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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื’ื‘ื™ืข_ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ื•_2019/2020] | [TOKENS: 884]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ื• 2019/2020 ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ื• 2019/2020 ืœืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”-35 ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื 10 ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืชืขืคื™ืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ ื’ืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ื•. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืคื™ืœื•ืช (ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืขืจื™ื) ืชื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืชืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื•ืคื™ื. ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžืขื ืงื™ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื. ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืค"ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื ืคืจื“ ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืœื•ืคืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ (ืžืฉื—ืง ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื•ืคื™ื) ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”. ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ ื’ืžืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืกื•ืคื™ ืจืื• ื’ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื“ื#cite_ref-16] | [TOKENS: 74883]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื“ื ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืกืคื™ืื ืก ืื™ื“ืœื˜ื• ืื“ื ืื• ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Homo sapiens, ื‘ืชืขืชื™ืง: ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก, ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: "ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน" โ€“ ืื“ื, "ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก" โ€“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื• ืชื‘ื•ื ื™) ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืคื•) ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”. ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ื”ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื’ืคื™ื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœืก ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ืื“ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืฉืืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืกื™ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื›ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื›-8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ (Homo sapiens sapiens). ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™, ืฉืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืŸ "ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ" ืื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื“ื (Homo). ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฉืจื“ ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื•ืžื• ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืช-ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื. ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื. ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื‘, ื“ ื•ืื™ืœืš), ื”ืฉื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ "ืื“ืžื”", ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžโ€ืขึธืคึธืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”โ€. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื“ื" ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื—ืช, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื“ื"[ื], ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ื”" ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื” ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช. ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื "ืื ื•ืฉ", "ืื ื•ืฉื™" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ",[ื‘] ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืฉ, ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื[ื’]. ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืื•ึผืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ืื ื•ืฉื™" ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืื• ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื• ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื. ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉ. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”, ืื ืฉื™ื, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื›ืจื™ื. "ื. ื ืฉื™ื" ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” แผ„ฮฝฮธฯฯ‰ฯ€ฮฟฯ‚ (ืึทื ึฐืชึฐึผืจื•ึนืคึผื•ึนืก) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืื“ื" ืื• "ืื ื•ืฉ", ื•ืžืžื ื” ื ื’ื–ืจื• ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”", ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช", "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื–ื" ื•"ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื™". ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื Homo (ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžืžื ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื" ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช Human ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ" ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืื ื•ืฉื™". ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, Homo sapiens (ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก), ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1758 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ืงืืจื•ืœื•ืก ืœื™ื ื™ืื•ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื•ืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™. ื”ืฉื ืชื•ืื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืื•ืก, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ. ืฉื ื”ืกื•ื’, Homo, ื ืœืงื— ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœ"ืื“ื", ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื™ืŸ, sapiens, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืชื‘ื•ื ื™", "ื ื‘ื•ืŸ" ืื• "ื—ื•ืฉื‘". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ Homo ื’ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื“ื "ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื" ื•ืชืช-ืฉื‘ื˜ "ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœืขืจืš ืžืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื“ื•-ืฆื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.6 ืœ-1.7 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืœืŸ 54 ืขื“ 64 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื, ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.7 ืœ-1.8 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืœื 76 ืขื“ 83 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื. ืฉืœื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื“ ื™ื•ื ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ ืฉืœื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืคืจืง ื”ื™ืจืš ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ืฆื”. ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืงืขืจื”", ืฉื‘ืขืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืžืขืจืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืขื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื•ื– ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื“ื, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื”, ืœืงื™ืžื” ื•ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืคื•ืชืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืช S ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื“, ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ ืžืชืงืžืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ืœื ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ืจื™ืฆื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ืคื•ื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ื•ืคื ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืขืฆื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืžื“ ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื. ืขืฆื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืžืคื•ืชืœืช ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืžืจืคืง ืคื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ื’ื“ื™ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘"ื›ืจื™ืช" ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ โ€“ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื“ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื ืชื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืœืกืช ืืœ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™ ื”ืืฃ, ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืข ืœืกืช ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช, ื ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“, ืฉืชื™ ืงื“ื-ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช (ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืžืœืชืขื•ืช) ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ 32 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ืžื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืข ืœืกืช ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืื• ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืชืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆื ื”ืœืกืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 28 ืœ-32 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืชืžื—ื”: ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืืจื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™-ืื“ื, ื”ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘. ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื—. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•, ืชืจื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืื“ื, ืืฃ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื“ืžื” ืœืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืœืื“ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” (ื•ืœื ืœืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ) ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช, ื›ืš ืฉืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™-ืืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืื“ื•ื, ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ (routine trichromacy). ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืจื•ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ืœืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืงื ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืœืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืจื™ื— (olfactory receptors) ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›-55% ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืกืื•ื“ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืจืช ื”ืคื”, ื”ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืืฆืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืžืชื ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™. ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ื”ืจืฅ ืœ-20 ืงื™ืœื•ื”ืจืฅ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื[ื“] ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืจื“ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืคื— ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 1,350 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›-86 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ โ€“ ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื“ EQ โ€(Encephalization Quotient ืื• "ืžื ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช") ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ืœืื“ื ืขืจืš EQ ื‘ื™ืŸ 6 ืœ-8, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ื—ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 6 ืขื“ 8 ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’, ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืขืจื›ื™ EQ ืฉืœ 2 ืขื“ 5, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 1. ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ ืฉืœ EQ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื ืจืง ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืจืš EQ ืฉืœ 3 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ. ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื’ื ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืจืš EQ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืคื”, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืชืื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื” ื›-2,360 ืกืž"ืจ (ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืฉืื•ืจืš ืฆืœืขื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืขืช ื‘ืงืคืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื‘ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 75% ืขื“ 84% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื›-16 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžื“ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ 9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”, 6โ€“7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื•-5.6 ืืฆืœ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™[ื”][ื•]. ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืžืฉืงืœื• ืจืง 2% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, 20% ืžื›ืœืœ ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช โ€“ ื›-50%, ื•ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื›-66%. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื–ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืชื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื”), ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื, ื›ืžื• ืจืงืžืช ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื•ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื™ืขืจ, ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคื ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืคืฉืขื” (ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืจื•ื•ื”) ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉืจืคืœืงืก ืกื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืจ (ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–") ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• (ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช "ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—"), ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื”ืขื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืจื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื˜ ื•ื“ื”ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืชืช-ืขื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื[ื–]. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ืจื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื™ืžื™ ื“ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืืคืงื˜ ื”ืฉื™ื–ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”, ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ืงืจื™ื ื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืืฃ ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื ืจืื” ืฉืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื›ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืืš ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ ื•ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™. ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ืœืง, ืžืชื•ืœืชืœ ืื• ืžืงื•ืจื–ืœ. ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื‘. ืžืขืจืš ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ื (ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืค) ื›ื•ืœืœ 23 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžื”ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืค ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ 24 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืืฆืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื”ืชืื—ื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ 2 ื‘ืื“ื. ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื”ื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื: ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืŸ XX, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ XY, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืื—ื“, ืžื–ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X. ื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืžื”ืื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ึผื‘ึธึผืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืžื”ืื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ื‘ึผืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื‘ืช. ื›ืœืœ ื”-DNA ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื ื•ื. ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืกื™ืกื ื™ืช (140 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“), ืืš ื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืจื™ืื•ืช (ืขื“ 130 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช). ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื, ื›-20 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืคืกืื•ื“ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื’ืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื. ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืจืช ื’ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ (ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™) ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "DNA ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™" ื•"DNA ื–ื‘ืœ" ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืื“ื, ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื˜ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ื–ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื›ืคืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื•ืœืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืจื˜ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”-SNP (ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“) ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2008 ื”ื•ื ื›-3.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขื“ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ 1,000 ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›-0.1% ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื. ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-1% ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืœื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื. ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-100 ืœื“ื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื›-100 ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืฆืœื• ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•[ื—]. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืชืฆืœื—ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืืš ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™. ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื’ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ืขื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ึผืจึธืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก, ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื™-ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”). ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื›-85% ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืื• ืืชื ื™. ื”ืžืชืื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืœืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืืœื™ื”ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ (ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ืกืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื "ื‘ื ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช". ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื’ื–ืข" ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืชืื ื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืชืื ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. "ื’ื–ืขื™ื" ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชืคื•ืฆืชื” ื”ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืฆืื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืขื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื’ื–ืขื™" ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ, ื›-80 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื (ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช) ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช[ื˜], ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืฆืœื—ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ืขื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื 122 ืฉื ื”, ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื–'ืืŸ ืœื•ืื™ื– ืงืœืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ื›ึพ40 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช), ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืคืชื—. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžื“ื ื”ืื ืืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช. ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื™ืช ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื•ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ืœืกื˜ื•ืฆื™ืกื˜, ื”ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื—ื. ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืœื™ื“ื”. ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืžื‘ืจื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ื•ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ ื“ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืš ืื—ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื“ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืืฉื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืื ืคื—ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-20 ื•ื”-21, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืจ. ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ืกืจ ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืช ื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื ืžื–ื“ืงืคื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช, ืืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืจื™ืฆื” ื•ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” (ืจืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืคื”). ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืœื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื“ื™ ืืžื•. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ[ื™]. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืื, ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ืงื” ืžื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืง ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 3 ื•ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืœืขืจืš, ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช. ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ื’ื ืชื, ื›ืœื›ืœืชื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื. ื”ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ 12 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš, ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืคืจืฅ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ืฉื™ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืœืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™: ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืฉื—ืœื”, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื–ืจืข ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืจื—ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืฉื—ืœื”, ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›-28 ื™ื•ื, ืืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 21 ืœ-39 ื™ื•ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื "ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืžื•ืกืชืจ" โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ืฆืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื ืงื”. ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื ืกืชืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“, ื•ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื" ืžืื™ื“ืš. ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ึนืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืงืฉืจ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื-ืžื•ืœ-ืคื ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืงื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘. ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืคืขืœื” ื›ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื ืงื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื ืงื•ืช) ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื“ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชืจื ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื’ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื“ืจื™ื”. ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื ืกืชื. ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื“ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ึนืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืฉืžืจืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืœื‘ื“ื” ืื• ืืฃ ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™-ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ (ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ 50 ืฉื ื”) ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืœื“ืช, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื ื ื• ืคื•ืกืง ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืชื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืคืœื’, ืืš ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืข ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืฉืง ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื’ื ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืจื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืฆื‘ืจื•, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืจืืฉื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ืžื ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ื’ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืœืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ืœืœืขื•ืก ื•ืœืขื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืจืงืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ (ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ), ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื ืœื‘ืชื™-ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื”ื—ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื’ื ื™ื™ื; ื—ืœื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘; ื•ื”ืชืกืกืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆื”. ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื[ื™"ื]. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื• ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืœืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 2015, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 1,800 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ 2,700 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจ ื•-2,200 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื” (ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื™ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“). ืžื“ื“ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1990โ€“2013 ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืžืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื•ืขื•ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ืชืื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื•ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื[ื™"ื‘][ื˜]. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื›ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ืœื• ืื—ื•ื– ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืขื ืชื ืื™ ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื[ื™"ื’]. ืงื˜ืœื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ืื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื‘ืœื™-ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ืžืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“[ื™"ื“]. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื”ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ืคืกื˜ืจ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื•ืš, ืฉื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืคืกื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ื‘ึพ1928. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื”ื™ื• (ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช) ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืจื˜ ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” (ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืืš ืœื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข). ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ. ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื”[ื˜"ื•]. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™, ืื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืืจืงื˜ื™ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืฃ ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืชื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื•, ื“ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืืจื›ืื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื, ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2023, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ื ื” 8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ. ื•ืื•ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืชื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื˜"ื–]. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืืžื“ ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื•ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21. ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 โ€“ ื›-2.2% ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ 31 ืฉื ื”. ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืž-1% ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ 70 ืฉื ื™ื. ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ: ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืืคืก ื•ืืฃ ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื›ืš (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”), ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืชืœื›ื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-22 ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-10.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื™"ื–]. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืงื ื”ึพืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช "ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—" ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืชืื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• (ืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”) โ€“ ืžื‘ืจื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืื“ืžื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืื• ืœืขืจื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืกื›ืจื™ื, ืžืื’ืจื™-ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื•, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืขื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจ, ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ื•ืจ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื’ืจืžื” ืื• ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืฉื 23 ืžืชื•ืš 24 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ 44 ืง"ื’, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ื“ื™ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื˜ื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-14 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืฉื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืขืœ 100 ืง"ื’, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืง, ืขืฆืœื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืกืžื™ืœื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ื–ืื‘ ื”ื‘ืœื”ื•ืช. ืžื™ื“ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืืงืœื™ื, ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืชืืจืš ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื, ื•ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืื” ื•ืขื™ื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• 8 ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืœ, 17 ืžื™ื ื™ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื (ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœืžื•ืจ ื”ืขื ืง), ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ืชื ืฉืœ 784 ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1500 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ, ื–ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืื’ื”, ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™, ืคืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื• ื•ืžืœื•ืžื™ืก ืงื™ ื‘ืจืžื‘ืœ. ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœืœื ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 4,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื "ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”" ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ โ€“ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืจืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ืืœื” ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืจื™ื—ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื—ื ืง ืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื" ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ (ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื) ื”ืื“ื ืืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืชืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-0.75 ืžืขืœืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช[ื™"ื—]. ื”ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื. ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื (Persistent organic pollutants โ€“ POPs) ื›ืžื• ื“ื™-ื“ื™-ื˜ื™, PCB ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ึพื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื—ื“ึพืคืขืžื™ ื—ื“ืจื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ โ€“ ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืขื“ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื, ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืื“ื. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืงื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ืคืจืช) ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืœืงื™ื—ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขืงื™ืฃ 25โ€“40% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืชื. ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื โ€“ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื“ ื’ื™ืจื ื™. ื”ืจืก ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืจืกื ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืจื”) ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืžื™ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื‘ ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ืžื™. ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื โ€“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืืคืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื: ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืืงืกืœื™, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ "ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข" (1863), ื•ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื" (1871), ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื, ืืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืืงืกืœื™ ื•ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ื”ื ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžืงื•ื ืชืคื•ืฆืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” (ื•ืจืื• ื’ื ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื“ืโ€“ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”). ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงื ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ืขื• ืœืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื• ื•ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื•ื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืจืฆืฃ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืืจืš ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ืฃ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืชืช-ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื, ืœืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘-8 ืขื“ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืขื ืฃ ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื. ืชืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืœื“ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื—ื“ ืืจื“ื™ืคื™ืชืงื•ืก ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืก (Ardipithecus ramidus), ืฉืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 4.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ 4.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœ-1.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ืชืงื•ืก (Australopithecus), ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื. ืžืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืคื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื—ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื— ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœืื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืžื”ื. ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื (Homo) ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ 2 ืขื“ 2.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก (Homo habilis, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ), ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ. ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก (Homo erectus, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืฃ) ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจ ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืœืฉ ืืช ื ืคื—ื• ืžื›-400 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ืชืงื™ื, ืœื›-600 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก, ื›-1,000 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื•-1,350 ืกืž"ืง ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชื’ืœื” ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก (Homo sapiens) ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืกื™ื”. ืืš ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคื— ืžื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืžื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื—ืฆื™-ืจืฉืžื™ "ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ื ืกื™ืก. ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›-400 ืืœืฃ ืขื“ 200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘-ืืกื™ื”, ื•ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืืš ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืจืง ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช, ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืื• ื›ืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก. ื“ื "ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื” ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืืš ืžื’ืœื” ื’ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื). ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ (ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื”ื•ืžื• ืคืœื•ืจืกื™ื™ื ืกื™ืก ื‘ืื™ื™ ืกื•ื ื“ื” (ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” (ืชื™ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›-50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”). ื’ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื ืขื“ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›-15 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื›ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ "ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก" (Homo sapiens sapiens). ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืกื•ื•ื’ื• ื›ืš ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืืชืจ ืื•ืžื• ืงื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืชื•ืืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-190 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืŸ: ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฆืคื™ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืฃ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืขืจืช ืžื™ืกึฐืœึดื™ึธึผื” (ื›-194 ืขื“ 177 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” (ื›-120 ืขื“ 90 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืขื“ 40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”) ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืขื“ 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืช-ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจื•ืข ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื™ืฆืจ "ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืืงืœื™ืžื™", ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืœืื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืžืžืขืจืช ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›-55 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื•ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-17 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื™ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืœืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืขืœืžื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืกื™ื™ืชื™, ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉ ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ื. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ืœืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื• ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืฃ ื”ื•ืืฅ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื—ืœื‘, ืืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื•ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื โ€“ ืœื›-8 ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืื•ืจื– ื•ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”. ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช. ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืชืชื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›-3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืขื“ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืžืžื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ, ืžืขืฆื ื•ืžื—ืจืก, ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืืฉืคืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื•. ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื›ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืœืงื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ[ื™"ื˜]. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง) ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืข ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ ืื™ืจืข (ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”) ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 11,500 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืืœืฃ ืขื“ 5,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”), ื•ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืœืœ ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืžืชื›ืช, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืืฃ ืœืœื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ืชืชื™ื, ื›-3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ื›-250 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ืื™ืช, ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื ืชื–ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆืฆื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืชืงื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื’ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื-ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—-ืืกื™ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-600 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›"ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™", ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ื ืกื™ืก, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืจืง ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืž-250 ืืœืฃ ื•ืขื“ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืกื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืืš ื’ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืฆื“ื• ืคืจืกืชื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ืช, ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืœ ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช, ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื ื•ืงืจืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™-ืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืคืจื˜ ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”), ืชื•ืš ื“ื—ื™ืงืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ืื• ื”ื˜ืžืขืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืงื•ื“ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™: ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœืก ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืจืคืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื”, ื’ืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืช ืžืฆืจ ื‘ืจื™ื ื’, ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-17 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืคื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-12 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืื•ืจื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ืœืื•ืจื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™: ืกื™ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคืœืก ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื•, ืื• ืืฃ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื—ื ื•ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื’ื ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื›ืคื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 9,500 ืขื“ 8,500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 4,000 ืขื“ 3,000 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”, ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื. ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืฆืžื—ื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื– ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขื– ื”ื‘ื™ืช), ื‘ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช), ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื•ืŸ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื•ื”ืขืจื•ื“ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื›ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื—ืœื‘, ืฆืžืจ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืช ืกื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืกื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืืš ื’ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ื•ืœื—ืœื‘. ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืช ืฆืžื— ื”ืื•ืจื–, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก, ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื’ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข, ืขื™ื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื™ื—ื•ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื“ื”, ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืขื ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืชื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื–ื™ื, ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื’ืžืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื”, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืจืขื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื ื™ืข ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ืจืขื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ืงื• ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืชื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื—. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ึฐึผืชื‘. ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืœืคื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืืจื›ื• ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 6600 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืš ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืž-3500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœืขืจืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืฉื ื—ืงืง ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืจืก. ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชืขื“ื• ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื; ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื”ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช[ื›]: ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื: ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื›ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ืคืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ; ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก; ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•; ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืื ื’ืฆื”; ื”ืื•ืœืžืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ึผื ึธืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืฉึตืื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืึดื›ืœื•ืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื’ื ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื ืข. ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื’ื ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ื“ืช. ื”ืžืฆืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคืชื— ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืืš ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”. ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคืœื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืงืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื–ื–ื• ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”, ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืžื™ืขื• ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืจื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ื•ืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืจืคื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื”, ืกืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืกืคื ื™ื ืžืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืืช ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ. ืืš ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ. ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื• ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ื”, ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื’ืื ื” ื•ืžืืœื™, ืืš ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืขื™ื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืึดืคืฉืจื• ืœื—ืœืงืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืœื”ื›ืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื’ืจืจื• ื’ื ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ (ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช mind) ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื›ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™[ื›"ื]. ืืžื ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื ืคืฉ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœื•, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช" ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื" ื•ื‘ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืงืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืืš ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘-166 ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœืŸ[ื›"ื‘]. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืคื”-ืืœ-ืคื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•[ื›"ื’]. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉ ืขืฆืžื•: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืจืื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืจืื™ื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืืชื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื›ืืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื[ื›"ื“]. ื ื•ืฉื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื. ืœืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžื•ื ื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืืœืคืจื“ ืงื™ื ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื•ื”-50 ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” "ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•" ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ืช (ืฉืœื‘ื™ื 1โ€“5 ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืงื™ื ืกื™). ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื›ืฉื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื”. ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื”, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืกื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ 8.8% ืœ-27% ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื, ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื[ื›"ื”] ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืคื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื— ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืจื ื™ืงื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงื”, ืืš ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™, ื•ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ืฉืคื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœื™ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ื›-13 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”[ื›"ื•]. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”-ืืคืก. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืืš ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”[ื›"ื–]. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืš ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช "ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช" ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”"ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช" ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื• ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช. ืฉืคื” ืกืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื“ื ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ[ื›"ื—]. ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ; ื›ืกืžืœื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”; ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ืื• ืืฃ ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืขื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”. ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”. ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”. ื›-7,000 ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื›"ื˜]. ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืคืช ืื ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช (13.22%), ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช (4.88%) ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช (4.68%). ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืคื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื—ื“ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืฉืžื™ืช, ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ื”ื•ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื”-ืื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ[ืœ]. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”"ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช[ืœ"ื]. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืจืš. ื”ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžืืžืฅ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืคื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ืื™ ื”ืœืขื’ื ื™ "ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื", ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื‘ื ืช (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ", "ื’ืจื’ื•ืจ" ืื• "ื’ืžื’ื•ื"). ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืืฃ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื™ื ืกื›ืจื™ื. ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืงื•ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืœื• ืฉื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœืจืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื. ืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื“ืžื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ (ืœืคื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”) ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ (ืœืคื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 800 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื•, ืืš ืคื™ืชื— ื•ืฉื™ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื”, ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื“ื™ืฉื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช). ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืœื™ื ืžืžืชื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืจืก ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืขืฅ, ืื‘ืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื’ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ึผื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆืžืจ, ืคืฉืชืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื ื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ, ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช-ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœืจืชื•ื ื’ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื˜ื—ื ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืืš ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืคืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ. ืชื—ื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ื•, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื•. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงืžืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืชื‘ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื™ืื”, ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืœืจื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื” ืืคืก ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื™ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืฆืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืžึฐืฆืื•ึนืช ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ, ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื“ื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื”-21. ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”: ื”ืขืœืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื—ืœื•ืงืชื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ื โ€“ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื’ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช, ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงื™, ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืื• ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ[ืœ"ื‘]. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื’ื“ ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ืช ื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื•, ื•ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื“ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ืžื•ืฅ. ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉึฐึผืืึตืจื•ึผืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืžื”ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื”ืื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื•ืžื”ืื‘ ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ ืฉืืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืงืœืื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื• ืขืžื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืืจื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื™ื™ืชืคืกื• ื›ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื“ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืคืจื™ื (ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื) ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืขืžื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืžืฉืœ, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื™ืชืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื•ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื›ื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื•ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื. ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื• ื›ืคืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆ'ื™ืฃ, ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื•ืช. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืืฆื•ืœื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™. ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืกื™ื, ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ-ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื•ืง. ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื•. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžืกื—ืจ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ืจื™ื“. ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืœื”. ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ืกื—ืจื• ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืืžืฆืขื™-ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ (ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื) ื•ืืฉืจืื™, ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื›ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื‘ืจื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืขืกืงืื•ืช. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื” ื’ื ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื ืจื—ื‘, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1500 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœ-550 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 8,800 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื“ืชื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื“ืช. ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-100 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืžืžืขืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืžืขืจืช ืงืคื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืฆืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืกืœืข ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-30 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืžืชืืจื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืคืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฆื™ื™ื ืื“ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื”, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืืจื™-ืื“ื ืžืžืขืจืช ืฉื˜ืื“ืœ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืงืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื“ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื, ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื•ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื. ืื ื™ืžื™ื–ื โ€“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื โ€“ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื. ืคื•ืœื™ืชืื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™-ืงื“ื, ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื˜ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื. ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ื–ื โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช: ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกืœืื. ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ื–ื, ื–ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืื™ื–ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื“ืจืš-ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ืœื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืืš ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืœ, ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ. ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืžื•ืกืจ. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืขื ืฉืช ื›ืคืฉืข. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ื ืขืœื™ื โ€“ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ืึณืžึธื ื•ึผืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื• ืืฃ ืœืœื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืจืžื–ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืงืคื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆื“ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืจืจื™ื, ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจืง ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฆื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ืชื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื’ื ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ืžืขืฆื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช: ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช; ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื™ืงื•ื“; ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืึดืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืึปืžึธึผื ื•ึผืช, ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื“ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื• ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื•, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ื›ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจืงืข ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื; ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื”, ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืฉืœื™ืคืช ื—ืจื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื˜ื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืื• ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืื• ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืึธืžึธึผืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ. ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืžื—ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื. ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืชื. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™[ืœ"ื’] ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง โ€“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืขืžื“ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฆืจื• ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืกื˜ื™ืช; ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืคืœื“ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉืง ืงืจ ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ; ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืื‘ืง ืฉืจืคื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช; ื•ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ืœืขื ื™ืฉื”, ืœื”ื‘ืขืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ืกื“ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”. ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ืงืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ื”. ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื•. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื’ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื‘ืง ืืœื™ื ื•ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“, ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ื›ืœื™ืœ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืืชื ื™ืช ืื• ื“ืชื™ืช, ื ืงืจื ืจืฆื— ืขื. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืื’ื™ืจืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื•, ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืฉืœื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœืชื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืžื ื™ื™ื”, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-5,000 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื ืง ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืžืก ื•ืžืกื—ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื•ื, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืœื”ื™ืกืง ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื“ืข ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื“ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื”. ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืชื•ืก, ื“ืช, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข[ืœ"ื“]. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืžื•ืชืŸ ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื—ื•ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช[ืœ"ื”]. ืžื“ืข ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื’ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืืœ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื“ืžื” ื•"ื ืคื— ื‘ืืคื™ื• ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื". ื’ื ื‘ืืกืœืื ื™ืฉื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื• ื ืคื— ื‘ื• ื”ืืœ ืžื ืฉืžืชื•. ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ืžื”, ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื• ื—ื™ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื’ืฉื™ืช ืจืื” ืืช ื‘ืชื• ืžืคืกืœืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืžืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื - ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืช - ื”ืืœ ืื ื›ื™ ืœืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืืœ ื˜ืื ื” ืœืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ืื“ื•ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจืื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื ื–ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืื” ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื. ื‘ืืคื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืื ื•ืžื” ืืœื™ืฉ, ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืœื” ืชื™ืืžืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื ืง. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืืฆ'ื™ื ื”ืืœ ื”ืืงื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืžืจ, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืืœ ื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืืœ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืžื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืกืคื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื“ื ืžืื•ื›ืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืกืœืขื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื ืฉืฃ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืงื“ืงื ื•ืช ืืœื ืฆืžื—ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื• ืืœื•ื”ื™. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื• ืืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืชืคื ื•ืช ืืœืช ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ. ืืชื•ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื, ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื“ืื’ ืœื”ื ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื• ืจื•ืืช-ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื. ื›ืฉืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืืชื•ื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžื—ื”. ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™ื• ื˜ืคื˜ืคื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”, ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื’ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื›ื—ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ื”ืคืขื, ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืื•ืจ, ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœืข, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ืœื ืฆื—, ื•ื ืขืœื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืกืงื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืข ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื, ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืชืื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช (ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื”) ืฉื‘ืจืื” ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–[ืœ"ื•], ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื•[ืœ"ื–]. ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื›ื ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืืœ. ื‘ืงื”ืœืช ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื™ืŸ", ืืš ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื". ืฉืืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ. ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืžื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื-ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื•ืขืชื™ืง ืžืื•ื“. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™-ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื ื™ ื•ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื™. ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื˜: "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช" ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช: ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช? ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื“ืขืช, ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘; ื–ืจื ื”ื ื”ื ืชื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ืื•ืฉืจ; ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืืœ ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ืชื•; ื–'ืืŸ-ื–'ืืง ืจื•ืกื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•; ื•ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจืœื•, ืื• ื”ืื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”, ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš, ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืคืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื’ื ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื, ืืš ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื”ื’ื•ื•ื“ ื’ื™ื˜ื, ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืขื“ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื, ืืš ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืงืืจืžื” ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื. ื”ื“ืจืš ("ื“ื”ืจืžื”" ืื• "ื“ืื•") ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืืœื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืื• ืจืข ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•[ืœ"ื—]. ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข[ืœ"ื˜]. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจืขืชื ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœ[ืž]. ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ[ืž"ื], ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื”ืจื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืกืžืืœ ื•ืืฉืžื“ืื™ ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื“ืข ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ืžืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืœื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe] | [TOKENS: 12093]
Contents Guadeloupe Guadeloupe[a] is an overseas department and region of the French Republic in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islandsโ€”Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Dรฉsirade, and two รŽles des Saintesโ€”as well as many uninhabited islands and outcroppings. It is south of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat and north of Dominica. The capital city is Basse-Terre, on the southern west coast of Basse-Terre Island; the most populous city is Les Abymes and the main centre of business is neighbouring Pointe-ร -Pitre, both on Grande-Terre Island. It had a population of 395,726 in 2024. Like the other overseas departments, it is an integral part of France. As a constituent territory of the European Union (EU) and the eurozone, the euro is its official currency and any EU citizen is free to settle and work there indefinitely, but it is not part of the Schengen Area. It included Saint Barthรฉlemy and Saint Martin until 2007, when they were detached from Guadeloupe following a 2003 referendum. Christopher Columbus visited Guadeloupe in 1493 and gave the island its name, after Guadalupe, Cรกceres. The native langage is Guadeloupean Creole known as "Krรฉyรฒl Gwadloup"; the official language is French, spoken by 84% of the population. Etymology The archipelago was called Karukera (or 'The Island of Beautiful Waters') by the native Arawak people. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa Marรญa de Guadalupe in 1493 after Our Lady of Guadalupe, a shrine to the Virgin Mary venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, Extremadura. When the area became a French colony, the Spanish name was retained โ€“ though altered to French orthography and phonology. The islands are locally known as Gwada. History The islands were first populated by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, possibly as far back as 3000 BC. The Arawak people are the first identifiable group, but they were later displaced c. 1400 by Kalina-Carib peoples. The Morel site in Le Moule, Grande-Terre, is one of numerous archaeological sites in Guadeloupe where pre-Columbian artefacts have been found, and is now an archaeological park open to the public. A skeleton found at Morel, sometimes known as the "Woman of Guadeloupe", caused a scientific furore in the 19th century, when initial reports suggested that it dated from the Miocene โ€“ long before modern humans are thought to have evolved. However, after examining the specimen and the "stone" that it was embedded in, Georges Cuvier concluded that what had been taken for Miocene stone was a concretion of hardened sand, dating from relatively recent times. Artefacts are still being discovered at the site, and range from 400 BC to 1400 AD. Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Guadeloupe, landing in November 1493 and giving it its current name. Several attempts at colonisation by the Spanish in the 16th century failed due to Native peoples defending their land from outsiders. In 1626, the French, under the trader and adventurer Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, began to take an interest in Guadeloupe, expelling Spanish settlers. The Compagnie des รŽles de l'Amรฉrique settled in Guadeloupe in 1635, under the direction of the French colonial leaders Charles Liรฉnard de L'Olive and Jean du Plessis d'Ossonville; they formally stole the island for France and brought in French farmers to colonise the land. This led to the death of many Indigenous people by disease and violence. By 1640, however, the Compagnie des รŽles de l'Amรฉrique had gone bankrupt, and they thus sold Guadeloupe to Charles Houรซl du Petit Prรฉ who began plantation agriculture, with the first African slaves arriving in 1650. Slave resistance was immediately widespread, with an open uprising in 1656 lasting several weeks and a simultaneous spate of mass desertions that lasted at least two years until the French compelled indigenous peoples to stop assisting them. Ownership of the island passed to the French West India Company before it was annexed to France in 1674 under the tutelage of their Martinique colony. Institutionalised slavery, enforced by the Code Noir from 1685, led to a booming sugar plantation economy. During the Seven Years' War, British forces captured and occupied the islands until the 1763 Treaty of Paris. During that time, Pointe-ร -Pitre became a major harbour, and markets in British America were opened to Guadeloupean sugar, which was traded for foodstuffs and timber. The economy expanded quickly, creating vast wealth for the French colonists. So prosperous was Guadeloupe at the time that, under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, France forfeited its Canadian colonies in exchange for the return of Guadeloupe. Coffee planting began in the late 1720s, also worked by slaves and, by 1775, cocoa had become a major export product as well. The French Revolution brought chaos to Guadeloupe. Under new revolutionary law, freedmen were entitled to equal rights. Taking advantage of the chaotic political situation, Britain captured Guadeloupe in 1794. The French responded by sending an expeditionary force under Victor Hugues, which retook the colony by December and abolished slavery. More than 1,000 French colonists were killed in the aftermath. In 1802, a French expeditionary force under Antoine Richepanse arrived in Guadeloupe, prompting a rebellion led by black officers who had until then been the de facto rulers of the colony. Richepanse and his troops acted quickly against the rebels, culminating in the Battle of Matouba on 28 May 1802. Realising they had no chance of success, Louis Delgrรจs and his followers committed mass suicide by deliberately exploding their gunpowder stores. A consular decree published on 6 July 1802 discreetly ordered the reestablishment of slavery in Guadeloupe. An insurgency against the French, who officially reestablished slavery in Guadeloupe on 14 May 1803, continued until 1804. In 1810, the British captured the island again, handing it over to Sweden under the 1813 Treaty of Stockholm. In the 1814 Treaty of Paris, Sweden ceded Guadeloupe to France, giving rise to the Guadeloupe Fund. In 1815, the Treaty of Vienna acknowledged French control of Guadeloupe. Slavery was abolished in the French Empire in 1848, though the island's landed interests imposed strict regulations on the rights of emancipated slaves to "support themselves as subsistence farmers, work irregularly, and to change jobs freely". After 1854, indentured labourers from the French colony of Pondicherry, and, with permission from the British government, India more broadly, were brought in: some 41,000 total. Emancipated slaves had the vote from 1849, but French nationality and the vote were not granted to Indian citizens until 1923, when a long campaign, led by Henry Sidambarom, finally achieved success. In 1936, Fรฉlix ร‰bouรฉ became the first black governor of Guadeloupe. During World War II, Guadeloupe initially came under the control of the Vichy government, later joining Free France in 1943. In 1946, the colony of Guadeloupe became an overseas department of France. Tensions arose in the post-war era over the social structure of Guadeloupe and its relationship with mainland France. The 'Massacre of St Valentine' occurred in 1952, when striking factory workers in Le Moule were shot at by the Compagnies rรฉpublicaines de sรฉcuritรฉ, resulting in four deaths. In May 1967 racial tensions exploded into rioting following a racist attack on a black Guadeloupean, Raphael Balzinc, resulting in eight deaths. An independence movement grew in the 1970s, prompting France to declare Guadeloupe a French region in 1974. The Union populaire pour la libรฉration de la Guadeloupe (UPLG) campaigned for complete independence, and by the 1980s the situation had turned violent with the actions of groups such as Groupe de libรฉration armรฉe [es; fr] (GLA) and Alliance rรฉvolutionnaire caraรฏbe (ARC). Greater autonomy was granted to Guadeloupe in 1982. Through a referendum in 2003, Saint-Martin and Saint Barthรฉlemy voted to separate from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, this being fully enacted by 2007. In January 2009, labour unions and others known as the Liyannaj Kont Pwofitasyon went on strike for more pay. Strikers were angry with low wages, the high cost of living, high levels of poverty relative to mainland France and levels of unemployment that are amongst the worst in the European Union. The situation quickly escalated, exacerbated by what was seen as an ineffectual response by the French government, turning violent and prompting the deployment of extra police after a union leader (Jacques Bino) was shot and killed. The strike lasted 44 days and had also inspired similar actions on nearby Martinique. President Nicolas Sarkozy later visited the island, promising reform. Tourism suffered greatly during this time and affected the 2010 tourist season as well. Geography Guadeloupe is an archipelago of more than 12 islands, as well as islets and rocks situated where the northeastern Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean. It is located in the Leeward Islands in the northern part of the Lesser Antilles, a partly volcanic island arc. To the north lie Antigua and Barbuda and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat, with Dominica lying to the south. The two main islands are Basse-Terre (west) and Grande-Terre (east), which form a butterfly shape as viewed from above, the two 'wings' of which are separated by the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin [ceb; fr; nl; sv], Riviรจre Salรฉe and Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin [ceb; fr]. More than half of Guadeloupe's land surface consists of the 847.8 km2 (327ยผ sq. mi.) Basse-Terre. The island is mountainous, containing the peaks of Mount Sans Toucher (1,354 m; 4,442 ft) and Grande Dรฉcouverte (1,263 m; 4,143 ft), culminating in the active volcano La Grande Soufriรจre, the highest mountain peak in the Lesser Antilles with an elevation of 1,467 metres (4,813 ft). In contrast Grande-Terre is mostly flat, with rocky coasts to the north, irregular hills at the centre, mangrove at the southwest, and white sand beaches sheltered by coral reefs along the southern shore. This is where the main tourist resorts are found. Marie-Galante is the third-largest island, followed by La Dรฉsirade, a north-east slanted limestone plateau, the highest point of which is 275 metres (902 ft). To the south lie the รŽles de Petite-Terre, which are two islands (Terre de Haut and Terre de Bas) totalling 2 km2 (ยพ sq. mi.). Les Saintes is an archipelago of eight islands of which two, Terre-de-Bas and Terre-de-Haut are inhabited. The landscape is similar to that of Basse-Terre, with volcanic hills and irregular shoreline with deep bays. There are numerous other smaller islands. Basse-Terre is a volcanic island. The Lesser Antilles are at the outer edge of the Caribbean Plate, and Guadeloupe is part of the outer arc of the Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc. Many of the islands were formed as a result of the subduction of oceanic crust of the Atlantic Plate under the Caribbean Plate in the Lesser Antilles subduction zone. This process is ongoing and is responsible for volcanic and earthquake activity in the region. Guadeloupe was formed from multiple volcanoes, of which only La Grande Soufriรจre is not extinct. Its last eruption was in 1976, and led to the evacuation of the southern part of Basse-Terre. 73,600 people were displaced before the eruption, although the eventual damage was much less than feared. Some of the drama of the evacuation was captured in the 1977 documentary La Soufriรจre by German filmmaker Werner Herzog. Kโ€“Ar dating indicates that the three northern massifs on Basse-Terre Island are 2.79 million years old. Sections of volcanoes collapsed and eroded within the last 650,000 years, after which the Sans Toucher volcano grew in the collapsed area. Volcanoes in the north of Basse-Terre Island mainly produced andesite and basaltic andesite. There are several beaches of dark or "black" sand. La Dรฉsirade, east of the main islands, has a basement from the Mesozoic, overlaid with thick limestones from the Pliocene to Quaternary periods. Grande-Terre and Marie-Galante have basements probably composed of volcanic units of Eocene to Oligocene, but there are no visible outcrops. On Grande-Terre, the overlying carbonate platform is 120 metres (400 feet) thick. The islands are part of the Leeward Islands, so called because they are downwind of the prevailing trade winds, which blow out of the northeast. This was significant in the days of sailing ships. Grande-Terre is so named because it is on the eastern, or windward side, exposed to the Atlantic winds. Basse-Terre is so named because it is on the leeward south-west side and sheltered from the winds. Guadeloupe has a tropical climate tempered by maritime influences and the Trade Winds. There are two seasons, the dry season called "Lent" from January to June, and the wet season called "winter", from July to December. Located in a very exposed region, Guadeloupe and its dependencies have to face many cyclones. The deadliest hurricane to hit Guadeloupe was the Pointe-ร -Pitre hurricane of 1776, which killed at least 6,000 people. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo caused severe damage to the islands of the archipelago and left a deep mark on the memory of the local inhabitants. In 1995, three hurricanes (Iris, Luis and Marilyn) hit the archipelago in less than three weeks. Other notable hurricanes include Okeechobee in 1928, Betsy in 1965, Cleo in 1964, Inez in 1966, and Irma and Maria in 2017. With fertile volcanic soils, heavy rainfall and a warm climate, vegetation on Basse-Terre is lush. Most of the island's forests are on Basse-Terre, containing such species as mahogany, ironwood and chestnut trees. Mangrove swamps line the Salรฉe River. Much of the forest on Grande-Terre has been cleared, with only a few small patches remaining. Between 300 and 1,000 metres (980 and 3,280 ft) of altitude, the rainforest that covers a large part of the island of Basse-Terre develops. Vegetation there includes the white gum tree, the acomat-boucan or chestnut tree, the marbri or bois-bandรฉ or the oleander; shrubs and herbaceous plants such as the mountain palm, the balisier or ferns; many epiphytes: bromeliads, philodendrons, orchids and lianas. Above 1,000 m (3,300 ft), the humid savannah develops, composed of mosses, lichens, sphagnum or more vigorous plants such as mountain mangrove, high altitude violet or mountain thyme. The dry forest occupies a large part of the islands of Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, Les Saintes, La Dรฉsirade and also develops on the leeward coast of Basse-Terre. The coastal forest is more difficult to develop because of the nature of the soil (sandy, rocky), salinity, sunshine and wind and is the environment where the sea grape, the mancenilla (a very toxic tree whose trunk is marked with a red line), the icaquier or the Coconut tree grow. On the cliffs and in the Arid zones are found cacti such as the cactus-cigar (Cereus), the prickly pear, the chestnut cactus, the "Tรชte ร  l'anglais" cactus and the aloes. The Mangrove forest that borders some of Guadalupe's coasts is structured in three levels, from the closest to the sea to the farthest. On the first level are the red mangroves; on the second, about 10 metres (33 ft) from the sea, the black mangroves form the shrubby mangrove; on the third level the white mangroves form the tall mangrove. Behind the mangrove, where the tide and salt do not penetrate, a swamp forest sometimes develops, unique in Guadeloupe. The representative species of this environment is the Mangrove-medaille. Few terrestrial mammals, aside from bats and raccoons, are native to the islands. The introduced Javan mongoose is also present on Guadeloupe. Bird species include the endemic purple-throated carib and the Guadeloupe woodpecker. The waters of the islands support a rich variety of marine life. However, by studying 43,000 bone remains from six islands in the archipelago, it was found that 50 to 70% of snakes and lizards on the Guadeloupe Islands became extinct after European colonists arrived; they had brought with them mammals such as cats, mongooses, rats, and raccoons, which might have preyed upon the native reptiles. In recent decades, Guadeloupe's natural environments have been affected by hunting and fishing, forest retreat, urbanization and suburbanization. They also suffer from the development of intensive crops (banana and sugar cane, in particular), which reached their peak in the years 1955โ€“75. This has led to the following situation: seagrass beds and reefs have degraded by up to 50% around the large islands; mangroves and mantids have almost disappeared in Marie-Galante, Les Saintes and La Dรฉsirade; the salinity of the fresh water table has increased due to "the intensity of use of the layer"; and pollution of agricultural origin (pesticides and nitrogenous compounds). In addition, the ChlEauTerre study, unveiled in March 2018, concludes that 37 different anthropogenic molecules (more than half of which come from residues of now-banned pesticides, such as chlordecone) were found in "79% of the watersheds analyzed in Grande-Terre and 84% in Basse-Terre." A report by the Guadeloupe Water Office notes that in 2019 there is a "generalized degradation of water bodies." Despite everything, there is a will to preserve these environments whose vegetation and landscape are preserved in some parts of the islands and constitute a sensitive asset for tourism. These areas are partially protected and classified as ZNIEFF, sometimes with nature reserve status, and several caves are home to protected chiropterans. The Guadalupe National Park was created on 20 February 1989. In 1992, under the auspices of UNESCO, the Biosphere Reserve of the Guadeloupe Archipelago (Rรฉserve de biosphรจre de l'archipel de la Guadeloupe) was created. As a result, on 8 December 1993, the marine site of Grand Cul-de-sac was listed as a wetland of international importance. The island thus became the overseas department with the most protected areas. The archipelago is crossed by numerous geological faults such as those of la Barre or la Cadoue, while in depth, in front of Moule and La Dรฉsirade begins the Dรฉsirade Fault, and between the north of Maria-Galante and the south of Grande-Terre begins the Maria Galante Fault. Because of these geological characteristics, the islands of the department of Guadeloupe are classified in zone III according to the seismic zoning of France and are subject to a specific risk prevention plan. The 1843 earthquake in the Lesser Antilles is, to this day, the most violent earthquake known. It caused the death of more than a thousand people, as well as major damage in Pointe-ร -Pitre. On 21 November 2004, the islands of the department, in particular Les Saintes archipelago, were shaken by a violent earthquake that reached a magnitude of 6.3 on the Richter scale and caused the death of one person, as well as extensive material damage. Guadeloupe is home to 100 waterfalls and cascades. Some of the most well-known or visited include Acomat Falls (Saut de l'Acomat), Carbet Falls (Chutes du Carbet), Crayfish Waterfall (Cascade aux ร‰crevisses), and Lรฉzarde Falls (Saut de la Lรฉzarde). All of the waterfalls are located on the island of Basse-Terre. Demographics The population of Guadeloupe was estimated to be 378,561 on 1 January 2024. The population is mainly Afro-Caribbean. European, Indian (Tamil, Telugu, and other South Indians) around 35,617, Lebanese around 9,000, Syrians around 10,000, and Chinese are all minorities. There is also a substantial population of Haitians in Guadeloupe who work mainly in construction and as street vendors. Basse-Terre is the political capital; however, the largest city and economic hub is Pointe-ร -Pitre. The population of Guadeloupe has been decreasing by 0.8% per year since 2013. In 2017 the average population density in Guadeloupe was 240 inhabitants per square kilometre (620/sq mi), which is very high in comparison to metropolitan France's average of 119 inhabitants per square kilometre (310/sq mi). One third of the land is devoted to agriculture and all mountains are uninhabitable; this lack of space and shelter makes the population density even higher. The most populous urban unit (agglomeration) is Pointe-ร -Pitre-Les Abymes, which covers 11 communes and 65% of the population of the department. The three largest urban units are: In 2011, life expectancy at birth was recorded at 77.0 years for males and 83.5 for females. Medical centres in Guadeloupe include: University Hospital Centre (CHU) in Pointe-ร -Pitre, Regional Hospital Centre (CHR) in Basse-Terre, and four hospitals located in Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Pointe-Noire, Bouillante and Saint-Claude. The Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, is located in Pointe-ร -Pitre and is responsible for researching environmental hygiene, vaccinations, and the spread of tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. The relative wealth of Guadeloupe contrasts with the extreme poverty of several islands in the Caribbean region, which makes the community an attractive place for the populations of some of these territories. In addition, other factors, such as political instability and natural disasters, explain this immigration. As early as the 1970s, the first illegal immigrants of Haitian origin arrived in Guadeloupe to meet a need for labour in the agricultural sector; alongside this Haitian immigration, which is more visible because it is more numerous, Guadeloupe has also seen the arrival and settlement of populations from the island of Dominica and the Dominican Republic. In 2005, the prefecture, which represents the State in Guadeloupe, reported figures of between 50,000 and 60,000 foreigners in the department. Created in 1963 by Michel Debrรฉ, Bumidom's objective was to "[...] contribute to the solution of demographic problems in the overseas departments". To this end, its missions were multiple: information for future emigrants, vocational training, family reunification and management of reception centres. At the time, this project was also seen as a means to diminish the influence of the West Indian independence movements, which were gaining strength in the 1960s. Between 1963 and 1981, an estimated 16,562 Guadeloupeans emigrated to metropolitan France through Bumidom. The miniseries Le Rรชve franรงais (The French Dream) sets out to recount some of the consequences of the emigration of West Indians and Reunionese to France. An estimated 50,000 Guadeloupeans and Martinicans participated in the construction of the Panama Canal between 1904 and 1914. In 2014, it was estimated that there were between 60,000 and 70,000 descendants of these West Indians living in Panama. Other waves of migration to North America, especially to Canada, occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. Governance Together with Martinique, La Rรฉunion, Mayotte and French Guiana, Guadeloupe is one of the French overseas departments, being both a region and a department. It is also an outermost region of the European Union. The inhabitants of Guadeloupe are French citizens with full political and legal rights. Legislative powers are centred on the separate departmental and regional councils. The elected president of the Departmental Council of Guadeloupe is currently Guy Losbar (1 July 2021); its main areas of responsibility include the management of a number of social and welfare allowances, of junior high school (collรจge) buildings and technical staff, and local roads and school and rural buses. The Regional Council of Guadeloupe is a body, elected every six years, consisting of a president (currently Ary Chalus) and eight vice-presidents. The regional council oversees secondary education, regional transportation, economic development, the environment, and some infrastructure, among other things. Guadeloupe elects one deputy from one of each of the first, second, third, and fourth constituencies to the National Assembly of France. Three senators are chosen for the Senate of France by indirect election. For electoral purposes, Guadeloupe is divided into two arrondissements (Basse-Terre and Pointe-ร -Pitre), and 21 cantons. Most of the French political parties are active in Guadeloupe. In addition there are also regional parties such as the Guadeloupe Communist Party, the Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe, the Guadeloupean Objective, the Pluralist Left, and United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible. The prefecture (regional capital) of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Local services of the state administration are traditionally organised at departmental level, where the prefect represents the government. For the purposes of local government, Guadeloupe is divided into 32 communes. Each commune has a municipal council and a mayor. Revenues for the communes come from transfers from the French government, and local taxes. Administrative responsibilities at this level include water management, civil register, and municipal police. From a geostrategic point of view, Guadeloupe is located in a central part of the Caribbean archipelago between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. This location in the region allows France to reach a large part of the eastern coast of the American continent. The exclusive economic zone formed by Guadeloupe and Martinique covers just over 126,146 square kilometres (48,705 sq. mi.). In 1980 France established its maritime boundaries in the area by signing a Treaty with Venezuela. This offers France important fishing resources and independence to develop a sovereign policy of underwater research and protection (protection of humpback whales, Cousteau reserve, protection of coral reefs). Because of its geographical position, Guadeloupe allows France to participate in political and diplomatic dialogues at both the regional (Lesser and Greater Antilles) and continental (Latin and North America) levels. The signing of the Regional Convention for the Internationalisation of Enterprise (CRIE), membership of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and membership of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) are milestones that have enabled Guadeloupe to develop its bilateral or multilateral relations within the framework of international agreements or institutions. The development of bilateral and multilateral economic partnerships with other Caribbean and American states is based on the modernisation of the autonomous port of Guadeloupe and the importance of the Guadeloupe-Polo Caribe international airport. As a part of France, Guadeloupe uses the French tricolour as its flag and La Marseillaise as its anthem. However, a variety of other flags are also used in unofficial or informal contexts as the flag of Guadeloupe, most notably the sun-based flag. Independentists also have their own flag suggested by the People's Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe. Economy The economy of Guadeloupe depends on tourism, agriculture, light industry and services. It is reliant upon mainland France for large subsidies and imports and public administration is the largest single employer on the islands. Unemployment is especially high among the youth population. In 2017, the Gross domestic product (GDP) of Guadeloupe was โ‚ฌ9.079 billion, and showed 3.4% growth. The GDP per capita of Guadeloupe was โ‚ฌ23,152. Imports amounted to โ‚ฌ3.019 billion, and exports to โ‚ฌ1.157 billion. The main export products are bananas, sugar and rum. Banana exports suffered in 2017 from damages due to Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria. Tourism is one of the most prominent sources of income, with most visitors coming from France and North America. An increasingly large number of cruise ships visit Guadeloupe, the cruise terminal of which is in Pointe-ร -Pitre. The popular British-French television series Death in Paradise (2011-2025) has helped to increase tourism in Guadeloupe. The show is set in the fictional Caribbean island of "Saint Marie", but the main filming for the show is done in the commune of Deshaies, on Basse-Terre Island in Guadeloupe. The traditional sugar cane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, guinnep, noni, sapotilla, giraumon squash, yam, gourd, plantain, christophene, cocoa, jackfruit, pomegranate, and many varieties of flowers. Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption, although Guadeloupe is dependent upon imported food, mainly from the rest of France. Of the various light industries, sugar and rum production, solar energy, cement, furniture and clothing are the most prominent. Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Culture Guadeloupe's official language is French, which is spoken by nearly all of the population. Most residents also speak Guadeloupean Creole, a French-based creole language. Guadeloupean Creole emerged as a result of the need for all ethnic groups (French, African and Amerindian) to be able to understand each other. This language is therefore the result of a mixture created in the 17th century in response to a communicative emergency. At the time of the colony's foundation, a majority of the French population did not speak the standard French language but local dialects and languages, such as Breton and Norman, while the Africans came from a variety of West and Central African ethnic groups and lacked a common language themselves. The Creole language emerged as a lingua franca and ultimately became the native language of much of the population. Moreover, Terre-de-Haut and Terre-de-Bas, in the Saintes archipelago, due to their settlement history (Breton, Norman and Poitevin settlers), have their own Creoles which differ from Guadeloupean Creole by their French pronunciations, their particular expressions, their syntax and their sonorities. Although it is not transcribed, these islanders call their Creole "patois" or "language of St. Martin" and actively ensure its transmission and perpetuation by their descendants in vernacular form. A Guadeloupean bรฉkรฉ first wrote Creole at the end of the 17th century, transcribing it using French orthography. As Guadeloupe is a French department, French is the official language. However, Guadeloupean French (in contact with Creole) has certain linguistic characteristics that differ from those of standard metropolitan French. Recently, a very detailed study of the phonetic aspect of Guadeloupean French has been undertaken (this would be the first study to deal with both the acoustic and the phonological and perceptual aspects of Guadeloupean French in particular and West Indian French in general). It is also concerned with the reading varieties of Guadeloupean French (acrolect, mesolect and basilect). In recent decades there has been a revival of Creole, which has stimulated the appearance of books of short stories and poetry published in Creole and French over the last ten years. In this context, Hector Poullet is a pioneer of Creole-mediated dictation. Creole is also a very colourful language and very philosophical in its expressions and phrases, which, translated literally into French, can be confusing. The representatives of the older generations are not always fluent in French, but in Guadeloupean Creole. Today, the question as to whether French and Creole are stable in Guadeloupe, i.e. whether both languages are practiced widely and competently throughout society, remains a subject of active research. Figures in 2020 state that 96% of the population was Christian (of these, approximately 86% were Roman Catholic, 8% Protestant and 6% other Christian); of the other 4%, most were not religious. Guadeloupe is in the Catholic diocese of Basse-Terre (et Pointe-ร -Pitre). In 1685, the Black Code announced the Christian religion in its Catholic form as the only authorized religion in the French West Indies, thus excluding Jews and the various Protestant groups from practicing their beliefs, and imposed the forced conversion of the newly arrived slaves and the baptism of the older ones. Guadeloupe adopted the code on 10 December 1685. This was followed by a rapid fashion among the slaves, since this religion offered them a spiritual refuge and allowed them to safeguard some of their African beliefs and customs, thus marking the beginning of a religious syncretism. Since the 1970s, new religions and groups have been 'competing' with the Catholic Church, such as the Evangelical Pentecostal Church, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Bible Students or Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons). Administratively, the territory of Guadeloupe is part of the Diocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-ร -Pitre, attached to the Catholic Church in France. The diocese includes the territories of Guadeloupe, St. Barthรฉlemy and St. Martin and the number of faithful is estimated at 400,000. In 2020 there were 59 priests active in the diocese. The episcopal see is located in Basse-Terre, in the cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-Guadeloupe.[citation needed] Hinduism, which accompanied the Indians who came to work in Guadeloupe in the mid-19th century, has expanded since the 1980s. The Indian community has its own tradition that comes from India. It is the mayรฉ men, a distorted pronunciation of the name of the Tamil Indian goddess Mariamman. There are no less than 400 temples in the archipelago. Islam was first Institutionalized in the French West Indies by the 1970s, first in Martinique. According to the president of the Muslim association of Guadeloupe, there are between 2,500 and 3,000 Muslims in the department. The island has two mosques. Judaism has been present in Guadeloupe since the arrival of Dutch settlers expelled from the northeast of present-day Brazil in 1654. There is a synagogue and an Israelite cultural community. Guadeloupeans of Syrian and Lebanese origin practice Catholicism in its Maronite form. Rastafari has been attractive to some young people since the 1970s following its emergence in Jamaica. The quimbois or kenbwa, practiced in Guadeloupe, refer to magical-religious practices derived from Christian and African syncretism. Guadeloupe has always had a rich literary output, with Guadeloupean author Saint-John Perse winning the 1960 Nobel Prize in Literature. Other prominent writers from Guadeloupe or of Guadeloupean descent include Maryse Condรฉ, Simone Schwarz-Bart, Myriam Warner-Vieyra, Oruno Lara, Daniel Maximin, Paul Niger, Guy Tirolien and Nicolas-Germain Lรฉonard. Music and dance are also very popular, and the interaction of African, French and Indian cultures has given birth to some original new forms specific to the archipelago, most notably zouk music. Since the 1970s, Guadeloupean music has increasingly claimed the local language, Guadeloupean Creole as the preferred language of popular music. Islanders enjoy many local dance styles including zouk, zouk-love, compas, as well as the modern international genres such as hip hop, etc. Traditional Guadeloupean music includes biguine, kadans, cadence-lypso, and gwo ka. Popular music artists and bands such as Experience 7, Francky Vincent, Kassav' (which included Patrick St-Eloi, and Gilles Floro) embody the more traditional music styles of the island, whilst other musical artists such as the punk band The Bolokos or Tom Frager focus on more international genres such as rock or reggae. Many international festivals take place in Guadeloupe, such as the Creole Blues Festival on Marie-Galante.[citation needed] All the Euro-French forms of art are also ubiquitous, enriched by other communities from Brazil, Dominican Republic, Haiti, India, Lebanon, Syria who have migrated to the islands. Classical music has seen a resurgent interest in Guadeloupe. One of the first known composers of African origin was born in Guadeloupe, Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges, a contemporary of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and a celebrated figure in Guadeloupe. Several monuments and cites are dedicated to Saint-Georges in Guadeloupe, and there is an annual music festival, Festival International de Musique Saint-Georges, dedicated in his honour. The festival attracts classical musicians from all over the world and is one of the largest classical music festivals in the Caribbean. Another element of Guadeloupean culture is its dress. A few women (particularly of the older generation) wear a unique style of traditional dress, with many layers of colourful fabric, now only worn on special occasions.[citation needed] On festive occasions they also wore a madras (originally a "kerchief" from South India) headscarf tied in many different symbolic ways, each with a different name. The headdress could be tied in the "bat" style, or the "firefighter" style, as well as the "Guadeloupean woman".[citation needed] Jewellery, mainly gold, is also important in the Guadeloupean lady's dress, a product of European, African and Indian inspiration.[citation needed] Traditional dress, inherited today, is the result of a long cultural mix involving Africa, Asia and Europe. This cultural mix was initially based on triangular trade and later on a more globalized trade that included importing fabrics from the Orient. trade that included importing fabrics from the Orient. For example, the traditional Guadeloupean costume has Asian influences through the use of madras cloth from India; African and Spanish influences through the use of the headscarf for covering; and French influences through the adoption of the lace petticoat from Brittany. The clothing worn in Guadeloupe has mutated over the centuries and has undergone changes that reflect the social conditions and the evolution of society, from the time of slavery to the present day. During the second half of the 17th century, slaves arriving in Guadeloupe were naked or nearly naked. They were then forced to wear rags or the owner's worn-out clothes, which were quickly discarded, barely concealing their nakedness. Or slaves working in the fields wore the "three-hole" dress, made of a vegetable fiber fabric in which three holes were made (two for the arms and one for the head). Under pressure from the church and the authorities, slaves were forced to wear the "three-hole" dress. Under pressure from the church and as soon as the Black Code was enforced in 1685, owners were required to provide "each slave with two suits of cloth or four alders [about 7.5 m2; 81 sq ft] of cloth a year... art.25" which only modestly improved their conditions. However, the poor quality of the clothing worn during slavery must be qualified, as it could vary according to the day of the week (daily clothing, Sunday clothing, clothing for special occasions), or according to the status of the slaves employed in the houses. In fact, the latter could be dressed in clothes of different quality according to the job they performed on the property. For example, in the case of the maids, their clothes could be of better quality because they had to reflect the image of success and wealth that their master wanted to project. From the 17th century onwards, the development of the Creole costume coincided with the desire of slave women to regain their dignity, with the evolution of their employment within the household or Guadeloupean society (specialization in the sewing and dressmaking trades), with the evolution of Guadeloupean society (free women of colour, freed slaves, mulatto women) and with the influence of the European fashionable costume, which the housewife represented. After the abolition of slavery, the main periods of traditional Guadeloupean dress were the following: As a result of this fusion of African and European dress codes over the centuries, including materials from distant origins, the Guadeloupean wardrobe includes Creole garments such as: the cozy dress or wรฒb ti-do, an everyday dress also called "ร  corps" because it fits the body like a corset; the skirt-shirt, in ceremonial dress (the shirt is made of very fine batiste trimmed with lace, which stops at the elbows and is buttoned with golden buttons. The skirt, full and very wide in the back with tail, is knotted above the breasts); the bodice dress which is distinguished from the others by the quantity and richness of the fabric used (satin, brocade satin, satin). Guadeloupean cuisine is a mixture of African, European and Asian influences. It uses first of all agricultural products such as poyo (plantain more commonly called green plantain or ti-nain), bread plantain, okra, cabbage, pigeon peas, cristofine, yam or sweet potato. The sea and rivers provide rays, snappers, octopus (chatou), lambis, burgots (a type of large whelk), sea urchins and ouassous. Orchards provide fruits such as soursop, red jambosier, passion fruit (marakoudja), mango, quenette, and citrus. Condiments sometimes added to dishes are habanero chili, cive (a kind of onion from the country) or roucou seeds that give a red tint to sauces. The cooking, often spicy and seasoned, results from soaking meat or fish for hours before cooking, to enhance its flavour. Typical dishes are: fish blaff, dombrรฉs, bรฉbรฉlรฉ (from Marie-Galante), colombo (equivalent to Indian curry) and matรฉtรฉ (rice cooked with crab). As for appetizers or snacks, there are morcillas criollas, accras, cassava cakes and bokit. As for desserts, there are blancmange, sorbets or various fruit salads. Pastries include pรขtรฉs with jam, tournament d'amour (in Les Saintes), caca bล“uf (in Marie-Galante) or sacristain. Pain nattรฉ, a local brioche bread, is often eaten. There are local productions of candied fruits (elderberry, pineapple, carambola) and jams (guava, banana, coconut). Sorbets such as coconut sherbet or snowball made with crushed ice to which a syrup (mint, grenadine) is added are also consumed. Sweets include coconut sugar, kilibibi and konkada (of Beninese origin). In the category of beverages, the consumption of soft drinks is very important in Guadeloupe, as well as that of a drink locally nicknamed black beer. In addition, it is not uncommon to see vendors of sugar cane juice or coconut water on the roads. Chaudeau is consumed on special occasions (weddings, baptisms, communions) and is a Guadeloupean-style eggnog eaten with a whipped cake (gรฉnoise). The rum, whose consumption is culturally imbricated in the Guadeloupean society, comes in particular from one of the ten distilleries distributed in the Guadeloupean territory and that produce the rums of Guadeloupe. At Christmas, families and friends gather during the chantรฉ Nwel, an opportunity to sing carols and celebrate. After the vacations, rehearsals begin for the Guadeloupe carnival. Carnival groups parade through the streets every Sunday afternoon until the Carnival festivities in February or March. For example, the groups with skins, the Akiyo group are groups composed only of large percussion and lambi shell instruments. They have the particularity of having no brass instruments in the band, no choreography, they often parade without themed costumes. Since 2014, the Carnival in kabwรจt of Marie-Galante has been registered in the inventory of the intangible heritage of France at UNESCO. Shrove Tuesday is the big party where carnival groups compete in the main town, Basse-Terre, or in Pointe-ร -Pitre, for the best costumes, the best music or the best choreography whose theme is imposed by the carnival committees. The next day, on Ash Wednesday, the day that ends the carnival, the mascot king of the carnival nicknamed Vaval is burned, which signals the end of the festivities, everyone parades in black and white (to mark Vaval's mourning), and then the forty days of Lent begin. Most of the population is Catholic and respects this period. But, given the great fondness for festivities, on the "Thursday of Lent" a parade is organized in red and black identical to that of Carnival, with groups of musicians preceded by people parading. After this period of deprivation, the Easter celebrations take place, during which families usually go camping on the beach and eat traditional and very popular dishes based on crabs: matรฉtรฉ (rice cooked with crab), calalou (crabs with wooden leaves accompanied by white rice) or dombrรฉs with crabs (small balls of flour cooked with crab). Sport Football is popular in Guadeloupe, and several notable footballers are of Guadeloupean origin, including Marius Trรฉsor, Stรฉphane Auvray, Ronald Zubar and his younger brother Stรฉphane, Miguel Comminges, Dimitri Foulquier, Bernard Lambourde, Anthony Martial, Alexandre Lacazette, Thierry Henry, Lilian Thuram, William Gallas, Layvin Kurzawa, Mikael Silvestre, Thomas Lemar, Mathys Tel, Kingsley Coman and David Regis. The Guadeloupe football team were 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup semi-finalists, defeated by Mexico. Basketball is popular. Best known players from Guadeloupe are the NBA players Rudy Gobert, Mickaรซl Piรฉtrus, Johan Petro, Rodrigue Beaubois, and Mickael Gelabale. Several track and field athletes, such as Marie-Josรฉ Pรฉrec, Patricia Girard-Lรฉno, Christine Arron, and Wilhem Belocian, are also Guadeloupe natives. The island has produced many world-class fencers. Yannick Borel, Daniel Jรฉrent, Ysaora Thibus, Anita Blaze, Enzo Lefort and Laura Flessel were all born and raised in Guadeloupe. According to Olympic gold medalist and world champion Yannick Borel, there is a good fencing school and a culture of fencing in Guadeloupe. Even though Guadeloupe is part of France, it has its own sports teams. Rugby union is a small but rapidly growing sport in Guadeloupe. The island is internationally known for hosting the Karujet Race โ€“ Jet Ski World Championship since 1998. This nine-stage, four-day event attracts competitors from around the world (mostly Caribbeans, Americans, and Europeans). The Karujet, generally made up of seven races around the island, has an established reputation as one of the most difficult championships in which to compete. The Route du Rhum is one of the most prominent nautical French sporting events, occurring every four years. Bodybuilder Serge Nubret was born in Anse-Bertrand, Grande-Terre, representing the French state in various bodybuilding competitions throughout the 1960s and 1970s including the IFBB's Mr. Olympia contest, taking 3rd place every year from 1972 to 1974, and 2nd place in 1975. Bodybuilder Marie-Laure Mahabir also hails from Guadeloupe. The country has a passion for cycling. It hosted the French Cycling Championships in 2009 and continues to host the Tour de Guadeloupe every year. The Vรฉlodrome Amรฉdรฉe Dรฉtraux is the largest velodrome in the Antilles. It has a capacity for 9000 spectators. Guadeloupe continues to host the Orange Open de Guadeloupe tennis tournament (since 2011). The Tour of Guadeloupe sailing, which was founded in 1981. In Boxing, Ludovic Proto โ€“ as an amateur, he competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics in the men's light welterweight division. As a professional, he was a former French and European welterweight champion; Gilbert Delรฉ โ€“ as a professional, he was a former French and European light-middleweight champion, then he won the WBA world light-middleweight title in 1991; Jean-Marc Mormeck โ€“ as a professional, he was a former French light heavyweight champion and two-time unified world cruiserweight championโ€”held the WBA, WBC, and The Ring titles twice between 2005 and 2007. Transport [needs update] Guadeloupe is served by a number of airports; most international flights use Pointe-ร -Pitre International Airport. Boats and cruise ships frequent the islands, using the ports at Pointe-ร -Pitre and Basse-Terre. On 9 September 2013 the county government voted in favour of constructing a tramway in Pointe-ร -Pitre. The first phase will link northern Abymes to downtown Pointe-ร -Pitre by 2019. The second phase, scheduled for completion in 2023, will extend the line to serve the university. Education The Guadeloupe academic region includes only the Guadeloupe academy. It employs 9,618 people and its operating budget was โ‚ฌ714.3 million for 2018โ€“2019. The territory has 300 elementary schools, including 1 private kindergarten under contract and 14 private elementary schools under contract. It also has 52 middle schools, including 6 private under contract. And finally, it has 38 high schools, 13 of which are private under contract. During the 2018โ€“2019 school year were enrolled at Guadeloupe Academy: The islands of Guadeloupe are also home to two campuses of the University of the French Antilles, Camp-Jacob in Saint-Claude and Fouillole in Pointe-ร -Pitre, the latter being the headquarters of the institution. Student residences are located around each campus. Furthermore, a satellite campus dedicated to healthcare is located in the vicinity of the University Hospital Centre of Pointe-ร -Pitre [fr], many schools for apprentices are located throughout the archipelago, an Arts and Crafts Centre acting as local school for fine art is located in Bergevin, Pointe-ร -Pitre, and, finally, three sites of the regional second chance school are implanted in various high schools. Infrastructure The island has great potential for solar, wind and marine energy, but by 2018, biomass and coal energy and petroleum hydrocarbons are still the most used. The Energy transition Law (TECV) provides for 50% renewable energy by 2020 in the territory. And the Guadeloupe EPP plans to develop 66 MW of additional biomass capacity between 2018 and 2023, including 43 MW to replace coal. For example, the Albioma Caraรฏbes (AC) coal-fired power plant will be converted to biomass to help increase the share of renewables in Guadeloupe's energy mix from 20.5% to 35%, thereby mitigating the island's dependence on fossil fuels and reducing acidic air pollution and the production of toxic and bottom ash. This 34 MW power plant, producing 260 GWh/year of electricity in 2018 (i.e. 15% of the island's needs), should reduce 265 000 t of CO2 equivalent/year throughout the chain (โˆ’87% once converted to biomass compared to the previous situation, coal). Guadeloupe has an electricity production plant, in Le Moule, based on the sugar cane agricultural sector, which recovers the residues from sugar cane crushing (bagasse) to produce energy; 12 wind farms, such as in Dรฉsirade, Le Moule or Marie-Galante; a geothermal power plant in Bouillante, which uses the energy of water vapor produced by volcanic activity (the plant's electricity production ranks it first nationally); a project to harness the energy of waves and ocean currents; photovoltaic installations that contribute to the operation of solar water heaters for homes and to the development of the electric vehicle sector. Electricity produced by hydropower, which represents 2.2% of total production, comes from dams built on the beds of certain rivers. The water distributed by Guadeloupe's drinking water network comes mainly from Basse Terre, 70% from river intakes and 20% from spring catchments. The remaining 10% comes from boreholes tapping the groundwater of Grande Terre and Marie-Galante. Access to water and sanitation is problematic due to the deteriorated state of the network, which causes many losses in the water supply system. For years, water shortages have been recurrent and have forced "water shifts", mainly in the municipalities of Grande-Terre, which are the most affected, with consequences for private individuals and agricultural activities. According to statistics from the Water Office (2020 data), 61% of drinking water production is wasted, i.e., almost 50 million cubic metres (65 million cu. yd.) of water per year, due to pipes in poor condition. In addition, 70% of wastewater treatment plants do not meet standards. Police and crime Guadeloupe is the most violent overseas French department in 2025. The murder rate is significantly higher than that of Paris, at 13.68 per 100,000. The high level of unemployment caused violence and crime to rise, especially in 2009 and 2010, the years following the Great Recession. Residents of Guadeloupe describe the island as a place with little everyday crime, and most violence is caused by the drug trade or domestic disputes. In 2021, additional police officers were deployed to the island in the face of rioting arising out of COVID-19 restrictions. Normally, about 2,000 police officers are present on the island including some 760 active National Gendarmerie of the COMGEND (Gendarmerie Command of Guadeloupe) region plus around 260 reservists. The active Gendarmerie include three Mobile Gendarmerie Squadrons (EGM) and a Republican Guard Intervention Platoon (PIGR). The Maritime Gendarmerie deploys the patrol boat Violette in the territory, which is planned for replacement by a new PCG-NG patrol boat in the latter 2020s. See also Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV_News] | [TOKENS: 2853]
