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Contents President of the Philippines Page version status This is an accepted version of this page President of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas, sometimes referred to as Presidente ng Pilipinas) is the title of the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The president is directly elected by the citizens of the Philippines and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the vice president of the Philippines. However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.[e] Filipinos generally refer to their president as pangulo or presidente in their local language. The president is limited to a single six-year term. According to Article VII, Section 4 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the president "shall not be eligible for any reelection" and that, "no person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time." This constitutional limitation, however, was not violated in the case of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, although she served as president for 9 years, 5 months, and 29 days, from 2001 to 2004 (three and a half years), after taking over the office of President Joseph Estrada, who was ousted after the Second EDSA Revolution, and from 2004 until 2010 when she served as the elected president in her own right. The current president of the Philippines is Bongbong Marcos, who was sworn in on June 30, 2022, at the National Museum of Fine Arts (formerly the Legislative Building). Title The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title in Filipino is Pangulo (cognate of Malay penghulu "leader", "chieftain"). In the other major languages of the Philippines such as the Bisayan languages, presidente is more common when Filipinos are not actually code-switching with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, President Rodrigo Duterte broke precedent by not using the honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials. The presidency of the Philippines, as a democratically elected office, was established with the title of "President of the Republic" in the 1899 Constitution, continuing until the suppression of the independent Philippine state by the United States. The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under Japanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-president Josรฉ P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government-in-exile under President Manuel L. Quezon. The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the withdrawal of American sovereignty in 1946 restored the title of "President of the Philippines" enacted in the 1935 Constitution, this time applying the title to the president of a sovereign state. The 1973 Constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines", once reused the term "President of the Republic" in Article XVII, Section 12. In the text of Proclamation No. 1081 that placed the country under martial law in September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines." History Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrรฉs Bonifacio could be considered the president of the Tagalog provinces, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Filipino: Kataas-taasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of the Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino: Pangulo ng Haring Bayan). While the term Katipunan (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: Repรบblica Tagala; Filipino: Republika ng Katagalugan), and the term haring bayan or haringbayan as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots as res publica. Since Presidente Supremo was shortened to Supremo in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader" in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historian Xiao Chua, Bonifacio did not refer himself as Supremo but rather as Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President), Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan (President of the Supreme Assembly), or Pangulo ng Haring Bayan (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings. Although the word Tagalog refers to the Tagalog people, a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southern Luzon, Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipinos, which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of the Philippine nation and people as the "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino: Haring Bayang Katagalugan), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People". According to Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo, including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of a national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued the Philippine Republic which was the culmination of several governments headed by Emilio Aguinaldo that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture. Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president. In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before the National Historical Institute (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's first Supremo, but rather Deodato Arellano. In 2013, the Manila City Council passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as the first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines. A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President Benigno Aquino III to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president. In the same year, representatives of the Philippine House of Representatives passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as the first president. A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016. According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president. In March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of a new revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite. The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan. It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina), "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas) and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan). Months later, Aguinaldo was again elected president at Biak-na-Bato, Bulacan in November, leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas), commonly known today as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897. In April 1898, the SpanishโAmerican War broke out, and afterwards, the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy. Aguinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel and renewed the revolution. He formed a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898, and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. During this brief period he took the title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such. On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a revolutionary government and became known as "President" again. This form of government provided for the creation of a Revolutionary Congress that was empowered to draft a democratic constitution. The new constitution, promulgated on January 20, 1899, provided for an executive power headed by a President of the Republic, both head of state and head of government, elected by the unicameral legislature and "special representatives" He was elected President of the Republic in accordance with its provisions, and on January 23, 1899, the Philippine Republic (Spanish: Republica Filipina), was inaugurated, with Aguinaldo likewise being inaugurated as President of the Republic. This state is today officially considered to be the proper "first republic" and is also called the Malolos Republic, after its capital Malolos in Bulacan; its congress (formally "National Assembly") and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well. Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until the 1935 Commonwealth of the Philippines, the First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never internationally recognized, and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people. Control over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States by the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year. The PhilippineโAmerican War broke out between the United States and the Philippines over American assertions of sovereignty. The Philippine state effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March. The current government of the Republic of the Philippines considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first president of the Philippines-based specifically on his presidency of the Malolos Republic, not any of his various prior governments. Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by the government. Between 1898 and 1935, American executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four military governors-general and eleven civil governors-general. In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a constitution ratified on May 14 of that year. During its first five years, the president could serve for a six-year term that cannot be renewed. It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms. When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to the Empire of Japan in World War II, Quezon appointed Chief Justice Josรฉ Abad Santos as his delegate, which in effect the acting president of the Commonwealth according to Justice George A. Malcolm. Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Army on May 2, 1942. On October 14, 1943, Josรฉ P. Laurel became president under a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupation. Laurel, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government in exile in the United States. On August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, Laurel officially dissolved the republic. The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II, with Vice President Sergio Osmeรฑa becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944. It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946. On the same day, Manuel A. Roxas, the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines, also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines. A new Constitution ratified on January 17, 1973, under the rule of Ferdinand Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government. Marcos instituted himself as prime minister while serving as president in 1978. Marcos later appointed Cรฉsar Virata as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos. The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino. On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or the "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution. This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means. Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution, including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime, which gave the president legislative powers, as well as the unicameral legislature called the Batasang Pambansa (literally National Legislature in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights. This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution. Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one, while Roxas was the first president of an internationally recognized state. The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors. Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous. For instance, Rodrigo Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president. While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the United States claimed nominal jurisdiction over the territory of the First Republic due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the SpanishโAmerican War; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate. Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States when they granted independence through the TydingsโMcDuffie Act. He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election. During the Second World War, the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments. One was Quezon and the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D.C., and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic. Notably, Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon. Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents until Diosdado Macapagal's administration. Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence). Powers and roles The president of the Philippines, being the chief executive, serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the Cabinet and all executive departments. There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under the Office of the President. The president also exercises general supervision over local government units. The president has the power to give executive issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987: executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders. The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment. The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Congress. The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. The president has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain. The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and the power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article III, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. With the consent of the Commission on Appointments, the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials. The members of the Supreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from the list of nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments. As per Article VI, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral Congress, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. However, the president has some legislative power. The president has the power to veto any bill passed by Congress. Article VI, Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to the president, after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days, veto the bill, or take no action within the timeframe, in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a two-thirds vote of both houses. The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. By exerting their influence on Congress, the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process. The State of the Nation Address also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda. Election process Article VII, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency: Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos. The Constitution also provides term limits where the president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of Joseph Estrada who was elected president in 1998, deposed in 2001, and again ran for the presidency in 2010, the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election" remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president. The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May. The latest election was held in 2022. The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law. The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately. The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally, the vice president takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During Quezon's inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start. Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: Barasoain Church in Malolos City, Bulacan; in front of the old Legislative Building (now part of the National Museum) in Manila; or at Quirino Grandstand, where most have been held. Some presidential have broken precedent, either due to extraordinary circumstances or other reasons. For example, in 2004, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered her pre-inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took the oath of office in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr., and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in Butuan. Her reasoning for breaking with precedent is that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on January 20, 2001, during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 that removed Joseph Estrada from office. The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana. Ladies must wear baro't saya (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the barong tagalog. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect. The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office: "I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.] โ Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5 The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Benigno Aquino III, and Bongbong Marcos reads: "Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.) โ Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, Artikulo VII, SEK. 5 As soon as the president takes the oath of office, a 21-gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state, and the presidential anthem "We Say Mabuhay" is played. The president delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds to Malacaรฑang Palace to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms. Incumbency The State of the Nation Address (SONA) is an annual event, in which the president reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Senate. This is a duty of the president as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution. The 1899 Constitution originally provided for a term of four years, with the president being eligible for re-election, but in practice, the only president elected under this constitution never served a full term. The 1935 Constitution set the president's term at six years, without re-election. In 1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the term of the president (and vice president) was shortened to four years, with a two-term limit. Under the provisions of the amended 1935 document, only presidents Manuel L. Quezon (1941) and Ferdinand E. Marcos (1969) were re-elected. Presidents Sergio Osmeรฑa (1946), Elpidio Quirino (1953), Carlos P. Garcia (1961) and Diosdado Macapagal (1965) all failed in seeking a new term. Marcos was the only president to serve three terms (1965โ1969, 1969โ1981, 1981โ1986). On August 24, 1970, Congress enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening a constitutional convention. The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until November 30, 1972, when they approved the draft of the new Charter. While in the process of drafting a new Constitution, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972. The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen's Assemblies from January 10 to 17, 1973 for ratification. On January 17, 1973, President Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, announcing the ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. In 1981, President Marcos secured a third term, defeating Alejo Santos in an election. The 1987 Constitution restored the 1935 Constitution's original ban on presidential reelection. Under Article VII, Section 4 of the current constitution, the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent president is not eligible for re-election, even if non-consecutive. Moreover, no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again. Under Article VII, Section 7 of the Constitution, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect shall act as president until the president-elect shall have qualified. If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the vice president-elect shall become president. Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as president until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified. The line of presidential succession as specified by Article VII, Section 8 of the Constitution are the vice president, Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. Contrary to popular belief, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is not in the line of succession, but historically, the 1899 Constitution assigned the President of the Supreme Court of Justice as acting President of the Republic should the latter office become vacant. If the offices of both the president and vice president are vacant at the same time, Congress shall within a specific period enact a law calling for a special election. However, if the presidential election is 18 months away, no special election shall be called. An acting president may temporarily assume the duties of president. The current presidential line of succession is: Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The House of Representatives, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president, vice president, members of the Supreme Court, members of the constitutional commissions and the ombudsman. When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case. A main difference from U.S. proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year. The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president. The same also applies for the vice president, the members of the Supreme Court, the members of the constitutional commissions, and the ombudsman. Malacaรฑang Palace is the official residence of the president of the Philippines, a privilege entitled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of the Constitution. The palace is located along the north bank of the Pasig River, along J.P. Laurel Street in the district of San Miguel, Manila. The Filipino name is derived from the Tagalog phrase "may lakรกn diyรกn" ("there is a nobleman there"), and this was eventually shortened to Malakanyรกng. The complex includes several mansions and office buildings built and designed in the bahay na bato and neoclassical architectural styles. Before Malacaรฑang Palace was designated as the official residence of the president, various establishments served as residence of the chief executive in the Philippines. The Spanish governor-general, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the Palacio del Gobernador inside the walled city of Intramuros. However, after an earthquake in 1863, the Palacio del Gobernador was destroyed, and the residence and office of the governor-general was transferred to Malacaรฑang Palace. During the Philippine Revolution, Aguinaldo resided in various places in Cavite before establishing Malolos, Bulacan as capital, and he would be inaugurated as President of the First Republic here. During the Philippine-American War, Aguinaldo successively established new capitals as he retreated northward in the face of invading American forces. When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also used Malacaรฑang Palace as an official residence for their governors-general. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the presidential seat and government offices were transferred to the more inland Baguio, where the Mansion House was used as the official residence. Meanwhile, President Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth government-in-exile resided in the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washington D.C. After the restoration of independence in 1946, plans were made for the construction of the new presidential residence to replace Malacaรฑang in a new capital city. However, the plans did not push through and the president's official residence is still Malacaรฑang Palace in Manila. A secondary residence within the wider palace grounds is Bahay Pangulo (transl. President's House), formerly known as Bahay Pangarap (transl. House of Dreams) and Bahay ng Pagbabago (transl. House of Change), a smaller structure located on the south bank of the Pasig River across the main palace in Malacaรฑang Park, which is itself part of the Presidential Security Group Complex. President Benigno Aquino III was the first to use Bahay Pangarap as his official residence. It was originally built in the 1930s under President Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions of the First Family. The house was designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s, and underwent several renovations in the early 1960s, 2008, and 2010. The president also has several other official residences nationwide for official use. The Mansion in Baguio is the official summer palace of the president. The palace was originally built in 1908 to serve as the summer residence for American Governors-General, and later became the holiday home and working office for presidents when the government would temporarily visit Baguio. Malacaรฑang of the South in Davao City is the president's residence in Mindanao. It was built in 2005 on state property and serves as an official residence and base of operations for presidents when visiting Davao and the surrounding provinces. Malacaรฑang sa Sugbo in Cebu City was the former official residence in the Visayas. Originally the local office of the Bureau of Customs (BOC), it was converted to a palace in 2004. It was later returned to the BOC. Malacaรฑang of the North was also an official residence of the president in the Ilocos Region. The residence is currently a presidential museum. Whenever the President visits the Clark Freeport Zone, they stay at the White House, which was formerly the official residence of the Commanding General of the 13th Air Force during the time Clark was a U.S. Air Force base. President Manuel Roxas after reviewing troops on April 15, 1948, rested in the White House, but would later suffer a heart attack. Roxas death anniversary is commemorated annually at the White House. The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests. The majority of the fleet is fairly dated with a few exceptions it includes: 1 Fokker F28, which is primarily used for the president's domestic trips and it is also called "Kalayaan One" when the president is on board, 4 Bell 412 helicopters, 3 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, 1 Sikorsky S-70-5 Black Hawk, a number of Bell UH-1N Twin Hueys, as well as Fokker F-27 Friendships. In September 2020, a new Gulfstream G280 was delivered which will be used for VIP transport as well as for C2 (Command and Control) missions. For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a Bombardier Global Express, Gulftsream G650ER or charters appropriate aircraft from the country's flag carrier, Philippine Airlines. Any PAL aircraft with the flight number "PR/PAL 001" and callsign "PHILIPPINE 001" is a flight operated by Philippine Airlines to transport the president of the Philippines. The president sometimes charter private jets for domestic trips within the Philippines due to some airports in the Philippines having small runways. BRP Ang Pangulo (BRP stands for Barkรณ ng Repรบblika ng Pilipinas, "Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; "Ang Pangulo" is Filipino for "the president") was commissioned by the Philippine Navy on March 7, 1959. It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President Garcรญa as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II. It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent president. The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored Mercedes-Benz W221 S600 Guard, whereas one is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the president is escorted by the Presidential Security Group using primarily Toyota Fortuner SUVs with the combination of the following vehicles: Toyota FJ Cruiser, Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Hiace Toyota Camry, Philippine National Police 400cc motorcycles, Philippine National Police Mitsubishi Montero, Toyota Innova (Police car variant), other government-owned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy; the number depends on the destination. The presidential cars are designated and registered a plate number of "1" or the word "PANGULO" (president). The limousine bears the flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the presidential standard. The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a 1937 Chrysler Airflow that served as the country's very first presidential limousine for Manuel L. Quezon. For regional trips, the president boards a Toyota Coaster or Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned by government-owned and controlled corporations or government agencies. In this case, the PSG escorts the president using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy. Former president Benigno Aquino III, preferred to use his personal vehicle, a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 or his relative's Lexus LX 570 over the black presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater. Malacaรฑang had announced its interest to acquire a new presidential limousine. His successor, Rodrigo Duterte, utilized a white, bullet-proof armored Toyota Landcruiser as his official presidential vehicle. The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president, vice president, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats. Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses Toyota Fortuner SUVs as its primary security vehicles. List of presidents Post-presidency After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, except Ferdinand Marcos Sr, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail. See also Notes References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืฉืจื_ืืืฉืคืืื] | [TOKENS: 7051] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืืจืืื ืฉื ื ืืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืฉืคืืืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืืื ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื: ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืืืืช ืืืืขืจืืื ืืืืื: ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืงืช ืืืขืืฅ ืืืงืืงื, ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืืฃ ืืกืืืข ืืฉืคืื ืืืจืื, ืืกื ืืืจืื ืืฆืืืืจืืช, ืืืฃ ืืืคืืืจืืคืืก ืืืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืจืฉืื, ืืืืฃ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืกืืจ ืืงืจืงืขืื, ืืืฃ ืฉืืืช ืืงืจืงืขืื, ื ืฆืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืืืช, ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืกืืจ ืืืื ืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืจ, ืืจืฉืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืข, ืจืฉืืช ืืคืื ืืื, ืจืฉืืช ืืชืืืืืื, ื ืฆืืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืคืืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืจืขืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืจืืืืื, ืืืืงืช ืืื ืื ืืช, ืืขืจืืช ื"ืจืฉืืืืช", ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืืจืช, ืืื ืื ืืืืขืื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืงืืืขืช ืืืขืืื ืฉื ืขืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืืืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืขืืืช ืื ืืฆืจืืืช, ืืืจืืช ืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืชืืช ืืืืคืฉ ืืืืืข, ืืืืืช ืชืืืื ืืืืืง ืืกืืจ ืืื ื ืืื, ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืขื ืืขืืจื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืฉืจื. ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืขื ืืกืืจื ืืจืืฉืื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืคืืืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืจืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืขืฆืช ืจืืื ืืืฉืืื, ืืชืืืืื ืืืงืจืงืขืื ืจืฉื ืืืชืืืืื, ืืืขืฆืช ืฉืืื ืืงืจืงืขืื, ืืืืืงื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืงืจืื ืคืจืืืื ืืฉืืจืืชื ืฉืืืจื, ื ืืืจืืื ืื, ืขืืจืื ืคืื ืืื ืืืืขื ืื ืฉืจืขืืื. ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืจืื ืขืึพืคื ืืืง ืขื ืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืฉืคื, ืขื ืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืืคื ืืืืืื ืืคืืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืกืื ืืืกืืจืชื ืคืืขืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืงื ืกืืช, ืืืจืืช ืืืืฆืืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืงืืงื ืืืืืจ ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ื. ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืกืื 2, ืงืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืึพ1948. ืืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืืื ืคื ืืก ืจืืื, ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืขืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืืจ ืจืฆืฃ ืืคืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจืืื. ืืืืืื ืืชืขืืจืจ ืฆืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืชืคืงืืื ืฉืืคืืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืคื, ืฉืื ืืฉืืคืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืขืจืืื ืขืืื. ืืื ืื ืืฉืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื. ืื ืืืืฉ ืึพ1948 ืืฉืจื ืืืคืืืจืืคืืก ืืืืื. ืืืจื ื ืืกืคืช ืฉืขืืื ืื ืื ืขืื ืืื ืฉื ืจืืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืืคื ืืช ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืขืืช'ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืจืืช. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืืงื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ื ืืชืงื ืจืง ืึพ1980, ืขื ืืงืืงืชื ืฉื ืืืง ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคื, ืฉืืืื ืืช ืกืืื 46 ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืขืฆื ืขื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืฉืงืืข ืื ืืงืื ืฉืื ื ืงืืขื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืง ืืืงืืื, ืืคืกืงื ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืคื ืืืฉืคื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืฉืจ. ืืื ืื, ืื ืืืืื ื, ืืืชืจ ืึพ70 ืฉื ื ืืืืจ ืืงืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ืขืืืืื ืืชืืงืคื ืืืงืื ืฉื ืืงืงื ืืืื ืืืืืงืง ืืื ืืืืจื ืื ื ืกืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืืื (ืืืื ืคืงืืืช ืื ืืืงืื, ืคืงืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืคืงืืืช ืืขืืจืืืช). ืืืจ ืืืงืืงื ืืขืืช'ืืื ื ืืืืจืื, ืืื'ืื, ืืืื ืึพ1984. ืืฉื ืช 1949 ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืงืืช ืจืืฉืืืช: ืืืขืืฅ, ืืงืืงื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช. ืื ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืช ืืืืืงืืช ืืื ืืืืืช: ืจืฉื ืงืจืงืขืืช, ืืืคืืืจืืคืืก ืืืืื ืืืจืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืฉืจื ืขืืื 506 ืขืืืืื. ืืืคืจืื 1949 ืขืืจื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืจืฉื ืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืฅ-ืืื 2025 ืขืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืจืืื ืืืืคืกืื 2, ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืกืืื ืืื ืืื ื'ื ืจื 1, ืืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืืคืจืื 2024 ื ืืืข ืฉืืืชืงืคืช ืกืืืืจ ืขื ืฉืจืชื ืืืฉืจื ืืืขืชืงื ืืื ื ืืกืืืื ืจืืืฉืื ืจืืื ืืืื. ืชืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืชืื ืืืฉืจื ืงืืืืืช ืึพ70 ืืืืืืช ืืฉื ื, ืืชืืืืื ืืืืื ืื: ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืขื ืืง ืืืขืืฅ ืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืืชืื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืื ืึพ21 ืืชื ืื ืคืืืืืก ืฆืืืืจื ืืกืืืืืช ืคืืฆืื ืชืคืงืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืงืช ืืืขืืฅ ืืืงืืงื ืึพ6 ืืืฉื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื (ืืืขืืฅ, ืืงืืงื, ืคืืืื, ืืืจืื, ืืืืื โ ืคืืกืงืื, ืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื): ืืื ืชืคืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชืืืขื ืืืืืืช. ืืคืืฃ ืื ืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืคืจืงืืืืืช. ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืงืช ืืืฉืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืืืช: ืืจืืฉืืื, ืชื ืืืื, ืืืคื, ืฆืคืื, ืืจืื ืืืจืื. ืืื ืืคืจืงืืืืืืืช, ืคืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืฆืคืื ืืืืจืื, ืืืืืงืืช ืืคืจืงืืืืืืืช ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืคืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืชื ืืืื ืคืจืงืืืืืช ื ืืกืคืช, ืืืืกืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืื, ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืคืืขืืช ืืืืงืช ืืื"ืฆืื, ืืืืืฆืืช ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืขืชืืจืืช ืืื"ืฅ. ืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืืจืืชืืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืืืจ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ื ืขื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืช ืืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ื ืืงืฆืืขืืช. ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืฆืืืื ืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื. ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ื ืืื ืืืืฆืื ืกืงืืจืืช ืขื ืคืขืืืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืืชืืืืก ืื ืื ืงืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืจื. ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืืฉืชื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืืขืืืชืื. ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืื ื ื ืืชืขืจื ืืชืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืงืืืข ืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชืืืขื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช, ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื. (ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื) (1887-1978) (1899-1980) (1911-2002) ืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช (1887-1978) (1899-1980) ืืคื"ื ืืขืืืื (1913-2002) ืื ืื ืืืื (1913-1992) (1923-1987) (1935-) ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช (1926-1998) (1932-2017) (1947-) (1934-2023) (1939-2017) ืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช (1957-) (1948-) (1948-) ืืืกืฃ ืืคืื (1931-2008) (1958-) (1950-) ืฆืืคื ืืื ื (1958-) (1936-) ืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช (1939-2017) (1958-) ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1949-) (1976-) (1976-) (1967-) ืื ื ืื ืฅ (1959-) ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ (1966-) ืืจืื ืืืื (1969-) (1960โ) ืื ื"ืื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืืจืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืคืงื ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืจืืืช ื ืืืืืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืืชื ืืืืืฆืืข ืชืคืงืืืื, ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืื ืืจืฉืืืืช, ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื, ืชืื ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืขืฆืืืืชื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืืขืื ืืชืคืงืืืื ืืืคืขืืช ืกืืืืืืชืืื ืืคื ืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขืึพืคื ืืฆืขืช ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืชืื ืืกืขืืฃ 12 ืืืืง ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ื (ืืื ืืืื), ืชืฉื"ื-1959, ืืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืืจื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืฉืจื, ื ืืฉื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืขืืืืช ืืืฉืจื; ืืืืฉืจืช ืืืคืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉื, ืชืื ืฉืืืช ืืืฉ ืขื ืคืืชืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืจืช ืืขืชืืื ืื ืืืืืืช; ืืคืืชืื ืืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืชืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื, ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืข ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืคืื ืงืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืขื ืืืจืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืืฉืืชืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืฉืืชืืื, ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฆื ืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืชืคืงืืืื ืืื, ืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ื"ื ืืืฉืจื ืืช ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืขืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉื, ืืืื: ืืืืขืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืืจืช ืืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืืขืจืจืื ืืคื ืืืง ืืื ืืกื ืืืฉืจืื, ืชืฉื"ื-1952; ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืคื ืืื ืืคื ืืืง ืืืืงืืจืช ืืคื ืืืืช, ืืชืฉื "ื-1992. ืขืื ืืฉืืฉืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืคื ืืืง, ืืืืจืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืจืฆืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืช ืขืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืกื ืืืืจืื ืฆืืืืื ืืคื ืืืง ืืฉืืคืื ืืฆืืื, ืชืฉื"ื-1955. ืืื ืื, ืืืื ืืื ื"ื ืืื"ืจ ืืขืืืช ืืืึพืืฉืจืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืืื: ืืฆืืืช ืืืืึพืืฉืจืื ืืืกืจืช ืืกืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืขืกืงืชื ืฉื ืืืขืฆืื ืืฉืคืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืขืื ืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช ืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ื, ืืืืขืื ืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืขืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืืขืืช ืืื ื"ืืื ืืงืืืขื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืง ืืกืืจ ืืื ืึพืืื, ืืืืืขืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืื ืืื ื"ื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืขืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืฉืง ืืฉืขืช ืืืจืื, ืืืขืช ืืขืช ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืชืืจ ืืืฉืจืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื"ื ืืืืขืืืช ืฉืืชืื ืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืช ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืฆื ืขื ืืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืืื, ื ืืชื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืฆืืืช ืืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืจืืืืืช ืืฉืืคืืจ ืขืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืืข ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ("ืืขืืช ืืืฉืืืืช") ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืืขืื ืชืืืืื ืขืฉืืืช ืขืกืงืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืขืืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ื"ื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืชืคืงืืื ("ex officio"), ืืฉืืฉ ืืื ื"ื ืืื"ืจ ืืืขืฆืช ืจืืื ืืฉืืื, ืืืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืคืืขืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืขืฆื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืงืจืงืขื ืืฉืจืื. ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื: ืืืื ืืืกืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืชืืจ_ืื_ืืืืจ] | [TOKENS: 25951] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืึดืืชึธืึธืจ ืึถึผื ืึฐึผืึดืืจ (ื ืืื ืึพ6 ืืืื 1976, ื' ืืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉื"ื) ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืคืืืช ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืขืื. ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืงืฆืืขื ืืคืขืื ืืืื ืงืืฆืื ื ืืืฉืจืื. ืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืกืืช ืึพ19 ืืึพ21โ25 ืืจืฉืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืขื ืืคืืืช "ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช". ืงืืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืฅ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืืื ืื ืืจื ืืืืืจ ืชื ืืขืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช". ืืืืื ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืืืืฉื ื ืืื, ืืืืจืื, 53 ืืชืื ืืืฉืื, ืฉืืชืืื ืืืจืฉืข ืืฉืืื ื ืขืืืจืืช ืคืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืคืจืขืืช, ืืคืจืขื ืืฉืืืจ ืืืกืชื ืืืืขื ืืช, ืืื ืฉืชื ืืจืฉืขืืช ืืืืืงืช ืืืืจ ืชืขืืืื ืขืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืจืืจ ืืฉืชื ืืจืฉืขืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืืจ. ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฆืขืืจ ืืฉื ื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืฉื ื ืืฆืืืง ืื ืืืืจ. ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืขืืจืืง. ืืื ืขืืจืช ืืช ืฉื ืืฉืคืืชื ื"ืืื ื", ืืืืจ ืืขืจืืืช. ืืื ืฉืืฉื ื (ืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฃ), ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืจืืืกืื, ืืืืชื ืคืขืืืช ืืืฆ"ื ืืืืื 14 ื ืขืฆืจื ืืฉื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืืื. ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืจืชื ืืืืฉืจืช ืฆืืื, ืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืจื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื 12 ืืื ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื. ืืืื 14, ืืืื ืืืื ืชืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืื ืืืชืงืจื ืืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืื ืืช ื ืื ืืฉืืจืืช ื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืคืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืชืืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืื ืืขืจ ืืืืืช, ืืืืื 16 ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืฉืคืขืช ื ืขื ืคืืจืื ืืชื ืืขืช "ืื" ืืืชืงืื ืืขืืืช ืจืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืืืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืจืขืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืกืืื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืจ ืืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืื ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืึพ1994, ืืืืจืื ืชื ืืขืช "ืื" ืืืจืืื ืืจืืจ, ืืืืฆืื ืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืง. ืึพ1999 ืืคืืฅ ืืืื ืชืฉืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืช, ืืืจืื ืืงืื ืืช, ืื ืื ืืกืคืืง โ ืืฉ ืืืจืฉ ืืช ืืืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืจ ืืืืช, ืื ืืชื ืขื ืืื "ืคืขืืื ืื ืืฉืขืืจ". ืึพ2004 ืืืจืฉืข ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืืืจืฉืข ืื ืืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืืกืชื ืืืืขื ืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืึพ2001 ื ืกืข ืืจืื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืืง ืกืืืงืจ ืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืขืจืืื โ ืืื ืคืืืืขืื, ืืึพ2002 ื ืืฆืื ืืจืืื ืืจืืขื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืืชืื ืืืจืฉ ืืช ืืืืื ืืขืจืื. ืืฉืืืื ื ืืชืื ืืืื "ืืื ืืื ื ืฆืืง", ืฉืืืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืจืืจ. ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืก ืืฆื"ื. ืืืขื ืชื, ืืฆืื ืกืืจื ืืืืืกื ืืฉื ืขืืจื ืืชื ืืขืช "ืื". ืืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืื ืืชื ืืขื ืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืง ืืืฉืื ืืคืขืื ืืืจืืื "ืืืืช ืืจืขืืื", ืขื ืกืืืจืชื ืืขืงืืืช ืงืืืขื ืฉืืืจืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉื ืืชื ืืขืช "ืื". ืขืจื ืคืืจืืง ืืชื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืจืกืืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืชืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืงืฉืจืืช ืฉืืืืขื ืื ืคืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืงื ืชื ืื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืืงืื. ืืืง ืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืขื ืืจืื ืืจืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืชื ืืขืช "ืื". ืื ืืืืจ ืืฆืืื ืืืฉืื ืชืฉืืืช ืื ืื ืืขืืจืช ืคืจืืืืงืฆืืืช. ืืืชืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืขืืจืืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืืจ, ืื ืืืืจ ืืชืจืืืื ืืืฆืื ืกืื ืฉื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืงืืืืืง ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื, ืชืื ืฉืืืจืื: ืกืื ืืื ืกืื, ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืืขื ื ืืกืื ืืื โ ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืข ืืจืืื. ืฉืืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืขืืืจ ืจืฆื ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืืจืืืืื ืืคื ืืกืื ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื, ืืืืขืช ืคืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฆืื ื ืืงืจืื ืจืื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืืฉื"ื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืืข. ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืึพ2022, ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืฆืืื ืขื ืืกืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืช ืจืืื ืืืื ืื "ืืืื", ืืฃ ืฉืืืขืชื "ืจืืื ืขืฉื ืืืจืื ืฉืคืืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื" ื"ืกืืืข ืืืืื". ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ืฉ"ืืฉ ืืืืื ืืื ืฆืื ืฉืื". ืื ืืืืจ ืืงืื, ืืื ืขื ืืจืื ืืจืื ืืคืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืช "ืืืืขื ืืืขื ืืืืืงืจืืื", ืฉืคืขื ืืฉืืจืืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืขืืืจ, ืจืืฆืื ืฉื ืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืกืืืจ ืงืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืืื ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืืืื, ืืืจืืื ืืจืฉ ืืฉืืจืจ ืืช ืืืื ืขืืืจ. ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจ ืฉ"ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืฉื ืืฉืืจืจ ืืช ืืืื ืขืืืจ", ื"ืื ืืฉืืจืจืื ืจืืฆืืื ืขื ืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืฆืจืื ืื ืืฉืืจืจ ืืช ืขืืืจ". ืืืื ื 1997, ืชืืื ื ื ืืืคืขื ืฉื ืืืืจืช ืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืจ ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืืจืืข ืฉืงืจื ืืืืืงืช ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืกืืื. ืืืคืขืชื ืืืืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืคื ื ืืืคืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืคืื ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืจืืืื ืจืืื ืืชืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืคืขืืื "ืืืืช ืืจืขืืื" ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืขื. ืืชืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืืืงืื ืืจ ืืืชื ืคืืืื ืฉืืืคื ื ืืื ืืืืจ, ืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ "ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืชืืื ืืช ืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืืจ ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืื. ืื ืืฆืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืขื ืืืืฉืืื ื ืฉืืชื". ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืืืืง ืืจืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืืืื ื ืคืืืืืก ืืฉื ื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืืช ืขื ืืชืื ืืืืงืืจ. ืืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืืืืจ ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืฉืงืข ืืชืจืืืช, ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืข ืืืืจ: "ืื ืื ื ืืงืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืกืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืคืืืข ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืงื ืืืืื". ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืง ืขื ืจืืื ืกืืืงืจ ืืื ืืืชืืืช "ืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืื", ื ืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืงืจ ืืืฉื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืฉืจืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2005, ืฉืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืคืืืืืงืก ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆื ืืืคืืืืืงืก ื ืืจื ืฆืจืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืงืฆืจ ืฉืื ืคืืข ืืืฃ ืืื ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืกืืืจ ืฉืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืืกื ืืืชื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืคืืื ืืื ืขื ืืจืื ืืจืื, ืื ืฆื ืืืคืฉืืืื, ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืคืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ื"ืืฆืขื ืืืืืืช" ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2017 ืืืฆื ืื ืืช ืฉืืจืงื ืืขืืจ ืื ืืจ, ืืืืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืื "ืืฉ ืื ืื ืืืืื ืงืืื ืืฉืขืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืงืื, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืกืืื ืื ืืืกืืื, ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืงืื ืืฆื ืื ื ืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืขืืืจื". ืืจืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขืฉื ืื ืจืืื, "ืื ื ืื ืืืื ืฉืขื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืขืฆืจ". ืืืืจืื, ืขืืืฃ ืืืคื ืืืงืจืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืื ืื. ืืจืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืึพ1994, ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ: "ืื ืฉืืืข ืื ืื ื ืฉืืืขืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืจืฆื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืจืฆื - ื ืืืก. ืกืืฃ ืกืืฃ ืงื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืฆืืืง ืื"ืจ ืืืืืฉืืืื ื' ืืงืื ืืื". ืืืืชื ืจืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืกืืจ ืื ืชืจืฆื ืื ืจืง ืืืคื ืืืืืื. ืืคืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ืช 1995, ืฉื ื ืืืืจ ืืืื, ืืชืืคืฉ ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืฉืืืื. ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืง ืจืืคื ืขื ืืจืืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืื ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืืฉ ืขื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืื "ืืจืื ืืืืจ โ ืืฉืจ ืืคืชื ืืืฉ" ืืืืจ "ืืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืืืงืืืจ ืืืืืฉืืืื". ืืืืจ ื ืืฉืืืื, ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืืชื ืชืืืื ืขื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื 2020 ืชืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืืืฉืืืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืชืืื ื ืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื, ืื ืืืฆืข ืืืืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื-1994, ืขื ืฆืจืื ืืืกืื ืฉืื ื ืืคื, ืืืืคืืขืืช ืื ืืืืืื "ืชืืช ืืฉืจ ืงืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืจ ืขื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืคืกืืง ืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืช ืงื ืืืชื ืฉื ืคื ืืก. ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ื ืืืง ืืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืืจ ืขื ืืชืืื ื ืฉืืกืืื ืืืชื: "ืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืื ื ืืืืช, ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืคืืจืฉืช", ืืื ืฉืืืืืฉืืืื "ืฆืืืง", "ืืืืืจ" ื"ืจืืคื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื". ืืชืงืืคืช ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื 2020 ืืกืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืช ืืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืชื. ืืคืื ื ืืืืจืืช ืึพ2022 ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืชืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืฉื ืฉืืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืืจ. ื-2024 ืืกืืืจ ืื ืชืื ืืช ืืชืืื ื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืืจ "ืื ืชืขืฉื ืจืฆื ืืืคื ืื"ืจ ืืืืืฉืืืื, ืืื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืฉืจืฆื ืืคืืืข ืื โ ืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื". ืืืืืื ืืฉืคืืืื ืืฉื ืื 2006โ2008 ืขืชืจ ืืื"ืฅ, ืขื ืืจืื ืืจืื, ืืืงืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืขืจืื ืืช ืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืชืืจืืช ื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืืกืืจืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื, ืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืกืืืื ืฉืืคืืื ืืฉื"ื ืืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืงืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืจืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืจืื ืืืชืืขืื ืืืืืง ืฉื ืชื ืืขืืชืื ืืืฉื ืฉืขืืช ืจืืืช ืืืื. ืขื ืคืืจืืืจ 2009 ืืืืฉื ื ืื ืื ืืืืจ 46 ืืชืื ืืืฉืื, ืืชืืื ืืืจืฉืข ืืฉืืื ื, ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืชืคืจืขืืช, ืืฉืืชืช ืืงืจืงืขืื, ืืคืจืขื ืืฉืืืจ, ืืืืงืช ืืืืจ ืชืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืื ื ืืจืืจ, ืืืกืชื ืืืืขื ืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืขืืืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืขืื ืฉืืขื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืื. ืขื ืคื ื ืชืื ืื ืืื, ืืืืฉื ื ืืื 53 ืืชืื ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจืฉืข ืืฉืืื ื. ืื ืืืืจ ืจืืฉ ืืช ืืฉืืืชื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืงืจืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืช ืขืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืื ื ืืืฉืช ืืืชืืืืช ืขืงื ืขืืจื ืืคืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืจืขืืจืื - ืขืืจ ืืช ืืืื ื ืืฉืืช ืขืืจืื ืืืื ืึพ2012 ืืืืกืื ืืขืืจื ืืื. ืืคื ื ืื ืืกืชื ืืคืืืืืืงื, ืืจืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฆื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืืืืื. ืืกืืฃ 2015 ืืืฆื ืืช ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืืืืข ืืืืื, ืืืขื ืฉืืืงืจื ืืฉื"ื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืจืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืขืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2015 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืชืื ืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืฆื ืืืง ืืืฉืชืชืคื ืืืืจืืข ืฉืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื. ืืจืืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืจ "ืืฃ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช ืฉื ืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืืืฉื". ืึพ2017 ืืืฆื ืคืขืื ืฉื ืชื ืืขืช "ืืืืจืื ืืืจ" ืฉื ืืกื ืืืชืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืืืฉ ืขืืืืช ืืงืืจืื ืืช ืื ืขืฆืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืจื. ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืงื ืจ, ืขื ืฉืืื ืื "ื ืืฆื ืงืื" ืืชืืื ืืช "ืคืืคืืืืืืงื" ืืฉื ืช 1995, ืืืื ืื ืืคืืฆืื ืกืืื ืฉื ืฉืงื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืคืกืง ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืขืืื ืืชืื ืช ืืืง ืฉืืื ืื "ื ืืฆื", ืืฆืืืข ืื ืืืืขื ืื ืืืชืขืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืคื, ืืฉืื ืื ืคืืฆืื ืืกื 200 ืืืฃ ืฉืดื. ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืขื ื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืืื ืฉื"ื ืฉืชืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืคืจืกืืื, ืืจื ืืืืฉ, ื ืชืืข ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ. ืืคืกืง ืืืื ื ืงืืข ืฉืืืื ืื "ืกืืื ืฉื"ื" ื ืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืกืืืืื, ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฃ ืืกืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืกืง ืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืคืฆืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืึพ30 ืืืฃ ืฉืดื. ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืืืขืืช ืืืื ืจืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืคืืจืืืจ 2023 ืืื ืืขืืจื ืึพ10 ืชืืงืื ืคืขืืืื. ืืืื 2022 ืฉืืืจ ืคืจืง ืืชืืื ืืช "ืขืืืื" ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืจ, ืื ื ืืขื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืขืืื ื ืขืจื ืืืขืืช ืืืฆืข ืคืขืืืืช ืชื ืืืืจ. ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืชืืงืืจ, ืืืฉืืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืจ ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืฉ ื ืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืชืืืขื ืืกื ืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืฉืดื. ืชืืืขืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืื ื ืื ื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืขืืจ ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ื ืื ืขืจืืฅ 7 ืื ืื ื ืชืืขืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืืืืฉ ืชืืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืื ืขืืจื ืืืืกื ืืื ืจื ืืืืืฉื ืืืงืฉ ืืช ืืืืงืชื. ืืชืืืืช 2020 ืืืืฉ, ืืื ืขื ืืคืืืชื, ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ื ืื ืืืืช ืื ื, ืขื ืฉืคืจืกืื ืคืืกื ืืคืื ืคืขืืื "ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช" ืคืจืฆื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ืืชืืืขื ืืกืชืืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืคืื ืฉืืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืจ 35,000 ืฉ"ื, ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืชืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืืกืืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืคืืืชื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืืฉืข ืืจืืื ืจ ืืขืืชืื ื "ืืืจืฅ", ืฉืื ืืจืฉื ืคืืฆืื ืืกื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืื ืืืข ืืคืจืกืื ืืคืื ืืชืืืขืฅ ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืื ืฆื ืืืคืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืืจืช ืืืืื ืืชืืืขื ื ืืจืฉ ืื ืืืืจ ืืกืคืง ืืืืข ืขื ืคืขืืืืชื ืืขื ืคืืืฉืืชืื ืขื ืืืคืฉืืืื, ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืช ืืืืงืช ืืชืืืขื, ืืืืื ืืฉืื ื"ืืืจืฅ" ืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืกื 23.6 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืกืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืฉื ืืจืืข ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืชืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืืืจ ืฉืชืืข ืืืชื ืขื ืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืคืจืช ืืืืืืชืื. ืื - ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืคืกืง ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืื ืื 18 ืืืฃ ืฉืดื, ืืคืืฆืื ืขื ืื ืฉืฉืืืจ ืชืงืฃ ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2012 ืคืกืงื ืฉืืคืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืฉืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืชืฉืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื 14 ืืืฃ ืฉืดื, ืขื ืื ืฉื ืขืฆืจ ืืืฉื 24 ืฉืขืืช ืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืืืคืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืคืงื ืคืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืื ื. ืขืืื ืืจ, ืฉืืืขืกืง ืืืืคื ืกืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ, ืชืืข ืืืืจ ืคืืืจืช ืืื ืึพ2020 ืชืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืฉืื ื ืืชื ื ืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืขืืืืชื, ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืืืจืฉืื ืฉื ืืื. ืืืืจืฉืื ืืชืืื ื ื ืืืขื ืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืื ื ืืฉ ืืืชื ืืขืืื ืืืชืคืืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ื ืฉืืฉ ืืงืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืกืคืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืขืืืจ ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืขืืื ืืืืฆืืืช ื ืืืืช, ืืกื ืืืื ืฉื ื-85,500 ืฉืดื. ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืฆื ืืขืืืื, ืื ืคืกืง ืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืขืืื ื-100 ืืืฃ ืฉืดื. ืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืฅ ืืขืืื ืืคื ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืคื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืืืฆืืื ืฆื ืขืืงืื ืืฉืืืจืช ื ืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืืจ ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืคื ืกืืื ื ืืขืืืืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืืฆืื ืจืืฉืืื ื ืืืื, ื ืชืคืก ืื ืืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืจื ืฉื ืคืขืืื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืชื ืืขื ืขื ืขืืืจืืช ืชื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืช. ืืกื ืืื ื ืงื ืก ืืืื 78 ืขืืืจืืช ืชื ืืขื ืึพ23 ืฉื ืื. ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืื ื ื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฅ ืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืจืืช ืชื ืืขื. ืืืืืืกื 2023 ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืชืืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืก ืืฆืืืช ืืจืืืืจ ืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ื. ืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืฃ. ืึพ26 ืืืคืจืื 2024 ืืชืืคื ืจืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืื ืก ืืฆืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืกืข ืืืืจ ืืจืืง ืืชื ืืฉ ืืจืืื. ืื ืืืืจ ื ืคืฆืข ืงื ืืฉืืืจืจ ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช, ืื ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืจ ื ืคืฆืข ืงืฉื ืืืืฉืคื ืืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื. ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ ื ืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช, ืฉืขืื ื-436 ื-2024 ืขื ืคื ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื, ืขืืืื ืฉื 21% ืืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืงืืืืช (361 ืืจืืืื ื-2023). ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืกื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืืื ืืืืืคืช ืืืฉืืจื. ืืคืืืืืืงื ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืฉืืืฉ ืขืืืจ ืคืจืืื ืืจื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืืื ืื ืืจื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืขืืฆืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืืจืฉืืื ืื ืขืืจื ืืช ืืืื ืืืกืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21 ืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืขื ืคืกืืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจื ืืืขืืจ ืืืงืื ืืฉืืืขื. ืืจืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื. ืขื-ืคื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืจืคื ืคืจืฅ ืืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืืกืืจืช "ืืืืง ืื ืืจืืืื" ืืืชืช ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืืื ืกืช ืคืืืจื ืืคื ื ืฉื ืืงืง ืืืืฉ ืืืง ืื (ืฉื ืื ืืื ืกืช ื-20 ืืืืจืืช ืฉืขื ืืืื). ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-22 ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืฉืืืช "ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช" ืฉืงืืืื 83,609 ืงืืืืช (1.88% ืืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื) ืืื ืขืืจื ืืช ืืืื ืืืกืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-23, ืืชื ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืจืคื ืคืจืฅ ืขื ืจืืฆื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืืืคืืืืช "ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช" ื"ืืืืช ืืืืืื". ืกืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืฆืืจืฃ ืคืจืฅ ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืื" ืืจืฉืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืจืืฉ "ืืืืื ืืืืฉ", ื ืคืชืื ืื ื, ื ืืืง ืืช ืกืืจืืื ืืฆืจืฃ ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืจืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืจืื ืืจืืฅ ืขื "ืื ืฉืืืืืง ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืชืืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืจืฆื 29 ืืืฉ ืืคืื ืืคืฉืข". ืืชืืืื ืืืืืข ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืกืืจ ืืช ืืชืืื ื, ืืืขื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืขืช ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืืคืืืชื ืื ืฆืืจืคื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืืืืืช. ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ื ืจืฉืื ืืจืฉืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืืืืจ, ืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื 19,402 ืงืืืืช (0.42%) ืืื ืขืืจื ืืช ืืืื ืืืกืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-24, ืืชื ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืกืื ืจืืฆื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืคืืืืช "ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช" ื"ื ืขื", ืืืืืฉื, ืขื ืจืืฆื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช" ืืจืืฉืืช ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ'. ืืื ืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืจืฉืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืขืื ืืืจ ืืืืช ืืื ืืืจ 2022, ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืคืืจืฉืื ืขื ืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืขืืชื ืืืฉืืจื ืืช ืจืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืื 6, ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืืงืฆืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืืื. ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืคื ื ืืขืืจื: ืืืคืจืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืืืืช ืคืขืืื ืืืืก ืฉืชืื ื ื ืืืชื ืงืฉ ืื; ืืืื ื ื ืขืฆืจ ืชืืฉื ืชื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืขืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืจืฆื; ืืืืืื ืืขืื ืชืืืืืื ืขืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืฆืืช ืกืืฃ ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืืฆืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืคื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ, ืฉืืืืืื ืืืขืฆืจื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืจื ื ืืกืฃ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2023 ื ืขืฆืจ ืขืจืื, ืชืืฉื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืฉื ืฉืืกืฃ ืืืืข ืืชืื ื ืืจืฆืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ. ืึพ3 ืืืืื 2022, ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืคืฆืื ืืืกืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช ืืกืืขืช ืืืื ื ืคืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืฉืืืฆืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ. ืึพ26 ืืืืืืกื 2022, ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช ืืจืืฆื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืึพ26 ืืืืืืกื ืืชื ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืกืื ืจืืฆื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืขื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืจืฉืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช. ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืื 14 ืื ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืคืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื. ืึพ27 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืฆืจ ืืืืืืช ืืจืืจ ืฉืืืคืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื 3 ืคืืกืืื ืื ื-2 ืขืจืืื-ืืฉืจืืืื ืฉืชืื ื ื ืืืชื ืงืฉ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืง. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืฃ "ืคืืืง ืจืืคืืจืืจ" ืจืฉืช ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืคืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืฉืงืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืืจ. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืืจื ืืคืืจืฉืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-24 ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืืชื, ืึพ29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-25, ืืื ื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-37 ืืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืืืชื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืึพ8 ืืื ืืืจ 2023 ืืื ื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืง ืืงืืืื ืงืืืืชื, ืืฉืจื ืฉืืืคืจื ืืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืคืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจื. ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืจืช, ืึพ9 ืืื ืืืจ 2023. ืึพ6 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืง ืืงืืืื ืงืืืืชื ืขื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืฉื 60% ืืืกืคืจ ืืงืจื ืืจืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืงืจื ืืจืฆื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ืึพ110%, ืืขืืืช ืืฉื ื ืืงืืืืช. ืืืฉืืจื ืืขื ื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช. ืืืืื 2024 ืคืจืกืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืช ื ืชืื ื ืืคืฉืืขื ืืฉื ืช 2023, ืืคืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืช ืื-ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืคืฉืืขื ืืจืื ืืชืืืืื. ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืกืืงื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืงืืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืคืขืืื ืืืืื, ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ื ืืขืื ืืฉืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืคื"ื ืืืฉืืจื ืืื ืืกืชืืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืข. ืขื ืืืืื ืื ื ืืชืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืืฉ ืืืกืืจ ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืขืช ืฉืจืืคืืช ืืขืจ ืืืืืืช ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืฉื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืชืืืืคื ืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืจื ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืชืคืืจ ืืืคืจืื 2023, ืืกืคืืืืจ ืืชืคืืจ ืื ื"ื ืืืฉืจื, ืฉืืื ืื-ืืืืื, ืืืืืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืคืืจ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืงืืื - ืขืงื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืคืืจื ืืกืื ื"ืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืื, ืืืืฆืืืจ ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืืื ืืจืืื ืขืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืงืช ืืื ื ืฉืง. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2023 ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื "ืืืืื ืืืืจืฃ" ืื ืขืงื ืืืืคืืช ืืกืืืื ืจืืืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืืงืื ืชืืจืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืื. ืืคื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฃ ืืืืข ืืืื ืืก ืืืคืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืกืืืืช. ืืืคืจืื 2023 ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืฆืขืชื ืืืงืืช ืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืชืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ 2025 ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืจืื ืืงืก ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื-ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืชืชืคืืชื, ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืคื"ื ืืืฉืืจื, ืื ื ืืื, ืืคืงื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืจืืง ืืฆืืง, ืืคืงื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ื ืืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืคืงืืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืขื ืชืืจืื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืชื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื - ืืืืื ืฆืคืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ื-600 ืืคืงืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืืฉื ื ืฆืคืืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืจืื. ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-37 ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืฉ ืืฆืืจืช ืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืฃ ืืืฉ ืชืืืืจืืช ืฉืงืืื. ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืชืืืืช 2023 ืื ืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืืื ื ืืฉืื ืื ืฉืง ืืืขื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืจ ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืืืฃ ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืขื ื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืงืืืช ืจืืฉืืื ื ืฉืง ืกืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืืจืืงืจืืื, ืืืืฆืข ืจืคืืจืื ืืืืฃ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืฉืขืืช ืืงืืื ืืืื ืืคืขืืืืช, ืืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืขื ืืืชื ืคืืืจ ืืจืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืจืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืงืืืช ืจืืฉืืื ื ืฉืง, ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืฅ ืชืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืชืงืคื ืืืงืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืฉื ื-250,000 ืืงืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืฉืง ืืื ืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืขืืืก ืืคื ืืืช. ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืก ืขืืืื ืชืืืืจ ืฉืืกืืืขื ืืขืืืืื ืืงืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืฃ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืคืื ืืขืืืก ืืืงืฉืืช. ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืชื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื. ืขืืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืขืืจื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืง ืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืจืง ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืงืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืืืืก ืขืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืคืื ืืืงืฉืืช, ืฆืขื ืฉืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืขืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืฆืขืช. ืืืืก ืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืืืจ ื ืขืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืฆืขื ืืืคืกืง ืขื ืืื ืขื"ื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืชืช ืืืื ืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ืกืืืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืช. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืงืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืคืื ืืืจืื ืืืชื ืื ืืชืืืจ ืืช ืืืฃ ืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืก ื-30 ืขืืืืื ืฉืืกืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืฉืืืืงื ืขื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืฉืืจื ืืช ืืืงืฃ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืฉืืืืงื ืขื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืืืฆืื ืฉืื ืืืงื ื-23 ืืืฃ ืจืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืฉืง ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืชืืื 458 ืจืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืฉืง ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืืจื ืขื ืคื ืชืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืืืกืืื ืืืคื ืืื. ืขืืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืื ืื ืคืืงื 15,424 ืจืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืฉืง ืกืืคืืื, ืืืฉืจ 688 ืืชืืื ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืืจื ืฉืื ืขื ืคื ืืชืืืื ืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืืืกืืื ืืืคื ืืื. ืจืืฉ ืืืฃ ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืจื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืจ, ืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืกืืจื ืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืฆืืืจ 2023. ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืคืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืงืืช ืืืืช ืืืชืืช ืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจื ืื ื ืจืืฉื ืืืคื ืืื ื ืฉืง ืืืฆืจื ืื ืืฉืจืืืืื. ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืฉืืช ืืืงืกืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืืช ืืืชืืช ืืื ื ืืช, ืืืชื ืืืื ืฉืกืืจืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืงืก ืืชื ืื ืฉืืชืคื ืืืืชืืช ืืืื ื ืืช. ืืื ืืืจ 2024 ืืืจื ื ืขื ืกืืืืจื, ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืืกืืจ ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืง ื ืฉืงืื ืืืืชืืช ืืื ื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืชืขืืืื ืืกืืจื ืืืชืืกืกืช ืขื ืืงืกืื ืฉืืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืชืืงื ื ืืืืืืชื ืคืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืฉืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืช ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืคืขืืืืชื, ืืืื ืจืฉืื ืืืชืืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืงืืจืืช. ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืืงืื ืื, ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืื ืืช ืืืคื"ื ืฉืืชืื ืืืกืืจ ืื ืืื ืืฉ"ืฃ ืืืืจืื ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืืืฉื, ืขืงื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข, ื ืืกื ืืฉืจ ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืขืฆืจืื ื ืื ืืคืืื ืื ืฉืืชืคืจืขื ืื ืืืกืื ืืืืฉืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจืืช ืฉืืืืฉื ื ืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืฆืื ืื"ืฅ ืฆื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2024, ืฉืืกืจ ืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืืชืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืืคืจืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืื ืืืข ืืืืืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืคืื ื ืืืืคืฉ ืืืืื. ืึพ10 ืืืจืฅ 2023 ืืืจืชื ืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืืืงืคืื ืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืช ืืคืงื ืืืื ืชื ืืืื, ื ืืฆื ืขืืืื ืืฉื, ืืืืช "ืืฉืฉ ืืื ืืืืก ืืืืงืืืช ืืืชืงืื ืืช ืืืืื". ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืืืข ืืฉืจ ืื ืฆืืืช ืฉื"ืก ืงืื ืคืจื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืงืฆืื ืืฉืืจื, ื ืืฆื ืืืืืืก ืงืืื ืืขืงืืื. ืืืื 2024, ืคื ื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืคืงื ืื"ื ืืจืืง ืืฆืืง ืื ืืืข ืืืฉืขืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืืช ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืืจ ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืื"ืฅ ืฉืืกืจื ืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืืชืช ืืืจืืืช ืืืคืจืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืจื. ืืคื"ื ืืืฉืืจื - ืงืืื ืฉืืชืื - ืืืืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืื. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืชืื ืืงืจืืช ืคืืืืจืื, ืื ืืืืขื"ืฉืืช ืืืืืขื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืงื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืกืื ืืืคืงื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืคืื ืืืืื ืข ืืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืจืืช ืืกืืืข ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืงืืขื ืฉืืืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืคืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืคืกืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2024 ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืงืฆืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจ ืกืืืืกื ืืืจืืช ืกืื ื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืืคืงื ืชืื ื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืื. ื ืื ืกืืืืกื ืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืจืืงืช ืจืืืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคืืื ืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช, ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืื. ืืขืชืืจื ื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืชื ืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืคืฆืขื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืงืืข ืื ืงืืืืื ืฉื ืกืืืืกื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื, ืฉืืคืืื ืืื ืืงืื ืงืฆืื ืฉืขืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืืข ืื ืืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืคืงื ืชืื ื ืขื ืืืืจืขื ืืขืชืืจื ืฉืืืืฉื ื ืื ืืื ืืื. ื-29 ืืืคืจืื 2025 ืืชื ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืกืื ืขื ืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชืขืจืืืชื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืื ืืขืช ืืชืขืจืืืืืช ืคืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืืื 2025 ืคื ื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืคื"ื ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืื ืชืืืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืืขืืืืชื ืืงืืืื ืฉื ืจื-ืคืงื ืจืื ืช ืกืื, ืืืช ืืืืงืจืืช ืฉืืขืืื ืืืฉืคืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืจืืื ืืืงืฉืจ ืืชืืงื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืคื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืกืืืืชื. ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคื ืืช ืืขื ืืชืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ. ืจืืฉ ืืืฃ ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืืืืืขืื ืืืฉืืจื ืฉืกืื ืืืืจื ืืขืืื ืชืืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืื ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืชืืคืฉืจ ืืชืขืจืืืช ืฉืชืคืืข ืืฉืืงืื ืืืขืช ืืืงืฆืืขื ืืขืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืฆืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืงืืืืื ืฉื ืกืื. ืืื ืืชืจืืขื ืืคื ื "ืืฉืฉ ืืืฉื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืคืกืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืกืจืช ืชืงืืื" ืืขืืืื ืงืืืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืืืืจืชื ืื ืืงืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2026 ืืืืฉื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืคื"ื ืืืฉืืจื, ืชืฆืืืจ ืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื, ืื ืฆืืื ื ืื ืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืกืื ื ืืขื ืืืจืชืืข ืฉืืืจืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉื ืฆืืืืจ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืื ืกืจืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืกืื ืืืืื ืืืกืจ ืกืืืจืืช ืงืืฆืื ื ืืืชื ืืืืชื ืืขืืจืจืช ืืฉืฉ ืืืฉื ืืฉืืงืืืื ืืจืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืืืช ืฉื 20,000 ืฉืงืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืืืื ืขื ืืืืืงืช ืืจืืคื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืคืืดื ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืจืช ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืจื ืืงืืืื ืขื ืืื ืกืื ืืคืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืกืืจื ืืืชืื ืขื ืงืืืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2025 ืืืื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉืืจ ืงืืืืื ืฉื ืกืืึพื ืืฆื ืจืืชื ืืืืกืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืืืืืขืื, ืืืืช ืืฉื ืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืืื ืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืืืืฆืืช ืืืคื"ื ืืฆืืจืช ืืืฉืืจื. ืืฉืจ ื ืืืง ืืช ืืืืืชื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืื ืฉืืืืกืืื ืืืืขื ืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืคืขืืชืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืืืืืข ืืฉืจ ืกืืคืืช ืฉืื ืืงืืื, ืื ืืืง ืืืช ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืขื ื ืฉืืชืืืชื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืงืื ืจืืฉ ืจื"ื ืืงืืจืืช ืืจื ืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืกืืื ืฉืชืขืชืืจ ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืื ืืืคืขืืชืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืชืืืชื ื ืขืฉื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืคืงืืื, ืจืืฉ ืื"ื ืืืืคื"ื. ืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืจืกื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืจืฉ ืืืคืงื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืื ื ืืืื ืืก ืกืคืจื ืงืืืฉ ืืืชืื ืืจ ืืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืื ื ืกืืจื, ืืืื ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2025 ืคื ืชื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจืึพืืืืจื, ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืืืคื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืคืกืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืืช ืืืฉืืจื. ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืจื ืฉ"ืืืจื-ืืืืจื ืืื ืขืืจืืื ืืช". ืืืฆืืืจ 2025 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืงืืจืืช ืืืืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืชืขืจื ืืืขื ืื ืืืงืฉืืช ืืืืคืฉ ืืืืข ืฉืืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืขืืืจื ืขื ืืืง ืืืคืฉ ืืืืืข. ืืื ืืืจ 2026 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืกืจื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืกื ืดืฆ ืืืฆืืง ืืืคืกื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืจ ืืืฃ ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืืืืืขืื, ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืืฉืจ. ืืื ืืืจ 2026 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืืื ืืฆื"ื, ืงืืืื ืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื "ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื" ืืืจืืช ืกืื ื ืืฆื. ืงืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืชืืฆืข ืืกืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ. ืขื ืืฃ ืืขื ืืช ืขื ืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืฉืื ืคืืืื ืจื ืืงืจืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืื"ื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืคื"ื ืื ื ืืื ืืกืื ืืคืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืืกื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืงืฆืื ืืืืจ. ืืชืืืื ืืื ื ืืืฉืืจื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืขื ื ืื ืืืขืื ืฆื ืขืช ืืคืจื ืืื ืืื ื ืืชืืืืกืช ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืขืื, ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืขื ืคื ืืืืื ืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืืืก. ืจืง ืืืืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ื ืจืืืช, ืืืจื ืืืคื"ื ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื. ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ืืืืฆื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ, ืืงืื ืฉื ื ืืืขืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื (ืืืขื"ืฉ): ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืขื"ื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืขืฆื ืฉื ืืฉืจ, ืฉืืืขืืืืชื ืงืืืื ืขื ืืฃ ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืคื"ื ืื ื ืืื ืืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืคืจืฉืช ืืืืงืช ืื ืฉืง ืขื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืช ืืฉืจ ืืขื ืืฃ ืฉื ืืขื ืื ืืื ื ืขืืจ ืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืื ืื ืืจืฉ ืืชืคืงืื. ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืื ืืจ ืขืืจื ื ืืื, ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืฉื ืฉื"ืก ืืืืฉ ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฉืจ, ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจ, ืื ืืฉื ืืืืขืื ืืืืขืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ. ืืืขืืืช ืืืคื"ื ืื ื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืงืื ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืืืฉืืจื, ื ืฆ"ื ืชืืจ ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืืชื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืขืกืงืืืช ืืืืคืื ืขื ืืืืก. ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืคืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืจืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืืขื ื ืฉ"ืืืงืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืขื ืืืจืืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืช ืืช ืชืืชืืืื" ืืฉืืขืกืงื ืชืืืื ืชืงืืื ืฉืืกืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2024 ืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืคืืช ืืืืฉืื ืื ืชืืชืื ืขืกืงื ืฉืืืชื ืืื ื "ืืืคืงืจืช" ื"ืื ืืขื ืืืืืก". ืืขืงืืืช ืืฆืืจืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื ื-1 ืืืื ื 2024 ืฉ"ืืฉืจืื ืืฆืืขื ืืกืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืฉ ืืืงืืฃ, ืื ืืชืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืชืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืจืืจ ืื ืืืืืคืื" ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืชืืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืื 2024 ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฆืืจ ื ืฆืจืื ืืขืกืงื ืืืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืข ืืชื ืืืืช ืืขืกืงื ืืฉืืืื ืฉืืืขื ืชื ืชืืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืคืื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืจื ืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2025, ืขื ืืชืืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืขืกืงื ืขื ืืืืก ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืืืคืื ืชืืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืคืกืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืืข ืืชื ืืืืช ืืขืกืงื ืืืขื ืื "ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ื ืืคืืืืื, ืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืข ืืืขืกืงื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืคืืขื, ืคืขื ืืืจ ืคืขื." ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืขืกืงืืืช ื ืืืง: "ืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ 1,000 ืกืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืกื ืืืคื ืื ืืช. ืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืฉ ืืฉืืจืจ ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืง, ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืืืื ืืืจื, ื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืขืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฆืื." ื-19 ืืื ืืืจ 2025 ืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืกืื ืืืืกโืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชื ืืื, ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ื ืื ืกื ืืชืืงืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืื ื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืื ืืฅ. ืืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืื ื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืื 2025 ื ืื ื ืขื ืืืจื "ืืขืืช ืฉืืงืื", ืฉืืืืืฆื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื. ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืขืช ืชื ืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืืืืจื ืืืืคืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื. ืฉื"ื ืืชืจืืข ืืคื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืืจืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืืืช ืืืืชืขืืืืช ืืืืืคืื. ืึพ8 ืืืื 2023 ืฉืืืฅ ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืฉืชืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืคื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืฆืคืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ, ืืืืจืืข ืืืื. ืขื ืคื ื ืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืข ืืืืกืจ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืชืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืขืืืืชืื ืขืืืืืช ืืกืชืืจื ืืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืงืจื ืืงืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืช ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื. ืงืจืืืชื ืื ืืื ืชื ืขื ืืื ืืืืงืช ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฆืจืคืช, ืืจืื ืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช. ืืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืงืจื "ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืงืืืฃ ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืืืขื ืืืฉ ืืืื ืืช ( ืืจืืื ืื, ืืืกืืจืืื, ื ืืจืืืืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืงื ืื) ืขื ืืืืช ืขืืฆืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ', ืื ืืืืง ืฉืฆืขื ืื ื ื ืงื ืขืงื "ืืกืชื ืืืืืืืช ื ืื ืคืืกืืื ืื". ื-17 ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืชื ืจืฆืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฆืืจืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืืื ืฉื ืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืื 2025 ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืื ื ืืืกืืจ ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืื ื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืืข ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืคืจื ืคืืจื ืกื ืฆ'ืก ืขื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื. ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืจ ื ืฉืื ืืืืืื (ืืืืช ื ืืจืืื), ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื, ืืช ืืืฉืคืื ืืชืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืจื ืืืงืฆืืขื. ื-28 ืืืฆืืืจ 2025 ืืฆืืจืคื ืืคืื ืืืกืืืช ืืขืจืืฅ 14. ืืฉื ืืื ื ืคืืฉื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื, ืื ืืช 15, ื ืขืฆืจื ืขื ืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืืื ืืืจืืชืื. ืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืช 17 ืืืืชืืจ ืื 28. ืืืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืจืจืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืขืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืงืจืืืช ืืจืืข. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืื_ืืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 6585] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื (2003โ2006, 2009โ2012) ืืืืืื - ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื (2012โ2014) ืืืื ืืืืืื-ืึดึผืึฐืจึดื (ื ืืืื ื-24 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1974) ืืื ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืื ื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืขืื, ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืคืจ ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืืจื ืืขืืืื ืฉืขืืชื ืืืื, ืืืืืกืฃ ืืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืชืืื. ืฉืืจืชื ืืฆื"ื ืืจืืฉ ืฆืืืช ืืืงืจืืช ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ. ืืขืืช ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ื ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื. ืืชืืืืช 1998 ื ืืืจื ืืืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื, ืืืืื ื ืืชืคืงืื ืืขืช ืืืช ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืจืืช ืฉืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 1998 ืืืืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืจ ืืขื ืืช ืขื ืื-ืกืืจืื ืืกืคืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืื ืฉืืืฆื ืืืงืื ื-25 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-15 ืื ืื ื ืื ืกื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืื ื-19 ืื ืืืื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2000 ื ืืืจื ืืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืช ืืกืืืื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 2001 ื ืืืจื ืืฉื ืืช ืืื"ืจ ืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืื"ืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืืืจื ืฉืื. ืืืืืืกื 2002 ืืื ื ืืืจื ืืื"ืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืชืคืงืื ืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืคืงืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืจืงืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืจืงืืืจืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืกืช"ื, ืืืกืืจืืื, ืฉืขื ืืงืืคืืฉืืืข. ืืื ืื, ืืืืชื ืืืจื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-16 ืฉืืืฆื ืืืงืื ื-11 ืฉืฉืืจืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืืช. ืืื ืกืช ื-16 ืืื ืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉืืช-ืจืืฉ ืืืืขืื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื, ืชืคืงืื ืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืกื 2004. ื ืืกืฃ ืืื, ืฉืืืฉื ืื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืชืจืืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืขืื ืืคื ืืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-16 ืฉืฉ ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืฉืืชืงืืื ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืขื ื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืง ืืกืื ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืงืืจื ืืืขืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืขืฆื ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจ. ืืื ืชืงืคื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืจืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ืืืจ 2005, ืืืฆื ืฉื ื ืืคื ื ืืืฆืืข ืืืชื ืชืงืืช, ืืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืขื ืืชืืื ืืช. ื-30 ืืืจืฅ 2005 ืืื ืชื ืืืื ืฉืจืื ืืกืื ืืช ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืืืคืจ. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืขืื ืืขื ืืช ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืชื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืืืืก ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื. ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืชืคืงืื ืขื ืคืจืืฉืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืจ 2006, ืืืื ืืขืช ืืืฉืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืงืืืขืช ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17, ื ืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืืงืื ื-38 ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืจืช ืื ืกืช. ืืืืื 2006 ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื"ืจ ืืืืืช "ื'ืื'ื ืืงืืื" ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืงืืกืืืืงื ืืืฉื ืืืืืฉืืื, ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื. ืืืื 2008 ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืื"ืจ ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื"ื ืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืงืืืื ื-40% ืืืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืช ืืชืคืงืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืงืืืขืช ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืืืขื ืืืงืื ื-19 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ื ืื ืกื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืคืจืื 2009 ืืื ืชื ืืืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืืช ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ื ืขื ืงืืืื ืฆืขืืจืื, ืกืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื. ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืช ืืืืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืืืจื ืฆืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืืืจื ืขืืืคืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืื ืคืืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืฆืข ืืขื ืง ืฉื ืจืืข ืืื ื ืืืืืจื ืฉืืจืืช ืฆืืื ืงืจืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืืฉืืืื ืงืืืืชืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืื. ื-2011 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืืชื ืฉื 15 ืืจืืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืขืืืช ืฉื ื-15 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2010 ื ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืขืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืก YGL โ (Young Global Leaders), ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืงืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืื. ืืืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืขืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืจืื (Young Global Leaders Alumni). ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืื ืชื ืืจืืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-20 ืฉืืืฆื ืืืงืื ื-14 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืขื ืืฉืืขืช ืืืืฉืื ื-34 ืืื ืชื ืืฉืจื ืืืืจืืื ืืชืืงืื, ืืจืืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืขืืกืืงื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉืื ืชื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืฉืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืจืืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21 ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืงืื ื-10 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-22 ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืคืื ืืช ืืจืฉืืื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืจืืฆื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืขื ืืคืืืช ืืืื ื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืื ื-11 ืืจืฉืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-23 ื ืคืจืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืคืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืงืคืืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืจืฉืืื, ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืฆื ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืขืฉืืจื. ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืื ืชื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืืข ืืืฉืจื ืขื ืืจืืืช ืืืง ืืคืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงื ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืฉื ื. ืืืื ื 2021, ืืชืื ืขื ืชืืงืื ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืืืช ืืืจ, ืฉืืืกืจ ืขื ืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืคืจืืืช ืืืืช ืืจ ืคืจื ืืืจืืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-24 ืืืงืคืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืคืขื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืฃ, ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืื ื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-25 ืืชืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืงืื ื-30. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ื-37 ืืื ืชื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ื ืืชืคืงืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืืงืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2023 ืืืจืื ืืช ืจืื ืืืจืฉ ืคืืืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืฉืขืืจ, ืืืืงืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืคืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืชื ืืืชื "ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืืืืจืื ื". ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืช ืืงืฉืจ ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืคืืืืื, ืืคืขืืืืชื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืงืคืช ืืคืชืข ืฉื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืืืืืจ ืืืงืืจืช, ืืคื ืชื ืืืืืื 35 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืจื ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืชืืฉืื ืขืื ืืกืื ื ืืกืืฃ ืืืืืื. ื-18 ืืืจืฅ 2024 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืกืืืจืช ืืฉืจื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืืืขื ื ืืืืืืืื ืขื ืงืจืืืืช ืืืจื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืขื ืื ืืขืืื ืื ืชืง ืืช ืงืฉืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืขื ืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืขืืฉื ืืืจ ืืขื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืข ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืงืฆืืช 90 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืฉืจื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืขืช ืืจื ืืงืืื. ืืืืื 2025 ื ืื ืชื ืขื ืืืจื "ืืขืืช ืฉืืงืื", ืฉืืืืืฆื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2025 ืืฉืฃ ืขืืชืื 'ืืืจืฅ' ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืงืจืื ืื ืจืฉืช ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืคืืฆื ืืืืคื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืกืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืจ ืจืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ืจืฉืืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืืจื ืืฉืขืืจ, ืืืื ืืืืืื. ื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืจื, ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืืจืจ. ืืืื ืฉืชื ืื ืืช, ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-18. ืื ืืชืืืจืจืื ืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2014 ืืฉืชืชืคื ืืืฉืคืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืืงื-ืจืืืืืื "6 ืืืืืืช" ืืฉืจ ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืืืจื ืจืฉืช, ืขืจืืฅ 2. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืฆืืง_ืืกืจืืืืฃ] | [TOKENS: 2787] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ ืืฆืืง ืฉืืขืื ืืกืจืืืืฃ (ื ืืื ื-14 ืืืืืืกื 1992, ื"ื ืืื ื'ืชืฉื "ื) ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืคืืืช "ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ ื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืจื ืืฉืฉืืจ, ืจื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืช "ืืืืช ืืืื" ืืืืื ืืฉืืจ. ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืช "ื ืชืื ืืืืจ", ืืืืงืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืื ืืืืืฉื ืงืืืื ืจ ืืกื ืืฃ ืื ื ืขืงืืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื. ืืืื 17 ืืื ื ืืกืื ืื"ืจ ืฆืขืืจื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืขืืืช, ืืชืืืืก ืืืจืฅ 2012 ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื, ืืฉืืจืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืณ ืฉื ืืืื 12. ืืืืจ ืชืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืืช ืฉืื. ืืฉื ืช 2014 ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืช "ืืืจืืช ืืืื" ืืฉืืื ืช ืฉืคืืจื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืืจื ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืจ. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ื ืกืืจ ืืืืื, ืืืกืจืืืืฃ ืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื "ืขืื ืืืืื ื" ืืืจืื ืชื ืืืื, ืืืชื ืืงืื ืืื ืขื ืืจื ืืืื ืืจ, ืฉื ืจืฆื ืืืืฉื ืืคืืืืข ืืื ืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืจืฆื ืืงืื ืืช ืขืืืชืช "ืืืืขื", ืืคืืขืืช ืืืขื ืืงื ืืืช ืฆืืืื ืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืคืขืืช ืืจืขืื ืชืืจื ื, ืืืืขื ืฉืื ืื ืกืืจ ืืขืืืคืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืืฉืืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืคื ื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืื. ืืกืจืืืืฃ ืคืขืื ืืืืืง ืืืืจืืฉ ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืคืจืืงืืืื ืืืจืื ืชื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืฅ ืืจืฉืืืช "ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช", ืืืชืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืจ ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืืื ืืงืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืง. ืืฉื ืช 2022 ืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืชืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ ืฉืืืฅ ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช โ ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช, ืฉืืืชื ื-14 ืื ืืืื; ืืกืจืืืืฃ ื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉืืข ื-15 ืื ืืืืืจ 2022. ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืคืืชืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืฆืขืืจ ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ ืืฆืขืืจ ืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืฉืงืืฃ ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืงืืื ื ืืฆืขืืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืื ืคืขื. ื-19 ืืื ืืืจ 2025 ืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืขื ืืชืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืืืชื, ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืืกืื ืืืืกโืืฉืจืื ืฉืืคืืืชื ืืชื ืืื ืืชื ืืื, ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ื ืื ืกื ืืชืืงืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ื-19 ืืืจืฅ 2025 ืืื ื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืจืื, ืืฉืคืื ืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืขืืฅ ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืื ืืืืื 2023 ืืฆืคืื ืชื ืืืื. ืืกืจืืืืฃ ืืื ืกืืืื ื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืงืืคืืก ืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉื ืืงืจืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ื. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/2026_February_17&action=edit&editintro=Portal:Current_events/Edit_instructions] | [TOKENS: 1660] |
Editing Portal:Current events/2026 February 17 The daily current events "blank" boxes are now generated daily by an efficient bot, so the instructions below this only apply if the bot has been disabled. If you reached this page via the current date box's "edit" link, check whether the portal box has already been initiated, and already contains the following (parsed) wiki code (use copy/paste from the code below, if necessary, to correct any syntax errors): Then save the page, before adding any news items. This will help insure the new day displays according to the current events portal design. Note that the above items: CURRENTYEAR, CURRENTMONTH, and CURRENTDAY, all will display as positive integers once the page is saved.For example, the code to generate March 27, 2009 (Friday) in the box should appear as {{Current events|year=2009|month=3|day=27|content=... Click on the small "edit" link in the top right corner of the box that you want to edit. Only administrators are allowed to edit the actual page. Copy and paste: โ โ ยฐ โฒ โณ โ โ โค โฅ ยฑ โ ร รท โ โ ยท ยง Sign your posts on talk pages: ~~~~ Cite your sources: <ref></ref> {{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span> Symbols: ~ | ยก ยฟ โ โก โ โ โ โข ยถ # โ โนโบ ยซยป ยค โณ เธฟ โต ยข โก โข $ โซ โฏ โฌ โ โฃ ฦ โด โญ โค โณ โฅ โฆ โง โฐ ยฃ แ โจ โช เงณ โฎ โฉ ยฅ โ โฃ โฅ โฆ ๐ซ โญ โฎ โฏ ๐ช ยฉ ยผ ยฝ ยพ Latin: A a ร รก ร ร ร รข ร รค ว ว ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ร รฃ ร
รฅ ฤ ฤ
ร รฆ วข วฃ B b C c ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ร รง D d ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ แธ แธ ร รฐ E e ร รฉ ร รจ ฤ ฤ ร รช ร รซ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ แบผ แบฝ ฤ ฤ แบธ แบน ฦ ษ ฦ ว ฦ ษ F f G g ฤ ฤก ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤข ฤฃ H h ฤค ฤฅ ฤฆ ฤง แธค แธฅ I i ฤฐ ฤฑ ร รญ ร รฌ ร รฎ ร รฏ ว ว ฤฌ ฤญ ฤช ฤซ ฤจ ฤฉ ฤฎ ฤฏ แป แป J j ฤด ฤต K k ฤถ ฤท L l ฤน ฤบ ฤฟ ล ฤฝ ฤพ ฤป ฤผ ล ล แธถ แธท แธธ แธน M m แน แน N n ล ล ล ล ร รฑ ล
ล แน แน ล ล O o ร รณ ร รฒ ร รด ร รถ ว ว ล ล ล ล ร รต วช วซ แป แป ล ล ร รธ ล ล ฦ ษ P p Q q R r ล ล ล ล ล ล แน แน แน แน S s ล ล ล ล ล ลก ล ล ศ ศ แนข แนฃ ร T t ลค ลฅ ลข ลฃ ศ ศ แนฌ แนญ ร รพ U u ร รบ ร รน ร รป ร รผ ว ว ลฌ ลญ ลช ลซ ลจ ลฉ ลฎ ลฏ ลฒ ลณ แปค แปฅ ลฐ ลฑ ว ว ว ว ว ว ว ว V v W w ลด ลต X x Y y ร รฝ ลถ ลท ลธ รฟ แปธ แปน ศฒ ศณ Z z ลน ลบ ลป ลผ ลฝ ลพ ร ร รฐ ร รพ ล ล ฦ ษ Greek: ฮ ฮฌ ฮ ฮญ ฮ ฮฎ ฮ ฮฏ ฮ ฯ ฮ ฯ ฮ ฯ ฮ ฮฑ ฮ ฮฒ ฮ ฮณ ฮ ฮด ฮ ฮต ฮ ฮถ ฮ ฮท ฮ ฮธ ฮ ฮน ฮ ฮบ ฮ ฮป ฮ ฮผ ฮ ฮฝ ฮ ฮพ ฮ ฮฟ ฮ ฯ ฮก ฯ ฮฃ ฯ ฯ ฮค ฯ ฮฅ ฯ
ฮฆ ฯ ฮง ฯ ฮจ ฯ ฮฉ ฯ {{Polytonic|}} Cyrillic: ะ ะฐ ะ ะฑ ะ ะฒ ะ ะณ า า ะ ั ะ ะด ะ ั ะ ะต ะ ั ะ ั ะ ะถ ะ ะท ะ
ั ะ ะธ ะ ั ะ ั ะ ะน ะ ั ะ ะบ ะ ั ะ ะป ะ ั ะ ะผ ะ ะฝ ะ ั ะ ะพ ะ ะฟ ะ ั ะก ั ะข ั ะ ั ะฃ ั ะ ั ะค ั ะฅ ั
ะฆ ั ะง ั ะ ั ะจ ั ะฉ ั ะช ั ะซ ั ะฌ ั ะญ ั ะฎ ั ะฏ ั ฬ IPA: tฬช dฬช ส ษ ษ ษก ษข สก ส ษธ ฮฒ ฮธ รฐ ส ส ษ ส ส ส รง ส ษฃ ฯ ส ฤง ส ส สข ษฆ ษฑ ษณ ษฒ ล ษด ส ษน ษป ษฐ ส โฑฑ ส ษพ ษฝ ษซ ษฌ ษฎ ษบ ษญ ส ส ษฅ ส ษง สผ ษ ษ ส ษ ส ส ว ว ว ว ษจ ส ษฏ ษช ส ส รธ ษ ษต ษค ษ ษ ษ ล ษ ษ ษ ส ษ รฆ ษ ษถ ษ ษ สฐ สฑ สท สฒ ห หค โฟ หก ห ห ห ห ฬช {{IPA|}} Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help): |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืื_ืืืืืจ] | [TOKENS: 13904] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืึทืึฐืจึธืึธื (ืึธืึดื) ืึนืฉึถืื ืึดืืึฐืึถืจ (ื ืืื ื-14 ืืืฆืืืจ 1952) ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืขืืจ ืืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืคื ืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืขืืจืฃ, ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืืฅ ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื-10 ืืืื ืชืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื (2000โ2005). ืืืืืจืคืื ืืืืืจ ื ืืื ืืืืืฉืข, ืขืืื ืืกืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืืื, ืขืงืจืช ืืืช. ืฉื ืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืืชื ืืืฉืงืืื. ืืช ืฉื ืืช ืืชืืืื ืขืฉื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืขื-ืฉื "ืชืืจ" ืืฉืืื ืช ืืคืจืืืจ ืืขืืจ. ืืืืืืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืืชื ืืขืช ืืฉืืืจ ืืฆืขืืจ. ืืืืืจ ืืชืืืืก ืืฆื"ื ืืคืืจืืืจ 1971, ืืชื ืื ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืฆืืืช ืืืืืื ืืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืืืชืืจ ืกืืข. ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืคืงื ืืืชื. ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฆืืืช ื ืื ื ืืื ืจ ืฉืืจ, ืขืืจื ืคืื, ืืืืื ืืคืง ืืืืจื ืืื ืงืื. ืืชืงืืคืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืืช ืืืชืืจ ืืื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืงื ืืคืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืชืคืงืื ืืืงื ืืฆืจ. ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืฆื. ืืื ืกืืจื ืืืฆืขืชื ืฉื ืืคืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืฆืืช ืืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ืื. ืืื ืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื, ืืืืืชื ืืืื ืืชืืง, ืืืืจ ื ืคืืืชื ืฉื ืืคืงื ืืฆืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืืืืฅ, ืฉื ืคืืข ืืืฉ ืืฆืจืืช ืืกืืื ืืขืืจ ืืกืืืขืืืื. ืืชืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืกืืืจืช ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืฉื"ื. ืืืงืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืฉื"ื ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืืจ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืืื ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืขื ืฉื ืช 1990 ืืืงื ืืืง ืืืืฆืขืื. ืืืืช ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืืฅ ืฆืืืช ืฉืืกืชืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืฆืืจืฃ ื-1974 ืืฉื"ื ืืืืืื ืืื ืขื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืืคื ืืขืจืืืช ืืขืืจ ืงืืจืก ืจืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉื"ื, ืืฉืืจืช ืืจืื ืืฆืคืื ืืืืจืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ื-1980 ืืื ื ืืจืื ื ืคื. ื-1983 ืืื ื ืืจืื ื ืคืช ืฆืืืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืกืื ืฆืืจ ืืจืืฉืื. ื-1986 ืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืื, ื-1987 ืืืขื ืง ืืืืืืจ ืฆื"ืฉ ืืืืืฃ ืคืืงืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืชืืฉืืืชื ืืืจืืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืฉืคืืฆืฅ ืืืขื ืฆื ืืฆืืืช ื ืฆืจืื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืจืืฃ ืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืจืืง ืฉื ืืจืืขืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืื. ื-1990 ืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืงืช ืืืจืืช ื ืืฉืืื ืขืจืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1992 ืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืจืื ืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืฉ. ืื ืื, ืืืื ืฉืืฆื ืืขืื ืืฆืืื ืืืฆืข ืคืืืืข ืืชืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืกื ืืจ ืืชื ืืืื, ืชืื ืฉืืื ืืืืง ืืืฉื"ื. ืืฉื ืช 1996, ืืขืงืืืช ืจืฆื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื, ืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฃ ืืืืืื, ืืืฉื ืช 1999 ืืื ื ืืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื. ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฉื"ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืงืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืกืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื (ืืฉื ืช 1986), ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื (ืืฉื ืช 1999). ืืืื 2000 ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื. ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืชืงืืคื ืชืืืขื ืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืจืืื, ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ื ืจืฆืื ืืขื ืืืฃ ืืฉืจืืืื ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืจืืช ืกืืืืืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉื"ื. ืืืฉืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืจืฆื ืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืจืืืขื ืืืื, ื-17 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2001. ืืฉื"ื ืืคืืงืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืืจืืืช ืจืื ืืืืฆืืข ืกืืืืืื ืืืืงืืื, ืืืืฆืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืช ืื, ืฉืืืืฉื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืฉื"ื. ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฅ ืืืื ืชืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืชืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืคืืขืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืืื ืืืืกื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืช ืืื" (ืืจืฅ 2002 โ ืืื 2002) ืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืขืจื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืื, ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืืจ ืืืคืจืื, ืฉืืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืฉื ืืฉื"ื ืืืืจ ืืืจืช ืืฉืืืื ืืขืจื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื โ ืฉืืืื ืื ืจืง ืกืืืื ืืืืงื ืืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืข ืืืืงื ("ืืชืจืขืืช") ืขื ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืขืฆืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืืื ืืืชืืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืฆืืืื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืืืื. ืืืืืจ ืืืฃ ืืืืกืื ืฆืืจืช ืืืืืก ืืืืฆืข ืงืืืฃ ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืงืคืืช ืงืฉื. ืืขืชื ืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืงืื ืคืฆืฆืช MK-84 ืืืฉืงื ืืืื ืืืืื ืคืฆืฆืช MK-82 ืืืฉืงื ืฉื ืืจืืข ืืื. ืืชืืฆืื ืืื ืฆืืจืช ืืืืืก ืฉืืชืื ืกื ืืงืืืช ืืงืจืงืข ืืืขื ืื ื ืคืืขื. (ืจืื ืฆืืจืช ืืืืืก ืืืกืื ืืืืฉื) ืืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืขื "ืื ืขื ืืืืืื". ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื, ืกืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืื โืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืกืืืื ื ืืืื ืช ืจืฆื ื ืืกืคืช ืฉืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืจืฆืื ืืืืืื ืจืง ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืโ. ื-15 ืืืื 2005, ืืชืื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื, ืืืชืื ืืืืง ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืกืืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืฉื"ื. ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืฃ ืืืื ืืืกืงืื, ืฉืืืื ืืกืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื. ืืืืืจ ืื ืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืชืืืืืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืขืจืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื "ืชืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืชืฉื ื ืืช ืืคืืกื", ืื ืืชืจืืข ืื ืคืื ืื ืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืคื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืจืงืืืช. ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืจืงืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืื ืชืืื ืืืจืขื ืืืฆื, ืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืงื ืชืืชื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืคืฉ ืคืขืืื ื ืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืขื ืืืช ืืืกืืฃ ืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืคืขืื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืืฃ ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืงืืช, ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืื ืื ืฆืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจ ื ืกืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืจ. ืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืคื ื ืืขืืช ืืืืฅ ืืืืืืืื ืื ื ืกืืื ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช, ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืืจืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืคืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืขืื ื ืกืข ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืืืืช ืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืืขืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืงืื ืืก ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชืช ืืจืฆืืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื. ืืขืช ืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืงืืืื ืืกืืฃ 2005 ืืฆืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืชื ืชืงืืช "ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืขื ืขืฆืื, ืืืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืื ืืจืืืืช". ืืฆืืจื ืื, ืฉืืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืื ืงืกืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืจืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืงืืช, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืจื ืงืกืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืขื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืคืืืืขืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืขืื ืืคื ื ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืืืืจ ืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืฆืจ ืืจืชืขื ืืกืคืืง ืืขืืื ื ืื ืืจื ืืงืกืื. ืืืืืจ ืชืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืงืขืช ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืืื ืืงื ืืืจืืง, ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืงืขืช ืืืจืื: ืขืืคืจื-ืืืช ืื, ืงืืืืื-ืงืจื ื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืจืืื. ืืืื ื 2006 ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืฆืืข ืืืืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืืจืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืกืืจืช ืื ืืฃ ืืืืืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืจืฆืืขื ืฉืฆื"ื ืืฉืชืื ืขืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืกืงืช ืืจื ืืจืงืืืช. ืืืืจืื, "ืืคื ืฉืคืขืื ื ืืขืืฆืื ืจืื ื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืคืื, ืื ืขืืื ื ืืคืขืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืื ืื'ืืืื ืืืืกืืื". ืืืืื 2006 ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืฆืจืื ืืชืช ืืฆื"ื ืื ืืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืืืจืื "ืฆื"ื ืืืืข ืืชืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืฆืขืืื. ืื ืื ืืืฉืืขืืช ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืจืคืืื". ื-28 ืืืฆืืืจ 2005 ืืืืืข ืืืืืจ ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืคืืืช ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื. ืฉืจืื ืืืขื ืืืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืืื ืืคืฉืืขื, ืื ืื ืืืจืื ืจืื ืื ืืชืืจื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื. ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืฅ ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืงืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17. ื-4 ืืืื 2006, ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ื-31 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ื ืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืืืืขืื ืขื ืกืืจืื ืืืืฆืืจืช ืืกืืจ ืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืกืืจืื ืืฆืืจ ืืจืฉืข, ืืคื ื ืกืืื ืคืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืจืื. ืืืืืืกื 2008, ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืฆืืข ืคืจืืืืจืืก ื"ืงืืืื", ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืขื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืขื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-17 ืืกืคืืืืจ, ืืืืข ืืืงืื ืืจืืืขื ืืืืืจืื, ืืฉืืื ื-6.5% ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืื. ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืฉื"ืก ืืขืืืจ ืืชืื ืื ืจื ืฉื ืชื (ืืืฉ ืฉื ืื) ืืืืฆืข ืืกืคืจ ืจืคืืจืืืช. ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืกื ืืชืืงืฃ ืืื: ืืคืืจืืืจ 2007, ืืืืฉ ืื"ื ืืขืืช ืืืืืจ, ืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืคืจืฉืช ืืืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืื ืคืจืื ืืื. ืืืกืืจืชื ืคืืจืกืื ืืกืงื ืืช ืงืฉืืช ื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืื ืืืคื"ื ืขืฆืื, ืืฉื ืงืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืคืืจื, ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืืงืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืืคืงื ืืฉื"ืก, ืืขืงื ืื ืืช, ืืชืคืงืื ืืืคื"ื ื-16. ืฆืขืื ืื ืืชืงืื ืืืืงืืจืช ืืฆื ืืืจืืื ืคืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจืืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืขืงื ืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืฉืืื ืืคืงื ืืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืืข ืืขืงื ืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืืชืคืงืื. ืืืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืชืขื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืฅ ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืจืืืช ืืจืืง ืืฉืจื ืืืืืกืงื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืฉื"ื, ืื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืืืคื"ื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ื ืืชืจ ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืคืืืชื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืขืืช ืืืฉื ื ืืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืืขืืช ืืืืฅ ืืืืืืืื. ื-13 ืืืืืืกื 2012 ืคืจืฉ ืืืืืจ ืืืคืืืช ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืกืช ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืฆืขืชื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืง ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืขืืจืฃ ืืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืงืขื ืฉื ื-435 ืืืฃ ืฉืงื ืืืกืคื ืชืจืืืืช, ืืืงื ืืืงืื ื-59 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืชโ. ืืืจืฅ 2013 ื ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืื"ืจ ืืงืจื ืืจืืืื ืื ืคืืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืชืคืงืื ืืืชื ืงืืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืชื ืืืืช. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืชืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืฉื ืชื ืืขืช "ืืืืืื" ืื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-16 ืืจืฉืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืฉืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืงื ืืืงืื ื-26 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืฉืื ื ืืฉื ืืจืืืื. ืืฉื ืืคืจืฉ ืืงืืืืช ืืงืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืฆืืคื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืงืื ืืืงืื ื-20 ืืืฉื ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืกืคืืจื, ืืืงืืื ื ืงืืข ืกืืคืืช ืจืง ืืชืื ืกืืืช ืขืจืขืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืจืืขื ืฉืืืขืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืืืจืช ืฉื ืื ืืืคืกืื, ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืงืืื 30 ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช. ื-31 ืืืื 2016 ื ืื ืก ืืชืคืงืื ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืืฅ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืงืืื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืขืืช ืืืฉื ื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืฉืืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21 ืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืขื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืฉื "ืืืืืื" ืื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-10 (ืืืงืื ื-11 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช). ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืืฅ ืืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-22 ืืืืืฃ ืืืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ื ืฉื ืืขืืช ืืืืฅ ืืืืืืืื, ืืึพ23 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืืืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืื ื ืื ืก ืืชืืงืฃ ื-28 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืฉืื ื-17 ืืืื 2020. ืืื ืกืช ื-23 ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืขืื ืืงืจื ืชืืืืื ืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ ื-2022, ืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-11 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื. ื-29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข, ืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืืขืืืช ืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืจ: "ืืฉื ืื ืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืงืฉื ืฉืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืื. ืขื ืื ืื ื ืืืืจ: 'ืืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืงืืืืช, ืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืงืืืื'". ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืฉ ืืืขืืืช ืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืจืืคืืืืช ืืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืืกืืื ืขื ืกืืกืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ื-52 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืฉื ืฉื ืชืืฆืจืช ืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื. ืืฆื ืืืช ื ืืืง ืืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืืฉ ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืจ ืืืคื ืืืงืืืื ืืืืืก ืืชืงืฆืื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืงืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืืื ื ืืจืฉ ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืฉื ืืจื ืืืคืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืงืืื ืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืคื ืขืืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืขืืื ืืืงืืืืช. ืืื ื ืืืง ืืืคืฉืจ ืืขืืืืื ืขืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืื ืก ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืข ืคืืืขื ืืืงืืืืช. ืืชืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืคืืืฉ ืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืื "ืื ืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืช ื ืืืช ืขืื 2023ืด ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืืคืื ืืืชืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืคืจืฉ ืืคืฉืข ืืืืื. ืืืื ื 2024 ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืืฉืจื ืืืงืืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืืืคืจ" ื"ืืฉืจื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื", ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืฉื ืขืืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืกืืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืฅ ืฉืืฉืจื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืก ืืชืื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืข ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ื-3 ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืืืืฉ ืืืืืจ, ืืื ืขื ืขืื 39 ืืืจื ืื ืกืช, ืืช ืืฆืขืช "ืืืง ืืกืื: ืืฉืจืื - ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืืื", ืฉืืืงืฉื ืืงืืืข ืืช ืืืคืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืคืจืฉืช ืืช ืืืื ื "ืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืงืจืืืช" ืฉืืืคืืข ืืืืง ืืกืื: ืืืคืฉ ืืขืืกืืง ืืืืืง ืืกืื: ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืชื. ืืคื ืืืฆืขื, ืืฉืจืื ืชืืืืจ ื"ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืืื", ืืืืงืืข ืฉืืื ืืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืืืืจื ืขืฆืืืช, ืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืื ื ืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืฆืขื ืงืืขื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืง ืืคืืจืฉ ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืืช (ืขืืืื ืฉืฆืืื ื ืืกืขืืฃ 2 ืืืฆืขื). ืขืื ืขื-ืคื ืืืฆืขื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืคืขื ื"ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื" ืืชืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืงืืืืชืืช ื ืคืจืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืช (ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืืคืกืืงื ืืื"ืฅ ืงืขืืื), ืฉืจืง ืืขืืจืืช ืชืืื ืฉืคื ืจืฉืืืช (ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืคื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื "ืืขืื ืืืืื" ืืืื), ืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืจืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื, ืืฉืืืฉืคื ืืขืืจื ืืฉืืฉ ืืงืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืงืงืื. ืืื ืื, ืืฉ ืืขืื ืืช ืืืชืื ืืืืง ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืง ืืกืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืคืืืืืืช, ืืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืืื ืืชืืืืชื ืื. ืืืฆืขื ืื ืืืขืืชื ืืงืจืืื ืืจืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืงืืืื. ื-10 ืืืื 2017, ืขืืจ ืืืง ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืืจืืืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืจ ืืกืืืจ ืื "ืืืจืช ืืืืง ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืงืจืืืช". ืืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ ืื "ืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืืงืืขืช ืืืื ื ืคืืืขืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืงืืืืชืืช ื ืคืจืืช. ืืืืื ื ืชืฉืืืจ ืืชืื ืขื ืืืงืืืืช ืืงืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืคืฉ ืืืฉื ืืืืื". ืืืืจืื "ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืช ืื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืื - ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืืื". ื-1 ืืืื 2018, ืขืืจ ืืืง ืืืืื ืฉืืื ื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืกืช, ืื-19 ืืืืื 2018 ืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืฉื 62 ื"ืืื ืืขื ืืื 55 ื ืื ืืฉื ื ื ืื ืขืื. ื-2 ืืืืื 2018, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืืืง ืืงืืืื ืืฉืืืจืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ื"ื ืืืขืืจ ืฉืืจื. ืืคื ืืืืง, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืืงืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืขื-ืคื ืืืง, 1.2 ืืืืืืจื โช ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืชืื ืืื ืืกืคื ืืืืกืื ืืืชื ืืขืืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืืคืจืืืช ืขืืจื ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืฉืจืฆืชื ืืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืงืื ืืขืช ืืื ืืงืืื ื ืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืกืคืื ืื ืื. ื-20 ืืืื ื 2016 ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืฆื ืื ืืืื ืงืืืืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื - ืฉืืืฉ ืืฉืืืืช: ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืืืก ืืขืื. ืืืืจ ืืืกืจ ืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืื ืืื ืกืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืขืงืฉ ืืื ืืจื ืฉืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขืชืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจืฉืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืช, ืื ืืฉ ืืืง ืืื ืื ืฉืง ืืื ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื. ืืืืืืกื 2016 ืืชืืืืก ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืชืืืื ืขืื: "ืืืง ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคื ืืฉืืืืช ืืช ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืฉืืช ืืกืืืืช ืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืืงืจืืืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื. ืืขืฉืจืืช ืฉื ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืืื 'ืืืฃ ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืชืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืชืืื'. ืืืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืคืขืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืคืืืข ืืืจืืจ. ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืคืขืื F-16 ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืขื M16 ืื ืืืืืืื". ืืืืงืืืืจ 2016 ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืขืื, ืืืื ืืืืก ืืฉืืขืืชื "ืืืืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืฉืจ ืืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืขืจ ืงืืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืฉืืคืจืืช ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืืช". ืืื ืืขื ืฉื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช "ืจืง ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืชืคืจื ืืคืืขื ืืช ืืจืฆืืขื ืื ืฉืง ืฆืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืกืืืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื". ืืื ืืงืจื, ืืกืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืฆืืคื ืคื ื ืขืชืื "ืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืื ืื ืฆื ื ืืื ืขื ืคื ืืืฆืืขืื ืืืจื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ืืชืงืื ืืืชืจ, ืขื ืืืกืื ืืืื". ืืฉื ืช 1973 ื ืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืฉืืืื, ืืืจื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืจืจืื ืืืฉืงืืื. ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืฉืจ_ืืจืืืื_ืืืืืืืื_ืืืืจืชื] | [TOKENS: 5833] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืชืคืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืชื ืฉืืจืืชื ืจืืืื, ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืืง ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืืคืงื ืขื ืืชื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืืื. ืืชืืืืื ืฉืืื ืขืืกืง ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืืฆืื ืกืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืคืื, ื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืช (ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืช ื ืคืฉืืืช. ืืืืืืกืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช), ื ืคืืขื ืกืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืืงื ืื ืืืฆืื ืืฆืืงื ืืขืื. ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืฉืื ืจืืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืืคื ืื: ืื ืืกืฃ ืืคืงื ืืืฉืจื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉื ื, ืขื ืืขืื ืืช ืืืื ืืจื, ืขื ืืืขืืื ืื ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืขืจ, ืขื ืืืขืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืขื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืงืฉืืฉืื, ืืชื ืืืืช ืืขืื. ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืื ืืช ืืจืืข ืืขืืืื, ืืืืชืื ืืื ื ืงืจื "ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ื-31 ืืืืื 2016, ืืืขืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืกืืงื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื, ืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ื"ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื, ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื". ืึพ3 ืืืืืืกื 2021, ืืืืจ ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-36 ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืจืืข ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื, ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืช "ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื", ืื-22 ืืืืืืกื ืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ื"ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื". ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืฉืงื ืืืกืืืข ืืื ืืื, ืืฉืคืื ืืงืืืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืืฉืืจ ืืื ื ืื ืืชืืฉื ืืคืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืขืื ื ืืืืจื, ืกืืืื ืืืจืชืืช, ืงืฉืื ืชืคืงืื, ืืืืื, ืืคืืื ืื ื ืืฆืื. ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉ ืฉืืจืืชืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช, ืขืืืชืืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืช ืืืจืืขืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืืืืช. ืืืฉืจื ืืขืืื ืคืืชืื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืคืจืืืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืคืจื ืืืืจื. ืืืฉืจื ืืขืืจืืืช ืืงืืคื ืืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืง ืืืืืจื ืืืืขื ืื ืืฉืคืื ืืื ืืืืข ืขื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืงืงืืช ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืจืชืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืงืืืช ืืขื ืงืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืฆืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช. ืืขืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืขืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืงืจืืื. ืขื ืขืจืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืขืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืชื, ืฆืืง ืืกืืืืืจืืืช ืืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืชืืจืื ืืช ืขืฆืืืช. ืขืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืกืกืช ืื ืขื ืขืจืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืขืืืื ืืกืืฆืืืืืช ืืขื ืืงืื ืืืชื ืฉืื. ืงืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืกืืฆืืืืืื ืืกืคืง ืืขื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืขื ืืงืืืืืช, ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืขืื ืืืขื ืงืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืื ื ื ืงืจื ืืืฉืจื "ืืฉืจื ืืกืขื" ืืื ืคืจื ืืชืงืืื "ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื". ืืื ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977, ืืืฉืจื ืืฉื "ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื". ืฆืขื ืื ืฉืืงืฃ ืืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืขืืื ืืคืื ืืขืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืก ืืจืืืื. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืชืืืืช 2003, ืืืขืืจ ืืืืคืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืชืขืฉืืื, ืืืกืืจ ืืืชืขืกืืงื ืฉืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืชืื ื"ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื". ืืฉื ืช 2007, ืขื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืชืคืงืื, ืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉื "ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื". ืืื ืืืจ 2010, ืคืจืกื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืฉืจื ืืช ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืขืืืชืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืืฉื, ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืฉืงืืคืืช ืื ืืฉื. ืขื ืคื ืืื"ื ืกื ืืชืืืืืช ืืฉื ืช 2015 ืขืื ืขื 195 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื (ื-2.2% ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืฉืจื). ื-2013 ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืจืื ืืืืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืื ืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืงืืฉื ืืืืขืื ืชืคืงืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืงืืช ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืจืชืืช. ืืขื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืข ืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืจืชืืื ืฉืฉืจืจื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืืืขืืช ืืคืขืจืื ืืืืจืชืืื, ืืืืฉืฉืืช ืฉืืชืืืจื ืืืืกื ืืืฉืจ ืืืฉืืืืช ืชืืคืขืืช ืืื ืขื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืช, ืืจืื ืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืืืชื ืืชืืืืกืืช ืจืฆืื ืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืจืืืื. ืืจืืืช ืืืฆืขืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืคืืจื ืขื ืชืคืงืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืขื ืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืฆืืจืืฃ ืืฉืจื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืจ. ืืฆืขืืช ืืคืืจืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืืืชืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ื ืืฆืื ืจืง ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ื ืืขืจ ืืืฆืืงื (ืืขืืช ืืฅ), ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืื ืช ืืฆืขืืช ืืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืืืกืืื (ืืขืืช ืืืืื ืจ). ืืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืช ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืจืชืืช ื ืืฉื ืืขืฉืืจ ืฉืื โ ืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืฉืื ืืขื ืืืงืืช ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977. ืืืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืขืื ืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืคื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืืืจืข ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื, ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืขืืืื ืืืกืขื ืืงืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ื ืืืฉืจืืื, ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืฉื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืืจืฉื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืฉืจืืื ืฉืคืขืื ืืืืคื ืขืฆืืื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืงืฉืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืงืื ืกืคืฆืื ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืืืืื ืคืขืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืืคืืคื ืืืคืืืืืืช, ื ืืขื ืืชืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉ. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืจื ืขืืงืจื ืฉืืงืฉื ืขื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ืืื ื ืขืืฅ ืืืกืืจืืช ืืคืืืืืืืช ืืืชืจืืืชืืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืขืืืื ืืืกืขื, ืืืชืคืืกื ืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฉื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืืกืืืช ืื ืืงืงืืช ืืคื ืฉืขืืฆืื ืืฉื ื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉืืชืืงืฉ ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืจืืื ืืฆืื ืื ืืจืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืคืืื. ืงืฉื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืคื ืื ืืช ืืจืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืขืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืขืืงืจื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืืงืจืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืงืืื. ืืื ื ืืืฉืจื ืืคืขืืืืชื, ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืคืจืืชื ืืฆืืืข ืขื ืืืืงื ืืจืืจื ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืชืืืืื: ืชืืื ืืจืืืื - ืืชื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืจืชืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืื ืืงืงืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืกืืืช, ืื ืืคืชืจืื ืงืืืืชื, ืืื ืืคืืจืื, ืงืฉืืฉืื, ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืืื ืืชืืื ืืขืืืื - ืืืฉืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืช ืืื ืืื. ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืคืื ืืืขืืืืื: ืืืคืื ืืืืืื: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ื-31 ืืืืื 2016, ืืืขืืจื ืื ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื ืกืืืืืืช ืื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืกืืงื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื, ืืืืชืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ื"ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื, ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื". ื-19 ืืืืื 2021 ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-36 ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืจืืข ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืจ ืืืืืช "ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื". ื ืงืืข ืฉืืืขืืจื ืชืืืืฉ ืขื 31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2021. ืืชืืืืจ ืืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืชืงืืคื ืฉืื ืืจืืข ืืขืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืง ืืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื, ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื. ืฉืจื ืืจืืืื (ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื) (1893-1971) (1902-1970) (1902-1970) ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื (1886-1973) (1888-1961) (1909-1999) ืื ื"ื (1913-1975) (1915-2014) ืืค"ื, ืื ื"ื (1913-1975) ื ืคืืจ ืืืืื ืชื (1909-1999) (1936-1998) (1911-1986) ืื ืื ืืืื (1913โ1992) ืืจืืช (1927-2010) ืื ื"ื ืื ื"ื (1938-2021) (1924-2007) (1945-) ืืจืืช ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ (1915-2012) (1949-) ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ (1915-2012) ืืฆืืง ืจืืื (1922-1995) (1930-2019) (1962-) (1941-) (1961-) ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื (1928-2014) (1945-) ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื (1928-2014) ืืืื ืืืืืจื(1945-) (1960-) (1960-) (1955-) ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื(1949-) (1947-) (1947-) ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื(1949-) (1973-) (1980-) (1955-) (1960-) (1947โ) (1958-) (1910-1971) (1939-) (1916-2010) (1940-) (1930-1997) (1916-2010) (1939-) (1958-) (1934-2009) (1951-) ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืฉืจื_ืืชืืืจืืช] | [TOKENS: 4021] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืคืืชืื ืืฉืืืืง ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืื ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ื ืขื ืงืืืื ืืฉืืืืง ืชื ืืขืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืงืืื ืคืืงืื ืขื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืชืืืจืืช: ืืชื ืืืื, ืืืกื ืืืช ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืฉืจืช ืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืจืืฉืื ืคืจืืื ืืืืคืื ืืกืืจืืื ืืขืืกืงืื ืืขื ืฃ. ืืื ืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืกืืฃ ืืคืจืกืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืกืืืืกืืืื ืืืงืจ ืชื ืืขืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืืื, ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืกืงืช ืืกืงื ืืช ืืกืืจืืืืืช, ืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืืขื ืฃ ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืื ืกื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืข ืืืฅ. ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืฆืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ื: ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ื ืืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืื "ืืืืืช ืืืงืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืง". ืืคื ืืชืจ ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืชืืืจืืช ื ืื ืกืช ื-23 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืืืื 2019. ืืคื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืกืืืืกืืืงื ืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืชืืืจืืช ื-2018 ื-7.2 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืชืืื ื-6.1 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ื ืื ืกืช. ืคืขืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืขืืงืจ ืคืขืืืืช ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืชืจืืืช ืืชืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืื ืื ืกืช, ืืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืขืช ืชืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืคืขืื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืช ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืขืจืื ืืจืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืงืืื ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉืืืช ืืื ืขืืกืงืืช ืืืคืฆืช ืืืืข ืืืืืจ ืคืจืกืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื, ืขืจืืืช ืกืืื ืจืื ืืกืืืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื, ืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืืกื ืฆืืืืจ, ืืกืืืข ืืืืจืืช ืชืืืจืืช ืืจืืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืง ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืชืืื. ืืื ืื, ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืงืืืขืืช ืืืจืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืคืขืืช "ืืืชื ืืฉืจืื" ืืื. ืืคืจืืคืื ื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขืืกืง ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืคื ืื - ืืืืืจ ืชืืืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืฉื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืชื ืืชืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืชื ืืขืืคืช ืืฉืจืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืคื ื ื ืกืืขื ืืื"ื, ืืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืกืืืข ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ืคืืชืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืืจืืช, ืืชืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืชืืืจืืชืืช ืฉืืืงืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืื ืื ืกืช ืื ืืื ื ืขืืืืช ืื ืืฆืืืช ืืืื. ืืชืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืืฆืืช, ืืืื ื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืื"ื, ืืฆืืืฆืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืคืืงืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืกืงืื ืืขืืกืงืื ืืขื ืฃ, ืืืื ืืื ืขืืกืง ืืขืืืืื ืื ืกืืืข ืืฉืืืืงื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืฉืจื ืืงืืื ืืขืช ืืขืช ืืืขืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืช ืขื ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืฉืืืคืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฆืืจืชื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื. ืืืฉืจื ืืคืขืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืฉืืชืืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืจืืข ืืืฆืืขืืช. ืืืืจื ืืคืชืืช ืชืฉืชืืืช ืชืืืจืืช ืืืกืืืขืช ืืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืืื ืชืืจืืชืืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืขืืืจ ืืขื ืงืื ืืคืจืืืงืืื ืชืืืจืืชืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1936 ืืื ื ื"ืจ ืืจื ืจ ืกื ืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืงืช ืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืชืคืงืืื ืืคืชื ืืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืขืื ื"ืจ ืืืจื ืจ ืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉืืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืช, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืงื ืืืฆืืืช ืืงืืืืช ืืืกืื ืืชืืืจืื, ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฉืื ืืข ืืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืืชื ืืืื ืฉืชืคืก ืืืขืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืคืจืืืื ืืืืื ืชืืืจืื ืืืชืืื. ืืฉื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืคืขืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉืืืฉ ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืชื ืืืื ืืืืคื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืคื ืืื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืื. ื-1 ืืืจืฅ 1952, ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื, ืืืขืืจื ืืืืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืกืืจ ืืืชืขืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ื "ืืจืื ืชืืืจืืช". ืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืชืืืจืืช, ืืืื ืขืื ืชืืื ืืช ืฉืกืืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืืืืช. ืืฉื ืช 1955 ืืืืืฆื ืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืงืืืง, ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืจืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืฉืืชืืช ืืชืืืจืืช. ืืจืืฉ ืืืืจื ืขืื ืืื ืงืืืง, ืืืืืจื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืชืฉืชืืืช ืชืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 1964, ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืงืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืฆื ืืื ืืช ืฉืจ ืืขื ืืื ื ืชืืืจืืช. ืชืืืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืงืืืง ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืขืงืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ื ืืฉืจ, ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืชืงืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืขืกืงืื ืืขื ืฃ ืืชืืืจืืช. ืืงืจืืช ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืกืืฃ 1965, ืขืืชื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืฆืจืคื ืืืฉืจื ืืืจ, ืืืื ื ืืกืจ ืืืฉื ืงืื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืจื ืืคืืชืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืงืื ืืืจ ืืืงืืืฉ ืืช ืขืืงืจ ืืื ื ืืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืืขื ืืง ืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื. ืขื ืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ื-1977 ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื, ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจื ืืืกืืจ ืืืชืขืฉืืื. ืฉืจ ืืืกืืจ, ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืืชืืืจืืช, ืืืื ืืืจืืืฅ, ืืืืืข ืฉืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื, ืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืื ืจืืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช, ืขืงื ืืฉืืืืช ืืชืืืจืืช. ืืืืงืืืืจ 1977 ืืืืืข ืืืจืืืฅ ืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืกืืื ืฉื 15% ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืฉื ืช 1979 ื ืืฆื ืฉืืืืืื ืืกื 25 ืืฉืจืืช. ืืฉื ืช 1981, ืืืงื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉ ืืืฉืจื ืขืฆืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืขืื ืืืจืื ืฉืจืืจ. ืฉืจื ืืชืืืจืืช (ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื) (1902-1980) ืืคื"ื (1911-1989) ืื ื"ื (1932-2017) ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช (1933-2020) (1937-) ืืฉื ืงืฆื (1945-) ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืง (1942-) (1944-2012) (1926-2001) ืืืืืช ื ืจืฆื ืืืืื ืชื (1954-2017) ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื (1928-2014) (1947-) (1954-2017) (1937-2012) (1941-2022) (1960-) ืืขืืืื (1950-) (1964-) (1969-) (1943-) ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื (1969-) (1980-) (1970-) (1980-) (1947-) ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืฉืจื_ืืืื ืื_ืืืฉืืืื] | [TOKENS: 10514] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืช ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจื ืืืฉืงื ืืืืช ืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืกืืืจื ืืืืืจ. ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืฉืจื ืืขืืื ืืืืจืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืืคืช ืชืงื ื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืช ืขืืจืื ืืช. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืชืงืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืคืงื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืืค"ื, ืฉืืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืื. ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืชืขืงืฉ ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืฃ ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืค"ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืื ืฉืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืจืืืช ืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืฉื ืืืฆืข ืืืค"ื ืืงืื ืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืืชืื ืื ืฉืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืกืืฃ ืฆืืจืฃ ืืฉืจื ืืชืื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืกืจ ืืืชืืื. ืืฉืืค"ื ืื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืคืืจืง ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืืื ื ืื "ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืื", ืืืื ื"ืืืฃ ืืฉืืืื" ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื. ืื ืื ืืืืฃ ืขื ืฉื ืช 1953 ืืื ืื ืืืขืื. ืืฉื ืช 1953, ื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฃ ืืื ืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืงืืจืช ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืช "ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื" ืืืงืื ืืืฃ ืืฉืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืขื ืืขืกืืง ืื ืืชืื ืื, ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืืฃ ืืชืื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืคื ืื ืืืืงื ืจืฉืืืช ื-1 ืืืคืจืื 1961. ืืืืจื ืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ื, ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขืฆืืืืช, ืืืชืจ ืกืืืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืจืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฃ ืืฉืืืื. ืืชืืืืช ื ืืืืืจ 1961, ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื - ืคืืขืื ืฆืืื, ืืืคืจื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืคืืชืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืงื ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืื ืืืคืงื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืคืืชืื. ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืื ื ืฉืืงืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉ ื ืืขื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืคื"ื ืื ืืืงืจื ืฉืืค"ื ืชืฆืืจืฃ ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืื ืืช ืชืืง ืืคืืชืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื 1955. ืืืืจ ืคืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืกืคืื ืขืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืื ืืืกืฃ ืืืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืชืืข ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืืชื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 1966 ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืค"ื ืืืืคืจื ืืืฉืจื ืืคืืชืื. ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจื ืขืฆืืื, ืืขืื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืคืืืชืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืื. ืืฉื ืช 1972 ืืฆืืข ืืืกืฃ ืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื, ืืืงืื "ืืฉืจื ืืื ืื" ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืื, ืืช ืืข"ืฅ ืืืช ืืืืืฉืื. ืงืจืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืกืื ืืืืจืืืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืขืจื ืืืืืืจืืื ืืขืฆืืืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืงืจืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืืืืืฉืืืื. ืืจืขืืื ืืืขืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืฃ ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืืจืขืืื ืฉื ืืงืืช ืืฉืจื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืคืืืืืืช ืืืฉื ืช 1975 ืืื ื ืืื ืืืฆืขืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืืขืื ืืืืื ืจ ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฆื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืฆืืง ืจืืื, ืื ืืืืืจ 1975. ืื ืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืฉื ืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืื ืืกืืืืืืชืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืงืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืฉืืืชืจ ืงื ืืืืฉื ืขืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืคื, ืืฉื ืช 1977 ืืื ืฆืืืช ืืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืกืฃ ืจืื ืืช ืจืขืืื ืืงืืช ืืฉืจื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืื, ืืข"ืฆ, ืืืฃ ืืชืื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืคื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืงืจืงืขื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืฆืืชืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื. ื-28 ืืืื ื 1977 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืืืจืืื-ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืฉืจืืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืงืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืื ืืืข"ืฅ. ืืืืื ืืืงื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืขื ืืื ื ืื ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 1977 ืืืจ ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืคืช ืฉืื ืืืช ืืข"ืฆ ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืชืืฆืข. ืคืช ืืฆืจ ืขื ืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืงืจืงืขื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืขืืจื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืขืืจื ืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืฉืื ืชืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจื ืืงืืืื. ืืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืคืืฆื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2014 ืืืกื ืฉืื ืืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืื-2015 ืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื. ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ื ืฉ"ื ืืฉืืคืืฅ ืืงืืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืฉืจื ื ืืจืฉ ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืจ ืืขื ืฃ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืคื ืขืืืืื ืืจืื, ืืคืกืงืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืขืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืจืฉืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืคืกืงืช ืืื ืืื. ืืฉืจืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืช 1950, ืขืช ืขืืชื ืืฉืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฃ ืืฉืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืงืจืื. ืืขืช ืืงืืช ืืืฉืจื ืื ืืืืืจ 1961 ืืืืื ืืืกืคืื ืืืฉืืืจ ืืืชื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืืชื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1970 ืขืืจื ืื ืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืฉื ืขืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื. ืคืขืืืืช ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืขืกืง ืืืฃ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืง ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื, ืขืช ืืืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืจืง ืืื ื ืฆืืืืจ ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืคืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืงื ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืชืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ื ืชืืจืืื, ืืืืืืช, ื ืืฃ ืืืงืืื. ืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืช ืืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื. ืืืืจืื ื ืืชื ืขื ืื ืืฉืืฉืจื ืคืืขื ืขื ืคื ืขืงืจืื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉืืข, ืงืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืืขืื. ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืืข ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืื ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื, ืฉืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฉืื ืชืืืช (ืคืืงืื ืขื ืืื ืงืื ืืืฉืื ืชืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืจืืืืช). ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืขื ืืง ืืืฉืจื ืกืืืกืืืืืช ืืจืืืฉืช ืืืจื, ืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืื ืืืจืืืชื, ืืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืชืฉืืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืจื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืกืืฆืื-ืืงืื ืืืืืช ื ืืืืืช. ื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืคืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืกืืืข ืืืืืจ. ืืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืขืกืงืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืขืช ืืฉืื ืื ืืื. ืืืช ืื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืืช: ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืขื ืืืฉืจื ืืฉืคืฅ ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืคืชื ืืช ืชืฉืชืืืชืืื, ืชืื ืฉืืืช ืืืฉ ืขื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจืชืืื ืืขื ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืืืจืชืืช-ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืจื ืืืงืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืช "ืคืื ืื ืืื ืื", ืืคืืขืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืืืชืืงืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืช. ืืื 1977 ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืฉืคืขื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืืงื ืืืจืืง ื ืืฆืืช ืืชืืื ืคืขืืืืชื. ืขืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉืชืืืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืืงืฃ ืืื ืื ืืกืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืขื ื ืืืื ืชืงืฆืื ืืืฉืจื. ืชืคืงืืืื: ืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืกืืืข ืืืื ืช ืืืจืืื; ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช, ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื; ืืืฆืืข ืชืฉืืืืื ืืกืคืงืื, ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืขืืืืื; ืืืืืช ืืื ืกืืช ืืจืืฉืืื; ื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืกืคืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืขืืื; ื ืืืื ืืขืจื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื; ื ืืืื ืืกืคื ืฉื ื ืืกื ืืืฉืจื; ืืืขืืฅ ืคืื ื ืกื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื; ืกืืืข ืืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช ื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืืจ ืคืฉืจืืช; ืืืงืืจืช ืคื ืืืืช ืขื ืขืืืืช ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืงืจื ืืกืคืื. ืชืคืงืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืข ืืืจืืื ื ืืืชื ืฉืืจืืชื ืคืืชืื ืืชืืืืงืช ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืข ืืืืืฉืืืช, ื ืืืื ืืืืืข ืืืจืืื ื ืืื ื ืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืข ืืืืฉืืช; ืฉืืืื ืืคืจืืืงื "ืืืฉื ืืืื": ืืืกืืจืช ืื ืืืืฃ ืคืืขื ืืคืชืืืช ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืคืืชืื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื: ืืขืงื ืืืงืจื ืขื ืืคืขืืช ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืชืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื; ืืื ืช ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืฉืจื, ืขื ืคื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืชืงืฆืืืืื, ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืืจื ืขืืืคืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืชืคืชืืืืืช ืืืฉืง; ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆืืืช. ืืืจืื ืขื ื ืืืื, ืืฉืืื, ืชืืืืงื ืืืคืขืืช ื ืืกื ืืืืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืขื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืืจืื ืืืืื ืืกืืืข ืืืืืจ ืืคืืงืื ืืืงืจื ืขื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืืชื ื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืคืืขื ืืืื ืืืง ืจืืฉืื ืงืืื ืื ืืขืืืืืช ืื ืืกื ืื ืืืืช, ืืชืฉื"ื-1969. ืขื ืคื ืืืง ืื ืจืง ืงืืื ืืจืฉืื ืืคื ืงืก ืืงืืื ืื, ืืฉืืืฉืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืฉื, ืืืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืืืืช ืื ืืกื ืื ืืืืช ืืืชืื ืืืืงืคื ืืืกืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืคื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืชืงื ืืช. ืจืฉื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืื ืจืืฉืืื ืฉื ืงืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืกืืืื, ื ืงืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืฉืืขืช ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืคืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืฆืข ืืืฃ ืืจืฉื ืืขืงื ืืืจ ืขืจืืืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืขื ืืงืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืจืืืฉื ืืืจืืช ืขื ืคื ืืืืง. ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ื ืืขืจืืืช ืคืจืืืจืื ืฉื ืชืืช ืืจื ืฉื ืชืืช ืฉื ืฉืืืืง ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืืช: ืงืืืขืช ืืืงืฃ ืฉืืืืงื ืืงืจืงืข ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืชืื ืืจืืช ืืืืงืืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืช ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืกืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืจืฉืืช ืืงืจืงืขื ืืฉืจืื, ืืฆืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช, ืืืขืงื ืืืงืจืช ืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืจื. ืคืืขื ืืืฆืืจื ืืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืชืื ืื ื ืืืืืจืื. ืืืืฃ ืืืื ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืืืื: ืืืฆืืข ืกืงืจืื ืืืืชืืจ ืงืจืงืข, ืืืืงืืช ืืืชืื ืืช, ืชืืื ืืืช ืจืขืืื ืืืช, ืชืืื ืืืช ืื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ืขืืจ ("ืชื"ืข"). ืืืืฃ ืืืฆืข ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืื ืืกืืืจ, ืืืงืจ ืืืกืืืข ืืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืืชื ืชืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืจืื ืืืืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืฆืืืืจืืื. ืืืงื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืื ืขื ืืกืคื ืฉื ืจืืืฉื ืืืืจืืช, ืืกืืืข ืืืขื ื ืืฉืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืืจ. ืืืคืืช ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืฉืืฉืช ืืกืืก ืืืงื ืืขืืืืช ืืืฉืจื. ืืืคืื ืืชืืื ืืืงืืงื, ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช, ืขืชืืจืืช ืืืืืฉืืช ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืื ืืฆืืง; ืืชื ืืืืช ืืขืช ืืฉืคืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืขืืฅ ืืฉืคืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืจื, ืืื ืืืืช, ืืืืคืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืืชืื; ืืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืืื, ืกืืืข ืืืื ืช ื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืืืข ืืืืืจ; ืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืชื ืืืขืืฅ ืืฉืคืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืื, ืืืืืขืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืคืจื, ืืืืฆืื ืืืฉืจื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืื ืืช, ืืขืืืช ืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉืื. ืืชืืงื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืืืืืขืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืฉืชืื ืืืืงืืช ืืืกืืืช ืฆืืืืจ, ืืืกืืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืขื ืื ืจืืืื: ืืืขืืืื, ืืจืืืื, ืฆ'ืจืงืกืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืืฃ ืืงืื ืืกืืืขื ืฉื ืืืคื ืืืฉืจื ืชืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืื: ืฉืืืืง ืืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืขืืืื, ืื ืืฉืช ืืืืืข ืืฉืคื ืืขืจืืืช, ืขืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืชืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืฉืชืื ืืงืืืช ืกืืืข ืืฉืืจ ืืืจื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืขืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืืชืช ืืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื, ืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขืืื. ืชืคืงืืืื: ืกืืืข ืืืชื ืืขื ื ืืืขืืืช ืืืืืืืช-ืืืจืชืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืขื ืฃ ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืจื. ืืืฉื: ืืืงืคื ืื ืืื, ืืืืจืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืจื ืืืจืืช, ืืืกืื ืืขื ืฃ, ืืขืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืข ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืชืืขืืฉ ืืื ืืื. ืืืจืื ืืกืคืง ืืช ืืืขืืคืช ืืชืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืขืืืืื. ืชืคืงืืื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืชืคืงืื ืืืืื, ืจืฆืืฃ ืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืช, ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืขืชืืช ืืืจืื, ืชืื ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืจืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืื ืื ืืงืืืขืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืกืืืข, ืืืื ื ืืชืื ื ืชืื ืื ืฉื ืืคืื ืื ืืืืืฉื ืืกืืืข, ืชืื ืื ืืืงืจืช ืชืงืฆืื, ืืืืฆืืข ืืืงืจืื ืืืฉืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืจื ืืชืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืจ. ืืืื ืื ืงืืืข ืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืกืืืข ืืื ืื ืืช ื ืืชื ื ืืฉืืจืืชืื, ืืื ืงืื, ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืืข. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืกืืืข, ืืืื ืืขืืจืช ืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืจืืืฉืช ืืืจืืช ื "ืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืฆืข ืืงืจื ืืคืืงืื ืขื ืืชื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืกืืืข, ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืฉืื. ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืฆืข ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืคืจืืื ืืคืจืืคืจืื, ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืงืืข ืืืคืื ื ืืืฉ ืงืืืฃ, ืขื ืคื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืื, ืขืืกืง ืืืื ืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืชืื ืื ืกืืืืืืจื ืืืคืืจื, ืืื ืืขื ืืง ืกืืกืื ืคืืชืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืืจื ืขืืืคืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืชืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืืืืช: ืฆืคืื, ืืืคื, ืืจืื, ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืข ืืืืฆืขืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืื ืืืคืงื, ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืชืงืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืจืืฉื. ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืคืื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืจืืฉื, ืคืจื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืจืืฉื ืืืฉืจืชืืช ืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืื. ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืชืืืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืคืืคืืช ืื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืืช, ืืืื: ืืจืฉืืช ื ืืชื ืื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืฉื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืืช ืงืจืงืข, ืฉืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืงืจืงืขืื ืืืืฉืืจื ืชืืกืคืืช ืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืฉืืืจืช ืงืจืงืข ืืงืืืืช. ืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืกืืืืืืช ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืืกืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืชืืืช ืืืื ืืืช , ืืืชืงืื ืชืงื ืืช ืืืฆืืข, ืืคืงื ืขื ืจืฉืืืืช ืกืืืืืืจืืืช ืืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืคืจืื ืืืช ืืืคืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืื. ืืฉืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฆืืข ืืืง ืื ืืืกืืื ืืืชืงืื ืชืงื ืืช ืขื ืื ืืืข ืืืืฆืืขื. ืกืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืฉืื ืืื (ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื) (1912-1962) ื ืคืืจ ืืืืื ืชื (1910-1991) ืืื ืืฉืืื (1895-1969) ืืคื"ื (1900-1985) ืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืขืืืื, ืื ื"ื (1906-1984) ืืขืืืื (1911-1979) (1922-1977) ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืชื (1905-1985) ืืค"ื, ืื ื"ื (1933-2020) ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช (1937-2024) ืืจืืช (1928-2014) (1936-2016) ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1949-) (1947-) (1936-2016) ื ืชื ืฉืจื ืกืงื(1948) (2014-1928) (1952-) (1958-) (1960-) (1943-2011) (1948-) (1943-2011) (1970-) (1952-) (1958-) (1973-) (1948-) (1951-) (1948-) (1971-) (1950-) (1947-) (1945โ) (1934โ2009) (1938โ) (1951โ2021) (1947โ) (1947โ) (1955โ) (1947โ) (1960โ) ืื ื"ืื ืืืฉืจื ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืคืืจ_ืกืืคืจ] | [TOKENS: 3515] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ (ื ืืื ื-1 ืืืืืืกื 1974, ื"ื ืืื ื'ืชืฉื"ื) ืืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช. ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืโืชืงืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืกืืคืจ ื ืืื ืืืืฉื ืขืืื, ืืจืื ืืืืึพืฆืืื ืกืืคืจ. ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืจื, ืืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืืช ืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ื ืืจื ืืชืืื ืช ืืจืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืคืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืฉืืื "ืื ืืื" ืืืจื ืื ืืืจื. ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืคืจ ืกืื, ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืฉืืช ื ืขื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืืจืื. ืขื ืืืืกื ืืฆื"ื ืืื ืกืืคืจ ืงืืจืก ืืืก, ืื ื ืฉืจ ืืื ื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืฆื ืื ืื. ืืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ื ืื"ืจ. ืืฉื ืช 1996, ืืฉืืื ืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืืฅ ืคืฆืืขืื ืืงืืจ ืืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื. ืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืคืฆืข ืงืฉื, ืืืขืงืืืชืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืคืจืขืช ืืืง ืคืืกื-ืืจืืืืืืช ืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืฆื"ื. ืขื ืคืืขืื ืืืืืฅ ืืื ืฉืืคืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืื ืืฆื"ืฉ ืืืืฃ. ืืกืคืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืืืจืืข ืืงืืจ ืืืกืฃ, ืืืจ ืืฉืืจืืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืืืฉื ืืื ืืคืงื ืคืืืื ืืกืื ืืคืงื ืืืื 202. ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืืคืงื ืืืื ืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืขื ืืืื ืชืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืจืช ืฉืืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืฉ ืืฉืืจืืช ืงืืข ืืืจืืช ืจืึพืกืจื. ืขื ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืคืจืืืงืืื ืืืฉืจื ืื ืื ืืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2014 ืืืืืฃ ืืช ื ืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืื"ื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืโืชืงืืื ืืืืืืง ืืชืคืงืื ืขื 2018, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืืชืืืื ืขื ืืงืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืชืงืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ื. ืืืคืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืกืืคืจ, ืฉืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืจืืืขื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืืืืืช, ื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืึพ22 ืื-23 ืจืฆื ืืืคืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืื ื, ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืงืื ืฆืื ืฉื ืืื. ืืื ืกืช ื-23 ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืขื ืืืืื, ืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืงืืืืช ืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืขืืช ืืืฉื ื ืฉื ืืขืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืจืืืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืงืจื ืืื ืคืืขื ืืคืืกื ืืจืืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข ืฉืืจืืื ืกืืคืจ ืืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ื-28 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืฉืืื ืจืฅ ืืืืคื ืคืืจืืื ืืืคืืืช ืืืืฃ "ืขืชืื ืืื โ ืขืชืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื". ืฉืจืืื ืื ืืืฆืข ืืขืงืืืช ืกืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืงืืข ืื ืืชืืืจื ืืจืืฆืช ืืคืืืช ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืืจืฉืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืืื ื ืฆืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืื ื 2021 ืืืจ ืจืฉืืืช ืืกืืขืช "ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช". ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืคืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช, ืืืืืข ืืืงืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืืชืืืืืื ืืจืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืขื ืืคืืืช ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช, ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช. ืืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืฉืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืื ืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืฉื ืฆืืฆืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืจืืงืจืืื ืืชืืืื ืงืืืช ืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืขืช ืขืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืกืืคืจ ื ืฉืื ืืขืืื ื, ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืื-ืืืจืื. ืืื ืื ืืฉืืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืืฉื ืืคืืืช ืฉืืืืื. ืืืื ืขืืืช ืกืืคืจ ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืจ. ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืจื ืฉืื. ืื ื ืืื ืงืฆืื ืืกืืืจืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืจืช ืืืฃ ื ืคืฆืข ืืืกืืจืชื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakurawa] | [TOKENS: 1095] |
Contents Lakurawa Lakurawa[a] is an armed group affiliated with the Islamic State Sahel Province operating in Mali, Niger, and the Nigerian states of Kebbi and Sokoto. Their activities are concentrated in five local government areas (LGAs) of Sokoto, namely: Tangaza, Gudu, Illela, Binji, and Silame. Initially founded as a self-defence group to fight criminals in the Nigerian bandit conflict, the group eventually became increasingly radical, oppressive, and opposed to regular state agencies. Lakurawa was described as a terrorist group in 2024. History Lakurawa reportedly first emerged in the Gongono Forest of Tangaza, in 2018. According to other sources, Lakurawa has existed since 2016 or 2017, and the Nigerian government was reportedly aware of its existence. The group initially presented itself as a self-defense force, set up to help communities in northern Nigeria to defend themselves from increasingly frequent bandit attacks. Feeling abandoned by the Nigerian security forces, many locals welcomed Lakurawa's rise at first, but the group became increasingly radical and oppressive over time. Concentrating on other targets, the Nigerian security forces also tolerated the militia during its first years. By 2017, Lakurawa had established a base near the Gudu and Tangaza LGAs, only about 60 miles from Sokoto city. Starting with fewer than 50 local youths, its ranks swelled to over 200, mainly young men aged 18 to 35, drawn in by stipends and radical teachings. Members emphasized purity, adopted heterodox and esoteric interpretations of Islam, and deliberately distanced themselves from mainstream society. They established Darul Islam camps in villages like Gwangwano, Mulawa, Wansaniya, and Tunigara, along the NigeriaโNiger border. After the militant group tried to embed itself in Sokoto, a joint Nigerian-Nigerien offensive had rooted them out. By 2023, Lakurawa had become a greater problem to many northern Nigerian communities than the bandits, as it raised taxes, attacked security forces, imposed Islamist laws, and killed civilians. In November 2024, the militia was officially called a terrorist group by Nigerian authorities; by this point, it had some presence in an area covering about 500 villages. In the same month, militants of the group attacked Mera village in the Augie LGA of Kebbi, where they killed 15โ25 people. In September 2024, UN reporting confirmed that Lakurawa, also referred to locally as Lukarawa, had re-emerged in northern Kebbi and northwest Sokoto, with suspected affiliations to the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS). The group had entered Nigeria from Mali in 2017, initially as a vigilante force. It was expelled by Nigerian forces in 2022, retreating into Niger, where it established a logistics hub near Birni-N'Konni and an operational base in Serma, Tahoua Region. The group's fighters, estimated at over 200, include members from Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. They are heavily armed with small arms, light weapons, explosives, surveillance drones, and satellite communications equipment. It has also sought to recruit criminal bandits in Zamfara State to bolster its strength and establish an Islamic state in northwestern Nigeria. On March 11, 2025, militants from the group attacked Birnin Dede and six villages near the border with Niger, Kebbi state police spokesman Nafiu Abubakar said, to avenge the killing of their commander by security forces in the area. On 1 July 2025, militants believed to be members of Lakurawa launched a raid on Kwallajiya, a village in Tangaza, Sokoto, Nigeria. Many villagers were preparing for afternoon prayers, with many victims working on their farms. On December 25, 2025, the United States conducted strikes on Sokoto State. U.S. president Donald Trump announced on social media that the strikes were targeted against "ISIS terrorist scum." A local official in the Tangaza area of Sokoto state claims that some Lakurawa camps were hit, but that the death toll was unclear. On 4th February 2026, militants of the Lakurawa group attacked the villages of Woro and Nuku in Kwara State killing 162 civilians. The attack happened after the villagers denied the groups demand to implement Sharia law. Leadership, beliefs, and organization Ameer Habib Tajje serves as the leader of Lakurawa. He made headlines by releasing a warning to the bandit leader Bello Turji, urging him to end his criminal activities. Lakurawa claims to protect against bandits, but imposes strict religious laws, and youths have been beaten for shaving their beards, having certain hairstyles, or listening to music. They enforce zakat payment, confiscating cattle from non-compliers. Similar to Boko Haram, they communicate in Azbinanci, Zabarmanci, Barbanci, and Hausa. Lakurawa recruits youths with โฆ1,000,000. The name Lakurawa comes from a Hausa adaptation of the French word les recrues, meaning 'the recruits'. References Notes |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_front_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022%E2%80%93present)] | [TOKENS: 14877] |
