ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš, ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœืœื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2020 ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืกื’ืจ ืืจืฆื™. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืชื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืž-29.9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ืœ-54 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019, ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื–, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื, ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื’ื– ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื•. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื‘-27 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกืœ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016, ื—ืชืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019, ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” "ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ" ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ. ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืื™ืจื™ื• ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืื• ืงืฆื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉืœื ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืš 600,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœื ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืจืฉืžื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘-24 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•" ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ืžืื•ืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-21. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019. ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืจื™ืฆืชืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”-28 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019, "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื–ื›ื” ืœ-35 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืงื™ืขืช ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ื–ื ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืจืฃ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื–ื”ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื’ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœ-32 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช 38 ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื•ืœื ื•" ื•ืœืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื”ืŸ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™". ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืžืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ 55 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช 54 ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขืœื” ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ืชืคื–ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื ืขืจื›ื• ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“", ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœ-72.5% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2020 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœ-36 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ืฅ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืžืœืฆืชื ืฉืœ 61 ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ื ืฅ, ื•ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘-7 ื‘ืžืื™, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 72 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืฉื ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืคื•ืจืกื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื‘-17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021, ืืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•. ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกื’ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื ืืฉื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืกื’ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืจืœื, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขื ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื—ืกื ื™ื ืœื ืคืฉ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืื”". ืื•ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืคืจืง ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื" ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉ. ื‘-13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020 ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืื™ื“ ืืืœ ื ื”ื™ืืŸ, ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืจืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืœืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ืจืžืœ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื• "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ื—ืชื ื‘-15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช) ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื‘-22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืจื‘ืื˜ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจื•ืงื•. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื“ืจืš ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื“ืืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 (ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืคืชืื— ืืœ-ื‘ื•ืจื”ืืŸ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ื—ืžื“ื•ื› ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื. ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ื—ืชืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช "ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื". ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื“ืง ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื ืกืคื• 45 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 102 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-6 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคืชื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-23 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืž-36 ืœ-30, ืืš ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“, ืขื 17 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืคื™ื“, ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-12 ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื ืžื ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืงื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืจืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื ืขื“ืจื•, ื’ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืขืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื“ืžื•. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืืคื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื– ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื’ื ืœืœื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื–ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘-2019. ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ืœืง ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืฉื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™", ื•ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™-ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืื’ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•. ื‘-29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืกืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ืœืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื’ ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืก. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื“ืจืขื™ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืขื“ ืœื•: ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2023 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื“ืจืช ืคืกื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื›ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื”, ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช", ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื™ืืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื—ืื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ. ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืชืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืœื”. ื ืฉื™ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื. ื—ืœืง ืžืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ "ืžื—ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื" ืฉืื™ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ืœืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื›ื•ื ื• "ืœื™ืœ ื’ืœื ื˜". ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื—ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื”ื•ืฉื”ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” "ืชืจื’ื™ืœ" ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉืชื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื”ื’. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืœื”ืจืจ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื–ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืงื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ื›ืื•ืช ืžื—ืื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื’ืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื™ืจื™ ื•ื“ืจื™ืกื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืขื™ื. ื‘ึพ9โ€“13 ื‘ืžืื™, ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื™ื–ื ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื—ืฅ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงื•ื“ืก. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื”". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ืžืฆื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื“ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ืกืœืžืืŸ ืืืœ ืกืขื•ื“. ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืœื™ื•ื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ 60%. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื”, ืœืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2024 ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืคืขืœื” ืื• ื’ื™ืฉืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื›ืžื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคืฆืฆื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช "ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš - ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”" - ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2024 ืฉืœื—ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ืœื—ืงืจ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”: "ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื–ืืช, ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืš ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก, ืคื™ืฅ' ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื“ ืื ื“ ืคื•ืจืก) ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ S&P ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื“ื™'ืก ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขืœืืช ืžืก ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืž-17% ืœ-18%. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ืขืฆื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-38% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข OECD. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ืฉืคื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘-ืžื™ืืจื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”. ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025, ืœืงืจืืช ืคืจืกื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 17% ืขืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืจืืฉื™ ืฉื‘"ื› ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ "ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-2018 ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื ืงืื™, ืžืงื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื˜ืจ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกืœืžื”. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืขืช ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื˜ืขืŸ: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ืžืืก ื•ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืืก." ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื›, ื ื“ื‘ ืืจื’ืžืŸ, ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืขื–ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืจื™ืช".[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืชื•ืขื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004, ื–ืืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื”ื ืคืงืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกืžืš ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช โ€œืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืืก, ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืชืจืขื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš. ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™ 2023 ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืขืจื™ืคื”" ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืื—ืช ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ืœืงื“ื ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื“, ืคืชื—ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื "ื—ืžืืก" ื•"ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื›-4,300 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื• ื›-6,000 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืœื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ ื•ืœืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืž-119 ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ, ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื”ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ืื•ื ืก, ืจืฆื—ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื• 1,173 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘-779 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื—ื˜ืคื• ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›-251 ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ื ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื™ืž"ืž ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-1,609 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 329 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, 58 ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•-10 ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื 29 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•-22 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืืœืคื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื ื’ืจื ื”ืจืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ื”ืœื™ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื”, ื ืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ื—ื•ืช'ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื—ืžืืก, ืืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ืกืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘"ืฉืืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" ืœืคืจื™ืฆืชื” ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื™ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจืฉืช NBC ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจ: "ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช [...] ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”". ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•"ื— ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื“ืจืช ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืžื™ืžืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ "ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื“"ื› ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืชื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื” ื‘-7.10.23". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื˜ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื–ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’'ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืžืœื” ื”ืืจื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื‘-19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2024, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืคื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื‘-4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2025 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื‘ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื™ืงื— ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืชืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›"ืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ" ืชื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ 2025 ื›ื™ื ืก ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ, ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™, ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ". ื”ื ืื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื "ื ืื•ื ื”ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื" ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื™ื: โ€ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื, ืขื ืžื” ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ? [...] ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35? ืขื ืžื”? ืขื ื˜ื ืงื™ื? ืขื ืžื”? ื”ื ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื, ืงืœืฆ'ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช.โ€ ื‘-12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ 60 ื™ื•ื. ืž-2015 ืขื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-2018 ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื"ื ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื”, ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 3.67%, ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ 300 ืง"ื’. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื˜ืจืืžืค ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘-2018 ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืื™ ืคืจืกืžื” ืกื‘ื"ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ 408.6 ืง"ื’ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœ 60%. ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืžืœืื™ ื–ื” ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉ, ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืชื• ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘' ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ืžืืก, ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื ืฉืงื•, ื•ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025, ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืกื™ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-35 ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื”, ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2025 ื”ื•ืจื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื• ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืชืจื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœืืžื™, ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฆื‘ื ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืืงืจื™, ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื—ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื• 30 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ืชืงืคื” ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืคืกืงื•. ื‘-5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœ, ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื•ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืกืžืš ืคืจืกืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš ืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืงื•ื˜ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš "ืฉืงืจื™ ื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™", ื•ื›ืš ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื ื—"ื› ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืš. ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืคืœื™ืœื™ื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื™ืงื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื• ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1997, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืงื ื•ื ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืคืชื—ื” ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœื• ืชืžื™ื”ื•ืช". ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1999, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืงื‘ืœืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื‘ื ืจ ืขืžื“ื™, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2000 ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื™, ืขืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื—ื–ืงืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื•ืงืจ, ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืžืงื•ืจ", ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2008 ื ืกืขื• ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘-2002. ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›"ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจืก", ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื ื—ืงืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื: "ืชื™ืง 1000", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžืืจื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืฆ'ืŸ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืืงืจ ื•"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•"ืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืก, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื“ โ€“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื–ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื• ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืฆืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืืžืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช "ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืž"ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื”, ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื, ืžืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช", ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2018, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 1000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘"ืชื™ืง 2000" ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืžืกืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืคืขืœืชื™ ื ื’ื“ื" ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื—ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง "ืชื™ืง 4000", ื”ื•ื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืœื”ื‘ 433 ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื™ 2017. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื•: ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืกื˜ืœื” ื”ื ื“ืœืจ, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ื™ืจ ื—ืคืฅ. ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2018 ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืจื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื•ื—ื“. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืคืฅ, ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืขื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืžื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจืžื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืชืจ 'ื•ื•ืืœื”' ืกื™ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืขืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืขื ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื 1000, 2000 ื•-4000 ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื“ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœื ืชืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืžืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจื˜ืจื™ื“ื’'. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ 300 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ื ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืข, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื: ื‘ืชื™ืง 1000 ื•-2000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ืฆื™ื“ ื ื’ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืคืกื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืง 4000 ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ 1000 ื•-2000. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง (ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”). ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื, ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืœื›ืช ื“ืจืขื™-ืคื ื—ืกื™. ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง โ€“ ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืš ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘-30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ื—ื ื™ื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’. ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื ื™ืžืง: ื‘ืžืื™ 2024 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื”ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืช ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืขื‘ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืจืฆื—, ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื• ืจืฆื— ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื”. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžืืก - ื™ื—ื™ื ืกื ื•ื•ืืจ, ืืกืžืขื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื“ืฃ. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื” ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืจืฆื—, ืจื“ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉ-124 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื’ืœื ื˜ ืœื”ืื’ ืื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื—ื•ืžืŸ. ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื” ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืคื ื•ืกื•ืคืจ. ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืœื™ืฉืข, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืจื™ื (ืžื™ืงื™) ื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ (ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืŸ) ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972. ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช, ื ื•ืขื”, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจื•ื˜, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘; ืžื‘ืชื• ื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 ื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžื•ื™ื™ืกืžืŸ. ื‘-1981 ื ื™ืฉื ืœืคืœื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืื•"ื, ืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื‘-1989. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1991 ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฉืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืœืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘"ืืœ ืขืœ". ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ืื‘ื ืจ. ื‘-2002 ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2007 ืจื›ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 1.7% ืžืžื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช NMDM, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื“ืŸ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืชืžื•ืจืช 600 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘-2010 ืžื›ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช 4.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 13.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ืขืœ ืคื™ "ืคื•ืจื‘ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื”ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืžื“ ื‘-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืขื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ืฉืขืจื›ืŸ ื›-25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2023โ€“2024, ืขื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืงื•ืฆื‘ ืœื‘, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืข ืžืคืฉืขืชื™ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื”ืกืจืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2024 ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื›ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2018โ€“2023, ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ื’ืืœ ืกืจื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1 ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืกื•ืœืง ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืจื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 279 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—. ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืกืจื ื” ืœืฉืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ 15 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืกืจื ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื“ื—ื”. ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืจื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืš 200 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื™ืœ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• ืขืžื™ืช ืžืจืจื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืชืคืขืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื•. ื‘ืžืื™ 2023, ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืคืฉืจื”, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืžืฉืš ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื™ืคืจืกื ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื—ื“ ืืช ืžืจืจื™ ืื• ืืช ื™ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2022 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื ื™ืื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ื "ื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™". ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ืืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• 62,500 ืฉ"ื— ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจืžืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ื ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืชืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืจืฆื™ ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืš ืงื‘ืข ืฉืืจืฆื™ ื™ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžืจื•ืŸ 290 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืจื’ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื ื’ื“ ืคืขื™ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ, ืขืœ ืกืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืžืงื˜ืจ, ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืชื” ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืจืกืœืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื” ื’ื™ื™ืก 500 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžื— ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-750 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืฉืชืจืžื• ื›-4,800 ืื™ืฉ. ืกืคืจื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื•: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” "ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื”ืจื–ื”" ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืงืจื "ื”ื ืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™", ื•ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืงื“ืžื” ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ืžื”ืžื•"ืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื’ื ื– ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื โ€ข ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืงืช โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘, ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืกืจืœืื•ืฃ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื™ืงื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›"ืฅ โ€ข ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื“ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ืช ืกื˜ืจื•ืง โ€ข ื”ืฉืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ืกื™ืœืžืŸ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื•ืื‘ ืงื™ืฉ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืงืจืขื™ โ€ข ืฉืจืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ืจื™ ืจื’ื‘ โ€ข ืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ: ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€ข ืžืฉื•ืœื ื ื”ืจื™ โ€ข ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ื—ืžื“ ืขืžืืจ โ€ข ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš: ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_World] | [TOKENS: 414]
Contents Golf World Golf World was a weekly magazine covering the game of golf published by Condรฉ Nast. It was in circulation between 1947 and 2014. After that, Golf World was available in digital form and from May 13, 2019 to April 8, 2022, the brand has been owned by Discovery, Inc. History and profile The magazine was first published in 1947. It celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2007, and was therefore the oldest golf publication in the United States. It was purchased by The New York Times Company from Billian publishing, the original owners in 1988, who sold it to Condรฉ Nast in 2001. Golf World covered the game of golf, including the PGA Tour, LPGA Tour, Champions Tour, Nationwide Tour, European Tour, and amateur events around the United States and internationally. As a weekly, it was the only magazine providing in-depth previews and coverage of all the major tournaments. Preview issues of majors had dedicated sections that could include pull-out course maps, lineups of players, comparative charts from years past, and articles about what has happened in history and what to expect in the coming week. Coverage issues contained pull-out sections called "Rank and File" that provided in-depth analysis of players' performance in the past week's tournament. Also contained in the coverage issues were articles telling the stories of the week as well as stories about the tournament that did not usually make the news outlets, like breaking the story of Phil Mickelson changing coaches earlier in 2007 before Mickelson announced the change. In July 2014, Golf World ceased its print edition for a digital-only edition. The final print edition cover, dated July 28, 2014, featured Rory McIlroy holding the Claret Jug after winning the 2014 Open Championship. On May 13, 2019, Discovery, Inc. acquired Golf Digest (including Golf World) from Condรฉ Nast in order expand into golf editorial media business. References External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Fashion_Media] | [TOKENS: 523]
Contents Fairchild Fashion Media Fairchild Media is a publisher of digital media, journalism, photography and design, events and summits, video and studios, and fashion. Fairchild Media brands include Womenโ€™s Wear Daily, Footwear News (FN), Beauty Inc, M and Fairchild Summits. Fairchild Media is a division of Penske Media Corporation, and is a source of fashion news and analysis for industry leaders and the global fashion community. History Fairchild Publications was founded in 1892 when Edmund Fairchild, a peddler, took over the Daily Trade Record (later the Daily News Record and DNR), a failing newspaper that covered the men's clothing business. In June 1910, an insert called "Women's Wear" first appeared in the Record; a month later, Fairchild published it as a standalone publication, known today as Women's Wear Daily. John Fairchild, grandson of Edmund Fairchild assumed management of Womenโ€™s Wear Daily in 1955 and transformed it from a trade journal to a fashion and cultural newspaper. In 1968, the companyโ€”then named Fairchild Publicationsโ€”was purchased by Capital Cities Communications. In 1996, The Walt Disney Company acquired Capital Cities/ABC. In 1997, Disney announced its intention to sell Fairchild, but it wasn't until 1999 that it sold Fairchild to Advance Publications, the parent company of Condรฉ Nast Publications, for $650 million. In 2005, Advance Publications folded Fairchild into Condรฉ Nast Publications and rebranded the division as the Fairchild Fashion Group. In 2008, it folded DNR. In 2010, Fairchild launched Menswear and took over the consumer-centric Style.com, previously part of Condรฉ Nast Publications. In 2011, Fairchild Fashion Group was renamed Fairchild Fashion Media; in October of that year, FFM launched Style.com/Print, a print magazine extension of the brand. In 2012, FFM sold its Fairchild Books division to Bloomsbury Publishing for $6.5 million. The same year, it acquired Fashion Networks International, a blog network founded by swedish entrepreneur Christian Remrรถd, with contributors that included Anna Dello Russo, Bryanboy, Rumi Neely, and Derek Blasberg. In August 2014, Advance Publications announced that it would sell FFM, save for Style.com and NowManifest, to Penske Media Corp. for $100 million. Publications Over the years, the company's portfolio has included the following publications: References External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื’ื•ืฉ_ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ] | [TOKENS: 3982]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ึผื•ึผืฉื ืขึถืฆึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘-1927. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1943โ€“1947 ื ื—ืจื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคืœื• ื›-240 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื›-27,000 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ, ืœืžืขื˜ ืืคืจืช ื•ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืขื™ืœื™ืช, ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ (ื”ื•ืœืฅ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ, ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ). ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืขืžืง ื”ืืœื” ื•ืžืฉืชืจืข ืžื›ืจืžื™ ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืžืขืœื” ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ื ื—ืœ ืขืฆื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืš ืœื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืขื™ืœื™ืช. ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›-950 ืž', ื•ืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 1,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ื•ื” ื“ื ื™ืืœ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืชืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืขื•ืช ื•ืจื›ืกื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ืจื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืžืคื•ืืจ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ โ€“ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 398 ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจ ื—ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 60 ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœืฉืืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ืื• ืžืžืขืจื‘ โ€“ ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 375 ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืขื™ืœื™ืช, ืื• ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 367 ืžืฆื•ืžืช ืขืฆื™ื•ื ื”. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ โ€“ ืขื™ืŸ ืกื’'ืžื”, ืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช, ืขื™ืŸ ืžืกืœืข ื•ืขื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื ื”. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื’ื“ืœ ืขื“ืจ ื‘-1927, ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ื›ืฉืจ. ืื•ืœื ืขืงื‘ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜ ื‘-1929 ืขื–ื‘ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ" ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฆื‘ื™ ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืฉืจื›ืฉื• ืื“ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื•. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ืขืœืชื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื: ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘-ื›"ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉ"ื– (11 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1947). ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื ื›ืœืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ื ื™ืชืงื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืืœื™ื”ื. ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“, ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื ื‘ื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืœ"ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื“' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ื— (13 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948), ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื ืคืœ ื›ืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. 242 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ื•ื”ื—ื™"ืฉ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืงืจื‘. ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืขื• ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜. ืฉืืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื ื›ื ืขื• ื•ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื, ื›-240 ืื™ืฉ ื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืฉืฉื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื›-10 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื—ืจื‘ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื•ืงื ืžื—ื ื” ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื™ืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ (ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ) ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ, ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืขื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืจ, ื•ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืื‘. ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘-1967 ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช, ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ืงื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจืืฉ ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื”ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืžืื– ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขื•ื“ 14 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989 ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคืจืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ. ืกืžืœื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฉ, ื•ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ 1967 ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2014 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืฆื— ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื›-4,000 ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื’ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืฆื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื”"ื›: 19. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื™ื“ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ืืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืฉ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ: 13. ื›ืœืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ: 34. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงืจื‘_ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™] | [TOKENS: 42133]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ: ืื™ืกื•ืจื•ืงื• ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื•ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—: ืฆ'ื•ืื™ืฆ'ื™ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ: ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—: ืคืจื ืง ื’'ืง ืคืœื˜ืฆ'ืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืกืคืจื•ืื ืก 4 ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, 248 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, 2 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื”, 2 ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืงืœื”, 12 ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช, 16 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกื™ื•ืจ. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ืืš ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืงืจื‘: 2 ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืงืœื•ืช, 9 ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื”, 8 ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, 5 ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช, 32 ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช, 15 ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช, 14 ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช 3 ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, 233 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, 126 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื, 7 ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืงืœื”, 14 ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช 4 ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืกื™ื™ืจืช ื›ื‘ื“ื”, 248 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ึพ3,057 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืชืช, 150~ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ึพ307 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Battle of Midway, ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื ื•ื“ืข ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื™") ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ื™ืžื™ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื™ืจืœื™ื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ, ืคืจื ืง ื’'ืง ืคืœื˜ืฆ'ืจ ื•ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืกืคืจื•ืื ืก, ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื™ืจืœื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื•ืงื• ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื•, ืฆ'ื•ืื™ืฆ'ื™ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ืืงื” ืงื•ื ื“ื•, ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื˜ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืœื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืžื›ื” ืฉืกืคื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื–ื”. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืฉืžื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืจื‘ืชื™. ื”ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืชื ื—ื™ืช ืžื›ื” ืื ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ืชืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜. ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืœืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื˜ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื”ืงืคื™ืช ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœื™ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•. ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ืžืคืขื ื—ื™ ืฆืคื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื•ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœืืจื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืงืจื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืื—ืช, ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืชืช ืื—ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื”, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืื‘ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื) ื•ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื) ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืงืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜. ืจืงืข ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืžื”ืชืงืคืช ื”ืคืชืข ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžืขื’ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ืชื‘ื•ืกื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ืจืžื”, ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”, ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืกืคื’ ืžื›ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืกืคื’ ืžื›ื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืชื‘ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืกืคื’ ืžื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืขื–ืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืœืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจื•ืงื• ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื•, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื ื™ืขื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืœืœื ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืงืจื‘ ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืคืŸ ืคื ื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฉื ื—ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ. ืขืจื‘ ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•. ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืจื‘ืข ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ืœื™ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื™ืžื™, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื”ื ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ A6M ื–ื™ืจื•, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ึผืฉึธื˜ึดื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืืฃ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืงืคื“ื ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ืŸโ€“ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืฆื“ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื•ืฉื™ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื” ืฉืกืคื’ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืื• ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1942, ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืงื™ืคืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืงื ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™. ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื›ื™ืขื“ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ 1,100 ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื (2,100 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื) ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืชึพืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืื•ืื”ื•. ื”ืื˜ื•ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืจื™ืื• ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœืœื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื”ืื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžื•ืฆื‘ ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื•ื ืคื™ืœืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื›ื ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืœ, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ. ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ืขื“ ืืคืจื™ืœ. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืื™ืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื‘ึพ5 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ. ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืจืื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื“ืข ืฉืืฃ ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืขื ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื“ื•ืœื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืฉื—ืฉืคื” ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ืฉืืžื ื ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืืš ืขื™ืชื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืื˜ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื“ "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื™" (MI), ื•ืœื” ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ืขืœ ืื™ื™ ื™ืคืŸ, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื• ื•ื”ืฉืžื“ืชื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืžื™ ืžื›ืจื™ืข. ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืคื™ืงื“ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืžืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืืžื˜ื•, ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 26 ืœึพ29 ื‘ืžืื™, ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ืข' ืœื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœ-7 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืžื™ื ื˜ื• ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•, ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืžืกืื™ืคืืŸ ื•ืžื’ื•ืื, ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืขื’ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื™ืจื’'ื™ืžื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื‘ึพ5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื™ื•ื ื”ืข' ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื•, ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื›ึพ250 ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืฉื—ื ื” ื‘ื•, ืืช ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืฉื—ืจ 7 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื“ื• ืžื—ืคื™ื ืžืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื˜ืจืช ืฉืืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื™ืจื›ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืจืื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืืชื ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื›ึพ600 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸึพืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™, ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืืกื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืื’ืฃ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืงืจืื” ืœืคืจื™ืกืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขื“ 2 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœื˜ืจื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜. ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ โ€“ ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืฆื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ื‘ื ืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื•. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืฉืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื ืงืื•ื•ืื ื™ืฉื™ H8K "ืืžื™ืœื™" ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ืœืžืฉื™ืžืช ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืœื” (7,150 ืง"ืž), ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื ื‘ืื™ื™ ืžืจืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืชื“ืœืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉื ืขืจืš ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืงืจืื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืชื“ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื ืฅ' ืคืจื™ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ืื˜ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื›ึพ500 ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืชึพืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ื”ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืงื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื– ื•ื”ื•ืจื ื˜ ืขื’ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืงืกื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ืกืคื’ื” ื ื–ืง ื›ื” ื›ื‘ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ืœืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื•ืงื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื•ืžื˜ื”ื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื” ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื”ืžื•ืจืœ ื‘ื• ื™ืจื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจื‘ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืฉืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื•ืคื™. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืคืจืก ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืชื’ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื˜ืจื ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”. ื›ืš, ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื•, ืขืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•, ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื•, ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™, ื ืชืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœืื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืชื ืจืฆื” ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื™ื™ ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœืื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืกื—ื” ืžืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ืืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœืื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืืš ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืคืœื’ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื’ืจื ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืืœืื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™: ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืžืœืื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ืžืคืขื ื—ื™ ื”ืฆืคื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืขื ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื™ืขื“ ืฉื ืงืจื AF, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘"ืงืจื‘ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื" ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื™ืžืืžื•ื˜ื• ื ืจืชื ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™, ื”ื—ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืจืกื™ืกื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉ"ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื‘ืฉืœ" ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ืชื—ื ืช "ื”ื™ืคื•" (HYPO) ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1942 ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืชืงืคื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืชืงืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืชืงืคื” ื–ื•, ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื˜ื ื ื˜ ืงื•ืžื ื“ืจ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืจื•ืฉืคื•ืจื˜, ืจืืฉ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ืื–ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื ืช "ื”ื™ืคื•", ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจื• ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื. ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ึพ27 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืช ืื™ื™ ื”ืืœืื•ื˜ื™ื; ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ืžืื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืกืคื™ื ืช ืงืจื‘ ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืฉื“ืจ, ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ึพ21 ื‘ืžืื™ ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ "ืœืžืกืข"; ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ืžืื™ ืื™ืžืฅ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืจื•ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ื™ื ืื•ืฉื™ืืŸ ื•ื ืื•ืจื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ ืจืžื– ื ื•ืกืฃ: ืชืฉื“ื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ ืœืžืคืงื“ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืงืฉืจ, ืœืฉื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ืœืงืจืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช "ืžื‘ืฆืข" K. ืœืื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ื”ื•ืขืจืš ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™. ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื’ื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื•ืจ, ื”ื ื—ื” ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ืœืžืงื ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœื”ื ื—ืช ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช "ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช". ื‘ึพ7โ€“8 ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืคื’ืขื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื "ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ" ื•ืœื™ืคื ื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืžืื™ ื™ื™ืจื˜ ืจื•ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืœืชื“ืจื•ืš ื—ืฆื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™, ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ื™ื™ืจื˜ ืจื•ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ ืชืฉื“ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืชืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื”ืžืชื ืฆืœืช ืฉืœื ืชื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘"ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”". ื‘ึพ9 ื‘ืžืื™ ื™ื•ืจื˜ื” ืชืฉื“ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข", ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื ืžืœ ื™ื•ืงื•ืฉื•ืงื” ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ืžืื™. ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืจืจื• ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืœื ืฉื—ืกืจื• ื›ืžื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื•ื“ืื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื™ืขื“ ืžื‘ืฆืข MI, ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื™ื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ืจื•ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืกื•ืฃ ืžืื™ ื•ืขื“ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™. ืืœื ืฉืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืชื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื”. ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1942 โ€“ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืžืืžื•ื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืงื•ื“ AF. ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืชื—ื ืช "ื”ื™ืคื•" ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืกื• ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื™ืขื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืื ืฉื™ื• ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™. ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื’ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื™ืขื“. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืกืคืง ืžืงืจื‘ื, ื™ื–ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ "ืชืจื’ื™ืœ" ื”ื•ื ืื”. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื™ืคื• ื‘ึพ19 ืžืื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’'ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืœืžืก, ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื–ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืฉืคื•ืจื˜, ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ 13. ืœืขื•ื–ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื–'ื•ื–ืฃ, ื ื™ืฆืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ: ืœืฉื“ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ื”ืชืชึพืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฆืคืŸ ืขืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ื™ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื”ืื–ื ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ืจื•ืฉืคื•ืจื˜, ืชื•ืš ืžื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืงืž"ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื‘ืœื•ืš, ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ื•ื– 14 ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื• ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช, ืฉื˜ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ โ€“ ืฉืžื™ื”ืจ ืœืืฉืจื•. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืžืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืงืœื˜ื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ืฉืขื˜ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉืœืœ ืจื‘ ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื ืกื— ื”ื•ืœืžืก: "ื‘ืœืขื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ ื‘ืจืงื•ื“ื” ืจืขื‘". ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื ืงืœื˜ื” ืชืฉื“ื•ืจืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืคื ืช ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืจื™ืกื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™, ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืื™ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™, ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžืคืงื“ืชื• ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ืจื•ื โ€“ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ืฉื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™. ื”ื’ื ืฉืชื—ื ืช "ื”ื™ืคื•" ืงืœื˜ื” ืืช ืชืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืืช ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื”ืื–ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืชื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ื ืช "ื‘ืœืงื•ื ืŸ", ืฉื’ื ื™ื™ืจื˜ื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืœื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื™ืคื• ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื ืื”. ืคืขื ื•ื— ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืกืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืขื ื—ื™ื ืœืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื•ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžื›ื•ื— ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื "ืž ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื•ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื”ืืกื‘ื ื“ ืงื™ืžืœ. ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื ืงืคืื• ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื“ื•ืœื™ื˜ืœ, ืชืงื™ืคืช ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื”, ื•ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ, ื ื•ืชืจื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœืœื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืคื’ืขื•, ื•ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™. ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืชึพืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืกืคืจื•ืื ืก, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื– ื•ื”ื•ืจื ื˜, ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœึพืžืฉื ื” ืคืจื ืง ื’'ืง ืคืœื˜ืฆ'ืจ, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืฉื‘ื” ืขื ื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืžืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 72 ืฉืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช, ืœืคืงื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ. ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื” ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื’ื F4F ื•ื™ื™ืœื“ืงื˜. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ืงืจืื” ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™. ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ื—ื™ืœืง ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื” 16, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืื ืก, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืจื ื˜ ื•ืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื–, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™, ื•ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื” 17, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืคืœื˜ืฆ'ืจ, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ. ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื” 16 ื™ืฆื ืžื”ื ืžืœ ื‘ึพ28 ื‘ืžืื™, ื•ื‘ึพ30 ื‘ืžืื™ ื™ืฆื ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื” 17 ืžื”ื ืžืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ืชื•ืงื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืงืช. ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื–ืœ" (Point Luck), ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื›ึพ1,400 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืชึพืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™, ื•ื›ึพ325 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืื’ืคื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืคื™ืงื“ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื• ืฉื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื 233 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, 15 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื "ืž, ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืื˜ื•ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช PBY ืงื˜ืœื™ื ื”, 31 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืจ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื’ื TBF ืื•ื•ื ื’'ืจ. ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื ื‘ืื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• 19 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžื“ื’ื SBD ื“ื•ื ื˜ืœืก, ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื’ื F4F ื•ื™ื™ืœื“ืงื˜, 21 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ SB2U ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ึพ21 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ F2A ื‘ืคืืœื•. ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืื˜ื•ืœ 17 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ B-17 ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ B-26 ืžืจื•ื“ืจ. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื˜ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ 126 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื”ื”ืื–ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื˜ืช ื™ื•ืฉืžื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 1942. ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืก"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืจื“ ืคื•ืจืกื˜, ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื•ืžืคืขื ื— ืฆืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1942 ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื "ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ" ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ื ื”. ืœื• ื•ืœืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืจื•ืžื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืงืœื” ืฉื•ื”ื•, ื•ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ืงืืงื• ืกืคื’ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื” ืœื™ืคืŸ ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื–ื•ืื™ืงืืงื• ืœื ื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื” ืกืคื’ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื’ื ื” ื‘ืžืกืคื ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืชื—ืœื•ืคืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื”ื• ื•ืฉื•ืงืืงื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื–ื•ืื™ืงืืงื•, ืืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืืžื ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช, ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืžื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืžื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืคืœื’ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืื™ ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื (ื–ื•ืื™ืงืืงื• ื•ืฉื•ืงืืงื•), ื•ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื ืืœืฅ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžื™ื“ื•ื™ื™ ืขื ืืจื‘ืข ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“: ืงืื’ื”, ืืงืื’ื™, ื”ื™ืจื™ื• ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื•. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžื“ื’ื D3A1 "ื•ืืœ", ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืžื“ื’ื B5N2 "ืงื™ื™ื˜", ื•ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืงืจื‘ A6M "ื–ื™ืจื•". ืื•ืœื, ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื ืคืกืง, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืงืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1941, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ืœืื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื. ืืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืฆืืชื• ืžืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ืฆืื• ืœื“ืจื›ืŸ ืžื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืคืจืกื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื—ืžื™ืฆื• ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืืฃ ืื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืขื“ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืืชืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™, ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืชึพืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื ื›ืฉืœ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืชื“ืœื•ืง ืขื ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื’ื ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. . ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ึพ3 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” 09:00, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืก PBY ืงื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื›ึพ600 ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื (1,111 ืง"ืž) ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ื‘ึพ12:30 ื”ืžืจื™ืื• ืžืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืชืฉืขื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ B-17 ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื• ื•ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื”, ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 570 ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื (1,055 ืง"ืž) ืžืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ื–ื• ืœื ื ืจืฉืžื• ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”. ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืกืคื’ื” ื”ืžื›ืœื™ืช "ืืงื‘ื•ื ื• ืžืืจื•" ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงื˜ืœื™ื ื”. ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื’ืจืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 11 ืžืœื—ื™ื ื•ืœืคืฆื™ืขืชื ืฉืœ 13, ืืš ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืื˜ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื”, ืœื ื ื’ืจื ืœื” ื ื–ืง ื›ื‘ื“. ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื’ืœื™ ืชืงื™ืคื”. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื‘ืฉืขื” 04:30 ื”ืžืจื™ื ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœืœ 36 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ืืœ, 36 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ึพ36 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื–ื™ืจื• ืœื—ื™ืคื•ื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื”ื•ืจื” ื ื’ื•ืžื• ืœืฉื’ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกื™ื•ืจ ื•ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ืื•ืœื, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฉืœ, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“, ื•ืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื” 05:45 ื–ื™ื”ื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงื˜ืœื™ื ื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 150 ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื (279 ืง"ืž), ื•ื‘ึพ05:52 ื–ื™ื”ื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืจื™ืงื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืคื” ืฉื™ืฆืื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืคืฆืฆืชื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ืžืจื™ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” 06:00, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืคื ื• ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื—ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” 06:30, ื•ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื ืžืฉืš ื›ึพ17 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• 15 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžืชื•ืš 28 ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืกืคื’ื• ื ื–ืง ื›ื‘ื“. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ื•ืืœ ืื—ื“. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื•. ืืฃ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ื”ื ื–ืง ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื ื™ื— ื•ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื™ืฉ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืฉืขื” 07:00 ืžืคืงื“ ื’ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื”, ืœื•ื˜ื ื ื˜ ื’'ื•ืื™ืฆ'ื™ ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ืื’ื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืจื™ืื• ืžืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื‘ืฉืขื” 07:05. ื›ื•ื— ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• TBF ืื•ื•ื ื’'ืจ, 11 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ, 16 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ SBD ื“ื•ื ื˜ืœืก, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ B-26 ื•ึพ15 ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื B-17, ื˜ืก ืœืœื ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘, ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• 18 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื–ื™ืจื• ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื”. ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืžืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ื•ืืฉ ื "ืž ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืคื™ืœื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืื•ื•ื ื’'ืจ, ืฉื ื™ B-26, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื“ื•ื ื˜ืœืก ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ. ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ื’'ื•ืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื“ื•ื ื˜ืœืก ื—ืกืจื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœื”ืงืจื‘ืชื• ื ืงืจื ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1942 ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื“ืœืงื ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ืื—ื“ ืžืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ B-26 ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืกืคื’ ื ื–ืง ืจื‘ ืžืืฉ ื "ืž ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœื ืกื˜ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืงืื’ื™. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžืจืื” ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื•ืžื˜ื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื“ืื™. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื’ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžืฆื‘ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืžืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื’ืื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื˜ืจื ื ืชื’ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ื ื’ื•ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื’ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขื” 07:15 ืขืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืœืคืจื•ืง ืืช ืžื˜ืขื ื ื•ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ืฉืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื–ืจืช ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” 07:45, ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืกื™ื™ืจืช ื˜ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื›ึพ200 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ื’ื•ืžื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขื” 08:00 ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•, ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื™, ื”ื•ื–ื ืงื• ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืขื“ ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ืฉืขื” 08:20 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืื—ืช, ื•ื›ืขืช ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืงืฉื”: ื”ืื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœืœื ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•? ืื• ื”ืื ืœื—ืžืฉ ื•ืœืชื“ืœืง ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ืจืง ืื– ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื• ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ? ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืคื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื ืœืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืžืฉื ื” ื˜ืืžื•ืŸ ื™ืžืื’ื•ืฆ'ื™, ืฉืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ืคืœื’ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ื”ื™ืจื™ื• ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื•), ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื. ื ื’ื•ืžื•, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉืชืงืคื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืœื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘, ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ 08:30. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื• ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืžื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ืคืœื˜ืฆ'ืจ, ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืื ืก ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ื›ืขืชื•ื“ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืืœื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ืกืคืจื•ืื ืก ื”ื ื™ื—, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฉื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ืฉื’ืจ ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชืงืคืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืชื’ืœื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืขืžื“ ืœืฆื™ื“ื•, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ืกืคืจื•ืื ืก ืคืงื“ ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื”ื•ืจื ื˜ ื•ืžืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื– ื‘ืฉืขื” 06:00. ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขื” 07:00, ื•ื›ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžืจื™ืื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ. ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื›ืœืœ 35 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื”, 15 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื•ึพ10 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžื”ื•ืจื ื˜, 33 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื”, 14 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื•ึพ10 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื–, ื•ึพ17 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•, 17 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ึพ6 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ. ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” 152 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช ื‘ืช 15 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืžื”ื•ืจื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื”, ื‘ืฉืขื” 09:20. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืื–ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื ืืช ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ื™. ื›ืœ 15 ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืœื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืื—ื“ ื ื™ืฆืœ. 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชืงืคื• ืฉืชื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืฉื›ืœืœื• 26 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืชืงืคืชื ืœื ื”ื ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš, ืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืฉืœื”ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื•, ืืš ืœื ื ืจืฉืžื• ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืช ื ื–ืง ืœื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื—ืœืง ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืงืคืช ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืžื ืžื™ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืก ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืืœื” ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜, ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขื ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืืœื” ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื•ืžืขื˜ ื“ืœืง, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื ื•ื—ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืขืฉื• ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื”. ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืขืžื“ื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืคื ื™, ืืš ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ื“ ืžืงืœื•ืกืงื™ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืฉืขื” 09:55 ื–ื™ื”ื” ืžืงืœื•ืกืงื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช "ืืจืืฉื™" ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื—, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช "ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฉื™ื’ืจื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืงื™ืจื™ืฉื™ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช, ื–ื™ื”ื” ืžืงืœื•ืกืงื™ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” 10:05. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืกื’ืจื• ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชืื•ื ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืื•ื™ื‘. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื“ื™ืคืช ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•, ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืžืจืื” ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืœื™ ื“ืœืง ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืžืจืื”, ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื ืขืจืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืื ื’ืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืฉื™ืื•ื—ืกื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืกื ื™ ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉืขื” 10:20 ื”ื•ืจื” ื ื’ื•ืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืฉืขื” 10:24 ืชืงืคื• ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ืืงืื’ื™ ืกืคื’ื” ืฉืชื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื™ืช ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžืจืื”. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืกืคื’ื” ืงืื’ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™, ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžืจืื”. ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉื ื—ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”, ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงืื’ื” ื•ื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ืžืคืงื“ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื’'ื™ืกืงื• ืื•ืงืื“ื”, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืงืฆื™ื ื™ื•. ื‘ืฉืขื” 10:25 ืชืงืคื• ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ื ืจืฉืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช: ืื—ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืขืœื™ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื™ืช ื”ืืžืฆืข ื•ื”ืจืกื• ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ืืช ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื•ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžืจืื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืคืจืงื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืžืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื”ืŸ ืืš ืœื ื”ื•ืจื“ื• ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืžื—ืกื ื™ื ืžืžื•ื’ื ื™ื. ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืขื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช "ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก," ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช. ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ืืš ืœื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ. ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืคื’ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื•ืกืืงื• ื™ื ืื’ื™ืžื•ื˜ื•, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื•, ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” 19:13 ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื›ืฉืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื” 718 ืžืื ืฉื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื™ื ืื’ื™ืžื•ื˜ื•. ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขื” 19:25, ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื’ื ืงืื’ื”, ื›ืฉืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื” 800 ืžืื ืฉื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ืืช ื“ื’ืœื• ืœืกื™ื™ืจืช ื ืื’ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขื” 11:30, ื”ืชืคื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืงืื’ื™ ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” 19:20 ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื™ื’'ื™ืจื• ืืื•ืงื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื”, ืืš ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืกืจื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืืงืื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืฆื•ืฃ ืœืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืงืื’ื™ ื™ืฆืื” ืžื›ืœืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืืžื•ืŸ ื™ืืžื’ื•ืฆ'ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•, ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืคื’ืขื”. ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืฉืกืคื’ื•, ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ื•ื™ืืžื’ื•ืฆ'ื™ ื”ื–ื ื™ืง ื‘ืฉืขื” 10:40 18 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ืื™ืชืจื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื ืœื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื ืชืงืœื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื‘ื• ืœื”ื ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ื "ืž, ืืš ืฉืฉืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืคืฆืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืคื’ืขื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ. ืื—ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืคืขืจื” ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžืจืื”, ืคืฆืฆื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื“ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื "ืž. ืื•ืœื, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืช ื ื–ืงื™ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืœืื”. ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ื–ื• ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื 13 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘. ื‘ืฉืขื” 12:45 ื”ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื• ื’ืœ ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ืœืœ 10 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘. ื‘ืฉืขื” 14:34 ืชืงืฃ ื”ื’ืœ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื”ืคืขื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื’ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขื” 14:45. ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืฉื”, ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ. ื›ื” ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืคื’ื™ืขืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•, ื•ืคืœื˜ืฆ'ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื’ืœื• ืœืกื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ืชืงืคื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื• ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘. ืืœื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืžื–ื• ืฉื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื’ืขื• ืงืฉื”, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ. ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื˜ืขื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื™ืœื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ืกื™ื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื™ืื• ื‘ืฉืขื” 15:30 24 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื–, ื•ึพ16 ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžื”ื•ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžืจื™ืื• ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื‘ืฉืขื” 17:00 ืื™ืชืจื• ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•, ื•ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื”. ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืกืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืืช ืคืฆืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืืจื‘ืข ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืคื’ืขื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•, ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉืจื™ืคื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜. ื‘ืจืื•ืชื ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื”. ืืš ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื ืขืฆืจื”, ื”ื•ืจื” ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืื• ืงืืงื• ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•. ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื’ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืžืฉื ื” ื™ืืžื’ื•ืฆ'ื™, ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืกื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ืžื›ืช ื—ืกื“ ืœื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืžืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื” 05:10 ืคื’ืขื• ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืฉื•ืงืขืช. ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžืžื˜ื•ืก ื™ืžื™ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ืจื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคื”, ื•ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืœื ื•ื’ื•ืžื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื— ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื• ืœื ื ืžืฆืื”. ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืขื” ื›ืฉืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื” 416 ืžืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ืงืืงื• ืžืคืงื“ื”, ื•ื™ืืžื’ื•ืฆ'ื™, ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื’ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื 4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืžืฆืื” ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื•, ื”ื™ืืžื˜ื•, ื›ึพ800 ืžื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืชึพืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืื˜ื•ืœ. ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืฆื™ ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืขื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ืฆื™ืคื” ืฉื ื’ื•ืžื• ื™ื ื—ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืขืชื•ื“ื”. ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื ืืœืฅ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ื•ืžื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื“ืจื™ื ืืœ ืžื˜ื”ื•. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉืขื” 11:50 ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื•. ืžืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืœืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื–ืจืช ืคืงื•ื“ื• ืขื ื›ืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœื•. ืื—ืจื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืขื”, ื™ืฆืื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืงืงื•ื’'ื™ ืงืงื•ื˜ื”, ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœืื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืงื•ื ื“ื•, ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื’ื™ื– ืืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื”ืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื. ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœื— ืงื•ื ื“ื• ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืชืชึพืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื˜ืงืื• ืงื•ืจื™ื˜ื”. ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื•, ืฉืœื ื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ืขื“ ืื–, ื›ืš ืงื™ื•ื•ื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืงืจื‘ ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืชื• ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืกื’ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ืฉื“ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืืœื ื‘ึพ8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฉืขื” 17:55 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉื“ืจ ืžื ื’ื•ืžื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ืฉืขื” 21:30 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืœืคื™ื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—, ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื ื•ืชืจ ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืงืจื‘ ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ื ื“ื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ืžื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื” ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงืจื‘ ืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” 00:15 (5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™) ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ื ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื’ื•ืžื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ื‘ืฉืขื” 02:50 ื ืชืŸ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ืืงืื’ื™ ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื”, ื•ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื™ ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœื™ืคืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืคืœื˜ืฆ'ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืœืกืคืจื•ืื ืก, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืกื’ืช ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื–ืจื—ื”. ืœื“ื™ื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ ื ื–ืง ื›ื‘ื“ ืœืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืคื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ืื‘ื“ ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื•ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžึพ100 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืฉืขื” 02:55 ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืคื’ื™ื– ืืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ืคื’ื™ื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืกื’ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ืชื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืขืช ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืกืคื’ื• ื ื–ืงื™ื. ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœืžื•ื’ืืžื™ ืื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื” ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื” ืงื•ืจื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื’ืืžื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื•. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืชืจืš ื‘ืฉืขื” 06:30, ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื›ื”, ืกืคื’ื• ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื–ืงื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืžืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ืจืช (6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™), ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืกืคื’ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ื ื•ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื•ื ืคืฆืขื•. ื”ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉืขื” 12:00, ืžื•ื’ืืžื™ ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื” ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช. ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื™ืชืจืช ื”ืฆื™ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื’ื•ืข, ืืš ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฆืขื“ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื•ืช. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืชื” ื•ืฉื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื. ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื’ืจืจ "ื•ื™ืจืื•" ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ. ืžืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืฉืœื— ืฆื•ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช "ื”ืžืŸ" ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 5 ืœึพ6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื”. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ 250 ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืœืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื’ืจืจ. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœ"ื”ืžืŸ", ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื”. ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช I-168, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื” ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช. ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ 1,900 ื™ืืจื“, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” 13:35 ืฉื™ื’ืจื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืคืขืจื• ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื”. ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืžืŸ, ืฉื ื‘ืงืขื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืข. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœืžื™ื, ืืš ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืกืคื”. ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ื–ื ื—ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” 05:01 ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืขื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืจื“ืฃ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื“ื ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื” ืกืคืจื•ืื ืก ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืกื’ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื ืžื”ืื™ ื•ื™ื™ืง, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื ื™ืžื™ืฅ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื. ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืœื ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืขื ื—ื™ ื”ืฆืคื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืข. ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืœื ืชืงื—ื ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื™ื—ืก ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘. ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช, ื•ื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”, ืืš ื‘ืขื•ื›ืจื™ื• ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช: ืชืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื•ืจืกื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื–ืœื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืš, ืฉื ื’ืจืขื• ืžืžืฆื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืกืก ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœืื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืฆืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืฉื ืขืจืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื•ืจืกื‘ื™. ื›ืš ืื‘ื“ื• ืœื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืืจื‘ืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื–ื• ืžื–ื•. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืจืžืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืคื•ืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืงืคืชึพื”ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื”, ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืงืœื” ืื—ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื•ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื“ื• ื›ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืงืœื•ืช, ื—ืžืฉ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื”, ืืจื‘ืข ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช, ืžื”ืŸ ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืงืจื‘. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืคืจื™ืกื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื–ื• ืžื ืขื” ืžื›ื•ื— ื ื’ื•ืžื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉื”ืžืจื™ืื• ืžื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื "ืž ืฉืกื™ืคืงื• ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืฉื’ื” ื–ื” ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฉืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข. ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ืœืฆื“ ืžืฉื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืฉื’ื” ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืฆืืชื• ืžื”ื ืžืœ ื™ืฆืื•, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื•ืงืฆื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืชื•ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืชื—ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชืฉื’ืจ ื’ืœ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืขืชื•ื“ื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืœื ืขืžื“ื” ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืคื ื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื’ื™ืืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ื’ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืืžื ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืœื ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืš ื“ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืขืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื•, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืงื‘ื™ืœื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืงืจื‘. ืืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืข ืืจื‘ืข ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื”, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืช ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืœื, ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ืœืกื’ืช. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืกืคืจื•ืื ืก ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื“ืœืง ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื”ื ืกื•ื’, ื•ืขืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜. ืื•ืœื, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืจื“ืฃ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืื—ืจ ืจื“ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆื“ืง ืกืคืจื•ืื ืก ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ืชื•, ืฉื›ืŸ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื•ืงืจื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงืฉื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœืœื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืคื ื™ื ืชื‘ื•ืกื”. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืคื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜", ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื ื˜ืชื” ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืœืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ืžืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš, ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžื’ื ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜. ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™, ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื”. ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืžืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ืืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฆื‘ืจื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืœื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืืœื” ืžื”ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื™ื, ืชื—ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื›ืš ืฆื ื—ื” ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืคืกื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ. ื‘ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื›ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืœ ืฉืคืชื™ื”ื ืืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื ืžืกืจื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™, ื•ื”ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘. ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื• ืœืขื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ื•ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืืžื ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจ, ืืš ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื ืคื’ืข ืงืฉื•ืช, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื. ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืขื™ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื’ื•ื•ื“ืœืงื ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ืจืฅ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”. ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ืืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืชืจืžื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืงื, ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1943. ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืชืชึพื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ (ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžึพ5,200 ืžื˜ืจื™ื), ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ึพ19 ื‘ืžืื™ 1998, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืœืืจื“ ื•ืขืžื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ. ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื ืฉืžืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื”. ื‘ืœืืจื“ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืชืจ ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื ื›ืฉืœ. ืžืฉืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืืจื“ ื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืชืขื•ื“ื”, ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง, ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืงื•ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1999 ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก", ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืืชืจ ื—ืœืง ืžืกื™ืคื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืงืื’ื”. ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื”ืจืžืŸ ื•ื•ืง ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจื• "ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ" (1978) ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื”ื ืจื™, ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืงืจื‘. ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜, ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ, ืคืจื˜ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืงืจื‘, ืืฃ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืืช ื’ื ืจืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืืจืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ", ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ื•ืง ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกืื’ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช "ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”" ื•"ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ". ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื (ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™), ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ABC, ื”ืžืชืืจืช ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘. ืžืกืคืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943 ื‘ื™ื™ื ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื“ ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™", ืกืจื˜ ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘, ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ื’ืœืŸ ืคื•ืจื“, ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื•ื ื“ื” ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžื™ืฆ'ื, ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ืžืžื•ื˜ื• โ€“ ื˜ื•ืฉื™ืจื• ืžื™ืคื•ื ื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ ืจืื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœืžื“ื™, ืื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฆืื• ืื™ ื“ื™ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื•. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืœื–ืžื ื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ืกื ืกืจืื•ื ื“", ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืชืช ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืขืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ ืขื ืง, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ืกืฆื ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื ื–ื ื—ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ื•ืฆืจ ืกืจื˜ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘, ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืงืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืœื•ืง ืื•ื•ื ืก, ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืืงื”ืจื˜, ื ื™ืง ื’'ื•ื ืืก, ืžื ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจ, ื“ื ื™ืก ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื“, ื“ืืจืŸ ื›ืจื™ืก ื•ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืœืกื•ืŸ. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’_B-29_ืกื•ืคืจืคื•ืจื˜ืจืก] | [TOKENS: 3109]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ B-29 ืกื•ืคืจืคื•ืจื˜ืจืก ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ B-29 ืกื•ืคืจืคื•ืจื˜ืจืก (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Boeing B-29 Superfortress, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืžื‘ืฆืจึพืขืœ) ื”ื•ื ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. B-29 ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžืชืงื“ื ืœื–ืžื ื• - ืขื ืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื—ืก ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืงืจืช ืืฉ ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ืจื—ื•ืง. ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘, ืืš ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš. ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ B-29 ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืืช ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื ื’ืกืืงื™, ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1945. ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960, ื ื‘ื ื• ื›ึพ3,970 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ B-17. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939, ืคืจืกื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ืืจื•ืšึพื˜ื•ื•ื— (8,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ), ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940 ืคืจืกื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื’ื ื”ึพB-29 ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ (ื“ื’ื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื•ื ื” XB-29). ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืœ (ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘). ื˜ื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1942, ื•ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืžื ืชื” 1,500 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืžืคืขืœื™ ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงื ื–ืก, ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ืœ ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”, ืžืคืขืœื™ ืคื™ืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืงืœื™ื‘ืœื ื“ ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก, ื•ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื’ืœืŸ ืœ. ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ืจืกืงื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• - ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1944, ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ึพ24 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1944. ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ึพ5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1944, ืขืœ ืžืคืขืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืงื•ืง. ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• 77 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ืžืจื™ืื• ืžื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื‘ื“ื•. ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื-ื™ืชืจ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื‘ืขืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช, ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ. ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ (ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืคืœื“ื”) ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1944, ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื” 47 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ืžืจื™ืื• ืžืกื™ืŸ. ืžื˜ื•ืก ืื—ื“ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื—ื™ืชืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ื•ื™ืงืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช: 7 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1944 (14 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื), 29 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ (70), 10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ (24), 20 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ (61), 8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ (90), 26 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ (83), 25 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ (59), 12 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ (29), 21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ (61), 19 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ (36) ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1945 (49 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื). ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ืึพืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1944, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืืช ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆืืช ื‘-17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœ-11 ืืœืฃ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื“ืœืง ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื— ื’ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืจื™ื. ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื™ืฆืื” ื‘-24 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ. ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• 111 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•. ืœืจืืฉ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื”-21 ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื ืกืœ. ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1945, ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ B-29 ื‘ืฉื "ืื ื•ืœื” ื’ื™ื™" ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”. ื‘ึพ9 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื•ืงืกืงืจ" ืืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื ื’ืกืืงื™. ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื›ื ื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ืœืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ B-29 ื›ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ืกื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืกืคื’ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1954, ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ U-2. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” (ื™ื•ื ื™ 1950 โ€“ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1953), ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื›ึพ200 ืืœืฃ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื™ื™_ืžืจื™ืื ื”] | [TOKENS: 3098]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Mariana Islands) ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžืจื™ืื ื” (ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื›ื•ื ื• ื’ื "ืื™ื™ ื”ื’ื ื‘ื™ื", ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: Islas de los Ladrones) ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ืื™ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืื•"ื. ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื 1,007 ืงืž"ืจ, ืžื’ื•ืื ืขื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ืคืŸ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช: ื’ื•ืื (ื”ืื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื•ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช (ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื, ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื ื™ื) ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื•ืงื•ืก, ืื•ืจื–, ื˜ื‘ืง, ืกื•ื›ืจ ื•ื›ื•ืชื ื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืœื•, ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื ื’ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ ืฆ'ืืžื•ืจื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื›-70 ืืœืฃ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืกืš ืฉืœ ื›-210 ืืœืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื™. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฆ'ืืžื•ืจื•. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ืžื’ืœืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1521 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ืื ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฆ'ืืžื•ืจื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ืจืฉื•ืชื, ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืืฆืœื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื›ื’ื ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืŸ 40 ื‘ืชื™ื ื ืฉืจืฃ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืžืœื˜ ืžื’ืœืŸ ืžื”ืื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1667 ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžื˜ืขื ืžืจื™ืื ื”, ืžืœื›ืช ืกืคืจื“. ืกืคืจื“ ื“ืจืฉื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืงืจืื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžืจื™ืื ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงืจื”. ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ื›ืฉื˜ื— ื—ืกื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื. ื’ื•ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืชื—ื ืช ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1668 ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžืจื™ืื ื” ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืืœืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™. ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžืช ืื• ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืœื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ืืช ื ืฉืžืจื” ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฆ'ืืžื•ืจื•, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ื™ ืžืืจื™ืื ื” ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1898, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€“ืกืคืจื“, ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืช ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1898 ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืกืคืจื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืชื—ื ืช ืืกืคืงื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืื™ ื’ื•ืื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืชื ืื™ื™ ืžืจืฉืœ ื•ืื™ื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1899 ืžื›ืจื” ืกืคืจื“ ืืช ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืกืคืจื“ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืชื—ื ืช ืืกืคืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืœืงื—ื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื’ื•ืื, ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื ื“ื˜ ื’ื ืขืœ ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฆื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ "ืื ื•ืœื” ื’ื™ื™" ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืฆ'ืžื•ืจื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1500 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื™ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืชื ืฆืจื• ื•ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืจ ืœืฉื˜ื— ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืขืœ ืœ-100 ืืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืฆ'ืžื•ืจื• ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›-65 ืืœืฃ ื‘ืื™ ื’ื•ืื ื•ื›-19 ืืœืฃ ื‘ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืคื™ื” ืžื™ื”, ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืคื˜ืจ ื’ื•ืžืื˜ืื•ืื˜ื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจืช ื’'ื™ื–ืœื” ืžืง'ื“ื ื™ืืœ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ืœื™ืฆืงืจื™ื’] | [TOKENS: 11280]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื–ืง ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื–ืง (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Blitzkrieg, "ื‘ึฐึผืœึดื™ืฆึฐืงึฐืจึดื™ื’") ื”ื™ื ืื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” (ืชื•"ืœ) ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืžืžื•ื›ื ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื•ื ืขื™ื: ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘, ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘. ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื•ื˜ื™ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืกืขืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื (ืืฃ ืฉื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื”). ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ึฐึผืœึดื™ืฆึฐืงึฐืจึดื™ื’ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ืฉ ืžืื‘ืง ืžืžื•ืฉืš (ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืžืฉืคื˜). ืจืงืข ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื ืง ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ืจืกืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื•, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืขื”, ืืœื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืจ ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™"ืจ. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืช (ืคืจื˜ ืœื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืคืช ืœื•ื“ื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ื‘-1918, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ). ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื ืง ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืœ, ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืืฉ ื”ืžืงืœืขื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื” ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคืจืฅ ื”ืงื• (ืœืžืขื˜ "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช 1919" ืฉื ืคืกืœื”). ืœื˜ื ืง ื•ืœืžื˜ื•ืก ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœืกื“ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-100,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื—ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉื•. ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืคื™ืงื“ื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื ืจื™ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืคื˜ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื’ืžืœืืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืจืื• ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื›ืงื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื—ื–ืง, ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืœื›ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ืงื• ืžืื–'ื™ื ื•". ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืช ืฉืจืื• ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืœื ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™"ืจ, ืื• ื›ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืคืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืกื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืฉืืœ ืืช ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช: "ื”ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืจื—ื•ืช?" ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื’ืœื•ื™; ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืชืžื›ืช ื‘ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืกืชื™ืžืช ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงื•, ืื ืื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืงืข ื”ืงื•. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื™ืคื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืกืงื ื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ื“ืจื’ืชื•) ืฉืืจืœ ื“ื” ื’ื•ืœ ืืช ืกืคืจื• "ืœืงืจืืช ืฆื‘ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™", ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืŸ, ืœืคื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื›ื— ืขืฆืžืื™, ื ื™ื™ื“ ื•ืืฃ ืžื›ืจื™ืข, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืจื” ืœืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื“ื” ื’ื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืœืขื’ ื•ื‘ื•ื–. ื’ื•ืจืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฆื™ืคื” ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืคื•ืœืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืœ ืœื™ื“ืœ ื”ืืจื˜, ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื”" ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื” ื’ื•ืœ. ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1926 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื™ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช (ื›ื•ื ืชื” ื‘ืฉื-ืงื•ื“ "ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืžื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™") ืฉืชืื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืืš ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืฅ. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื“, ืœืื•ืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืจ ื•ืœื™ื“ืœ ื”ืืจื˜ ืœื ื ืงืœื˜ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ. ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื ืงืœื˜ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ - ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ืฅ ื’ื•ื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื˜ื ืง! ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935. ื’ื•ื“ืจื™ืืŸ, ืฉืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ื˜ื ืงื™ ื“ืžื” ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื, ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืจืกืื™, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืžื•ื›ื ืช ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื ืง, (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”) ืœื—ื™ืžืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืฆืงืจื™ื’. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืชื•ืจืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื ืง (ื”ื˜ื ืง ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืš ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืืช ืžืจื‘ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•) ื•ืฉื™ื›ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืจืžืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ืœ ื”ืืจื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืจ ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” (1939โ€“1945), ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื‘ื–ืง, "ื‘ืœื™ืฆืงืจื™ื’". ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื™ื˜, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื›ืžื™ ืฉืฆื‘ืื• ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจืง, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื• ื ื•ื“ืข ื›"ื™ืœื“ืจื™ื" (ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช: ื‘ืจืง). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื’ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืžืคืงื“ื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื, ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืจืง". ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื–ืง" ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืชืงื“ื (ื”ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ื•ืืคื”) ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืืžื™ืฅ ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ. ืžื•ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื•ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ืขืžื“ ื—ื™ืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื ืคื•ืœื ื™ ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืœื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื ืจืžืก (ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข) ืชื—ืช ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ื”ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ (ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™) ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื“ื”ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืจืื• ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง" ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”: ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” - ืกื“ืจืช ื›ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืฉืกื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ืžืœืงื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืชืจื” ืืช ื•ืจืฉื” - ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื’ื ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื–ื•, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื ื” 35 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื‘ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ื ืกืžืš ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉ ืœื˜ื ืง, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื ืง ื ื™ืฆื—. ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืชืงืœ ื”ื˜ื ืง ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจ ื ื•ืกื— ืงื• ืžืื–'ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940 ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื”ื’ื ืช ืฆืจืคืช ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืื“ื™ืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื (ืงื• ืžืื–'ื™ื ื•), ื•ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ "ืžืฉืœื™ื", ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืจื“ื ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื›ื–ื™ืจื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืจืื” ื”ืขื•ืœื). ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื• ืžืื–'ื™ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืขื“ ืœื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื”ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” (ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช D") ื•ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืจืืชื” ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืจื“ื ื™ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจ. ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืื– 1914 ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืคืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื˜ื ืง ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืคืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ "ื“ืœืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช". ื›ื ืฃ ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ืชืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื–ืจื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื ืฃ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ืงืข ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ืืœ ืคืจื™ื–. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914 ื•ืจืง ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืืจืŸ, ื”ื ืฉืžื ืขื• ืืช ื ืคื™ืœืช ืฆืจืคืช. ื™ื•ืจืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ืงืจืื” "ืื™ื‘ื—ืช ืžื’ืœ" ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื’ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืœืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš. ื”ื›ื ืฃ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืชืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื ืฃ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืชื‘ืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืจื“ื ื™ื, ืชื—ืฆื” ืืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืื– ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืกื“ืืŸ ื•ืชื›ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื™ื. ื‘-10 ื‘ืžืื™ 1940 ืคืชื—ื• ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ื›ื ืฃ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืžื‘ืงืข ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืงื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง - ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืžืจื›ื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื”, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืชื ื•ืขืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืจืฆืช ืžื‘ืงืข ื‘ืงื•, ื•ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”. ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืฆืช, ืขื“ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืคื•ืœ ืจื™ื™ื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื ื—ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืกื”. ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื’ืžืœืืŸ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืžื™ื”ืจ ื•ืฉืืœ - "ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช?" - ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืข ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื• ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื•. ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื”ืชื ืคืฆื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ - "aucun" - "ืื™ืŸ". ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ืฆื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ื— ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฆืจืŸ. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื›ื ืขื” ืฆืจืคืช ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืงื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื”, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืขืชื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ, ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆื—, ืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืื• ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ (ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื•) ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื–ืง, ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœ "ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื”", ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1941 ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื ื™ื›ืจ, ืขื ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง - ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืชืจื™ื ืืช ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ืงืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืกื™ื’ืชื ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืื ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 80 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” - ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื 2,000 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืชืจื• ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ื›ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื, ื‘-16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1941. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื ื ื’ืžืจื” ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื: ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ืŸ: ื›ืœ ืืœื•, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืจื•ืกื™, ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง. ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœื ืฆืคื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื›ื ืขื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื, ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง". ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942 ื”ื•ื›ืจืข ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืขื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ืคืจืฆื• ืืœ ืขื•ืจืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจื“ ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืœื—ื™ืžืช ื‘ื–ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื•ืจืกืง ื‘-1943, ื‘ื• ื ื™ืกื• ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื›ื•ื— ืจื•ืกื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ืจืกืง, ืชื•ืš ืคืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื— ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืกืง ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื ืขืฆืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื™ืฉื ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื’ื ืจืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘-1944 ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง. ืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื ื‘ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1944 ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™, ืœืื•ืจืœื™ืืŸ ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืœื•ืืจ ื•ืžืฉื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืœืคืจื™ื–. ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง" ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืืจื“ื ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1944. ืžืชืงืคื” ื–ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื” ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“, ื‘ื—ืžืจื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื›ื— ืื“ื. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ืœืคืจื™ืฆื” ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื ืžืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืคืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืฅ ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ืก ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื‘-22 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1945 ื—ืฆื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ืงืข ืื“ื™ืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ - ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ืฉ 1956, ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื 1967. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ (1991) ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง (2003) ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื”ืœื ื•ืžื•ืจื" ("Shock and Awe"). ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืคื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืคืงื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช (ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืงื™ืฃ ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชืงืฃ) ื•ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืฉืชื™ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช - "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง" ื•"ื”ืœื ื•ืžื•ืจื" ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืชื“ื”ืžื” ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื•ืœืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ. ืืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉ"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง" ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช "ื”ื”ืœื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื" ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื“ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžื•ืชืงืฃ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื. ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื–ืžื” ื•ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ (ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ) ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘, ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช "ื”ื”ืœื ื•ืžื•ืจื" ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States] | [TOKENS: 9189]
Contents Antisemitism in the United States Antisemitism in the United States describes incidents of hatred, hostility, harm, prejudice or discrimination against people identifying as Jews, religiously, culturally and/or ethnically within the United States of America. It typically includes: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) data shows that in every year since 1991, Jews were the most frequent targets of religiously motivated hate crimes even though current numbers may be underreported, as is the case for many other targeted groups. As of 2023, the FBI calculated that antisemitic incidents accounted for 68% of all religion-based hate crimes, an increase of 63% since 2022, while the American Jewish Committee (AJC) said that figure was "likely much lower" than the actual number as hate crimes had been "widely underreported across the country." A 2025 survey conducted by the Anti-Defamation League, concluded that "60% of Americans ... at least somewhat agree that antisemitism is a serious problem." Twenty-four percent of Americans, however, maintained that recent antisemitic attacks were understandable. In the past, incidents of antisemitism were mostly confined to organized antisemitic groups, mainly from a white nationalist or white supremacist backgrounds, but also including the Nation of Islam and some branches of the Black Hebrew Israelites, who have also been identified as antisemitic, reflecting heightened levels of antisemitism among some African-American communities.[citation needed] Over the last decade or more, however, antisemitism has been rising in the U.S., and there has been increasing evidence of antisemitism on both sides of the American political spectrum, as Ambassador Deborah Lipstadt, Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism for the U.S. Department of State highlighted in the title of remarks she gave in 2024: "From Right to Left and In Between: Jew-hatred Across the Political Divide." In 2024, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) also summarized their latest findings on the subject in Antisemitism. On the left, they noted an increase in incidents "that began with the Oct. 7, 2023, attacks that initiated the Israel-Hamas war. These incidents included vandalism of Jewish institutions and places of worship, flyering from known hate groups, and assaults on Jewish people and business." On the right, they found that "Hate groups and other bigoted actors have perpetuated the antisemitic narrative that Jewish people are helping to further the normalization and acceptance of LGBTQ+ identities in order to further social strife. Likewise, the far right argues that Jews are orchestrating a โ€œgreat replacementโ€ in which they aid the immigration of non-white people โ€” especially those who are Muslim โ€” into majority-white counties to challenge and erode white supremacy." There have been a range of approaches to combating antisemitism, both by government when the Biden administration launched the U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism and by Jewish communities whose tactics have included the creation of more holocaust museums. Nonetheless, incidents of antisemitism continue to rise in the U.S. and worldwide. One result, according to Gallop, is "most Jewish Americans have felt reluctant to share their religious affiliation." History Historically, Antisemitic attitudes and rhetoric have tended to increase whenever the United States has faced a serious economic crisis, as well as during moments of political and social uncertainty and fear, such as with the rise of nativist anti-immigration organizing in the early twentieth century, the emergence of the Nazi-affiliated German-American Bund in the 1930s, and the anti-Communist political movement during McCarthyism, also known as the Red Scare. Academic David Greenberg has written in Slate, "Extreme anti-communism always contained an Antisemitic component: Radical, alien Jews, in their demonology, orchestrated the Communist conspiracy." He also has argued that, in the years which followed World War II, some groups on "the American right remained closely tied to the unvarnished Antisemites of the '30s who railed against the 'Jew Deal'", a bigoted term which was used against the New Deal measures of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. American Antisemites have viewed the fraudulent text The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a real reference to a supposed Jewish cabal which was out to subvert and ultimately destroy the U.S. Both the association of Jews with Communism and the fixation on a Jewish cabal purported in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion are conspiracies transplanted to the American context from European modernity: in a moment of economic revolution and socialist politics rising in contexts across Europe, conservative leaders from Christian Russia to interwar Great Britain manipulated a public fear of Jewish Bolshevism to scapegoat Jewish populations for strategic political gain. The "Great Replacement" theme, a version of the broader white genocide conspiracy theory, was stressed by people who highlighted the supposed threat of Jews and other immigrants replacing Americans who were born in the country. In the 1920s and 1930s, Antisemitic activists were led by Henry Ford and other figures like Charles Lindbergh, William Dudley Pelley, Charles Coughlin and Gerald L. K. Smith, and some of them were also members of organizations like the America First Committee, the Christian Nationalist Crusade, the German American Bund, the Ku Klux Klan and the Silver Legion of America. They promulgated canards and various interrelated conspiracy theories that widely spread the fear that, through an evil transnational network, Jews were working for the destruction or replacement of white Americans along with the fear that Jews were working for the destruction or replacement of Christianity in the United States. American viewpoints on Jews and antisemitism The most persistent form of Antisemitism has consisted of a series of widely circulating tropes and stereotypes in which Jews are portrayed as being socially, religiously, and economically unacceptable to the American way of life, because of their inferiority to white Christian society or because of conspiratorial thinking in which Jews are accused of plotting to undermine the racial and economic hierarchies which make up the historical fabric of American society. As a whole, the Jewish people were looked down upon. They were made to feel unwanted, they were marginalized by American society and they were considered a menace to the United States. Martin Marger wrote, "A set of distinct and consistent negative stereotypes, some of which can be traced as far back as the Middle Ages in Europe, has been applied to Jews." David Schneder wrote, "Three large clusters of traits are part of the Jewish stereotype (Wuthnow, 1982). First, [American] Jews are seen as being powerful and manipulative. Second, they are accused of dividing their loyalties between the United States and Israel. A third set of traits concerns Jewish materialistic values, aggressiveness, clannishness." Stereotypes of Jewish people share some of the same content as stereotypes of Asians: perceived disloyalty, power, intelligence, and dishonesty overlap. The similarity between the content of stereotypes of Jews and the content of stereotypes of Asians may stem from the fact that many immigrant Jews and many immigrant Asians both developed a merchant role, a role which was also historically held by many Indians in East Africa, where the content of stereotypes of them resembles the content of stereotypes of Asians and Jews in the United States. Some of the antisemitic tropes which have been cited by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in its studies of U.S. social trends include the claims that "Jews have too much power in the business world," "Jews are more willing to use shady practices to get what they want," and "Jews always like to be at the head of things." Another issue that garners attention is the assertion that Jews have an excessive amount of influence on American cinema and news media. Put together, these lines of thinking about Jews demonstrate a common trend in the history of both American and global antisemitismโ€”the inflation of stereotypes of Jews into a theory about how power (politics, economics, media, etc.) functions in society, an irrational theory that deflects responsibility for social ills away from actual authorities and leaders and onto minority Jewish communities. In contemporary alt-right and right-wing circles, these tropes of power-hungry Jews sometimes manifest through coded references to "globalists," accusations that liberal agendas are the sole product of prominent Jews, and conspiracy theories (such as QAnon) that can be linked to the medieval blood libel against Jews. Polls and studies point to a steady decrease in Antisemitic attitudes, beliefs, and manifestations among the American public. A 1992 survey by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) showed that about 20% of Americansโ€”between 30 and 40 million adultsโ€”held Antisemitic views, a considerable decline from the total of 29% found in 1964. However, another survey by the same organization concerning antisemitic incidents showed that the curve has risen without interruption since 1986. The number of Americans holding antisemitic views declined markedly six years later when another ADL study classified only 12 percent of the populationโ€”between 20 and 25 million adults, as "most antisemitic." Confirming the findings of previous surveys, both studies also found that African Americans were significantly more likely than whites to hold Antisemitic views, with 34 percent of blacks classified as "most Antisemitic," compared to 9 percent of whites in 1998. The 2005 Survey of American Attitudes Towards Jews in America, a national poll of 1,600 American adults conducted in March 2005, found that 14% of Americansโ€”or nearly 35 million adultsโ€”hold views about Jews that are "unquestionably Antisemitic," compared to 17% in 2002, In 1998, the number of Americans with hardcore Antisemitic beliefs had dropped to 12% from 20% in 1992. The 2005 survey found "35 percent of foreign-born Hispanics (down from 44% [in 2002])" and 36 percent of African-Americans hold strong Antisemitic beliefs, four times more than the 9 percent for whites." The 2005 Anti-Defamation League survey includes data on Hispanic attitudes, with 29% being most Antisemitic (as opposed as 9% for whites and 36% for blacks), being born in the United States lessened the prevalence of that attitude: 35% of foreign-born Hispanics and only 19% of those born in the US. The survey findings come at a time of increased Antisemitic activity in America. The 2004 ADL Audit of Antisemitic Incidents reported that Antisemitic incidents reached their highest level in nine years. A total of 1,821 Antisemitic incidents were reported in 2004, an increase of 17% over the 1,557 incidents reported during 2003. "What concerns us is that many of the gains we had seen in building a more tolerant and accepting America seem not to have taken hold as firmly as we had hoped," said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director. "While there are many factors at play, the findings suggest that Antisemitic beliefs endure and resonate with a substantial segment of the population, nearly 35 million people." In 2007 an ABC News report recounted that past ABC polls across several years have tended to find that about 6% of Americans self-report prejudice against Jews as compared to about 25% being against Arab Americans and about 10% against Hispanic Americans. The report also remarked that a full 34% of Americans reported having "some racist feelings" in general as a self-description. A 2009 study which was titled "Modern Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israeli Attitudes", published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 2009, tested a new theoretical model of antisemitism among Americans in the Greater New York area with three experiments. The research team's theoretical model proposed that mortality salience (reminding people that they will someday die) increases antisemitism and that antisemitism is often expressed as anti-Israel attitudes. The first experiment showed that mortality salience led to higher levels of antisemitism and lower levels of support for Israel. The study's methodology was designed to tease out antisemitic attitudes that are concealed by polite people. The second experiment showed that mortality salience caused people to perceive Israel as very important, but did not cause them to perceive any other country this way. The third experiment showed that mortality salience led to a desire to punish Israel for human rights violations but not to a desire to punish Russia or India for identical human rights violations. According to the researchers, their results "suggest that Jews constitute a unique cultural threat to many people's worldviews, that antisemitism causes hostility to Israel, and that hostility to Israel may feed back to increase antisemitism." Furthermore, "those claiming that there is no connection between antisemitism and hostility toward Israel are wrong." The 2011 Survey of American Attitudes Toward Jews in America released by the ADL found that the recent world economic recession increased some antisemitic viewpoints among Americans. Abraham H. Foxman, the organization's national director, argued, "It is disturbing that with all of the strides we have made in becoming a more tolerant society, antisemitic beliefs continue to hold a vice-grip on a small but not insubstantial segment of the American public." Specifically, the polling found that 19% of Americans answered "probably true" to the assertion that "Jews have too much control/influence on Wall Street" while 15% concurred with the related statement that Jews seem "more willing to use shady practices" in business. Nonetheless, the survey generally reported positive attitudes for most Americans, the majority of those who were surveyed expressed philo-Semitic sentiments such as 64% agreeing that Jews have contributed much to U.S. social culture. Surveys which were conducted by the ADL in 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013 all found that an overwhelming majority of African-Americans who were questioned rejected antisemitism and they generally expressed the same kinds of tolerant viewpoints as other Americans who were also surveyed. For example, the results of the ADL's 2009 study revealed that 28% of African-Americans who were surveyed expressed antisemitic views while a 72% majority did not. However, those three surveys all revealed that negative attitudes towards Jews were stronger among African-Americans than they were among the general population at large. According to earlier ADL research, dating back to 1964, the trend that African-Americans are significantly more likely to hold antisemitic beliefs across all education levels than white Americans has remained unchanged over the years. Nonetheless, the percentage of the population which holds a negative opinion of Jews has also waned considerably in the black community during this period. In 1967, the New York Times Magazine published the article "Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White" in which the African-American author James Baldwin sought to explain the prevalence of black antisemitism. An ADL poll from 1992 stated that 37% of African-Americans surveyed displayed antisemitism; in contrast, a poll from 2011 found that only 29% did so. The more education people have the less antisemitic they are. In 1998 among blacks with no college education, 43% fell into the most antisemitic group (versus 18% of the general population) compared to only 27% among blacks with some college education and just 18% among blacks with a four-year college degree (versus 5% of people in the general population with a four-year college degree). At all educational levels, Blacks were more likely than whites to accept anti-Jewish stereotypes.