Contents CGTN (TV channel) CGTN is the English-language news channel of state-run China Global Television Network, based in Beijing, China. It is one of several channels provided by China Global Television Network, the international division of Chinese state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV), under the control of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party. CCTV-9 was launched on 25 September 2000, rebranded as CCTV News on 26 April 2010. On 6 February 2012, CGTN America was launched in Washington, D.C. On 11 January 2012, CGTN Africa was launched in Nairobi, Kenya. All channels and divisions in the CCTV International group were rebranded as CGTN on 31 December 2016. CGTN currently has four studios: Beijing (headquarters), Nairobi, Washington and London as well as 70 bureaus around the world. History CCTV began considering English-language international news programming on 1 January 1979, at the start of the reform and opening up period. English news bulletins began on CCTV-2 in 1986 and became available to overseas viewers when they moved to CCTV-4 in February 1991. CCTV-9 began broadcasting across China on 25 September 2000, becoming the country's first all-English television station.[citation needed] On 1 January 2003, CCTV-9 entered the United States cable market, as part of a deal that allowed AOL, Time Warner, and News Corporation access to cable systems in Guangdong.[citation needed] In its early years, CCTV-9 broadcast English language news bulletins and cultural interest shows for most of each day, and aired mostly reruns during the overnight hours in China. One of its biggest projects was covering the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Until 26 April 2010, CCTV-9 was a mixed general interest channel featuring news, travel programming, and language training. On that date it was rebranded as CCTV News, a 24-hour English-language news service. The channel name of CCTV-9 was changed to CCTV News on 26 April 2010. Some shows were rebranded while other new programs were added. The English website is managed by China Network Television (CNTV), a web streaming service of CCTV. On 1 January 2011, the channel's former name CCTV-9 was taken over by CCTV's two documentary channels.[citation needed] On 31 December 2016, the channel was rebranded again as CGTN.[citation needed] On 4 February 2021, Ofcom withdrew CGTN's UK broadcaster license. Ofcom concluded a company called Star China Media Limited held the broadcast license for CGTN but "did not have editorial responsibility", and thus it did not meet legal requirements. The programming is claimed to be controlled by a company called China Global Television Network Corporation. The regulator said it was unable to transfer the license to that company because it is "ultimately controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, which is not permitted under UK broadcasting law". In most of Europe, distribution of the CGTN channel was permitted because it held a UK license, and unless CGTN obtained a license in another European country it had to go off air across most of Europe. The channel eventually obtained a new license through the French broadcast regulator CSA in March 2021. In response to the Ofcom revocation, China banned BBC World News from airing in mainland China, which was soon followed upon by RTHK withdrawing distribution of BBC's content in Hong Kong. CGTN Africa is CGTN's African news productions center which was launched in Kenya on 11 January 2012. CGTN Africa produces daily news, business and culture shows, including Africa Live, Talk Africa, Global Business Africa and Faces of Africa, which are broadcast through CGTN's English news channel. CGTN America is the Americas division of CGTN that began broadcasting on 6 February 2012. It is based in Washington, DC and runs bureaus in North and South America. The service employs American and Chinese journalists and produces Americas-based programs for CGTN and CCTV. The United States Department of Justice ordered CGTN America to register as a foreign agent under the Foreign Agent Registration Act (FARA), which CGTN America did on 1 February 2019. Registration requires CGTN America to disclose information about its annual budget and ownership structure, and to include disclaimers on broadcasts, published materials and social media identifying itself as a registered foreign agent. On 8 March 2019, after CGTN America registered under FARA, its director general Ma Jing and a dozen other staffers were recalled to Beijing. CGTN Europe is CGTN's European division, mainly covering European business and politics. Its offices are at the Chiswick Business Park in west London. CGTN first moved into the office in January 2018 and planned to begin broadcasts by the end of the year, although issues which included "obtaining visas for top managers and setting up technology" eventually delayed its launch to October 2019. Despite Ofcom's revocation of CGTN's broadcast license, a person briefed on the channel's strategy said it "would not impact the production centre, [CGTN] would just need to reorientate itself to produce more content for Europe." Foreign news anchors In addition to Chinese anchors, CGTN employs foreigners as news presenters, some of whom have extensive experience, such as Edwin Maher (a former newsreader and weatherman from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation), while others may be recent university graduates just embarking upon their careers.[citation needed] Former comptroller Jiang Heping defended the policy of putting foreigners on air, arguing that "we feel international on-air personalities boost the credibility of CGTN and befit its image as an international channel. In this regard, CGTN will not restrict the origin of its employees and choose to build its unique identity through its programming." Another prominent personality in CCTV-9's first decade was Mark Rowswell, otherwise known as Dashan. He hosted Travel in Chinese on CCTV News and has been honored for his work in promoting cancer awareness in China. On 18 September 2019, Nick Pollard, a veteran British TV executive, resigned from his post as consultant and advisor to CGTN, giving his reason for leaving as being CGTN's failure to comply with Ofcom's rules on impartiality in connection to its coverage of the 2019โ€“20 Hong Kong protests. He had joined CGTN in December 2018. In mid-August 2020, Cheng Lei, an Australian journalist who since 2012 worked for CGTN as an anchor for a business show, was detained by Chinese authorities and charged in February 2021 with sharing state secrets, with no further information being provided. Soon after Cheng was detained, two Australian journalists working in China fled the country after being questioned by authorities on national security grounds, leaving Australia's media without any journalists working in China for the first time in nearly 50 years. CGTN has deleted all reference to Cheng from its website and social media, and has not made any report or comment on Cheng's detention.[citation needed] Awards The channel's Washington, DCโ€“based broadcast center, CGTN America, has won a News & Documentary Emmy for Jen Bricker: When Can't is a Four-Letter Word, as well as multiple New York Festivals medals and White House News Photographers Association awards. Reception Observers have noted that the "aim [of CGTN] is to influence public opinion overseas in order to nudge foreign governments into making policies favourable towards Chinaโ€™s Communist party" through subtle means. Researchers Thomas Fearon and Usha M. Rodrigues argued that CGTN has a "dichotomous role as a credible media competing for audience attention on the world stage, and a vital government propaganda organ domestically." According to James Palmer at Foreign Policy, the contrasting aims of RT (formerly Russia Today) and CGTN, "mirrors wider strategies: Moscow wants chaos it can exploit, while Beijing wants a stable world orderโ€”on its terms". While RT doesn't mind whether it goes to the far-left or the far-right, Chinese state media is permitted to "act from a very narrow, officially approved scope, and the risk of the political extremes is too much," according to journalist Hilton Yip. On the contrary to CGTN's investments in studios and numerous overseas bureaus, "the actual content is a mix of brutally tedious propaganda and bland documentaries. The audience is always the bosses in Beijing, not the average viewer overseas". Yip also noted the growing disillusionment of journalists in China who "are allowed to do little more than parrot the official line", citing a viral video of a journalist rolling her eyes at another reporter's softball question during a ministerial press conference, which "seemed to speak for many in the country who are tired of the charade that local media has become". Despite a decade of overseas expansion, the redoubling of efforts by CGTN, and to an extension other state media, to push the party's theories and principles abroad is at odds with boosting China's overseas image. CGTN, along with other Chinese state media outlets, is still widely regarded as "editorially biased and full of propaganda, and they still struggle to attract large audiences", particularly in the age of widespread internet use with social media and nontraditional forms of media where the public has become "more averse to clumsy state-run propaganda than ever". Despite its revamp launching of CCTV America, critics have voiced concerns over the level of censorship exercised by the channel, especially on sensitive domestic issues in China. Philip Cunningham of Cornell University, who has appeared more than 100 times on China Central Television talk shows, noted that sensitive issues such as Tibet and Xinjiang were heavily edited on various programs. Ma Jing, Director of CCTV America defends the channel against such allegations by saying that the channel edits stories the same way other news organizations do. She said: "We uphold the traditional journalistic values. We consider accuracy, objectivity, truthfulness, and public accountability very important, more important than anything else." Research by the BBC found that viewer trust in CGTN globally averaged 70% in 2025, increased from 62% four years previously. In March 2021, CGTN was fined ยฃ225,000 by Ofcom for bias in its coverage of the 2019โ€“2020 Hong Kong protests, which was found to have repeatedly breached fairness and impartiality requirements. On 23 November 2018, a British corporate investigator named Peter Humphrey submitted a formal complaint to the United Kingdom's government communications regulator The Office of Communications, or Ofcom, maintaining he was forced under duress to confess on air over Chinese state broadcaster China Central Television's (CCTV) network and that, as the confession was subsequently broadcast over the international arm of CCTV, China Global Television Network (CGTN), CGTN itself should be held culpable by Ofcom and denied the right to operate its broadcast service in the U.K. Humphrey's complaint cited two films produced by CCTV and additionally aired in the UK by CGTN, stating that both were scripted and directed by the Chinese police, the public security bureau, while he was a prisoner, in conditions of duress amounting to torture. One such confession, staged in August 2013, was filmed by a CCTV crew with Humphrey locked in an iron chair inside a steel cage, wearing handcuffs and an orange prison vest. This was before he had been indicted, tried or convicted of a crime. The second, in July 2014, was once again filmed by CCTV, not in a cage this time, but still in a prison vest and handcuffs, before he had been tried or convicted on the charge of illegal information gathering. Ofcom said it would investigate the complaint and would "take necessary enforcement action" if rules are determined to have been violated. In November 2019, CGTN aired a video of a UK consular employee, Simon Cheng, in captivity "confessing" to consorting with prostitutes. Within a week, Cheng had filed a new complaint to Ofcom. On 8 March 2021, CGTN was fined a total of ยฃ225,000 by Ofcom for serious breaches of fairness, privacy and impartiality rules. โ€œWe found the individuals (Simon Cheng and Gui Minhai) concerned were unfairly treated and had their privacy unwarrantably infringed,โ€ Ofcom said, adding that the broadcaster had โ€œfailed to obtain their informed consent to be interviewed.โ€ It concluded that โ€œmaterial facts which cast serious doubt on the reliability of their alleged confessionsโ€ had been left out of its programing, which aired pretrial โ€œconfessionsโ€ of the two men while they were being detained. Ofcom said it was considering further sanctions. On 4 February 2021, CGTN had its license to broadcast in the United Kingdom revoked by broadcasting regulator Ofcom after an investigation found that its license was held by Star China Media, which exercised no editorial oversight over CGTN. Ofcom subsequently imposed fines on CGTN. An open letter calling for Ofcom to reverse its revocation decision was signed by the editor of the left-wing Morning Star, Ben Chacko, along with journalists John Pilger, Jonathan Cook and Kerry-Anne Mendoza, film directors Oliver Stone and Ken Loach, rapper and activist Lowkey, and writer and activist Tariq Ali. In March 2021, Australian public broadcaster Special Broadcasting Service suspended news bulletin broadcasts from CGTN and CCTV due to complaints of forced confessions. In May 2021, during the 2021 Israelโ€“Palestine crisis, Israel's embassy in Beijing accused CGTN of "blatant antisemitism" when host Zheng Junfeng speculated on the origins of the Israel lobby in the United States and its connection to wealthy American Jews, which Israel characterized as an antisemitic canard. See also References External links
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface.js] | [TOKENS: 218]
Huggingface.js documentation Hugging Face JS libraries Huggingface.js and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Hugging Face JS libraries This is a collection of JS libraries to interact with the Hugging Face API, with TS types included. We use modern features to avoid polyfills and dependencies, so the libraries will only work on modern browsers / Node.js >= 18 / Bun / Deno. The libraries are still very young, please help us by opening issues! Installation To install via NPM, you can download the libraries as needed: Then import the libraries in your code: You can run our packages with vanilla JS, without any bundler, by using a CDN or static hosting. Using ES modules, i.e. <script type="module">, you can import the libraries in your code: Usage examples Get your HF access token in your account settings. There are more features of course, check each libraryโ€™s README! Formatting & testing Building This will generate ESM and CJS javascript files in packages/*/dist, eg packages/inference/dist/index.mjs.
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC_Asia] | [TOKENS: 2264]
Contents CNBC Asia CNBC Asia is a Singapore-based business news channel owned by Versant. It is a pan-Asian branch of the U.S.-based CNBC. The channel launched on 20 June 1995 out of Hong Kong. In 1998, the channel merged with Dow Jones' Asia Business News and relocated to its facilities in Singapore. The network maintains bureaus across the Asiaโ€“Pacific region. History CNBC Asia was announced in 1995 as a localised version of CNBC for the Asia-Pacific region. The network was expected to feature 10 hours of programming per day from its studio in Hong Kong, along with bureaus in Bombay, Singapore, and Tokyo. The rest of its programming would be sourced from CNBC Europe and its U.S. counterpart. NBC Asia chairman Patrick Cox expected that the network would reach five million homes by the end of its first year on-air. In January 1995, a "preview" known as ANBC launched, which carried a mix of programming from CNBC US and CNBC Europe on Galaxy in Australia and Wharf Cable in Hong Kong. CNBC Asia officially launched on 20 June 1995. The network would be a competitor to the Singapore-based Asia Business News (ABN), a joint venture between Dow Jones & Company, Tele-Communications Inc., TVNZ, and other local investors which launched in 1993. There were doubts that the two competing business news channels in the market would be viable; ABN CEO Paul France derided CNBC Asia as being "an Asian branch of an American company." However, as early as November 1995, it was reported that NBC and Dow Jones were considering a merger of their business news channels in Asia and Europe, including ABN and its European counterpart, European Business News (EBN). In March 1997, CNBC Asia expanded its carriage on cable in India via an agreement with the Hinduja Group. Renewed negotiations between NBC and Dow Jones surfaced in November 1997 amid financial difficulties at the companies' Asian and European operations. Dow Jones had been operating at a loss of US$48 million, and CNBC at $40 million. On 10 December 1997, Dow Jones and NBC announced a 15-year strategic partnership, under which ABN and EBN would merge with CNBC Asia and CNBC Europe, respectively, and CNBC US would be able to enter into editorial partnerships with Dow Jones publications such as The Wall Street Journal and Barron's. The merged operation would retain the CNBC branding, but be overseen by Paul France, and relocate to ABN's Singapore studiosโ€”resulting in layoffs of 150 employees from its Hong Kong bureau, with many being hired by the upstart Bloomberg Television Asiaโ€“Pacific channel which took over the ABN's channel space and CNBC Asia's original Hong Kong headquarters. The merger took effect on-air on 2 February 1998, with the channel being rebranded as CNBCโ€“Asia Business News for a transitional period. Citing cost issues and a plan to focus exclusively on Asian business news, simulcasts of CNBC US programmes were dropped from its overnight schedule in favour of reruns of domestic programmes. After the decision was poorly received by viewers, CNBC's U.S. business day programmes were reinstated in March. The merger impacted ABN's Indian network, ABNi, which was a joint venture with Hinduja Group and TV18; prior to the announcement of the Dow Jones agreement, Hinduja had sold its stake in the channel, and TV18's agreement on the venture did not contain any provisions on what would occur in the event of a change in ownership. After discussions with a CNBC lawyer and France, TV18 would reach an agreement with CNBC to serve as its Indian partner, and would also launch CNBC India (now CNBC TV18) the following year. In October 1999, CNBC Asia had a partnership with the Australian Financial Review to present The Australian Financial Review Market Wrap, a daily round-up of market news from the Australian region hosted by James Walker and Grace Phan. Major programming changes occurred on 30 October 2000 with CNBC Asia expanding Asia Squawk Box to two hours, Asia Market Watch to two hours in the morning and 1ยฝ hours in the afternoon and Power Lunch Asia to one full hour. CNBC Asia's ticker was also reformatted on that day to include colours reflecting a change in the stock prices (green for an increase and red for a decrease) and a stock's ticker symbol. In 2001, CNBC Asia introduced localised tickers to audiences in Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore and has since kept the ticker on the screen during commercial breaks. In July 2001, Asia Squawk Box was further extended to three hours and more programming hours from CNBC US and CNBC Europe were added to the line-up. This was further extended in 2002 when U.S. programming started at 20.00 UTC+8 time uninterrupted on weeknights. In July 2005, Dow Jones exited its joint ventures with CNBC, putting them entirely under the ownership of NBC Universal. In March 2007, CNBC Asia announced that it would expand its presence in Australia, including establishing a new Sydney bureau (initially based out of a local General Electric office, with a studio under construction at the Burns Philp Building across from Sydney Exchange Square), and premiering Squawk Australiaโ€”an hour-long program preceding Asia Squawk Box to cover the opening of the Australian markets. The following month, CNBC launched Worldwide Exchange, a new international business program that would be simulcast across CNBC in Asia, Europe, and the United States. CNBC Asia also launched two brand new shows that replaced Market Watch and the CNBC Europe programme Today's Business; CNBC's Cash Flow, anchored by Maura Fogarty (first hour) and Amanda Drury (second hour), was originally intensely trader and investor based. Following the success of Worldwide Exchange, another joint production, Capital Connection, was launched. It was originally anchored by Maura Fogarty in Singapore and Steve Sedgwick in London. Unlike Worldwide Exchange, which was originally produced by CNBC Europe (until production of that show was relocated to CNBC US on 4 January 2016), Capital Connection was produced by CNBC Asia. On 27 September 2007, CNBC Asia announced two additional shows from Sydney, Trading Mattersโ€”a wrap-up of the day's market action, and Australia This Week. Both shows were anchored by then-newly appointed CNBC anchor Oriel Morrison, formerly of the Nine Network and Bloomberg Television. The shows debuted on 2 and 6 October 2007, respectively, as the channel officially opened its new Burns Philip Building studios. The move also saw CNBC Australia reintroduce opt-outs from the pan-Asian feed for additional airings of Trading Matters and Australia This Week. In August 2008, The Daily Telegraph reported that Channel Nine's finance reporter Karen Tso, would be joining the network in October 2008. She became the Sydney-based correspondent of CNBC and anchored Squawk Australia, thus replacing Jeffrey James. In mid-2009, CNBC Asia launched a new personal finance show as an opt-out in Australia, The Barefoot Investor, with Australian personal finance expert Scott Pape. In June 2010, CNBC Asia relocated to a new studio at the Singapore Exchange. This coincided with changes to the network's lineup, including the cancellation of Squawk Australia and re-expansion of Asia Squawk Box to a three-hour format, and the new program The Call. On 31 March 2014, CNBC replaced The Call and Cash Flow with the early morning show The Rundown and a local version of Street Signs. Asia Squawk Box also relocated to a new studio in Hong Kong. In 2019, Asia Squawk Box returned to Singapore with a new anchor lineup. In June 2023, CNBC Asia set up a new office in Mapletree Business City. Facilities include a master control room, a production control room for social media platforms and a small studio. On 22 July 2024, CNBC Asia updated its on-air presentation and branding to match the new CNBC US branding that was first introduced on 11 December 2023. On 7 April 2025, CNBC Asia revamped its programming schedule by introducing the new programmes US Markets Edition (which provides highlights of CNBC's previous American trading day coverage), The China Connection, Inside India, and Access Middle East. Programming CNBC Asia produces live business day programming from 06:00 to 13:00 SIN (UTC+08:00) time during DST or 06:00 to 14:00 SIN without DST. The channel's weekday business day programmes (pan-Asian feed) are: In addition, CNBC Asia produces a weekly interview show - Managing Asia, presented by Christine Tan. At other times of the weekday, business-day programmes from CNBC Europe and CNBC US are simulcast on the channel. CNBC Asia broadcasts lifestyle and sporting programmes, branded under CNBC Weekends, showings of CNBC US documentaries and weekly business shows such as Managing Asia, The Brave Ones, Marketing.Media.Money, The CNBC Conversation, American Greed, Tech Transformers, Channel Japan, Meet China, CNBC Tech: The Edge, and Meet the Press. Back-to-back editions of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are shown during the evening. On trading days over the Christmas and new year period, CNBC Asia massively cuts back its regional programming with live output restricted to a two-hour edition of Squawk Box Asia. Pre-taped specials air at all other times. Simulcasts of programmes originating from CNBC US and CNBC Europe remains unaffected. Regular programming resumes immediately after the New Year's Day holiday. Among the shows that have been cancelled are: In the US, all of CNBC Asia's daytime programmes are seen on CNBC World. In Europe, during the mid to late 2000s, CNBC Europe had chosen to scale back simulcasts of CNBC Asia programming overnight in favour of teleshopping, and later on in the 2000s, poker games, and CNBC Asia's full morning line-up had was seen on Monday mornings. During the rest of the week, only the final hour of CNBC Asia's programming, plus Capital Connection, was seen on CNBC Europe. However, in 2009, CNBC Europe began showing almost the entire CNBC Asia schedule throughout the week, joining CNBC Asia at midnight UK time, 1am CET, with the full schedule broadcast on Monday mornings. The April 2025 schedule changes saw CNBC Europe broadcast the entire CNBC Asia programming block every day for the first time. Since 23 April 2007, a free live and commercial-free stream of CNBC Asia has been available on CNBC.com every Monday, from 6 AM to 4 PM SIN time (Sundays 6 PM to 4 AM ET with DST). At other times, the stream can be accessed by subscribing to CNBC Plus, which costs $9.95/month or $99.95/year. On-air staff Staff are based in Singapore unless stated otherwise. Other CNBC Asia Services and partnerships In conjunction with local partners it provides the following local channels: Managing Asia can be seen on Singapore Airlines and Jet Airways. References External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื“ื#cite_ref-18] | [TOKENS: 74883]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื“ื ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืกืคื™ืื ืก ืื™ื“ืœื˜ื• ืื“ื ืื• ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Homo sapiens, ื‘ืชืขืชื™ืง: ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก, ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: "ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน" โ€“ ืื“ื, "ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก" โ€“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื• ืชื‘ื•ื ื™) ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืคื•) ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”. ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ื”ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื’ืคื™ื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœืก ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ืื“ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืฉืืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืกื™ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื›ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื›-8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ (Homo sapiens sapiens). ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™, ืฉืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืŸ "ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ" ืื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื“ื (Homo). ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฉืจื“ ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื•ืžื• ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืช-ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื. ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื. ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื‘, ื“ ื•ืื™ืœืš), ื”ืฉื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ "ืื“ืžื”", ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžโ€ืขึธืคึธืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”โ€. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื“ื" ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื—ืช, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื“ื"[ื], ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ื”" ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื” ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช. ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื "ืื ื•ืฉ", "ืื ื•ืฉื™" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ",[ื‘] ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืฉ, ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื[ื’]. ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืื•ึผืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ืื ื•ืฉื™" ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืื• ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื• ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื. ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉ. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”, ืื ืฉื™ื, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื›ืจื™ื. "ื. ื ืฉื™ื" ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” แผ„ฮฝฮธฯฯ‰ฯ€ฮฟฯ‚ (ืึทื ึฐืชึฐึผืจื•ึนืคึผื•ึนืก) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืื“ื" ืื• "ืื ื•ืฉ", ื•ืžืžื ื” ื ื’ื–ืจื• ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”", ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช", "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื–ื" ื•"ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื™". ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื Homo (ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžืžื ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื" ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช Human ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ" ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืื ื•ืฉื™". ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, Homo sapiens (ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก), ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1758 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ืงืืจื•ืœื•ืก ืœื™ื ื™ืื•ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื•ืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™. ื”ืฉื ืชื•ืื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืื•ืก, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ. ืฉื ื”ืกื•ื’, Homo, ื ืœืงื— ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœ"ืื“ื", ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื™ืŸ, sapiens, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืชื‘ื•ื ื™", "ื ื‘ื•ืŸ" ืื• "ื—ื•ืฉื‘". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ Homo ื’ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื“ื "ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื" ื•ืชืช-ืฉื‘ื˜ "ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœืขืจืš ืžืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื“ื•-ืฆื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.6 ืœ-1.7 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืœืŸ 54 ืขื“ 64 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื, ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.7 ืœ-1.8 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืœื 76 ืขื“ 83 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื. ืฉืœื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื“ ื™ื•ื ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ ืฉืœื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืคืจืง ื”ื™ืจืš ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ืฆื”. ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืงืขืจื”", ืฉื‘ืขืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืžืขืจืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืขื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื•ื– ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื“ื, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื”, ืœืงื™ืžื” ื•ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืคื•ืชืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืช S ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื“, ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ ืžืชืงืžืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ืœื ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ืจื™ืฆื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ืคื•ื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ื•ืคื ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืขืฆื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืžื“ ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื. ืขืฆื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืžืคื•ืชืœืช ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืžืจืคืง ืคื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ื’ื“ื™ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘"ื›ืจื™ืช" ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ โ€“ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื“ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื ืชื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืœืกืช ืืœ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™ ื”ืืฃ, ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืข ืœืกืช ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช, ื ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“, ืฉืชื™ ืงื“ื-ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช (ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืžืœืชืขื•ืช) ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ 32 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ืžื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืข ืœืกืช ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืื• ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืชืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆื ื”ืœืกืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 28 ืœ-32 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืชืžื—ื”: ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืืจื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™-ืื“ื, ื”ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘. ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื—. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•, ืชืจื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืื“ื, ืืฃ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื“ืžื” ืœืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืœืื“ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” (ื•ืœื ืœืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ) ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช, ื›ืš ืฉืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™-ืืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืื“ื•ื, ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ (routine trichromacy). ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืจื•ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ืœืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืงื ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืœืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืจื™ื— (olfactory receptors) ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›-55% ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืกืื•ื“ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืจืช ื”ืคื”, ื”ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืืฆืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืžืชื ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™. ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ื”ืจืฅ ืœ-20 ืงื™ืœื•ื”ืจืฅ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื[ื“] ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืจื“ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืคื— ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 1,350 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›-86 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ โ€“ ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื“ EQ โ€(Encephalization Quotient ืื• "ืžื ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช") ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ืœืื“ื ืขืจืš EQ ื‘ื™ืŸ 6 ืœ-8, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ื—ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 6 ืขื“ 8 ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’, ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืขืจื›ื™ EQ ืฉืœ 2 ืขื“ 5, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 1. ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ ืฉืœ EQ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื ืจืง ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืจืš EQ ืฉืœ 3 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ. ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื’ื ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืจืš EQ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืคื”, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืชืื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื” ื›-2,360 ืกืž"ืจ (ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืฉืื•ืจืš ืฆืœืขื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืขืช ื‘ืงืคืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื‘ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 75% ืขื“ 84% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื›-16 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžื“ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ 9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”, 6โ€“7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื•-5.6 ืืฆืœ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™[ื”][ื•]. ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืžืฉืงืœื• ืจืง 2% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, 20% ืžื›ืœืœ ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช โ€“ ื›-50%, ื•ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื›-66%. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื–ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืชื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื”), ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื, ื›ืžื• ืจืงืžืช ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื•ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื™ืขืจ, ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคื ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืคืฉืขื” (ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืจื•ื•ื”) ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉืจืคืœืงืก ืกื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืจ (ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–") ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• (ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช "ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—"), ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื”ืขื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืจื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื˜ ื•ื“ื”ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืชืช-ืขื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื[ื–]. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ืจื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื™ืžื™ ื“ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืืคืงื˜ ื”ืฉื™ื–ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”, ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ืงืจื™ื ื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืืฃ ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื ืจืื” ืฉืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื›ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืืš ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ ื•ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™. ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ืœืง, ืžืชื•ืœืชืœ ืื• ืžืงื•ืจื–ืœ. ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื‘. ืžืขืจืš ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ื (ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืค) ื›ื•ืœืœ 23 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžื”ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืค ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ 24 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืืฆืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื”ืชืื—ื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ 2 ื‘ืื“ื. ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื”ื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื: ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืŸ XX, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ XY, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืื—ื“, ืžื–ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X. ื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืžื”ืื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ึผื‘ึธึผืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืžื”ืื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ื‘ึผืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื‘ืช. ื›ืœืœ ื”-DNA ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื ื•ื. ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืกื™ืกื ื™ืช (140 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“), ืืš ื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืจื™ืื•ืช (ืขื“ 130 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช). ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื, ื›-20 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืคืกืื•ื“ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื’ืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื. ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืจืช ื’ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ (ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™) ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "DNA ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™" ื•"DNA ื–ื‘ืœ" ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืื“ื, ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื˜ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ื–ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื›ืคืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื•ืœืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืจื˜ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”-SNP (ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“) ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2008 ื”ื•ื ื›-3.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขื“ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ 1,000 ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›-0.1% ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื. ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-1% ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืœื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื. ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-100 ืœื“ื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื›-100 ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืฆืœื• ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•[ื—]. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืชืฆืœื—ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืืš ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™. ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื’ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ืขื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ึผืจึธืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก, ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื™-ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”). ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื›-85% ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืื• ืืชื ื™. ื”ืžืชืื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืœืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืืœื™ื”ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ (ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ืกืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื "ื‘ื ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช". ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื’ื–ืข" ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืชืื ื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืชืื ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. "ื’ื–ืขื™ื" ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชืคื•ืฆืชื” ื”ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืฆืื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืขื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื’ื–ืขื™" ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ, ื›-80 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื (ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช) ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช[ื˜], ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืฆืœื—ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ืขื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื 122 ืฉื ื”, ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื–'ืืŸ ืœื•ืื™ื– ืงืœืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ื›ึพ40 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช), ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืคืชื—. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžื“ื ื”ืื ืืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช. ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื™ืช ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื•ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ืœืกื˜ื•ืฆื™ืกื˜, ื”ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื—ื. ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืœื™ื“ื”. ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืžื‘ืจื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ื•ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ ื“ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืš ืื—ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื“ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืืฉื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืื ืคื—ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-20 ื•ื”-21, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืจ. ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ืกืจ ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืช ื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื ืžื–ื“ืงืคื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช, ืืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืจื™ืฆื” ื•ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” (ืจืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืคื”). ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืœื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื“ื™ ืืžื•. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ[ื™]. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืื, ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ืงื” ืžื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืง ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 3 ื•ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืœืขืจืš, ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช. ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ื’ื ืชื, ื›ืœื›ืœืชื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื. ื”ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ 12 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš, ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืคืจืฅ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ืฉื™ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืœืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™: ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืฉื—ืœื”, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื–ืจืข ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืจื—ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืฉื—ืœื”, ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›-28 ื™ื•ื, ืืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 21 ืœ-39 ื™ื•ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื "ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืžื•ืกืชืจ" โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ืฆืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื ืงื”. ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื ืกืชืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“, ื•ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื" ืžืื™ื“ืš. ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ึนืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืงืฉืจ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื-ืžื•ืœ-ืคื ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืงื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘. ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืคืขืœื” ื›ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื ืงื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื ืงื•ืช) ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื“ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชืจื ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื’ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื“ืจื™ื”. ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื ืกืชื. ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื“ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ึนืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืฉืžืจืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืœื‘ื“ื” ืื• ืืฃ ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™-ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ (ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ 50 ืฉื ื”) ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืœื“ืช, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื ื ื• ืคื•ืกืง ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืชื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืคืœื’, ืืš ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืข ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืฉืง ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื’ื ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืจื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืฆื‘ืจื•, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืจืืฉื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ืžื ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ื’ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืœืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ืœืœืขื•ืก ื•ืœืขื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืจืงืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ (ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ), ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื ืœื‘ืชื™-ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื”ื—ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื’ื ื™ื™ื; ื—ืœื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘; ื•ื”ืชืกืกืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆื”. ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื[ื™"ื]. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื• ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืœืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 2015, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 1,800 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ 2,700 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจ ื•-2,200 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื” (ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื™ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“). ืžื“ื“ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1990โ€“2013 ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืžืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื•ืขื•ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ืชืื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื•ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื[ื™"ื‘][ื˜]. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื›ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ืœื• ืื—ื•ื– ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืขื ืชื ืื™ ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื[ื™"ื’]. ืงื˜ืœื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ืื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื‘ืœื™-ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ืžืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“[ื™"ื“]. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื”ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ืคืกื˜ืจ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื•ืš, ืฉื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืคืกื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ื‘ึพ1928. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื”ื™ื• (ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช) ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืจื˜ ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” (ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืืš ืœื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข). ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ. ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื”[ื˜"ื•]. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™, ืื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืืจืงื˜ื™ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืฃ ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืชื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื•, ื“ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืืจื›ืื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื, ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2023, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ื ื” 8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ. ื•ืื•ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืชื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื˜"ื–]. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืืžื“ ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื•ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21. ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 โ€“ ื›-2.2% ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ 31 ืฉื ื”. ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืž-1% ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ 70 ืฉื ื™ื. ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ: ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืืคืก ื•ืืฃ ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื›ืš (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”), ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืชืœื›ื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-22 ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-10.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื™"ื–]. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืงื ื”ึพืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช "ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—" ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืชืื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• (ืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”) โ€“ ืžื‘ืจื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืื“ืžื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืื• ืœืขืจื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืกื›ืจื™ื, ืžืื’ืจื™-ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื•, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืขื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจ, ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ื•ืจ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื’ืจืžื” ืื• ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืฉื 23 ืžืชื•ืš 24 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ 44 ืง"ื’, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ื“ื™ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื˜ื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-14 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืฉื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืขืœ 100 ืง"ื’, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืง, ืขืฆืœื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืกืžื™ืœื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ื–ืื‘ ื”ื‘ืœื”ื•ืช. ืžื™ื“ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืืงืœื™ื, ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืชืืจืš ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื, ื•ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืื” ื•ืขื™ื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• 8 ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืœ, 17 ืžื™ื ื™ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื (ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœืžื•ืจ ื”ืขื ืง), ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ืชื ืฉืœ 784 ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1500 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ, ื–ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืื’ื”, ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™, ืคืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื• ื•ืžืœื•ืžื™ืก ืงื™ ื‘ืจืžื‘ืœ. ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœืœื ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 4,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื "ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”" ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ โ€“ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืจืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ืืœื” ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืจื™ื—ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื—ื ืง ืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื" ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ (ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื) ื”ืื“ื ืืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืชืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-0.75 ืžืขืœืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช[ื™"ื—]. ื”ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื. ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื (Persistent organic pollutants โ€“ POPs) ื›ืžื• ื“ื™-ื“ื™-ื˜ื™, PCB ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ึพื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื—ื“ึพืคืขืžื™ ื—ื“ืจื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ โ€“ ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืขื“ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื, ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืื“ื. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืงื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ืคืจืช) ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืœืงื™ื—ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขืงื™ืฃ 25โ€“40% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืชื. ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื โ€“ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื“ ื’ื™ืจื ื™. ื”ืจืก ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืจืกื ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืจื”) ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืžื™ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื‘ ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ืžื™. ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื โ€“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืืคืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื: ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืืงืกืœื™, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ "ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข" (1863), ื•ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื" (1871), ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื, ืืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืืงืกืœื™ ื•ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ื”ื ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžืงื•ื ืชืคื•ืฆืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” (ื•ืจืื• ื’ื ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื“ืโ€“ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”). ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงื ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ืขื• ืœืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื• ื•ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื•ื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืจืฆืฃ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืืจืš ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ืฃ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืชืช-ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื, ืœืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘-8 ืขื“ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืขื ืฃ ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื. ืชืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืœื“ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื—ื“ ืืจื“ื™ืคื™ืชืงื•ืก ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืก (Ardipithecus ramidus), ืฉืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 4.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ 4.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœ-1.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ืชืงื•ืก (Australopithecus), ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื. ืžืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืคื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื—ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื— ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœืื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืžื”ื. ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื (Homo) ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ 2 ืขื“ 2.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก (Homo habilis, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ), ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ. ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก (Homo erectus, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืฃ) ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจ ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืœืฉ ืืช ื ืคื—ื• ืžื›-400 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ืชืงื™ื, ืœื›-600 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก, ื›-1,000 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื•-1,350 ืกืž"ืง ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชื’ืœื” ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก (Homo sapiens) ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืกื™ื”. ืืš ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคื— ืžื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืžื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื—ืฆื™-ืจืฉืžื™ "ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ื ืกื™ืก. ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›-400 ืืœืฃ ืขื“ 200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘-ืืกื™ื”, ื•ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืืš ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืจืง ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช, ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืื• ื›ืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก. ื“ื "ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื” ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืืš ืžื’ืœื” ื’ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื). ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ (ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื”ื•ืžื• ืคืœื•ืจืกื™ื™ื ืกื™ืก ื‘ืื™ื™ ืกื•ื ื“ื” (ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” (ืชื™ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›-50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”). ื’ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื ืขื“ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›-15 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื›ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ "ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก" (Homo sapiens sapiens). ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืกื•ื•ื’ื• ื›ืš ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืืชืจ ืื•ืžื• ืงื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืชื•ืืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-190 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืŸ: ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฆืคื™ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืฃ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืขืจืช ืžื™ืกึฐืœึดื™ึธึผื” (ื›-194 ืขื“ 177 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” (ื›-120 ืขื“ 90 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืขื“ 40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”) ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืขื“ 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืช-ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจื•ืข ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื™ืฆืจ "ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืืงืœื™ืžื™", ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืœืื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืžืžืขืจืช ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›-55 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื•ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-17 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื™ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืœืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืขืœืžื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืกื™ื™ืชื™, ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉ ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ื. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ืœืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื• ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืฃ ื”ื•ืืฅ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื—ืœื‘, ืืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื•ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื โ€“ ืœื›-8 ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืื•ืจื– ื•ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”. ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช. ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืชืชื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›-3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืขื“ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืžืžื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ, ืžืขืฆื ื•ืžื—ืจืก, ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืืฉืคืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื•. ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื›ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืœืงื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ[ื™"ื˜]. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง) ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืข ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ ืื™ืจืข (ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”) ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 11,500 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืืœืฃ ืขื“ 5,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”), ื•ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืœืœ ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืžืชื›ืช, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืืฃ ืœืœื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ืชืชื™ื, ื›-3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ื›-250 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ืื™ืช, ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื ืชื–ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆืฆื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืชืงื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื’ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื-ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—-ืืกื™ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-600 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›"ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™", ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ื ืกื™ืก, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืจืง ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืž-250 ืืœืฃ ื•ืขื“ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืกื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืืš ื’ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืฆื“ื• ืคืจืกืชื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ืช, ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืœ ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช, ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื ื•ืงืจืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™-ืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืคืจื˜ ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”), ืชื•ืš ื“ื—ื™ืงืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ืื• ื”ื˜ืžืขืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืงื•ื“ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™: ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœืก ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืจืคืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื”, ื’ืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืช ืžืฆืจ ื‘ืจื™ื ื’, ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-17 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืคื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-12 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืื•ืจื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ืœืื•ืจื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™: ืกื™ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคืœืก ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื•, ืื• ืืฃ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื—ื ื•ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื’ื ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื›ืคื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 9,500 ืขื“ 8,500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 4,000 ืขื“ 3,000 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”, ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื. ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืฆืžื—ื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื– ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขื– ื”ื‘ื™ืช), ื‘ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช), ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื•ืŸ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื•ื”ืขืจื•ื“ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื›ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื—ืœื‘, ืฆืžืจ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืช ืกื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืกื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืืš ื’ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ื•ืœื—ืœื‘. ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืช ืฆืžื— ื”ืื•ืจื–, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก, ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื’ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข, ืขื™ื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื™ื—ื•ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื“ื”, ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืขื ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืชื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื–ื™ื, ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื’ืžืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื”, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืจืขื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื ื™ืข ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ืจืขื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ืงื• ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืชื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื—. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ึฐึผืชื‘. ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืœืคื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืืจื›ื• ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 6600 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืš ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืž-3500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœืขืจืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืฉื ื—ืงืง ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืจืก. ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชืขื“ื• ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื; ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื”ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช[ื›]: ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื: ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื›ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ืคืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ; ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก; ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•; ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืื ื’ืฆื”; ื”ืื•ืœืžืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ึผื ึธืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืฉึตืื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืึดื›ืœื•ืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื’ื ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื ืข. ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื’ื ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ื“ืช. ื”ืžืฆืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคืชื— ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืืš ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”. ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคืœื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืงืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื–ื–ื• ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”, ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืžื™ืขื• ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืจื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ื•ืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืจืคื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื”, ืกืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืกืคื ื™ื ืžืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืืช ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ. ืืš ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ. ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื• ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ื”, ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื’ืื ื” ื•ืžืืœื™, ืืš ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืขื™ื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืึดืคืฉืจื• ืœื—ืœืงืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืœื”ื›ืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื’ืจืจื• ื’ื ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ (ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช mind) ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื›ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™[ื›"ื]. ืืžื ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื ืคืฉ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœื•, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช" ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื" ื•ื‘ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืงืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืืš ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘-166 ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœืŸ[ื›"ื‘]. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืคื”-ืืœ-ืคื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•[ื›"ื’]. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉ ืขืฆืžื•: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืจืื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืจืื™ื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืืชื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื›ืืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื[ื›"ื“]. ื ื•ืฉื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื. ืœืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžื•ื ื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืืœืคืจื“ ืงื™ื ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื•ื”-50 ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” "ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•" ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ืช (ืฉืœื‘ื™ื 1โ€“5 ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืงื™ื ืกื™). ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื›ืฉื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื”. ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื”, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืกื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ 8.8% ืœ-27% ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื, ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื[ื›"ื”] ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืคื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื— ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืจื ื™ืงื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงื”, ืืš ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™, ื•ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ืฉืคื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœื™ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ื›-13 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”[ื›"ื•]. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”-ืืคืก. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืืš ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”[ื›"ื–]. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืš ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช "ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช" ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”"ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช" ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื• ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช. ืฉืคื” ืกืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื“ื ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ[ื›"ื—]. ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ; ื›ืกืžืœื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”; ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ืื• ืืฃ ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืขื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”. ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”. ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”. ื›-7,000 ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื›"ื˜]. ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืคืช ืื ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช (13.22%), ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช (4.88%) ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช (4.68%). ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืคื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื—ื“ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืฉืžื™ืช, ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ื”ื•ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื”-ืื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ[ืœ]. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”"ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช[ืœ"ื]. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืจืš. ื”ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžืืžืฅ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืคื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ืื™ ื”ืœืขื’ื ื™ "ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื", ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื‘ื ืช (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ", "ื’ืจื’ื•ืจ" ืื• "ื’ืžื’ื•ื"). ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืืฃ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื™ื ืกื›ืจื™ื. ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืงื•ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืœื• ืฉื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœืจืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื. ืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื“ืžื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ (ืœืคื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”) ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ (ืœืคื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 800 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื•, ืืš ืคื™ืชื— ื•ืฉื™ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื”, ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื“ื™ืฉื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช). ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืœื™ื ืžืžืชื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืจืก ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืขืฅ, ืื‘ืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื’ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ึผื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆืžืจ, ืคืฉืชืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื ื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ, ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช-ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœืจืชื•ื ื’ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื˜ื—ื ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืืš ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืคืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ. ืชื—ื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ื•, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื•. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงืžืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืชื‘ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื™ืื”, ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืœืจื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื” ืืคืก ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื™ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืฆืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืžึฐืฆืื•ึนืช ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ, ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื“ื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื”-21. ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”: ื”ืขืœืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื—ืœื•ืงืชื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ื โ€“ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื’ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช, ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงื™, ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืื• ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ[ืœ"ื‘]. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื’ื“ ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ืช ื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื•, ื•ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื“ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ืžื•ืฅ. ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉึฐึผืืึตืจื•ึผืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืžื”ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื”ืื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื•ืžื”ืื‘ ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ ืฉืืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืงืœืื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื• ืขืžื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืืจื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื™ื™ืชืคืกื• ื›ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื“ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืคืจื™ื (ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื) ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืขืžื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืžืฉืœ, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื™ืชืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื•ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื›ื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื•ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื. ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื• ื›ืคืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆ'ื™ืฃ, ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื•ืช. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืืฆื•ืœื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™. ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืกื™ื, ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ-ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื•ืง. ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื•. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžืกื—ืจ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ืจื™ื“. ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืœื”. ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ืกื—ืจื• ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืืžืฆืขื™-ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ (ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื) ื•ืืฉืจืื™, ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื›ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื‘ืจื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืขืกืงืื•ืช. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื” ื’ื ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื ืจื—ื‘, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1500 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœ-550 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 8,800 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื“ืชื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื“ืช. ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-100 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืžืžืขืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืžืขืจืช ืงืคื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืฆืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืกืœืข ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-30 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืžืชืืจื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืคืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฆื™ื™ื ืื“ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื”, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืืจื™-ืื“ื ืžืžืขืจืช ืฉื˜ืื“ืœ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืงืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื“ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื, ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื•ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื. ืื ื™ืžื™ื–ื โ€“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื โ€“ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื. ืคื•ืœื™ืชืื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™-ืงื“ื, ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื˜ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื. ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ื–ื โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช: ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกืœืื. ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ื–ื, ื–ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืื™ื–ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื“ืจืš-ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ืœื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืืš ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืœ, ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ. ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืžื•ืกืจ. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืขื ืฉืช ื›ืคืฉืข. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ื ืขืœื™ื โ€“ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ืึณืžึธื ื•ึผืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื• ืืฃ ืœืœื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืจืžื–ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืงืคื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆื“ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืจืจื™ื, ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจืง ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฆื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ืชื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื’ื ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ืžืขืฆื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช: ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช; ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื™ืงื•ื“; ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืึดืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืึปืžึธึผื ื•ึผืช, ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื“ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื• ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื•, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ื›ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจืงืข ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื; ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื”, ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืฉืœื™ืคืช ื—ืจื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื˜ื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืื• ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืื• ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืึธืžึธึผืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ. ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืžื—ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื. ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืชื. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™[ืœ"ื’] ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง โ€“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืขืžื“ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฆืจื• ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืกื˜ื™ืช; ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืคืœื“ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉืง ืงืจ ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ; ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืื‘ืง ืฉืจืคื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช; ื•ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ืœืขื ื™ืฉื”, ืœื”ื‘ืขืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ืกื“ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”. ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ืงืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ื”. ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื•. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื’ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื‘ืง ืืœื™ื ื•ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“, ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ื›ืœื™ืœ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืืชื ื™ืช ืื• ื“ืชื™ืช, ื ืงืจื ืจืฆื— ืขื. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืื’ื™ืจืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื•, ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืฉืœื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœืชื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืžื ื™ื™ื”, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-5,000 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื ืง ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืžืก ื•ืžืกื—ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื•ื, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืœื”ื™ืกืง ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื“ืข ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื“ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื”. ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืชื•ืก, ื“ืช, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข[ืœ"ื“]. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืžื•ืชืŸ ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื—ื•ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช[ืœ"ื”]. ืžื“ืข ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื’ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืืœ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื“ืžื” ื•"ื ืคื— ื‘ืืคื™ื• ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื". ื’ื ื‘ืืกืœืื ื™ืฉื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื• ื ืคื— ื‘ื• ื”ืืœ ืžื ืฉืžืชื•. ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ืžื”, ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื• ื—ื™ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื’ืฉื™ืช ืจืื” ืืช ื‘ืชื• ืžืคืกืœืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืžืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื - ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืช - ื”ืืœ ืื ื›ื™ ืœืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืืœ ื˜ืื ื” ืœืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ืื“ื•ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจืื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื ื–ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืื” ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื. ื‘ืืคื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืื ื•ืžื” ืืœื™ืฉ, ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืœื” ืชื™ืืžืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื ืง. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืืฆ'ื™ื ื”ืืœ ื”ืืงื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืžืจ, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืืœ ื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืืœ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืžื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืกืคื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื“ื ืžืื•ื›ืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืกืœืขื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื ืฉืฃ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืงื“ืงื ื•ืช ืืœื ืฆืžื—ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื• ืืœื•ื”ื™. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื• ืืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืชืคื ื•ืช ืืœืช ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ. ืืชื•ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื, ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื“ืื’ ืœื”ื ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื• ืจื•ืืช-ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื. ื›ืฉืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืืชื•ื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžื—ื”. ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™ื• ื˜ืคื˜ืคื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”, ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื’ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื›ื—ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ื”ืคืขื, ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืื•ืจ, ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœืข, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ืœื ืฆื—, ื•ื ืขืœื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืกืงื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืข ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื, ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืชืื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช (ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื”) ืฉื‘ืจืื” ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–[ืœ"ื•], ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื•[ืœ"ื–]. ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื›ื ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืืœ. ื‘ืงื”ืœืช ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื™ืŸ", ืืš ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื". ืฉืืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ. ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืžื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื-ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื•ืขืชื™ืง ืžืื•ื“. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™-ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื ื™ ื•ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื™. ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื˜: "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช" ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช: ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช? ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื“ืขืช, ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘; ื–ืจื ื”ื ื”ื ืชื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ืื•ืฉืจ; ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืืœ ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ืชื•; ื–'ืืŸ-ื–'ืืง ืจื•ืกื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•; ื•ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจืœื•, ืื• ื”ืื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”, ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš, ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืคืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื’ื ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื, ืืš ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื”ื’ื•ื•ื“ ื’ื™ื˜ื, ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืขื“ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื, ืืš ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืงืืจืžื” ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื. ื”ื“ืจืš ("ื“ื”ืจืžื”" ืื• "ื“ืื•") ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืืœื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืื• ืจืข ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•[ืœ"ื—]. ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข[ืœ"ื˜]. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจืขืชื ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœ[ืž]. ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ[ืž"ื], ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื”ืจื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืกืžืืœ ื•ืืฉืžื“ืื™ ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื“ืข ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ืžืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืœื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_Today] | [TOKENS: 16691]
Contents RT (TV network) RT, formerly Russia Today (Russian: ะ ะพััะธั ะกะตะณะพะดะฝั, romanized: Rossiya Segodnya), is a Russian state-controlled international news television network funded by the Russian government. It operates pay television and free-to-air channels directed to audiences outside of Russia, as well as providing Internet content in Russian, English, Spanish, French, German, Arabic, Portuguese and Serbian. RT is a brand of TV-Novosti, a nonprofit registered as an "autonomous non-commercial organization" (ANO) and founded by the Russian state news agency FSUE RIA Novosti in April 2005. During the economic crisis in December 2008, the Russian government, headed by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, included ANO "TV-Novosti" on its list of core organizations of strategic importance to Russia. RT operates as a multilingual service with channels in five languages: the original English-language channel was launched in 2005, the Arabic-language channel in 2007, Spanish in 2009, German in 2014 and French in 2017. RT America (2010โ€“2022), RT UK (2014โ€“2022) and other regional channels also produce local content. RT is the parent company of the Ruptly video agency, which owns the Redfish video channel and the Maffick digital media company. RT has regularly been described as a major propaganda outlet for the Russian government and its foreign policy. Academics, fact-checkers, and news reporters (including some current and former RT reporters) have identified RT as a purveyor of disinformation and conspiracy theories. UK media regulator Ofcom has repeatedly found RT to have breached its rules on impartiality, including multiple instances in which RT broadcast "materially misleading" content. In 2012, RT's editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan compared the channel to the Russian Ministry of Defence. Referring to the Russo-Georgian War, she stated that it was "waging an information war, and with the entire Western world". In September 2017, RT America was ordered to register as a foreign agent with the United States Department of Justice under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. RT was banned in Ukraine in 2014 after Russia's annexation of Crimea; Latvia and Lithuania implemented similar bans in 2020. Germany banned RT DE in February 2022. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Union and Canada formally banned RT and independent service providers in over 10 countries suspended broadcasts of RT. Social media websites followed by blocking external links to RT's website and restricting access to RT's content. Microsoft removed RT from their app store and de-ranked their search results on Bing, while Apple removed the RT app from all countries except for Russia. However, RT content continues to be laundered through third-party sites. History RT's formation was part of a public relations effort by the Russian Government in 2005 to improve Russia's image abroad. RT was conceived by former media minister Mikhail Lesin and Aleksei Gromov. At the time of RT's founding, RIA Novosti director Svetlana Mironyuk stated: "Unfortunately, at the level of mass consciousness in the West, Russia is associated with three words: communism, snow and poverty", and added "we would like to present a more complete picture of life in our country". RT is funded by the Federal Agency for Press and Mass Media, part of the government of Russia. In 2005, RIA Novosti founded ANO TV-Novosti (or "Autonomous Non-profit Organization TV-News") to serve as the parent organization for RT. ANO TV-Novosti was registered on 6 April 2005, and Sergey Frolov (ะกะตั€ะณะตะน ะคั€ะพะปะพะฒ) was appointed its CEO. The channel was launched as Russia Today on 10 December 2005. At its launch, the channel employed 300 journalists, including approximately 70 from outside Russia. Russia Today appointed Margarita Simonyan as its editor-in-chief; she recruited foreign journalists as presenters and consultants. Simonyan, aged 25 years old when she was appointed, was a former Kremlin pool reporter who had worked in journalism since she was 18. She told The New York Times that after the fall of the Soviet Union, many new young journalists were hired, resulting in a much younger pool of staffers than other news organizations. Journalist Danny Schechter (who has appeared as a guest on RT) stated that, having been part of the launch staff at CNN, he saw RT as another "channel of young people who are inexperienced, but very enthusiastic about what they are doing". Shortly after the channel was launched, James Painter wrote that RT and similar news channels such as France 24 and TeleSUR saw themselves as "counter-hegemonic", offering a differing vision and news content from that of Western media like CNN and the BBC. RT launched several new channels in ensuing years: the Arabic language channel Rusiya Al-Yaum in 2007, the Spanish language channel Actualidad RT in 2009, RT America โ€“ which focuses on the United States โ€“ in 2010, and the RT Documentary channel in 2011. In August 2007, Russia Today became the first television channel to report live from the North Pole (with the report lasting five minutes and 41 seconds). An RT crew participated in the Arktika 2007 Russian polar expedition, led by Artur Chilingarov on the Akademik Fyodorov icebreaker. On 31 December 2007, RT's broadcasts of New Year's Eve celebrations in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were broadcast in the hours prior to the New Year's Eve event at New York City's Times Square. Russia Today drew particular attention worldwide for its coverage of the 2008 South Ossetia war. RT named Georgia as the aggressor against the separatist governments of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which were protected by Russian troops. RT saw this as the incident that showcased its newsgathering abilities to the world. Margarita Simonyan stated: "we were the only ones among the English-language media who were giving the other side of the story โ€“ the South Ossetian side of the story". In 2009, Russia Today was rebranded to "RT", which George Washington University academics Jack Nassetta and Kimberly Gross described as an "[attempt] to shed state affiliation". Simonyan said the company had not changed names but the company's corporate logo was changed to attract more viewers: "who is interested in watching news from Russia all day long?" Julia Ioffe also describes 2009, when the Barack Obama administration came to office "promising a different approach toward Russia", as a time when RT became "more international and less anti-American", and "built a state-of-the-art studio and newsroom" in the U.S. capital In early 2010, RT unveiled an advertising campaign to promote its new "Question More" slogan. The campaign was created by Ketchum, GPlus, and London's Portland PR. One of the advertisements featured as part of the campaign showed U.S. President Barack Obama morphing into Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and asked: "Who poses the greatest nuclear threat?" The ad was banned in American airports. Another showed a Western soldier "merging" with a Taliban fighter and asked: "Is terror only inflicted by terrorists?" One of RT's 2010 billboard advertisements won the British Awards for National Newspaper Advertising "Ad of the Month". In 2010, Walter Isaacson, Chairman of the U.S. Government's Broadcasting Board of Governors, which runs Voice of America, Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Asia, called for more money to invest in the programs because "We can't allow ourselves to be out-communicated by our enemies", specifically mentioning Russia Today, Iran's Press TV and China's China Central Television (CCTV) in the following sentence. He later explained that he actually was referring to "enemies" in Afghanistan, not the countries he mentioned. In 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that the U.S. was "losing the information war" abroad to foreign channels like RT, Al Jazeera and China Central Television and that they were supplanting the Voice of America. In early 2012, shortly after his appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Russia, Michael McFaul challenged Margarita Simonyan on Twitter about allegations from RT that he had sent Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny to study at Yale University. According to RT, McFaul was referring to a comment in an article by political scientist Igor Panarin, which RT had specified were the views of the author. McFaul then accepted an interview by Sophie Shevardnadze on RT on this and other issues and reasserted that the Obama administration wanted a "reset" in relations with Russia. On 17 April 2012, RT debuted World Tomorrow, a news interview programme hosted by WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. The first guest on the program was Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah. The interview made global headlines as Nasrallah rarely gives interviews to Western media. Commentators described this as a "coup". WikiLeaks described the show as "a series of in-depth conversations with key political players, thinkers and revolutionaries from around the world". It stated that the show is "independently produced and Assange has control"; WikiLeaks offers a "Broadcasters license, only". Assange said that RT allowed his guests to discuss things that they "could not say on a mainstream TV network". Assange's production company made the show and Assange had full editorial control. Assange said that, if WikiLeaks had published large amounts of compromising data on Russia, his relationship with RT might not have been so comfortable. In August of that year, RT suffered a denial of service attack. Some people linked the attack to RT's connection with Assange, and others to an impending court verdict related to Pussy Riot. On 23 October 2012, RT, along with Al Jazeera and C-SPAN, broadcast the Free and Equal Elections Foundation third-party debate among four third-party candidates for President of the United States. On 5 November, RT broadcast the two candidates that were voted winners of that debate, Libertarian Party candidate Governor Gary Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein, from RT's Washington, D.C. studio. In May 2013, RT announced that former CNN host Larry King would host a new talk show on RT. King said in an advertisement on RT: "I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power, instead of speaking on their behalf." As part of the deal, King would also bring his Hulu series Larry King Now to RT. On 13 June 2013, RT aired a preview telecast of King's new Thursday evening program Politicking, with the episode discussing Edward Snowden's leaking of the PRISM surveillance program. Vladimir Putin visited the new RT broadcasting centre in June 2013 and stated: "When we designed this project back in 2005 we intended introducing another strong player on the international scene, a player that wouldn't just provide an unbiased coverage of the events in Russia but also try, let me stress, I mean โ€“ try to break the Anglo-Saxon monopoly on the global information streams. ... We wanted to bring an absolutely independent news channel to the news arena. Certainly the channel is funded by the government, so it cannot help but reflect the Russian government's official position on the events in our country and in the rest of the world one way or another. But I'd like to underline again that we never intended this channel, RT, as any kind of apologetics for the Russian political line, whether domestic or foreign." On 13 October 2014, RT and the People's Daily Online signed a cooperation agreement. In early October 2014, RT announced the launch of a dedicated news channel, RT UK, aimed at British audiences. The new channel began operating on 30 October 2014. In October 2016, the NatWest bank stated that they will no longer provide banking services to RT in the UK without providing any reasons. This decision was criticised by Margarita Simonyan, the editor-in-chief of RT, and the Russia Government. Simonyan sarcastically tweeted that: "Long live freedom of speech!" However, NatWest reversed its decision in January 2017, said it had reached a resolution with RT. Simonyan said the decision showed that "common sense has prevailed". In 2018, some of the RT staff started a new media project, Redfish.media, that positioned itself as "grassroots journalism". The website was criticized by activist Musa Okwonga for deceptively interviewing him and then distributing it across RT channels while hiding its real affiliation. Another similar RT project is In the NOW, started in 2018. On 15 February 2019, Facebook temporarily blocked the In the NOW page, saying that even though it does not require pages to disclose who funds them, it had suspended the page so viewers would not "be misled about who's behind them". Anissa Naouai, CEO of Maffick, which published the page, described the blocking as "unprecedented discrimination", and said that Facebook did not ask other channels to declare their parent company and financial affiliations. As of February 2019, a majority of Maffick stock was controlled by Ruptly, an RT subsidiary, with Naouai owning the remaining 49%. Facebook unblocked the page on 25 February 2019; Naouai said the company had agreed to do so once the page was updated to feature information on In the NOW's funding and management. She added that this requirement has been applied to no other Facebook page. In the NOW also has an active channel on YouTube and regularly posts videos from Soapbox, a Maffick-owned channel. In February 2021, Matt Field from the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists reported that RT had created an account on Gab, a social network known for its far-right userbase, right before the start of former U.S. President Donald Trump's second impeachment trial. Field commented that RT had posted several articles on its Gab account, including one criticizing The Lincoln Project, an organization run by anti-Trump Republicans. In December 2021 RT launched a TV channel in Germany, RT DE TV using a license for cable and satellite broadcasting issued in Serbia. A week after the launch, on 22 December the channel was removed from broadcasting via European satellites by the European satellite operator at the request of the German media regulator. On 27 February 2022, the president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen announced the European Union would ban RT and Sputnik (plus their subsidiaries) from operating in its 27 member countries. The ban resulted in RT being blocked on downstream television networks located outside EU, such as the United Kingdom and Singapore as they were dependent on EU companies for the signal feed to RT. Canadian telecom companies Shaw, Rogers, Bell and Telus announced they would no longer offer RT in their channel lineups (although Rogers replaced its RT broadcasts with a Ukrainian flag). This move was praised by Canada's Minister of Canadian Heritage Pablo Rodriguez who called the network the "propaganda arm" of Vladimir Putin. On 28 February, Ofcom announced they had opened 15 expedited investigations into RT. These investigations will be focused on the 15 news editions broadcast on 27 February between 05:00 and 19:00 and will check if the coverage broke impartiality requirements in the broadcast code. On 2 March, the regulation was published which meant the ban was in force. Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok made RT's and Sputnik's social media content unavailable to users in the European Union on 28 February. Microsoft removed RT and Sputnik from MSN, the Microsoft Store, and the Microsoft Advertising network on the same day. YouTube, on 1 March, banned access to all RT and Sputnik channels on its platform in Europe (including Britain).[a] Apple followed by removing RT and Sputnik from its App Store in all countries except Russia. Roku dropped the RT app from its channel store, while DirecTV pulled RT America from its channel lineup. On 1 March, the National Administration of Telecommunications of Uruguay announced the removal of RT from the Antel TV streaming platform. New Zealand satellite television provider Sky also removed RT, citing complaints from customers and consultation with the Broadcasting Standards Authority. Reddit blocked new outgoing links to RT and Sputnik on 3 March. On 11 March, YouTube blocked RT and Sputnik worldwide. From 16 March, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission officially banned RT and RT France from the list of non-Canadian programming services authorized for distribution. On 8 March 2022, RT France challenged the EU ban of its activities in the General Court of the Court of Justice of the European Union. After refusing to "urgently" consider the case on 30 March, the General Court dismissed the case on 27 July 2022, ruling that the ban against RT was justified. Between 22 and 26 February 2022, a couple of days before and after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, "posts on Facebook from RT and Sputnik got more than 5 million likes, shares and comments". On YouTube, videos of "false stories, claiming that Ukrainians had attacked Russians or describing a 'genocide' against Russian-speaking Ukrainians in the separatist Donbas region," were watched "73 million times." During the invasion, hacktivist collective Anonymous launched a distributed denial of service attack that temporarily disabled the websites of RT and other Russian government-controlled organizations. In March 2022, RT America closed and most of its staff ceased to work for the outlet. RT began selling merchandise emblazoned with the "Z" military symbol โ€“ a pro-Kremlin and pro-war emblem โ€“ a few days after the start of the invasion. In March 2022, Vice News reported that RT had established a channel on Gab's video sharing platform Gab TV, which describes itself as a "free speech broadcasting platform." Vice News observed that Gab CEO Andrew Torba had given his support for Russia's invasion of Ukraine and Torba publicly supported RT, claiming that they are being subject to the same censorship as American conservatives "by Big Tech and the globalist regime". Torba also falsely claimed that Gab is "the one place on the internet where you can find RT News" when RT also has a presence on video sharing platform Rumble. Not all branches of RT have suffered declines since the war started. Interactions with the Arabic-language Facebook page "RT Online" grew 161.2% from 28 February to mid-March, "RT Play in Espaรฑol" went up a 22.5%. In October 2022, RT presenter Anton Krasovsky said on air that Ukrainian children who had in the past criticised the Soviet Union as occupiers of Ukraine should have been drowned or burned; he additionally laughed at reporting that Russian soldiers raped elderly Ukrainian women during the 2022 invasion. He was subsequently suspended by Simonyan, and criminal case investigation was opened. In September and October 2022, RT launched RT Hindi and RT Balkan, to expand its audience. In September 2023, RT launched its online platform in Portuguese, as "RT Brazil".