Contents Eastern front of the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022โpresent) Northern front Eastern front Southern front Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents Eastern front Southern front Ukrainian incursion Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents Ukraine's easternmost regions, Donetsk, Luhansk, and Kharkiv, have been the site of an ongoing theatre of operation since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.[according to whom?] The battle of Donbas was a major offensive in the eastern theatre that took place in mid-2022.[according to whom?] By the culmination of the offensive in July 2022, Russian forces and their separatist allies had captured the cities of Sievierodonetsk, Lysychansk, Rubizhne and Izium. However, in early September, Ukraine launched a major counteroffensive in the east, which recaptured the cities of Izium, Balakliia, Kupiansk, Sviatohirsk and the strategic city of Lyman. The counteroffensive stalled east of the Oskil river, and a campaign in eastern Kharkiv Oblast and western Luhansk Oblast has continued since, though Donetsk Oblast has remained the most active area of the frontline. In the winter of 2022โ2023, Russia focused on capturing the city of Bakhmut, largely destroying the city in one of the bloodiest battles of the war, and fully capturing it in May 2023. In June 2023, Ukraine launched another major counteroffensive across the entire frontline, capturing some Russian positions along Bakhmut's outskirts and in southwestern Donetsk Oblast, though not making the major gains in the Donbas which had been sought. By November 2023, this counteroffensive had largely stalled in the east and Russia began making new offensive operations to capture territory, gaining control of Avdiivka and Marinka in Donetsk Oblast by February 2024. Following the capture of Avdiivka, Russian forces advanced to form a salient northwest of it and captured the settlement of Ocheretyne in April 2024 and began contesting Krasnohorivka, southwest of Donetsk, and Chasiv Yar, west of Bakhmut, and launched an offensive towards the city of Toretsk in June 2024. In late July 2024, Russia increased offensive maneuvers in the direction of the strategically important city of Pokrovsk, advancing significantly towards the city in August 2024. Background Sporadic fighting had been taking place since 2014 between Ukrainian forces and Russian-backed separatists from the Donetsk People's Republic during the war in Donbas. Campaign On 24 February, after Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a "special military operation" in Ukraine, Russian forces crossed the Russia-Ukraine border and began advancing towards Kharkiv. Ukrainian soldiers were deployed to positions along key routes into the city, and residents began volunteering for military service within hours of the invasion. A Russian missile struck the Chuhuiv air base, which housed Bayraktar TB2 drones. According to open-source intelligence, the attack left damage to fuel storage areas and infrastructure. On 25 February, fierce fighting continued in the northern outskirts of Kharkiv, especially in the village of Tsyrkuny. On 26 February, the governor of Kharkiv Oblast, Oleh Syniehubov, stated that the city of Kharkiv was still under Ukrainian control, and announced a curfew for the city. In the early morning of 27 February, a gas pipeline in Kharkiv was destroyed by Russian forces. Russian light vehicles broke into the city, with half of them reportedly destroyed by Ukrainian forces in ensuing fighting. By the afternoon, Ukrainian officials stated that Kharkiv was still under Ukrainian control despite the overnight attack by Russian forces. Meanwhile, Hennadiy Matsegora, the mayor of Kupiansk, agreed to hand over control of the city to Russian forces who were threatening to storm it, and accused Ukrainian forces of abandoning it when the invasion began. He was later accused of treason by the Ukrainian Prosecutor General Iryna Venediktova. On 2 March, Russian paratroopers landed in Kharkiv during the early morning and started clashing with Ukrainian forces. Clashes also took place near a military hospital of the city as Russian paratroopers descended on it. Kharkiv Oblast's Police Chief Volodymyr Tymoshko later stated that the situation was under control. Russian forces entered the town of Balakliia the same day. On 4 March, Ukrainian forces launched a counterattack in Kharkiv Oblast, reportedly pushing the Russian forces towards the Sumy Oblast, and reaching part of the Russia-Ukraine border. By 7 March, Ukraine claimed to have retaken Chuhuiv near Kharkiv in a counter-attack overnight. During the day, Ukraine also claimed to have killed Russian Maj. Gen. Vitaly Gerasimov, while also killing and wounding other senior Russian Army officers during a battle near Kharkiv. On 8 March, Ukraine stated that it had repelled an attack by Russian forces on Izium. On the morning of 25 February, Russian forces, along with allied separatists, advanced from territory controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) towards Mariupol, encountering Ukrainian forces in Pavlopil. The Ukrainians were victorious, destroying at least 20 Russian tanks. In the evening, the Russian Navy began an amphibious assault 70 kilometers (43 miles) from Mariupol, along the coast of the Sea of Azov. Russian forces bombarded Mariupol throughout 26 February; the city's mayor Vadym Boychenko claimed that schools and apartment buildings had been struck. On the morning of 27 February, it was reported that a Russian tank column was quickly advancing towards Mariupol from DPR-held territory, but the attack was prevented by Ukrainian forces. Six Russian soldiers were captured. The same day, Donetsk Oblast governor Pavlo Kyrylenko said that Volnovakha was undergoing a humanitarian crisis, as Russian shelling had practically destroyed the entire city. On 1 March, Ukrainian forces began a counteroffensive toward Horlivka, which had been controlled by the DPR since 2014. On 2 March, separatist-held Donetsk had been under shelling for several days. Some neighborhoods had no electricity supply and there were burnt cars on the streets. Ukrainian official Oleksiy Arestovych stated that the Ukrainian forces went on the offensive for the first time during the war, advancing towards Horlivka. Ihor Zhdanov later claimed that "there were reports" that a part of the city had been captured by Ukrainian forces. According to Ukrainian reports, Ukraine's 95th Air Assault Brigade had begun attacking the city the previous day. Ukrainian authorities stated on 3 March that 34 civilians had been killed in Russian shelling in Mariupol in the previous 24 hours. On 5 March, a ceasefire was declared in Volnovakha to allow civilians to evacuate, but was later scuttled with Ukrainian officials blaming Russian shelling continuing during the evacuation process. They added that about 400 civilians were still able to leave the city. Russian President Vladimir Putin however blamed Ukrainian forces for the breakdown of the ceasefire agreement.[failed verification] On 6 March, both sides blamed each other for the failure of a second attempt to evacuate civilians from Mariupol. On 9 March, a building acting as a maternity ward and children's hospital in Mariupol was bombed by the Russian Air Force at around 17:00, killing five civilians and injuring 17. On 11 March, the Russian Defence Ministry stated that the forces of the DPR had captured Volnovakha. It also claimed that they had advanced 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) and had further tightened the siege of Mariupol. Videos later posted on social media showed Russian forces in many neighborhoods of Volnovakha. On 12 March, the Associated Press independently confirmed that Volnovakha had been captured by pro-Russian separatists and much of it had been destroyed in the fighting. Pavlo Kyrylenko, the governor of Donetsk Oblast, stated that while the settlements of Nikolske, Manhush and Urzuf had been occupied by Russian troops, they had yet to capture any key cities, with the exception of Volnovakha. In the northern Donetsk Oblast, the Sviatohirsk Lavra monastery was bombed around 22:00 on 12 March, wounding 30 people and damaging the monastery. The Russian Defence Ministry stated on 13 March that Russian forces had captured the settlements of Nikolske, Blahodatne, Volodymyrivka and Pavlivka in Donetsk Oblast, in an attempt to reach Velyka Novosilka. The Ukrainian military stated that Russian forces had captured the settlements of Staromlynivka, Yevhenivka, Pavlivka and Yehorivka during the day. On 14 March, Donetsk was hit by a missile attack. Denis Pushilin, the head of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that they had shot down a Ukrainian Tochka-U missile fired on the city of Donetsk, but parts of the missile fell into the city centre, killing multiple civilians. The Russian Defense Ministry stated that 23 civilians were killed and 28 more wounded. However, the Ukrainian military denied conducting the attack and stated that it was "unmistakably a Russian rocket or another munition", which was supported by an assessment of the Conflict Intelligence Team, an investigative journalism group. Ukrainian forces later said that Russian troops of the 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade and the 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade had tried to advance in the Donetsk Oblast at 17:00, but were repulsed with up to 100 soldiers killed and six of their vehicles being destroyed. On 20 March, Russian officials confirmed that Andrey Paliy, a deputy commander of the Black Sea Fleet, had been killed in Mariupol. On 24 February, the Ukrainian military said that Russian forces were attempting to cross the Siverskyi Donets River and penetrate the Ukrainian defensive line amid heavy clashes for Shchastia and Stanytsia Luhanska. By 27 February, Luhansk Oblast governor Serhiy Haidai acknowledged that February that both cities had come under Russian occupation, and had been practically destroyed by Russian shelling. On 25 February, the Ukrainian military claimed that its artillery had inflicted damage on a Russian column preparing to cross the Aidar River near Starobilsk, forcing the Russians to withdraw. On 2 March, forces of the Luhansk People's Republic and Russian troops captured Novoaidar, taking over a base of Ukraine's 79th Brigade. Further north, a Russian convoy of 60 vehicles entered Starobilsk through the fields near the villages of Shulhynka, Omelkove, and Khvorostianivka. Inside the city, the Russians were confronted by protesting locals waving Ukrainian flags and singing the Ukrainian national anthem. The column continued in the direction of Svatove. The next day, civilians carrying Ukrainian flags protested against Russian troops in Svatove. After talks with locals, the soldiers withdrew from the town. Also on 3 March, LPR officials announced that in addition to Novoaidar and Starobilsk, their forces had taken control of Stepnyi Yar [uk], Havrylivka [uk], Yepifanivka [uk] and Krasnorichenske, all located on the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk. The Russian ministry of defense claimed that LPR forces had reached the northern outskirts of Sievierodonetsk on the same date. Haidai stated on 6 March that fighting was taking place on the outskirts of Lysychansk, Sievierodonetsk and Rubizhne, as Ukrainian units had fallen back to a new front line in order to avoid encirclement or a Russian breakthrough. He added that Ukrainian forces had lost control of Svatove, Starobilsk and Novopskov, though Russian forces were not deployed in the cities in large numbers. He also said that Popasna and Hirske were being continuously shelled. On 8 March, Ukrainian officials stated that ten civilians had been killed and eight wounded in shelling on Severodonetsk during the day. Haidai, meanwhile, stated that Russian forces had occupied 70 percent of Luhansk Oblast. On 12 March, Ukrainian forces confirmed the death of Colonel Valery Hudz, the commander of the Ukrainian 24th Mechanized Brigade, while fighting on the Luhansk frontline. Ukrainian officials accused Russia of using white phosphorus munitions on the town of Popasna, located in the Luhansk Oblast, during the night of 12โ13 March. On 15 March, Haidai stated that four civilians were killed due to Russian shelling of a hospital, a care facility for children with visual impairments, and three schools in Rubizhne. On 22 March, the head of the LPR, Leonid Pasechnik, claimed that "almost 80% of the territory" of the Luhansk region was under separatist control, with Popasna, Lysychansk, Rubizhne, Severodonetsk and Kreminna remaining Ukrainian-held. He noted that the situation in the battlefield was "stably tense" and that units of the People's Militia of the LPR were striving to capture Popasna and Rubizhne. On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry stated that it was prepared to begin a second phase of military operations with the aim of occupying major Ukrainian cities in eastern Ukraine. According to the ministry, Russian-backed separatists were in control of 93% of Luhansk Oblast and 54% of Donetsk Oblast. After Russia abandoned its offensive to capture Kyiv, it shifted its attention to eastern and southern Ukraine. The Russian military began redeploying units from northern Ukraine to the east, but many of these troops appeared to be nearly combat-ineffective due to heavy losses. However, Russia still amassed tens of thousands of troops, declaring its aim to fully capture the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts. It managed to secure Izium on 1 April, although heavy fighting continued around the settlement over the next few days. According to local authorities 80% of Izium's residential buildings were destroyed in the battle. On 3 April, according to the Ukrainian government, two Russian soldiers died and 28 others were hospitalized after Ukrainian civilians handed out poisoned cakes to soldiers of the Russian 3rd Motor Rifle Division in Izium. Russia and the pro-Russian separatists continued to besiege Mariupol, where they made little progress. However, Russian troops managed to divide the Ukrainian holdouts in Mariupol into two or three pockets on 10 April. At the same time, Russia made concentrated efforts to conquer the strategically important cities of Sievierodonetsk, Popasna, and Rubizhne. It launched repeated attacks on these locations from 10 April. Russia made little progress in these attacks, and Ukraine claimed that it had inflicted a heavy defeat on the Russian 60th Independent Motorized Infantry Brigade [ru; uk] on 11 April. In nearby Kreminna, Ukraine's 128th Brigade claimed to have pushed Russian forces 6-10 kilometers away from the city. To support the operations aimed at Sievierodonetsk, Popasna, and Rubizhne, Russia made a push south of Izium toward Barvinkove and Sloviansk. Ukraine responded by shifting more units to hold off the Russians at Izium. At the same time, Russia attacked around Kharkiv to pin down local Ukrainian forces. Russia had made only limited gains at Izium by 12 April, but more Russian forces continued to arrive, to reinforce the offensive. On 13 April, it was reported that Russia was attempting to assemble a force large enough to outnumber the Ukrainian soldiers in eastern Ukraine by five times, in an attempt to finally win a decisive victory in the Donbas. On 16 April, Russia warned the remaining defenders of Mariupol to surrender; the Ukrainians ignored the demand. On 18 April, Ukraine launched counter-attacks, and retook several small towns and villages near Kharkiv and Izium. Also on 18 April, Zelenskyy announced that the "battle for Donbas" had begun, as Russian forces launched an offensive across a 300-mile front. According to Russian officials, 1,260 military targets were hit by rockets and artillery. The initial Russian bombardment focused on Rubizhne, Popasna, and Marinka. On the same day, it was reported that Russian and LNR troops had entered the city of Kreminna, capturing it after a few hours of clashes with the Ukrainian Army. LNR commander Mikhail Kishchik was killed in this battle. Over the next days, Russia gained little territory despite attacks all across the frontline. Facing heavy Ukrainian resistance, the Russian and separatist forces were able to advance into parts of Rubizhne, Popasna, and Sievierodonetsk. Some reports also suggested that fighting in Kreminna was still ongoing. On 21 April, the Russians claimed to have killed over 4,000 Ukrainian troops in Mariupol, and to have captured a further 1,478. By 23 April, Ukrainian counter-attacks had reportedly further stalled the Russian advance. In the following days, Russia continued its attempts to break through the Ukrainian defenses, possibly in an aim to encircle the Izium-Donetsk City salient. Fighting was concentrated at Sievierodonetsk, Rubizhne, Popasna, Marinka, Kharkiv, and Izium. Russia, the LPR, and the DPR made limited gains, capturing a number of villages and the towns of Popivka, Pischane, Zhytlivka, and Kreminna. However, their overall advance was slow, and stalled in most areas of the frontline. Ukraine also mounted a growing number of counter-attacks at Izium and Kharkiv, gradually expelling Russian forces from a number of settlements. On 30 April, Ukraine launched a large-scale counter-offensive at Kharkiv, retaking the city's suburbs and several more towns over the following days. By 4 May, Russian forces had been pushed back to such a distance that most of their artillery could no longer strike Kharkiv. Meanwhile, Russian and DPR/LPR separatist forces continued to attempt to break through Ukrainian defenses at Izium and the Donetsk-Luhansk frontline. On 6 May, the ISW described a Ukrainian counteroffensive "along a broad arc" near Kharkiv, reporting that Ukraine had recaptured "several villages," including Tsyrkuny, Peremoha and part of Cherkaski Tyshky. The ISW also reported that Ukraine "may successfully push Russian forces out of artillery range in Kharkiv in the coming days." On 7 May, Russian forces destroyed several bridges in an attempt to slow down the Ukrainian counter-offensive at Kharkiv. On the same day, Russia and separatist troops also captured Popasna. Following the capture of Popasna, Russia began attempting to encircle Sievierodonetsk. On 7 May, it was reported that Ukrainian forces had successfully pushed back Russian forces stationed around Kharkiv, with the city getting further out of range for Russian forces. The same day, Ukrainian forces also reported retaking five villages northeast of Kharkiv. Quoting a Ukrainian official, The New York Times said that the battle for Kharkiv was not over, but that at the moment, Ukraine was dominating, and that Russian troops were destroying bridges as they were retreating. On 11 May, Ukrainian forces claimed to have recaptured four settlements. The counteroffensive had the potential to bring Ukrainian forces within several kilometers of the Russian border. On 10 May, Ukraine made further gains on the Kharkiv front, forcing Russia to redeploy forces from the Izium front to the north. In addition, Ukrainian artillery destroyed an entire Russian battalion tactical group attempting a river crossing in the battle of the Siverskyi Donets. Meanwhile, Russia and the DPR attempted to cement their occupation in eastern Ukraine through political and economic means, likely in an attempt to integrate these areas into the existing separatist republics or establish new ones. On the other side, Ukrainian civilians began organizing resistance movements. As Ukrainian forces retook territory around Kharkiv, local civilian collaborators fled to Russia. On 12 May, Russian forces seized Rubizhne and the nearby town of Voevodivka. Heavy fighting subsequently took place at the village of Dovhenke south of Izium. On 13 May, it was reported that Russia had decided to withdraw its forces from Kharkiv Oblast. On 14 May, the ISW reported that "Ukraine thus appears to have won the battle of Kharkiv." The Mayor of Kharkiv said to the BBC: "There was no shelling in the city for the last five days. There was only one attempt from Russians to hit the city with a missile rocket near Kharkiv airport, but the missile was eliminated by Ukrainian Air Defence." Russia continued its attempts to encircle Sievierodonetsk and began to focus on cutting the highway at Bakhmut. By 14 May, the Ukrainians claimed to have killed over 6,000 Russian soldiers in Mariupol. They also claimed to have destroyed 78 tanks and 100 other armored vehicles. On 15 May, Ukrainian forces reached the border near Kharkiv, while continuing to push back Russian and LPR units. On the following day, the siege of Mariupol was formally concluded as the Ukrainian military personnel in the city's Azovstal agreed to gradually evacuate and surrender to the Russian forces. Four days later, the Russians announced that they had taken an additional 2,439 Ukrainians prisoners in Mariupol, bringing the total number captured during the siege to 3,917. In addition, it was reported that unrest โ including public protests โ was growing among pro-Russian collaborators and separatists in eastern Ukraine, as they accused Russian forces of corruption, incompetence, and forced mobilizations. Over the following days, Russia made little to no progress at the Izium frontline, but captured some territory around Popasna and Sievierodonetsk, increasingly threatening Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk with encirclement. Russia also intensified air and artillery strikes targeting Ukrainian positions around Izium, possibly to prepare for renewed attacks. At the northern front,[where?] Russia and separatist forces retook a few villages and fortified their positions to stall the Ukrainian counter-offensive. After the Ukrainian counteroffensive, Russian forces were driven back to defensive positions, some of which were within miles of the Russia-Ukraine international border. Despite this, they continued to shell various Kharkiv suburbs, as well as the city proper, killing numerous civilians and wounding dozens more. Skirmishes along the RussiaโUkraine border in the area of northeastern Ukraine continued between Russian and Ukrainian forces beyond 14 May. On 20 May, Russian forces again shelled several villages in the Kharkiv district, including the city of Kharkiv itself, using BM-21 Grad, BM-27 Uragan and BM-30 Smerch multiple rocket launchers. On 21 May, the Ukrainian police confirmed the recovery of the bodies of six military officials, including a Russian colonel, in the settlement of Zolochiv. On 22 May, the Russian forces made minimal progress in eastern Ukraine. New reports confirmed that Russian troops had occupied Rubizhne in the northern Kharkiv Oblast on 19 May. In northern Kharkiv, Russian forces brought in reinforcements to maintain their positions on the west bank of the Seversky Donets River, instead of retreating across the river to use it as a defensive position, to prevent further Ukrainian advances north or east that could jeopardize Russian communication lines along the Izium axis. On 24 May, Russian forces attempted to retake Ternova in northern Kharkiv Oblast. On 23 May, Russian forces took control of Lyman and attacked Avdiivka. On 24 May, Russian forces attacked from Popasna with the aim of cutting off Bakhmut, Lysychansk and Sievierodonetsk, gaining some ground. Ukrainian forces made a controlled withdrawal southwest of Popasna to strengthen their defensive position at Bakhmut. Russia subsequently captured Svitlodarsk. Around this time, Ukrainian defence adviser Yuriy Sak publicly demanded more multiple launch rocket systems to reinforce Ukrainian artillery capabilities. On 31 May, the United States announced a military aid package that included precision rocket systems with a range of 80 km. After a fierce month-long battle that ruined much of the city, Russian and LPR forces captured Sievierodonetsk along the Siverskyi Donets river on 25 June. On the same day, the battle of Lysychansk began, which also saw a Russian victory on 2 July. The following day Russian and LPR forces declared full control of the entire Luhansk region. On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the capture of the Luhansk oblast, that Russian invasion troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut. The Russian military declared an "operational pause" to rest and replenish front line forces in Luhansk. On 9 July, a Russian rocket attack on two residential buildings in Chasiv Yar killed at least 48 people. On 25โ26 July, after Russia's operational pause concluded, Russian sources reported that the towns of Berestove, Novoluhanske, and the nearby Vuhlehirska Power Station had been captured. The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) suggested Ukrainian defenders likely conducted a deliberate withdrawal from the area. On 13 August, the Russian defence ministry said its forces had captured the village of Udy, northwest of Kharkiv. The Deputy Chief of the Main Operational Directorate of Ukraine's General Staff, Oleksiy Hromov, alleged on 1 September that Russian president Vladimir Putin had ordered Russian forces to capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast by 15 September via a renewed offensive. Hromov further alleged that Russia was going to rotate its recently established 3rd Army Corps to the Donetsk front. A senior U.S. defense official dismissed the purported deployment of the "older, unfit, and ill-trained" 3rd Army Corps personnel as being unable to increase Russia's overall combat power in Ukraine. On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces began a surprise counter-offensive on the Kharkiv front that resulted in Russian forces retreating over 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi) east. On 4 September, Zelenskyy announced the liberation of a village in Donetsk Oblast. Ukrainian authorities released a video of their forces entering Ozerne. On 8 September, Ukrainian forces recaptured more than 20 settlements in Kharkiv Oblast, including the towns of Balakliia and Shevchenkove and 'penetrated Russian defense positions up to 50 km' according to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. On the same day, a representative of the Russian occupation authorities announced that the 'defense of Kupiansk had begun' and that additional Russian forces were on their way to support the effort, suggesting that Ukrainian elements were close to the town. On 9 September, Ukrainian forces reached the outskirts of Kupiansk and destroyed the main bridge over the Oskil river in the city center, limiting the ability of the Russian Army to retreat or to bring in reinforcements. In the morning of 10 September, Ukrainian soldiers posted pictures of the Ukrainian flag being raised in front of the town hall. Also on 10 September, Izium, a central command post of the Russians in the region, fell to Ukrainian forces, "with thousands of Russian soldiers abandoning ammunition stockpiles and equipment as they fled." On 11 September, it was reported that the Ukrainians had retaken Velykyi Burluk in Kharkiv Oblast, just 15 miles (24 km) from the border with Russia. Russia responded with missile strikes on civilian areas and on non-military infrastructure facilities like power stations. The Russian Ministry of Defense then formally announced Russian forces' withdrawal from the majority of Kharkiv Oblast on 11 September, with Russia only controlling parts of the region on the east bank of the Oskil River. By October 2022, Ukrainian forces had retaken several villages and towns in northern Luhansk and northern Donetsk, including Yatskivka, Novoliubivka [uk], Nevske [uk], Hrekivka, Novoiehorivka [uk], Nadiya, Andriivka, and Stelmakhivka, among others. On 1 October, Ukrainian forces entered Lyman after a short siege. Russian forces had fallen back to the P-66 highway near the Kharkiv-Luhansk Oblast border, anchored by the settlements of Svatove and Kreminna, the first city to be taken during the battle of Donbas. On 2โ3 October, Ukrainian forces began attacking towards Kreminna and Svatove in an attempt to break the Russian front line along the P-66 in northern Luhansk.[citation needed] Russian forces launched a renewed offensive in southern and northern Donetsk Oblast in early November, with Russian troops intensifying their attempts to break through Ukrainian defensive lines in Bakhmut, Soledar, Pavlivka, and Vuhledar. On 11 November, DPR forces were reported to have entered Pavlivka. Russian forces, including Wagner Group PMC fighters, overran defensive lines south of Bakhmut in late November, claiming to have captured the settlements of Kurdiumivka, Ozarianivka, Zelenopillia, and Andriivka by 30 November, while clashes in Opytne continued. By December 2022, the Donbas was the site of the fiercest fighting in Ukraine. Russian and Ukrainian forces funneled reinforcements from other fronts to the BakhmutโSoledar axis while Ukraine's eastern counteroffensive largely stalled along the LymanโKreminnaโSvatove axis. Russia spent much of the month consolidating defense lines along the KreminnaโSvatove front, seeking to prevent a Ukrainian breakthrough to the P-66 highway; the Ukrainians, including the 92nd Mechanized Brigade, attempted intermittent local counterattacks across the line of contact while repelling many local Russian assaults. The KreminnaโSvatove line became a defensive flashpoint for Russia, which reportedly reinforced the area with two battalions of T-90 tanks and a few BMPT armored fighting vehicles, and reportedly mobilized elements of the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division and 8th Combined Arms Army. Both the Russians and Ukrainians claimed to be conducting offensive operations along this front line and repelling local enemy assaults; on 10 December, the Russian defense ministry said it was making new advances east of Lyman while the Institute for the Study of War assessed that Ukraine "likely" controlled the contested front line settlement of Chervonopopivka as of 22 December. Meanwhile, multiple Russian sources reported that Wagner fighters had captured and were clearing Yakovlivka, located along Soledar's northeastern flank, by 7 December. The Russians also claimed to have shot down a Ukrainian Mi-8 helicopter in Yakovlivka on 8 December. Ukraine was reportedly rotating in fresh units in the Donbas by midโDecember, particularly from the Kherson front. The 57th Motorized Brigade, 36th Marine Brigade, and the 46th Airmobile Brigade reinforced the Bakhmut front alongside the 24th Mechanized Brigade, relieving the 93rd, which had defended Bakhmut and Soledar for months. The 28th Brigade reportedly rotated to Kostiantynivka and the 18th Marine Infantry Battalion, 35th Marine Brigade reinforced Nevelske and Pervomaiske.[better source needed] Heavy clashes along the BakhmutโSoledar axis continued by 10 December, typified by grueling trench warfare, drone warfare, artillery duels, and minor ground assaults amid freezing temperatures. Zelenskyy accused Russia of having "destroyed" Bakhmut, saying there was "no residential space that hasn't been damaged by shelling for a long time." On 10 December, the Ukrainian General Staff said more than 20 settlements were bombarded in fighting in the Bakhmut area alone. Ukrainian paratroopers of the 71st Separate Huntsman Brigade reported repelling a Russian "sabotage and reconnaissance group" with mortar fire near Bakhmut, "eliminating" at least two attackers. On 16 December, Wagner PMC forces reportedly finished clearing Yakovlivka, further threatening Soledar's northeastern flank. In southern and western Donetsk Oblast, the battle of Marinka continued, with DPR president Denis Pushilin claiming on 15 December that 80 percent of the city had been captured amid ongoing heavy urban combat. Russia also continued demolition and reconstruction projects in Mariupol, reportedly seeking to turn the ruined city into a garrison city. Observers accused Russia of using the rebuilding efforts to cover up and destroy evidence of war crimes in Mariupol, particularly the March 2022 Mariupol theatre airstrike. Russian regular, separatist, and Wagner PMC forces continued attempts to break defense lines on Bakhmut's southern and eastern flanks via small probing attacks; Wagner fighters spearheaded ground assaults into the city and its satellite suburbs, each of which Ukraine had turned into a stronghold. Media, government officials, and eyewitnesses described the fighting in Bakhmut as a "meat grinder" as both Ukrainian and Russian troops reportedly suffered heavy casualties daily with negligible changes on the front line. The ISW assessed that the pace of Russia's Donbas advances in November and December was roughly equivalent to the pace in October. According to the ISW, Russian forces gained a total of 192 sq km in the Bakhmut sector between 1 October and 20 December. Footage posted online by a Russian journalist confirmed Russian forces had captured Andriivka, 10 km south of Bakhmut, by 22 December. The journalist claimed that Wagner fighters were fighting near Klishchiivka, where Ukraine reportedly had established strong defensive positions. Meanwhile, Ukraine continued to hold the northern half of Opytne and the western half of Marinka. On 26 December, Zelenskyy referred to Ukraine's situation in the Donbas as "difficult," saying the Russians were "using all the resources available to them ... to squeeze out at least some advance." Ukraine's Eastern Military Command reported that the Bakhmut area was shelled 225 times on 26 December alone. Russian forces intensified their encirclement attempts of Bakhmut in the winter, as Wagner broke through Ukrainian defense lines in the salt-mining town of Soledar on 27 December, capturing Bakhmutske. Soledar itself was taken by 16 January 2023, degrading Bakhmut's northeastern defensive flanks. The recapture of Soledar allowed Russian forces, spearheaded by Wagner fighters, to further flank Bakhmut from the northeastern direction and assert control over a portion of the T0513 highway towards Siversk. Defences along Bakhmut's northern flank collapsed as the Ukrainians withdrew from Krasna Hora on 11 February. Wagner advanced 2-3 kilometers to the west of Blahodatne, capturing the area near the main M-03 highway leading into Bakhmut. Both the UK Defence Ministry and Ukraine's governor of Donetsk Pavlo Kyrylenko said the Russians were attempting a pincer movement of Bakhmut, enveloping the city from multiple directions and establishing fire control over most Ukrainian supply routes into it. In mid-January, a battle took place in Vodiane. On 15 January, around 9-10 in the morning, elements of the DPR's 1st Slovyanska Separate Mechanized Brigade attacked eastern Vodiane from a frozen-over flooded area west of Opytne. These elements were not supported by artillery. At 12pm, a convoy of eight to nine Russian BMP-2s heading towards Ukrainian-controlled west Vodiane was hit by Ukrainian fire, injuring 70% of the soldiers involved, according to the Russian commander of the attack. Two T-72Bs then approached the town, but were destroyed. A third and final attack took place in the afternoon, when some BMPs attempted to drive close to the bridge between Vodiane and Opytne (which had been destroyed during the fighting), but were also destroyed by artillery. There were also attacks on Sieverne, west of Avdiivka. On 10 February 2023, Russian fighters in Vodiane claimed that there is "not a single living creature in the town" from the destruction. A group of Russian soldiers from the "Storm" detachment from Kaliningrad released a video in March 2023, claiming they were suffering large losses while fighting in Vodiane. By 22 February, Russian units had crossed the M-03 and began assaulting Yahidne and Berkhivka, northwest of Bakhmut, with the Ukrainians claiming to have repelled the assaults amid heavy fighting. Wagner claimed to have captured both villages by 26 February, however Ukraine's general staff said Russian assaults remained "unsuccessful" amid heavy shelling. Geolocated footage on 4 March showed Russian troops were advancing along both banks of the Berkhivka reservoir located about 4 kilometers northwest of Bakhmut, on the approaches to Khromove and Dubovo-Vasylivka villages, respectively. On 7 March, Ukraine ceded eastern Bakhmut to Russian forces, retreating west of the Bakhmutka river. Wagner claimed to have advanced along the M-03 and expanded the buffer zone north and west of Bakhmut, capturing the villages of Dubovo-Vasylivka and Zaliznianske by 16 March, however Ukrainian defenders stalled the advance along this axis by 19 March, repelling assaults on Orikhovo-Vasylivka, Bohdanivka, and Khromove villages. In early March 2023, Zelenskyy referred to the ongoing fighting in the Donbas as "painful and difficult". Clashes around Avdiivka escalated in February and March, as the Ukrainians claimed Russian forces had begun an attempted encirclement effort of the city. Russian forces increased the amount of airstrikes in the area as ground units advanced towards Avdiivka's outskirts from the north and northeast, capturing Krasnohorivka (9 km north of Avdiivka) and Vesele (7 km north of Avdiivka) by 21 March. Further to the south, the grinding battle for Marinka had reduced the city to "post-apocalyptic" ruins as Russian ground units made minimal gains amid fierce urban combat with Ukrainian defenders. DPR leader Denis Pushilin claimed Ukraine was continuously transferring reserves to Marinka. Fighting inside Bakhmut continued into April and May 2023. Russian forces controlled 95 percent of the city by 18 May, having corralled Ukrainian defenders into a southwestern neighborhood of multi-story residential buildings the Russians referred to as the "nest", where Ukraine had purportedly concentrated a large number of defending units. As Wagner fighters made gradual gains inside Bakhmut, Ukraine launched counterattacks on the southern and northwestern flanks of the city beginning around 10 May, resulting in Russian units abandoning positions near the Berkhivka reservoir and south of Ivanivske, on the approach to Klishchiivka. Ukraine's 3rd Assault Brigade reportedly partook in the recapture of 2 km of territory, in what Ukrainian commander Oleksandr Syrskyi called "the first successful offensive operation in the city's defense". Despite the Ukrainian counterattacks threatening their flanks, Wagner continued to advance inside the city and claimed to have fully captured it on 20 May, adding that they planned to withdraw from the front line and be replaced by regular Russian troops after finishing clearing operations. Ukraine, however, denied that Bakhmut had fallen and claimed their forces were in the process of partially "encircling" the city via their multiple "localized" gains on the environs. By 21 May, Wagner forces had consolidated control over Bakhmut proper and halted their advance, with Ukrainian forces still operating in neighboring localities west and south of the city. The ISW assessed that Ukrainian forces had withdrawn from the city itself but were still counterattacking on the outskirts. In early June 2023, Ukraine launched a large counteroffensive across the frontlines, including on the flanks of Bakhmut. These attacks focused around areas such as Andriivka, Klishchiivka, and Berkhivka, where Ukrainian forces made "marginal" gains. Ukraine's progress was notably hindered by dense Russian minefields, with the Russians reportedly using rocket systems to deploy mines in areas that Ukrainian troops had previously recaptured and cleared. By July 2023, Russian forces were largely maintaining a defensive posture along the vast majority of the frontline, with the Luhansk front being one of the few places where they reportedly remained on the offensive. Meanwhile, internal tensions between the Russian defence ministry and the Wagner Group boiled over when the latter launched a one-day rebellion against the Russian government on 23 June, which was concluded with mediation by Belarus. Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin later announced on 19 July that the PMC would no longer fight in Ukraine. Russia reportedly increased its oversight over Wagner forces after Prigozhin and two other Wagner commanders died in a plane crash on 23 August. Russian war blog Rybar reported Wagner fighters would return to the Bakhmut axis to help recapture lost positions. On 27 September, the Ukrainian military stated that "a maximum of several hundred" Wagner fighters had returned to Ukraine but dismissed their impact on the battlefield as negligible, describing them as a "remnant" force no longer fighting as a single unitโbeing instead dispersed throughout regular Russian units. Later, on 27 November, a Ukrainian Ground Forces spokesman said that "former Wagner Group members" were spotted fighting on the Lyman-Kupiansk front alongside Storm-Z units. By October 2023, Ukraine was waging an "active defense" on the Bakhmut axis after recapturing Andriivka and Klishchiivka, holding the line while conducting offensive operations to improve tactical positions when possible. However, Ukrainian assaults began slowly culminating on this front by the end of the month. The ISW reported on 27 October that Russian forces were conducting successful counterattacks on Bakhmut's flanks, recapturing positions south of the Berkhivka reservoir that they lost months prior, along with making marginal gains west of Kurdyumivka, located 13 km southwest of Bakhmut. In turn, Ukrainian troops reportedly pushed the Russians out of several positions east of the Bakhmut-Horlivka railway line in the area of Andriivka. In early October 2023, as Ukraine's larger counteroffensive nominally continued on other fronts, Russian forces began a localized offensive against Avdiivka, attempting to encircle the fortified city. On 30 October 2023, Ukrainian general Oleksandr Syrskyi stated Russian forces were transferring reserves and "significantly" strengthening its grouping on the Bakhmut front in preparation of a renewed offensive to recapture lost positions along Bakhmut's flanks. Ukrainian military spokesperson Volodymyr Fityo, citing intelligence reports, stated the Russians were preparing since early October 2023 and that Ukrainian troops had been strengthening "defensive positions, engineering fortifications and pulling up reserves" in response. Russian sources, including the Russian defence ministry, said that elements of the 331st Guards Airborne Regiment, 98th and 106th Guards Airborne Division, 200th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, "Viking" spetsnaz detachment, and the "Alexander Nevsky" Assault Brigade, were among the personnel operating on the Bakhmut front around this time. In early November, positional battles south of Bakhmut continued along the Klishchiivka-Andriivka-Kurdiumivka railway line, while Russian sources claimed increased offensive operations on the Berkhivka Reservoir axis further northwest of Bakhmut. On 6 November, Ukrainian and Russian sources reported that Russian troops had made a "marginal" advance south of the Berkhivka Reservoir, though it was unclear at the time if they recaptured the entire reservoir or just the southern shore. On 10 November, Russian sources reported Russian troops had regained lost positions in forestry north of Klishchiivka and a tree line north of Andriivka, pushing Ukrainian forces away from the railway line and the T0513 highway, however Ukrainian mines, drones, and artillery were complicating the advance. In turn, the Ukrainian General Staff reported repelling assaults near Bohdanivka, Ivanivske, Klishchiivka, and Andriivka. In mid-November, General Syrskyi confirmed Russian forces had intensified their assaults north and south of Bakhmut in an attempt to regain the initiative and retake lost positions. On 13โ14 November, Russian troopsโincluding elements of the 98th Guards Airborne Division's "Storm" Divisionโadvanced west of Yahidne, advancing along a tree line southwest of Orikhovo-Vasylivka towards Bohdanivka and securing new positions near the Berkhivka Reservoir in the process. Russian troops reportedly crossed the railway north of Klishchiivka and were consolidating positions, though Ukraine's 93rd Mechanized Brigade claimed artillery had pushed them back across the railway. Yuri Fedorenko, the commander of the drone specialist "Achilles" Company, confirmed the situation in the Bakhmut direction was becoming complicated, crediting Russian troops' constantly shifting tactics and heavy usage of battlefield drones. Meanwhile, the Ukrainian General Staff reported repelling numerous assaults north and south of Bakhmut in its daily reports, including towards Bohdanivka, Ivanivske, Andriivka, Klishchiivka, and west of Dubovo-Vasylivka. On 16 November, Maksym Zhorin, the deputy commander of the 3rd Assault Brigade, accused Russian troops of deploying chemical weapons during clashes near Bakhmut. By 19 November, the Russians were continuing assaults towards Khromove village, Bohdanivka, and against Klishchiivka, where the Ukrainians continued to hold the tactical heights west of the village. On 29 November, Russia said its forces had taken control of Khromove. By November 2023, both the Russians and Ukrainians were reportedly using cluster munitions on the eastern front, with the Russian cluster munitions being air-launched and Ukrainian cluster munitions, supplied by the United States, being fired via artillery. Around 20 November, video emerged online of Russian forces reportedly targeting Ukrainian positions near Staromaiorske with RBK-500 cluster munitions fitted with UMPK glide bomb guidance kits. According to The War Zone online magazine, the UMPK-fitted RBK-500s are considered highly effective against personnel and soft targets, making them a logical weapon of choice for Russia in eastern Ukraine, where fighting is dominated by trench warfare amid treelines and open terrain. According to a Ukrainian platoon commander on the Bakhmut front, their cluster munitions were becoming increasingly ineffective as the Russians adapted; Russian troops began assaulting positions in smaller units and were digging their trenches deeper and making them harder to strike. Between 8 and 9 December, on the Bakhmut-Soledar front, Russian troops reportedly advanced 1.5 kilometers and 3.5 kilometers total in an apparent attempt to encircle Vesele, located 20 kilometers northeast of Bakhmut. Over a month later, on 18 January 2024, the Russian defence ministry claimed Russian troops had captured Vesele. Though located near Soledar, it marked the first settlement captured on the southern approach to the Siversk-Bilohorivka axis, a section of the eastern front that remained mostly stagnant throughout 2023. The Russian claims of advances were not independently verified at the time. Russian forces captured Marinka on 25 December. According to The New York Times, the capture of the ruined city was further evidence that Russian forces had seized the initiative in the war after Ukraine's largely unsuccessful summer counteroffensive. The stalled Ukrainian offensive and renewed Russian assaults resulted in Russian forces ultimately seizing more territory in 2023 than they lost. The Russian offensive on the Bakhmut front continued into January 2024, slowly pushing west towards Chasiv Yar, with ongoing clashes in and near Bohdanivka, and along the Ivanivske-Andriivka-Klishchiivka axis. General Oleksandr Syrskyi said Russian forces were using kamikaze drones and electronic warfare alongside assault groups supported by artillery to break through Ukrainian defenses on the Bakhmut front. On 20 January 2024, Ukrainian spokesperson Colonel Oleksandr Shtupun stated that Russia was focusing its assault operations in Donetsk on Avdiivka and Novomykhailivka, adding that Russian ground assaults were mostly composed of infantry, with very limited armored vehicle support. Russian forces had conducted 592 artillery strikes and launched three missile strikes on the Donetsk front in the past 24 hours, according to Shtupun. In late Januaryโearly February 2024, Russian forces broke through Ukrainian defences in Avdiivka and began flanking and encircling troops of the embattled 110th Mechanized Brigade, prompting a Ukrainian retreat and resulting in Russian forces capturing the fortified city after months of deadly fighting. The Russians continued to advance west of Avdiivka, reportedly capturing Lastochkyne, Stepove and Sieverne by 27 February. Syrskyi said that the 3rd Assault and 25th Airborne Brigades had pushed Russian troops back from Orlivka on 29 February. Clashes also continued for Novomykhailivka, with Russia claiming to have captured Pobieda on 22 February, further threatening Novomykhailivka's northern flank and expanding the buffer zone south of Marinka. In FebruaryโMarch 2024, Russian forces continued offensive operations on the Bohdanivka-Chasiv Yar direction, namely along the O0506 highway, north and northeast of Ivanivske, and by attempting to bypass the heights north and northwest of Klishchiivka, according to Ukrainian military observer Kostyantyn Mashovets. On 21โ23 February, Russian sources claimed that Russian troops, including elements of the 98th Guards Airborne Division, had entered the eastern outskirts of Ivanivske and advanced to Sadova Street amid fierce clashes. By 3 March, Russian troops had reached central Ivanivske. Ukraine's Tavria operational-strategic group said defenders were managing to build isolated ramparts, bunkers and anti-tank ditches amid the fighting. After weeks of fighting, the Russian defence ministry claimed the capture of Ivanivske on 23 March, although DeepState mapping claimed the town was still contested as of 2 April. The Russians nevertheless continued their advance towards Chasiv Yar, reportedly capturing operationally important heights north of the city and Ivanivske respectively. Clashes continued west and south of Avdiivka in March and April 2024, particularly along the Tonenke-Orlivka-Berdychi line and the Vodiane-Pervomaiske front. By 1 March, the Russians had a foothold on the eastern outskirts of Berdychi, had entered central Orlivka, and were threatening the northern and eastern flanks of Tonenke. The Russians later claimed to have captured Orlivka on 19 March and Tonenke on 21 March. On 12 March, the Russian defence ministry claimed the capture of Nevelske, a village located on the southern flank of Pervomaiske and less than 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) north of Krasnohorivka. The Russians claimed to have captured Vodiane on 5 April and reportedly captured Pervomaiske by 10 April. On 14โ16 April, Russian forces began expanding Avdiivka's northern flank, capturing the Zarya dachas and swiftly moving on to establish a foothold in Ocheretyne, creating a salient. Russian troops exploited the breach in defenses, capturing Ocheretyne by 28 April. Russian forces expanded the salient by quickly capturing the villages of Novobakhmutivka by 28 April and Soloviove by 1 May along Ocheretyne's southern flank. The Russians were concurrently advancing on a second axis northwards, east of the Ocheretyne salient, towards Novokalynove and Keramik, which were both reportedly captured by 30 April according to DeepStateMap.Live. After capturing Ocheretyne and Keramik, the Russians further advanced northwards and captured Arkhanhelske by 5 May, according to DeepState; Russia later claimed the capture of Arkhanhelske on 25 May. On 25 April, the ISW assessed that although Russia was seeking further "tactical gains" northwest of Avdiivka, Chasiv Yar remained the primary target of the spring campaign. Russian media reported on 5 April that their troops had entered the eastern suburbs of Chasiv Yar. Ukraine's eastern command denied these reports but admitted the situation on the city's outskirts had become "tense". On 6 April, Colonel-General Oleksandr Syrskyiโwho succeeded Valerii Zaluzhnyi as Ukraine's commander-in-chief on 8 Februaryโstated "Today, the fiercest battles are underway in the areas of Pervomaiske and Vodiane, as well as east of Chasiv Yar, where the enemy is trying to break through our defense lines." On 13 April 2024, Syrskyi stated the situation on the eastern front had "deteriorated significantly" in recent days and that fighting had intensified following the 2024 Russian presidential election. Syrskyi partially attributed recent Russian gains in Donetsk Oblast to their superior weaponry and spoke of the need for training of more Ukrainian infantry units. The same day, DeepStateMap.Live reported that Russian forces captured Bohdanivka, which is located less than 6 miles (10 km) east of Chasiv Yar; the Russian defence ministry later confirmed its capture on 21 April. Concurrent with the Chasiv Yar and Krasnohorivka battles, Russian troops also continued their ground advances on other axes in Donetsk into May 2024. Russian troops reportedly entered Umanske on 9 May 2024. After a local offensive, Russian troops recaptured Klishchiivka and Andriivka by 23 May, ending months of positional warfare after Ukraine retook the ruined villages in September 2023. Russia claimed to have captured the village of Netailove on 27 May 2024,located less than 15 kilometers northwest of Donetsk city's outskirts. Ukraine's General Staff reported "tense" clashes near Netailove, but did not confirm or deny the village's capture. After months of clashes following the fall of Marinka, Russian sources reported the capture of Heorhiivka around 14 June 2024. The UK defence ministry stated in its 18 June 2024 intelligence update that Russian forces had likely captured Novooleksandrivka located just over 12 miles west of Avdiivka on the approach to the T-05-04 road. This has been one of the main supply routes for Ukrainian forces on the Donetsk front that links Pokrovsk, Kostiantynivka and Bakhmut. On 18 June 2024, Russia launched a new offensive towards the city of Toretsk, and by 21 June had captured a village east of it, Shumy. Fighting began in the satellite settlements east of Toretsk of Pivdenne, Zalizne, Druzhba, and Pivnichne, and by the end of June Russian forces had a foothold in all of these settlements. On 2 July, Russian forces advanced 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north to reach and advance into southern Niu-York, a rural settlement south of Toretsk, attempting to capture Toretsk from the east and south. Concurrent with the advances near Toretsk, Russian forces continued to expand the Avdiivka salient after the capture of Novooleksandrivka; Sokil by 6 July 2024 and Voskhod [uk] by 11 July were both captured, west of Ocheretyne. Urozhaine, east of Staromaiorske, was taken around 13 July 2024, and in the direction of Siversk, Russian forces restarted offensive maneuvers to capture Spirne and Ivano-Daryivka around 17 July. On 18 July 2024, Russian forces entered Prohres, west of Ocheretyne, and captured it on 19 July, marking a new phase for the battle northwest of Avdiivka, as Russian forces advanced towards and hoped to seize the city of Pokrovsk, a key Ukrainian logistical hub connecting two supply highways. Russian forces also seized the villages of Lozuvatske [uk] and Vovche, north and south of Prohres, in the week after the latter's capture. The situation, described as "tense and difficult", and Russian advances in the Pokrovsk front, were attributed to a lack of Ukrainian supplies and manpower.[a] On 24 July, a large mechanized assault was launched by Russia towards Kurakhove, with heavy losses; another was launched by Russia towards Kostiantynivka in Pokrovsk Raion the same day, again taking significant losses, but nevertheless gaining a foothold in the village. In August 2024, Russia continued making significant advances in the direction of Pokrovsk, while expanding their control in the area in and around Toretsk. The Pokrovsk front had become the most active area of the frontline as Russia's main goal in eastern Ukraine by early August. Following Ukraine's incursion into Russia's Kursk Oblast in early August 2024, the rate of Russian advance near Pokrovsk increased, where Russian forces at the axis of advance had been bolstered. By mid-August, Russia was reportedly 10 kilometers from Pokrovsk, and continued to advance through settlements east of the city, including in Hrodivka, a town situated on the last line of defense (a line running through HrodivkaโNovohrodivkaโSelydove north to south) ahead of Pokrovsk itself. In late August, Russia entered Toretsk from two axes of advance, entering it from Pivnichne to the east and Zalizne to the south. On 27 August, Russia captured the key city of Novohrodivka, nine kilometers east of Pokrovsk, in an engagement reportedly lasting only three days. The following day, fighting reportedly began over Selydove as Russian forces entered the city from the east, capturing parts of the E50 highway southeast of Pokrovsk in the process. On 27 August 2024 Russia concurrently captured significant portions of the highway running from Marinka to Vuhledar, and likely seized in entirety the village of Kostiantynivka intersected by the road. In late August, a renewed offensive was launched towards Vuhledar. The villages of Prechystivka and Vodiane were captured on 3 and 8 September 2024, west and northeast of Vuhledar, while assaults near Vuhledar itself arose. Russian forces encircled the city, hampering the transport of Ukrainian supplies into the city and the ability of defending soldiers to move out of it. The city was captured by Russia on 1 October. On 9 September 2024, the city of Krasnohorivka was captured. On 17 September, Russia captured the city of Ukrainsk, southeast of Pokrovsk, after their forces had reportedly entered the city by 6 September 2024. In September, nearby Ukrainsk, fighting began over the settlement Tsukuryne and the city of Hirnyk, as Russian forces pressed further towards Kurakhove. By 10 October, Russia captured the settlement of Tsukuryne south of Selydove, and Mykolaivka, Krasnyi Yar, Krutyi Yar [uk] next to Myrnohrad. Russia captured the cities of Selydove and Hirnyk in late October. East of Kurakhove, Russian forces took full control over Maksymilianivka in mid-October 2024, as well as the settlement of Ostrivske at the Kurakhove reservoir. After the village's capture, fighting over Kurakhove began. Russian forces seized the mining settlement of Kurakhivka and advanced into Kurakhove proper in late October. After the capture of Vuhledar, Russian forces exploited the city's fall to make significant advances north and northwest of it; the settlements of Bohoiavlenka, Novoukrainka, Yasna Poliana [uk], Shakhtarske [uk], and Maksymivka [uk] were captured in late October to early November 2024. In late December 2024, Russian forces captured Kurakhove after two months of fighting. The Kurakhove Power Station was confirmed to have come under Russian control in early January 2025. In late January, Russian forces captured the fortified settlement Velyka Novosilka. On 10 May 2024, as Russian forces continued their gradual advances in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, they launched a new offensive in Ukraine's Kharkiv Oblast, using shelling, air strikes and dismounted infantry to breach defenses in the Vovchansk and Kharkiv directions. On 17 May, Col. Gen. Oleksandr Syrskyi stated that the new offensive "expanded the zone of active hostilities by almost 70 kilometers." By 21 May, Russia had reoccupied 13[b] villages and settlements in Kharkiv Oblast and had advanced up to the northern bank of the Vovcha river in Vovchansk. Early speculation Regarding the purpose of the operation ranged from it being an intent to capture Kharkiv to it serving as a feint to stretch Ukrainian defense lines, forcing them to shift reserves away from other fronts, particularly the Donbas front. On 17 May, President Vladimir Putin stated that Russia was aiming to create a "buffer zone" in Kharkiv Oblast to prevent further attacks on Belgorod while denying that there were plans to capture Kharkiv city. Earlier that same week, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky stated the Russian advance was stopped at the first line of defense, while Ukrainian intelligence chief Kyrylo Budanov reportedly warned that Russia may launch a new ground incursion into Sumy Oblast. By 23 May, Russian troops had become "completely bogged down" amid urban combat in Vovchansk, according to Syrskyi. On 24 May, Ukraine's General Staff stated that Ukrainian forces had "halted" the Kharkiv offensive and were conducting counterattacks, adding that the most intense fighting in Ukraine was occurring in Kharkiv and Donetsk oblasts. On 20 May, the Russian defence ministry stated it had fully recaptured Bilohorivka in Luhansk Oblast, however Ukraine's General Staff stated Ukrainian forces were still "holding back" Russian forces near the settlement. On 27 May 2024, Russia announced the capture of the village of Ivanivka in northeastern Kharkiv Oblast, located around 20 kilometers east of Kupiansk. On 9 June, the Institute for the Study of War assessed that Russian forces had "likely recently seized" the village of Ivanivka [uk] in the Kharkiv Oblast citing geolocated footage. On 20 July 2024, Russia was confirmed to have recaptured Pishchane in eastern Kharkiv Oblast. On 29 August 2024, footage showed that Russia had made advances in central Synkivka, with some sources saying the village had been captured. On 30 August, Russia seized the village of Stelmakhivka. By 6 September 2024, Russian forces had completely seized Synkivka. Further advances south in the ensuing week were made into northern Petropavlivka. By 10 October 2024, Russian forces captured Myasozharivka. Order of battle Casualties According to Ukrainian sources, more than 500 wounded Russian soldiers, most of them recently mobilized, were hospitalized in the occupied city of Horlivka between 10 and 16 November 2022. On 1 October 2023, a Ukrainian sniper team of 20 men called the "Ghosts of Bakhmut", claimed that they had killed 558 Russians during the battle so far, with their leader (callsign "Ghost") reportedly being responsible for 113 of them. They also claimed that only two of them had been wounded, with Ghost again being one of them. As of January 2024, Ukrainian obituaries recorded the names of 7,644 Ukrainian servicemen killed during the battle of Bakhmut. In April 2024, the Ukrainian Khortytsia Joint Task Force claimed that Russia had suffered "total losses", only in the eastern direction, of 24,156 personnel, 308 tanks, 671 armored vehicles, 575 guns and mortars, 19 MLRs, 871 vehicles, plus various other equipment systems. In May 2024, the Ukrainians claimed that Russian losses in the eastern direction were 25,665 personnel, 408 tanks, 814 AFVs, 816 guns and mortars, 26 MLRs, 1,363 vehicles, 79 anti-tank weapons, 5 heavy flamethrowers, 20 AA systems, 105 pieces of "special equipment", plus numerous other equipment types. In June 2024, the Khortytsia group again reported on Russian losses in the east, claiming that they had "eliminated" 31,936 personnel, 342 enemy tanks, 592 armored fighting vehicles, 1,084 guns and mortars, 13 MLRs, 1,302 other vehicles, 80 anti-tank weapons, 44 air defense systems, a heavy flamethrower system and one aircraft, plus various other weapons systems. In July 2024, the Ukrainians claimed that Russian total losses were 31,748 soldiers (including 6,460 killed in a week between 15 and 22 July) in the eastern sector alone. Claimed equipment losses were 282 tanks, 608 AFVs, 1,121 guns and mortars, 14 MLRs, 5 heavy flamethrowers, 64 anti-tank weapons, 5 AA guns, 1,423 vehicles, 264 pieces of "special equipment" and 3 planes plus other equipment. In August 2024, Ukraine claimed to have inflicted 32,988 casualties on the Russians that month, with 184 tanks, 502 AFVs, 1,143 artillery systems, 34 MLRs, 51 anti-tank weapons, 1,510 vehicles, 397 special equipments, 10 AA batteries, 2 heavy flamethrowers plus other equipment. The ISW reported that Russian forces had suffered an estimated 80,110 casualties during intensified offensive efforts against Kupyansk in Kharkiv Oblast and Selydove, Kurakhove, and Vuhledar in Donetsk Oblast in September and October 2024, or "roughly 20,000 more casualties than US forces suffered during almost 20 years of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan". According to UK Defense Secretary John Healey, Russia lost 1,345 troops per day, or about 41,980 casualties, in October 2024, with 1,271 daily losses or about 38,130 casualties in September. Data compiled by Oryx indicates that Russian forces also lost 197 tanks, 661 armored personnel carriers (APCs), and 65 artillery systems larger than 100mm, while they had seized and recaptured 1,517 square kilometers of territory, "an area less than a third the size of Delaware". The Khortytsia group claimed that the Russians had suffered "colossal" losses of over 35,000 casualties in their operational zone during November 2024. The ISW reported that Ukrainian military observer Petro Chernyk claimed on 3 December that Russian forces are losing 1,700 troops per day and suffered 45,000 total casualties in November 2024 "as they attempted to maintain intensified offensive operations in eastern Ukraine". The UK MoD agreed with this assessment, claiming that Russian forces suffered an estimated 45,690 total casualties, suffering 1,523 casualties per day in November 2024 and just over 2,000 casualties in a single day for the first time on 28 November 2024. In addition, 307 Russian tanks, 899 combat vehicles, and 884 artillery systems were claimed to be destroyed. The ISW further reported that Russian forces had suffered an estimated 125,800 casualties "during a period of intensified offensive operations" in September, October, and November 2024 in exchange for 2,356 square kilometers of gains, "approximately 53 Russian casualties per square kilometer of Ukrainian territory seized". On 3 December, LtCol Nazar Voloshyn claimed that Russian forces had lost 9,000 casualties and 40 tanks in eastern Ukraine over the previous week. According to Lyudmyla Denisova, the Commissioner for Human Rights in Ukraine, four civilians were killed when a shell hit their home during the night of 9 March in the village of Slobozhanske, located in Izium Raion. Russian shelling on Derhachi on 11 March reportedly killed three civilians. On 14 March, two civilians were reportedly killed in Russian shelling on houses in Kharkiv, and a child was killed after Russian shelling hit a kindergarten in Chuhuiv. On 17 March, at least 21 people were reportedly killed following Russian shelling in Merefa. See also Notes References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure] | [TOKENS: 10984] |