[better source needed] Brookings Institution fellow Jamie Kirchick said in 2018 that antisemitism has been a particular problem in parts of America's black community since the split between the mainstream Civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. and the more radical Black Power movement of the late 1960s.[undue weight? โ€“ discuss] A 2019 study found that 28% of African Americans believed that they were seeing more Black people that they personally knew express antisemitism than in the past. In the same study, 19% of African Americans believed that Jewish people were impeding Black progress in America. Four percent (4%) of African Americans self-identified as being Black Hebrew Israelites in 2019. Prominent African-American figures Louis Farrakhan and Kanye West have received widespread condemnation for propagating antisemitism. Austin App (1902โ€“1984), a German-American La Salle University professor of medieval English literature, is considered the first major American Holocaust denier. App wrote extensively in newspapers and periodicals, and he also wrote a couple of books which detailed his defense of Nazi Germany and Holocaust denial. App's work inspired the Institute for Historical Review, a California center which was founded in 1978 with the sole purpose of denying the Holocaust. One of the newer forms of antisemitism is the denial of the Holocaust by negationist historians and neo-Nazis. The results of a survey which was conducted in 2020 revealed that close to two-thirds of Millennials and Gen Z adults were not aware that 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. 24% of them believed that the Holocaust might be a myth or that accounts of it are exaggerated. Antisemitic organizations There are a number of antisemitic organizations in the United States, some of them violent, which espouse religious antisemitism, racial antisemitism, white nationalism and white supremacy. They include Christian Identity Churches, White Aryan Resistance, the Ku Klux Klan, the American Nazi Party, and many other organizations. Several fundamentalist churches, such as the Westboro Baptist Church and the Faithful Word Baptist Church, also preach antisemitic messages. The largest neo-Nazi organizations in the United States are the National Nazi Party and the National Socialist Movement. Adopting the look and emblems of white power skinheads, many members of these antisemitic groups shave their heads and tattoo themselves with Nazi symbols such as swastikas, SS insignias, and "Heil Hitler". Additionally, antisemitic groups march and preach antisemitic messages throughout America. Although most American Jews are of European descent and 80% to 90% of them identify as white (as noted by Ilana Kaufman of the Jewish Community Relations Council), white nationalists hate the religious and ethnic diversity that Jews represent. A number of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim organizations, and academics consider the Nation of Islam to be antisemitic. Specifically, they claim that the Nation of Islam has engaged in revisionist and antisemitic interpretations of the Holocaust and exaggerates the role of Jews in the Atlantic slave trade.[failed verification] In December 2012, the Simon Wiesenthal Center put the NOI's leader Louis Farrakhan on its list of the ten most prominent antisemites in the world. He was the only American to make it onto the list. The organization cited statements that he had made in October of that year in which he claimed that "Jews control the media" and "Jews are the most violent of people." Farrakhan has denied charges of antisemitism, but in his denial, he included a reference to "Satanic Jews" and in another speech referred to Jews as termites. After he was banned from Facebook, he denied being a "hater" but admitted that Facebook's designation of him as a "dangerous individual" was correct. Antisemitic incidents A 2004 poll conducted by Gallup concluded that Americans are much more concerned today about antisemitism than they were twenty years ago, and that American Jews are much more likely to have experienced and report mistreatment as a result of being Jewish than other groups. However, in 2013 the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) reported a multi-year slide in antisemitism, including a 19% decline in 2013. During the 2013 knockout game spate of violent assaults, all reported "knockout" assaults in New York City targeted Jews. ABC Nightline reported that New York City police believed that antisemitism was likely to be a motive in the attacks, as all eight victims were identified as Jewish. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) organizes Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) which are designed to collect and evaluate statistics of offenses which are committed in the U.S. In 2014, 1,140 victims of anti-religious hate crimes were listed, of which 56.8% were motivated by offenders' anti-Jewish biases. 15,494 law enforcement agencies contributed to the UCR analysis. The New York Times reported that Jews were the most targeted in proportion to their population size in 2005, and they were the second-most targeted individuals after LGBT individuals in 2014. According to the American Enterprise Institute, Jews were the most likely of any group, religious or otherwise, to be targeted for hate crimes in the U.S. in 2015, 2016, and 2018. The NYPD reported a 75% increase in the amount of swastika graffiti between 2016 and 2018, with an uptick observed after the Pittsburgh shooting. Out of 189 hate crimes in New York City in 2018, 150 featured swastikas. In 2018 and 2019, FBI and ADL statistics recorded further increases in violent antisemitic attacks and cases of harassment. The ADL reported that antisemitism in the U.S. had reached "nearโ€‘historic levels," with 1,879 attacks recorded against individuals and institutions during 2018, "the thirdโ€‘highest year on record since the ADL started tracking such data in the 1970s." On February 1, 2019, graffiti which read "fucking Jews" was found on the wall of a synagogue in LA. During Hanukkah festivities in December 2019, a number of attacks committed in New York were possibly motivated by antisemitism, including a mass stabbing in Monsey. White supremacist GypsyCrusader became famous for making anti-Semitic remarks online. The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting was a terrorist attack in the form of a mass shooting, which took place at the Tree of Life โ€“ Or L'Simcha Congregation synagogue in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The congregation, along with New Light Congregation and Congregation Dor Hadash, which also worshipped in the building, was attacked during Shabbat morning services on October 27, 2018. The perpetrator killed eleven people and wounded six. It was the deadliest attack ever on the Jewish community in the United States. A lone suspect, identified as 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers, was arrested at the scene. In 2023, he was tried in federal court and sentenced to death. The Poway synagogue shooting occurred on April 27, 2019, at Chabad of Poway synagogue in Poway, California. It came on the last day of the Jewish Passover holiday, which fell on a Shabbat. Armed with an AR-15โ€“style rifle, the gunman, John Earnest, a White supremacist and Christian traditionalist, fatally shot one woman and injured three other persons, including the synagogue's rabbi. A month before the shooting, Earnest had attempted to burn down a mosque in Escondido. In September 2021, Earnest was sentenced by a state court to life in prison without the possibility of parole. On December 10, 2019, a shooting took place at a kosher grocery store in the Greenville section of Jersey City, New Jersey. Three people were killed at the store by two perpetrators, David N. Anderson and Francine Graham. The assailants also wounded one customer and two police officers before being killed by police during an ensuing shootout. A Jersey City Police Department detective had also been shot and killed by the assailants at a nearby cemetery just before the grocery store attack. Anderson, who identified as a Black Hebrew Israelite, had a history of posting antisemitic and anti-law enforcement messages on social media; Attorney General of New Jersey Gurbir Grewal stated that evidence indicated that the attacks were acts of hate and domestic terrorism which were fueled by antisemitism and anti-police sentiment. Authorities believe that a much larger attack had been planned, but it was thwarted by the police detective's intervention at the cemetery. The shooting was part of a wave of violent attacks against Jews in the United States. 2019 saw a spate of attacks in which pedestrians wearing identifiably Jewish clothing were assaulted, beaten and often knocked to the ground by an assailant or group of assailants, many of whom shouted antisemitic slurs. The assailants were black and Hispanic. One assailant, Tiffany Harris, who was released without bail after attacking a Jewish woman, attacked three other Jewish women the very next day; all of the victims were dressed in distinctively Jewish clothing. Although the Williamsburg and Crown Heights neighborhoods of Brooklyn where most of the assaults have taken place are experiencing gentrification, no similar assaults have been reported on the gentrifiers, although their clothing makes them easy to identify. In May 2021, there was an upsurge of violent assaults on Jews in the United States at the same time as the Gaza conflict, according to the Secure Community Network and Network Contagion Research Institute. In early April 2021, a fifth-grade teacher at Maugham Elementary School, a public grammar school in Tenafly, New Jersey, instructed a 5th grade student to dress up as Adolf Hitler and write a first-person essay from the perspective of the Nazi leader touting his "accomplishments" as a part of a class assignment. The student wrote a biography of Hitler that glorified the Nazi leader, stated that Hitler's "greatest accomplishment was uniting a great mass of German and Austrian people" in his support, framed the Holocaust in a positive light, and added that Hitler was "pretty great". The student's essay was displayed publicly within the school's hallway during the month of April. In May 2021, the details of the school assignment became known to the public, leading to outrage in the community, which has a substantial Jewish population. After initially defending the teacher and the school's actions and asserting that "it is unfair to judge any student or teacher in this matter", the board of Tenafly Public Schools suspended the teacher and the principal of the school with pay in June 2021 and opened an investigation into the incident. Following the investigation, the teacher resigned and the principal was reinstated. In February 2023, 28-year-old Jaime Tran shot two Jewish men when they were leaving religious services at two separate synagogues in the same predominantly Jewish neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. According to the police, the victims were carried to a hospital in stable condition. Tran was arrested by police and admitted he shot the men for being Jewish. Tran, who often posted far-right antisemitic content online, may be sentenced to life in prison. In June 2023, four Jewish homes were set on fire, one of which was destroyed completely, and fourteen others were sprayed with antisemitic graffiti including swastikas and other Neoโ€‘Nazi and white supremacist symbols in Toms River, New Jersey. A Hispanic family was targeted too. The perpetrator of these attacks, Ronald "Ron" Carr, 35, from nearby Manchester, told the police that he acted to "save the neighborhood" from Jews, who "are ruining the world" and "should be a dying breed". He was sentenced to seven years in prison. In January 2024, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) published a press release citing over 3,000 antisemitic incidents in the US and claiming a 360% increase in antisemitic incidents in the US in the period after the October 7 attacks. The ADL's CEO, Jonathan Greenblatt, who has stated that anti-Zionism is antisemitism, claimed that "the American Jewish community is facing a threat level thatโ€™s now unprecedented in modern history." The ADL's assessment of the increase in antisemitic incidents has been criticized for conflating criticism of Israel with antisemitism. The Nation reported that "many of the cited 'incidents' were actions directed against Israel to protest the conduct of its war in Gazaโ€”incidents the ADL would later admit made up nearly half of the total." These incidents included protests by groups such as Students for Justice in Palestine. According to The Forward, two out of three of the incidents cited by the ADL were tied to Israel, and that "overall, a large share of the incidents appear to be expressions of hostility toward Israel, rather than the traditional forms of antisemitism that the organization [ADL] had focused on in previous years." Supporters of Israel have criticized statements about Israel's genocide of the Palestinians in Gaza and described them as a kind of "blood libel". The distinction between antisemitismโ€”hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jewsโ€”and anti-Zionismโ€”opposition to Zionismโ€”has been a matter of debate in the US. Pro-Israel organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League, Canary Mission, and Betar have blurred the distinction and have characterized protests against the war and genocide as antisemitic. Critics of these characterizationsโ€”including scholars, journalists, and activistsโ€”have described them as exploiting the accusation of antisemitism to silence criticism of Israel. During the Gaza war, various institutions have adopted definitions of antisemitism, such as the IHRA definition, that critics say conflate anti-Zionism or criticism of Israel with antisemitism. According to The Jerusalem Post, antisemitic hate crimes accounted for almost half of the total hate crimes committed in New York State in 2023. According to a report published by Florida Attorney-General Ashley Moody, the number of antisemitic crimes in Florida increased by 94% in 2023 compared to 2022. These crimes occurred on campuses, in places of worship, and in other areas. Moody also called to action: "To protect Jewish Americans, we took actionโ€”calling for a zero-tolerance policy for hate crimes and urging Florida college and university police chiefs to protect Jewish students and other religious groups." According to the Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security's Hate Crimes in Massachusetts 2023 report, the number of antisemitic crimes in Florida increased by 70% in 2023 compared to 2022. A September 2024 survey showed that 3.5 million adult American Jewsโ€”about one third of American Jewsโ€”experienced some form of antisemitism in the year following the October 7 attacks. According to a 2025 report by Tel Aviv University, several major U.S. cities recorded an increase in antisemitic hate crimes in 2024 compared to previous years. New York City, home to the largest Jewish population in the country, reported 344 incidents, up from 325 in 2023 and 264 in 2022. Similarly, Chicago saw an increase to 79 incidents in 2024, compared to 50 in 2023 and 39 in 2022. Austin reported a rise to 15 cases in 2024, from six in 2023 and four in 2022, while Denver experienced a sharp increase to 31 cases in 2024 from nine the previous year. In July 2024, a New York City Jew wrote about feeling threatened in New York City after being assaulted in Central Park. In August 2024, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security announced that it had allocated $454.5 million for the 2024 fiscal year to securing Jewish religious institutions in light of rising antisemitism. This is a $150 million increase from the 2023 budget. Also in August 2024, AIPAC's headquarters in Washington, D.C. were vandalized by antiโ€‘Israel activists. This happened around the same time as swastikas were graffitied throughout a NYC neighborhood, and four Maryland schools were vandalized with antiโ€‘Israel and antisemitic graffiti. New York Police Department reported 19 antisemitic incidents in New York City in August 2024 alone, with a total of 117 incidents between January and the end of September 2024, a 74% increase from the same period the previous year. In September 2024, the FBI reported that there was a 63% increase in antisemitic incidents in the U.S. in 2023 from the previous year, for a total of an all-time high of 1,832 recorded incidents. Antisemitism has also been reported during the 2024 and 2025 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses, as well as complaints about antisemitism in various public school districts. In October 2024, in the aftermath of Hurricane Helene, complaints which contained antisemitic rhetoric were posted online and FEMA officials were threatened with violence. Many were disturbed at the speed at which these false claims were spread. According to the FBIโ€™s annual Hate Crime Report, published in August 2025, the year 2024 recorded a new high in antisemitic incidents in the United States, with a total of 1,938 antisemitic hate crimes. The report further noted that, although Jews constitute only 2% of the U.S. population, they were the target of 69% of all religion-based hate crimes. In June, the Justice Department announced that it filed a lawsuit against the owners of the Jerusalem Coffee House in Oakland, California. The lawsuit alleges that the defendants discriminated against Jewish customers, in violation of Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in places of public accommodation. Also in June, U.S. Democratic Representative Mark Pocan incited controversy with a tweet directed at white house deputy chief of staff Stephen Miller, who is Jewish, telling him to "go back to 1930's Germany." The White House demanded an apology, which Pocan refused. Also in July, parents of three students at the Nysmith school in Herndon, Virginia filed a civil rights complaint against the school, alleging widespread and persistent antisemitic bullying of the pupils at the school. The complaint alleges that students drew a large image of Adolf Hitler during an assignment to draw a "great historical leader," and telling the three Jewish students that Jews are "baby killers" who deserved to die. The three Jewish students were expelled in the aftermath of the complaint. American rapper Kanye West released an antisemitic song called "Heil Hitler." It was banned from streaming platforms. In October, 2025, the Heritage Foundation publicly supported Tucker Carlson after Carlson invited the neo-Nazi and Holocaust denier Nick Fuentes onto his podcast. The Heritage Foundation's defense of Carlson ignited a debate about antisemitism among conservatives. Republicans including Ted Cruz and Mitch McConnell condemned the Heritage Foundation's defense of Tucker Carlson. In December, on the first night of Hanukkah, a Jewish familyโ€™s California home, decorated for the holiday, was attacked when a gunman in a passing vehicle fired several shots from an airsoft gun at the residence while shouting antisemitic slurs, an incident captured on security footage. According to police, the family was targeted because of the Hanukkah decorations and the attack is being investigated as a potential hate crime. The incident occurred amid a broader rise in antisemitic threats and violence in the United States and internationally during the Hanukkah period. Amid the mass deportation campaign in the second Trump administration and in the aftermath of the killing of Alex Pretti by US Border Patrol agents in Operation Metro Surge in January, Border Patrol field leader Gregory Bovino is said to have mocked United States Attorney in Minnesota Daniel N. Rosen, an Orthodox Jew, for being Jewish. Antisemitism on college campuses Many Jewish intellectuals who fled from Nazi Germany after Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s immigrated to the United States. There, they hoped to continue their academic careers, but barring a scant few, they found little acceptance in elite institutions in Depression-era America with its undercurrent of antisemitism. Instead, they found work in historically black colleges and universities in the American South. On April 3, 2006, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights announced its finding that incidents of antisemitism are a "serious problem" on college campuses throughout the United States. The Commission recommended for the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights to protect college students from antisemitism by vigorous enforcement of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It further recommended for the U.S. Congress to clarify that Title VI applies to discrimination against Jewish students. In February 2015, the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law and Trinity College presented the results of a national survey of American Jewish college students. The survey had a 10โ€“12% response rate and did not claim to be representative. The report showed that 54% of the 1,157 self-identified Jewish students at 55 campuses nationwide who took part in the online survey reported having experienced or witnessed antisemitism on their campuses during the Spring semester of the last academic year. A 2017 report by Brandeis University's Steinhardt Social Research Institute indicated that most Jewish students never experience anti-Jewish remarks or physical attacks. The study, "Limits to Hostility," notes that even though it is often reported in the news, actual antisemitic hostility remains rare on most campuses and is seldom encountered by Jewish students. The study attempted to document the student experience at the campus level, adding detail to previous national-level surveys.: 5 The report summary highlights the finding that antisemitism exists on campus, but "Jewish students do not think their campus is hostile to Jews." The National Demographic Survey of American Jewish College Students provided a snapshot of the type, context, and location of antisemitism as it was experienced by a large national sample of Jewish students on university and four-year college campuses. Inside Higher Ed focused on the more surprising findings of the report, like the fact that high rates of antisemitism were also reported at institutions regardless of their location or type, and the data collected after the survey suggests that discrimination occurs during low-level, everyday interpersonal activities, and Jewish students feel that their reports of antisemitism are largely ignored by the administration. However, not all of the reception was positive, and The Forward argued that the study documented only a snapshot in time, rather than a trend; it did not survey a representative sample of Jewish college students; and it was flawed by allowing students to define antisemitism and thus the term open to interpretation. In September 2021, in collaboration with the Cohen Group, the Brandeis Center conducted a poll of American Jewish fraternity and sorority members. The survey found that more than 65% of the respondents had experienced or were familiar with an antisemitic attack in the previous 120 days. Nearly half of the respondents felt the need to hide their Jewish identity out of fear. The October 7, 2023 Israelโ€“Hamas conflict has significantly impacted the prevalence of antisemitism on college campuses across the United States. Many Jewish students and organizations have reported an increase in harassment, discrimination, and intimidation during and after protests linked to the conflict. Examples include instances of swastika graffiti on campus property, the assault of students for expressing pro-Israel views, and overall increases in antisemitic acts, especially on college campuses. These incidents have intensified debates over free speech and the responsibilities of universities to address hate speech. Reports from the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) highlight a marked increase in antisemitic incidents following October 7, 2023. The ADL documented 5,204 antisemitic incidents in the months following the conflict, a sum greater than the total amount of incidents from all of 2022. On college campuses, incidents spiked by 321%, totaling 922 reported cases. Fifty-two percent of post-October 7 incidents referenced Israel, Zionism, or Palestine. Despite the focus on these geopolitical issues, antisemitic incidents unrelated to Israel also increased by 65% year-over-year, underscoring the widespread nature of the problem. In January 2025, Harvard University settled two civil rights lawsuits alleging inadequate protection of Jewish students from antisemitism on campus. As part of the settlement, Harvard adopted the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) definition of antisemitism in its nondiscrimination policies. The agreement also included commitments to provide expert training on antisemitism for staff and students, clarify that targeting Zionists constitutes harassment, and an undisclosed monetary payment. While Harvard denied any wrongdoing, this settlement highlights increasing attention to antisemitism within U.S. higher education. The adoption of the IHRA definition remains controversial, with supporters advocating for its comprehensive approach to combating antisemitism and critics warning against potential restrictions on free speech. Efforts to combat antisemitism President Donald Trump stated that he was a supporter of Israel and American Jews. Trump signed the Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism. However, a 2019 survey by the Jewish Electorate Institute found that 73% of American Jews feel less secure since the election of Donald Trump to the presidency. Since 2016, antisemitic attacks against synagogues have contributed to this fear. The 2019 survey found that combatting antisemitism is a priority issue in domestic politics among American Jews, including millennials. On May 27, 2021, The American Lawyer published a public statement, signed by 17 global law firms, in which it denounced the increasing number of anti-Semitic attacks in the U.S. Prominent members of the African-American community have also spoken out against antisemitism, including Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Zach Banner. In December 2022, taking a joint stand against the increasing number of instances of racism and antisemitism in the United States, African-American leaders, New York City Mayor Eric Adams, Reverends Al Sharpton and Conrad Tillard, and Vista Equity Partners CEO and Carnegie Hall Chairman Robert F. Smith, joined Jewish leaders, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and Elisha Wiesel, and jointly hosted 15 Days of Light, celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa in a unifying holiday ceremony at Carnegie Hall. Sharpton said: "There is never a time more needed than now for Blacks and Jews to remember the struggle that we've gone through. You can't fight for anybody if you don't fight for everybody. I cannot fight for Black rights if I don't fight for Jewish rights ... because then it becomes a matter of self-aggrandizement rather than fighting for humanity. It's easy for Blacks to stand up for racism. It's easy for Jews to stand up to antisemitism. But if you want to really be a leader, you got to speak as a Black against antisemitism and antisemites, and you got to speak as a Jew against racism." Smith said: "When we unify the souls of our two communities, we can usher in light to banish the darkness of racism, bigotry, and antisemitism." In 2023, the Biden administration launched the U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism, and in 2024, the US State Department (together with 35 other countries) released non-binding global guidelines for countering antisemitism. In August 2024, the US Department of Homeland Security announced that it had allocated $454.5 million for the 2024 fiscal year to securing Jewish religious institutions in light of rising antisemitism. This is a $150 million increase from the 2023 budget. In February 2025, Leo Terrell, the chair of the Department of Justice's Task Force to Combat Antisemitism, announced that he would investigate Columbia University, Harvard University, George Washington University, Johns Hopkins University, New York University, Northwestern University, Berkeley University, the University of California, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Southern California as part of the Department of Justice's broader investigation into antisemitism on college campuses. See also References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States] | [TOKENS: 3145]