[citation needed] On August 9, 2024 the broadcast and other equipment from the RT studio in Washington DC were auctioned off. On September 16, 2024, Meta announced that it would ban RT from its platforms, including Facebook and Instagram, for foreign interference activity. Research by the BBC found that viewer trust in RT globally averaged 71% in 2025, increased from 59% four years previously. Organization State-owned RIA Novosti news agency, which founded RT in 2005, is one of the largest in Russia. Its former chairperson was Svetlana Mironyuk, who modernised the agency after being appointed in 2003. In 2007, RT established offices in the same building as RIA Novosti, after the Russian Union of Journalists was forced to vacate them. In 2012, Anna Kachkayeva, Dean of Media Communications at Moscow's Higher School of Economics, stated that the two organizations "share the same roof" because they are located in the same building, but in "funding, editorial policy, management and staff, they are two independent organisations whose daily operations are not interconnected in any way". In 2008, Simonyan noted that more than 50 young RT journalists had gone on to take positions in large Western media outlets. By 2010, RT's staff had grown to 2,000. In December 2012, RT moved its production studios and headquarters to a new facility in Moscow. The move coincided with RT's upgrade of all of its English-language news programming to high-definition. In 2013, a presidential decree issued by Vladimir Putin dissolved RIA Novosti, replacing it with a new information agency called Rossiya Segodnya (directly translated as Russia Today). On 31 December 2013, Margarita Simonyan, editor-in-chief of the RT news channel, was also appointed editor-in-chief of the new news agency while maintaining her duties for the television network. From 18 August 2020 to 18 August 2021, ANO TV Novosti was owned by the federal state unitary enterprise RAMI RIA Novosti (Russian: ะคะ“ะฃะŸ "ะ ะะœะ˜ "ะ ะ˜ะ ะะพะฒะพัั‚ะธ") and the Association for the Development of International Journalism (ADIJ; Russian: ะััะพั†ะธะฐั†ะธั ั€ะฐะทะฒะธั‚ะธั ะผะตะถะดัƒะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฝะพะน ะถัƒั€ะฝะฐะปะธัั‚ะธะบะธ (ะะ ะœะ–)), which was founded by Margarita Simonyan and few other RT associates. On 18 August 2021, RAMI RIA Novosti was liquidated and the ownership of ANO TV Novosti was transferred to ADIJ. When it was established in 2005, ANO TV-Novosti invested $30 million in start-up costs to establish RT, with a budget of $30 million for its first year of operation. Half of the network's budget came from the Russian government; the other half came from pro-Kremlin commercial banks at the government's request. Its annual budget increased from approximately $80 million in 2007 to $380 million in 2011, but was reduced to $300 million in 2012. President Putin prohibited the reduction of funding for RT on 30 October 2012. About 80 percent of RT's costs are incurred outside Russia, paying partner networks around $260 million for the distribution of its channels in 2014. In 2014, RT received 11.87 billion rubles ($310 million) in government funding and was expected to receive 15.38 billion rubles ($400 million) in 2015. (For comparison, the bigger BBC World Service Group had a $376 million budget in 2014โ€“15.) At the start of 2015, as the ruble's value plummeted and a ten percent reduction in media subsidies was imposed, it was thought that RT's budget for the year would fall to about $236 million. Instead, government funding was increased to 20.8 billion rubles (around $300 million) in September. In 2015, RT was expected to receive 19 billion rubles ($307 million) from the Russian government the following year. As of 2022, RT is the leader in terms of state funding among all Russian media. Between 2022 and 2024, RT will receive 82 billion rubles. According to RT as of March 2022, the network's feed is carried by 22 satellites and over 230 operators, providing a distribution reach to about 700 million households in more than 100 countries. RT also stated that RT America was available to 85 million households throughout the United States, as of 2012. In addition to its main English language channel RT International, RT UK and RT America, RT also runs Arabic-language channel Rusiya Al-Yaum, Spanish language channel Actualidad RT, as well as the RTDoc documentary channel. RT maintains 21 bureaus in 16 countries, including those in Washington, D.C., New York City; London, England; Paris, France; Delhi, India; Cairo, Egypt and Baghdad, Iraq. The sharp decline in the ruble at the end of 2014 forced RT to postpone German- and French-language channels. In addition to news agency Ruptly, RT also operates the following websites: RT ะฝะฐ ั€ัƒััะบะพะผ (in Russian), RT en franรงais (French), RT DE (German). In 2015, RT's YouTube news channels were: RT (the main channel), RT America, RT Arabic, RT en Espaรฑol, RT Deutsch, RT French, RT UK, RT ะฝะฐ ั€ัƒััะบะพะผ and the newly launched RT Chinese. The German service (RT DE) was removed from YouTube in September 2021 for breaking the websites rules on COVID misinformation. The Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab and Meduza wrote that the Russian edition of RT "aggressively" promoted COVID-19 vaccination in Russia, calling anti-vaccination activists "imbeciles", while foreign RT channels were simultaneously promoting the same anti-vaccination misinformation that it criticized in Russia. In September 2012, RT signed a contract with Israeli-based RRSat to distribute high-definition feeds of the channel in the United States, Latin America and Asia. In October 2012, RT's Rusiya Al-Yaum and RT joined the high-definition network Al Yah Satellite Communications ("YahLive"). On 12 July 2014, during his visit to Argentina, Putin announced that Actualidad RT would broadcast free-to-air in the country, the first foreign television channel to do so there. According to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Argentina's State Media Authorities decided to suspend RT on 11 June 2016, along with Venezuelan television channel TeleSur, which had both been authorized by the previous left-leaning government of Cristina Kirchner. Officially, Argentina wanted to devote RT's frequency to domestic broadcasts. RT was made available on the dominant Australian subscription television platform Foxtel on 17 February 2015. The RT website (as of March 2022), maintains that "since June 2012", RT has "consistently and significantly outperforms other foreign channels including Euronews and Fox News. RT's quarterly audience in the UK is 2.5 million viewers". However, according to The Daily Beast, citing leaked documents from "Vasily Gatov, a former RIA Novosti employee" (as of 2015) RT "hugely exaggerates its viewership,"; and its most-watched segments were on apolitical subjects. Between 2013 and 2015, over 80% of RT's viewership was for videos of accidents, crime, disasters, and natural phenomena, such as the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor event, with less than 1% of viewership for political videos. In late 2015, all of the 20 most-watched videos on its main channel, totaling 300 million views, were described as "disaster/novelty". Of the top 100, only a small number could be categorized as political, with only one covering Ukraine. The most popular video of Russian president Putin shows him singing "Blueberry Hill" at a 2010 St. Petersburg charity event. In 2017, The Washington Post analysed RT's popularity and concluded that "it's not very good at its job" as "Moscow's propaganda arm" due to its relative unpopularity. RT has disputed both The Daily Beast and The Washington Post assessments, saying their analyses used outdated viewership data. A study by Professor Robert Orttung at George Washington University stated that RT uses human interest stories without ideological content to attract viewers to its channels. Between January and May 2015, the Russian-language channel had the most viewers, with approximately double the number of the main channel, despite only having around one-third the number of subscribers. According to data compiled by Oxford's Rasmus Kleis Nielsen prior to the invasion of Ukraine, RT's "online reach in the U.K., France, and Germany" was "not great on the web, but surprisingly strong on social media, at least in spots". For example, in Germany, RT was "the No. 1 news source in terms of engagements on Facebook" December 2021-January 2022, (according to this CrowdTangle data). Reliable figures for RT's worldwide audience were not available as of 2015. In the United States, RT typically pays cable and satellite services to carry its channel in subscriber packages. In 2011, RT was the second most-watched foreign news channel in the United States (after BBC World News), and the number one foreign network in five major U.S. urban areas in 2012. It also rated well among younger Americans under 35 and in inner city areas. In the UK, the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB) has included RT in the viewer data it publishes since 2012. According to their data, approximately 2.5 million Britons watched RT during the third quarter of 2012, making it the third most-watched rolling news channel in Britain, behind BBC News and Sky News (not including Sky Sports News). RT was soon overtaken by Al Jazeera English, and viewing figures dropped to about 2.1 million by the end of 2013. For comparison, it had marginally fewer viewers than S4C, the state-funded Welsh language broadcaster, or minor channels such as Zing, Viva and Rishtey. According to internal documents submitted for Kremlin review, RT's viewership amounted to less than 0.1 percent of Europe's television audience, except in Britain, where 2013 viewership was estimated at 120,000 persons per day. According to the leaked documents, RT was ranked 175th out of 278 channels in Great Britain in May 2013, or fifth out of eight cable news channels. In August 2015, RT's average weekly viewing figure had fallen to around 450,000 (0.8 percent of the total UK audience), 100,000 fewer than in June 2012 and less than half that of Al Jazeera English. In March 2016, the monthly viewing was figure 0.04%. Latin America is the second most significant area of influence for internet RT (rt.com). In 2013, RT ascended to the ranks of the 100 most watched websites in seven Latin American countries. A Pew Research survey of the most popular news videos on YouTube in 2011โ€“12 found RT to be the top source with 8.5 percent of posts, 68 percent of which consisted of first-person video accounts of dramatic worldwide events, likely acquired by the network rather than created by it. In 2013, RT became the first television news channel to reach 1 billion views on YouTube. In 2014, its main (English) channel was reported have 1.4 million subscribers. In 2013, RT became "the first news network to surpass 1 billion views on YouTube". As of shortly after the invasion of Ukraine and blocking of RT by tech companies, RT's "main Facebook channel has more than 7 million followers" (some of which are located in Europe where the channel is blocked). RT's YouTube account had "roughly 4.65 million followers in English and 5.94 million in Spanish". RT has some effect on viewers' political opinions, according to a 2021 study in the journal Security Studies. Viewers exposed to RT became more likely "to support the withdrawal of the United States "from its role as a cooperative global leader" than those who did not watch RT by 10โ€“20%. "This effect is robust across measures, obtains across party lines, and persists even when we disclose that RT is financed by the Russian government." However, exposure to RT had no measurable "effect on Americans' views of domestic politics or the Russian government." According to author Peter Pomerantsev, a large audience rating is not RT's principal goal. Their campaigns are "for financial, political and media influence." RT (and Sputnik) "create the fodder" used by "thousands of fake news propagators" and provide an outlet for material hacked from targets it wishes to harm in the service of Russian (government) interests. RT also serves to make friends with people "useful" to the Russian state, such as Michael Flynn (retired United States Army lieutenant general and dismissed director of the Defense Intelligence Agency and U.S. National Security Advisor in the early days of the Trump administration) who was paid "a reported $40,000 to come to RT's anniversary celebration in Moscow and sit near Mr. Putin." Programming In 2008, Heidi Brown wrote in Forbes that "the Kremlin is using charm, good photography and a healthy dose of sex appeal to appeal to a diverse, skeptical audience. The result is entertaining โ€“ and ineffably Russian." She added that Russia Today has managed to "get foreigners to at least consider the Russian viewpoint โ€“ however eccentric it may be..." Matt Field in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists described RT as "applying high-quality graphics and production values to its stories", often focusing "on polarizing issues that aren't necessarily top-of-mind for viewers" and sometimes "strikingly at odds with Russian President Vladimir Putin's own views". According to Tim Dowling, writing in The Guardian, "Fringe opinion takes center stage" on RT. "Reporting is routinely bolstered by testimony from experts you have never heard of, representing institutions you have never heard of." The Alyona Show, hosted by Alyona Minkovski, ran from 2009 to 2012 (when Minkovski left RT to join The Huffington Post). Daily Beast writer Tracy Quan described The Alyona Show as "one of RT's most popular vehicles". The New Republic columnist Jesse Zwick wrote that one journalist told him that Minkovski is "probably the best interviewer on cable news". Benjamin R. Freed wrote in the avant-garde culture magazine SOMA that "The Alyona Show does political talk with razor-sharp wit." David Weigel called the show "an in-house attempt at a newsy cult hit" and noted that "her meatiest segments were about government spying, and the Federal Reserve, and America's undeclared wars". Minkovski had complained about being characterized as if she was "Putin's girl in Washington" or as being "anti-American". After Minkovski argued that Glenn Beck was "not on the side of America. And the fact that my channel is more honest with the American people is something you should be ashamed of", Columbia Journalism Review writer Julia Ioffe asked: "since when does Russia Today defend the policies of any American president? Or the informational needs of the American public, for that matter?" From April to August 2011, RT ran a half-hour primetime show Adam vs. the Man, hosted by former Iraq War Marine veteran and high-profile anti-war activist Adam Kokesh. David Weigel writes that Kokesh defended RT's "propaganda" function, saying "We're putting out the truth that no one else wants to say. I mean, if you want to put it in the worst possible abstract, it's the Russian government, which is a competing protection racket against the other governments of the world, going against the United States and calling them on their bullshit." Reviewing the first episode of Julian Assange's show World Tomorrow, The Independent noted that Assange, who was under house arrest, was "largely deferential" in asking some questions of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who himself was in hiding. However, he also asked tough questions such as why Nasrallah had not supported Arab revolts against Syrian leaders, when he had supported them in Tunisia, Yemen, Egypt, and other countries. The New York Times journalist Allesandra Stanley wrote that "practically speaking, Mr. Assange is in bed with the Kremlin, but on Tuesday's show he didn't put out" and that he "behaved surprisingly like a standard network interviewer". Douglas Lucas in Salon wrote that the RT deal "may just be a profitable way for him to get a gigantic retweet". Glenn Greenwald wrote that RT presenting the Julian Assange show led to "a predictable wave of snide, smug attacks from American media figures". Marcin Maczka writes that RT's ample financing has allowed RT to attract experienced journalists and use the latest technology. RT anchors and correspondents tend to concentrate on controversial world issues such as the financial and banking scandals, corporate impact on the global economy, and western demonstrations. It has also aired views by various conspiracy theorists, including neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and Holocaust deniers (presented as "human rights activists"). News from Russia is of secondary importance and such reports emphasize Russian modernisation and economic achievements, as well as Russian culture and natural landscapes, while downplaying Russia's social problems or corruption. In 2017, RT ran a mock live tweeting program under the hashtag "#1917LIVE" to mark the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution. The #1917Live project had multimedia social plug-ins, such as Periscope live streaming, as well as virtual reality panoramic videos. RT's feature programs include (with presenters parenthesized): RT's former on-air staff included 25 people from RT America. RT's current on-air staff includes 25 people from RT News, and eight from RT UK. Notable members of RT's current and former staff include: Guests According to Jesse Zwick, RT persuades "legitimate experts and journalists" to appear as guests by allowing them to speak at length on issues ignored by larger news outlets. It frequently interviews progressive and libertarian academics, intellectuals and writers from organisations like The Nation, Reason, Human Events, Center for American Progress and the Cato Institute who are critical of United States foreign and civil liberties policies. Julian Assange of WikiLeaks and Noam Chomsky, the leftist critic of Western policies are "favorites". RT also features little-known commentators including anarchists, anti-globalists and left-wing activists. Journalist Danny Schechter holds that a primary reason for RT's success in the United States is that RT is "a force for diversity" which gives voice to people "who rarely get heard in current mainstream US media". Examples of this include "a twelve-minute interview" in March 2010 "with Hank Albarelli, a self-described American 'historian' who claims that the CIA is testing dangerous drugs on unwitting civilians", and RT's asking for commentary on the 2010 Haiti earthquake from "Carl Dix, a representative of the American Revolutionary Communist Party". In 2010, journalist and blogger Julia Ioffe described RT as being "provocative just for the sake of being provocative" in its choice of guests and issue topics, featuring a Russian historian who predicted that the United States would soon be dissolved, showing speeches by Venezuelan President Hugo Chรกvez, reporting on homelessness in America, and interviewing the chairman of the New Black Panther Party. She wrote that in attempting to offer "an alternate point of view, it is forced to talk to marginal, offensive, and often irrelevant figures". A 2010 Southern Poverty Law Center report stated that RT extensively covered the "birther" and the "New World Order" conspiracy theories and interviewed militia organizer Jim Stachowiak and white nationalist Jared Taylor. An Al Jazeera English article stated that RT has a penchant "for off-beat stories and conspiracy theories". RT Editor-in-Chief Margarita Simonyan told Nikolaus von Twickel of The Moscow Times that RT started to grow once it became provocative and that controversy was vital to the channel. She said that RT's task was not to polish Moscow's reputation. The news channel has also been criticized for its lack of objectivity in its coverage of the Israeliโ€“Palestinian conflict. Miko Peled, the Israeli peace activist who has called the peace process "a process of apartheid & colonization" is a frequent guest on RT. Notable guests have included think tank intellectuals like Jared Bernstein, John Feffer and Lawrence Korb; journalists and writers Jacob Sullum, Pepe Escobar, and Brian Doherty, and heads of state, including Ecuador's Rafael Correa, and Syria's Bashar al-Assad. Nigel Farage, the leader of UK Independence Party from 2010 to 2016, appeared on RT eighteen times from 2010 to 2014. Steve Bannon has stated that he has appeared on RT "probably 100 times or more". Manuel Ochsenreiter, a neo-Nazi, has repeatedly appeared on RT to represent the German point of view. RT News has also frequently hosted Richard B. Spencer, an American white supremacist airing his opinions in support of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, and has hosted Holocaust denier Ryan Dawson, presenting him as a human rights activist. Such figures as Alex Jones, Jim Marrs, David Ray Griffin, and Webster Tarpley have appeared on RT to advance conspiracy theories about topics such as the September 11 attacks, the Bilderberg group, and the "New World Order".: 308 Content RT has presented itself as a global network "like the BBC or France 24", differing from them in offering "alternative views" ignored by the "Western-dominated news media". Many Western countries, in contrast, regard RT not just as a propaganda organ, but as "the slickly produced heart of a broad, often covert disinformation campaign designed to sow doubt about democratic institutions and destabilize the West". According to Steven Erlanger, RT provides "hard news and top-notch graphics" and a "mix with interviews from all sorts of people: well known and obscure, left and right. if there is any unifying character to RT, it is a deep skepticism of Western and American narratives of the world and a fundamental defensiveness about Russia and Mr. Putin." RT formerly hosted the leaders of populist European parties such as UKIP's leader Nigel Farage and Marie Le Pen, leader of the French Populist National Rally Party. British politician, broadcaster, and writer George Galloway formerly hosted his own TV news programme on RT named "Sputnik: Orbiting the World with George Galloway". RT's editor-in-chief, Margarita Simonyan, has described RT as giving Russia "soft power", and being the same kind of "tool" for Russia that the "BBC or CNN" are "for the UK and USA". In 2012, she stated that RT waged "an information war ... with the entire Western world" during the Russo-Georgian War. Observers have criticized the state-supported/controlled nature of RT as an instrument of propaganda. In 2005, Pascal Bonnamour, the head of the European department of Reporters Without Borders, called the newly announced network "another step of the state to control information". In a 2005 interview with U.S. government-owned external broadcaster Voice of America, Russian-Israeli blogger Anton Nosik said the creation of RT "smacks of Soviet-style propaganda campaigns". In 2009, Luke Harding (then Moscow correspondent for The Guardian) described RT's advertising campaign in the United Kingdom as an "ambitious attempt to create a new post-Soviet global propaganda empire". In Russia, Andrey Illarionov, former advisor to Vladimir Putin, has called the channel "the best Russian propaganda machine targeted at the outside world". Chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov, speaking after the launch of RT America, said: "Russia Today is an extension of the methods and approach of the state-controlled media inside Russia, applied in a bid to influence the American cable audience". Others have commended its promotion and discussion of issues ignored or just not given enough time by the mainstream news media. In E-International Relations, researcher Precious N Chatterje-Doody stated that RT viewers tend to recognize RT's state-controlled status, and that they choose to watch RT for its "non-mainstream" story selection and its use of technology. She asserted that if RT broadcast only "blatant propaganda", it would not retain its audience. According to Adam Johnson in The Nation magazine, "while Russia Today toes the Kremlin's line on foreign policy, it also provides an outlet to marginalized issues and voices stateside. RT, for example, has covered the recent prison strikesโ€”the largest in American historyโ€”twice. So far CNN, MSNBC, NPR, and Rutenberg's employer, The New York Times, haven't covered them at all. RT aggressively covered Occupy Wall Street early on while the rest of corporate US media were marginalizing from afar (for this effort, RT was nominated for an Emmy Award)." John Feffer, co-director of Foreign Policy in Focus says he appears on RT as well as the U.S.-funded Voice of America and Radio Free Asia, commented "I've been given the opportunity to talk about military expenditures in a way I haven't been given in U.S. outlets". On the fairness issue, he said: "You're going to find blind spots in the coverage for any news organization". Among the complaints of RT are the quality of its journalism and general production of "propaganda and disinformation". Graduate students at Columbia School of Journalism monitored RT's (US) output for much of 2015, and found "RT ignores the inherent traits of journalismโ€”checking sources, relaying facts, attempting honest reportage" and "you'll find 'experts' lacking in expertise, conspiracy theories without backing, and, from time to time, outright fabrication for the sake of pushing a pro-Kremlin line", according to Casey Michel, who worked on the project. The results were compiled in a Tumblr blog. Media analyst Vasily Gatov wrote in a 2014 Moscow Times article that sharp ethical and reporting skills are not required for Russian media employees, including RT. A study of RT bulletins from 2017 to 2019 found that RT prioritized coverage of protests in Europe and military exercises in Russia. RT was deprecated by the Wikipedia community as an unreliable source of information, with consensus being that it is "a mouthpiece of the Russian government that engages in propaganda and disinformation." In a 2022 research paper comparing RT and CGTN's coverage of the 2020 United States presidential election, Martin Moore and Thomas Colley of King's College London conceptualized RT as operating using a "partisan parasite" propaganda model, noting that it "often covers topics and people that would mainly be familiar to US audiences, but which are of little international salience or relevance", and that it rarely covers Russia except through the lens of U.S. politics. They also noted: "Its content selection, partisan framing and vernacular style is similar to right-wing US outlets like Fox News, Newsmax and One America News Network." RT has been accused of different approaches to disinformation: Academics, fact-checkers, and news reporters (including some current and former RT reporters) have identified RT as a purveyor of disinformation and conspiracy theories. In 2010, The Economist magazine observed that RT's programming, while sometimes interesting and unobjectionable, and sometimes "hard-edged", also presents "wild conspiracy theories" that can be regarded as "kooky". A 2013 article in Der Spiegel said that RT "uses a chaotic mixture of conspiracy theories and crude propaganda", pointing to a program that "mutated" the Boston Marathon bombing into a U.S. government conspiracy. The launch of RT UK was the subject of much comment in the British press in late 2014. In The Observer, Nick Cohen accused the channel of consciously spreading conspiracy theories and of being a "prostitution of journalism". Oliver Kamm, a columnist for The Times, called on British broadcasting regulator Ofcom to act against this "den of deceivers". Journalists at The Daily Beast and The Washington Post have observed that RT employs Tony Gosling, an exponent of long-discredited conspiracy theories concerning the alleged control of the world by Illuminati and the Czarist antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. RT has broadcast stories about microchips being implanted into office workers in the EU to make them more "submissive"; about the "majority" of Europeans supporting Russian annexation of Crimea; the EU preparing "a form of genocide" against Russians; in Germany it falsely reported about a kidnapping of a Russian girl; that "NATO planned to store nuclear weapons in Eastern Europe"; that Hillary Clinton fell ill; it has also on many occasions misrepresented or invented statements from European leaders. In 2017, RT started its own fact-checking project, FakeCheck, in response to accusations of spreading fake news. The Poynter Institute conducted a content analysis of FakeCheck and concluded it "mixes some legitimate debunks with other scantily sourced or dubiously framed 'fact checks.'" Ben Nimmo of the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab found that four out of nine articles published in its first two weeks contained "inaccuracies and possible bias with irrelevant or insufficient evidence." From the time of the 2014 pro-Russia unrest in Ukraine RT has repeatedly been exposed for producing fake news. In 2017, the channel was involved in a fake news scandal about a 'Putin burger' it claimed was on the menu in a New York diner, to celebrate the birthday of the Russian president Vladimir Putin. The 'Putin burger' story was quickly exposed as a fabrication, and RT removed it from their site. When caught publishing false information, RT has frequently deleted the material from their site and made no further comment. In 2022, the Centre for Democratic Integrity (CDI) published a comprehensive report "RT in Europe and beyond" which in detail describes disinformation and divisive activities of RT against European audience with focus on regional editions (French, Spanish, German, British), documenting specific disinformation campaigns. In 2022, Martin Moore and Thomas Colley of King's College London noted that RT's coverage of the 2020 United States presidential election was anti-Joe Biden and pro-Trump, with RT promoting the Trump campaign's unfounded claims that Biden was the head of a "crime family", as well as allegations that Biden's son Hunter made corrupt business deals in Ukraine and China and possessed pictures of underage girls. RT also questioned Joe Biden's fitness for office and promoted unfounded rumors that he could only debate effectively with the use of headpieces and/or performance-enhancing drugs. Following the election, RT uncritically promoted Trump's unfounded claims of electoral fraud, and Moore and Colley noted that in its coverage of the electoral process, RT claimed that the process was "dysfunctional, fraudulent or futile". A 2007 article in The Christian Science Monitor stated that RT reported on the good job Putin was doing in the world and next to nothing on things like the conflict in Chechnya or the murder of government critics. According to a 2010 report by The Independent, RT journalists have said that coverage of sensitive issues in Russia is allowed, but direct criticism of Vladimir Putin or President Dmitry Medvedev was not. Masha Karp wrote in Standpoint magazine that contemporary Russian issues "such as the suppression of free speech and peaceful demonstrations, or the economic inefficiency and corrupt judiciary, are either ignored or their significance played down". In 2008, Stephen Heyman wrote in The New York Times that in RT's Russia, "corruption is not quite a scourge but a symptom of a developing economy". The New Republic writer James Kirchick accused the network of "often virulent anti-Americanism, worshipful portrayal of Russian leaders". Edward Lucas wrote in The Economist (quoted in Al Jazeera English) that the core of RT was "anti-Westernism". Julia Ioffe wrote: "Often, it seemed that Russia Today was just a way to stick it to the U.S. from behind the faรงade of legitimate newsgathering." Shaun Walker wrote in The Independent that RT "has made a name for itself as a strident critic of US policy". Alessandra Stanley wrote in The New York Times that RT is "like the Voice of America, only with more money and a zesty anti-American slant". David Weigel writes that RT goes further than merely creating distrust of the United States government, to saying, in effect: "You can trust the Russians more than you can trust those bastards." Russian studies professor Stephen F. Cohen stated in 2012 that RT does a lot of stories that "reflect badly" on the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and much of Western Europe and that they are "particularly aggrieved by American sermonizing abroad". Citing that RT compares stories about Russia allowing mass protests of the 2011โ€“2012 Russian election protests with those of U.S. authorities nationwide arresting members of the Occupy movement. Cohen states that despite the pro-Kremlin slant, "any intelligent viewer can sort this out. I doubt that many idiots find their way to RT". RT America has described journalists as "Russiagate conspiracy theorists" for covering Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report on Russian interference in the 2016 election. Russian journalist, former press secretary of the head of the UN Mission in South Africa, Yuri Sigov, wrote that when covering Canada, Russia Today presents information selectively. This is almost always negative information aimed at fulfilling political orders. RT, particularly the former RT presenter Abby Martin, has been accused of being anti-Israel and pro-Palestinian by The Algemeiner and Israel National News. Israeli foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman made a complaint[clarification needed] to Putin at their official meeting in 2012. In November 2021, a study by the Center for Countering Digital Hate described RT as being among "ten fringe publishers" that together were responsible for nearly 70 percent of Facebook user interactions with content that denied climate change. Facebook disputed the study's methodology. Compared to RT's coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic for its viewers in Russia, RT's coverage of the pandemic for its international viewers was saturated with COVID-19 misinformation and conspiracy theories. RT urged domestic Russian audiences to vaccinate and wear masks to prevent COVID-19, while advocating against virus-prevention measures on its English, German, French, Spanish, and Arabic-language platforms. Responses European Union โ€“ Sanctions against Dmitry Kiselyov, the head of Russia's state-controlled Rossiya Segodnya and RT television presenter, have been in place since the 2014 invasion and annexation of Ukraine's Crimea. The EU Council cites Kiselyov to be a "central figure of the government propaganda supporting the deployment of Russian forces in Ukraine". Initially, Russian state-owned media outlets were not banned and continued to be available in the EU, with the exception of Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. The European Parliament Special Committee on Foreign Interference in all Democratic Processes in the European Union, including Disinformation (INGE) described RT as "actively engaging in disinformation activities" and highlighted that RT and Sputnik are pushing local broadcasters in Europe off from the market thanks to massive funding from Russian Federation. Editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan was sanctioned by the European Union on 23 February 2022 when Russia recognized the Donetsk and Luhansk breakaway states. On 27 February 2022, the EU banned RT and Sputnik from broadcasting in its member countries, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Australia โ€“ Minister for Communications Paul Fletcher requested the partially Australian government funded public service broadcaster SBS suspend broadcasts of RT and NTV news programming on its World Watch platform. Fletcher stated, "Given the current actions of the Russian government [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine], and the lack of genuinely independent Russian media, this is a responsible decision." SBS suspended the aforementioned broadcasts on 25 February 2022. The RT channel was removed from Australian pay TV provider Foxtel's listings the next day due to concerns about the situation in Ukraine. Canada โ€“ On 16 March 2022, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission banned RT and RT France from broadcasting in Canada. Germany โ€“ After failing to obtain a broadcast license compliant with the State Media Treaty [de], RT DE was banned in Germany by the Commission for Licensing and Supervision [de] (ZAK) on 2 February 2022. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded with "retaliatory measures" to remove German broadcaster Deutsche Welle from Russia. Gibraltar โ€“ Chief Minister Fabian Picardo requested a nationwide ban of RT on 25 February 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, describing RT as "a dangerous source of disinformation that Gibraltar cannot accept on its networks". Television providers in Gibraltar agreed to suspend broadcasts of RT. Latvia โ€“ At the end of June 2020, after new amendments to the Law on Electronic Media were made, seven RT channels were banned in Latvia for being under the control of Dmitry Kiselyov who had been sanctioned by the European Union since 2014. Chairperson of the National Electronic Mass Media Council Ivars ฤ€boliล†ลก said they will be asking all EU state regulators to follow their example and restrict RT in their territory. Kiselyov called the decision "an indicator of the level of stupidity and ignorance of the Latvian authorities, blinded by Russophobia". Lithuania โ€“ Linas Antanas Linkeviฤius, Lithuania's Minister of Foreign Affairs, posted on Twitter on 9 March 2014 amid the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, "Russia Today propaganda machine is no less destructive than military marching in Crimea". It was banned by the Radio and Television Commission of Lithuania on 8 July 2020. The decision of both Latvian and Lithuanian authorities was criticised by Reporters Without Borders as "misuse of the EU sanctions policy". Poland โ€“ The National Broadcasting Council banned RT in Poland on 24 February 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Ukraine โ€“ RT has been banned in Ukraine by the Ministry of Internal Affairs since August 2014, following the invasion and annexation of Ukrainian territory. United Kingdom โ€“ On 18 March 2022, ANO TV Novosti's broadcasting license was revoked by Ofcom, effectively banning RT from being broadcast. This was taken in the wake of RT UK being funded by the Russian government, which, when combined with their promotion of Russian state narratives with regard to sanctions and its invasion of Ukraine, was deemed a violation of neutrality standards. This came after an investigation was launched on 2 March 2022 in these matters, also involving the invasion. United States โ€“ In September 2017, the US Department of Justice compelled RT to file paperwork under the Foreign Agents Registration Act in the United States. Previously, the United States Secretary of State John Kerry had referred to RT as a state-sponsored "propaganda bullhorn" and he continued by saying, "Russia Today [sic] network has deployed to promote president Putin's fantasy about what is playing out on the ground. They almost spend full-time devoted to this effort, to propagandize, and to distort what is happening or not happening in Ukraine." RT responded that they wanted "an official response from the U.S. Department of State substantiating Mr. Kerry's claims". Richard Stengel from the U.S. Department of State responded. Stengel stated in his response, "RT is a distortion machine, not a news organization", concluding that "the network and its editors should not pretend that RT is anything other than another player in Russia's global disinformation campaign against the people of Ukraine and their supporters". However, Stengel supports RT's right to broadcast in the United States. In April 2017, during his successful run for President of France, Emmanuel Macron's campaign team banned both RT and the Sputnik news agency from campaign events. A Macron spokesperson said the two outlets showed a "systematic desire to issue fake news and false information". Macron later said during a press conference that RT and Sputnik were "agencies of influence and propaganda, lying propagandaโ€”no more, no less". RT editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan characterized Macron's remarks on RT as an attack on freedom of speech. In October 2017, Twitter banned both RT and Sputnik from advertising on their social networking service amid accusations of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, sparking an angry response from the Russian foreign ministry. Twitter in August 2020 began to identify RT, along with other Russian and Chinese media outlets, as "state-affiliated media" in a prominent place at the top of their accounts on the social media platform. In November 2017, Alphabet chairman Eric Schmidt announced that Google will be "deranking" stories from RT and Sputnik in response to allegations about election meddling by President Putin's government, provoking an accusation of censorship from both outlets. In March 2018, John McDonnell, the Shadow Chancellor of the British Labour Party, advised fellow Labour MPs to boycott RT and said he would no longer appear on the channel. He said: "We tried to be fair with them and as long as they abide by journalistic standards that are objective that's fine but it looks as if they have gone beyond that line". A party representative said: "We are keeping the issue under review". In July 2019, the UK Foreign Office banned both RT and Sputnik from attending the Global Conference for Media Freedom in London for "their active role in spreading disinformation". The Russian Embassy called the decision "direct politically motivated discrimination", while RT responded in a statement: "It takes a particular brand of hypocrisy to advocate for freedom of press while banning inconvenient voices and slandering alternative media." During the 2008 South Ossetia War, RT correspondent William Dunbar resigned after the network refused to let him report on Russian airstrikes of civilian targets, stating, "any issue where there is a Kremlin line, RT is sure to toe it". According to Variety, sources at RT confirmed that Dunbar had resigned, saying that it was not over bias. One senior RT journalist told the magazine, "the Russian coverage I have seen has been much better than much of the Western coverage... Russian news coverage is largely pro-Russia, but that is to be expected." Shaun Walker, the Moscow correspondent for The Independent, said that RT had "instructed reporters not to report from Georgian villages within South Ossetia that had been ethnically cleansed". Julia Ioffe wrote that an RT journalist whose reporting deviated from "the Kremlin line that Georgians were slaughtering unarmed Ossetians" was reprimanded. Human Rights Watch said that RT's claim of 2,000 South Ossetian casualties was exaggerated. In 2012, Jesse Zwick of The New Republic criticized RT, stating it held that "civilian casualties in Syria are minimal, foreign intervention would be disastrous, and any humanitarian appeals from Western nations are a thin veil for a NATO-backed move to isolate Iran, China, and Russia". He wrote that RT wants to "make the United States look out of line for lecturing Russia". Zwick also wrote that RT provided a "disproportionate amount of time" to covering libertarian Republican Ron Paul during his 2012 presidential campaign. Writing after her 2014 on-air resignation, Liz Wahl suggested the reason for this "wasn't his message of freedom and liberty but his non-interventionist stance and consistent criticism of U.S. foreign policy. His message fit RT's narrative that the United States is a huge bully." In a June 2011 broadcast of Adam vs. the Man, host Adam Kokesh endorsed fundraising for Paul, leading to a complaint to the Federal Election Commission charging a political contribution had been made by a foreign corporation. Kokesh said his cancellation in August was related to Paul's aide Jesse Benton rather than the complaint. In September 2012, UK broadcast regulator Ofcom found that two Libyan dispatches broadcast by RT's Lizzie Phelan in a year earlier were in breach of its code on accuracy and impartiality. The following November, RT was again found in breach of impartiality rules in relation to its coverage of the Syrian conflict. An August 2013 story concerning unverified reports of the killing of 450 Kurdish civilians near the Turkey-Syria border was also found to have breached Ofcom's rules. That December, Ofcom found RT in breach of its standards in relation to the impartiality of a documentary entitled "Syrian Diary" broadcast the previous March. Speaking in 2014 former RT reporter Sara Firth said that there had previously been examples of senior editorial interference, and that she had been pulled out of Syria after some "very heated discussions" about the channel's coverage. On 4 March 2014, Breaking The Set host Abby Martin, speaking directly to her viewing audience during the show's closing statement, said that even though she works for RT, she is against Russia's intervention in Ukraine. She said that "what Russia did is wrong", as she is against intervention by any nation into other countries' affairs. Later, Martin asserted that RT still supports her despite her differences of opinion with the Russian government. RTs press office suggested that Martin would be sent to Crimea and responded to accusations of propaganda, stating "the charges of propaganda tend to pop up every time a news outlet, particularly RT, dares to show the side of events that does not fit the mainstream narrative, regardless of the realities on the ground. This happened in Georgia, this is happening in Ukraine". Glenn Greenwald said that American media elites love to mock Russian media, especially RT, as being a source of shameless pro-Putin propaganda, where free expression is strictly barred. Agreeing the "network has a strong pro-Russian bias", he suggested that Martin's action "remarkably demonstrated what 'journalistic independence' means". On 5 March 2014, RT Washington, D.C. bureau anchor Liz Wahl resigned on air, blaming RT for propaganda. Wahl stated that what "broke" her was that RT censored a question from her interview with Ron Paul about "Russia's intervention in Ukraine". In response, RT released a statement: "When a journalist disagrees with the editorial position of his or her organization, the usual course of action is to address those grievances with the editor, and, if they cannot be resolved, to quit like a professional. But when someone makes a big public show of a personal decision, it is nothing more than a self-promotional stunt. We wish Liz the best of luck on her chosen path". In a March 2014 Politico article, Wahl stated: "For about two and a half years. I'd looked the other way as the network smeared America for the sake of making the Kremlin look better by comparison, while it sugarcoated atrocities by one brutal dictator after another." When asked about a clip of her interviewing a guest on RT by Brian Stelter, host of CNN's Reliable Sources, Wahl responded, They get these extreme voices on that have this kind of hostile toward the West viewpoints towards the world, very extremist. These are the people that they have on. And when I was on the anchor desk, they would instruct you to egg on these guests and try to get them, you know, rallied up, to really fire off their anti-American talking points. Listen, I'm all about exposing government corruption. I'm all about being critical of the government. But this is different. This is promoting the foreign policy of somebody that has just invaded a country, has invaded the country and is then lying about it, is using the media as a tool to fulfill his foreign policy interests. And RT is part of Putin's propaganda network and it's very, very troubling in the wake of what is going on in Ukraine today. The New York Times op-ed columnist Nicholas Kristof commented on CNN's Piers Morgan Live about Wahl's and Martin's initial actions, saying that he "admire[s] their outspokenness but, you know, at the end of the day, RT is a Russian propaganda arm, and I don't think it's going to matter very much to the geopolitical consequences here". Former RT Moscow anchor Staci Bivens, and other former RT journalists speaking under anonymity according to BuzzFeed, said they regretted working for the network, citing their dislike of the network's use of propaganda. Bivens, for example, was explicitly asked to go to Germany and procure a story proving that "Germany is a failed state". When she refused, other reporters were sent instead. Steve Bloomfield, the foreign editor of Monocle wrote that RT's "coverage of Ukraine could not have been kinder to Moscow if Vladimir Putin had chosen the running order himself. While Putin kept up the pretence that there were no Russian troops in Crimea, so too did RT. The storming of government buildings across eastern Ukraine has been portrayed as the understandable actions of peace-loving protesters who fear "chaos" in Kiev". After the July 2014 crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, RT rushed to blame others for the plane's shoot-down in Ukraine amid accusations by Ukrainian fighters of Russian involvement in the crash. Speaking of RT's coverage, Sarah Oates, professor of journalism at the University of Maryland said: "But if you're going to engage in propaganda, you have to do it well. They have completely embarrassed themselves." Sara Firth, a London-based correspondent with RT resigned in protest over the network's coverage of the MH17 disaster. Shortly before resigning, she tweeted, "RT style guide Rule 1: It is ALWAYS * Ukraine's fault (* add name as applicable)". She told The Guardian: "I walked into the newsroom and there was an eyewitness account making allegations [against Ukraine] and analysis, if you can call it, from our correspondent in the studio. It was just appalling, in a situation like that where there are families waiting to be informed and a devastating loss of life." She also noted that "There is bias against Russia but you don't counter wrong by doing even more wrong" and stated "I have always said it's better to have RT than to not have that perspective, but actually with a story like this and the way they misreport it, it's quite dangerous, I don't want to be party to it." In follow-up interview she said: "In Ukraine, you're taking a very small part of a much wider story, totally omitted the context of the story, and so what you wind up with on air is outright misinformation." Calling RT "mass information manipulation", Firth said: "they have a very clear idea in their mind of what they're trying to prove". She also stated that "The worst-kept secret is that RT is blatant propaganda. I'm one in a very long line of people who have left for the same reason." The following November, RT was again found in breach of Ofcom's impartiality rules, this time in relation to its coverage of the Ukraine crisis, specifically events leading up to the annexation by Russia of Crimea. For repeated breaches of its due impartiality rules, Ofcom put RT management "on notice that any future breaches of the due impartiality rules may result in further regulatory action, including consideration of a statutory sanction". In January 2015, Ofcom found RT (and the BBC) not in breach of rules on generally accepted standards following a complaint about the use of graphic imagery of bodies at the MH17 crash site. Following the March 2015 European Council summit which concluded that action was needed to "challenge Russia's ongoing disinformation campaigns", the European External Action Service was tasked to respond. European Parliament briefing notes on the situation called RT "Russia's main international media weapon". The counter-propaganda strategy subsequently developed by the EastStratCom Task Force, a small group of eight officials, included launching the EU vs Disinformation website with a headline of "don't be deceived, question even more". In September 2015, Ofcom found RT in breach of the impartiality rules in its coverage of the events in Ukraine and Syria. It also upheld the complaint by the BBC that allegations made in an episode of The Truthseeker that a BBC Panorama film, Saving Syria's Children, had faked a parts of a report on a chemical weapon attack in Syria were "materially misleading". In an episode of The Truthseeker, named Genocide of Eastern Ukraine, they stated that the Ukrainian government was deliberately bombing civilians and had murdered and tortured journalists, as well as crucifying babies. Ukrainian army forces were accused of "ethnic cleansing" and were compared to the Nazis in World War Two. The only response to the allegations in the broadcast was in the form of a caption saying "Kiev claims it is not committing genocide, denies casualty reports", which appeared on screen for six seconds. According to Ofcom the broadcast had "little or no counterbalance or objectivity". A spokesperson for the media regulator said: "Ofcom found that RT broadcast content that was either materially misleading or not duly impartial. These are significant failings and we are therefore requiring RT to broadcast two clear statements on our decision which correct these failures." In October 2015, David J. Kramer, senior director for human rights and democracy at the McCain Institute for International Leadership, suggested that Western countries freeze RT's assets "not because of the odious things it spews" but as part of the Yukos shareholder case. A report released by the US think-tank the RAND Corporation in 2016 called RT part of "a wider Russian propaganda operation" named the "Firehose of Falsehood". The paper called "Russian faux-news propaganda channels, such as RT" insidious and that "they look like news programs, and the persons appearing on them are represented as journalists and experts, making audience members much more likely to ascribe credibility to the misinformation these sources are disseminating". In July 2016, Ofcom again found RT in breach of its impartiality rules, this time over coverage of the Turkish government's treatment of Kurdish people. Two episodes of Going Underground originally broadcast in March, included claims of attacks, atrocities and genocide against the Kurds, and that "Turkey supports ISIS" without offering adequate counterbalance. RT's representatives stated the network "finds it especially difficult to obtain pro-Turkey views for its programming" because of "political tensions between Russia and Turkey following the downing of a Russian military aircraft by Turkish warplanes in November 2015". In November 2016, after the US presidential election, The Washington Post reported that RT and Sputnik were "state-funded Russian information services that mimic the style and tone of independent news organizations yet sometimes include false and misleading stories in their reports" and also that "RT, Sputnik and other Russian sites used social-media accounts to amplify misleading stories already circulating online". The Post was criticized by The Intercept and Fortune for relying in part on an analysis by PropOrNot. In December 2016, Ofcom found RT in breach of its impartiality rules for the 10th time since the English-language channel launched. A Crosstalk episode broadcast the previous July, contained a debate about the NATO 2016 Warsaw summit in which all members of the panel expressed critical views. RT's representatives again stated that they couldn't find anybody with alternative opinions willing to take part, and that captions with pro-NATO comments should have been added before broadcast, but the wrong text was accidentally used. On 12 January 2017, RT was accidentally broadcast for around 10 minutes on a web stream of U.S. public affairs service C-SPAN. RT stated that while it was testing its systems in preparation for the inauguration of Donald Trump, its signal was "mistakenly routed onto the primary encoder feeding C-SPAN1's signal to the internet, rather than to an unused backup". On 19 January 2017, RT stated that it had been temporarily restricted from posting media on its Facebook page until 21 January, after the service said that RT had infringed on the copyrights of Radio Liberty's Current Now TV when broadcasting a live stream of Barack Obama's final press conference as president of the United States. Current Time TV said that it had not sent any specific complaints to Facebook, and both RT and Current Now TV stated that they had obtained their feed from the Associated Press. The restriction was removed after about 20 hours, and Facebook did not say officially if this was because of a technical error or a policy issue. In September 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice informed RT America that it must register as a foreign agent of the Russian government. Margarita Simonyan, RT's editor-in-chief, condemned the action as an assault on freedom of speech. A spokesperson for the Russian foreign ministry threatened retaliatory measures against American journalists. On 13 November 2017, RT America officially registered as a "foreign agent" in the United States with the Department of Justice under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. Under the act, RT will be required to disclose financial information. This move was criticized by the Committee to Protect Journalists, which stated: "We're uncomfortable with governments deciding what constitutes journalism or propaganda". In December 2018, the British media regulator Ofcom ruled that seven programmes broadcast by RT between 17 March and 26 April of that year, in the wake of the Salisbury nerve agent attacks, had breached the UK's impartiality rules; the BBC reported that RT was "extremely disappointed by Ofcom's conclusions". RT was fined ยฃ200,000 but kept its licence to broadcast in the UK. RT described Ofcom's actions against it as "inappropriate and disproportionate per Ofcom's own track record". German journalist Daniel Lange employed by RT DE left the station in protest against its operation to spy on Alexey Navalny while he was undergoing treatment in a hospital in Germany after being poisoned by FSB. According to Lange, the assignment had nothing to do with journalism as he was instructed in the first place to test the security of the hospital, describe number of internal checkpoints and his RT leadership clearly indicated collected information will not be used for publication. Lange also described reporting bias in the RT where he was instructed by the editor to specifically select footage showing "all the filth of Germany". Russia threatened to ban YouTube in September for deleting the RT channels, RT DE and Der Fehlende Part. The platform had banned the RT channels for breaking its policies on spreading COVID-19 misinformation and for using the second channel to circumvent an initial week-long suspension. In January, the State Department's Global Engagement Center (GEC) published a report titled "Kremlin-Funded Media: RT and Sputnik's Role in Russia's Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem." Its case studies included one on "false narratives" published by RT concerning the Russian military buildup on the Ukrainian border. Employees and associates of RT and its subsidiary Ruptly in multiple countries, including the UK and Germany, resigned in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, with some attributing their departures to the Russian government's prohibition of using the word "invasion" to describe the military offensive. Frรฉdรฉric Taddeรฏ quit his role as host of the RT France talk show Interdit d'interdire on 23 February when Russia recognized the Donetsk and Luhansk breakaway states immediately preceding the invasion. Former First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond suspended his RT talk show, The Alex Salmond Show, on 24 February after receiving public criticism following the invasion. A number of British journalists based both in RT's offices in Moscow and at RT UK's now-disbanded offices in London resigned from the network in response to its coverage of the invasion; according to The Times, four have "publicly announced their resignation, while others are said to have quietly left RT's London bureau". On 25 February, hacking group Anonymous claimed a distributed denial of service attack on the network's website, in support of Ukraine in its fight against Russia. The following day, Alphabet Inc., the owners of Google, temporarily barred RT from receiving any financial return from their ads on their YouTube platform. In September 2024, the United States indicted two RT employees in New York and imposed sanctions on RT executives. Attorney General Merrick Garland accused RT of paying Tenet Media, a right-wing media company in Tennessee, to promote Russian propaganda to U.S. audiences to influence the outcome of the 2024 presidential election. The same month, Antony Blinken announced additional sanctions against RT-affiliated entities and individuals, stating that in 2023 RT established a unit with "cyber operational capabilities and ties to Russian intelligence" as well as cooperation with Global South allies to counter RT. RT was also accused of covertly fundraising to procure body armor, sniper rifles, and other equipment for Russian soldiers fighting in Ukraine. Awards and nominations See also Explanatory notes References External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื“ืขื™ื›ื”_ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช] | [TOKENS: 19696]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืคื•ื—ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื" (ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช decline, ื“ืขื™ื›ื”). ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืขืฆืžืช ื”ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช). ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื“ Asia Power 2020, ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืกื™ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื ื”, ืืš ื ื•ืคืœืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื: ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื”. ืืช ื”ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ื™ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช, ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ืื• ื”ื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื–ื, ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘-2021 ื‘ืงืจื‘ 1,019 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, 79% ืžื”ื ืกืงืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” "ืžืชืคืจืงืช". ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื "ื’ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื". ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ื•ืขื ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™, ื“ืขื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,ืขื " ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ " ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•. ืขื“ 1970, ื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื™ืจื“ ืœื›-25%, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืš ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช "ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90" ื›"ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฉืœื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช". ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ืžืกืงื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘-2011 ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ. ืœืคื™ Jeet Heer, ื”ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืชืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ื•ืš: "ื›ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช". ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืืจื™ืง ืก. ืื“ืœืžืŸ, ื”ื“ืงืœื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืื• ืืœื” ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืขื™ื›ื”, ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ "ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™". ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื“ืงืœื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืงืœื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช. ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื• ืงืจื•ื ื™ื’ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ "ืคืขืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืื– 1945.ืจืืฉื™ืช,ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื... ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ... ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืืชื’ืจื• ืื•ืชื”." ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ื‘ืŸ 98 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื”, "ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืคื—ืชื•", ื•"ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“. ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•". ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฆื™ื™ืŸ "ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™" ื•"ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘" ื›ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื•"ื— ืชื™ืืจ ื›"ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™". ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ "ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช" ื•ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช "ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช". ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ื’ื ืจืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืคืจื ืง ื’ื•ืจื ืฅ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื.. ืคื•ืœ ืงื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฆืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื›ืขืช ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ 4.4 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืžื” ืฉืงื ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืื•ืกืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืขื“ 2011,ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช - ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชื•ืื ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ - ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืžืื– ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื˜ื•ื“, ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70, ื•ืขื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื”ื™ื• 38 ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืžื™ื™ื - ื‘ืขืจืš ื–ื”ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ 36 ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื‘-1898. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืงื ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืคืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื”. ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื, ืื“ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื•ืจืืกืœ ื’'ืงื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ืขื™ื›ื”. ืกืžื•ืืœ ืค. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืžื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืžืื– ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ืงืœื™ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืงืช ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช; ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื; ืœื”ืœื ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ 1973; ืœืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70; ื•ืœืื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืจืืกืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืจืงืกื™ื–ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืื– ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชืจืžื• ืœืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’'ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ "ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ". ืœืคื™ ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-1993, ื”ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›'ืขืจื›ื™ื', ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”, 1963. ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื”ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 6, ื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 5, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืคื™ 5, ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื—ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ 4, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 30 ืฉื ื”. ืœืคื™ ืงื ืช ื•ื™ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ื“, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช (ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”, ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคืฉื™ืขื”),"ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืื•ืชื”". ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื. "ื”ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื’ืช ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื", ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ื“. ื•ื™ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฆืจืคืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ื”ื™ื "ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช: ื”ืื“ืจืช ื”ืื’ื•". ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืœ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. "ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืงืœื™ื ื™ื–ื' ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ - ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” - ืžืจืžื–ืช", ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืœ,"ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื’ืื•-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืžื“ื™ื ื”; ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืžื•ืฉืจืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื˜ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ื›ื—ื™ื". ืœืคื™ RealClearPolitics, ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ื ื™ืง ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื ื˜, "ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ". ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20, ื”ื“ืงืœื ื™ื–ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2011 ื˜ืขื ื• ืชื•ืžืืก ืœ. ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืื•ื ื›ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ "ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืงืœื™ื ื™ื–ื". ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข "ืขื 'ื”ืœื ื”ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง' ืฉืœ 1957", ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขื "ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื™ืžื™ ืงืจื˜ืจ ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื‘-2021, "ื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืงืœื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”" ื•"ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืืœืฃ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืงืœื™ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช". ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื•ืกืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืงืฉืจื• ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืœืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœืื•ื ื”ืจื“ื˜ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ื™ "ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืคืื• ืขืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”,ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื–ื•ืขื ื•ืœื”ื—ืจืคืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื”, ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื—ืงืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืกื™ืŸ." ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื . ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“, ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื™ืœืื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขืงื‘ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช - "ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื”, ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" - ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืฆืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ, ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2016. ืฉืจื” ืงืจืคืก ืžื‘ืจื•ืงื™ื ื’ืก ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืœื ืžื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžื•ืคืงืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื’ื ื” "ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช". ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžืงืคื•ืœ, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2012 ืœ-2014,ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ืœืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืžืงืคืื•ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืžืจืกื ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืกืงืจ 2021 ืฉื ืืกืคื• ืž-YouGov,Nationscape ื•-Votter Study Group,36% ืžื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ื•-33% ืžื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื "ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช".ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ืž-2017,ืฉื‘ื” ืจืง 8% ืžื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ื•-8% ืžื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืกืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80% ืžื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” "ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช". ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80% ืžื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืงืจ ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื• "ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืื• ืกื‘ืœ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื”. ืขื“ 1970 ื—ืœืง ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื™ืจื“ ืž-40% ืœ-25%, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืช ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ืกืงืืœื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืžื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืœื›ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืชืจืžื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœื›ืžืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื›"ื”ืงืฆืื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืกื˜ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื• ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช". ืงื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ "ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกืคื™ืจืœื” ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœืฉืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”". ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืชื’ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ืžืืžืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2018 ื‘-American Journal of Public Health ืกืงืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื ืฆืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘"ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืื•ืฉ" ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ื, ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื–ืืช ืœ-"ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช". ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืื– ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื“ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื "ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืืš ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช" ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉื’ืœืฉื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2010 ืœ-2020. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื“, ืืžืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื˜ืจืืžืค, ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ื•ื "ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•, ื•ื’ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืืฆืชื•". ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื’ืคืช COVID-19, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื’ืคืช COVID-19. ื‘-Nature, ื’'ืฃ ื˜ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค ืœืžื“ืข ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020,ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื™ื• ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืคื•ื—ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020. ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘-2.3% ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘-3.6% ื•-7.4% ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขืœื” ืœ-16.8%,ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” 22.2% ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020. ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2024,ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ื”ื•ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ' 2021 ื“ื•"ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช. ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– 1990 ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020,ืกื™ืŸ ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช, ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื”ืžืคืกื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ืž-RCEP ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆื ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” " ื ืžืจ ื ื™ื™ืจ ".ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืงื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจืง 0.08% ืœืชืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘-2030 ืœืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•. ืกื™ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื—ืจ ืขื ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ืŸ ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™. ื›ืžื” ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 2021,ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืงื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช "ืคืกื•ืœื”" ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช 'ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020,ืกื™ืŸ ืขืงืคื” ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช (FDI).ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ, ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืกื™ืŸ, ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืฉืœื”, ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืกืจื” ืœืกื™ืŸ. ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืืžืจ, "ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”-FDI ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืชื•ื—". ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003,ืกื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ FDI. ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื• ืงืจื•ื ื™ื’ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ืช, ืœืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ืœืœื ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื ื™ืคื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช". ืงืจื ื™ื’'ืก ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช "ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช". ืงืจื•ื ื™ื’ ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ "ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืจืื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืจื—ื™ืง ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ, ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื•-Made in China 2025,ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ ืจืง ื‘-2013 ื•ื‘-2015, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ื’ื’ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš." ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœืื•ื ื”ืจื“ื˜,"ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืžืžื ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืœืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ื•ืชืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,ืืš ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื." ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืคื™ ื‘ืืจื™ ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ US$10,000,ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช US$4,000 ื‘ืกื™ืŸ. ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืชื”ื” ืื ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืชื™ืงื— "ื—ืœืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืžื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืจืื“, "ืœืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืœืื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ืžืฆืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื." ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ื, ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื™ื ื’ืก, ืืžืจ ืฉื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ "ืขื•ืœื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื•ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืขืงื™ืคืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื˜ืขืช" ืงื•ื“ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ืกื™ืŸ. ื”ืก ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืืžืจ,"ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืื™ืชื”." ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืกืงื•ื˜ ืจื•ื–ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืœ, "ืกื™ืŸ ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืื• ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื• ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80. ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-50 ืื—ื•ื–.ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 30 ืื—ื•ื–, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช." ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 30, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘-34.6 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 40 ื”ืคืขืจ ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืœ-38.9 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 50 ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ-47 ืื—ื•ื–. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 60 ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœ-55.5 ืื—ื•ื–. ืจื•ื–ืœื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืกื™ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ื ืช ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช. ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืก ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื™ื ื’ืก ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, "ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2050,ืกื™ืŸ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจ ื›ืขืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจ. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื—ื˜ื” ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ." ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜, ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื–, ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื•ื“ืื™ืช. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, "ืชื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช". ื‘ืžืื™ 2020, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืก. ืžืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื 2019,ืžืกืจ ืžืžืฉืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื“ื•"ื—, "ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ" ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืงื•ื‘ืข ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉื ืช 2017,ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช "ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื - ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœืœืชื ื‘ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื". ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžืฉืงืฃ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ "ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•". ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2021,ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื "ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ" ื”ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขืœ "ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื ืงืŸ, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืคื’ื•ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืกื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืช "ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืœืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช". ื‘ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ื’ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค,"ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืŸ". ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021,ื”ืกื ืื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื” "ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ 2021",ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2021,ืื•ื—ื“ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ 2021 ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (USICA),ื”ืžืืฉืจ US$110 billion ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ืžืชืงื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021,USICA ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ 32โ€“68 ื‘ืกื ืื˜ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื“ื•-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืื– ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืœ, "ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ืฃ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืžืงืจื” ืกืœ ื—ืœืฉ, 'ืžื‘ื•ื“ืœ', ืฉื™ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืคืœื” ืจื•ืžื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื, ืื• ืฆืจืคืช. ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืงื•ืจื˜". ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืงืœื ื™ื–ื ื›ืžื•ื˜ืขื”, ืืš ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกืขื™ืคื™ื,"ื”ื“ืงืœื ื™ื–ื ื—ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืช ื–ื•". ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช) ืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช, ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืชืจื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ื’ื•ืฉ ืคืจื•ืœื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ. ืื•ืชื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชืจื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื ืžืฉืš ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื (ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30,2008) ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืงืœื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืื• ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื”ืจืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืœืœื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช. ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœ ืง. ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช (ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืš ืœื ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ). ืงื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ "ื”ืื™ืชื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-18.ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขื ื—ื•ื–ืง ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื“ืฉ". ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ื™ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืœื›ืžืŸ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช", ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช: ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช/ื’ื–ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื” ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืื‘ื“ ืžืขืจื›ื• ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™. ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืชื™ืžืฉืš,ื’ื ืื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื”,ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืงืจื™ืกื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘. ืืœื›ืก ืœื•, ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจ ืž-South China Morning Post,ื›ืชื‘,"ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืชื—ืช ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™. ื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”." ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ืกืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ 2018 ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-31% ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ืžืขืฆืžื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ 41%. ืกืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2019 ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ Pew ืžืจืื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื—ื–ื• ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-2050. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืกืงืจ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” "ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฆื•ืžื—, ืคืขืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื”". ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืกืงืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Pew Research. ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™; ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืืš ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘-2021 ื‘ืงืจื‘ 1,019 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ, 79% ืžื”ื ืกืงืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” "ืžืชืคืจืงืช". ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื "ื’ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื". ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ืฉืœ 1,032 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ASEAN ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ISEAS-Yusof Ishak ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ,61.5% ืžื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืกื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆื“ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœืชื” ื‘-7.9% ืžื”ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” Pew ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื”, ื”ืกืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืฉืชืคืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ืขืœืชื” ืœ-72-84% ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื“ื#cite_ref-21] | [TOKENS: 74883]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื“ื ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืกืคื™ืื ืก ืื™ื“ืœื˜ื• ืื“ื ืื• ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Homo sapiens, ื‘ืชืขืชื™ืง: ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก, ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: "ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน" โ€“ ืื“ื, "ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก" โ€“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื• ืชื‘ื•ื ื™) ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืคื•) ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”. ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ื”ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื’ืคื™ื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœืก ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ืื“ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืฉืืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืกื™ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื›ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื›-8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ (Homo sapiens sapiens). ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™, ืฉืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืŸ "ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ" ืื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื“ื (Homo). ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฉืจื“ ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื•ืžื• ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืช-ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื. ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื. ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื‘, ื“ ื•ืื™ืœืš), ื”ืฉื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ "ืื“ืžื”", ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžโ€ืขึธืคึธืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”โ€. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื“ื" ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื—ืช, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื“ื"[ื], ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ื”" ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื” ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช. ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื "ืื ื•ืฉ", "ืื ื•ืฉื™" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ",[ื‘] ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืฉ, ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื[ื’]. ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืื•ึผืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ืื ื•ืฉื™" ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืื• ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื• ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื. ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉ. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”, ืื ืฉื™ื, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื›ืจื™ื. "ื. ื ืฉื™ื" ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” แผ„ฮฝฮธฯฯ‰ฯ€ฮฟฯ‚ (ืึทื ึฐืชึฐึผืจื•ึนืคึผื•ึนืก) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืื“ื" ืื• "ืื ื•ืฉ", ื•ืžืžื ื” ื ื’ื–ืจื• ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”", ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช", "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื–ื" ื•"ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื™". ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื Homo (ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžืžื ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื" ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช Human ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ" ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืื ื•ืฉื™". ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, Homo sapiens (ื”ื•ึนืžื•ึน ืกึธืคึดึผื™ึถื™ื ืก), ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1758 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ืงืืจื•ืœื•ืก ืœื™ื ื™ืื•ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื•ืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™. ื”ืฉื ืชื•ืื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืื•ืก, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ. ืฉื ื”ืกื•ื’, Homo, ื ืœืงื— ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœ"ืื“ื", ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื™ืŸ, sapiens, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืชื‘ื•ื ื™", "ื ื‘ื•ืŸ" ืื• "ื—ื•ืฉื‘". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ Homo ื’ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื“ื "ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื" ื•ืชืช-ืฉื‘ื˜ "ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœืขืจืš ืžืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื“ื•-ืฆื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.6 ืœ-1.7 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืœืŸ 54 ืขื“ 64 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื, ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.7 ืœ-1.8 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืœื 76 ืขื“ 83 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื. ืฉืœื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื“ ื™ื•ื ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ ืฉืœื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืคืจืง ื”ื™ืจืš ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ืฆื”. ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืงืขืจื”", ืฉื‘ืขืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ืžืขืจืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืขื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื•ื– ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื“ื, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื”, ืœืงื™ืžื” ื•ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืคื•ืชืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืช S ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื“, ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ ืžืชืงืžืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ืœื ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ืจื™ืฆื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ืคื•ื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ื•ืคื ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืขืฆื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืžื“ ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื. ืขืฆื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืžืคื•ืชืœืช ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืžืจืคืง ืคื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ื’ื“ื™ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘"ื›ืจื™ืช" ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ โ€“ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื“ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื ืชื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืœืกืช ืืœ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™ ื”ืืฃ, ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืข ืœืกืช ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช, ื ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“, ืฉืชื™ ืงื“ื-ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช (ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืžืœืชืขื•ืช) ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ 32 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ืžื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืข ืœืกืช ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืื• ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืชืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆื ื”ืœืกืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 28 ืœ-32 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืชืžื—ื”: ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืืจื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™-ืื“ื, ื”ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘. ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื—. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•, ืชืจื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืื“ื, ืืฃ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื“ืžื” ืœืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืœืื“ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” (ื•ืœื ืœืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ) ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช, ื›ืš ืฉืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™-ืืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืื“ื•ื, ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ (routine trichromacy). ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืจื•ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ืœืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืงื ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืœืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืจื™ื— (olfactory receptors) ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›-55% ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืกืื•ื“ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืจืช ื”ืคื”, ื”ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืืฆืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืžืชื ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™. ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ื”ืจืฅ ืœ-20 ืงื™ืœื•ื”ืจืฅ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื[ื“] ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืจื“ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืคื— ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 1,350 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›-86 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ โ€“ ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื“ EQ โ€(Encephalization Quotient ืื• "ืžื ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช") ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ืœืื“ื ืขืจืš EQ ื‘ื™ืŸ 6 ืœ-8, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ื—ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 6 ืขื“ 8 ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’, ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืขืจื›ื™ EQ ืฉืœ 2 ืขื“ 5, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 1. ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ ืฉืœ EQ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื ืจืง ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืจืš EQ ืฉืœ 3 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ. ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื’ื ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืจืš EQ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืคื”, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืชืื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื” ื›-2,360 ืกืž"ืจ (ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืฉืื•ืจืš ืฆืœืขื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืขืช ื‘ืงืคืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื‘ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 75% ืขื“ 84% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื›-16 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžื“ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ 9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”, 6โ€“7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื•-5.6 ืืฆืœ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™[ื”][ื•]. ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืžืฉืงืœื• ืจืง 2% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, 20% ืžื›ืœืœ ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช โ€“ ื›-50%, ื•ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื›-66%. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื–ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืชื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื”), ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื, ื›ืžื• ืจืงืžืช ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื•ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื™ืขืจ, ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคื ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืคืฉืขื” (ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืจื•ื•ื”) ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉืจืคืœืงืก ืกื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืจ (ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–") ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• (ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช "ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—"), ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื”ืขื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืจื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื˜ ื•ื“ื”ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืชืช-ืขื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื[ื–]. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ืจื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื™ืžื™ ื“ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืืคืงื˜ ื”ืฉื™ื–ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”, ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ืงืจื™ื ื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืืฃ ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื ืจืื” ืฉืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื›ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืืš ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ ื•ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™. ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ืœืง, ืžืชื•ืœืชืœ ืื• ืžืงื•ืจื–ืœ. ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื‘. ืžืขืจืš ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ื (ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืค) ื›ื•ืœืœ 23 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžื”ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืค ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ 24 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืืฆืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื”ืชืื—ื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ 2 ื‘ืื“ื. ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื”ื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื: ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืŸ XX, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ XY, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืื—ื“, ืžื–ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X. ื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืžื”ืื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ึผื‘ึธึผืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืžื”ืื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ื‘ึผืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื‘ืช. ื›ืœืœ ื”-DNA ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื ื•ื. ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืกื™ืกื ื™ืช (140 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“), ืืš ื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืจื™ืื•ืช (ืขื“ 130 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช). ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื, ื›-20 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืคืกืื•ื“ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื’ืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื. ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืจืช ื’ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ (ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™) ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "DNA ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™" ื•"DNA ื–ื‘ืœ" ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืื“ื, ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื˜ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ื–ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื›ืคืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื•ืœืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืจื˜ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”-SNP (ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“) ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2008 ื”ื•ื ื›-3.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขื“ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ 1,000 ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›-0.1% ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื. ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-1% ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืœื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื. ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-100 ืœื“ื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื›-100 ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืฆืœื• ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•[ื—]. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืชืฆืœื—ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืืš ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™. ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื’ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ืขื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ึผืจึธืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก, ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื™-ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”). ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื›-85% ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืื• ืืชื ื™. ื”ืžืชืื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืœืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืืœื™ื”ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ (ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ืกืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื "ื‘ื ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช". ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื’ื–ืข" ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืชืื ื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืชืื ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. "ื’ื–ืขื™ื" ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชืคื•ืฆืชื” ื”ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืฆืื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืขื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื’ื–ืขื™" ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ, ื›-80 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื (ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช) ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช[ื˜], ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืฆืœื—ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ืขื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื 122 ืฉื ื”, ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื–'ืืŸ ืœื•ืื™ื– ืงืœืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ื›ึพ40 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช), ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืคืชื—. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžื“ื ื”ืื ืืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช. ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื™ืช ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื•ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ืœืกื˜ื•ืฆื™ืกื˜, ื”ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื—ื. ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืœื™ื“ื”. ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืžื‘ืจื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ื•ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ ื“ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืš ืื—ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื“ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืืฉื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืื ืคื—ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-20 ื•ื”-21, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกืื•ื ื“ ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืจ. ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ืกืจ ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืช ื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื ืžื–ื“ืงืคื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช, ืืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืจื™ืฆื” ื•ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” (ืจืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืคื”). ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืœื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื“ื™ ืืžื•. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ[ื™]. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืื, ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ืงื” ืžื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืง ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 3 ื•ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืœืขืจืš, ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช. ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ื’ื ืชื, ื›ืœื›ืœืชื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื. ื”ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ 12 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš, ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืคืจืฅ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ืฉื™ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืœืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™: ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืฉื—ืœื”, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื–ืจืข ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืจื—ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืฉื—ืœื”, ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›-28 ื™ื•ื, ืืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 21 ืœ-39 ื™ื•ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื "ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืžื•ืกืชืจ" โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ืฆืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื ืงื”. ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื ืกืชืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“, ื•ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื" ืžืื™ื“ืš. ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ึนืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืงืฉืจ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื-ืžื•ืœ-ืคื ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืงื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘. ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืคืขืœื” ื›ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื ืงื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื ืงื•ืช) ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื“ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชืจื ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื’ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื“ืจื™ื”. ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื ืกืชื. ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื“ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ึนืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืฉืžืจืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืœื‘ื“ื” ืื• ืืฃ ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™-ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ (ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ 50 ืฉื ื”) ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืœื“ืช, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื ื ื• ืคื•ืกืง ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืชื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืคืœื’, ืืš ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืข ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืฉืง ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื’ื ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืจื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืฆื‘ืจื•, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืจืืฉื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ืžื ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ื’ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืœืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ืœืœืขื•ืก ื•ืœืขื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืจืงืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ (ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ), ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื ืœื‘ืชื™-ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื”ื—ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื’ื ื™ื™ื; ื—ืœื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘; ื•ื”ืชืกืกืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆื”. ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื[ื™"ื]. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื• ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืœืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 2015, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 1,800 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ 2,700 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจ ื•-2,200 ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื” (ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงื™ืœื•-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื™ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“). ืžื“ื“ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1990โ€“2013 ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืžืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื•ืขื•ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ืชืื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื•ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื[ื™"ื‘][ื˜]. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื›ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ืœื• ืื—ื•ื– ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืขื ืชื ืื™ ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื[ื™"ื’]. ืงื˜ืœื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ืื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื‘ืœื™-ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ืžืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“[ื™"ื“]. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื”ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ืคืกื˜ืจ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื•ืš, ืฉื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืคืกื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ื‘ึพ1928. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื”ื™ื• (ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช) ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืจื˜ ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” (ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืืš ืœื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข). ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ. ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื”[ื˜"ื•]. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™, ืื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืืจืงื˜ื™ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืฃ ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืชื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื•, ื“ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืืจื›ืื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื, ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2023, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ื ื” 8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ. ื•ืื•ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืชื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื˜"ื–]. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืืžื“ ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื•ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21. ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 โ€“ ื›-2.2% ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ 31 ืฉื ื”. ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืž-1% ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ 70 ืฉื ื™ื. ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ: ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืืคืก ื•ืืฃ ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื›ืš (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”), ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืชืœื›ื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-22 ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-10.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื™"ื–]. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืงื ื”ึพืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช "ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—" ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืชืื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• (ืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”) โ€“ ืžื‘ืจื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืื“ืžื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืื• ืœืขืจื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืกื›ืจื™ื, ืžืื’ืจื™-ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื•, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืขื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจ, ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ื•ืจ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื’ืจืžื” ืื• ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืฉื 23 ืžืชื•ืš 24 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ 44 ืง"ื’, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ื“ื™ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื˜ื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-14 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืฉื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืขืœ 100 ืง"ื’, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืง, ืขืฆืœื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืกืžื™ืœื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ื–ืื‘ ื”ื‘ืœื”ื•ืช. ืžื™ื“ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืืงืœื™ื, ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืชืืจืš ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื, ื•ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืื” ื•ืขื™ื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• 8 ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืœ, 17 ืžื™ื ื™ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื (ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœืžื•ืจ ื”ืขื ืง), ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ืชื ืฉืœ 784 ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1500 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ, ื–ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืื’ื”, ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™, ืคืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื• ื•ืžืœื•ืžื™ืก ืงื™ ื‘ืจืžื‘ืœ. ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœืœื ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 4,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื "ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”" ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ โ€“ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืจืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ืืœื” ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืจื™ื—ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื—ื ืง ืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื" ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ (ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื) ื”ืื“ื ืืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืชืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-0.75 ืžืขืœืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช[ื™"ื—]. ื”ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื. ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื (Persistent organic pollutants โ€“ POPs) ื›ืžื• ื“ื™-ื“ื™-ื˜ื™, PCB ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ึพื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื—ื“ึพืคืขืžื™ ื—ื“ืจื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ โ€“ ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืขื“ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื, ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืื“ื. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืงื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ืคืจืช) ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืœืงื™ื—ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขืงื™ืฃ 25โ€“40% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืชื. ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื โ€“ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื“ ื’ื™ืจื ื™. ื”ืจืก ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืจืกื ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืจื”) ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืžื™ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื‘ ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ืžื™. ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื โ€“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืืคืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื: ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืืงืกืœื™, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ "ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข" (1863), ื•ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื" (1871), ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื, ืืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืืงืกืœื™ ื•ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ื”ื ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžืงื•ื ืชืคื•ืฆืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” (ื•ืจืื• ื’ื ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื“ืโ€“ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”). ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงื ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ืขื• ืœืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื• ื•ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื•ื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืจืฆืฃ ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืืจืš ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ืฃ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืชืช-ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื, ืœืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘-8 ืขื“ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืขื ืฃ ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื. ืชืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืœื“ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื—ื“ ืืจื“ื™ืคื™ืชืงื•ืก ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืก (Ardipithecus ramidus), ืฉืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 4.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ 4.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœ-1.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ืชืงื•ืก (Australopithecus), ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื. ืžืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืคื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื—ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื— ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœืื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืžื”ื. ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื (Homo) ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ 2 ืขื“ 2.