Contents Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Northern front Eastern front Southern front Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents Eastern front Southern front Ukrainian incursion Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents Russia has launched waves of missile and drone strikes against energy in Ukraine as part of its invasion. From 2022 the strikes targeted civilian areas beyond the battlefield, particularly critical power infrastructure, which is considered a war crime. By mid-2024 the country only had a third of pre-war electricity generating capacity, and some gas distribution and district heating had been hit. On 10 October 2022 Russia attacked the power grid throughout Ukraine, including in Kyiv, with a wave of 84 cruise missiles and 24 loitering munitions. Further waves struck Ukrainian infrastructure, killing and injuring many, and seriously affecting energy distribution across Ukraine and neighboring countries. By 19 November, nearly half of the country's power grid was out of commission, and 10 million Ukrainians were without electricity, according to Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy. By mid-December, Russia had fired more than 1,000 missiles and drones at Ukraine's energy grid. Several waves targeted Kyiv, including one on 16 May 2023 in which Ukraine said it had intercepted six Kinzhal missiles. Deliberately depriving Ukrainians of electricity and heating during the cold winter months was the biggest attack on a nation's health since World War II. The attacks on power stations inflicted large economic and practical costs on Ukraine. The UK Defense Ministry said the strikes were intended to demoralize the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. This is widely deemed to have failed. The strikes were condemned by Western groups, with the European Commission describing them as "barbaric" and NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg calling them "horrific and indiscriminate". President Zelenskyy described the strikes as "absolute evil" and "terrorism". The International Criminal Court (ICC) indicted four Russian officials for alleged war crimes connected with attacks against civilian infrastructure, including former minister of defence Sergei Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov. Background In the early weeks of the war, aside from purely military fronts, plagued by poor assessments, preparations and blunders, Russia had bombed both information infrastructure and fuel facilities. Late February 2022 the Russian Ministry of Defence gave assurances that its troops were not targeting Ukrainian cities, but that its actions were limited to surgically striking and incapacitating Ukrainian military infrastructure. The ministry claimed that there were no threats whatsoever to the civilian population. For months thereafter, Russia continued to hit Ukrainian infrastructure such as railways, fuel depots and bridges, to hinder the delivery of weapons to the front lines. Those disruption efforts were mitigated via restoration of services and decentralised alternatives such as Starlink statellite internet services.[citation needed] On 6 October the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces in total, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched in that period. According to the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence, Russian troops received orders from the Kremlin to prepare for massive missile strikes on Ukraine's civilian infrastructure on 2 and 3 October. On 8 October, the Crimean Bridge explosion shook a key symbol and military logistic line between Russia and Southern military fronts. Russia vowed to respond.[citation needed] Timeline On 11 September, after Ukrainian successes during its counteroffensive in Kharkiv Oblast, Russian missiles struck the Kharkiv TEC-5, the second largest power plant in Ukraine located near Kharkiv, leaving parts of Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Poltava and Sumy Oblast without power. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy posted the "Without You" speech on social media in condemnation of the attack, stating that Ukrainians "will be with gas, light, water and food ... and WITHOUT you [referring to Russia]." Russian forces hit the Karachun dam on the outskirts of Kryvyi Rih with up to eight cruise missiles on 14 September, damaging the gates, hydro-mechanical equipment, crane, and administrative buildings, and causing the river Inhulets to overflow its banks. Analysts said that such attacks are intended to suppress resistance by the Ukrainian population, and this one specifically attempted to damage Ukrainian pontoon bridges downstream. About 112 houses were flooded and evacuation took place in two city raions before the damage was mitigated. Russian sources had anticipated a much more devastating effect on the city. On 10 October 2022, Russia attacked Ukraine with a wave of 84 cruise missiles and 24 suicide drones. Russian missiles struck 14 regions of Ukraine, with the capital Kyiv being the most targeted. Explosions were reported in Lviv, Ternopil and Zhytomyr in Western Ukraine; Dnipro and Kremenchuk in Central Ukraine; Zaporizhzhia in Southern Ukraine; and Kharkiv in Eastern Ukraine. The missiles targeted key energy infrastructure and military command facilities, but missiles also hit civilian areas, including a university and a playground in Kyiv. Ukraine's Minister of Energy German Galushchenko said around 30% of the energy infrastructure in Ukraine had been damaged by the attacks. Ukrenergo reported that power supply interruptions in some cities and towns. Mayor of Kyiv Vitali Klitschko said there were several explosions in Shevchenkivskyi and Solomianskyi District. Advisor head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Anton Herashchenko, said one of the missile struck near the Monument to Mykhailo Hrushevsky. Around 8:18 am local time, a missile struck the Kyiv Glass Bridge. Explosions damaged Kyiv central railway station, but the station continued to operate. Subway trains stopped running and the underground tunnels of the Kyiv Metro became shelters for citizens. The strikes damaged Ukrainian cultural and educational buildings, including the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, the Khanenko Museum, Taras Shevchenko National Museum and several other museums. In the city of Zaporizhzhia, an apartment block was destroyed and a kindergarten was damaged. As a result of rocket strikes on Lviv's energy facilities, the city went into a blackout. Hot water also stopped running in apartment buildings. Three strikes targeted the power grid in Kharkiv. In some areas, water and electricity were cut off. In the centre of Dnipro, the bodies of people killed at an industrial site on the city's outskirts were found, with windows in the area blown out and glass strewn on the street. Strikes were carried out in Khmelnytskyi and Zhytomyr, as well as in Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Sumy, and Poltava regions. Electricity and water supplies were disrupted in Poltava, and there were blackouts in the region.[citation needed] On 11 October, seven people were killed and 49 injured by missile strikes on Kyiv. The Kyiv Metro's red line and the interchange node at TeatralnaโGolden Gate were closed. Most underground stations continued to operate as bomb shelters. Areas struck by missiles included a playground. Fires broke out in six cars, and more than 15 cars were damaged. On 14 October, Samsung Electronics confirmed that its Ukrainian branch office suffered minor damage when a missile exploded near the office at 101 Tower in Lva Tolstoho street; there were no reported casualties. A Russian missile damaged the German consulate at Kyiv, although no casualties were reported since the building was vacant. On 17 October four civilians were killed by a drone strike in Kyiv. Five people were reported killed and eight were injured in the Zaporizhzhia region. On 18 October a wave of missile strikes on Ukrainian infrastructure caused blackouts affecting 1,162 towns and villages. President Zelensky said that 30% of Ukraine's power stations were out of action. On 22 October Russia launched 33 cruise missiles against Ukraine's power grid. Ukraine's air force command said 18 missiles were shot down. Ukrenergo stated "the scale of the damage is comparable or may exceed the consequences of the attack on October 10โ12". The missile strikes cut off electricity for 1.5 million Ukrainians. On 27 October missile strikes reduced the country's energy capacity further, with the effect of extending the blackout periods in Kyiv, Zhytomyr and Chensky, and northern Chernihiv regions. On 31 October another mass missile strike against Ukraine's power grid left around 80% of Kyiv residents without running water. On 15 November Russian Forces launched 100 missiles and drones targeting Ukraine's energy infrastructure. President Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian anti-aircraft defences shot down about 70. Russian Tu-95 and Tu-160 bombers launched Kh-101 and Kh-555 missiles from the Caspian and the Rostov Oblast regions. 3M-54 Kalibr missiles were launched from the Black Sea. On 17 November Russia launched a series of missile strikes targeting Ukrainian gas production facilities and the PA Pivdenmash missile plant. Explosions were reported in Kyiv, Odesa, Zaporizhzhia and Kharkiv. On 23 November Ukrainian armed forces reported that around 51 of 70 Russian missiles were intercepted by air defences. Kyiv's mayor Vitali Klitschko said around 21 out of 31 missiles launched to Kyiv were shot down. Missiles targeted civilian energy infrastructure and also struck apartment blocks and hospitals, killing at least six people. One of the missiles struck a hospital maternity ward at Vilniansk, killing a newborn baby. The attacks on the power grid caused more than half of neighboring Moldova to lose power. On 5 December Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Russian missiles attacked energy facilities in Kyiv, Vinnystia and Odesa regions, which cut off the water supply in Odesa. Mykolaiv suffered power outages affected the surrounding region. In Zaporizhzhia, a missile attack killed at least two people and wounded three others including a child. On 10 December seven Ukrainian oblasts were attacked by Shahed kamikaze drones which damaged Odesa's electricity grid, leaving 1.5 million residents without electricity. Despite power restoration, around 300,000 people were without electricity. On 16 December Russia launched more than 70 missiles targeting Ukrainian infrastructure. Three people were killed in Kryvyi Rih after one missile struck an apartment block. Ukraine's energy minister German Galushchenko said nine power plants had been attacked, causing energy shortages. The Kyiv metro was also shut down. Around 2:00 am local time on 19 December, a wave of Russian self-detonating drones attacked critical infrastructure in Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities. Electricity grid operator Ukrenergo reported that despite most being shot down by anti-aircraft weapons, several energy facilities were hit. On 29 December Ukrainian armed forces claimed 54 of 69 Russian missiles were intercepted, including 16 over Kyiv and 21 over Odesa. At least three civilians were wounded in Kyiv, and a civilian house was struck in Darnyts'kyi. On 31 December Russia launched missile strikes on Ukraine which killed one and injured at least a dozen, including a foreign journalist. Ukrainian Army chief Valerii Zaluzhnyi said 12 of the 20 missiles were shot down by air defence and caused damage to a hotel and an isolated house in Kyiv. Ukrainian officials denounced the targeting of residential areas. The strikes had less impact on the national energy grid, yet 30% of Kyiv was without electricity. On 1 January 2023 Russian missile and drone strikes damaged infrastructure in Sumy, Khmelnytskyi, Zaprorizhzhia and Kherson. At least two people were killed in the attacks. On 14 January Russian missiles hit critical infrastructure in Kyiv but no casualties were reported. A second wave came hours later when two S-300 missiles struck critical energy infrastructure in Kharkiv. In Dnipro a multi-storey residential building was struck by a KH-22 cruise missile, causing part of the building to collapse. The strike killed 46 people and wounded many others. The search and rescue operation was called off on 17 January. On 26 January, a day after Ukraine secured agreement with the US and Germany to supply battle tanks, Russia launched an overnight drone attack followed by a number of missile strikes targeting infrastructure. Commander in chief, Valery Zaluzhny confirmed that a 55-year-old man had been killed and two wounded by a missile strike in Kyiv. He also said that 47 out of 55 missiles had been shot down. Ukrainian energy company DTEK announced that electrical substations underwent emergency shutdowns and critical energy infrastructure in Odesa and Vinnytsia regions were hit. Kyiv's Mayor Vitali Klitschko said that 11 people were killed and 35 buildings were damaged in 11 regions. On 10 February Ukraine's air force commander said that 61 of the 71 Russian missiles launched were shot down, which included cruise, ballistic, and S-300 missiles. Ukrenergo said high-voltage facilities had been hit in all parts of Ukraine, causing disruption to power supplies. Mostly launched from the Black Sea, this attack was seen as a probing of Ukraine's southern air defenses in preparation for a future offensive. On 11 February Russian forces launched another wave of suicide drones targeting Ukraine's energy infrastructure. On 16 February the Ukrainian Armed Forces said that 41 Russian missiles were launched at Ukraine, of which 16 were shot down. The strikes involved Kh-22 anti-ship missiles that Ukraine cannot intercept, and some targets hit were in Lviv Oblast, and Pavlohrad. On 9 March Russia attacked Ukraine with an estimated 81 missiles. The Ukrainian military said 34 missiles were shot down, a lower than usual rate due to Russia shifting to new technologies. Russia claimed it carried out a "massive retaliatory strike" as payback after an alleged raid in the Bryansk Oblast of Russia. Russia's attack included an unprecedented six Kinzhal hypersonic missiles. Kyiv, Odesa and Kharkiv regions were hit, leaving 40% of civilians in Kyiv without heat, and electricity outages in Odesa. At least five people were killed by the strikes in Zolochiv, Lviv region and one civilian was killed in Dnipro region. The attack again damaged electricity supplies to Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, forcing it onto emergency diesel generators. Rafael Grossi, head of the IAEA said "Each time we are rolling a dice. And if we allow this to continue time after time then one day our luck will run out". In early April 2023, following what was called the "titanic work" of engineers and partners in restoring power supplies, energy minister Herman Halushchenko announced the resumption of Ukraine's energy exports. Ukrenergo reported that every thermal and hydroelectric power station in Ukraine had been damaged by Russia's six-month campaign, with more than 1,200 missiles fired at its energy facilities. According to a military spokesman, a power facility in Karlivka was damaged by Russian attacks on 22 April, cutting off water supply to 67 settlements in Donetsk Oblast. On 28 April Russian cruise missiles killed at least 19 people. 23 missiles were launched during this attack and, according to the claims of Ukrainian officials, 21 were shot down by the Ukrainian military. One missile struck an apartment building in Uman, killing at least 17 people. Fragments from a shot down missile hit a suburban house in Dnipro, killing a mother and her three-year-old daughter. The UK's Ministry of Defence released an intelligence update, saying the facilities damaged by these April Russian strikes "indicates a possible shift away from targeting Ukraine's electrical power network", instead focusing on Ukraine's military and logistics hubs. May saw a Russian campaign of 20 deep combined attacks with missiles and drones during the month, unprecedented in scale and focussed on the city of Kyiv. The campaign was attributed to Russian willingness to distract Ukrainian forces from their expected counteroffensive and neutralizing Ukraine's improved air defences, but ISW assessed the Russian prioritization on Kyiv as limiting its ability to meaningfully constrain potential Ukrainian counteroffensive actions. The Kyiv Independent analyzed Ukrainian military data and counted 560 missiles and drones that cost the Russian government an estimated $1.7 billion, with nearly 90 percent destroyed by Ukrainian air defence. On 1 May, according to Ukrainian claims, 15 out of 18 cruise missiles in a Russian attack were intercepted by Ukrainian air defences. The attack injured 34 civilians. Russian officials claimed it damaged railway infrastructure and an ammunition depot which was seemingly confirmed with social media videos of a blaze in Pavlograd. Mykola Lukashuk, the head of the Dnipro regional council claimed that an industrial zone, 19 apartment buildings and 25 homes were damaged or destroyed during the attack. On 13 May the city of Khmelnytskyi in Western Ukraine was hit, creating a large explosion. Russia claimed it hit an ammunition deport and a hangar while Ukraine confirmed the targets were "critical infrastructure". The attack resulted in 21 injuries, as well as damage to civilian houses, schools, hospitals, cultural institutions, administrative buildings and industrial facilities. On 13 May warehouses were damaged and two people injured in Ternopil from a Russian missile attack. Ternopi was the hometown of Ukrainian electronic music duo Tvorchi, and was struck before and during their Eurovision Song Contest 2023 performance. On 16 May, Ukraine claimed that six Kinzhal hypersonic missiles were intercepted by the Ukrainian military. In addition, Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed Ukraine had shot down nine Kalibr cruise missiles from ships in the Black Sea and three Iskanders fired from land. Russia claimed the attack destroyed a Patriot air defense system in Kyiv, however, a United States official says that the system was likely damaged but not destroyed. On 25 May missile and drone strikes targeted Kyiv, Dnipro, and Kharkiv. Ukrainian authorities claimed to have shot down 17 missiles and 31 drones launched by Russia. A missile strike on a medical clinic in Dnipro killed at least 2 people and injured at least 30, including two boys aged three and six. Additionally, an oil depot in Kharkiv was hit twice and fragments from an intercepted drone in Kyiv damaged a house and several cars. Ukraine claimed to have destroyed 10 of the 17 missiles that were launched, and 23 of 31 attack drones. Russian forces also struck the floodgates of a hydroelectric dam in Donetsk Oblast using an S-300 antiaircraft missile in the Battle of Karlivka on 25 May, threatening the villages of Halytsynivka, Zhelanne-1, and Zhelanne-2 on the Vovcha River, flooding six homes, and leading to 26 evacuations. The governor of Donetsk Oblast said the dam had been constantly shelled since the beginning of the invasion. On early 28 May Ukrainian officials claimed that 58 of 59 Shahed 136 drones were downed by Ukraine, most of them above Kyiv. These drones came from the Southern occupied territories to then spread across Ukraine while flying low to escape radars until they reach their destinations. On 30 May Vladimir Putin claimed that the headquarters of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence (GUR) in Kyiv had been destroyed in a Russian air strike. On 6 June 2023 the Kakhovka Dam, a major water-control structure and hydroelectric power plant in southern Ukraine was destroyed. The failure caused catastrophic flooding affecting downstream settlements, enormous ecological damage, and started draining the Kakhovske Reservoir (which held 18 cubic kilometres of water), potentially cutting off water supply for hundreds of thousands and irrigation for large tracts of productive agricultural land, and increasing risk to the already threatened Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. While Ukraine conducted rescue of people in flooded territory on the right bank of the Dnipro Russian forces shelled them, and Russian occupation authorities on the left bank prevented people from leaving the devastated regions.[citation needed] The Kakhovka dam had been under control of Russian occupation forces since March 2022. Experts said the dam was probably destroyed by an internal explosion, and evidence points to an explosion at the time of the dam's failure. Russian forces are accused of blowing up the dam to hinder the Ukrainian counter-offensive, which Russian authorities denied.[citation needed] On 11 June a military spokesman said that Russia had blown up a dam that Russia had occupied since February 2022, causing flooding to slow the Ukrainian advance near Novodarivka on the Mokri Yaly River in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, on territory. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that the leaders of African countries came up with a new initiative for peace in Ukraine. In June, a delegation from Africa, including representatives from South Africa, Egypt, Senegal, Congo-Brazzaville, Comoros, Zambia, and Uganda, visited Ukraine and Russia. They were in Kyiv during Russia's missile attack on the city. In the early hours of 20 June, 35 Iranian Shahed drones were launched by Russia mostly on Kyiv but also on Lviv. 32 were shot down. The remaining struck some critical infrastructure. On 17 July 2023 Vladimir Putin announced that Russia had withdrew from a deal that allowed Ukraine to export grain across the Black Sea despite a wartime blockade. Following the withdrawal from the grain deal, Russia launched a series of attacks on the Ukrainian port cities of Odesa, Mykolaiv and Chornomorsk. Russia's Defense Ministry said the strikes were in retaliation for the 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion, but Ukraine said Russia was attacking civilian infrastructure linked to grain exports. On 20 July 2023 the Chinese general consulate in Odesa was damaged in a Russian attack on a grain terminal in a nearby port, plus other parts of the city. China has been the largest importer of grains from Ukraine. On the morning of 21 September, Russia launched a mass wave attack across several regions of Ukraine, killing 2 and injuring at least 26, and hitting a residential building, hotel, warehouses, a dormitory, and fuel and service stations. Ukraine's electricity grid operator Ukrenergo said the morning's Russian bombardment was the first major enemy attack on power infrastructure in six months and caused "partial blackouts in Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk, and Kharkiv regions". On 21 October, a Russian S-300 missile strike struck a post office in Novyi Korotych, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. 8 people were killed and 15 further were injured, all of them post office employees. The airstrike was launched from Belgorod Oblast, Russia. According to the Ukrainian military, Russia used 158 missiles and drones to launch the "largest strike since the beginning of the full-scale invasion" on Ukraine on 29 December 2023. At least 26 people were killed and 120 injured. On 2 January, in a more targeted attack than 4 days prior, and of a similarly large magnitude of ranged weapons, preliminarily 5 people were killed and 119 injured in Kyiv and Kharkiv. Russian Forces let fly an early morning first wave of 35 Shahed-136/131 drones and then a second wave of 99 missiles, including 70 Kh-101/Kh-555/Kh-55 cruise missiles, 12 Iskander-M, S-300, or S-400 missiles, 10 Kh-47M2 Kinzhal ballistic missiles, and 4 Kh-31P anti-radar missiles. According to the Ukrainian military, out of the 99 missiles fired, 72 of them were intercepted, as well as all 35 Shahed-136/131 drones.[better source needed] Russia attacked the Ukrainian cities of Kyiv and Kharkiv en masse. During the bombing, due to a mistake, a bomb was also dropped on the village of Petropavlovka in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. In Kyiv, 50 people were injured and three were killed following the attacks. Over 250,000 people lost access to electricity. Ihor Terekhov, the mayor of Kharkiv, reported several strikes at civilian houses. Three people died while 62 were injured. Ukrainian missile interception claims and summary of damages for the 2 January attacks: On 22 March, Russia launched a massive missile and drone attack on Ukraine, leaving more than a million Ukrainians without electricity. Russian missiles struck the Dnipro Dam in Zaporizhzhia. In Kharkiv Oblast, the Kharkiv TEC-5 which was also previously struck in September 2022, and the Zmiivska thermal power plant were also severely damaged by Russia missile strikes. On 11 April, Russian strikes destroyed the Trypilska thermal power plant in Kyiv Oblast in an overnight attack. According to the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), "Russiaโs strikes against Ukraineโs energy infrastructure have grown in efficacy, and are now in danger of achieving the Kremlinโs goal of a total blackout in Ukraine. ... Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraineโs domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraineโs production capacity has been destroyed." On 10 August, an unspecified "critical infrastructure facility" in Kramatorsk was damaged by a Russian missile strike, killing one worker and injuring several others. In August 2024, Ukrainian official told The Washington Post: "Everything has to be weighed โ our potential and the possible damage to our economy versus how much more damage could we cause them and their economy. But energy is definitely critical for us. We sometimes forget about the economy here, but weโre facing free fall if thereโs no light and heat in the winter." On the morning of 26 August 2024, Russia carried out its largest series of missile and drone attacks against Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, targeting multiple large and important cities including Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Odesa, Kremenchuk, Zaporizhzhia, Vinnytsia, Kropyvnytskyi, Khmelnytskyi, Stryi, and Kryvyi Rih. The attacks resumed on the night of 26 August and into the morning of 27 August. Nationwide air raid sirens began to sound just prior to 6 a.m. local time on 26 August. Reports from the Ukrainian Air Force stated that multiple Russian MiG-31 aircraft capable of deploying Kinzhal ballistic missiles in addition to at least eleven Tu-95 bombers, multiple kamikaze drones, and multiple missiles were detected in and around Ukrainian airspace targeting numerous Ukrainian cities across the nation. President of Ukraine Volodomyr Zelenskyy reported that over 100 drones and over 100 missiles were used in the attacks. The Ukrainian State Emergency reported that seven people were killed in the attacks and 47 more were injured, including four children, of which the youngest injury was less than a year old. The Ukrainian Air Force stated that it detected 127 missiles and 109 drones launched by Russia, and that of these, air defense systems were able to intercept 102 missiles and 99 drones. During the attacks, Ukraine used its F-16s for the first time to intercept cruise missiles. However, the Ukrainian Air Force subsequently announced the loss of an F-16 and its pilot during the attacks. Mayor of Kyiv Vitali Klitschko reported that "several districts" suffered from power outages following the first strikes, which was followed by water supply issues on the city's right bank. Kyiv Regional Military Administration head Ruslan Kravchenko stated several infrastructure establishments were struck and damaged from the strikes, and that Kyiv authorities were creating station locations called "points of invincibility" to grant residents without power internet access and phone charging. Videos and images spread on social media platforms showed heavily crowded subway stations from Ukrainian residents taking shelter from ongoing Russian attacks. In Kyiv Oblast, residential houses were struck, causing one injury, as well as the Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant, damaging a dam and energy facility. One person was killed in Izium Raion.One person was killed and six others were injured in a missile strike on a bus stop in Bohodukhiv. Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Serhiy Lysak reported that a 69-year-old man was killed in Russian attacks in the region, and that evening a Russian missile struck a hotel in Kryvyi Rih, killing four people and injuring five others. A Russian strike hit an energy infrastructure facility in Poltava Oblast, causing five casualties, three of whom later died in hospital. Twelve communities in Sumy Oblast were targeted by Russian weapons, with 83 separate attacks taking place in the region consisting of 212 separate explosions and resulting in at least sixteen injuries. In Lutsk, at least one person was killed and an apartment building suffered damage from Russian attacks according to city mayor Ihor Polishchuk. Governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast Ivan Fedorov reported that a man was killed in the region after Russian forces struck a private residence. The Russian Ministry of Defense stated that it had used "high precision weapons" in order to severely damage critical Ukrainian energy infrastructure due to it supporting Ukraine's militaryโindustrial complex. The ministry stated that the attacks successfully struck โall designated targetsโ, which included weapon storages, power substations, and gas compressor stations. Following a meeting with Ukrainian Interior Minister Ihor Klymenko, Minister of Energy German Galushchenko, head of Ukrainian electric grid operator Ukrenergo Volodymyr Kudrytskyi, and Ukrainian Air Force Commander Mykola Oleshchuk, Zelenskyy reported that Ukraine was preparing to retaliate against Russia. Prime Minister of Ukraine Denys Shmyhal repeated prior calls for the United States and European nations to allow Ukraine to use their weapons to strike long-range targets in Russia, He elaborated that: "In order to stop the barbaric shelling of Ukrainian cities, it is necessary to destroy the place from which the Russian missiles are launched." Ukrainian officials announced that they would meet in Washington D.C. to show the United States administration a list of potential Russian "high-value targets" that the Armed Forces of Ukraine could strike with long-range weaponry. Polish military authorities reported that an unidentified flying object appearing to be a Russian drone likely flew into Polish airspace during Russian attacks near Ukraine's western border. The Polish Armed Forces alerted Polish residents that multiple Polish and other allied aircraft took off and were flying in southeastern Poland. On 17 November 2024, Russia launched a massive wave of air attack against Ukraine. Ukraine claimed that Russia launched more than 120 missiles and 90 drones during the attack, of which 102 missiles and 42 drones were intercepted. A residential building in Sumy was struck by a Russian missile later that day, killing 11 and injuring at least 89 people. In June 2025 United Nations noted that Russian attacks on infrastructure in the first five months of 2025 led to 50% higher number of civilian casualties than in the same period year before. Russian attacks in April resulted in 1389 casualties (221 killed, 1168 injured) and 1019 in May (183 killed, 836 injured). As of 1 July 2025, Ukrainian electrical output has returned to autumn 2022 levels, before the Russian systematic attack on the Ukrainian electric grid started. Ukraine has had an increase by 150% the power itโs exporting. Currently, Ukraine is exporting electricity to the EU, with Hungary being the biggest customer. The Russian airstrikes that targeted the Kyiv metropolitan area (KMA) overnight on 16/17 June 2025 was the most deadly attack on Ukraine's capital in almost a year. The 3/4 July 2025 airstrikes targeting Kyiv broke the daily record of Russian long-range drone launches into the territory of Ukraine since the beginning of invasion in 2022. The previous record-setting aerial attacks came just five days earlier, with 537 drones and missiles launched. A new record was set five days later on 8/9 July, with 728 drones targeting ten out of 23 oblasts overnight, including 50 drones and 5 missiles launched into Volyn Oblast and its administrative center Lutsk. On 5 August, a series of Russian strikes targeting Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia, Kharkiv, Odesa, and Sumy Oblasts killed at least five people and injures 13 others. One person was killed in a strike targeting infrastructure in the city of Lozova in the Kharkiv region; infrastructure hit included high-rise buildings and a residential area. Overnight into 7 September, Russia launched 810 drones, four ballistic missiles and nine cruise missiles at targets in Ukraine, making it the largest aerial attack in the war. Ukraine said its air defenses shot down all but 54 drones and nine missiles, which hit Kyiv, Kryvyi Rih, Dnipro, Kremenchuk, and Odesa. In Kyiv, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine was hit for the first time, and five residential buildings were damaged. In Kremenchuk, a bridge over the Dnipro river was hit. In total four people were killed and 44 were injured across Ukraine, including a baby and young woman in Kyiv. Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andrii Sybiha claimed on 6 January that Russia was systematically attacking American businesses in Ukraine. He stated that approximately half of the members of the American Chamber of Commerce in Ukraine [wikidata] had seen damage or destruction to their facilities "on various scales." Spillover Nicu Popescu, Deputy Prime Minister of Moldova, announced that three Russian missiles launched on 10 October from the Black Sea aimed at Ukraine crossed through Moldovan airspace. He condemned this event in the "strongest possible terms" and called it a breach of international law. Popescu also added that the Russian ambassador to Moldova, Oleg Vasnetsov, had been summoned to provide explanations. On 31 October a Russian missile, shot down by Ukrainian air defence systems, crashed into Naslavcea, a village in Moldova. No casualties were reported but windows of several residential houses were shattered. Moldovan authorities strongly condemned the renewed wave of attacks. On 5 December, another missile fell into Moldovan territory. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moldova announced that it was found by the Moldovan Border Police in an orchard close to the city of Briceni. Due to this, patrolling intensified and the alert level was raised in the areas of Briceni and Ocniศa. Military expert Alexei Leonkov said that like the missile that fell in Poland, this missile originating from a S-300 missile system. On 14 January Moldovan border police found missile debris in Larga, Briceni District. Specialists carried out "controlled detonations" of the debris. Moldova also said that its airspace was crossed once more during the 14 January attacks. On 10 February, Moldova reported that its airspace had again been violated by a Russian missile. On 16 February Moldovan police found missile debris in Larga once again. This was the fourth time a Russian missile or its debris had hit Moldova. On 25 September, a missile crashed into Chiศcani, for the first time in Moldovan territory controlled by Transnistria. On 11 February 2024, fragments of a Russian drone were found in the village of Etulia. It was suspected to have crashed in Moldova after being shut down by Ukrainian air defense forces. A Russian attack with drones against Ukraine's Izmail Raion had taken place earlier on the night of 9 to 10 February. On 17 February, fragments of a Russian drone were again found in Etulia Nouฤ. This happened again on 4 April, when the wreckage of a Russian drone was found again near Etulia following a Russian attack against Ukraine with drones the previous night. On 15 November a missile struck the territory of Poland at the village of Przewodรณw near the border with Ukraine, killing two civilians at a grain dryer. At least 50 missiles were in the air at the time. According to a spokesman for the Ukrainian Air Force, out of 20 Russian missiles, 15 were shot down and 5 hit their target. Ukraine fired two interceptor missiles at each incoming Russian missile. The spokesman, Yuriy Ignat, said during an interview: "so we can assume at least 30 missiles were launched from our side." This was the first time a missile hit NATO territory during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The missile was determined to have likely been launched by Ukraine as part of their air-defense system in response to ongoing missile strikes, although an investigation by Poland and NATO is ongoing. On 2 January 2024, Poland launched its F-16 tactical aviation to protect its airspace. On 4 August 2023 Ukraine reported that Russian "Shaheed" drones directed at its Danube ports exploded on the territory on neighboring Romania. Romanian authorities declared that the incident did not "generate direct military threats to Romania's national territory or territorial waters". On 6 September Romanian government confirmed UAV remains found in on Danube coast. On 7 September NATO expressed its support for Romania and declared increased NATO presence in Black Sea area in response to Russian air attacks. Following the wave of missile strikes on 29 December 2022, it was reported that a Ukrainian S-300 air defence missile was shot down by Belarusian authorities after it strayed into Belarus. It crashed near the village of Harbacha. Both sides acknowledged the incident as an accident. Reactions UN Secretary General Antรณnio Guterres was "deeply shocked" by the large-scale missile attacks, his spokesman said. Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, promised the European Union would stand alongside Ukraine for as "long as it takes", speaking in a video message alongside the Prime Minister of Estonia, Kaja Kallas, near the EU's eastern border with Russia. France's President Macron announced on 12 October that air defence systems would be delivered to Ukraine in the coming weeks because of the strikes. He said the war had entered "an unprecedented stage". Germany announced, 10 October it would speed up delivery of four of its IRIS-T SLM air defence system. The Netherlands Defence Minister, Kajsa Ollongren wrote in a letter to parliament 12 October, that the attacks "can only be met with unrelenting support for Ukraine and its people." She announced โฌ15 million in air defence missiles for Ukraine in response to the Russian attacks. Following a German initiative, 15 European countries announced on 13 October that they would jointly procure air defence systems to protect the continent under the new European Sky Shield Initiative. Following further attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure 23 November, The European Parliament voted in favour of designating Russia a state sponsor of terrorism. The NATO Secretary General, Jens Stoltenberg, said on 28 November 2022 that "Putin [is trying to use] winter as a weapon of war". In September 2023 NATO declared increased presence in Black Sea due to Russian attacks against Ukraine violating air space of Romania. The day after the strikes, President Joe Biden condemned the attacks and announced that Ukraine would be sent "advanced air defense systems". The US president had a phone call with the Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. President Biden "expressed his condemnation of Russia's missile strikes across Ukraine, including in Kyiv, and conveyed his condolences to the loved ones of those killed and injured in these senseless attacks. He pledged to continue providing Ukraine with the support needed to defend itself, including advanced air defense systems." The US Embassy urged its citizens to leave Ukraine due to shelling, which poses a direct threat to the civilian population and civilian infrastructure. Three US officials speaking to media, 13 December, said plans were in their final stages to send Ukraine Patriot air defence systems. The system is the most advanced that the US has. Former Russian president Medvedev had made warnings about its potential deployment. The final decision to deploy the system was announced by the US administration on 20 December. Britain condemned the strikes: Defence Secretary Ben Wallace stated on 13 October that the UK would donate its advanced air defence system, AMRAAM which is capable of shooting down cruise missiles. He added that more aerial drones and a further 18 howitzer artillery guns would also be sent. The UK's Prime Minister, Rishi Sunak visited Kyiv on 19 November, announcing a further ยฃ50m package of defence aid including 125 anti-aircraft guns, radars and anti-drone technology. He also said he would be stepping up humanitarian aid. On 12 December, in the UK Parliament, former Prime Minister, Boris Johnson asked defence minister, Ben Wallace about supplying Ukraine with long range weapons. He replied mentioning Russia's breach of Geneva Conventions by targeting civilians, saying he would be "..open minded to see what we do next." After a wave of Russia massive airstrikes on 10 October 2022, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy wrote on Telegram: "They are trying to destroy us and wipe us off the face of the earth. The air raid sirens do not subside throughout Ukraine. There are missiles hitting. Unfortunately, there are dead and wounded." The head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Dmytro Kuleba, announced the immediate interruption of his African visits due to massive missile attacks that day. He said Vladimir Putin "is a terrorist who talks with missiles", whose "only tactic is terror on peaceful Ukrainian cities, but he will not break Ukraine down". The Ministry of Education recommended that all schools be transferred to distance education by 14 October. In a telephone conversation, Chancellor of Germany Olaf Scholz and Zelenskyy agreed to convene an emergency meeting of the G7. Review shows more than 83 missiles and 17 Iranian-made Shahed UAVs, launched from the territory of Belarus, were involved in the strikes. Ukraine claimed that it had shot down 43 of the missiles, including a cruise missile that was shot down with MANPADS. On 29 December 2022, following the strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure, Dmytro Kuleba tweeted, "There can be no 'neutrality' in the face of such mass war crimes. Pretending to be 'neutral' equals taking Russia's side." On 4 January 2023 Vadym Skibitsky, deputy head of Ukraine's military intelligence, stated that Russia was struggling to replenish its stockpiles of missiles and only has enough for two to three major barrages of 80 missiles or more. On 2 January 2024, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy expressed his condolences to all victims of the attack. He has also stressed that "the terrorist state must feel the consequences of its actions" Ambassador to Ukraine Bridget A. Brink commented "Putin is ringing in 2024 by launching missiles at Kyiv and around the country as millions of Ukrainians again take shelter in freezing temps. Loud explosions in Kyiv this morning. It's urgent and critical that we support Ukraine now โ to stop Putin here." Minister of Foreign Affairs Jan Lipavskรฝ stated "Hypocritical Russia. It accuses others of genocide and is itself once again bombing civilian targets in Ukraine and murdering innocents. It wants us to be tired of war and give up on the Ukrainians. But that is not going to happen. Not this year, not ever." On 17 August 2024, The Washington Post reported, citing anonymous diplomatic sources, that Ukraine's incursion into Kursk Oblast disrupted plans for indirect talks in Doha, Qatar to halt mutual strikes on energy infrastructure in Ukraine and Russia. Both Ukraine and Russia had reportedly planned to send their delegations to indirect talks mediated by Qatari officials, but Russian officials postponed the meeting in the wake of Ukraine's incursion. Ukrainian officials told The Washington Post that the indirect talks in Doha had been postponed "due to the situation in the Middle East", but later declined to comment. Russia's Ministry of Defence stated on 10 October that it was satisfied with the outcome of the strikes on Ukraine and claimed that all the targets, including military and energy objects, had been destroyed. On 10 October Russian President Vladimir Putin said the missile strikes on Ukraine were in retaliation for the Ukrainian attack on the Crimean Bridge, which he called an act of "terrorism", adding that if such attacks continued, the response would be "severe". The "retaliation" narrative was once again repeated in July 2023 when Russian MoD justified mass-scale air strikes against Ukrainian sea ports and grain silos. Russian propagandists and government officials, such as Margarita Simonyan, Tigran Keosayan, Vladimir Solovyov, Evgeniy Poddubny and Ramzan Kadyrov, welcomed the missile strikes on Ukraine, with some calling to target power stations before winter. Russian state-owned television channel Russia-1 spread false claims that the Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, fled Ukraine following the missile strikes. Russian pundits have also falsely claimed that the photos and videos of victims injured by shards of glass of a bombed high-rise building were staged. On 24 November 2022 Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied that the Russian military was attacking civilian infrastructure in Ukraine. According to Peskov, the Russian army only attacks targets that are directly or indirectly connected to military potential. In January 2023, the Russian Ministry of Defence confirmed their responsibility for the Dnipro residential building airstrike, which killed over 40 civilians. However, Peskov stated that Russian forces never attack residential buildings and that the residential building had probably collapsed because of a Ukrainian air defense counterattack. Dnipro mayor Borys Filatov said that the Russians might have intended to target a nearby thermal power station. During a meeting of the UN Security Council on 24 November 2022, Russia's Permanent Representative to the UN Vasily Nebenzya explained the purpose of Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure, saying: "We're carrying out attacks on infrastructure facilities in Ukraine in response to the country being loaded with Western weapons and unwise calls for Kyiv to wield a military victory over Russia." He claimed that "Ukraine's air defence is to blame for residential houses getting damaged and civilians getting killed in Ukraine." In December 2022 however mass-scale attacks against Ukrainian "energy infrastructure", "combined heat and power plants" and "electrical substations" was openly described in Russian media as intended to "force adequate behavior" of Ukrainians, with quoted experts calling for increased "systematic destruction of Ukrainian infrastructure". In of August 2023 Russian state-controlled media also openly reported that Ukrainian port infrastructure, grain silos and hotels were targeted by Russian rockets. On 7 March 2023 Dmitry Ivanov, a mathematics student at Moscow State University, was sentenced to eight-and-a-half years in prison under Russia's 2022 war censorship laws for posting on Telegram about Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure. On 30 May 2023 Putin claimed that Russia only bombed "with high-accuracy long-range weapons and targets precisely military infrastructure facilities, or warehouses with ammunition or fuel and lubricants used in combat operations." On 18 August 2024, following a report in The Washington Post that Ukraine's incursion into the Kursk Oblast disrupted plans for indirect talks in Doha, Qatar to stop mutual strikes on energy infrastructure in Ukraine and Russia, Russian foreign ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova said that there were "no direct or indirect negotiations between Russia and Ukraine on the safety of civilian critical infrastructure facilities" and that after the assault on the Kursk Oblast, Putin ruled out the possibility of such talks. A Russian academic with close ties to senior Russian diplomats said that Putin probably lost interest in further talks in Qatar because the "Russian leadership usually does not make any compromises under pressure" and attacks on energy infrastructure are highly effective tactics that do more damage to Ukraine than to Russia, adding that Russia is more interested in talks with Ukraine about a broader ceasefire. On 13 December 2024 Russian Ministry of Defense on its official Telegram profile openly admitted its "mass bombing" campaign of the preceding night "targeted critical objects of fuel and energy infrastructure of Ukraine" in response to Ukraine's previous attack on "military airport near Taganrog". Remedial actions The UN launched an appeal through its Development Programme for the supply of power transformers, transformer substations, gas turbines and other critical items to Ukraine. The Office for the coordination of Humanitarian Affairs announced the roll out of a $1.7 billion programme for Ukrainians to buy food and other basics, saying it was the "largest cash assistance programme in history". In addition to โฌ1 billion humanitarian assistance package, the European Union's Civil Protection Mechanism provided 500 generators with 300 more funded by charities. Repair kits were also provided. On 23 November, as a joint initiative between the European Parliament and Eurocities, a campaign called "Generators of Hope" was launched. It called on 200 European cities to direct relief to Ukraine with the President of Eurocities and Mayor of Strasbourg, Dario Nardella saying "..We must act immediately. Winter is upon us [..] there is no time to waste". Turkey's Karpowership company was reported, 29 November as being in talks with Ukraine to provide up to three floating power generators. The ships, if they were provided, could provide up to 300 megawatts, enough for 1 million homes. Volodymyr Kudrytskyi, CEO of Ukrenergo, said that Russian missile attacks had caused "colossal" destruction and that practically no power stations in Ukraine had been left untouched. For reasons to do with insurance in the war zone, discussions were ongoing 8 December with the UN and other aid agencies, to position the ships in Romania or Moldova. Power lines that interconnect the countries to Ukraine would be used to supply up to 400MW of electrical power. On 26 January 2023 Ukraine's JSC Energy Co. signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Karpowership to develop and finance the implementation of the project. The damage to Ukraine's energy infrastructure had caused a shortfall of approximately 2.5 gigawatts of power according to president Zelenskyy, speaking in Paris, 14 December. Electrical generators, he said, were now "as necessary [..] as armoured vehicles and bulletproof vests". The supply of 50 million LED lightbulbs to Ukraine would save around one gigawatt, reducing the shortfall by 40%. The European Union pledged to supply 30 million light bulbs. Ukraine have been looking for alternatives to centralized gas and nuclear energies. Effort have been done toward wind energy since its decentralized nature makes it more resilient to Russian bombing. In June 2023 Ukraine announced to be leading the largest upgrade and improvement of its energy infrastructure, to augment resilience to potential winter 2023-2024's strikes by Russia. Two loans of โฌ150 million were agreed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development to Ukrenergo for equipment and capital structure support. A further โฌ70 million was provided in grant form by the Netherlands making a combined package of โฌ370 million. In mid-April the World Bank agreed to finance Ukrainian infrastructure reconstruction for $200 Million. International Criminal Court indictments On 5 March 2024, based on the violations of the Rome Statute, the International Criminal Court (ICC) indicted Lieutenant general Sergei Kobylash, Commander of Russian Aerospace Forces, and Admiral Viktor Sokolov, Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, for war crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated through attacks at civilian objects, causing excessive incidental harm to civilians or damage to civilian objects, and inhumane acts during the attacks against Ukrainian electric infrastructure from October 2022 through March 2023. On 25 June 2024, the ICC indicted former Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu and Head of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Valery Gerasimov for the same three counts. See also References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Cuban_crisis] | [TOKENS: 1544] |
Contents 2026 Cuban crisis The 2026 Cuban crisis[a] is an oil shortage and economic crisis in Cuba. The island is dependent on imported oil, mostly purchased from Venezuela and Mexico, but after the United States' intervention in Venezuela, in which U.S. forces ousted Venezuelan president Nicolรกs Maduro, the resulting blockade of Venezuelan oil destined for Cuba left the island without adequate supply. The United States is motivated by a desire for regime change on the island by the end of 2026. The United States has begun blocking oil tankers heading to Cuba, targeting companies such as the Mexican state-owned Pemex and threatening the responsible countries with tariffs should they resist. According to The New York Times, this is the "United Statesโ first effective blockade [of Cuba] since the Cuban Missile Crisis". President Trump has called on Cuba to "make a deal before it's too late" and jokingly called Marco Rubio "a next President of Cuba", suggesting he can hold an important role in a potential transition. Background The United States has maintained an embargo on Cuba since 1962. The severity of the embargo has varied over time, with a notable thaw in relations under President Barack Obama. During the second Trump presidency, the U.S. government significantly tightened its economic sanctions against Cuba in January 2025, orienting around a "total pressure" or "maximum pressure" strategy. Cuba's economy depends on foreign oil with most of it imported from Venezuela and Mexico. Recent but persistent issues with Cuba's economy and electrical grid triggered the March 2024 Cuban protests and 2024โ2025 Cuba blackouts. In December 2025, as part of the escalation that ended with the United States intervention in Venezuela, the United States seized tankers with Venezuelan oil destined for Cuba and declared a blockade on exports of Venezuelan oil. On 29 January 2026, Executive Order 14380 was signed and entered into force on 30 January, declaring a national emergency in U.S. and authorizing the imposition of additional tariffs on imports into the United States from countries that directly or indirectly supply oil to Cuba. The United States confirmed that regime change in Cuba is a goal by the end of the year, asking the government of Miguel Dรญaz-Canel to "make a deal before it's too late". Impacts According to the United Nations Human Rights Office, the blockade and ensuing fuel shortage has threatened Cuba's food supply and disrupted the country's water systems and hospitals. The fuel shortage has prevented the harvesting of crops and undermined efforts toward food sovereignty. The lack of fuel has also hampered the UN World Food Programme relief efforts following Hurricane Melissa. In response, the Cuban government has closed schools and universities and limited public transport. Garbage has accumulated throughout Havana and other cities due to the lack of fuel for trash trucks. Cuba experienced its lowest ever temperature of 0 ยฐC (32 ยฐF) on 3 February as measured at a weather station in Matanzas Province. On 4 February, the eastern provinces of Guantรกnamo, Santiago de Cuba, Holguรญn and Granma suffered a total blackout, while the western part of the island and Havana suffered serious difficulties with electricity. On 9 February, Cuba stated that it would not refuel other planes at airports due to a lack of fuel. Air Canada suspended flights to the country on the same day, while Rossiya and Nordwind did so two days later, all citing ongoing fuel shortages in the island as a reason. A fire broke out at a key fuel processing plant on 13 February in Havana, exacerbating the energy crisis further since the executive order of Trump on 29 January, which imposed an oil blockade. A large plume of smoke was seen rising above Havana Bay from the Nico Lรณpez refinery on Friday, drawing the attention of the capital's residents before fading as fire crews fought to bring the situation under control. Cuba's Ministry of Energy and Mines said the fire, which erupted in a warehouse at the refinery, was eventually extinguished and that "the cause is under investigation". There were no injuries and the fire did not spread to nearby areas, the ministry said in a post on social media. "The workday at the Nico Lopez Refinery continues with complete normalcy" the ministry said. The location of the fire was close to where two oil tankers were moored in Havana's harbour. On 14 February, it was announced Festival del Habano, an annual cigar festival, was called off due to "the complex economic situation" caused by the "economic, commercial and financial blockade" by the US. On February 17, 2026, it was reported that many collection trucks have been left with empty fuel tanks, causing refuse to pile up on the streets of the capital, Havana, and other cities and towns. Only 44 of Havanaโs 106 rubbish trucks (approximately 41.5% of them) been able to keep operating due to the fuel shortages, slowing rubbish collection, as waste piles up on Havana's street corners, the Reuters news agency reported on Monday, citing state-run news outlet Cubadebate. Canadian mining company Sherritt announced that it would pause operations at its mining facility in Moa. International actions After the ouster of Maduro, the United States began increasing its pressure on Mexico to reduce its oil sales to Cuba with President Donald Trump threatening tariffs against any country supplying Cuba with oil. Mexico temporarily halted shipments of oil to Cuba by 27 January and Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum said that the decision to halt oil deliveries was "a sovereign decision". In February 2026, Mexico sent 2 ships of humanitarian aid to Cuba to help alleviate the impacts of the US embargo. The government of Nicaragua cancelled visa-free travel for Cuban citizens in February 2026. This border was a frequent route to escape Cuba, used by thousands of migrants since its implementation in November 2021 following the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2021 Cuban protests. It is unclear if the measure was a direct request from United States administration but it is part of a series of concessions made by the administration of Daniel Ortega. On 13 February, the Guatemalan health ministry announced it would begin a "phased withdrawal of the Cuban Medical Brigade". The decision was linked to pressure from the US, which has called the Cuban medical mission "forced labor". Income earned by doctors serving in foreign countries is an important source of revenue for the Cuban government. Reactions Initially, Miguel Dรญaz-Canel used hawkish rhetoric about "U.S. imperialism", and called people to prepare for a "war of the entire nation", while organizing state-sponsored demonstrations against the American oil blockade. On 6 February, he declared that "Cuba is ready for a talk with Washington for every topic without prerequisites", while rejecting negotiations on cases that he viewed as "internal Cuban affairs". On 6 February, El Paรญs conducted interview with various Cuban dissidents, including Josรฉ Daniel Ferrer, Manuel Cuesta Morรบa and Marรญa Payรก Acevedo. Their reactions were a mix of hope and warning against manipulations, including views that the Cuban regime could cease talks when it stabilizes itself. Belarus, Iran, Spain, Vietnam, and the African Union also expressed their support for Cuba. In February 2026, activists announced plans for the Nuestra Amรฉrica Flotilla, which will attempt to break the US blockade and provide humanitarian aid to Cuba during the crisis. The flotilla is organized by Progressive International and contains members of the Global Sumud Flotilla that had attempted to break the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip. See also Notes References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_raiding] | [TOKENS: 1329] |