Contents Discrimination in the United States Discrimination comprises "base or the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit, especially to show prejudice on the basis of ethnicity, gender, or a similar social factor". This term is used to highlight the difference in treatment between members of different groups when one group is intentionally singled out and treated worse, or not given the same opportunities. Attitudes toward minorities have been marked by discrimination in the history of the United States. Many forms of discrimination have come to be recognized in American society, particularly on the basis of national origin, race and ethnicity, non-English languages, religion, gender, and sexual orientation. History Colorism is a form of racially-based discrimination where people are treated unequally due to skin color. It initially came about in the United States during slavery. Lighter skinned slaves tended to work indoors, while dark skinned worked outdoors. In 1865, during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed and it abolished slavery. This was soon followed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution that granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States", and the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution that protected the rights to vote for everyone. These Amendments passed during the Reconstruction period extended protection to the newly emancipated slaves. However, in the 1870s Jim Crow laws were introduced in the Southeastern United States. These laws promoted the idea of "Separate but equal" which was first brought about from the Plessy v. Ferguson decision in 1896, meaning that all races were equal, but they had to have separate public facilities. The mixing of races was illegal in most places such as public schools, public transportation and restaurants. These laws increased discrimination and segregation in the United States. Oftentimes, the products and sections designated for the "Colored" were inferior and not as nice for the "White Only" in fact Jim Crow represented the legitimization of anti-black racism. Water fountains, bathrooms, and park benches were just a few of the areas segregated by Caucasians due to Jim Crow laws. Furthermore, the Jim Crow laws systematically made life harder for African-Americans and people of color. It made voting harder to accomplish, due to the fact that African-Americans had to do literacy tests and go through other obstacles before getting the chance to vote. In the modern United States, Racial injustice and discrimination is not only present, but pressing. gay black men are extremely likely to experience intersectional discrimination. In the United States, the children of gay African-American men have a poverty rate of 52 percent, the highest in the country. Gay African-American men in partnerships are also six times more likely to live in poverty than gay white male couples. Some have made the controversial claim that the racist treatment of African-Americans amounts to genocide, elaborated on in Black genocide with foci on slavery, Jim Crow, and other racist institutions in the U.S. In August 2020, the U.S. Justice Department argued that Yale University discriminated against Asian candidates on the basis of their race, a charge the university denied. Major figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Rosa Parks were involved in the fight against the race-based discrimination of the Civil Rights Movement. Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her bus seat in 1955 sparked the Montgomery bus boycottโ€”a large movement in Montgomery, Alabama, that was an integral period at the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. The Bus Boycott lasted a total of 381 days before the Supreme Court of the United States deemed that segregated seating is unconstitutional. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a peaceful activist and pastor, led many such protests, advocating for the improvement of African-Americans in American's society. His role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott helped to launch his role in the Civil Rights Movement. King organized many protests attended not only by African-American, but also Caucasians. While King organized peaceful protests, Malcolm X went a different route. His main supporters, The Nation of Islam, and he stressed the idea of black power, and black pride. Although Malcolm X's actions were radical, especially when they contradicted that of Dr. King, but he is still considered one of the pioneers in fighting back against racial discrimination in daily life and not just from a political standpoint. His ideas of black nationalism and the use of violence to fight back helped to spark the political group in the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, which later became known as the Black Panther Party. Formed by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton, the organization was created in October 1966, in Oakland, California. Usually seen in all black and armed, as a group, the Black Panthers first started off patrolling Oakland Police Department activity, but soon grew to widespread support in cities like Los Angeles, and Chicago. Although they were seen as a violent gang and a danger to society, the Black Panthers brought numerous social programs such as free breakfast for school children and free clinics across numerous cities. What the Black Panthers were fighting for was outlined in their Ten-Point Program. They were ultimately taken down by the FBI, led by J. Edgar Hoover, in the early 1970s. Other factors such as internal tensions, and financial struggles also played into the demise of the Black Panther Party and by 1982 they were completely gone. In the education system, the Civil Rights Movement further became huge after the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. Oliver Brown challenged the Board of Education of Topeka, Kanas, when his daughter was not allowed to enroll in any of the all white schools claiming that "separate but equal" violates the protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Ruby Bridges, along with the Little Rock Nine, dealt with discrimination from Caucasian peers, their parents, and the community in general during the desegregation of schools. The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African-American students who volunteered to attend school at the Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. They continuously had problems with the public and faced harsh treatment from other students, parents, and even the Little Rock National Guard. However, a change occurred when President Dwight D. Eisenhower intervened by sending federal troops to escort the students. For Ruby Bridges, she joined the Civil Rights Movement in the November 14, 1960, when she became enrolled in William Frantz Elementary School. Due to many parents not allowing their children in her class, Bridges was in class by herself, which was taught by Barbara Henry, and oftentimes ate alone and had recess alone. Ruby, along with her family, did face a lot of backlash throughout Louisiana from the desegregation; however, they did receive support from numerous people in the North and Bridges was able to finish the year. Society Gender discrimination is another form of discrimination. Women are often seen as an expense to their employers because they take days off for children, need time off for maternity leave and may be stereotyped as "more emotional". It is known as the glass escalator or the glass ceiling, which holds that while women are being held down in male-dominated professions, men often rise quickly to positions of authority in certain fields. Men are being pushed forward into management, even surpassing women who have been at the job longer and have more experience in the field in some cases. Discrimination against men has been described in the areas of family law, such as divorce and child custody, labor such as paternity leave, paternity fraud, health, education, conscription, and other areas of the law such as domestic violence, genital integrity, and allegations of rape. And if you don't stop people that you've never seen before, that you have nothing in common with, your country is going to fail. ... This double-tailed monster [of green energy and immigration] destroys everything in its wake, and they cannot let that happen any longer. You're doing it because you want to be nice, you want to be politically correct, and you're destroying your heritage. Immigrants to the United States are affected by a totally separate type of discrimination. Some people feel as though the large numbers of people being allowed into the country are cause for alarm, therefore discriminate against them. Arizona passed a law that forces people to carry documents with them at all times to prove their citizenship. Some people claim that immigrants are taking up "Americans" jobs. Immigration restrictions are among the biggest government interventions in the economy. They prevent millions of immigrants from taking jobs, renting homes, and pursuing a wide range of opportunities that they could otherwise have. Violent hate crimes have increased drastically. Recent social psychological research suggests that this form of prejudice against migrants may be partly explained by some fairly basic cognitive processes. According to Soylu, some argue that immigrants constantly face being discriminated against because of the color of their skin, the sound of their voice, the way they look and their beliefs. Many immigrants are well educated, some argue that they are often blamed and persecuted for the ills in society such as overcrowding of schools, disease and unwanted changes in the host country's culture due to the beliefs of this "unwelcomed" group of people. According to Soylu, there was an open immigration policy up until 1924 in America until the National Origins Act came into effect. According to the Immigration Act of 1924 which is a United States federal law, it limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890 It superseded the 1921 Emergency Quota Act. The law was primarily aimed at further restricting immigration of Southern Europeans and Eastern Europeans. According to Buchanan, later in the 1930s with the advent of opinion polling, immigration policy analysis was carried out by collecting public thoughts and opinions on the issue. These factors encouraged a heated debate on immigration policy. These debates continued even into the 2000s, and were intensified by George W. Bush's immigration proposal. Some argue that the 9/11 terrorist attacks left the country in a state of paranoia and fear that strengthened the views in favor of having closed borders. Immigration to the United States can be difficult due to immigrants' lack of access to legal documents and the expensive nature of immigration. The United States has historically been a major target destination for people seeking work and continues to be so today.. As Graciela, a 47-year-old married woman who had lived in the U.S. for 4 years, stated, โ€œMy husband,... he lost his job. Things were beginning to get tough... We came with the need to find work and better life possibilities.โ€ Worldwide, the workforce has become increasingly pluralistic and ethnically diverse as more and more people migrate across nations. Although race- or ethnicity-based discriminatory employment practices are prohibited in most developed countries, according to feminist scholar Mary Harcourt, actual discrimination is still widespread. Sahagian Jacqueline, an author, argues that one example of this act of discrimination occurred at Macy's a department store. According to the U.S. Justice Department, Macy's used unfair documentation practices against legal immigrant employees who had proper work authorizations. During an eligibility re-verification process, Macy's broke immigration law that prohibits employers from discriminating against immigrant employees during re-verification by asking for more or different documents than other employees are required to submit based on a worker's immigration status or national origin. Some of the affected employees lost seniority, were suspended, or even let go due to the illegal re-verification. While their opinions are controversial, researchers Moran, Tyler and Daranee argue that with immigrants' growing numbers and their expanding economic role in U.S. society, addressing challenges and creating opportunities for immigrants to succeed in the labor force are critical prerequisites to improve the economic security for all low-wage working families and ensure the future vitality of our economy. Another type of discrimination is that against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals. For personal reasons such as religious beliefs, employers sometimes choose to not hire LGBTQ+ people. Late in 1979, a new religious revival among conservative Evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics ushered in the Republican coalition politically aligned with the Christian right that would reign in the United States between the years 1970s and 1980s, becoming another obstacle for the progress of the LGBTQ+ rights movement. During the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, LGBTQ+ communities were further stigmatized as they became the focus of mass hysteria, suffered isolation and marginalization, and were targeted with extreme acts of violence. LGBTQ+ people and their rights have been discriminated against for various reasons; for example, one topic of controversy related to LGBTQ+ people is same-sex marriage, which was legalized in all the fifty states in June 2015 following the Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges. On 15 June 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in Bostock v. Clayton County and two other cases, that workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity is covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Revocation of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Initiatives: In January 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order canceling DEI programs within the federal government. This decision includes eliminating DEI-related positions in federal agencies within 60 days. Ban on Racial Quotas in University Admissions: In June 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that considering race as a factor in university admissions is unconstitutional. This decision could lead to the end of affirmative action policies that had been in place at many American universities for 50 years. Increasing Concerns About Racial Discrimination in the U.S.: A study by the Pew Research Center found that an average of 89% of individuals across 16 non-U.S. countries described racial and ethnic discrimination in the United States as a "somewhat" or "very serious" problem. Between November 2024โ€“March 2025, the United States Congress held four separate televised investigative hearings on the federal government's response to, overall recovery efforts from, and criminal events following Hurricane Helene and Hurricane Milton during the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season. These hearings heavily focused on actions done by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), including failures in FEMA's response as well as political discrimination and criminal actions by FEMA employees. FEMA came under criticism in early November, when a whistleblower's report revealed that FEMA supervisor Marn'i Washington instructed team members that it was "best practice" to skip Trump-supporting homes as they canvassed Florida neighborhoods, determining who needed assistance following the hurricane. FEMA workers skipped at least 20 homes in Lake Placid with Trump signs or flags. FEMA responded by stating it was "deeply disturbed by this employee's actions" and claimed that the agency works to "help all survivors regardless of their political preference or affiliation." Washington was fired for her actions. Following a state investigation of the matter, Florida Attorney General Ashley Moody filed a discrimination lawsuit on November 14 against FEMA for conspiring to violate the civil rights of Florida residents in the response to Hurricanes Helene and Milton. See also References
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงืจื™ื™ืช_ืืจื‘ืข] | [TOKENS: 3678]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืขื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›-1,008 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื. ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืžืจื›ื– ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื” ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช. ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช: โ€ื•ึทืชึธึผืžึธืช ืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ื”ึดื•ื ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ...โ€ (ื›"ื’, ื‘') ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ืงืจืืช ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืขื ืง ืืจื‘ืข: โ€ื•ึฐืฉึตืื ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืคึธื ึดื™ื ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข, ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึธึผืขึฒื ึธืงึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื.โ€ (ื™"ื“, ื˜"ื•) ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืขืจื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข. ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืขืจื™ื ื•ื’ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื"ื™" ืžื•ืกืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช (ื“' ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื) ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ: ืขื ืจ, ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื•ืžืžืจื. ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช - โ€ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™, ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ--ืงึนืจึทื— ื•ึฐืชึทืคึปึผื—ึท, ื•ึฐืจึถืงึถื ื•ึธืฉึธืืžึทืขโ€ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื',ื‘', ืžื’') ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื•ืกืจ ืงืืกื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืื ืฆ' ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช - ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื. ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ: "ืฉื“ืจื• ื‘ื” ื“' ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืขื ืจ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืžืžืจื ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืœื• ื‘ื” ื“' ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื ืจ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื•ืžืžืจื". ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉื›"ื— (ื‘-11 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1968) ืฉื›ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืœื•ืŸ "ืคืืจืง" ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”"ืกื“ืจ". ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—. ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1970 ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืœื•, ืข. ื”ืœืœ, ืจื‘ืงื” ืžืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืื”ืจื•ื ื™, ืžื ื—ื ืืœื•ืŸ, ืžืจืกืœ ืืœื™ืงื™ื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืื‘ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ืจื’, ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื ื ื™, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื-ืฉืžืข, ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ืจืืœ-ืคื™ืฉ, ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1971 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ (ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”-15) ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืกืกื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื”. ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืงื“ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจื”. ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื‘-1971 ื ืื‘ืงื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงืžืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื. ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืžื ื”ืœืช ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข" ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘-1974 ื‘ืฆื• ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืžื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื. ื‘-1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1981 ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืขืฆื”. ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช: ืจืืฉื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช: ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื— ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืข"ื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืค"ื’ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” (ื”ืœืž"ืก) ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 (ืื•ืžื“ืŸ), ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข 7,832 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 7,668 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžืงื•ื 209 ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” โ€Ž+2.4% ื‘ืฉื ื”โ€. ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื‘ (2021-โ€2022) ื”ื™ื” 67.0%. ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืช 2021 ื”ื™ื” 7,497 ืฉ"ื— (ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืจืฆื™: 11,330 ืฉ"ื—). ืœื”ืœืŸ ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘: ื›-11% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื ืžืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžื ืฉื” ืฉื ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90. ืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื—ืจื“ื™ื, ื•ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœ-2017, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“. ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื›-200 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื ืคื” ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืืชืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืืช ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื’ื“ ืขื“ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื’ื“ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”. ื‘ืงืจื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ "ืื’ื“ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”". ืžืกื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืชื—ื ืช ืžื•ืฆื (ืงื•ื•ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช, ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“) ืืš ื’ื ื›ืชื—ื ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื (ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ). ืกืžืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืกืžืœ ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•. ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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