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก (Homo habilis, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ), ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ. ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก (Homo erectus, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืฃ) ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจ ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืœืฉ ืืช ื ืคื—ื• ืžื›-400 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ืชืงื™ื, ืœื›-600 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก, ื›-1,000 ืกืž"ืง ืืฆืœ ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื•-1,350 ืกืž"ืง ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชื’ืœื” ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก (Homo sapiens) ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืกื™ื”. ืืš ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคื— ืžื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืžื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื—ืฆื™-ืจืฉืžื™ "ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ื ืกื™ืก. ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›-400 ืืœืฃ ืขื“ 200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘-ืืกื™ื”, ื•ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืืš ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืจืง ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช, ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืื• ื›ืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก. ื“ื "ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื” ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืืš ืžื’ืœื” ื’ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืจืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื). ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ (ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื”ื•ืžื• ืคืœื•ืจืกื™ื™ื ืกื™ืก ื‘ืื™ื™ ืกื•ื ื“ื” (ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” (ืชื™ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›-50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”). ื’ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื ืขื“ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›-15 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื›ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ "ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก" (Homo sapiens sapiens). ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืกื•ื•ื’ื• ื›ืš ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืืชืจ ืื•ืžื• ืงื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืชื•ืืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-190 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืŸ: ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฆืคื™ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืฃ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืขืจืช ืžื™ืกึฐืœึดื™ึธึผื” (ื›-194 ืขื“ 177 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” (ื›-120 ืขื“ 90 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืขื“ 40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”) ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืขื“ 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืช-ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจื•ืข ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื™ืฆืจ "ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืืงืœื™ืžื™", ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืœืื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืžืžืขืจืช ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›-55 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-40 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื•ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-17 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื™ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืœืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืขืœืžื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืœืื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืกื™ื™ืชื™, ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉ ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื™ื. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ืœืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื• ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืฃ ื”ื•ืืฅ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื—ืœื‘, ืืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื•ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื โ€“ ืœื›-8 ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืื•ืจื– ื•ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”. ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช. ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืชืชื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›-3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืขื“ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืžืžื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ, ืžืขืฆื ื•ืžื—ืจืก, ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืืฉืคืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื•. ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื›ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืœืงื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ[ื™"ื˜]. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง) ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืข ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ ืื™ืจืข (ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”) ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 11,500 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืืœืฃ ืขื“ 5,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”), ื•ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืœืœ ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืžืชื›ืช, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืืฃ ืœืœื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ืชืชื™ื, ื›-3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ื›-250 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ืื™ืช, ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื ืชื–ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆืฆื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืชืงื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื’ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื-ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—-ืืกื™ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-600 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›"ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืืจื›ืื™", ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ื ืกื™ืก, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืจืง ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืž-250 ืืœืฃ ื•ืขื“ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืกื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืืš ื’ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืฆื“ื• ืคืจืกืชื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ืช, ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืœ ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช, ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื ื•ืงืจืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™-ืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืคืจื˜ ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”), ืชื•ืš ื“ื—ื™ืงืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืืจื›ืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ืื• ื”ื˜ืžืขืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืงื•ื“ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™: ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœืก ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืจืคืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื”, ื’ืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืช ืžืฆืจ ื‘ืจื™ื ื’, ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-17 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืคื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-12 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืื•ืจื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ืœืื•ืจื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™: ืกื™ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคืœืก ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื•, ืื• ืืฃ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื—ื ื•ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื’ื ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื›ืคื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 9,500 ืขื“ 8,500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 4,000 ืขื“ 3,000 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”, ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื. ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืฆืžื—ื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื– ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขื– ื”ื‘ื™ืช), ื‘ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช), ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื•ืŸ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื•ื”ืขืจื•ื“ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื›ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื—ืœื‘, ืฆืžืจ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืช ืกื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจ (ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืกื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืืš ื’ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ื•ืœื—ืœื‘. ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืช ืฆืžื— ื”ืื•ืจื–, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก, ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืึดืคืฉืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื’ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข, ืขื™ื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื™ื—ื•ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื“ื”, ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืขื ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืชื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื–ื™ื, ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื’ืžืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื”, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืจืขื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื ื™ืข ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ืจืขื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ืงื• ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืชื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื—. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ึฐึผืชื‘. ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืœืคื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืืจื›ื• ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 6600 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืš ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืž-3500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœืขืจืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืฉื ื—ืงืง ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืจืก. ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชืขื“ื• ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื; ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื”ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช[ื›]: ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื: ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื›ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ืคืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ; ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก; ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•; ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืื ื’ืฆื”; ื”ืื•ืœืžืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ึผื ึธืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืฉึตืื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืึดื›ืœื•ืก ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื’ื ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื ืข. ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื’ื ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ื“ืช. ื”ืžืฆืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคืชื— ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืืš ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”. ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคืœื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืงืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื–ื–ื• ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”, ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืžื™ืขื• ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืจื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ื•ืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืจืคื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื”, ืกืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืกืคื ื™ื ืžืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืืช ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ. ืืš ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ. ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื• ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ื”, ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื’ืื ื” ื•ืžืืœื™, ืืš ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ืขื™ื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืึดืคืฉืจื• ืœื—ืœืงืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืœื”ื›ืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื’ืจืจื• ื’ื ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ (ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช mind) ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื›ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™[ื›"ื]. ืืžื ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื ืคืฉ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœื•, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช" ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื" ื•ื‘ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืงืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืืš ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘-166 ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœืŸ[ื›"ื‘]. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืคื”-ืืœ-ืคื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•[ื›"ื’]. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉ ืขืฆืžื•: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืจืื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืจืื™ื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืืชื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื›ืืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื[ื›"ื“]. ื ื•ืฉื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื. ืœืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžื•ื ื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืืœืคืจื“ ืงื™ื ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื•ื”-50 ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” "ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•" ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ืช (ืฉืœื‘ื™ื 1โ€“5 ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืงื™ื ืกื™). ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื›ืฉื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื”. ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื”, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืกื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ 8.8% ืœ-27% ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื, ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื[ื›"ื”] ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืคื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื— ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืจื ื™ืงื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงื”, ืืš ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™, ื•ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ืฉืคื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœื™ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ื›-13 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”[ื›"ื•]. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”-ืืคืก. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืืš ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”[ื›"ื–]. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœืงื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืš ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช "ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช" ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”"ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช" ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื• ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช. ืฉืคื” ืกืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื“ื, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื“ื ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ[ื›"ื—]. ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ; ื›ืกืžืœื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”; ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ืื• ืืฃ ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืขื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”. ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”. ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”. ื›-7,000 ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื[ื›"ื˜]. ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืคืช ืื ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช (13.22%), ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช (4.88%) ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช (4.68%). ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืคื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื—ื“ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืฉืžื™ืช, ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ื”ื•ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื”-ืื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ[ืœ]. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”"ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช[ืœ"ื]. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืจืš. ื”ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžืืžืฅ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืคื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ืื™ ื”ืœืขื’ื ื™ "ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื", ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื‘ื ืช (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ", "ื’ืจื’ื•ืจ" ืื• "ื’ืžื’ื•ื"). ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืืฃ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื™ื ืกื›ืจื™ื. ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืงื•ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืœื• ืฉื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœืจืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื. ืžื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื“ืžื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ (ืœืคื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”) ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ (ืœืคื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 800 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”), ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื•, ืืš ืคื™ืชื— ื•ืฉื™ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื”, ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื“ื™ืฉื” (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช). ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืœื™ื ืžืžืชื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืจืก ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช (ืจืื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืขืฅ, ืื‘ืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื’ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ึผื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆืžืจ, ืคืฉืชืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื ื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ, ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช-ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœืจืชื•ื ื’ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื˜ื—ื ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืืš ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืคืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ. ืชื—ื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ื•, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื•. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงืžืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืชื‘ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื™ืื”, ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืœืจื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื” ืืคืก ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื™ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืฆืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืึดืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืžึฐืฆืื•ึนืช ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ, ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื“ื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื”-21. ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”: ื”ืขืœืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื—ืœื•ืงืชื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ื โ€“ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื’ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช, ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงื™, ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืื• ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ[ืœ"ื‘]. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื’ื“ ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ืช ื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื•, ื•ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื“ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ืžื•ืฅ. ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉึฐึผืืึตืจื•ึผืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืžื”ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื”ืื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื•ืžื”ืื‘ ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ ืฉืืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืงืœืื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื• ืขืžื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืืจื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื™ื™ืชืคืกื• ื›ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื“ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืคืจื™ื (ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื) ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืขืžื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืžืฉืœ, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื™ืชืจ-ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื•ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื›ื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื•ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื. ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื• ื›ืคืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆ'ื™ืฃ, ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื•ืช. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืืฆื•ืœื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™. ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืกื™ื, ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ-ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื•ืง. ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื•. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžืกื—ืจ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ืจื™ื“. ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืœื”. ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ืกื—ืจื• ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืืžืฆืขื™-ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ (ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื) ื•ืืฉืจืื™, ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื›ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื‘ืจื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืขืกืงืื•ืช. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื” ื’ื ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื ืจื—ื‘, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1500 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœ-550 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 8,800 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื“ืชื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื“ืช. ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-100 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืžืžืขืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืžืขืจืช ืงืคื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืฆืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืกืœืข ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-30 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ืžืชืืจื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืคืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฆื™ื™ื ืื“ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื”, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืืจื™-ืื“ื ืžืžืขืจืช ืฉื˜ืื“ืœ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืงืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื“ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื, ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื•ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื. ืื ื™ืžื™ื–ื โ€“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื โ€“ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื. ืคื•ืœื™ืชืื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™-ืงื“ื, ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื˜ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื. ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ื–ื โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช: ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกืœืื. ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ื–ื, ื–ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืื™ื–ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื“ืจืš-ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ืœื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืืš ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืœ, ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ. ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืžื•ืกืจ. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืขื ืฉืช ื›ืคืฉืข. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื“ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ื ืขืœื™ื โ€“ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ืึณืžึธื ื•ึผืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื• ืืฃ ืœืœื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืจืžื–ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืงืคื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆื“ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืจืจื™ื, ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจืง ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฆื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ืชื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื’ื ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ืžืขืฆื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช: ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช; ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื™ืงื•ื“; ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืึดืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืึปืžึธึผื ื•ึผืช, ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื“ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื• ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื•, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ื›ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจืงืข ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื; ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื”, ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืฉืœื™ืคืช ื—ืจื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื˜ื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืื• ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืื• ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืึธืžึธึผืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ. ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืžื—ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื. ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืชื. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™[ืœ"ื’] ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง โ€“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืขืžื“ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฆืจื• ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืกื˜ื™ืช; ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืคืœื“ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉืง ืงืจ ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ; ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืื‘ืง ืฉืจืคื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช; ื•ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ืœืขื ื™ืฉื”, ืœื”ื‘ืขืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ืกื“ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”. ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ืงืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ื”. ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื•. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื’ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื‘ืง ืืœื™ื ื•ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“, ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ื›ืœื™ืœ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืืชื ื™ืช ืื• ื“ืชื™ืช, ื ืงืจื ืจืฆื— ืขื. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืื’ื™ืจืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื•, ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืฉืœื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœืชื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืžื ื™ื™ื”, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-5,000 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื ืง ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืžืก ื•ืžืกื—ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื•ื, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืœื”ื™ืกืง ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื“ืข ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื“ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื”. ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืชื•ืก, ื“ืช, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข[ืœ"ื“]. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืžื•ืชืŸ ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื—ื•ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช[ืœ"ื”]. ืžื“ืข ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื’ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืืœ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื“ืžื” ื•"ื ืคื— ื‘ืืคื™ื• ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื". ื’ื ื‘ืืกืœืื ื™ืฉื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื• ื ืคื— ื‘ื• ื”ืืœ ืžื ืฉืžืชื•. ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ืžื”, ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื• ื—ื™ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื’ืฉื™ืช ืจืื” ืืช ื‘ืชื• ืžืคืกืœืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืžืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื - ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืช - ื”ืืœ ืื ื›ื™ ืœืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืืœ ื˜ืื ื” ืœืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ืื“ื•ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจืื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื ื–ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืื” ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื. ื‘ืืคื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืื ื•ืžื” ืืœื™ืฉ, ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืœื” ืชื™ืืžืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื ืง. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืืฆ'ื™ื ื”ืืœ ื”ืืงื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืžืจ, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืืœ ื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืืœ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืžื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืกืคื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื“ื ืžืื•ื›ืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืกืœืขื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื ืฉืฃ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืงื“ืงื ื•ืช ืืœื ืฆืžื—ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื• ืืœื•ื”ื™. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื• ืืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืชืคื ื•ืช ืืœืช ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ. ืืชื•ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื, ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื“ืื’ ืœื”ื ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื• ืจื•ืืช-ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื. ื›ืฉืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืืชื•ื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžื—ื”. ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™ื• ื˜ืคื˜ืคื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”, ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื’ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื›ื—ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ื”ืคืขื, ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืื•ืจ, ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœืข, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจืืงื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ืœื ืฆื—, ื•ื ืขืœื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืกืงื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืข ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื, ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืชืื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช (ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื”) ืฉื‘ืจืื” ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–[ืœ"ื•], ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื•[ืœ"ื–]. ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื›ื ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืืœ. ื‘ืงื”ืœืช ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื™ืŸ", ืืš ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื". ืฉืืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ. ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืžื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื-ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื•ืขืชื™ืง ืžืื•ื“. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™-ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื ื™ ื•ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื™. ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื˜: "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช" ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช: ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช? ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื“ืขืช, ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘; ื–ืจื ื”ื ื”ื ืชื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ืื•ืฉืจ; ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืืœ ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ืชื•; ื–'ืืŸ-ื–'ืืง ืจื•ืกื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•; ื•ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจืœื•, ืื• ื”ืื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”, ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš, ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืคืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื’ื ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื, ืืš ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื”ื’ื•ื•ื“ ื’ื™ื˜ื, ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืขื“ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื, ืืš ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืงืืจืžื” ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื. ื”ื“ืจืš ("ื“ื”ืจืžื”" ืื• "ื“ืื•") ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืืœื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืื• ืจืข ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•[ืœ"ื—]. ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข[ืœ"ื˜]. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจืขืชื ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœ[ืž]. ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ[ืž"ื], ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื”ืจื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืกืžืืœ ื•ืืฉืžื“ืื™ ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื“ืข ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ืžืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืœื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/tasks] | [TOKENS: 244]
Tasks Hugging Face is the home for all Machine Learning tasks. Here you can find what you need to get started with a task: demos, use cases, models, datasets, and more! Multimodal 11,419 models 169 models 240 models 129 models 20,362 models 42 models 14 models 273 models 620 models Natural Language Processing 16,167 models 16,210 models 13,621 models 14,347 models 2,623 models 177 models 110,775 models 330,002 models 830 models 25,682 models 8,353 models 448 models Computer Vision 279 models 25,551 models 1,006 models 2,215 models 2,126 models 1,312 models 598 models 226 models 186 models 4,447 models 2,037 models 91,928 models 970 models 2,445 models 94 models 1,135 models 100 models 105 models 416 models Audio 3,908 models 929 models 28,349 models 4,168 models Tabular 455 models 270 models Reinforcement Learning 69,872 models
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/collections/Raziel1234/gad-697778741a0fdcbd558c9346] | [TOKENS: 125]
GAD GAD language models family Raziel1234/GAD-2 Text Generation โ€ข 0.2B โ€ข Updated 24 days ago โ€ข 1.11k Raziel1234/GAD-1 Text Generation โ€ข 77.1M โ€ข Updated 27 days ago โ€ข 31 Raziel1234/GAD-1-77.1M-Email-Writer Text Generation โ€ข 77.1M โ€ข Updated Jan 18 โ€ข 1 Raziel1234/GAD-1-77.1M-Instruct Text Generation โ€ข 77.1M โ€ข Updated 30 days ago โ€ข 22
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ืœื“ื™ื] | [TOKENS: 10689]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ึทืœึฐื“ื•ึผืช ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ 3 ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ 13. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืืฆืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื โ€“ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื•. ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื™ืœื“" ื•ืื™ืœื• ื ืงื‘ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื™ืœื“ื”". ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื "ื‘ืŸ" ื•"ื‘ืช" ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื•, ืืš ื”ื ื’ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ื—ืก ืฉืืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ื’ื ื”ื”ืคืš ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื "ื™ืœื“ื™ื" ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ. ืžืฉื—ืง, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ืงืจื ื™ืช ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื. ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชื• ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืฆืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืจื ื™ืช ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”. ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืฆืจืฃ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื ืงืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื. ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืชืจื•ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืœื™ืœื“ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืžื”ื ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื™ืœื“ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื. ื”ื ื’ื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉื—ืง ื’ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื—ืงืจืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ืœื“ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ืœื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฉืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืื• ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ื•ืžืฉื—ืง, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•. ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”.ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื˜ืคืœืช (ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืจื˜ืฃ ืื• ืื•-ืคืจ), ื’ื ื ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช. ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืจื’ืข ื™ืฆื™ืืชื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–'ืืŸ ืคื™ืื–'ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื: ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื ื™ืกื— ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืื™ื“" โ€“ ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืกื•ืคืจ ืื’ื•" โ€“ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”"ืื’ื•" ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘, ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื•ืžื•ื•ืกืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืžื ื’ื“, ืื™-ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื“ื•ื‘ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข, ืกื•ืก ื ื“ื ื“ื”, ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ื’ื•ืžื™, ื”ืกืคืจ ืคื• ื”ื“ื‘, ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื—ื™ื, ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“. ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื ืช. ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ 6, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื' ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืขืจ. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘, ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืžืชืขืฉืจืช, ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ืงืจื ื•ื”ื‘ืขื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืจืžื” ื ืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืชืกื™ื™ืข ื•ืœื ืชืคืจื™ืข ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืื•ืชื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฉื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœืคืชื— ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื–ืืช. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื–ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ืกืก ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืื•ืœื, ืื ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืชื•. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื“ืขื•ืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืงื”ืœ ื™ืขื“ ืกึดืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืžื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืกื•ื’ื” ื–ืืช ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื (ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื), ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืื• ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืกืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™. ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืขื, ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื ืขืฉืชื” ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื’ื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ื” ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื (ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœืื™ 12โ€“13) ื•ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืื• ืžืœื โ€“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืคืจื˜ื™-ืžืกื—ืจื™; ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืžืžืกื“ื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืชื™, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืœืฆื“ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ื™ื (ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื™ืขื“), ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” "ืขื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ" ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1892. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ืจื–ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขื•ืชืงื™ื (ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืขืฉืจื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื). ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ื” "ืฉืคืช ืขื‘ืจ", ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘"ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘-1897. ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื "ืืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™", ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืข"ืž, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืจืžื™ ืฉื™ืจ โ€“ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™. ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืงื”ืœ ื™ืขื“. ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื - ื”ื™ื ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉื—ืง โ€“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืš ืจืฉืžื™ืช. ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›"ืื’ืฃ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ". ืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื (ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœ ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ 16โ€“21, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช). ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจื•ืคืื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื•ืขืœ "ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืื’ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช (ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ALAPE, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•-EAP, ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ืœืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ IPA. ืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจืคื•ืืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืื• ื™ื•ื ืง, ืœื ืจืง ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืืœื ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืงืฉืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื, ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื›ืœืœื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืจื•ืคืื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืฃ ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื›ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืขืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”: ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื•ืชื ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืขื ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื“ ืคืจื™ ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ื•ืจื“ ืคืจื™, ืื ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื›ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ื™, ื‘ืขืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื” (ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืก). ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืชื•ืงื ื” ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื• ืœื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืขืœื™ื•, ืืš ื”ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ืขืกืงืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขืกืงืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ (ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง). ื”ืขืกืงืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืงืžื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ืง ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ. ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืขืกืง ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ืจื—ื™ืฆืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฆื—ืฆื•ื— ื ืขืœื™ื™ื, ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื™ืฉื ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืขืกืง. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช, ืœืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื, ืœืกื—ืจ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ (ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื) ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื›ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ื–ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืคืขื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ_ื—ื•ืคื™ื] | [TOKENS: 4185]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื—ื•ืœ. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœืคืชื ื‘ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืกืœ. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืขืจ, ื•ืœื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ืขืจ (ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ). ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืขืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ืื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืืžืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ืคื™ื. ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง 36 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 12 ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“. ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื 36 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื ืžืฉืš ืœื”ืืจื›ื” ื‘ืช 3 ื“ืงื•ืช (ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘). ืื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืืจื›ื” ืœื ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื”ื›ืจืขื”, ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื•ื›ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืขื”. ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” 3 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื’ืจืจืช ืœืคื ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžื ืฆื—ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช 2 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื˜ื‘ืœื”. ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 40 ืก"ืž ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 35 ืœ-37 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 26 ืœ-28 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 10 ืก"ืž. ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจ 2.2 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• 5.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ืงื• ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. ืงื• ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืงื• ืฉืขืจ. ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื“ืœื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืงื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื• ื”ืžื’ืข, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื’ืœ. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื 68โ€“70 ืก"ืž ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืžื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืงืœ 400โ€“440 ื’ืจื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืคื— ืขื“ ืœืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ 0.4โ€“0.6 ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื ืจืื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19. ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ืžืœื—ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืจื— ืืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957. ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995. ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืืžื™, ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”, ืฉืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ื’ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืฆืจืคืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžืœื–ื™ื”. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ (BSWW) ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืคื™ืค"ื. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-60 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ืœื‘ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืจืคืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ืืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ื’ืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ืงื•ืคืงื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื” ื–'ื ื™ื™ืจื•, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ (BSWW) BSWW (Beach Soccer Worldwide) ื”ื•ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืค"ื. BSWW ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-300 ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘-60 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืขื“ 200 ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื. ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืชื•, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื™ื™ืกื“ ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืืœื™ื˜ื•, ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™, ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ, ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืืœื™ื˜ื• ื“ื” ืงืœืื‘ืก, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 (ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ BSWW ื•ืคื™ืค"ื ืฉื ื—ืชื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004). ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืฉ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื, ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืœืืœื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืื ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ PUMAโ€, UNAOCโ€, IQONIQโ€ ื•-Genius. ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืš ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื•ืœื™. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืฆื”, ื”ืชืงืคื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื”, ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืขืจ ื•ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืฉื—ืง. ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข: ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://gingim.net/] | [TOKENS: 2302]
ื‘ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืงืœื“ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื’ืจ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ! ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื? ืื™ืคื” ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ืขื ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื? ืžืขืœ 1000 ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ื›ื“ื™: ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื•ืžื”ื ื”. ืœืฆืžืฆื ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”. ืœืงื“ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื. ืœืฉืœื‘ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ > ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืœื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื', ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš. ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ ื”ื’ืŸ. ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ > ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืงืจื™ืื”, ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืคืขืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื”ื. ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ > ืืœืคื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ืœืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจ, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชื’ื™ื, ืžืกืš ืžื’ืข ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื‘ื˜. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ > ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืงื“ืžืช, ืงืœื™ื ืื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง, ืžืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ > ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจื” ื’ื– - "ื”ืœื•ื—ืฉืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื" ื‘ื™"ืก ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื ืชื ื™ื” ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ืจื›ื–ืช ืชืงืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™"ืก ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืชืœ ืžื•ื ื“ ื“ื™ืงืœื” ืคื•ืœืง ื’ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื—ื™ืคื” ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืจืืœ ื‘ื™"ืก ืจืžื–, ื™ื”ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืณื™ื ื’ืณื™ื ืžื ื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ืžื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื” ืžื ื•ื™ ืœื’ืŸ ืœืขืžื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ืช ืžื ื•ื™ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื ื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืจืฉืžื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื: ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื/ื” ื›ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื•ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ. 2022 ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื•ืจ ืื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ื”ืงืœื™ืงื• ืขืœ ื”- ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืชืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช (Cookies) ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ึพ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ึพ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืืชืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช (Cookies) ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ึพ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ึพ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ_ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื_(ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ_ื—ื•ืคื™ื)] | [TOKENS: 1066]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื) ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื. ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื‘ืฉื "ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื”ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืชื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืœื•ื™. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืกื’ื ื™ืช ืืœื•ืคื”, ื›ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” 6:7 ืœืืœื•ืคื” ื ืกื™ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืจื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ. ืžืื– 2010 ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” "ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื•ืขื•ื ื“ืช ืืช ืกืžืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื”ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” "ืœื” ืคืžื™ืœื™ื”" ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืขื ืฃ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื”, ืฉืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ. ืกื’ืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืกื’ืœ ืœืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืœืขื•ื ืช 2025 ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืœืขื•ื ืช 2024 ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืชืืจื™ื ืœื™ื’ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ื”ื‘ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/dataset-viewer] | [TOKENS: 431]
Dataset viewer documentation ๐Ÿค— Dataset viewer Dataset viewer and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started ๐Ÿค— Dataset viewer The dataset page includes a table with the datasetโ€™s contents, arranged by pages of 100 rows. You can navigate between pages using the buttons at the bottom of the table, filter, search, look at basic statistics, and more. Dataset viewer of the OpenBookQA dataset Contents of the documentation These documentation pages are focused on the dataset viewerโ€™s backend (code in https://github.com/huggingface/dataset-viewer), which provides the table with pre-computed data through an API for all the datasets on the Hub. You can explore the sections if you want to consume the API for your application or to understand how we preprocess the datasets. Otherwise, if you want to learn about creating datasets from the Hubโ€™s web-based interface, configuring the dataset viewer for data, images, or audio, or fixing errors, you might prefer reading the Datasets Hub documentation pages. Take also a look to the example datasets collections: splits configuration, subsets configuration, CSV data files and image datasets. Dataset viewerโ€™s backend The dataset viewerโ€™s backend provides an API for visualizing and exploring all types of datasets - computer vision, speech, text, and tabular - stored on the Hugging Face Hub. The main feature of the dataset viewerโ€™s backend is to auto-convert all the Hub datasets to Parquet. Read more in the Parquet section. As datasets increase in size and data type richness, the cost of preprocessing (storage and compute) these datasets can be challenging and time-consuming. To help users access these modern datasets, The dataset viewer runs a server behind the scenes to generate the API responses ahead of time and stores them in a database so they are instantly returned when you make a query through the API. Let the dataset viewer take care of the heavy lifting so you can use a simple REST API on any of the 100,000+ datasets on Hugging Face to: Join the growing community on the forum or Discord today, and give the dataset viewer repository a โญ๏ธ if youโ€™re interested in the latest updates!