Contents Cattle raiding Cattle raiding is the act of stealing live cattle, often several or many at once. In Australia, such stealing is often referred to as duffing, and the perpetrator as a duffer. In other areas, especially in Queensland, the practice is known as poddy-dodging with the perpetrator known as a poddy-dodger. In North America, especially in the Wild West cowboy culture, cattle theft is dubbed rustling, while an individual who engages in it is a rustler. Historical cattle raiding The act of cattle-raiding is quite ancient, first attested over seven thousand years ago, and is one of the oldest-known aspects of Proto-Indo-European culture, being seen in inscriptions on artifacts such as the Norse Golden Horns of Gallehus and in works such as the Old Irish Tรกin Bรณ Cรบailnge ("Cattle Raid of Cooley"), the paแนis of the Rigveda, the Mahabharata cattle raids and cattle rescues; and the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, who steals the cattle of Apollo. In his childhood, the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries disabled him for life. Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans. In Gaelic Ireland, cattle raiding, whether in retaliation for an insult under the code of conduct or to keep the whole clan fed during a difficult winter, was a common part of warfare between Irish clans, as is often depicted in stories from Irish mythology, such as the Tรกin Bรณ Cรบailnge and the Tรกin Bรณ Flidhais. Cattle raiding and selling protection against theft continued by Irish clan chiefs and rapparees, particularly against the estates of Anglo-Irish landlords, well into the 18th century in Ireland. Warfare between Scottish clans was often for very similar reasons and, during the 17th and 18th centuries, many Scottish clan chiefs would similarly operate an extralegal Watch over the cattle herds of the Lowland gentry in return for protection money, which Highland Chiefs similarly used to feed their tenants and clansmen. Any cattle that were stolen from herds under the Chiefs' Watch were either retrieved, or he paid for them in full. Cattle-raiding by the Border reivers was a serious problem for many centuries on both sides of the Anglo-Scottish border. In the American frontier, rustling was considered a serious offense and in some cases resulted in vigilantes hanging or shooting the thieves. Mexican rustlers were a major issue during the American Civil War (1861โ1865); the Mexican government was accused of supporting the habit. American rustlers also stole Mexican cattle from across the border. Failure to brand new calves facilitated theft.[citation needed] Conflict over alleged rustling was a major issue in the Johnson County War of 1892 in Wyoming.[citation needed] The transition from open range to fenced grazing gradually reduced the practice of rustling in North America. In the 20th century, so called "suburban rustling" became more common, with rustlers anesthetizing cattle and taking them directly to auction. This often takes place at night, posing problems for law enforcement, because on very large ranches it can take several days for the loss of cattle to be noticed and reported. Convictions are extremely rare to nonexistent.[citation needed] Cattle raiding became a major issue at the end of the 19th century in Argentina, where cattle stolen during malones were taken through Camino de los chilenos across the Andes to Chile, where they were exchanged for alcoholic beverages and firearms. Several indigenous groups and outlaws, such as the Boroano and Ranquel peoples, and the Pincheira brothers, ravaged the southern frontier of Argentina in search of cattle. To prevent the cattle raiding, the Argentine government built a system of trenches called Zanja de Alsina in the 1870s. Most cattle raids ended after the military campaigns of the Conquest of the Desert in the 1870s, and the following partition of Patagonia established by the Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina.[citation needed] In a letter to Chilean President Manuel Montt Mapuche chief Maรฑil denounced the plunder of graves in search of Mapuche silver, arson of Mapuche houses and other abuses against Mapuches that were happening in the newly created province. Maรฑil further accused intendant Villalรณn con Salbo of becoming rich by cattle theft. The return of Chilean veterans from the War of the Pacific coincided with the Chilean Army's crushing of Mapuche resistance in the Occupation of Araucanรญa (1861โ1883). This led to opportunities for bandits and veterans-turned-bandits to immigrate to the newly opened Araucanรญa territory, leading to sudden rise in violence and in a region that was recovering from Chilean-Mapuche warfare. Bandits that immigrated to Araucanรญa allied with displaced Mapuche and made cattle theft their chief business. Stolen cattle was sold in marketplaces through the region. Contemporary cattle raiding (1990โpresent) The Pokot and Samburu Nilotic populations in northwestern Kenya often raid each other for cattle. Violent cattle rustling has caused massive loss of lives such as the Monday 12 March 2001 raid among the Marakwet in Murkutwo Location, Elgeyo Marakwet County, suspected to have been caused by the Pokot. Conflict over pastures and cattle raids has been happening between Dinka and Nuer as they battle for grazing their animals. Cattle rustling is a major problem in rural areas of South Sudan. In the state of Jonglei, cattle raids in August 2011 left around 600 people dead. Once again in January 2012, ethnic clashes related to cattle theft killed between 2,000 and 3,000 people and displaced as many as 34,500 in the area around Pibor. Cattle rustling is common in Nigeria. See also References Further reading |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืฆืืื_ืกืืืืจืืฅ'] | [TOKENS: 27335] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืฉืื ืึพ37 ืึฐึผืฆึทืึฐืึตื ืืึนืึตื ืกึฐืืึนืึฐืจึดืืฅ' (ื ืืื ื-ื' ืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉ"ื, 27 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1980) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืึพ27 ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช (ืื"ืฉ), ืืืืืฉื-ืจืืฉ ืกืืขืช "ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช". ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื, ืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืข ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช. ืืืจื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืืืื ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืื ืกืืช ืืฉืื ืืช, ืฉืืืฉ ืืื ืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉื ืชื ืืขืช "ืจืืืื", ืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืช ืงืืืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ื ืืื ืืืืกืคืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ', ืฉืฉืืืฉ ืื ืืจื ืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืช ืืชืืจ ืืืฉืืฉ ืืจ"ื ืืืฉืืืช ื ืืจ ืงืจืืืช ืืจืืข; ืืื ืืื ืืืืื (ืืืืช ืื ืืื), ืืืฉืืฉืช ืืืืจื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืื ืืืืช ืื. ืืชืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืืช ืฉืขืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืช 'ืืจืืฉืืื ืืฆืขืืจืื', ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืจืื ืืจื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืงืืืืื. ืืืืจืื, ืืืจื ืืจืื ืื ืืจื ืืฆืืง ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืื ืื ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืืืืช ืืงืจืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ื. ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฉืคื ืฆืืืืจื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชื. ืืืื 28, ืืชืืืืก ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืฉืืจืช ืืฆื"ื ืืืฉื ืืฉื ื ืืืจืืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืกืื"ืฅ[ื] ืืืืจืช ืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืื ืฉื ืืคืงืืช ืืืื"ื. ืืงืืจ ืฉื ืืฉืคืืชื ื ืืืข ืืฉื ืืขืืืจื, ืกืืืืจืืฅ', ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืชืื. ืคืขืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืชืืื ืืชืฉืก"ื (ืืืื 2005), ืืขืช ืืืืื ื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช, ื ืขืฆืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืขื-ืืื ืืฉื"ื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืขื ืคืขืืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืจืื ื ืืกืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืืจืขื ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืืง ืืืื ืฉืงืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืืขืืช ืืืืขืฆืจ ืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืืขืืช ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืืจืื, ืืืจืช ืืืขืฆืจ ืืืืงืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืืข ืฆืขืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืจ ืืืฉ ืงืืืฃ "ืฉืืฉืชืงื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ื". ืืขืช ืืืขืฆืจ ื ืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืขืฆืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืืง ืืฉืื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืขืฆืจ ืคืืจืกื ืฉืืคื ืืืฉื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืืช ืืกืืจ ืืืกืืืืช ืืืืืฉืื. ื-2015, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืฆื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื, ื ืืชื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืคืก ืืื "700 ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืง ืืฉืื". ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืช ืขืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืคืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืื ืื ืฉื ืชืคืก ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืง, ืืื ืฉืชืื ื ืืืฆืข ืืขืืจืชื ืคืืืืข. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืขื ืืช. ื-2019, ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืืืจ ืืฆืืง ืืืื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฃ ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉื"ื ืืืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืืจืืืืื, ืฉืกืืืืจืืฅ' "ืจืฆื ืืคืืฆืฅ ืืืื ืืืช ื ืืกืขืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืืืืื" ืื ืชืคืก "ืขื 700 ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืจ". ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืชืจืื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืชืืข ืืืชื. ื-2022 ืคืืจืกื ืจืืืืื ืขื ืคืขืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืขื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจื ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืคืื ืืจืขืืื ืืื "ืืฉืคืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืืื ืืืชื", ืืชืืื ื ืืื ืืืืขืชื ืฉื ืกืืืืจืืฅ'. ืืืฉืื ืืชืฉืก"ื (ื ืืืืืจ 2006) ื ืื ื ืขื ืืืจืื ื ืืฆืขื ืืืืืืช, ืฉืื ืฆืขืื ื-200 ืืืฉ ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืฉื ืฉืื ืขื ืื ืืฉื ื-2015 ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืชืืจื ืขื ืืืฆืขื. ืืฉืืื ืขื ืชืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืืืขืชืืื ืืฉื ืช ืืชืฉืข"ื (2015) ืืชืืืื ืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' "ืื ื ืืืืืคืื ืืื". ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ื ืื ื ืขื ืืืืกืื ืขืืืชืช "ืจืืืื" ื-2006, ืืฉืืืฉ ืืื ืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉืื. ืืชืื ื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืช ืงืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืขื ืืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืฉืืืฉ ื ืฆืื ืฆืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืขืฆืช ืืขืืชืื ืืช, ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืื ื ืืื ืืืชื ืืขืช ืงืืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืื. ืคืขืืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืื ืกืช ืืืืชื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ื-2009. ืื ืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืชืื ืืืืง ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืฉืืืจืจ ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆื"ื, ืืืืจืืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืชื. ืืืคืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืืขื ืื ืืืื, ืืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืื ื ืื ืก ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืื ืกืืคืจ ืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืฅ ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉื ืืืช ืจืง ืืืืฅ ืืืจืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืช ืจืืืชืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืจื ืืืื ืืจืืงืื ืฉืงืืขื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืจืขืืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2015, ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื, ืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื โ ืชืงืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืงืฆื ืื ืืจืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืงืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืจืฉืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืืื ื ืืกืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืื ืกืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง. ืืฆืขืืช ืืืืง ืืืืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืื: ืื' ืฉืื ืืชืฉืข"ื (14 ืืื ืืืจ 2019), ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืจื ืืจืืื, ืื ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื โ ืชืงืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืคืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืขื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื โ ืชืงืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืจืืฆื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขื ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืกืื ืืืฆื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืฉื ื ืืจืฉืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืจื ืื"ืจ ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืจื ืจืคื ืคืจืฅ. ืขืื ืืืกืื ืื ืชืื ืชื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื, ืืฉืื ืชืงืื ืืกืืขื ืจืง ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืื, ืืืื ื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืจืืืฆืื. ืืกืื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื, ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืกืืจืช ืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ื. ืื' ืกืืื ืืชืฉืข"ื (23 ืืืื ื 2019) ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ื, ืืืกืืจืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืืจื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืชืื ืคืืืก ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ืืืงืฆื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืฃ ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืชืืื ื ืกืืขื ืืชืืืืจื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืจืื ืคืจืืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช ื ืืกืข ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืื. ืืื ืื ืืืืฅ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืช ืืงื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืชื ืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืกืืืช ืจืืฉืื ืืฆืืื โ ืืืืืขืื. ืืืืื 2022, ืืฉื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืกื ืืขืจืืื, ืืขืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืื "ืื ื ืืฉืจ ืชืืืืจื ืืืืื, ืืชื, ืืชื ืื, ืืื ื โ ืื ืจืื ืื ืืืื ืจื ืื ืื โ ืืืขืชื ืืืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืฉืืื. ืืชืฉืื ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืื ืืื". ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข ืืชืคืฆื ืืจืฉืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืืืืจืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืื ื ืืืืื ืก ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืคืืืืช ืฉืืื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืจืฉืืืช "ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช", ืืืืืง ืืื ื ืฉื ืืืคืืืืช "ืืืืืื ืืืืืื โ ืชืงืืื", "ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช" ื"ื ืขื". ืืจืฉืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืช 6 ืื ืืืื, ืืชืืื 4 ืืืคืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืืืจืืฅ'. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืจืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ, ืืืคืจื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืชืืช ืืชื ืืื ื. ืืืคืจืื 2022 ืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืจืืืืื: "ืื ืฉืฉืืชืฃ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืื ืืก ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืื. [...] ืื ื ืืืฉื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืฉืืคื ื ืขืืจืฃ ืืฆืืืืจ, ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืืฉ ืื ืจืฆืืืื ืืฆืืืืจ". ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2023, ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืืจื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืง ืืืกืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-25 ืืชื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืขื ืืกืื ืจืืฆื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืืืืืง ืืื ื ืขื ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืืช ื ืขื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ื ืืกื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืืืกื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืื ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืืืืืช, ืื ืืืกืืฃ ื ืื ืข ืืืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืกืงืจืื ื ืชื ื ืื ืืืชืจ ืงืืืืช ืืืืคืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืกืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืงืืืืช ืืจืฉืืื. ืืจืฉืืื ืืืชื ื-14 ืื ืืืื, ืืื 7 ืืืืืื ืืืืืื โ ืชืงืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ื ืื ืก ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข ืืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืชืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื. ื-7 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2023 ืืชืคืืจ ืืืื ืกืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืง ืื ืืจืืืื. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2023, ืืชื ืกืืืืจืืฅ ืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืืืฉื ืืจื ืื ืืจึพืืื ืขื ืืกืื ืฉืืจ ืืืฉ ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื, ืฉืืชืคืจืก ืขื ืคื ื ืืจืืข ืฉื ืื. ืืืกืื ืืื ืชืืกืคืืช ืฉืืจ ืืขืืืืื, ืงืืฆืืจ ืฉืืืข ืืขืืืื ืืืขื ืงืื ืืึพืคืขืืืื ืืฉืืื 6,000 ืฉ"ื ืืื ืขืืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืง ืืืกืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2023, ืงืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืช ืืงืืช ืงืจื ืืืจื ืื ื, ืฉืืืขืืื ืืื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืคืื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืขืกืงืื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืฉืืืฉืจื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ. ืืงืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืืืชืืช ืฉื ืจืฉืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช. ืืืืืืกื 2023 ืื ืข ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืขืืจื ืฉื ื-300 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืขืจืืืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช, ืืืขื ื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืชืงืฆืื ืคืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืฆืืงื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืื ืฉืืชืงืฆืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืขื, ืืคื ืฉืงืจื ืืืงืจืื ืืืืื ืืขืืจ. ืืื ืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืชืงืฆืื ืฉื 200 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืขืจืืื ืืืงืืืื, ืืืชื ื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืฆืื ื"ืืฆืืจืช ืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืคืื ืืืงืฆื ื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืืชื". ืืืื 2024, ืขืฆืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืขืืจืช ืชืงืฆืื ืฉื ื-6 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชื ื ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืขืื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืืขืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืืกื 2024 ืืืจืืฉื ืขืืื ืืขืงื ื ืื, ื"ื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืขืืจ. ืืชืืื ืืืืกืื, ืืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืช ืืืก ืขื ืืืื ืืึพืคืขืืืื ืืืช ืืก ืืงื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืงืืืช ืืืืชืงืื, ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืฉืขื ืฉืืขื ืืงื ืชืืกืคืช ื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืืืื 6โ12, ืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืกืืื ืืขื ืง ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืงืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืงืืืช. ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024, ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืจื ืืช ืืฆืขืชื ืฉื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืก ืคืืื ืขื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืคื ืืืจืืชื ื-2025 ืขื 2030. ืืืคืจืื 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื, ืืืื ืืจืืืค ืืืก ืืืืื 17% ืขื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ืืืคืจืื 2023, ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืขื ืจืงืข ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืืืืืืช" ื"ืืฆืืื" ืืืขื ื ืื "ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืงืงืช ืืืจืฉืืช ืืืืฆืขืช ืืคืื ืคืืืช ืฆืคืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืจ ืกืืืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืชืืช". ืืคืืจืืืจ 2024, ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืืืจืืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ื-A1 ื-A2 ืขื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืื ืฉืืืืืช, ืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืขืืจ ืชืืื ืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืง ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืื ืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืฆืขืช ืืืืืืงืงืช ืืื ืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืจืชื ืืืคืืกืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืชื ืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1988. ืืืคืจืื 2024, ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืื ืกืืื ืืช S&P ืืืืืืืกื ืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืคืืฅ'. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024, ืืืืคื ืืจืื, ืืืืืขื ืืืจืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื'ืก ืขื ืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืคืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืจืื Baa1 ืขื ืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื. ืืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื "ืืกืืืื ืืืืืคืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื, ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืื ืชืชืืืฉืฉ ืืืืืจืืช". ืืืืชื ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืืืืืื ืืขืื ืืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ื ืืชื ืื ืืฉื ื "ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืกืืืช ืืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืคืงืืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืคืืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื". ืืฆื ืืืชืคืชืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืฆืืืืช, ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืขืงืื ืืืฆื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจื ืืช ืคืจืืฆืช ืืกืืจืช ืชืงืฆืื 2024 ืืืชืขืืื ืืงืืืื ืชืงืฆืื 2025 โ ืืจืฃ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืง ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ื ืืจืฉ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืื ืืขืืืจ ืชืงืฆืืืื ืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉื ืื 2023 ื-2024 ืขื ืืจืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชืงืฆืื 2025 ืืื ืืก ืืขืืืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื. ืืขื ืืืืจืขืื ืืืืื ืืืชื"ื ืขืื ืืชืงืฆืื 2024 ืขื 6.6% ืืคื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืขืฆืืื ืืืื ืื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืื ืืชืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืขืกืงืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ื "ืืจืืื"., ืืืขื ืชื ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืฃ ืืชืงืฆืืืื, ืงืืข ืฉืืคืื ื ืืฆืคืื ืืืขืืจื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืคื ืฉืชืืื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืชืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืช, ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืื ืืช ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืกืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืืชื โ ืืืจืืช ืืืืฆืช ืืืจืืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืื ืง ืืฉืจืื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืกืื ืงืื ื ืืืกืืช, ืฉื 860 ืืืืืื ืฉืงื ืืชืงืฆืื 2023, ืืชืื 10.5 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืฉืืจื ื ืืฆืื. ืืชืงืฆืื 2024 ืืืชืืงื, ืืชืื ืชืงืฆืื ืืชืืื ื ืฉื 7.9 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืกืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืงืฆืฅ 2.4 ืืืืืืจื (30%). ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ื-2024 ืืืืืื ืชืืกืคืืช ืฉืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืชื ืกืคืจ ืืจืืืื. ืืขืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืข"ื ื-17% ื-18% ืืฉื ืช 2025. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2024, ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืืืช ืชืฉืืื ืื ืคืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืฉื ืื 2024โ2025, ืืฉื ืืฉืืช ืืขืื ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืงืคืื ืืืจืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื (ืฆืขื ืฉืืฉืขืืชื ืฉืืืงืช ืืืืจืืืช ื-3.43%), ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืื, ืืืืื ืืก ืขื ืจืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืืจ "ืฆืจืื ืืืืืช ืขืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืืชืืฉื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืฉืืืืื". ืืืคืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืขืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืกืืจื ืืชืงืฆื ืืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืืื "ืืกืจืช ืชืืงืฃ, ืื ืืืืช ืืืืง ืืืืืืืช ืืงืืื ื". ื-16 ืืืื 2024, ืืฆืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืื ืืืก ืฉื 100% ืขื ืืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืจืงืื, ืืืช ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืจืงืื. ืืืืืื ืกืคืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืืืง ืืืคืืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืข ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชื ืืืืช ืืขืกืงื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืจืืจ ืืืืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ืชืื ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืจืืจ ืืืืืคืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืจ 2023. ืืืืื 2025 ื ืื ื ืขื ืืืจื "ืืขืืช ืฉืืงืื", ืฉืืืืืฆื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื. ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ื-25 ื ืงืืข ืฉืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื. ืืชืืืื ืืชืืืขื ืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื ื ืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืฉืืืขื ืงื ืืกืืืืจืืฅ', ืื ื-23 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2023 ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืืื ืืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืกืื ืืืงื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฉ ืืฉื "ืื ืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช (ืื"ืฉ)" ืฉื ืืขื ืื ืื ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืฉืืคืืฃ ืืกืืืืจืืฅ'. ืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืืืฉืืชื ืืืจืื, ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืชืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืคืื ืฆืืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ื ืืชื ื ืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืื ืกืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืคืช ืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื C, ืกืืืืช ืืืคืงืขืช ืืงืจืงืขืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื. ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืคืขื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืื ืืื ืืืืงืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืืืฉืจืช ืืืืืื, ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืฉืงืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื. ืืื ืื ืคืขื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืืคื ื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจืช ืืืืืคื ื ืื ืขืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืฉืขืืจืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืืฆื ืืคืงื ืคืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืคืืงืก. ืืฉื ืื 2024-2025 ื ืืจืกื ืืืขืื ื-1000 ืืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2024, ืืืืจ ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืจืืช ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืช ืืชืฉืชืืช ืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืขื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืงืจื ืืืืื ืจืืืื ืืช ืขื 82% ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื (ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืืืืช), ืื ืฉืืืืื ืจืง ืขื 80,000 ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืขื ืชื, ืืฉ ืืืืจ ืงืื ืื ืืก ืจืื ืืงืจื ืืขื, ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืช ืชืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืฆื ืืืืฉื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืคื ืืชืืื ืืช, ืื ืชืื ืชื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืฆืืจื ืืื ืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืืจื ืื ืฆืขื ืืื "ืืคืืข ืงืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืคืืจืกื ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืคืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืืืกืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืืจืชื-ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืืชื, ืืงืืืข ืืช ืกืืจ ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืื. ืืชืืฆืื ืืงืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืงืฆื ืื ืื ืื ืข ืืืชื ืืขื ื ืืขืจืืชื ืืืืฉืืื ืงื ืืขืืืืช ืืฆืคืื ืืชืืฉืืืื. ืขืืืืชืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืขื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืชืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช ืชืื ืฉืืืืช ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช. ืืื ืกืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืชื ืืขืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืฆืขืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืช "ืืืื ืืืื" ืืืืืืช ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืื ืืจืืกืช ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉ ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืคืก ืกืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืจืืขืื ืืืขืจืขืจืื ืืช ืืืจืชืขื, ืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืคืจืฉืช ืขืื ืชืืืื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชื ืื ืืขืกืงืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืืืคืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืืฆืืช ืืขืืช ืฉืืืจ, ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืฆื ืืช "ืืจืื ืืชืืจืื" ืืขืกืงืืืช ืืกืืื ืืช, ืืฉืืืชื. ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ ื-2023, ืืืืจ ืคืืืืข ืืืจื ืืืืืืจื, ืฉืืขืงืืืชืื ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืจ, ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืขื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื "ืืืืืง ืืช ืืืืืจื". ืืืจืื ืกืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืกืืจืื ืืืืคืืฉ ืขืื. ืืืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืชืืืื ืืคืื ืื ืืื ืคืืืขื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืื ืืืจ 2025, ืืืืจ ืคืืืืข ืืืจื ืืื-ืคืื ืืืง ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืงืืื ืงืจื ื'ืืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉืื ื ืืจืื ืชืืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืืืจืื ืคืื ื ืืืื ืชืื ืืจืืืช ืืจืก ืจื, ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืื "ืคืื ืืืง, ืฉืื ืื'ื ืื ืฆืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืื ื'ืืืืื, ืืื ืฉืืคืจ ืกืื ืื ืชืืื ืืคืจ ืขืื". ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืืืคื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืก ืืฉืืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืขืื. ืืื ืืืคืจืื ืืืืื 2025 ืืืจ ืื "ืืฃ ืืจืืจ ืื ืืื ืก ืืขืื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืืข ืืืืืก". ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืกื 2024 ืืืืืื 2025 ืื ืืฃ ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืืืจืขืื 2 ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืืช. ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืืืจ ืืืช ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืืื ืื ืืื "ืฆืืืง ืืืืกืจื" ืืืฆืข ืืจืขืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืืืคืื. ืืืจืื ืืื ืกืคืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืคืจื-ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืงืจื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืขืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฆืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืืืจ ืื ืืฉ ืืขืื "ืืื ื ืื ืฉื ื ืื"ื" ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืจืืืค ืืืฆื ืืืืง ืืช ืืงืจืงืข ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืขื ืื ืช ืืืกืืช ืืช ืขืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืืืกโืืฉืจืื (ืืืงืืืืจ 2025), ืื ื ืกืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืืื ืืชืื ืืจืฆืืขื ืืขืฆืจื ืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืฉืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืืง ืืืงืืช ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืขืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2025 ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืื ืืฉ ืืืืชืจ ืขื ื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืชืชืืข ืืชืืืจื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืงืจื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืกืขืืืื "ืชืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ื ื ืืฉืื ืืคืชื ืืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืกืืฃ 2014, ืืขืช ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืคืขืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืฆืืข ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืฉืงืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืขืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืชืื ืื ืื ืฉ"ืืืืก ืืื ื ืืก" ืืืืื ืช ืืืืืืืืฆืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช ืืฉืฆื"ื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืืืืช ืืื ืืืข ืืืคื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืช. ืืจืืืืื ื-2015 ืืืจ ืขื ืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจื ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช, ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืฉืืืชื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืช: "ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ื ืื, ืืืืืก ืืื ื ืืก", ืืืืื ืฉืืืขืชื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืขืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื, ืขืงื ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืขื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืืฉ ืืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืคืจืง ืืช ืืืืืก ืื ืฉืงื ืืืืงืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืกืจื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืช. ืืืคืจืื 2022 ืืืจ ืฉืืฉืจืื ืขืชืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืืืืคืื ืืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืื 2023, ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืฅ, ืืืจ ืฉืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืชืืืื ืืจืืจื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืคืจื ืืืชื, ืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืจ ืื ืจืืืื ืื. ืืืืื 2025 ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืจ ืื ืืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืงืืืฃ ืืืชืืื ืชื ืืงืืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืงืื ืืฆืคืืฃ, ืืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืคืฉืจืช "ืืืฉืื ืืืืื" ืืืืื ืช ืฉืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืข ืชืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืขืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฆืื, ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืก, ืืืขื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืงืจืงืข ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืจืืื ื ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืฉื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืคืฉ ืืขืื, ืืืขื ืฉืืืื ืขืืช ืืฉืืืื ืื ืชืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2017 ืืฆืื ืืช "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจืขื", ืชืืื ืืช ืืึพืฆืืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื. ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืื ืื ืฉืืขื ืืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืชื ืืขืช ื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืขื ืคื ืกืืืืจืืฅ', ืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืืคืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืืืจืืจ ืืคืืกืืื ื ืื ื ืืืข ืืืืืืฉ, ืืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืื ืืข ืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืคื ืืชืืื ืืช, ืืคืืจืงื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืืคืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืชืืื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืขืืื ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืืจ. ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืฆืืคืืืืช, ืืื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืืืขื ืชื ืชืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืชืจืืืชืึพืืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืชืื ืชื ืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืชืืฉืื ืงืืข ืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืื, ืืื ืืืืช ืืฆืืขื ืืื ืกืช, ืืื ืชืืฉืืจ ืขืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื, ืืขื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืืคืชืจืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืคืจืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืขื ืืงื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืงืจืืืืช ืจืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืงืืืื ืืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืชืืื ืืช ืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืคืฉืจืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื: ืืขื ืงืช ืืืืช ืืฆืืขื ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืจืื ื; ืฉืืชืืฃ ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช; ืืืฃ ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืขืจืืื ืฉืืืงืฉื ืืืช, ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืฆืืื ืื ืืืืื. ืชืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืงืื ืกืืืข ืืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช. ืืื ืฉืื ืงืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืจืืจ ืืืืคืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืื ืฉืืืืืฆืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืืืจืืจ, ืืคื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืืืช ืงืืืื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืจืช. ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืคืขืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืฉืช ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืื ื. ืคืขืืืืชื ืืชืืื ืืื ื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืืช ืืฆืืจืชื ืฉืืคืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืคืืื ืืชืืช ืฉ"ืืขืืื ืื ืชืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื". ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉื ืช 2017 ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืื ืฆืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉ"ืก, ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืคืื ืืขื ืฉื ืืืฉื ืฉืืื ื ืืงืืืืช ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืงืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืชืื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืืืฉ ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืคืื ืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืืงืคืืช ืืืฆืืืช ืขืืืจ ื ืฉืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจืืืช ืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืคื ืืืืฅ ืืขืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืกืจืื ื ืื ืขื ื ืฉืืชืืื, ืืืื "ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช ืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ื" ืืขื ื ื ืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืง, ืืขืืื ืืขืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืช ืืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืงืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืข ืืืจืืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืชืืืคืื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืงืืืืช ืืคืืืฉืืืจื, ืฉืขื ืคื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ื ืืืึตื-ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืง ืืฉืืืช. ืืื ืคื ื ืืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืชืื ืืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ื ืื ืืจืืื "ืืฉืืื ืคืจืืืช", ืฉืืืขื ืชื ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืคืจ ืืช ืืืืง ืืื ืฉืืงืื ืืขืจื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืืช. ืืื ืคืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืกืืืืก ืงืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืชืืืืจื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืฉืืช ืขื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืกืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืื ืืืืืืืก ืฉืคืขืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืืช. ืืจืืืืื ืืืื ื 2019 ืืฉืื ืืืกืฃ ืืืืจืื, ืฉืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืจืฆืื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืื, ืื "ืืืงื ืืชืืจื ืขืืืคืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืง". ืืฉื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืืคืชื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืฉืคืื ืืชืืจื, ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืืจืช ืืฉื, ืืฉืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืฆื, ืชืชื ืื ืืคื ืืฉืคื ืืชืืจื, "ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื, ืขื ืคื ืืฉืคื ืืชืืจื, ืืืืื, ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืฉื ืช 2019". ืืฉื ืฉืื ืืื ืืกืงืื ืืืืื ืฉืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉ"ืื ืกืืงืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืช ืื ืื ืืืจ", ืืืืจ ืฉืืคื ืื"ื, ืกื ืืืจืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืจื ืคืขื ืืฉืืขืื ืฉื ื ืืืืชื ื ืืฉืืช "ืงืืื ืืช". ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืฉืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืฆืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืฉื ืืชืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืชืืจื "ืืื ื ื ืื ืืคืืื". ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืฉืืช, ืืื ืชืคืงืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืชืขืจื ืืื ืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืืชืช ืืืืืืชืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืืืฆืืจืืชืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืืืืกืืจ ืฉืืืชื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืื ืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืชืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืชืืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืงืืืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืกืืื, ืืืกืื ืืืืจืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืื ืชืืฆืจืช ืืื"ื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืคืจืฉื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื, ืืืขื ื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืคืืขื ืงืจืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืจืืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืจ 2026 ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืคืืขื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืขื ืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืฆื ืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2015 ื ืฉืื ืขื ืื"ื ืืขืื ื ืืฉื ืชื ืฉืคืืจืกื, ืืืฉืื: "ืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืืฆืื ืื"ื ืืขืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืขืืืงื ืืืืืืช ืืืง ืืชืืื ืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืขืื ื ืืืฉืจืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืื ืคืจืืคืืจืฆืืืช. ืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืขื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืคืืืช ืขื ื ืืืคื ื 20 ืฉื ื. ืืฆืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืชืงืืืช. ืื ื ืืื ืฉืขืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืขืฉืืจืื ืืคืขื ืืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขืฉืืจืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืคืขืจ ื ืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืคื ืื, ืืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืงืืช ืืช ืขืฆืื ื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืข ืื ื. ืืื ืืื ืืฃ ืืื ืฉืืช ืืจืขื ืื ืืงืืจ ืืจืืืืืช". ืืจืืืืื ืืขืืชืื ืืฉืคืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืกืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืขื ืชืคืืกืช ืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืฉืืืช ืืื ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื ืชืืจืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืงืขื ืืขืจืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืืืก ืืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืืืจ: "ืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืื: ื ืืกื ืืจืื ืชืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ื ืืกื ืงืคืืืืืื, ื ืืกื ืกืืฆืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ื ืืกื: ืชืคืืกื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช 'ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืข'. ืื ื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืชืืจื, ื ืืื ืืฉืคืข ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื. ืื ืชืืื ืืชืคืืกื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืื. ืื ื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฃ ืจืื. ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ ืืื ืก ืืืืงืจื ืืืืืงืจื ืืื ืชืื ืื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืขืืื. ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืื โ ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืื". ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืืื ืืืกืืฃ: "ืืืกืืื ืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืชื ืืืืจืชื ืฉืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืชืืจื, ืืฆืืชื ืฉืชื ืกืืืืช: ื' โ ืื ืื ืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืฆืจืืื ืืืฆืืืจ 'ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืฉืื ืื'. ื' โ ืื ืขืืื ืืืคื ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืฆืืืืช. ืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืืชืืจื โ 'ืื ืืืืงืืชืื ืชืืื ืื ืชืชื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืืชื' ืืืืื ืฉืคืข ืืืืื ืืืื". ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืฉืืื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืฆืข ืืคืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืชืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืข ืื ืืชืืจ ืชืืื ืืช "ืืืง ืืฆืืง", ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืช: ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืชืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื. ืืืคืจืื 2016, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืฉืชื ืืชืจืืืื ื ืืกืืคืจื ืฉืื ื ืขืื ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจ ืขื ืืืืืืช ืขืจืืืืช ืื ืืงืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืจืืื, ืฆืืืฅ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืกืคืจ ืฆืืืฆืื ืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจ: "ืืฉ ืคืขืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืฆืืืื ืืืชืจ ื ืื ืืืืืช ืขื ืขืฆืื", "ืืฉืชื ืืืฉ ืื ืืืขื ืืช, ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืจืืฆื ืื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืืคืืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืฆื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช", ืืื "ืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืจืืื ืืืื ืืืขื ืฉืืฉืชื ืื ืชืจืฆื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืจืืข ืืืื ืชืื ืืง ืฉืืืื ืืจืฆื ืืจืฆืื ืืช ืืชืื ืืง ืฉืื ืขืื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื". ืืืืจ ืฉืืคื"ื ืืืฉืืจื ืงืืื ืฉืืชืื ืืืจ, ืืืชืืืืกื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืจืขื ืืืืง ืืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืืงื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืจืืื, ืืื ืืจืืจืืกืืื ืืฉื ื ืืฆืืืื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืคื ืืื, ืืืงืจ ืืืชื ืกืืืืจืืฅ: "ืืืขืื ืืื ืฉืืืคื"ื ืืืจืง ืืคืจืฆืืคื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื"ื ืขื ืกืืืืจืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืฆืืืื, ืืฉ ืืชืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืชืคืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืก ืืืืฉื ืขื ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืืก, ืืชื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืขืืช ืืงืืจื โ ืืื ืืืคื"ื ืืืืจ ืื? ืืื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืช? ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืื". ืืืืก ืืืขืืืช ืื ืฉืง ืืืืชื-ืืืงื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืขืจืื, ืกืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ ืฉ"ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฆืืื ืืืคื ืืชืืคืขื ืฉื ื ืฉืง ืืืชื ืืืงื ืืืืื ืืจืืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืืฆืืืืช. ืืฉ ืืื ืืคืืจื ืืจืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืืืื ื. ืฆืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืคืืกืืจืื ืืืืืฆืจ ืกื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืฉืื". ื-2021, ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข, ืืชื ืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืชืืฉืขื ืขื ืืจืฉืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก. ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืจืืขื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ. ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ': "ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืชื ืืขื ืืืืกืืืืืช ืืฆื ืืืจืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงืคืื ืขืืืืจืื ืืงืืฆืจ ืจืืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืจ ืืืจืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืืช. ืื ืคืืืช. ืืกืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืก ืชืืื ืคืฉืข, ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืฉื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืฉืืื-ืขืจืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืกืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ื-2022 ืงืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืง ืืช ืืืคืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช, ืฉืืฉืืืชื ืชืืืืืช ืืืืืง ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ืขื ืื ืช ืืคืชืื "ืคืชื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืกืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืจืช, ืฉืืงืืืช ืืช ืืืชืืก ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืคืช ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืขืจืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืืช". ืืืืงืืืืจ 2021 ืขืืจืจ ืกืขืจื ืืฉืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืืืจืข"ื ืืืืืื "ืืชื ืคื ืืืขืืช โ ืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืช ืืขืืืื ืืื ืืจืง ืืชืื ื--48'. ืืืช ืืืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื". ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชื ืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืฃ ืงืจื ืืขืื ืืืืก ืืฆื"ื, ืืชืื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2017 ืงืจื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืืช ืืืืก ืชืืืืืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืก ืืื, ืขื-ืื ืช ืืืคืขืื ืืืฅ ืขื ืืฆืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืกืืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืงืจืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืืฉืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื"ื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืกืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืื ืืืจ 2018 ืื "ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉ ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืชืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืืฉ ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืฉืืชืืืืื ืื ืฉืื โ ืื ืืงื"ื ืืจื ืืช ืืขืืื, ืื ืืื ืืขืืื". ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืชืฉืื, ืืื ืืฉืชืื ืืื ื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืช ืืฆืื, ืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืขืืืช ืจืืืชืื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืืฆืขืื ืืจืืคืื, ืืื ืขืื ืืืื, ืฉื ืงื ืืฉื"ื ืืืคื ืขืฆืืจืื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืืขืืจืืืช ืืืฆืชืช ืืืช ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืื ื ืงืืืืชื, ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืขืฉื ืืคืขืืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืชื: "ืืจืืจ ืืื ืจืง ืืืืืืช ืฉืืคืขืื ืืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืจืง ืืื ืืฆืืืง ื ืงืืืช ืฆืขืืื ืืจืืคืื ืฉืืงืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื. ืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืคืฉืข ืืืืจ, ืคืฉืข ื ืืื, ืคืฉืข ืืืืื ื, ืืื ืื ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืขืืื ืืืืื ืืคืืืื. ืืจืฆื ืืืืื, ืขื ืื ืืืืจืชื, ืืื ืื ืืืจืืข ืืจืืจ." ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชื ืื ื'ืืืง ืืืืื', ืืืขื ืืง ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืืฉืืจ ืื"ืฅ, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืช ืืื ืกืช ืื ืื ืืืขืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2016, ืืืืจ ืืจืืฉืช ื ืฆืืื ืืจืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืจื ืืื"ื ืื ืงืื ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืงืจื ืื"ืจ ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืื ืืืื, ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืจืืืชื ืฉื ืื ื"ื ืืืจืืื, ืืื ืืืขื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชื ืื ืืฆืขื ืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืืืงืจืื. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืชืืื ืืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืขืื ืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืชืืื ืื ืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2025 ืฆืืื: "ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ื - ืื ืื ืื ืขืืืื". ืืฉื ืช 2022 ืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืจืฆื ืจืืื, ืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืืชื ืืืจ ืื ืกืช, ืื ืฉื"ื ืื ืจืง ื ืืฉื ืืืื ื ืขื ืจืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ื"ืื ืืคืืืืฆืืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืืจืืืช ืฉืขื ืืืื ืื ื ืืฉืคื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืจืืฆื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืืืื". ืืืจืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจืื ืืฉืคืืืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืจืืื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืื ื ืจืฆืื ืืช ืืจืฆืื ืืช ืจืืื. ืืืืจืื ืืฉื"ื ืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืฆืช ืชืืืจืืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืจืฆื ืจืืื. ืจืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืคืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืช ืืืจื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชืืืจืืืช ืงืฉืจ ืฉืคืืืขืช ืืฉื"ื. ืืื ืืืขื ืงืจืื, ืชืืจ ืื ืืืจื, ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืืจ. ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืขื ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืงืืจืช ืืงืฉื ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืคื ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืกืื ืื ืงืฉืืจื ืืจืฆื. ืืขืืืช ืืืช ืืขื ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืจ ืืกืืชื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืจืช ืืกืชื ืฉืชืจืื ืืจืฆื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืืืขื ืืจืืื ืื, ืงื ืื, ืืืกืืจืืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืขืืฆืืืื ืขื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืฆืขื ืื ื ื ืงื ืขืงื "ืืกืชื ืืืืืืืช ื ืื ืคืืกืืื ืื". ืืขืืฆืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจ ืื ืืกื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืงืคืืช ื ืืกืื ืื ืงืืืืื, ืืืืกืืจ ืขื ืืืกืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืขืกืงืืืช ืืืฆืข ืืืชื ืขืกืงืืืช ืืกืคืืืช. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืคืจืืื ื ืืช ืืชืืืืืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืก ืืขืื ืืืคืืกืืื ืื ื'ืืคืืฆืชืืืช'. ืืคื ื ืืืืช ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืคื ื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืืช ืื ืงืื ืฉืขืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืงืืื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืชืืืื, ืืคืืงืื ืขื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืขืช ืืืชื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืขืืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืงืื ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืืืื ืกืืืื ืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืคืื ื ืกืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืจืื ืืืืชื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ื ืืกืืื ืคืืืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืื ืง ืืืจืืื. ื-17 ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืชื ืจืฆืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฆืืจืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืืื ืฉื ืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื-ืืืืื. ืืืืื 2025 ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืื ื ืืืกืืจ ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืืข ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืคืจื ืคืืจื ืกื ืฆ'ืก ืขื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื. ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ื ืฉืื ืืจืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืื. ืื ืืชืืืจืจืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืขืช ืจืฉ"ื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืงืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria] | [TOKENS: 1515] |
Contents Communal conflicts in Nigeria Christians Muslims Nigeria Bola Tinubu (2023โpresent) Muhammadu Buhari (2015โ23) Goodluck Jonathan (2010โ15) Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (2007โ10) Olusegun Obasanjo (1999โ07) Bashir Salihi Magashi (2019โ2023) Mansur Mohammed Dan Ali (2015โ19) Aliyu Mohammed Gusau (2014โ15) Olusola Obada (2012โ13) Haliru Mohammed Bello (2011โ12) Adetokunbo Kayode (2010โ11) Godwin Abbe (2009โ10) Shettima Mustapha (2008โ09) Yayale Ahmed (2007โ08) Thomas Aguiyi-Ironsi (2006โ07) Rabiu Kwankwaso (2003โ07) Communal conflicts in Nigeria can be divided into two broad categories:[dubious โ discuss] The most impacted states are those of the Nigerian Middle Belt like Benue, Taraba and Plateau. Violence has reached two peaks in 2004 and 2011 with around 2,000 fatalities those years. It resulted in more than 700 fatalities in 2015 alone. Causes Climate change played a major role in the migration of Fulani herdsmen. African countries have been affected the most by climate change globally. This notion has contributed to the migration of Fulani herdsmen from the North towards southwest Nigeria. As observed from a "Push and pull" model, desertification, landslides, droughts, pollution, sand storms, and diseases that have all transpired from climatic changes have led Fulani Herdsmen to leave their communities. This is mostly due to droughts which time span have persisted longer than anticipated, such as the drying up of Lake Chad. Moreover, diseases have developed from climatic conditions that are killing the animals of these herdsmen. Thus, many Fulani, also known as "Bororo", are inclined to migrate south where in search of improved vegetation, weather conditions, and market opportunities. Herderโfarmer conflicts Since the Fourth Nigerian Republic's founding in 1999, farmer-herder violence has killed thousands of people and displaced tens of thousands more. Insecurity and violence have led many populations to create self-defence forces and ethnic militias, which have engaged in further violence.The majority of farmerโherder clashes have occurred between Muslim Fulani herdsmen and Christian peasants, exacerbating ethnoreligious hostilities. This violence stems from the relationship between the Bororo Fulani and the Yoruba farmers. Prior to this, the Fulani people had migrated into the southwestern Nigeria region centuries ago. In fact, in the 18th century, three different groups of Fulani had migrated to the city of Iseyin. These groups consisted of the Bangu, Sokoto, and Bororo Fulani. Out of these three groups, the Bororo Fulani in particular were the group to separate themselves from the Yoruba farmers. Meanwhile, the Bangu and Sokoto had developed a working relationship with the Yoruba people of Nigeria. Through this bond, they profited off of each other from the by products of their cattle and agriculture. The Fulani people would trade any commodities they extracted from their cattle to the Yorubas for their crops. However, the migration of the Bororo Fulani shifted this relationship as they were perceived to be more aggressive than the settled Fulani. This difference was further exacerbated as they did not speak the native Yoruba language unlike the settled Fulani people who did. As the Bororo Fulani pastoralists integrated into this region the cattle they owned started damaging Yoruba farmers' crops and plants.[citation needed] This led to friction to become quite common among these two groups. One case that can be observed was when additional wreckage was pressed into farmers in the city of Iseyin after a group of Bororo Fulani were exiled from the city of Oyo and migrated there in 1998. Another conflict the Bororo Fulani have been involved with was in 1804 when the Fulani had a Holy War between those who identified as Muslim and resonated with the Hausas and those that were still associated with the Pagan tribes. The war took place in the northern region of Nigeria. This war led to a dichotomy of two groups of the Fulani. One group amalgamated with the Hausa people and are essentially integrated as Hausas while holding positions of wealth and power. The other group kept their pastoral ways intact and did not intermesh with any other tribes. This is what eventually became the Bororo Fulani which means the Bush or Cow Fulani. Currently, the conflict between Fulani herders and other Nigerian farmers have intensified. From 2011 to 2016, roughly 2,000 people have been killed and tens of thousands have been displaced. This is partly due to the rise of jihadist groups, such as Boko Haram. Their presence has jeopardized many herders and farmers that graze in Northern Nigeria. The government has made little efforts to intervene and create schemes to alleviate this conflict. Hence, herders and farmers take it upon themselves to solve the conflicts existing within the community which invigorates conflict. In July 2023, As of the most recent updates, the intercommunal violence in Plateau State, Nigeria, has resulted in the displacement of more than 80,000 people and a reported death toll of around 300. The conflict primarily involves clashes between Muslim nomadic herders and Christian farming communities, posing a significant security challenge for the region. In response, the Nigerian military has taken measures to strengthen security and address the ongoing violence with the aim of restoring stability in the affected areas. Abet Fulani herders The Abet, also known as the Kachichere, are another subgroup of the Fulani. They live in the Abet region of Nigeria after they migrated there in the 18th century. They live in a region for approximately 3 to 5 years before moving another few kilometers within the Abet. Once they establish a homestead, their herds graze within a 3-mile radius.[citation needed] The reason they prefer to graze in the Abet is due to the favorable conditions it holds for their cattle. This stems from the dry season coinciding with the peak of cow fertility and the production of milk.[citation needed] Furthermore, it is easier to herd animals in these open land spaces rather than in condense areas replete of bushes. For land rights in this region, Fulani families may be given rights to parts of the land through customary structures. Thus, land is distributed from chiefs or those in charge of the villages that these fields reside in.[citation needed] Other examples Additional instances of ethnic violence in Nigeria exist; these are often urban riots or such, for example the Yoruba-Hausa disturbances in Lagos, the Igbo massacre of 1966 or the clashes between the Itsekiri and the Ijaw in Delta state. Others are land disputes between neighbours, such as clashes between Ile-Ife and Modakeke in the late 1990s and in Ebonyi State in 2011. See also References Suggested reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba] | [TOKENS: 7360] |
Contents United States embargo against Cuba The United States embargo against Cuba is an embargo preventing U.S. businesses and citizens from conducting trade or commerce with Cuban interests since 1960. Modern diplomatic relations are cold, stemming from historic conflict and divergent political ideologies. U.S. economic sanctions against Cuba are comprehensive and impact all sectors of the Cuban economy. It is the most enduring trade embargo in modern history. The U.S. government influences extraterritorial trade with Cuba. The embargo has faced international criticism for its adverse impact on Cubans, including by the United Nations who have formally condemned it intermittently since 1992. The U.S. government first launched an arms embargo against Cuba in 1958, with their energy and agricultural sectors targeted in 1960. The Cuban Revolution led to nationalization and a trade war with the U.S. that prompted seizure of American economic assets, including oil refineries. The U.S. retaliated with a total embargo on Cuban trade, with exceptions for food and medicine. Cuba held nuclear missiles for the Soviet Union during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, which resulted in the U.S. fully blockading the island. The embargo was loosened during the Cuban thaw from 2015 to 2017, tightening sharply thereafter over human rights in Cuba. The embargo is enforced mainly through the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the HelmsโBurton Act of 1996, and the Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000. Relations remain tense due to stark differences on immigration, counterterrorism, civil and political rights, human rights, electoral interference, disinformation campaigns, humanitarian aid, trade policy, financial claims, fugitive extradition and Cuban foreign policy. History The United States imposed an arms embargo on Cuba on March 14, 1958, during the armed conflict of 1953-1959 between rebels led by Fidel Castro and the Fulgencio Batista rรฉgime. Arms sales violated U.S. policy which had permitted the sale of weapons to Latin-American countries which had signed the 1947 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) as long as the weapons were not used for hostile purposes. After the Castro socialist government came to power on January 1, 1959, relations were initially friendly between Castro and the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration but became strained after agricultural reform confiscated land owned by many American businesses and Cuba continued to sponsor revolutionary movements in other parts of the Caribbean. By March 1960 the U.S. government began making plans to help overthrow the Castro administration. In April 1960, the U.S. Department of State issued a memorandum acknowledging majority support within Cuba for the Castro administration, the fast spread of communism within the country, and the lack of an effective political opposition. In May 1960 the Cuban government began regularly and openly purchasing armaments from the Soviet Union, citing the U.S. arms embargo. In July 1960 the U.S. reduced the import quota of brown sugar from Cuba to 700,000 tons under the Sugar Act of 1948; the Soviet Union responded by agreeing to purchase the sugar instead. In June 1960, Eisenhower's government refused to export oil to the island, leaving Cuba reliant on Soviet crude oil. Cuba and the Soviet Union signed a trade agreement according to which the Soviet Union would provide 900,000 tons of oil to Cuba.: 40 The U.S. viewed the agreement as a provocation, and successfully urged Esso, Texaco, and Shell to refuse to process Soviet crude in their Havana and Santiago de Cuba refineries.: 40 On June 29 and July 1, 1960, Cuba confiscated the refineries.: 40 The U.S. responded by canceling its quota of sugar purchases from Cuba.: 40 On July 11, 1960, Eisenhower wrote a personal letter to the UK prime minister Harold Macmillan encouraging joint action in sanctioning Cuba. Eisenhower elaborates in the letter that the reason for the original diplomatic decline with Cuba was: The story of the cancellation of elections, of the ascendancy of the Communist oriented group and purge of the moderates, of the executions and the hounding of all anti-Communists, of the abortive Cuban-supported efforts to overthrow various Caribbean governments, and of the shrill anti-American diatribes... We were directly affected when Castro, choosing the Agrarian Reform Law version advanced by the extremists, authorized the expropriation of extensive American properties without acceptable provision for compensation. Eisenhower goes on to mention that despite these issues, he pursued a "policy of restraint" throughout 1959, but that the ultimate factor leading to a proactive approach against the Castro government in 1960 was: ...the degree to which Cuba had been handed over to the Soviet Union as an instrument with which to undermine our position in Latin America and the world. In response to sanctions, on August 30, 1960, the Cuban government nationalized three American-owned oil refineries as well as Compaรฑรญa Cubana de Electricidad, the Cuban Telephone Company, and 36 sugar mills.: 40 The refineries became part of the state-run company, Uniรณn Cuba-Petrรณleo. This prompted the Eisenhower administration to launch the first trade embargoโa prohibition against selling all products to Cuba outside of humanitarian aid. In October 1960, the Cuban administration responded by nationalizing all American businesses and most American privately owned properties on the island. Castro promised to separate Americans in Cuba from all of their possessions "down to the nails in their shoes". Cuba's nationalization laws required the government to compensate the owners of seized property, but compensation was to be made in Cuban bonds, an offer rejected by American authorities. Payments pursuant to the Cuban bonds were to be paid from the sale of Cuban sugar to the U.S., but the Americans had just canceled its purchases of Cuban sugar.: 347 No compensation was paid. Other countries which had their assets nationalised, including Switzerland, Canada, Spain, and France, were more agreeable to Castroโs terms, seemingly convinced that they would not be able to get a better deal. The second wave of nationalizations prompted the Eisenhower administration, in one of its last actions, to sever all diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961. The U.S. partial trade embargo with Cuba continued under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917. The Cuban government's nationalization of U.S. owned property is the โlargest uncompensated taking of American property by a foreign government in history.โ Assets seized, included vacation homes and bank accounts of wealthy individuals, but most seized property was owned by large American corporations, including sugar factories, mines and oil refineries. Following the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 17 to 20 April 1961, an operation devised under Eisenhower but which President John F. Kennedy had approved preceding his presidency, Castro characterized the Cuban revolution and state as "socialist". It aligned with the Soviet Union. On September 4, 1961, partly in response, Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act, a Cold War Act that prohibited aid to Cuba and authorized the President to impose a complete trade embargo against Cuba. On January 21, 1962, Cuba was suspended by the Organization of American States (OAS), by a vote of 14 in favor, one (Cuba) against with six abstentions. Mexico and Ecuador, two abstaining members, argued that the OAS Charter did not authorize expulsion. Multilateral sanctions were imposed by OAS, led by the U.S., on July 26, 1964, but were later rescinded on July 29, 1975. Relations between Cuba and the OAS have since warmed and the suspension was lifted on June 3, 2009. Kennedy extended measures by executive order, first widening the scope of the trade restrictions on February 8 and then again on March 23, 1962. These measures expanded the embargo to include all imports of products containing Cuban goods, even if the final products had been made or assembled outside Cuba. On August 3, 1962, the Foreign Assistance Act was amended to prohibit aid to any country that provides assistance to Cuba. On September 7, 1962, Kennedy formally expanded the Cuban embargo to include all Cuban trade, except for the non-subsidized sale of food and medicines. Following the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, Kennedy imposed travel restrictions on February 8, 1963, and the Cuban Assets Control Regulations were issued on July 8, 1963, again under the Trading with the Enemy Act, in response to Cuba hosting Soviet nuclear weapons. These measures froze Cuban assets in the U.S. and consolidated existing restrictions. The restrictions on U.S. citizens traveling to Cuba lapsed on March 19, 1977; the regulation was renewable every six months, but President Jimmy Carter did not renew it and the regulation on spending U.S. dollars in Cuba was lifted shortly afterwards. President Ronald Reagan reinstated the trade embargo on April 19, 1982, though it was now only restricted to business and tourist travel and did not apply to travel by U.S. government officials, employees of news or film making organizations, persons engaging in professional research, or persons visiting their close relatives. This has been modified subsequently with the present regulation, effective June 30, 2004, being the Cuban Assets Control Regulations (31 C.F.R. Part 515). The current regulation does not prohibit travel by U.S. citizens to Cuba per se, but it makes it illegal for U.S. citizens to have transactions (spend money or receive gifts) in Cuba under most circumstances without a U.S. government Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued license. Since even paying unavoidable airfare ticket taxes into a Cuban airport would violate this transaction law, it is effectively impossible for ordinary tourists to visit Cuba without breaking the monetary transaction rule. The embargo was reinforced in October 1992 by the Cuban Democracy Act and in 1996 by the Cuban Liberty and Democracy Solidarity Act (known as the HelmsโBurton Act) which penalizes foreign companies that do business in Cuba by preventing them from doing business in the U.S. The Helms-Burton Act further restricted U.S. citizens from doing commerce in or with Cuba, and mandated restrictions on giving public or private assistance to any successor government unless and until certain claims against the Cuban government were met. The key sponsor of the Cuban Democracy Act, Democrat Robert Torricelli, stated that the legislation would "wreck[sic] havoc on that island."[unbalanced opinion?] Justification provided for these restrictions was that these companies were trafficking in stolen U.S. properties, and should thus be excluded from the United States.[citation needed] The European Union criticized the Helms-Burton Act because it felt that the U.S. was dictating how other nations ought to conduct their trade and challenged it on that basis. The E.U. eventually dropped its challenge in favor of negotiating a solution. After the Cuban military shot down two airplanes operated by Hermanos al Rescate (Brothers to the Rescue) in 1996, killing three Americans and a U.S. resident, a bi-partisan coalition in the U.S. Congress approved the HelmsโBurton Act. The Title III of this law also states that any non-U.S. company that "knowingly traffics in property in Cuba confiscated without compensation from a U.S. person" can be subjected to litigation and that company's leadership can be barred from entry into the United States. Sanctions may also be applied to non-U.S. companies trading with Cuba. This restriction also applies to maritime shipping, as ships docking at Cuban ports are not allowed to dock at U.S. ports for six months. This title includes waiver authority, so that the President might suspend its application. The waiver must be renewed every six months and traditionally was until U.S. President Donald Trump in 2019. In response to pressure from some American farmers and agribusiness, the embargo was relaxed by the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act, which was passed by Congress in October 2000 and signed by President Bill Clinton. The relaxation allowed the sale of agricultural goods and medicine to Cuba for humanitarian reasons. Although Cuba initially declined to engage in such trade (having even refused U.S. food aid in the past, seeing it as a half-measure serving U.S. interests), the Cuban government began to allow the purchase of food from the U.S. as a result of Hurricane Michelle in November 2001. In some tourist spots across the island, American brands such as Coca-Cola can be purchased. Ford tankers refuel planes in airports and some computers use Microsoft software. The origin of the financing behind such goods is not always clear. The goods often come from third parties based in countries outside the U.S., even if the product being dealt originally has U.S. shareholders or investors. In April 2009, President Barack Obama first attempted to warm relations by easing the U.S. travel ban, allowing Cuban-Americans to travel freely to Cuba. Ana Cecilia became the first officially approved ship to sail in July 2012 from Miami to Cuba. Two years later, in 2014, the Obama administration announced its intention to formally re-establish relations with Cuba and later completed a prisoner exchange. President Obama and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba Raรบl Castro met on April 11, 2015, the first meeting in over 50 years. On May 29, 2015, the U.S. removed Cuba from its designated list of state sponsors of terrorism, later re-adding it on January 12, 2021. U.S. banks then were temporarily allowed to open accredited accounts in Cuban banks. Relations officially established on July 20, 2015, with increased travel licenses, amended civil aviation and commercial passenger aircraft regulations, and normalized import-export license requirements announced in September. In February 2016, the U.S. agreed to allow two American men to build a $5-10 million tractor factory. The deal was later disallowed by Cuban authorities because one of the investors was a Cuban permanent resident and Cuba does not allow large investments by Cubans who live on the island. In his final eight days in office, Obama formally discontinued the wet feet, dry feet policy, halting all illegal immigration from Cuba in an effort to promote legal alternatives. On November 8, 2017, it was announced that President Trump's administration had enacted new rules which would re-enforce the business and travel restrictions which were loosened by the Obama administration and would go into effect on November 9. In 2019, ExxonMobil, the largest American energy producer, sued the Cuban government for their theft of U.S. oil assets in the 1960s. In September 2019, the U.S. tightened restrictions on Cuba by limiting U.S. remittances to Cuba and further closing the country's access to the U.S. financial system. Immediately following Cuba's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in January 2021, the State Department launched new political sanctions against Cuba's support of Venezuela and their president, Nicolรกs Maduro. That month the U.S. Treasury additionally sanctioned the Cuban Ministry of Interior for human rights abuse in Cuba. In July 2021, under President Joe Biden, the U.S. imposed sanctions on Cuba's domestic police force and on two of Cuba's leaders in response to political violence related to the 2021 Cuban protests. Cuba attempted to embargo the U.S. by banning U.S. cash deposits at Cuban banks in 2021 but had to reverse the ban due to economic distress in 2023. The U.S. government eased select financial sanctions against companies that serve Cuban interests but have no link to the Cuban government in 2024. President Biden authorized additional sanctions against Cuba during the 2024 Cuban protests which caused further diplomatic strain with First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba Miguel Dรญaz-Canel. First Secretary Dรญaz-Canel was joined by former First Secretary Raรบl Castro in a protest with "tens of thousands of Cubans" against the U.S. embargo in December following the re-election of President Trump. The U.S. government significantly tightened its economic sanctions against Cuba in January 2025, orienting around a "total pressure" or "maximum pressure" strategy. In addition to re-designating the island as a state sponsor of terrorism for a third time, the State Department announced further sanctions against Cuban military contractors and further restricted Cuba's access to the U.S. dollar. U.S. Homeland Security and Coast Guard soon thereafter restricted immigration of economic refugees from Cuba, along with Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. The U.S. re-activated Title III of the HelmsโBurton Act, an international deterrent against foreign investment in Cuba. The U.S. government halted foreign aid funding, expanded visa restrictions, and formally cautioned against Cuban forced labor in February. President Trump issued a presidential directive in July for greater enforcement of the Cuban travel ban, further isolating the tourism industry of Cuba. The U.S. government banned First Secretary Dรญaz-Canel along with two ministers from entering the U.S., later restricting access to the Cuban luxury real estate sector. In late January 2026, the United States expanded its "maximum pressure" policy toward Cuba by introducing an extraterritorial tariff mechanism aimed at halting the supply of crude oil and refined petroleum products to the island. On 29 January 2026, Executive Order 14380 was signed and entered into force on 30 January, declaring a national emergency and authorizing the imposition of additional tariffs on imports into the United States from countries that directly or indirectly supply oil to Cuba. In practice, the threat of tariffs, combined with measures intended to disrupt logistical channels, led to the suspension of Mexican oil deliveries after the President of Mexico announced a halt to ongoing shipments, contributing to a sharp decline in fuel availability and to a severe energy and humanitarian crisis in Cuba. The consequences included widespread electricity outages and significant disruptions to essential public and social services. The United Nations, through its special procedures and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, publicly criticized the U.S. order and warned of its humanitarian implications, characterizing the measures as a form of extraterritorial economic coercion and a "fuel blockade" with the potential to affect hospitals, water supply systems, and food security. Impact The economic impact of the U.S. trade embargo on Cuba is comprehensive and impacts all sectors of the Cuban economy. The United Nations estimated in 2023 the total economic damage to the Cuban economy to be in the "trillions of dollars" since inception. A 2015 report in Al Jazeera estimated that the embargo had cost the Cuban economy $1.1 trillion in the 55 years since its inception, once inflation is taken into account. The Cuban government assessed the cost in 2018 to be around $933 billion since inception. In 2009, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce estimated that the embargo costs the U.S. economy $1.2 billion per year in lost sales and exports, while the Cuban government estimates that the embargo has cost the island itself $753 million annually. In 2001, the U.S. International Trade Commission found that, from 1996 and 1998, without the embargo, Cuban imports to the U.S. would be worth $658 million. In 2002, the U.S.-based, anti-embargo Cuba Policy Foundation estimated that the embargo costs the U.S. economy $3.6 billion per year in economic output. The U.N. assessed the damage to the Cuban economy from 2022 to 2023 to be at $4.87 billion. The U.S. government has pursued extraterritorial measures to enforce its embargo. Cuban ambassador Ricardo Alarcรณn cited 27 recent cases of trade contracts interrupted by U.S. pressure to the U.N. in 1991. British Petroleum was seemingly dissuaded by U.S. authorities from investing in offshore oil exploration in Cuba despite initially expressing interest. In 1992, the U.S. State Department discouraged firms like Royal Dutch Shell and Clyde Petroleum from investing in Cuba. In 1998, U.S. officials attributed Cuba's economic penury not as a result of the embargo, but instead its unwillingness to liberalize its own economy and substantial debts owed to its Japanese, European, and Latin American trading partners. After the formal implementation of the embargo and the passage of Proclamation 3355, there was a 95% decrease in Cuba's sugar quota, which canceled roughly 700,000 tons of the 3,119,655 tons previously allotted to the United States. A year later, Cuba's sugar quota was reduced to zero when President Eisenhower issued Proclamation 3383. This substantially affected Cuba's total exports, as Cuba was one of the world's leading sugar exporters at the time. In 1989, with the collapse of the Soviet bloc, Cuba witnessed its most devastating economic crises. Cuba's GDP plummeted 34% and trade between the nations apart from the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) declined by 56%. Between 1989 and 1992 (the Special Period), the termination of trade partnerships with the Soviet bloc caused the total value of Cuba's exports to fall by 61% and imports to drop by approximately 72%. International economists believed the Cuban government would fall along with the Soviet Union but Cuba instituted a campaign of macroeconomic adjustment and liberalization instead, which provided significant economic recovery. As of 2024, Cuba was experiencing its worst economic crisis in 30 years due to increased sanctions, the challenges of economic reforms, and the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2026, Cuba suspended refueling for airliners at its airports, including Josรฉ Martรญ International Airport, stating it had exhausted the country's fuel supply due to the U.S. blockade of the island and the end of fuel supplies from Venezuela after U.S. intervention the previous month. The U.S. government has implemented significant restrictions on financial activity within Cuba. The U.S. Treasury holds over $6 billion worth of financial claims against the Cuban government according to the U.S. Foreign Claims Settlement Commission. There are over 6,000 financial claims against the Cuban government by American companies valued at around $2 billion. The Cuban government is required to pay cash for all food imports from the U.S., as credit is not allowed. Cuba is heavily dependent on U.S. remittances from family members and access to U.S. dollar deposits influences financial decision-making on the island. Limited access to the U.S. dollar and financial system has exacerbated wealth inequality in Cuba and forced involuntary dollarization on the island. Cuban banks are banned from operating within the United States. U.S. investors are prohibited from owning and trading Cuban sovereign debt. Cuba conducts international financing with many countries, including many U.S. allies; U.S.-based companies, and companies that do business with the U.S. which trade in Cuba do so at the risk of U.S. sanctions. The U.S. has threatened to stop financial aid to other countries if they trade non-food items with Cuba. The U.S.'s attempts to do so have been vocally condemned by the United Nations General Assembly as an extraterritorial measure that contravenes "the sovereign equality of States, non-intervention in their internal affairs and freedom of trade and navigation as paramount to the conduct of international affairs". The embargo has been criticized for its effects on food, clean water, medicine, and other socioeconomic needs of the Cuban population. Criticism has come from both Fidel Castro and Raรบl Castro, citizens and groups from within Cuba, and international organizations and leaders. U.S. diplomat Lester D. Mallory wrote an internal memo on April 6, 1960, arguing in favor of an embargo to "(make) the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government". The embargo has been linked to shortages of medical supplies and soap which have resulted in a series of medical crises and heightened levels of infectious diseases. Medical scholars have also linked the embargo to epidemics of specific diseases, including neurological disorders and blindness caused by poor nutrition. An article written in 1997 suggests malnutrition and disease resulting from increased food and medicine prices have affected men and the elderly in particular, due to Cuba's rationing system which gives preferential treatment to women and children. In 1997, the American Association for World Health stated that the embargo contributed to malnutrition, poor water access, lack of access to medicine and other medical supplies and concluded that "a humanitarian catastrophe has been averted only because the Cuban government has maintained a high level of budgetary support for a health care system designed to deliver primary and preventative medicine to all its citizens." The AAWH found that travel restrictions embedded in the embargo have limited the amount of medical information that flows into Cuba from the United States. Since 2000, the embargo has explicitly excluded the acquisition of food and medicines. The severe effects of the U.S. embargo on the economic activity and political affairs of Cuba has led political scientists to classify the effort as a full-scale "blockade". They claim that violations of the embargo are too harsh, citing the fact that violations often lead to severe sanctions. Academic Nigel White writes, "While the U.S. measures against Cuba do not amount to a blockade in a technical or formal sense, their cumulative effect is to put an economic stranglehold on the island, which not only prevents the U.S. intercourse but also effectively blocks commerce with other states, their citizens and companies." Political economist Jorge Antonio stated in 2000 that the effects of the embargo on the development of Cuba are likely negligible. His research concluded: "Under the real world of Castroism, however, the answer must be a terse one: none. The embargo has not harmed the Cuban economy. Cooperation between the U.S. and Cuba would have been impossible from the very beginning of the Revolution for legal, political, ideological, strategic, and economic reasons, not to mention others of a philosophical or moral character." Former Central Bank of Cuba economist Pavel Vidal said "Reforms in Cuba do not depend on the embargo, and the embargo should be eliminated unilaterally, independently from reforms in Cuba. Both cause problems". A 2009 report by Amnesty International found that the "Cuban embargo has had an adverse effect on human rights" and said that "states must take into account the effects that [imposed] sanctions may have on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights in the country affected". In Cuba, the embargo is commonly called el bloqueo (the blockade), especially by the government and its supporters. Since the Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act was enacted in 2000, the trade of food and medicine goods is excluded from the embargo. Complex licensing and regulatory requirements severely limit export of medicines, medical equipment and supplies, which contain anything produced or patented by the United States, to Cuba. In 2020, $176.8 million worth of goods were exported to Cuba from the U.S. and $14.9 million imported to the U.S. from Cuba. The U.S. embargo has included travel restrictions for American tourists visiting the island since 1961. The U.S. government maintains a Level II Travel Advisory Alert for the island, cautioning citizens against legally traveling through Cuba due to crime. Federal law requires persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction to obtain a license to engage in any travel-related transactions pursuant to travel to, from, and within Cuba. Transactions related solely to tourist travel are not licensable. The U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) considers any visit of more than one day to be prima facie proof of violation. OFAC also holds that U.S. citizens may not receive goods or services for free from any Cuban national, eliminating any attempts to circumvent the regulation based on that premise. Spurred by a burgeoning interest in the assumed untapped product demand in Cuba, a growing number of free-marketers in Congress, backed by Western and Great Plains lawmakers who represent agribusiness, have tried each year since 2000 to water down or lift regulations preventing Americans from traveling to Cuba. President George W. Bush threatened to veto such efforts which stalled the legislation during the 2000s. U.S. nationals have circumvented the ban by traveling to Cuba from a different country, such as Mexico, the Bahamas, Canada, or Costa Rica. The practice opens U.S. citizens to a risk of prosecution and fines by the U.S. government if discovered. In 2006, the U.S. announced the creation of a task force that will more aggressively pursue violations of the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba, with severe penalties. Criminal penalties for violating the embargo range up to ten years in prison, $1 million in corporate fines, and $250,000 in individual fines; civil penalties up to $55,000 per violation. Criticism The embargo is formally opposed by multiple international organizations including: Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, among others around the world. The Helms-Burton Act has been the target of criticism from Canadian and European governments in particular, who object to what they say is the extraterritorial pretensions of a piece of legislation aimed at punishing non-U.S. corporations and non-U.S. investors who have economic interests in Cuba. The European Council has criticized the embargo as being extraterritorial and indirectly impacting the economic growth of European countries that have ties to Cuba, recommending WTO dispute settlement. The embargo has also faced criticism from a select faction of international trade advocates and business leaders. Cato Institute's Daniel Griswold called the embargo a failure, saying the economic sanctions have impoverished Cubans and "deprived Americans of their freedom to travel and has cost US farmers and other producers billions of dollars of potential exports." Business leaders who have opposed the embargo include: James E. Perrella, Dwayne O. Andreas, and Peter Blyth, according to Foreign Affairs. It has faced criticism from a variety of U.S. political figures since inception. President Jimmy Carter called for an end to the embargo in 2002 saying the U.S. and Cuba were "trapped in a destructive state of belligerence." George Shultz, who served as Secretary of State under Reagan, called the embargo "insane" in 2005. Venezuelan President Hugo Chรกvez criticized the embargo in 2009 calling it a "great farce" later stating that the "U.S. empire [is] alive and well, threatening us." During this time U.S. President Barack Obama discussed easing the embargo during his 2008 campaign for president, though he promised to maintain it. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton publicly shared the view that the embargo helps the Castros stay in power by enabling an anti-American narrative. The Latin America Working Group argues that pro-embargo Cuban-American exiles, whose votes are crucial in the U.S. state of Florida, have swayed many politicians to adopt views similar to their own. In June 2011, George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for president in 1972, blamed "embittered Cuban exiles in Miami" for keeping the embargo alive. Political scientist William LeoGrande opined in 2015 that the embargo "has never been effective at achieving its principal purpose: forcing Cuba's revolutionary regime out of power or bending it to Washington's will.' Humanitarian opposition of the embargo has persisted since the 1970s due to the strict restrictions the embargo imposes on Cubans. Pope John Paul II criticized the embargo during his 1979 pastoral visit to Mexico. Patriarch Bartholomew I called the embargo a "historic mistake" while visiting the island in 2004. Reverends Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton as well as minister Louis Farrakhan have also publicly opposed the embargo. The U.S. bishops called for an end to the embargo on Cuba, after Pope Benedict XVI's 2012 visit to the island. Film director Michael Moore challenged the embargo by bringing 9/11 rescue workers in need of healthcare to Cuba to obtain subsidized health care. Every year since 1992, except for 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.N. General Assembly has passed a non-binding resolution that condemns the ongoing impact of the embargo and declares it in violation of the Charter of the United Nations and of international law. Israel is the only country that routinely joins the U.S. in voting against the resolution. Other countries that voted against the resolution in the past include Romania in 1992, Albania and Paraguay in 1993, Uzbekistan from 1995 to 1997, Marshall Islands from 2000 to 2007, Palau from 2004 to 2009 then once in 2012, and Brazil in 2019. 187 countries voted in favor of the resolution in 2024, with only the United States and Israel voting against it and Moldova abstaining. In 2025, five countries joined the United States and Israel in voting against the resolution: Argentina, Paraguay, Hungary, North Macedonia, and Ukraine. Additionally, twelve countries abstained from the vote: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Morocco, Poland, Moldova, and Romania. This was reportedly a result of intense lobbying by the Trump Administration, as well as a protest against the alleged participation of Cuban nationals as foreign volunteers during the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. In February 2026, UN experts condemned the executive order issued by the Trump administration which imposed a fuel blockade on Cuba, describing it as โa serious violation of international law and a grave threat to a democratic and equitable international order.โ Public opinion in the U.S. Cuba continues to play a destabilizing role in the Western Hemisphere, providing a communist foothold in the region and propping up U.S. adversaries in places like Venezuela and Nicaragua by fomenting instability, undermining the rule of law, and suppressing democratic processes. The U.S. government has made a strategic decision to reverse the loosening of sanctions and other restrictions on the Cuban regime. These actions will help to keep U.S. dollars out of the hands of Cuban military, intelligence, and security services. A 2008 USA Today/Gallup Poll indicated that Americans believed that diplomatic relations should be re-established with Cuba, with 61% in favor and 31% opposed. In January 2012, an Angus Reid Public Opinion poll showed that 57% of Americans called for ending the U.S. travel ban with Cuba, with 27% disagreeing and 16% not sure. The Cuban Research Institute at Florida International University has conducted thirteen polls (from 1991 to 2020) of Cuban Americans in Dade County, Florida. In 1991, support for the embargo was 67.9% (5.5% don't know) shortly after the end of the Cold War, bottoming out at 31.6% (9.4% don't know) in 2016 during the Cuban thaw, and back up to 54% (8% don't know) in 2020 after relations with Cuba deteriorated. In 2024, the Cuban Research Institute found high levels of support for the embargo among Cuban-American voters in southern Florida, reporting that 55% of Cuban-American voters were in favor of the embargo's continuation with 43% preferring a more humanitarian sanctions program. See also References |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืจื_ืจืื] | [TOKENS: 14102] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืจืื ืืจืื (ืืืจื) ืจืื (ื ืืืื ื-26 ืืืื 1965) ืืื ืืฉืช ืฆืื ืืคืืืืืืงืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื. ืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืื ืืืจืืช ืชืช-ืืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืฉืืืฉื ืืืืจืช ืฆื"ื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืจืื ืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืช ืืช. ืืืื ืคืืืงืก ืกืืืื ื ืขืื ืืืจืืงื, ืืืืื ืืจืกื (ืืจืกืืก) ืืืืช ืื ืืงื ืขืืชื ืืกืคืจื ืืฉื ืืช ื-50. ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืจ ืกืคืจืืืช. ืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืจื ืจืืืืืื ืฉืืงืจืืืช ืืช. ืืืื 17 ืืืชื ืืชืืืจ "ืฆืืจืืช ืืฉื ื" ืฉื ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืขืจืื ืื ืืขืจ". ืืฆืขืืจืืชื ืืชื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืฉื ืื ืืื"ื ืืืฃ ืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจืช ืืืื ืืฉืคืื. ืืืืชื ืคืขืืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืื ืืขืจ ืฉื ืงืจืืืช ืืช ืืืจืื ื ืืืฆืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืขื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื. ืจืื ืืขืืช ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืืืชื ืคืืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืช ืืจื, ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืขื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืืื-ืืจืืขืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืืื. ื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืจ ืจืื, ืืื ืืก ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืืฉืืืฉื. ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืจืืฉ ืืขืื. ืจืื ืืชืืืืกื ืืฆื"ื ืืฉื ืช 1983 ืืฉืืจืชื ืืืืจืืืช ื ืืขืจ. ืืฆืื ืืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืคืงืืช ืืืืงื ืืืกืืก ืืื "ืข. ืืฉื ืช 1986 ืขืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฆื"ื, ืชืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืจืช ืคืืงืื ืืืจืื ืชืืช ืืืืฃ ืืคืืงืื ืืฆืืง ืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืฉื ืช 1988 ืืื ืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืฆื"ื ืืคืจืื ืืคืื. ืืฉื ืช 1989 ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืกื ืฆืืืืจ ืืืคืงืืช ืืืืืช ืืฉืื (ืืคื"ืฉ) ืืฉืืืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืจ, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืงืืืืช, ืจืืฉ ืขื ืฃ ืชืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืขื ืฃ ืชืงืฉืืจืช. ืืฉื ืช 2002 ืืืขืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืืืฃ-ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืชื ืืกืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืฆื"ื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืขืจื ืืืกืืจื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืช ืขืืจืืง, ืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืคืฉื ืืจืืื, ืฉืืกืืืื, ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืื ืชื ืืฆื ืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ืขื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืจื-ืืืืฃ ืื ืืืืฅ ืืจืืื"ื, ืืื ืชื ืืืืืจืช ืฆื"ื (ื-2 ืืืื ื 2005). ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืจืฆืืคืืช (ืืืืืคื ืืช ืชืช-ืืืืฃ ืจืืช ืืจืื), ืืืจืืฉืื ื (ืืืืืืื ืขื ืื) ืืืืืจื ืฆื"ื ืฉืฆืืื ืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฆื"ื ืขืฆืื. ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจืช ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช, ืฉืืืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืคืฉ ืคืขืืื ืจื ืืขืืชืื ืืื, ืฉืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืฆืืืชื ืืคืื ืื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืงืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืื ืชื ืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืขืจ ืืืคืจ ืืจืื "ืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืจืืช ืืขืืจืืื ืืช", ืืชืืืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืืชื ืฆืื 13 ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืขื ืืืืืกื 2007. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2007 ืืื ื ืืืชื ืืจืืื"ื ืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืืืช ืืืจืืขื ืฆื"ื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืช ื-60 ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ืชืคืงืื ืฉืืืืื ืขื ืืกืืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฉื ืช 2008. ืืื"ื ืืขืืช ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืคืจืง "ืืืื ืืชืืฆืื - ืืฉืืคืช ืกืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืคื ื ืืืคืื ืืืจืื" ืืชืื ืื "ื ืชืืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืื" ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฆืืดื ืฉืืฉืคืืขื ืขื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืืขืื ืืฆืืื ืช ืืืคืืจืฉ ืจืืืื ืฉืื ืขืจืื ืขื ืดืืืืจืช ืฆืืดื (ืืืจื ืจืื). ืขื ืคื ืืงืืจืืช ืฉืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืช, ืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืฆืืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื. ื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืขืืชืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืืืืฅ' ืืขืื ืื ืคื ืชื ืืืื ืืืชืืืขืฆืืช ืื ืืฉื. ืจืื ืืืืืฉื ืืขืงืืืืช ืืช ืืืขื ืืช ืืืื. ืจืื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืื ืืืืืจ 2008. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืืงืื ื-34 ืืจืฉืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืืื ืกืช ื-18. ืืืืจ ืงืืืช ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืืข ืืืฆืืขื, ืืืฆืื ืืืงืื ื-27 ืืจืฉืืื. ืจืื ื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืจืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื "ืืืืืื". ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืขืืช ืืืฉื ื ืืคืจืืคืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื, ืืืืขืืช ืืืืฅ ืืืืืืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื. ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืืืื. ืืืคืื ื ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืื ืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืคืจืืงื, ืืืจื ืื "ืืกืืื ืื ืื ืกืจืื ืืืืฃ ืฉืื ื - ื ืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืงืื ืืืฆืื. ืื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืคืฉ ืขืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื". ืขื ืืฉืคื ืื ื ืขืฉื ืคืจืืืืืช ืจืืืช, ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฆืืื ืืืขืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืจืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืช. ืจืื ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืืงืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืคืืืืื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืืืืคื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-2011 ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืชืืช ืืืงืจื ืจืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืช ืจืืืฉืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืืืช. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื, ืืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืจืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืชืื ืืืชืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืชื ืจืื "ืฉืืื ืงืืฆืื ื". ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-20, ืืืชื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-34 ืืื ืชื ืืฉืจืช ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืื ืื ืกื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืื 2015. ืฆืขืืื ื ืชืคืกื ื"ืื ืื ืืืืงืจืืืื" ืื ืืชืื ืขืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืชืจืืืช ื ืื ืจืื. ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ื ืจืื ืืืชื ืืขืช "ืืช", ืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืฉ"ืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืคืื ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืืคืืื ืืืื". ืืจืงืข ืืขืืืืช, ืขืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืืืฆืื ืืกื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืจืฆื ืืช ืืืฆืื "ืืืื ืืืงืืื" ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงื, ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืจืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืื, ืืฉืืืฆืื ื"ืชืืืืจืื ืื-ืืืืื" ืืืืคื. ื-16 ืืืื ื ืงืืืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืืฆืชื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ืจ ืืืื ืคืจืืืง ืืืืจืชื ืขื ืืงืคืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืชืงืฆืืืื ืืชืืืืจืื "ืื-ืืืืื". ืืืช ืขืงื ืื-ืกืืจืื ืืกืคืืื ืฉื ืชืืื ืื ืืืืฉืืคื ืฉืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืื "ืืืื ืืืงืืื" ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืงื, ืืฉืืงื ืขืฆืื ืืขืืจื ืืฉืืืืง ืืืฆืื ืืืืื. ืจืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืช ืืกืจื "ืื ืกืฃ ืืคืื" ืืขืืกืง ืืืืื ืขืืืจ, ืจืืฆืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื, ืืคืกืืืื ืืงืืื ืืข ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืจืื ื ืืคืกืืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืืกืจื ืืืงืจื ืืคื ื ืืงืก ืืคืชืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืชืืจืืช. ืจืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื. ืขื ืคื ืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืจื ืืืืื 2016 ืืืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืงืืงื: "ืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืื?". ืืืื 2017 ืืืืืขื ืืื ืื ืคืกืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืชืื ืข ืืืืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืคืขืื ืืคืกืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืขืืจืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืคืข ืืื ืคืืืข ืืจืืฉืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืจืืืืช ืืืขืจืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืงืจืืืช. ื-4 ืืืื ื ืืืงืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืืืืืืช ืืกืื ืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืกืืืืืช ืืชืงืฆืื ืืื ื ืืกืืืืชื. ืืื ืืืื ื 2017, ืืื ืชื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืืืืืช ืืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืช ื-70 ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืงืก ืืืืงืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืืชืืืขื ืืืืืงืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืจืื ืืืงืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืงืก ื ืืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืืฉืืืื ืืชื ืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืฉ ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืืชืืื ืช ืืงืืืขื ืฉื ืืืงืก, ืฉืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ื ื ื ืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืกืชืื ื ืคืฉืจื ืฉืืคืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืง ืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืชืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืจื ืืจืื ืงืฆืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืืืงืก ืืืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ื-50. ืืคืืขื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืขืื ืืืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืฉื ื ืืื ืืจืื. ืจืื ืคืขืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืฉืืง ืืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืจืช ืืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืืจืื ืื ืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืคื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืงืฆืชื ืืื 2.7 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืช ื-70 ืืืืื ื. ื ืืืจืช ืืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืง ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืกืืืจ ืฉืืขืืจืช ืืืฉืืง ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืื ืกืคืื ืจืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืขืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืงืืืฉืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชื. ืจืื ืืืืขื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืจื "ืืืืืื" ืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืขืจื ืขื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื "ืืืืื", ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืชืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืชืืื ืืืืืจ. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015 ืคืจืกืื ืจืื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืกืืืช ืชืจืืืช, ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืงืื "ืืืง ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืช", ืืฉืจ ืืื ื "ืืืง ืื ืืื ืืช ืืชืจืืืช". ืืื ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื: ืฉืืืืช ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืงืจืืืช, ืืกืชื ืืืืขื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืจ, ืชืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืจืืจ ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฆืืื ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืื, ืืขืฉื ืืฉืืชื ืืคืืืข ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืื ืงืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืจื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืื 2016 ืืฉืจื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืคืจืกื ืชืืงืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืงืช ืืกืคื ืชืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื, ืืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืก ืืืืกืืืช ืฉืืืคืืขื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืืจืืขืช ื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืขืฉืืช ืื. ืืืื 2020 ืคืกื ืื"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืืืื ืืก. ืจืื ืงืืืื ืืช "ืืืง ืื ืืื ืืช ืืชืจืืืช", ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืฉืขืืจืจื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืชืจืืืช. ืืืืง ืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืจืืฉืื ื, ืื ื ืคื ืืฉื ืืชื ืืืืช ื"ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืคืขืื ืืงืืืื ืืงืืงืชื ืฉื ืชืืงืื ืืืืง ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืช, ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืฉืืื ืชืงืฆืื ืืืฉืืชื ืืืืฃ ืฉืืืฆืข ืคืขืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืื: ืฉืืืืช ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืงืจืืืช; ืืกืชื ืืืืขื ืืช, ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืจ; ืชืืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืฉื ืืจืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืืจืืจ ื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื; ืฆืืื ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืื; ืืขืฉื ืฉื ืืฉืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืคืืื ืืคืืืข ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืืืื ื). ืืืืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืืืง ืขืืจืจื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2016 ืืงืืื ืจืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืงืจื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืข, ืฉืืกืงื ืืชืื ืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืืงืืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืชืงืื ืฉื ืงืจื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืข ืืืชืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืืฆืื. ืืืืื 2018 ืืฆืืื ืจืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืงืืช ืืืืจ ืืงืืืจืื, ืืืืจืช ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืกืช ืจืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืงืืคืชืืช ืืฉืืงืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉื ืช 2020 ืืืงืื ืงืจื ืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืืชื ืืขื ื ืืืืฆืจืื ืืคืจืืคืจืื, ืืืจืื, ืืฆืคืื ืืืฉืืืจืื. ืืชืืฆืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืื ืงืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืื "ืงืจื ืงืืื ืืข ืฉืืืจืื". ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืืฉืืขื ืืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ. ืจืื ืงืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืงืก ืืืืงืช ืืืฉืืืืช. ืืชืคืงืื ืืชืืืืื ืขื ืกืืืืืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 ืืืจืืื ืื ืืขืจืืช ืืจืืืช ืืงืื ืืืืจืืคืืืื ืชื ืืืื ืชืืงืจื ื"ืื ืงื". ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืชืชื ืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืจืืคืืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืืขื ื ืื ืขืืืฃ ืืืฉืงืืข ืืืงืืช ืงื ืืจืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืืกืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืงืจืืืช ืฉืืื ื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืืื ืชื ืืช ืคืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืจืงืืืจืืื ืืืจืช ื ืชืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืกืช ื-24 ื ืื ืชื, ืืื ืืืจื ืืคืืืชื, ืขื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืืืืืกื 2021 ื ืื ืชื ืขื ืืขืืชืจืื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืขื ืืจืื ืืขืืืชืื. ื-23 ืืืื 2022 ืืชื ืืื ืืืฆืขืช ืืืืง "ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื" ืฉื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืื 50% ืืืชืืื ืืช, ืชืื ืืจืืฉื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ื-100%, ืืืขื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืืื ืื โืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ื ืจืืฆืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืืื ืก, ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืโ. ืืืจืื ืขืืจืจื ืกืขืจื ืฆืืืืจืืช. ืืืืง ืืชืงืื ืืืืจ ืคืฉืจื ืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฉืื ืืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื 75% ืืืชืืื ืืช. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืชื ืจืื ืืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข ืืืชืคืืจื ืืืื ืกืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืง ืื ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืงืืืื ืจืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืงืก ืืืืงืช ืืืฉืืืืช. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2023, ืืืจืืช ืืขืืืกืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช, ืกืืจืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืจืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืจ ืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2023, ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื, ืืขื ื ืจืื ืื ื ืชืืื ืืชืืืืจื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืจืื, ืฉืืืงืื ืืืื ืงืืืืื ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฅ, ืจืืงืื ืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืฆืจืื ืืืื ืืืชื, ืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืขื ื ืฉืืืืื ืชืืจืื ืื ืืง ืืกืคื ืฉื ืืืืืืจืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืื ืชืื ืคืืืก ืืืืืฉ ืืืืฃ, ืืฉืื ืชื ืืช ืื ืืืื ื"ื ืชืื ืคืืืก" ืืืืืฉ 1 ืืืจืืฉืืื ืื ืฉืชืืชืจ ืชื ืืขืช ืืื ืจืื ืขื ืฉื ื ื ืืกืขืื, ืืืงืื ืฉืืืฉื ืงืืื ืืื. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื, ืืื ืชื ืืช ืคืขืื ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืงื ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืืจื, ืืฆื ืฉื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืฆืืืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืจืื ืฉืื ื, ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืคืืช ืืืกืจ ื ืืกืืื ื ืืจืืืื ืื ืืชืคืงืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืชื ืืช ืขื"ื ืขืื ื ืืืืืฆืืจื, ืืชื ืฉื ืคืขืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืงืื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืื ืชืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืื ืื ืืกืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืืฆืืจื. ืืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืจืฉืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืคืืงื ืืืืืื ืืืขื ืืจืืืื ืืืืชื ืชืคืงืื ืืฉื ืคืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืชืืจ. ื-20 ืืืคืจืื 2023 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขื ืฉื ืจืื ืืคืื ืืืฉืงืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ื ืฉืงืืื ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืคืจืืืงืืื ืชืืืืจืชืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืฉืืื ืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืื ืืฆืื ืืคืืขื. ืืืื 2023 ืืืืืข ืื ื"ื ืจืืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืงืกื ืจ, ืขื ืขืืืืชื, ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฆืืื ืืืืืชื, ืืืช, ืขื ืคื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช, ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืคืืืืืืื. ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ื ืืชืื ืืืงืืจืช ืจืื ืืฉื ืืคืืืขื ืื ืช"ืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืชืืืืจื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืกืจ ืงืืืื ืคืจืืืงื ืืจืืืช ืืชืืชืืช ืืืืฉ ืื. ื"ื ืืืขื ืืืคืืจืืืกืงื ืืชืคืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืืช ืืืฉื ื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืฉืจื ืืชืืืืจื ืื ืืชืืืืก ืืขืืืืชื. ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023 ืืืืื ืืืืก ืืช ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ื ืื ืืขืืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืชื ืฉื ืจืื, ืืืื, ืืืืชื ืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืคืกืืืื ื ืืื ืืชืคืกื ืืืกื ืืขืืจ ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืืืืจ ืฉืจืืื ื ืืจื. ืืชืืืืจื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืคืขืื ืฉืขืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืืืก ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืืข ืฉืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืขืืจืคื, ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืขืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฉื ืืืืืข ืืืืืคืืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืชืงืคืื ืืืืกืืกืื ื ืืืฆื ืืืคืฉ ืืจืืคืื. ืจืื ืกืคืื ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืคืขืืื ืืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืืืจืช "ืื ืขื" ืืฉืืช (ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืื ืืืช ืืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ื), ืืฆืืจื ืืืืช ื ืืกืขืื ืืืืขื ืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฆื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืขืืจืจื ืจืื ืกืขืจื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืฉืืช. ืืขื ืชื ืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืจืจื ืืื ื ืืื ื. ืืืกืืชืื ืืจืืืช ืฉื ืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืฆื ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื. ื-5 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ื ืืกืชื ืืืืื ืก ืืงืืืืฅ ืืืจื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืืช ืื ืืกืชื. ืืชืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื "ืืชื ืชืืื ืืงืืืืฅ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืืงื". ืืืืืืกื 2024 ืืกืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืจืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืื ืขื ืืงืก ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื. ืืืืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืงืจื ืืืงืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืืขื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืงืืืืฆืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืฉืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืงืก ืืืืืืชื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืืขื ื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืฉ 90 ืืคืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืช ืืจืืื, ืืขืค"ื ืฉืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืงืืื ืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืืฆืืืจ 2025, ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืขืชื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืจื (ETSC) ืืขืงืืืช ืฆืขืื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืขื ืช ืืืจืืื ืืื ื ืขืืืื ืืงื ื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืชื ืืืกืืกืืช ืืืฆืืช ืืืื. ืืืจืืื ืืืืืข ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืจืืคืืช ืืืืฆืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื (PIN). ืขื ืคื ืืืื ืืฉื ืชื ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืฉืคืืจืกื ืืืื ื 2025, ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืื ื ืืืื 32 ืืืืจืืช ืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉื ืื 2014-2024. ืฉืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉื 17% ืืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื ืจืฉืื ืขืืืื ืฉื 37.6%: 319 ืืจืืืื ื-2014 ืืขืืืช 439 ืืจืืืื ื-2024. ืืืื 2024 ืฉืืืจ ืืขืจืืฅ 13 ืชืืงืืจ "ืืืงืืจ" ืฉื ืจืืื ืืจืืงืจ ืขื ืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื. ืืคื ืืชืืงืืจ ืจืื ืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืขื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืฉืจื, ืืืงืืืฉื ืืช ืขืืงืจ ืืื ื ืืคืขืืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืคื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื. ืืื ื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืงืืื, ืฉืืืจืื ืืคื ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืฆืืืขื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืก ืขืืืจื, ืืขื ืืกืืก ืจืืฉืื ืื ื ืชื ื ืืขื ื ืืขื ืืื ื ืชืืืืจื. ืขื ืคื ืืชืืงืืจ ืจืื ืคืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืืช, ืื ืชื ื ืืืก ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ื, ืืคืื ืืืฃ ืืกืื ืืืื, ืืืชืื ืืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืืืก ืืงืืืืช ืขืืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ื ืืฆืื ืชืงื ื ืืขืกืงื ืืืืขืฆืื ืืงืฆืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืขืฆืื ืคืืืืืืื. ืืชืืงืืจ ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืขืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืขืืืจ ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืฉืื ืฉืคืจืฉ, ืืื ืชื ืืืืกืฃ, ืืขื ืจืืืื ืืช ืขื ืจืืฉื ืจืฉืืืืช. ืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืืจืืงืจ ื ืืฆื ืืช ืืฆืื ืืืจืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืกืฃ. ืืืืฉื, ืืืืฉื ืจืื ืชืืื ื ืืืฉืืจื ื ืื ืืืืกืฃ, ืืืขื ื ืื ืื ื ืืืืืฃ ืืกืืืื. ื-10 ืืืื ื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืคืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืจืื. ืจืื ื ืืกืชื ืืื ืืข ืืืฉืืืจืื ืืงืืช ืืกืืืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืกืื ืืช, ืืืฃ ืขืชืจื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืื ืืฉื ืื, ืื ืขืชืืจืืชืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืจืืืืช. ืืืงืจื ืืื 433 ืืงืื ืืคืฉืืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืฉืืื, ืืฆืคืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืขืืจืืื ืืืงืืจื. ืืชืืจืื ื-17 ืืืืื 2025 ื ืกืืจ ืชืืง ืืืงืืจื ื ืื ืืฉืจื ืจืื. ืืืขืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืคืชืื, ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืฆื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืงืืจื ื ืื ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืชืืืฉื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช. ืืืื 2025 ืฉืืืจ ืืชืืงืืจ "ืืืืงืจ" ืืขืจืืฅ 12, ืื ืจืื ืืขืืจืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช ืืงืคืืื ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืงื ืืืืืฃ ืืจืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืืืฃ ืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืืื. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche] | [TOKENS: 6872] |