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/aws-neuron/optimum-neuron-cache] | [TOKENS: 196]
aws-neuron / optimum-neuron-cache like 29 Follow AWS Inferentia and Trainium 159 AWS Neuron optimum model cache This repository contains cached neuron compilation artifacts for the most popular models on the Hugging Face Hub. Inference The transparent caching mechanism included in optimum-neuron and NeuronX TGI, makes it easier to export and deploy cached models to Neuron platforms such as Trainium and Inferentia. To deploy directly any cached model to SageMaker: You can now paste the code snippet in your deployment script or notebook, following the instructions in the comment. To export a model to Neuron and save it locally, please follow the instructions in the optimum-neuron documentation. For a list of the cached models and configurations, please refer to the inference cache configuration files. Alternatively, you can use the optimum-cli neuron cache lookup command to look for a specific model and see the cached configurations. - Space using aws-neuron/optimum-neuron-cache 1
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/inference-providers] | [TOKENS: 1512]
Inference Providers documentation Inference Providers Inference Providers and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Inference Providers Hugging Faceโ€™s Inference Providers give developers access to hundreds of machine learning models, powered by world-class inference providers. They are also integrated into our client SDKs (for JS and Python), making it easy to explore serverless inference of models on your favorite providers. Partners Our platform integrates with leading AI infrastructure providers, giving you access to their specialized capabilities through a single, consistent API. Hereโ€™s what each partner supports: Why Choose Inference Providers? When you build AI applications, itโ€™s tough to manage multiple provider APIs, comparing model performance, and dealing with varying reliability. Inference Providers solves these challenges by offering: Instant Access to Cutting-Edge Models: Go beyond mainstream providers to access thousands of specialized models across multiple AI tasks. Whether you need the latest language models, state-of-the-art image generators, or domain-specific embeddings, youโ€™ll find them here. Zero Vendor Lock-in: Unlike being tied to a single providerโ€™s model catalog, you get access to models from Cerebras, Groq, Together AI, Replicate, and more โ€” all through one consistent interface. Production-Ready Performance: Built for enterprise workloads with the reliability your applications demand. Hereโ€™s what you can build: โšก Get Started for Free: Inference Providers includes a generous free tier, with additional credits for PRO users and Team & Enterprise organizations. Key Features Getting Started Inference Providers works with your existing development workflow. Whether you prefer Python, JavaScript, or direct HTTP calls, we provide native SDKs and OpenAI-compatible APIs to get you up and running quickly. Weโ€™ll walk through a practical example using openai/gpt-oss-120b, a state-of-the-art open-weights conversational model. Before diving into integration, explore models interactively with our Inference Playground. Test different chat completion models with your prompts and compare responses to find the perfect fit for your use case. Youโ€™ll need a Hugging Face token to authenticate your requests. Create one by visiting your token settings and generating a fine-grained token with Make calls to Inference Providers permissions. For complete token management details, see our security tokens guide. Letโ€™s start with the most common use case: conversational AI using large language models. This section demonstrates how to perform chat completions using DeepSeek V3, showcasing the different ways you can integrate Inference Providers into your applications. Whether you prefer our native clients, want OpenAI compatibility, or need direct HTTP access, weโ€™ll show you how to get up and running with just a few lines of code. Here are three ways to integrate Inference Providers into your Python applications, from high-level convenience to low-level control: For convenience, the huggingface_hub library provides an InferenceClient that automatically handles provider selection and request routing. In your terminal, install the Hugging Face Hub Python client and log in: You can now use the client with a Python interpreter. By default, our system automatically selects the fastest available provider for the specified model (equivalent to the :fastest policy โ€” highest throughput in tokens per second). You can change the provider selection policy by appending a policy suffix to the model id: :cheapest for the most cost-efficient provider (lowest price per output token), or :preferred to follow your preference order in Inference Provider settings. For example, openai/gpt-oss-120b:cheapest. You can also select the provider of your choice by appending the provider name to the model id (e.g. "openai/gpt-oss-120b:sambanova"). Integrate Inference Providers into your JavaScript applications with these flexible approaches: Our JavaScript SDK provides a convenient interface with automatic provider selection and TypeScript support. Install with NPM: Then use the client with Javascript. By default, our system automatically selects the fastest available provider for the specified model (equivalent to the :fastest policy โ€” highest throughput in tokens per second). You can change the provider selection policy by appending a policy suffix to the model id: :cheapest for the most cost-efficient provider (lowest price per output token), or :preferred to follow your preference order in Inference Provider settings. For example, openai/gpt-oss-120b:cheapest. You can also select the provider of your choice by appending the provider name to the model id (e.g. "openai/gpt-oss-120b:sambanova"). For testing, debugging, or integrating with any HTTP client, hereโ€™s the raw REST API format. By default, our system automatically selects the fastest available provider for the specified model (equivalent to the :fastest policy โ€” highest throughput in tokens per second). You can change the provider selection policy by appending a policy suffix to the model id: :cheapest for the most cost-efficient provider (lowest price per output token), or :preferred to follow your preference order in Inference Provider settings. For example, openai/gpt-oss-120b:cheapest. You can also select the provider of your choice by appending the provider name to the model id (e.g. "openai/gpt-oss-120b:sambanova"). Letโ€™s explore how to generate images from text prompts using Inference Providers. Weโ€™ll use black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-dev, a state-of-the-art diffusion model that produces highly detailed, photorealistic images. Use the huggingface_hub library for the simplest image generation experience with automatic provider selection: Use our JavaScript SDK for streamlined image generation with TypeScript support: Provider Selection The Inference Providers API acts as a unified proxy layer that sits between your application and multiple AI providers. Understanding how provider selection works is crucial for optimizing performance, cost, and reliability in your applications. When using Inference Providers, your requests go through Hugging Faceโ€™s proxy infrastructure, which provides several key benefits: Because the API acts as a proxy, the exact HTTP request may vary between providers as each provider has their own API requirements and response formats. When using our official client libraries (JavaScript or Python), these provider-specific differences are handled automatically whether you use provider="auto" or specify a particular provider. When using the Hugging Face inference clients (JavaScript or Python), you can explicitly specify a provider or let the system choose automatically. The client then formats the HTTP request to match the selected providerโ€™s API requirements. Provider Selection Policy: If you prefer to work with familiar OpenAI APIs or want to migrate existing chat completion code with minimal changes, we offer a drop-in compatible endpoint that handles all provider selection automatically on the server side. By default, the fastest available provider is selected for the model (highest throughput in tokens per second). This is equivalent to appending :fastest to the model name. You can change that policy by adding a suffix to the model name: Note: This OpenAI-compatible endpoint is currently available for chat completion tasks only. For other tasks like text-to-image, embeddings, or speech processing, use the Hugging Face inference clients shown above. This endpoint can also be requested through direct HTTP access, making it suitable for integration with various HTTP clients and applications that need to interact with the chat completion service directly. Key Features: Use Inference Clients when: Use OpenAI-Compatible Endpoint when: Use Direct HTTP when: Next Steps Now that you understand the basics, explore these resources to make the most of Inference Providers:
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy] | [TOKENS: 7902]
Contents Saint Barthรฉlemy in the Western Hemisphere Saint Barthรฉlemy,[b] officially the Collectivitรฉ territoriale de Saint-Barthรฉlemy,[c] also known as St. Barts and St. Barths (English) or St. Barth (French), is an overseas collectivity of France in the Caribbean. The island lies about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of the island of Saint Martin. It is northeast of the Dutch islands of Saba and Sint Eustatius, and north of the independent country of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Saint Barthรฉlemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003 the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe to form a separate overseas collectivity (collectivitรฉ d'outre-mer, abbreviated to COM) of France. The collectivity is one of four territories among the Leeward Islands in the northeastern Caribbean that make up the French West Indies, along with Saint Martin, Guadeloupe (200 kilometres (120 mi) southeast) and Martinique. A volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, Saint Barthรฉlemy has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi)[a] and a population of 10,660 at the January 2023 census. Its capital is Gustavia, which also contains the main harbour. It is the only Caribbean island that was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time. It remained so for nearly a century before it returned to French rule after an 1877 referendum. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, geared towards the high-end, luxury tourist market. Etymology The island was named by Christopher Columbus in honour of Bartholomew the Apostle in 1493; it was also a way of honouring his younger brother Bartholomew Columbus. History Before European contact the island was possibly frequented by Eastern Caribbean Taรญno and Arawak people, who called the island 'Ouanalao', though it is believed that the island was not inhabited permanently due to its lack of fresh water sources and poor soil.[d] Christopher Columbus was the first European to encounter the island in 1493. Sporadic visits continued for the next hundred years until formal colonisation began taking shape. By 1648 the island was settled by the French, encouraged by Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy, the lieutenant-governor of the French West India Company, and initially comprised about 50 to 60 settlers, later augmented by smaller numbers coming from St Kitts. Led by Jacques Gentes, the new arrivals began cultivating cacao. In 1656, the settlement was attacked by Caribs and briefly abandoned. De Poincy was the dominant administrator in this period and a member of the Order of Saint John. He facilitated the transfer of ownership from the Compagnie des รŽles de l'Amรฉrique to the Order. He continued to rule the island until he died in 1660. Five years later, it was bought by the French West India Company along with the Order's other possessions in the Caribbean. By 1674, the company was dissolved and the islands became part of the French Kingdom and added to the colony of Guadeloupe. The island proved economically unsuccessful, and was subject to the activities of pirates, most notably Daniel Montbars aka 'Montbars the Exterminator'. In 1744, British forces captured the island. In 1764, it reverted to French control. Deeming it to be of little worth, King Louis XVI traded the island to Sweden in 1784 in return for trading privileges in Gothenburg. This change of control saw progress and prosperity as the Swedes declared Gustavia, named after the Swedish king Gustav III who ruled at that time, a free port, convenient for trading by the Europeans for goods, including contraband material.: 22โ€“23 In 1801, Britain attacked and occupied the island, and after assembling a council of war, the Swedes decided to surrender. Slavery was practised in St. Barthรฉlemy under the Ordinance concerning the Police of Slaves and free Coloured People of 1787. The last legally owned slaves in the Swedish colony of St. Barthรฉlemy were granted their freedom by the state in October 1847. Since the island was not a plantation area, the freed slaves suffered economic hardships due to lack of opportunities for employment and many left to more prosperous islands, and few people of African descent remain on the island.: 24 In 1850, a devastating hurricane hit the island, followed by a fire in 1852. The economy suffered, and Sweden sought to divest themselves of the island. Following a referendum in 1877, Sweden sold the island back to France in 1878,: 157โ€“159 after which it was administered as part of Guadeloupe. Swedish media supported the sale of the island to France, characterizing the island's poverty as a source of national humiliation for Sweden. On 19 March 1946, the people of the island became French citizens with full rights. With few economic prospects on the islands, many men from St. Barthรฉlemy took jobs on Saint Thomas to support their families.[citation needed] Organised tourism and hotels began in earnest in the 1960s and developed in the 1970s onwards, particularly after the building of the island's landing strip that can accommodate mid-sized aircraft.[citation needed] The island soon became renowned as a high-class luxury destination, being frequented by numerous celebrities such as Greta Garbo, Howard Hughes, Benjamin de Rothschild, David Rockefeller, Lorne Michaels, Chevy Chase, Steve Martin, Jimmy Buffett and Johnny Hallyday. The boost in tourist numbers has led to a rise in living standards and rapid modernisation.[citation needed] The island was not electrified until the 1980s. Saint Barthรฉlemy was for many years a French commune, forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe. The island became a separate collectivity in February 2007. The island of Saint Barthรฉlemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthรฉlemy has retained its free port status. Saint Barthรฉlemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, (Overseas Country or Territory) in January 2012. The island sustained damage from Hurricane Irma in September 2017 but recovered quickly, and by early 2018 transport and electricity were largely operational. Geography Approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthรฉlemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. St. Barthรฉlemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthรฉlemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Several smaller uninhabited islands lie offshore, the largest of which are รŽle Fourchue, รŽle Coco, รŽle Chevreau (รŽle Bonhomme), รŽle Frรฉgate, รŽle Toc Vers, รŽle Tortue, Roche Plate (Table ร  Diable) and Mancel ou la Poule et les Poussins. There are numerous smaller islets, such as La Petite Islette, L'รŽlet au Vent, รŽle Pelรฉ, รŽle le Boulanger, Roche le Bล“uf, รŽle Petit Jean, L'ร‚ne Rouge, Les Gros Islets, La Baleine des Gros Islets, Pain de Sucre, Les Baleines du Pain de Sucre, Fourmis, Les Petit Saints, Roches Roubes, Les Baleines de Grand Fond and Les Grenadins. St. Barthรฉlemy forms, with St. Martin, Anguilla, and Dog Island, a distinct group that lies upon the western edge of a flat bank of soundings composed chiefly of shells, sand, and coral. From St. Barthรฉlemy, the bank extends east-southeast, ending in a small tongue or spit. It is separated from the main bank by a narrow length of deep water. East of the island, the edge of the bank lies 22 kilometres (14 miles) away. Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid-entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay, there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve. The marine reserve, founded in 1999, covers more than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of protected and vulnerable habitats, bays, and islands, and includes a zone that is restricted to scientific observations only. As the sea surrounding the St. Barthรฉlemy is rich in coral reefs and other precious marine life, the area has been declared a protected area since 1996. Environmental awareness is quite pronounced in St. Barthรฉlemy and is promoted by the Environmental Commission.: 3 There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St. Barthรฉlรฉmy are known as "Anse de...") of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and the windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). Windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.: 177โ€“178 Grand-cul-de-sac is a long beach with facilities for water sports. Anse de Flamands is a very wide sandy beach and Le petit Anse (The little beach), just to the north of Anse de Flamands is very safe and popular with the locals for their children. Anse Toiny beach is in a remote location and is considered suitable for experienced surfers as the water current is very strong.: 177โ€“178 On the leeward side, the notable beaches are Anse du Gouverneur, Anse du Colombier which is only accessible by foot or by boat, Anse de Grand Galet (Shell Beach), and Anse de Grande Saline which is popular with nudists. The area around the salt ponds near the Anse de Grande Saline beach is marshy and is a habitat for tropical birds. Ile islet, an offshoot of the leeward side, has a white sandy beach.: 177โ€“178 Shell Beach, also called Anse de Grand Galet (in French, 'Anse' means "cove" and Galet means "pebble"), is a beach in the southwestern part of Gustavia. A large number of sea shells are scattered on this beach. This beach was subject to the strong waves of hurricane Lenny in 1999, which resulted in the erosion of the sand. This necessitated supplementing the beach with new sand in 2000.: 170โ€“173 On the north coast, on the far eastern side of the island, there are two lagoons called the Anse de Marigot and Anse du Grand Cul-de-Sac.: 170โ€“173 Morne de Vitet, 286 metres (938 feet) in height, is the highest peak on the island. Hills and valleys of varying topography cover the rest of the island. Notable are Morne Rouge, Morne Criquet, Morne de Grand Fond, Morne de Dรฉpoudrรฉ and Morne Lurin. The largest bodies of water on the island are ร‰tang de Saint-Jean, Grande Saline, Grand ร‰tang, and Petit ร‰tang. The population is spread among 40 quartiers, roughly corresponding to settlements. They are grouped into two paroisses (parishes): The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (10 mi2). The eastern side is wetter than the western. The climate is essentially arid. Rainfall averages 1,000 millimetres (40 inches) annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain.: 4 Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity is not very high, due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 ยฐC (77 ยฐF) with day temperatures rising to 32 ยฐC (90 ยฐF).: 4 The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 ยฐC (82 ยฐF) and 22 ยฐC (72 ยฐF), respectively. In July, they are 30 ยฐC (86 ยฐF) and 24 ยฐC (75 ยฐF). The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 ยฐC (55 ยฐF). The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 ยฐC (81 ยฐF).: 4 Demographics In 2023, Saint-Barthรฉlemy had a population of 10,660. Residents, known as Saint-Barthรฉlemois, are French citizens. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. There is also a big community of Portuguese emigrants mainly from the North of Portugal, around 3,000 people. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in most hotels and restaurants. A small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years.[citation needed] The St. Barthรฉlemy French patois is spoken by some 500โ€“700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French. Crรฉole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Crรฉole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed] Swedish is not commonly spoken in Saint Barthรฉlemy, despite the Swedish colonial rule. The majority of the population of Saint Barthรฉlemy are Christian. Saint Barthรฉlemy is considered the most religiously homogeneous territory in the French West Indies, with particular importance given to the Catholic Church. The territory of Saint-Barthรฉlemy forms the parish of Our Lady of the Assumption (Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption), which depends on the diocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-ร -Pitre ( diocรจse de Basse-Terre et Pointe-ร -Pitre), whose see is located in the cathedral of Our Lady of Guadeloupe (Notre-Dame-de-Guadeloupe). The presbytery is located in the district of Lorient, and dates from 1822. The building, including the masonry terrace, the staircases, the outbuildings and the gardens have been protected as historic monuments of France since 2002. There are two main Catholic churches, both dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption or Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption (the one in Lorient and the one in Gustavia) and a chapel of St. Catherine of Siena (Chapelle de Sainte Catherine de Sienne) in Colombier. Saint Barthรฉlemy is also part of the Diocese of the North Eastern Caribbean and Aruba (diocรจse de la Caraรฏbe du Nord-Est et d'Aruba), which is under the Church of England (Church in the Province of the West Indies) that serves a small minority on the island. It is centered in the Anglican Church of Saint Bartholomew (ร‰glise anglicane de Saint-Barthรฉlemy), built between 1853 and 1855. The small Pentecostal Christian community does not have a church building of its own and therefore offers religious services at St Barth's Beach Hotel. The main religious holidays are Christmas, the day of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (15 August), All Saints' Day (1 November) and the feast of St. Bartholomew (patron saint of the island) on 24 August. Politics and government Until 2007 the whole island of St. Barthรฉlemy was a French commune (commune de Saint-Barthรฉlemy), forming part of Guadeloupe which is an overseas rรฉgion and overseas dรฉpartement of France. In 2003, the population voted through a referendum in favour of secession from Guadeloupe to form a separate overseas collectivity (collectivitรฉ d'outre-mer, or COM) of France. On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barthรฉlemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the most recent election in 2022. One senator represents the island in the Senate, while a deputy jointly elected with Saint Martin represents it in the National Assembly. St. Barthรฉlemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on a two-year term). The French State is represented by a prefect appointed by the president on the advice of the minister of the interior. As a collectivity of France, the island's national anthem is La Marseillaise, though L'Hymne a St. Barthรฉlemy is also used unofficially. Economy The economy of the island is based on tourism and duty-free retail. The official currency of St. Barthรฉlemy is the euro. It is estimated that the nominal GDP of Saint Barthรฉlemy amounted to 367 million euros in 2014 (US$487 million at 2014 exchanges rates; US$411 million at Feb. 2022 exchange rates). In that same year the nominal GDP per capita of Saint Barthelemy was 38,994 euros (US$51,735 at 2014 exchanges rates; US$43,626 at Feb. 2022 exchange rates), which was one of the highest GDP per capita in the Caribbean, more than double the GDP per capita of the nearby Collectivity of Saint Martin, as well as 85% higher than Guadeloupe and 19% higher than metropolitan France's GDP per capita in 2014. International investment and the wealth generated by tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. Most of the food is imported from the United States or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in housebuilding activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island.[citation needed] Saint Barthรฉlemy is renowned for its high-end villas and luxury real estate market, attracting both short-term visitors and permanent residents. Real estate agencies specialize in offering exclusive villa rentals and property sales, further enhancing the island's reputation as a luxury destination. St. Barthรฉlemy has about 25 hotels, most with 15 rooms or fewer; the largest has 58 rooms.[citation needed] Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner; 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its hotels and villas; another 130,000 people arrive by boat. It also attracts a labour force from Portugal. A team of analysts have analysed Airbnb's Luxe offerings in 27 of their most popular luxury locations around the world and concluded that St Barths is the top location for luxury Airbnb accommodation worldwide. Corossol is noted for its handicrafts; weaving hats and bags from palm fronds is a low-income economic activity of the Indigenous people.: 590 Wildlife As the terrain is generally arid. The hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season, the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener, with more rainfall. A 1994 survey revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants, including the naturalized varieties of flora. Some grow in irrigated areas, while the dry areas are dominated by cacti.: 7 Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island include flamboyant trees, frangipanis, sabal palms, wild trumpet and Manchineel trees.: 7 Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches, and as 5 to 7 metres (16 to 23 feet) trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean),: 8 the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others.: 9, 10 Marine mammals include dolphins, porpoises and whales, are seen here during the migration period from December until May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and on the endangered list. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles are the largest of the type found here, sometimes measuring as much as 3 metres (10 feet) (average is about 1.5 m or 5 ft) and weighing about 450; the hawksbill turtles, are found near reefs, generally about 90 centimetres (35 inches) in diameter and weigh about 60 and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores, generally about 90 centimetres (35 inches) in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.: 11โ€“12 Avifauna in the wild, both native and migrating include brown pelican along the shoreline, magnificent frigatebirds with long wingspans of up to 1.8 metres (5.9 ft), green herons, snowy egrets, belted kingfishers; bananaquits; broad-winged hawks; two species of hummingbirds, the green-throated carib and Antillean crested hummingbird; and zenaida doves.: 12โ€“13 The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes.: 181 The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collector's item. Other species of fish that are recorded close to the shoreline in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish.: 13โ€“14 On the shore are ghost crabs, which live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made of sand. Hermit crabs live on land but lay eggs in the water, and eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season.: 13โ€“14 Saint-Barthรฉlemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1,200 hectares (4.6 sq mi), and is divided into five zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, and Petite Anse and waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue, and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands' coral reefs, seagrass, and endangered marine species, including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection. The yellow zones of protection are where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed. The red zones of high protection are where most activities, including SCUBA, are restricted to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve. Mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier. Landmarks and architecture As well as Gustavia, the capital of St. Barthรฉlemy, there are many notable places and monuments on the island which testify to the island's colonial history under the Spanish, Swedish, British, and French, and now a French territory.: 170โ€“173 Gustavia is in a U-shaped cove facing the harbour on the west. The coastal arm of this cove is in a peninsula. The dockyard is on the east side. When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744, the town's architectural buildings were destroyed. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area. The Swedes added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Prior to their occupation, the port was known as "Carรฉnage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia, in honour of king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as a trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short-lived. These buildings underwent further destruction during hurricanes, and also by gutting in 1852. Some monuments are still intact, such as the residence of the then Swedish governor, now the town hall. The oldest colonial structure in the town is stated to be the bell tower, now without a bell, built in 1799, as part of a now destroyed church, in the southeast end of the town on Rue Du Presbytere. Now, a large clock is installed in place of the bell.: 170โ€“173 The road that runs parallel to the harbour face of the sea, is called the Rue de la Republique. Two roads connect to the two arms of the U-shaped bay. The city has a network of roads, inherited from the Swedish period, laid in a grid pattern, which are either parallel or perpendicular to the three main roads that encompass the bay.: 170 ร‰glise anglicane de Gustavia, the Saint-Bartholomew Anglican Church, is an important religious building in the town, built in 1855 with stones brought from St Eustatius. It is on one of the town's most elegant roads, called the Rue du Centenaire. It has a bell tower. A rock wall encircles the church.: 170โ€“173 Ancien presbytรจre de l'รฉglise catholique de Gustavia is the Catholic church built in 1822. This church has a bell tower which is separated from the main church, and which rings loud and clear.: 170โ€“173 The Musรฉe Territorial de St.-Barthรฉlemy is a museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musรฉe โ€“ bibliothรจque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-story building that has been refurbished. The island's history relating to the French, Swedish and British periods of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps, and paintings. Also on display are ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses, and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.: 170โ€“173 The 9-metre (30 ft) white tower of the Gustavia Lighthouse was built in 1961. Situated on the crest of a hill north of the town, its focal plane is 64 metres (210 ft) above the level of the sea. It flashes every 12 seconds, white, green, or red, depending on direction. The round conical tower has a single red band at the top. Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. The ruins have been replaced by a modern military building, which houses the local gendarmerie.: 170โ€“173 The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is Fort Gustav, which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House. The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts, a guardhouse, a munitions depot, and a wood-burning oven.: 170โ€“173 A statue, Savaku, representing the Arawak peoples is present at Saint-Jean. Education The island's public preschools and primary schools, under the authority of the Acadรฉmie de la Guadeloupe [fr], are Private primary schools: Culture Some of the festivals held each year in St. Barthรฉlemy are: Some other festivals held are the Festival Gastronomique (April) and Yacht Festival (May). The national holidays observed are the Bastille Day and St. Barthรฉlemy Day (day of adoption of French Constitution). All Saints Day is held on 1 November when hundreds of candles are lit in the evening hours. All Souls Day is observed on 2 November, and it is a public holiday.: 588 The Caribbean is the birthplace of calypso, mรฉringue, soca, zouk and reggae music, which significantly influence the culture.: 18 The St. Barthรฉlemy Music Festival is a major international performing arts event held every year. Film director Dylan Verrechia is originally from St. Barthรฉlemy. French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthรฉlemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels.: 586โ€“587 There are also several snack restaurants which the French call "les snacks" or "les petits creux" which include sandwiches, pizzas, and salads.: 206 In West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier: 206 The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet, etc. In the early 1990s, the island had two cooking schools: the Saint Barts Cooking School which emphasizes classical French cuisine, and Cooking in Paradise, which emphasizes creole cuisine. A traditional costume, seen only among older women, consists of starched white bonnets called kichnottes.: 588 A popular legend related to St. Barthรฉlemy is of a seafarer hooligan looking to loot Spanish ships. French pirate Daniel Montbars, who was given the epithet "Montbars the Exterminator", took shelter in St. Barthรฉlemy during his pirate operations and hid the loot in the sandy coves at Anse du Gouverneur.: 22 Sports Rugby is a popular sport on the island. One of the major teams on the island is "Les Barracudas", named after the ferocious fish of the Caribbean. They often play teams from Anguilla and other surrounding islands. Gustavia is known as a haven for yachting, with many events being held there each year. These include the St Barths Bucket Regatta, the Saint Barth's Cup and Les Voiles de St. Barth in April, and the International Regatta in May. Deep sea fishing is undertaken from the waterfront of Lorient, Flamands, and Corossol to fish for tuna, marlin, bonito, barracuda and wahoo.: 180 St Barth Open Fishing tournament is held in July.: 588 The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event that originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthรฉlemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10-metre (33-foot) length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors.: 183 Kitesurfing and other water sports have become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach (Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs, Tennis Clube de Flamboyant in Grand Cul-de-Sac, AJOE Tennis Club in Orient, and ASCO in Colombier. The Swedish Marathon Race, also called the Gustavialoppet, is held in December. Races of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) are conducted when children, women, and men participate in the races.: 588 Saint Barthelemy has a national football team, though it is not currently a member of CONCACAF or the Caribbean Football Union. Transport Aeroport Saint Barthรฉlemy Remy de Haenen (Gustaf III Airport) is small with a runway length of 646 meters (2,119 ft). Airport codes: SBH (IATA), TFFJ (ICAO). The airport is served by regional commercial aircraft and charters of up to 19 passengers, as well as helicopters. In 2022 the airport recorded 218,984 passengers and 44,521 aircraft movements. A traffic peak of 280 aircraft movements per day was recorded on 2 January 2022, and 323 aircraft on 2 January 2023; 58% of the passengers for destination St. Barth arrive on international commercial airlines and large private jets mainly via the neighboring island Sint Maarten's Princess Juliana International Airport, while 15% arrive via San Juan, Puerto Rico, and 13% via Guadeloupe. St. Barth has its own airline, St. Barth Commuter, which in addition to the scheduled and charter flight services, provides medical transport services. St. Barth Executive is a local aircraft charter operator. Many inter-island ferry services operate regularly between St. Martin and St. Barts.: 160 There are three ferry services active at the moment, one is operated by Voyager (which leaves from Marigot) one day-trip ferry by the Edge (Leaving from Simpsons Bay) and one regular ferry service by the Great Bay Ferry from Philipsburg. The narrow and congested roads, and difficulty in parking, have been an impetus for driving Smart cars. Media A weekly journal entitled Journal de St. Barth is published in French. Its English-language abridged version, St Barth Weekly, is published only during the winter. Reflecting the island's popularity with the rich, the high-fashion magazine L'Officiel publishes a seasonal local edition. There are two local TV broadcasters and five FM radio channels (2021). There is a 4G/LTE mobile service since 2019. Health facilities The island has a small hospital, the Hรดpital de Bruyn, in Gustavia with an adjacent diagnostic laboratory. There is also at least one private diagnostic facility.[citation needed] Specialists in cardiology, general medicine, ear-nose-and-throat medicine, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, and rheumatology are also available, as well as dentists. Many pharmacies dispense medicines. For more advanced facilities, patients go to Guadeloupe, the United States, San Juan or France. Notable people See also Notes References External links 17ยฐ54โ€ฒN 62ยฐ50โ€ฒW๏ปฟ / ๏ปฟ17.900ยฐN 62.833ยฐW๏ปฟ / 17.900; -62.833
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[SOURCE: https://gingim.net/licenses-kindergarden-3/] | [TOKENS: 760]
ื’ืŸ ืžื ื•ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ ืœื’ืŸ ืœืขืžื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ืช ืžื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžื ื•ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ ืœื’ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ 2 ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื•ื™ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ? ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื: ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื/ื” ื›ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื•ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ. 2022 ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื•ืจ ืื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ื”ืงืœื™ืงื• ืขืœ ื”- ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืชืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช (Cookies) ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ึพ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ึพ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืืชืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช (Cookies) ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ึพ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ึพ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/enterprise-sso] | [TOKENS: 208]
Hub documentation Single Sign-On (SSO) Hub and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Single Sign-On (SSO) This feature is part of the Team & Enterprise plans. Single sign-on (SSO) allows organizations to securely manage user authentication through their own identity provider (IdP). Both SAML 2.0 and OpenID Connect (OIDC) protocols are supported. Please note that this feature is intended to manage access to organization-specific resources such as private models, datasets, and Spaces. However, by default it does not replace the core authentication mechanism for the Hugging Face platform, meaning that users still need to login with their own HF account. To replace the core authentication, i.e. for enhanced capabilities like automated user provisioning (JIT/SCIM) and global SSO enforcement, see our Advanced SSO documentation. This feature allows organizations to: This Team & Enterprise feature helps organizations maintain consistent security policies while giving their teams seamless access to Hugging Face resources. Getting started with SSO โ†’
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/spaces/huggingface/InferenceSupport/discussions/7427#696d160c3e343702a432f517] | [TOKENS: 239]
Spaces: huggingface / InferenceSupport like 445 Running Raziel1234/GAD-1 React to this comment with an emoji to vote for Raziel1234/GAD-1 to be supported by Inference Providers. (optional) Which providers are you interested in? (Novita, Hyperbolic, Togetherโ€ฆ) React to this comment with an emoji to vote for Raziel1234/GAD-1 to be supported by Inference Providers. (optional) Which providers are you interested in? (Novita, Hyperbolic, Togetherโ€ฆ) import osimport requests API_URL = "https://rnevo2016--gad-agentic-api-fastapi-app.modal.run//v1/chat/completions"headers = { "Authorization": f"Bearer {os.environ['HF_TOKEN']}",} def query(payload): response = requests.post(API_URL, headers=headers, json=payload) return response.json() response = query({ "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "Facebook is" } ], "model": "Raziel1234/GAD-1"}) print(response["choices"]["message"]) ยท Sign up or log in to comment
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[SOURCE: https://gingim.net/login/?redirect_to=%2Fgames%2F&reauth=1] | [TOKENS: 210]
i ื”ืืชืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื? ื ืกื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 7 ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื ื ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช
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