Contents Avalanche An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a slope, such as a hill or mountain. Avalanches can be triggered spontaneously, by factors such as increased precipitation or snowpack weakening, or by external means such as humans, other animals, and earthquakes. Primarily composed of flowing snow and air, large avalanches have the capability to capture and move ice, rocks, and trees. Avalanches occur in two general forms, or combinations thereof: slab avalanches made of tightly packed snow, triggered by a collapse of an underlying weak snow layer, and loose snow avalanches made of looser snow. After being set off, avalanches usually accelerate rapidly and grow in mass and volume as they capture more snow. If an avalanche moves fast enough, some of the snow may mix with the air, forming a powder snow avalanche. Though they appear to share similarities, avalanches are distinct from slush flows, mudslides, rock slides, and serac collapses. They are also different from large scale movements of ice. Avalanches can happen in any mountain range that has an enduring snowpack. They are most frequent in winter or spring, but may occur at any time of the year. In mountainous areas, avalanches are among the most serious natural hazards to life and property, so great efforts are made in avalanche control. There are many classification systems for the different forms of avalanches. Avalanches can be described by their size, destructive potential, initiation mechanism, composition, and dynamics. Formation Most avalanches occur spontaneously during storms under increased load due to snowfall and/or erosion. Metamorphic changes in the snowpack, such as melting due to solar radiation, is the second-largest cause of natural avalanches. Other natural causes include rain, earthquakes, rockfall, and icefall. Artificial triggers of avalanches include skiers, snowmobiles, and controlled explosive work. Contrary to popular belief, avalanches are not triggered by loud sound; the pressure from sound is orders of magnitude too small to trigger an avalanche. Avalanche initiation can start at a point with only a small amount of snow moving initially; this is typical of wet snow avalanches or avalanches in dry unconsolidated snow. However, if the snow has sintered into a stiff slab overlying a weak layer, then fractures can propagate very rapidly, so that a large volume of snow, possibly thousands of cubic metres, can start moving almost simultaneously.[citation needed] A snowpack will fail when the load exceeds the strength. The load is straightforward; it is the weight of the snow. However, the strength of the snowpack is much more difficult to determine and is extremely heterogeneous. It varies in detail with properties of the snow grains, size, density, morphology, temperature, water content; and the properties of the bonds between the grains. These properties may all metamorphose in time according to the local humidity, water vapour flux, temperature and heat flux. The top of the snowpack is also extensively influenced by incoming radiation and the local air flow. One of the aims of avalanche research is to develop and validate computer models that can describe the evolution of the seasonal snowpack over time. A complicating factor is the complex interaction of terrain and weather, which causes significant spatial and temporal variability of the depths, crystal forms, and layering of the seasonal snowpack. Slab avalanches are formed frequently in snow that has been deposited, or deposited by wind. They have the characteristic appearance of a block (slab) of snow cut out from its surroundings by fractures. Elements of slab avalanches include a crown fracture at the top of the start zone, flank fractures on the sides of the start zones, and a fracture at the bottom called the stauchwall. The crown and flank fractures are vertical walls in the snow delineating the snow that was entrained in the avalanche from the snow that remained on the slope. Slabs can vary in thickness from a few centimetres to three metres. Slab avalanches account for around 90% of avalanche-related fatalities.[citation needed] The largest avalanches form turbulent suspension currents known as powder snow avalanches or mixed avalanches, a kind of gravity current. These consist of a powder cloud, which overlies a dense avalanche. They can form from any type of snow or initiation mechanism, but usually occur with fresh dry powder. They can exceed speeds of 300 km/h (190 mph), and masses of 1,000,000 tons; their flows can travel long distances along flat valley bottoms and even uphill for short distances. In contrast to powder snow avalanches, wet snow avalanches are a low velocity suspension of snow and water, with the flow confined to the track surface (McClung, 1999, p. 108). The low speed of travel is due to the friction between the sliding surface of the track and the water saturated flow. Despite the low speed of travel (โ10โ40 km/h), wet snow avalanches are capable of generating powerful destructive forces, due to the large mass and density. The body of the flow of a wet snow avalanche can plough through soft snow, and can scour boulders, earth, trees, and other vegetation; leaving exposed and often scored ground in the avalanche track. Wet snow avalanches can be initiated from either loose snow releases, or slab releases, and only occur in snowpacks that are water saturated and isothermally equilibrated to the melting point of water. The isothermal characteristic of wet snow avalanches has led to the secondary term of isothermal slides found in the literature (for example in Daffern, 1999, p. 93). At temperate latitudes wet snow avalanches are frequently associated with climatic avalanche cycles at the end of the winter season, when there is significant daytime warming.[citation needed] An ice avalanche occurs when a large piece of ice, such as from a serac or calving glacier, falls onto ice (such as the Khumbu Icefall), triggering a movement of broken ice chunks. The resulting movement is more analogous to a rockfall or a landslide than a snow avalanche. They are typically very difficult to predict and almost impossible to mitigate.[citation needed] As an avalanche moves down a slope it follows a certain pathway that is dependent on the slope's degree of steepness and the volume of snow/ice involved in the mass movement. The origin of an avalanche is called the Starting Point and typically occurs on a 30โ45 degree slope. The body of the pathway is called the Track of the avalanche and usually occurs on a 20โ30 degree slope. When the avalanche loses its momentum and eventually stops it reaches the Runout Zone. This usually occurs when the slope has reached a steepness that is less than 20 degrees. These degrees are not consistently true due to the fact that each avalanche is unique depending on the stability of the snowpack that it was derived from as well as the environmental or human influences that triggered the mass movement.[citation needed] Injuries and deaths People caught in avalanches can die from suffocation, trauma, or hypothermia. From "1950โ1951 to 2020โ2021" there were 1,169 people who died in avalanches in the United States. For the 11-year period ending April 2006, 445 people died in avalanches throughout North America. On average, 28 people die in avalanches every winter in the United States. In 2001 it was reported that globally an average of 150 people die each year from avalanches. Terrain, snowpack, weather Doug Fesler and Jill Fredston developed a conceptual model of the three primary elements of avalanches: terrain, weather, and snowpack. Terrain describes the places where avalanches occur, weather describes the meteorological conditions that create the snowpack, and snowpack describes the structural characteristics of snow that make avalanche formation possible. Avalanche formation requires a slope shallow enough for snow to accumulate but steep enough for the snow to accelerate once set in motion by the combination of mechanical failure (of the snowpack) and gravity. The angle of the slope that can hold snow, called the angle of repose, depends on a variety of factors, such as crystal form and moisture content. Some forms of drier and colder snow will only stick to shallower slopes, while wet and warm snow can bond to very steep surfaces. In coastal mountains, such as the Cordillera del Paine region of Patagonia, deep snowpacks collect on vertical and even overhanging rock faces. The slope angle that can allow moving snow to accelerate depends on a variety of factors such as the snow's shear strength (which is itself dependent upon crystal form) and the configuration of layers and inter-layer interfaces.[citation needed] The snowpack on slopes with sunny exposures is strongly influenced by sunshine. Diurnal cycles of thawing and refreezing can stabilize the snowpack by promoting settlement. Strong freeze-thaw cycles result in the formation of surface crusts during the night and of unstable surface snow during the day. Slopes in the lee of a ridge or of another wind obstacle accumulate more snow and are more likely to include pockets of deep snow, wind slabs, and cornices, all of which, when disturbed, may result in avalanche formation. Conversely, the snowpack on a windward slope is often much shallower than on a lee slope. Avalanches and avalanche paths share common elements: a start zone where the avalanche originates, a track along which the avalanche flows, and a runout zone where the avalanche comes to rest. The debris deposit is the accumulated mass of the avalanched snow once it has come to rest in the run-out zone. For the image at left, many small avalanches form in this avalanche path every year, but most of these avalanches do not run the full vertical or horizontal length of the path. The frequency with which avalanches form in a given area is known as the return period. The start zone of an avalanche must be steep enough to allow snow to accelerate once set in motion, additionally convex slopes are less stable than concave slopes because of the disparity between the tensile strength of snow layers and their compressive strength. The composition and structure of the ground surface beneath the snowpack influences the stability of the snowpack, either being a source of strength or weakness. Avalanches are unlikely to form in very thick forests, but boulders and sparsely distributed vegetation can create weak areas deep within the snowpack through the formation of strong temperature gradients. Full-depth avalanches (avalanches that sweep a slope virtually clean of snow cover) are more common on slopes with smooth ground, such as grass or rock slabs. Generally speaking, avalanches follow drainages down-slope, frequently sharing drainage features with summertime watersheds. At and below tree line, avalanche paths through drainages are well defined by vegetation boundaries called trim lines, which occur where avalanches have removed trees and prevented regrowth of large vegetation. Engineered drainages, such as the avalanche dam on Mount Stephen in Kicking Horse Pass, have been constructed to protect people and property by redirecting the flow of avalanches. Deep debris deposits from avalanches will collect in catchments at the terminus of a run out, such as gullies and river beds. Slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a lower incidence of avalanches. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of repose is between 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which human-triggered avalanches are most frequent, is 38 degrees. When the incidence of human triggered avalanches is normalized by the rates of recreational use, however, hazard increases uniformly with slope angle, and no significant difference in hazard for a given exposure direction can be found. The rule of thumb is: A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle.[citation needed] The snowpack is composed of ground-parallel layers that accumulate over the winter. Each layer contains ice grains that are representative of the distinct meteorological conditions during which the snow formed and was deposited. Once deposited, a snow layer continues to evolve under the influence of the meteorological conditions that prevail after deposition.[citation needed] For an avalanche to occur, it is necessary that a snowpack have a weak layer (or instability) below a slab of cohesive snow. In practice the formal mechanical and structural factors related to snowpack instability are not directly observable outside of laboratories, thus the more easily observed properties of the snow layers (e.g. penetration resistance, grain size, grain type, temperature) are used as index measurements of the mechanical properties of the snow (e.g. tensile strength, friction coefficients, shear strength, and ductile strength). This results in two principal sources of uncertainty in determining snowpack stability based on snow structure: First, both the factors influencing snow stability and the specific characteristics of the snowpack vary widely within small areas and time scales, resulting in significant difficulty extrapolating point observations of snow layers across different scales of space and time. Second, the relationship between readily observable snowpack characteristics and the snowpack's critical mechanical properties has not been completely developed.[citation needed] While the deterministic relationship between snowpack characteristics and snowpack stability is still a matter of ongoing scientific study, there is a growing empirical understanding of the snow composition and deposition characteristics that influence the likelihood of an avalanche. Observation and experience has shown that newly fallen snow requires time to bond with the snow layers beneath it, especially if the new snow falls during very cold and dry conditions. If ambient air temperatures are cold enough, shallow snow above or around boulders, plants, and other discontinuities in the slope, weakens from rapid crystal growth that occurs in the presence of a critical temperature gradient. Large, angular snow crystals are indicators of weak snow, because such crystals have fewer bonds per unit volume than small, rounded crystals that pack tightly together. Consolidated snow is less likely to slough than loose powdery layers or wet isothermal snow; however, consolidated snow is a necessary condition for the occurrence of slab avalanches, and persistent instabilities within the snowpack can hide below well-consolidated surface layers. Uncertainty associated with the empirical understanding of the factors influencing snow stability leads most professional avalanche workers to recommend conservative use of avalanche terrain relative to current snowpack instability.[citation needed] Avalanches only occur in a standing snowpack. Typically winter seasons at high latitudes, high altitudes, or both have weather that is sufficiently unsettled and cold enough for precipitated snow to accumulate into a seasonal snowpack. Continentality, through its potentiating influence on the meteorological extremes experienced by snowpacks, is an important factor in the evolution of instabilities, and consequential occurrence of avalanches faster stabilization of the snowpack after storm cycles. The evolution of the snowpack is critically sensitive to small variations within the narrow range of meteorological conditions that allow for the accumulation of snow into a snowpack. Among the critical factors controlling snowpack evolution are: heating by the sun, radiational cooling, vertical temperature gradients in standing snow, snowfall amounts, and snow types. Generally, mild winter weather will promote the settlement and stabilization of the snowpack; conversely, very cold, windy, or hot weather will weaken the snowpack. At temperatures close to the freezing point of water, or during times of moderate solar radiation, a gentle freeze-thaw cycle will take place. The melting and refreezing of water in the snow strengthens the snowpack during the freezing phase and weakens it during the thawing phase. A rapid rise in temperature, to a point significantly above the freezing point of water, may cause avalanche formation at any time of year. Persistent cold temperatures can either prevent new snow from stabilizing or destabilize the existing snowpack. Cold air temperatures on the snow surface produce a temperature gradient in the snow, because the ground temperature at the base of the snowpack is usually around 0 ยฐC, and the ambient air temperature can be much colder. When a temperature gradient greater than 10 ยฐC change per vertical meter of snow is sustained for more than a day, angular crystals called depth hoar or facets begin forming in the snowpack because of rapid moisture transport along the temperature gradient. These angular crystals, which bond poorly to one another and the surrounding snow, often become a persistent weakness in the snowpack. When a slab lying on top of a persistent weakness is loaded by a force greater than the strength of the slab and persistent weak layer, the persistent weak layer can fail and generate an avalanche.[citation needed] Any wind stronger than a light breeze can contribute to a rapid accumulation of snow on sheltered slopes downwind. Wind slabs form quickly and, if present, weaker snow below the slab may not have time to adjust to the new load. Even on a clear day, wind can quickly load a slope with snow by blowing snow from one place to another. Top-loading occurs when wind deposits snow from the top of a slope; cross-loading occurs when wind deposits snow parallel to the slope. When a wind blows over the top of a mountain, the leeward, or downwind, side of the mountain experiences top-loading, from the top to the bottom of that lee slope. When the wind blows across a ridge that leads up the mountain, the leeward side of the ridge is subject to cross-loading. Cross-loaded wind-slabs are usually difficult to identify visually.[citation needed] Snowstorms and rainstorms are important contributors to avalanche danger. Heavy snowfall will cause instability in the existing snowpack, both because of the additional weight and because the new snow has insufficient time to bond to underlying snow layers. Rain has a similar effect. In the short term, rain causes instability because, like a heavy snowfall, it imposes an additional load on the snowpack and once rainwater seeps down through the snow, acts as a lubricant, reducing the natural friction between snow layers that holds the snowpack together. Most avalanches happen during or soon after a storm.[citation needed] Daytime exposure to sunlight will rapidly destabilize the upper layers of the snowpack if the sunlight is strong enough to melt the snow, thereby reducing its hardness. During clear nights, the snowpack can re-freeze when ambient air temperatures fall below freezing, through the process of long-wave radiative cooling, or both. Radiative heat loss occurs when the night air is significantly cooler than the snowpack, and the heat stored in the snow is re-radiated into the atmosphere. Dynamics When a slab avalanche forms, the slab disintegrates into increasingly smaller fragments as the snow travels downhill. If the fragments become small enough the outer layer of the avalanche, called a saltation layer, takes on the characteristics of a fluid. When sufficiently fine particles are present they can become airborne and, given a sufficient quantity of airborne snow, this portion of the avalanche can become separated from the bulk of the avalanche and travel a greater distance as a powder snow avalanche. Scientific studies using radar, following the 1999 Galtรผr avalanche disaster, confirmed the hypothesis that a saltation layer forms between the surface and the airborne components of an avalanche, which can also separate from the bulk of the avalanche. Driving an avalanche is the component of the avalanche's weight parallel to the slope; as the avalanche progresses any unstable snow in its path will tend to become incorporated, so increasing the overall weight. This force will increase as the steepness of the slope increases, and diminish as the slope flattens. Resisting this are a number of components that are thought to interact with each other: the friction between the avalanche and the surface beneath; friction between the air and snow within the fluid; fluid-dynamic drag at the leading edge of the avalanche; shear resistance between the avalanche and the air through which it is passing, and shear resistance between the fragments within the avalanche itself. An avalanche will continue to accelerate until the resistance exceeds the forward force. Attempts to model avalanche behaviour date from the early 20th century, notably the work of Professor Lagotala in preparation for the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix. His method was developed by A. Voellmy and popularised following the publication in 1955 of his Ueber die Zerstรถrungskraft von Lawinen (On the Destructive Force of Avalanches). Voellmy used a simple empirical formula, treating an avalanche as a sliding block of snow moving with a drag force that was proportional to the square of the speed of its flow: He and others subsequently derived other formulae that take other factors into account, with the Voellmy-Salm-Gubler and the Perla-Cheng-McClung models becoming most widely used as simple tools to model flowing (as opposed to powder snow) avalanches. Since the 1990s many more sophisticated models have been developed. In Europe much of the recent work was carried out as part of the SATSIE (Avalanche Studies and Model Validation in Europe) research project supported by the European Commission which produced the leading-edge MN2L model, now in use with the Service Restauration des Terrains en Montagne (Mountain Rescue Service) in France, and D2FRAM (Dynamical Two-Flow-Regime Avalanche Model), which was still undergoing validation as of 2007. Other known models are the SAMOS-AT avalanche simulation software and the RAMMS software. Human involvement Preventative measures are employed in areas where avalanches pose a significant threat to people, such as ski resorts, mountain towns, roads, and railways. There are several ways to prevent avalanches and lessen their power and develop preventative measures to reduce the likelihood and size of avalanches by disrupting the structure of the snowpack, while passive measures reinforce and stabilize the snowpack in situ. The simplest active measure is repeatedly traveling on a snowpack as snow accumulates; this can be by means of boot-packing, ski-cutting, or machine grooming. Explosives are used extensively to prevent avalanches, by triggering smaller avalanches that break down instabilities in the snowpack, and removing overburden that can result in larger avalanches. Explosive charges are delivered by a number of methods including hand-tossed charges, helicopter-dropped bombs, Gazex concussion lines, and ballistic projectiles launched by air cannons and artillery. Passive preventive systems such as snow fences and light walls can be used to direct the placement of snow. Snow builds up around the fence, especially the side that faces the prevailing winds. Downwind of the fence, snow build-up is lessened. This is caused by the loss of snow at the fence that would have been deposited and the pickup of the snow that is already there by the wind, which was depleted of snow at the fence. When there is a sufficient density of trees, they can greatly reduce the strength of avalanches. They hold snow in place and when there is an avalanche, the impact of the snow against the trees slows it down. Trees can either be planted or they can be conserved, such as in the building of a ski resort, to reduce the strength of avalanches. In turn, socio-environmental changes can influence the occurrence of damaging avalanches: some studies linking changes in land-use/land-cover patterns and the evolution of snow avalanche damage in mid latitude mountains show the importance of the role played by vegetation cover, that is at the root of the increase of damage when the protective forest is deforested (because of demographic growth, intensive grazing and industrial or legal causes), and at the root of the decrease of damage because of the transformation of a traditional land-management system based on overexploitation into a system based on land marginalization and reforestation, something that has happened mainly since the mid-20th century in mountain environments of developed countries. In many areas, regular avalanche tracks can be identified and precautions can be taken to minimize damage, such as the prevention of development in these areas. To mitigate the effect of avalanches the construction of artificial barriers can be very effective in reducing avalanche damage. There are several types: One kind of barrier (snow net) uses a net strung between poles that are anchored by guy wires in addition to their foundations. These barriers are similar to those used for rockslides. Another type of barrier is a rigid fence-like structure (snow fence) and may be constructed of steel, wood or pre-stressed concrete. They usually have gaps between the beams and are built perpendicular to the slope, with reinforcing beams on the downhill side. Rigid barriers are often considered unsightly, especially when many rows must be built. They are also expensive and vulnerable to damage from falling rocks in the warmer months. In addition to industrially manufactured barriers, landscaped barriers, called avalanche dams stop or deflect avalanches with their weight and strength. These barriers are made out of concrete, rocks, or earth. They are usually placed right above the structure, road, or railway that they are trying to protect, although they can also be used to channel avalanches into other barriers. Occasionally, earth mounds are placed in the avalanche's path to slow it down. Finally, along transportation corridors, large shelters, called snow sheds, can be built directly in the slide path of an avalanche to protect traffic from avalanches. Warning systems can detect avalanches which develop slowly, such as ice avalanches caused by icefalls from glaciers. Interferometric radars, high-resolution cameras, or motion sensors can monitor unstable areas over a long term, lasting from days to years. Experts interpret the recorded data and are able to recognize upcoming ruptures in order to initiate appropriate measures. Such systems (e.g. the monitoring of the Weissmies glacier in Switzerland) can recognize events several days in advance. Modern radar technology enables the monitoring of large areas and the localization of avalanches at any weather condition, by day and by night. Complex alarm systems are able to detect avalanches within a short time in order to close (e.g. roads and rails) or evacuate (e.g. construction sites) endangered areas. An example of such a system is installed on the only access road of Zermatt in Switzerland. Two radars monitor the slope of a mountain above the road. The system automatically closes the road by activating several barriers and traffic lights within seconds such that no people are harmed.[citation needed] Avalanche accidents are broadly differentiated into 2 categories: accidents in recreational settings, and accidents in residential, industrial, and transportation settings. This distinction is motivated by the observed difference in the causes of avalanche accidents in the two settings. In the recreational setting most accidents are caused by the people involved in the avalanche. In a 1996 study, Jamieson et al. (pages 7โ20) found that 83% of all avalanches in the recreational setting were caused by those who were involved in the accident. In contrast, all the accidents in the residential, industrial, and transportation settings were due to spontaneous natural avalanches. Because of the difference in the causes of avalanche accidents, and the activities pursued in the two settings, avalanche and disaster management professionals have developed two related preparedness, rescue, and recovery strategies for each of the settings.[citation needed] Notable avalanches Two avalanches occurred in March 1910 in the Cascade and Selkirk Mountain ranges. On 1 March the Wellington avalanche killed 96 in Washington state, United States. Three days later 62 railroad workers were killed in the Rogers Pass avalanche in British Columbia, Canada. During World War I, an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a result of avalanches during the mountain campaign in the Alps at the Austrian-Italian front, many of which were caused by artillery fire. Some 10,000 men, from both sides, died in avalanches in December 1916. In the Northern Hemisphere winter of 1950โ1951 approximately 649 avalanches were recorded in a three-month period throughout the Alps in Austria, France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. This series of avalanches killed around 265 people and was termed the Winter of Terror. The avalanche in Biaลy Jar occurred on 20 March 1968, sweeping away 24 people who were walking along the bottom of Biaลy Jar ravine in the Giant Mountains. Five of them, who were thrown aside by the avalanche, managed to survive. The remaining 19 people โ including 13 Russians, 4 citizens of East Germany, and two Polish citizens โ lost their lives. A total of 1,100 people took part in the rescue operation. A mountain climbing camp on Lenin Peak, in what is now Kyrgyzstan, was wiped out in 1990 when an earthquake triggered a large avalanche that overran the camp. Forty-three climbers were killed. In 1993, the Bayburt รzengili avalanche killed 60 individuals in รzengili in the province of Bayburt, Turkey. A large avalanche in Montroc, France, in 1999, 300,000 cubic metres of snow slid on a 30ยฐ slope, achieving a speed in the region of 100 km/h (62 mph). It killed 12 people in their chalets under 100,000 tons of snow, 5 meters (16 feet) deep. The mayor of Chamonix was convicted of second-degree murder for not evacuating the area, but received a suspended sentence. The small Austrian village of Galtรผr was hit by the Galtรผr avalanche in 1999. The village was thought to be in a safe zone but the avalanche was exceptionally large and flowed into the village. Thirty-one people died. On 28 January 2003, the Tatra Mountains avalanche swept away nine out of a thirteen-member group heading to the summit of Rysy in the Tatra Mountains. The participants of the trip were students from the I Leon Kruczkowski High School in Tychy and individuals associated with the school's sports club. On 3 July 2022 a serac collapsed on the Marmolada Glacier, Italy, causing an avalanche that killed 11 alpinists and injured eight. Classification of avalanches In Europe, the avalanche risk is widely rated on the following scale, which was adopted in April 1993 to replace the earlier non-standard national schemes. Descriptions were last updated in May 2003 to enhance uniformity. In France, most avalanche deaths occur at risk levels 3 and 4. In Switzerland most occur at levels 2 and 3. It is thought that this may be due to national differences of interpretation when assessing the risks. Stability: additional load: Gradient: Avalanche size: [citation needed] In the United States and Canada, the following avalanche danger scale is used. Descriptors vary depending on country. There are nine different types of avalanche problems: The Canadian classification for avalanche size is based upon the consequences of the avalanche. Half sizes are commonly used. The size of avalanches are classified using two scales; size relative to destructive force or D-scale and size relative to the avalanche path or R-scale. Both size scales range from 1 to 5 with the D size scale half sizes can be used. Slab avalanche hazard analysis can be done using the Rutschblock Test. A 2 m wide block of snow is isolated from the rest of the slope and progressively loaded. The result is a rating of slope stability on a seven step scale. (Rutsch means slide in German.) Avalanches and climate change Avalanche formation and frequency is highly affected by weather patterns and the local climate. Snowpack layers will form differently depending on whether snow is falling in very cold or very warm conditions, and very dry or very humid conditions. Thus, climate change may affect when, where, and how often avalanches occur, and may also change the type of avalanches that are occurring. Overall, a rising seasonal snow line and a decrease in the number of days with snow cover are predicted. Climate change-caused temperature increases and changes in precipitation patterns will likely differ between the different mountain regions, and the impacts of these changes on avalanches will change at different elevations. In the long term, avalanche frequency at lower elevations is expected to decline corresponding to a decrease in snow cover and depth, and a short-term increase in the number of wet avalanches are predicted. Precipitation is expected to increase, meaning more snow or rain depending on the elevation. Higher elevations predicted to remain above the seasonal snow line will likely see an increase in avalanche activity due to the increases in precipitation during the winter season. Storm precipitation intensity is also expected to increase, which is likely to lead to more days with enough snowfall to cause the snowpack to become unstable. Moderate and high elevations may see an increase in volatile swings from one weather extreme to the other. Predictions also show an increase in the number of rain on snow events, and wet avalanche cycles occurring earlier in the spring during the remainder of this century. The warm, wet snowpacks that are likely to increase in frequency due to climate change may also make avalanche burials more deadly. Warm snow has a higher moisture content and is therefore denser than colder snow. Denser avalanche debris decreases the ability for a buried person to breathe and the amount of time they have before they run out of oxygen. This increases the likelihood of death by asphyxia in the event of a burial. Additionally, the predicted thinner snowpacks may increase the frequency of injuries due to trauma, such as a buried skier striking a rock or tree. Avalanches of dust on Mars See also References External links |
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ืงืืืฅ:Emblem of Israel alternative.svg Derivative works of this file: Category:PD Israel & British Mandate. ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ | Deutsch | ฮฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบฮฌ | English | ืขืืจืืช | ีฐีกีตีฅึีฅีถ | ะผะฐะบะตะดะพะฝัะบะธ | portuguรชs | ััััะบะธะน | ไธญๆ | ไธญๆ๏ผ็ฎไฝ๏ผโ | +/โ ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืงืืจื This image is a derivative work of the following images: Uploaded with derivativeFX .}} ืืืกืืืจืืืช ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืชื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืชืืจืื/ืฉืขื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืืคื ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืื. ืฉืืืืฉ ืืงืืืฅ ืืืชืจ ืึพ100 ืืคืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื. ืืจืฉืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืจืง ืืช 100 ืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ. ื ืืชื ืืฆืคืืช ืืจืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืฆืคืืื ืืงืืฉืืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืงืืืฅ ืืื. ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืงืืืฅ ืืชืจื ืืืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื: ืฆืคื ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืืืึพื ืชืื ืื ืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืข ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืืกืืจืง ืฉืืื ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืฆืจ ืื ืขืืจ ืืืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืงืืืฅ ืฉืื ื ืืืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืื ืืื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืงืฃ ืืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-vehicle_collision] | [TOKENS: 895] |
Contents Multiple-vehicle collision A multiple-vehicle collision (colloquially known as a pileup or multi-car collision), is a road traffic collision involving many vehicles. Generally occurring on high-capacity and high-speed routes such as freeways, they are one of the deadliest forms of traffic collisions. The most disastrous pileups have involved more than a hundred vehicles. Terminology A chain collision can be defined as "an accident involving three or more vehicles in which one vehicle has only rear impact damage (i.e., the "lead" vehicle); one vehicle has only frontal damage; and all other vehicles have frontal and rear impact damage (these are the "middle" vehicles)". Statistics In Great Britain, statistics are available on the number of vehicles involved in crashes. In America, statistics are available from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Causes Pile-ups generally occur in low-visibility conditions as drivers on freeways are following too closely and unable to adjust to road conditions. Chain-reaction crashes can also occur in conditions of good visibility, when black ice or other road hazards are encountered unexpectedly as drivers round a curve or crest a hill. Multiple vehicle collisions can also occur when a third vehicle is too close to an initial collision to avoid hitting one or both of the vehicles. Due to the high traffic speeds on the road, if one car develops a problem and suddenly halts, ones behind it cannot stop in time and may hit it. Considering that these roads often have high traffic volumes, more cars are forced into braking and skidding, darting into other lanes and in front of other traffic; more vehicles become involved, creating a chain reaction effect. Determining the cause of such collisions is difficult for investigators and it is often impossible to tell if negligence caused the crash. In spite of their frequency, little formal research has been done in the United States regarding their causes. Effects Multiple-vehicle collisions are particularly deadly as the mass of crumpled vehicles makes escape for survivors difficult. Even if survivors are able to exit their vehicles, other cars may strike them. Individual vehicles in a multiple-vehicle collision are often hit multiple times at high speed, increasing the risk of injury to passengers who may have survived the first impact with the benefit of now-discharged protective airbags. Collisions after the initial collision may occur from the side of the vehicle, where the passenger compartment is more vulnerable. A fire in one part of the collision can quickly spread via spilled gasoline and cover the entire crash area. Multiple-vehicle collisions can also overwhelm local emergency services making speedy rescues more difficult. If the collision takes place in a remote area, getting medical help to the scene can be difficult. The destruction and intense heat of fires can also damage roadways, particularly by melting and burning the asphalt or spalling concrete surfaces. The structural steel of bridges and overpasses can also be weakened by the heat. A fiery pileup inside a tunnel is the most serious, as there is little means to escape the poisonous fumes and the confined heat may damage structural supports. The large scale of these collisions can close highway routes for several days, or even longer if highway support structures are damaged. Avoidance A NHTSA report suggests that a vehicle fit with a center high-mounted stop lamps has 23.7% less risk to be involved as a lead vehicle in a chain collision while it has 16.0% less risk to be involved as a middle vehicle in such a chain collision. France In the French ASFA motorway network, out of all vehicle crashes with injuries, single vehicle crashes make up 42% of the total, dual vehicle crashes make up 41%, and crashes involving three or more vehicles make up 17%. Korea On Korean expressways, chain crashes represent 10.7% of crashes with injuries involving truck drivers. On Korean rural roads, chain crashes represent 0.6% of crashes with injuries involving truck drivers. Major pileups Motorsports Multiple vehicle collisions can occur in the restricted courses used in motorsports as well, most commonly after a green flag (on road courses) being waved following a warm-up lap during the start of the race. Reporters and fans apply subjective guidelines as to what threshold needs to be crossed before a simple on-track incident can be described as such. NASCAR fans, for example, talk about the "Big One", where many cars can be or are involved in a wreck while running close together. See also References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States%E2%80%93Iran_crisis] | [TOKENS: 3294] |
Contents 2026 IranโUnited States crisis Ongoing Since 13 January 2026, tensions between Iran and the United States have intensified amid Iran's ongoing crackdown on nationwide antiโgovernment protests. On 13 January, Iranian officials warned they were "ready for war" after U.S. President Donald Trump threatened potential military action in response to the growing death toll and mass detentions linked to the protests. The U.S. government signaled that airstrikes remained an option, emphasizing that all responses were under consideration while maintaining that diplomacy was still preferred. Regional actors, including Qatar, cautioned that any escalation could have severe consequences for the Middle East. The crisis unfolded against the backdrop of Iran's deepening economic collapse and internal unrest, which had begun in late 2025 and continued into early 2026. Background The escalation of the 2025 IranโIsrael war, combined with United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites, had a major influence on the crisis. Throughout 2025, Israel intensified its campaign of covert and overt operations against Iranian military infrastructure, missile sites, and Revolutionary Guard assets in Syria and inside Iran itself. These actions deepened Iran's sense that it was under sustained external assault, pushing Iranian leaders toward a more militarized defensive posture. When the United States conducted its own strikes on Iranian nuclearโassociated targets, Iran interpreted this as confirmation that the governments in Washington and Jerusalem, were an existential threat to the Islamic Republic. In the aftermath of 13 January, Iran's internal situation remained marked by an economic crisis due to sanctions and persistent public dissent. The country continued to experience high inflation, currency depreciation, and shortages of essential goods, all of which contributed to growing frustration among Iranians. Protest activity, which had begun in the months earlier, persisted across multiple provinces and involved students, workers, and residents of economically marginalized regions. Demonstrations frequently centered on economic grievances, but they also expanded to include broader political demands, including calls for greater accountability and an end to government corruption. Iranian authorities responded with an intensified security posture. Reports from human rights organizations described largeโscale arrests, increased surveillance, and the deployment of security forces to areas with sustained protest activity. Internet restrictions, including temporary shutdowns and censorship, were used to limit communication and hinder the organization of demonstrations. State media framed the unrest as the result of foreign interference by parties such as the United States and Israel. The domestic pressures also affected Iran's political landscape. Hardline factions within the government advocated for stronger measures to suppress dissent. Public dissatisfaction with economic management and governance contributed to declining trust in state institutions, further complicating the government's efforts to project unity during a period of heightened international tension. United States policy In the period following 13 January, the United States adopted a more assertive public posture toward Iran while continuing to emphasize that it sought to avoid direct conflict. Senior officials within the Trump administration issued a series of statements outlining Washington's position. President Donald Trump reiterated that the United States was prepared to respond to any actions perceived as threatening U.S. personnel or regional stability, while also stating that military force would be used only if necessary. His remarks framed the situation as a test of deterrence, emphasizing that Iran would be held accountable for further escalation. The US Secretary of state Marco Rubio underscored this approach by calling on Iran to halt its crackdown on domestic protests and to comply with international obligations. In public briefings, the Secretary described Iran's internal unrest as evidence of widespread dissatisfaction and urged Tehran to "choose deโescalation" through diplomatic channels. The National Security Advisor similarly warned that the United States would not tolerate attacks on its regional partners or interests, calling out Iran's actions as destabilizing and inconsistent with international norms. The escalation in U.S.โIran tensions after 13 January prompted extensive debate within the United States Congress, where lawmakers expressed differing views on the appropriate scope and direction of U.S. policy. Members of Congress who favored a more assertive approach argued that Iran's regional activities and domestic repression required stronger deterrence measures. These legislators supported maintaining or expanding sanctions, increasing military readiness in the region, and issuing clear warnings that attacks on U.S. personnel or allies would result in a forceful response. They contended that a firm posture was necessary to prevent further escalation and to counter what they viewed as destabilizing behavior by Iran. Some bipartisan lawmakers advocated for a more restrained strategy, emphasizing the risks of miscalculation and the potential for unintended conflict. These members called for renewed diplomatic engagement, greater transparency regarding the administration's decisionโmaking, and adherence to congressional oversight mechanisms related to the use of military force. Some raised concerns about the legal basis for any potential military action, citing the need for updated authorizations and clearer definitions of U.S. objectives. They argued that sustained diplomatic efforts, rather than increased military pressure, offered the best path to reducing tensions and addressing longโstanding disputes. No clear consensus emerged. Further U.S. policy discussions after 13 January also focused on the security of American personnel and facilities across the Middle East. The Department of Defense reviewed force protection measures at bases in Iraq, Syria, and the Gulf, citing concerns about potential retaliation from Iranianโaligned groups. Pentagon officials emphasized that any attack on U.S. forces would prompt a direct response, reflecting a broader effort to deter proxy activity without escalating into open conflict. Analysts noted that these measures were consistent with previous periods of heightened tension, during which the United States sought to balance deterrence with the risk of miscalculation. At the diplomatic level, the United States intensified consultations with European and regional partners to coordinate messaging and assess potential avenues for deโescalation. American diplomats engaged with NATO allies, Gulf Cooperation Council members, and other partners to reinforce shared concerns about Iran's internal repression and regional activities. These discussions aimed to maintain a unified international stance while exploring options for renewed dialogue. Despite these efforts, progress remained limited, as longstanding disagreements over sanctions, nuclear policy, and regional security continued to shape the broader context of U.S.โIran relations. On 13 January, senior national security officials met at the White House to review potential military options, including airstrikes, cyber operations, and targeted raids, as part of the administration's response to Iran's violent suppression of demonstrations. The U.S. military began repositioning assets to strengthen its regional posture. By 25 January, an American aircraft carrier strike group, the USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) was deployed toward the Gulf, accompanied by additional Navy and Air Force assets. This movement was described as a precautionary measure amid fears of further escalation and was part of a broader effort to deter Iranian actions. Throughout late January, President Donald Trump continued to weigh expanded military options. Reports on 29โ30 January indicated that he had been presented with additional plans, including possible commando operations targeting Iranian nuclear facilities. These deliberations occurred alongside ongoing concerns about Iran's mass arrests and internal unrest, which U.S. officials cited as contributing factors in the heightened military readiness. On February 14, Trump stated he will dispatch a second carrier strike, the USS Gerald R. Ford, will be on the way to the Middle East with Carrier Strike Group 12 after completing operations in the Caribbean as part of Operation Southern Spear to support the USS Abraham Lincoln. In the final week of January, President Donald Trump used Truth Social to issue a series of public warnings directed at Iran, marking one of the most visible escalations in U.S. messaging during the crisis. On 28 January 2026, Trump declared that "a massive Armada is heading to Iran", describing it as moving "with great power, enthusiasm, and purpose." Trump warned that if Iran did not agree to a deal, "the next attack will be far worse", referencing previous U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities.The posts emphasized the scale and readiness of U.S. military forces deployed to the region, with Trump describing the movement of a large naval formation toward the Gulf as a deliberate signal of American resolve. He framed the deployment as part of a broader effort to pressure Iran amid its ongoing domestic unrest and to deter any actions that might threaten U.S. personnel or regional partners. Several of the posts referenced previous U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, which Trump cited as evidence of Washington's willingness to act if necessary. He warned that any further escalation by Iran could prompt a more severe response, presenting the situation as a narrowing window for Tehran to alter its course. When speaking at Fort Bragg on February 13, Trump declared that regime change would be โthe best thing that could happenโ. Trump said on a post on Truth Social, when referring to the Chagos dispute, UK air bases at RAF Fairford and the shared base at Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory would be used by the US in an attack on Iran should Iran not agree to a nuclear deal. However, the United Kingdom has reportedly blocked Trump's request to use their air bases, leading to the latter withdrawing his support for the Chagos Islands deal. While some US sources, including Senator Lindsey Graham told Axios that the US might need more time to prepare on February 18, others disagreed. "The boss is getting fed up. Some people around him warn against going to war with Iran, but I think there is 90% chance we see kinetic action in the next few weeks," one anonymous Trump advisor told Axios. United States officials stated that Iran has two weeks to submit a detailed proposal. On the same day, anonymous sources informed CNN that the US military was prepared to strike Iran as early as the 21st, although President Donald Trump had yet to make a final decision on whether he would authorize such actions. One source, however, cautioned that Trump has privately argued both for and against military action and, polling advisers and allies on what the best course of action is. Top administration national security officials met on the 18th in the White House Situation Room to discuss the situation in Iran, a person familiar with the meeting said. Trump was also briefed on the 18th by special envoy Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner, Trumpโs son-in-law, about their indirect talks with Iran that occurred a day earlier. It was not clear if Trump would make a decision by the weekend. On February 19, 2026, The US could launch military strikes on Iran within days, according to reports, as the White House issued a stark warning that Tehran should make a deal. President Donald Trump has sent warships, tankers and submarines to the Middle East to be ready for potential strikes as soon as Saturday, sources told CBS. Iran was preparing to put on a show of strength with rocket launches across the south on Thursday. Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei warned this week that Iran was prepared to retaliate, saying the United States โmay be struck so hard that it cannot get back upโ if it renews attacks against the regime. On that same day, President Trump says heโs prepared to decide whether to attack Iran within the next 10 days โ after deploying a second aircraft carrier strike group to the Middle East. โWe may have to take it a step further, or we may not. Maybe weโre going to make a deal. You are going to be finding out over the next, probably, 10 days,โ Trump said Thursday at a meeting of the Board of Peace in Washington. Iranian response Senior Iranian officials dismissed U.S. warnings as psychological warfare and accused Washington of exploiting Iran's domestic unrest for strategic gain. Government spokespeople reiterated that Iran would not alter its policies under foreign pressure and warned that any military action by the United States would be met with what they described as a "decisive" and "regretโinducing" response. These statements were accompanied by assurances that Iran's armed forces remained fully prepared to counter external threats. Iranian authorities intensified efforts to control the internal situation. Security forces expanded their presence in major cities, and state media portrayed the protests as foreignโinfluenced attempts to destabilize the country. Officials framed the unrest as part of a broader campaign orchestrated by hostile governments, arguing that the United States was using the demonstrations to justify increased military pressure. Diplomatically, Iran maintained that it remained open to dialogue but insisted that any negotiations must respect its sovereignty and security interests. Iranian representatives criticized U.S. sanctions and military deployments as provocative and counterproductive, urging regional states to avoid aligning with what Tehran described as destabilizing American policies. On January 31, top Iranian security official Ali Larijani said on X that work on a framework for negotiations with the United States is progressing. Iranian state media reported increased activity among the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), including the repositioning of units responsible for air defense, missile operations, and internal security. Analysts noted that these movements were consistent with Iran's standard response during periods of heightened tension, aimed at demonstrating preparedness without provoking direct confrontation. Iran also conducted limited military exercises in several regions, emphasizing missile capabilities and rapidโdeployment forces. These drills were framed by Iranian officials as routine but were widely interpreted as a message to external actors, particularly the United States, that Iran retained the capacity to respond to any attack. Satellite imagery during this period indicated heightened activity at several IRGC bases, including the movement of mobile missile launchers and increased aircraft dispersal at military airfields, measures typically associated with efforts to reduce vulnerability to potential strikes. Naval forces in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz also began movements. The IRGC Navy increased patrols and monitored U.S. naval movements closely, while Iranian officials reiterated that the country would defend its territorial waters against any perceived encroachment. Although no direct confrontations were reported, the combination of heightened naval activity, missile readiness, and internal security deployments contributed to a broader atmosphere of military alertness within Iran during the lateโJanuary escalation. On 3 February 2026, six IRGC Navy gunboats attempted to stop and seize a US tanker in the Strait of Hormuz. The Stena Imperative tanker ignored their demands and continued toward the Arabian Sea under the escort of the USS McFaul (DDG 74). Moreover, a US F-35 fighter jet shot down an Iranian Shahed 139 drone approaching the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln. On 5 February, Iran's IRGC Navy announced it had seized two foreign oil tankers near Farsi Island in the Persian Gulf and transferred them to the port of Bushehr, claiming both vessels were involved in fuel smuggling operations. During the second round of nuclear talks in Geneva on 17 February, Khamenei threatened the United States warships in the area, stating Iran is "capable of sinking...[them]." In addition the Strait of Hormuz was closed for several hours during a live military fire drill. Khamenei said that even though the US military may be the strongest in the world, โthe strongest army in the world can sometimes be slapped so hard it cannot get up.โ Abu Hussein alโHamidawi the leader of Kata'ib Hezbollah, an Iraqi group part of the Popular Mobilization Forces reaffirmed its support for Iran, warning of a "total war" if Iran is attacked by the U.S. The leader of Hezbollah made a statement saying that they will choose whether or not to intervene, and is "concerned" about confronting the U.S. He said that he is "not neutral". Negotiations The United States demanded that Iran transfer its remaining 400 kg of enriched uranium, halt its nuclear weapons development, restrict its ballistic missile program, and end support for groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthis. Ahead of the talks, Iran increased regional diplomacy, with Ali Larijani visiting Moscow, Abbas Araqchi holding consultations in Istanbul, and Qatarโs Prime Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani traveling to Tehran. Turkey, Egypt, and Qatar worked to arrange U.S.โIran talks, with Iran requesting Oman as a neutral venue. On 6 February, indirect USโIran talks were held in Muscat, mediated by Omani foreign minister Badr bin Hamad Al Busaidi. Both sides described the nuclear-focused discussions as a โgood startโ and agreed to continue engagement despite deep mistrust. International reactions See also References |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืื_ืืฉืืื] | [TOKENS: 46966] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืึตืึดื ืึถืฉึฐืืึผืึนื (ืฉึฐืืงืึนืึฐื ืืง; 25 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1895, ื' ืืืฉืืื ื'ืชืจื "ื โ 26 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1969, ื' ืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉื"ื) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืฉืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉื, ืืื ืืฉื ืช 1963 ืืขื ืืืชื ืืฉื ืช 1969. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื. ืืื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 1920, ืืืืงืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื "ืืงืืจืืช" ืืฉื ืช 1937. ืืคืขืืืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืขืกืง ืืืชืืืฉืืืช, ืืคืืชืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืฆืืจ ืืงืืจืืชืื ืืืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืืจ ืืืืขื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืขื ืืื ื ืืงืืช ืืื ืฆืืื ืกืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืจื. ืืืืจ ืืงืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืฉืื ืืขืกืืง ืืจืืฉ ืฆืืื, ืืขืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืืืช ืขืืฆืืชื. ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืช ืืืขืืจืืช ืืขืืืจืืช ืืคืืชืื, ืืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืขืฆืช ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืขืืืืจ. ืืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืคื"ื, ืืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืคืืชืื. ื-1952 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืชืคืงืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ 11 ืฉื ืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืฉื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ื-1963 ืืชืคืืจ ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืฉืช ืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ื-1964 ืื ื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืฆื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืชื. ื-1966 ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืฆืืื ืขื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ื-1967 ืืกืืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืกืช ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืกืื ื ืืืคืืจื. ืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืกื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืชื ื ืืืชืืื, ืฉืืกืืคื ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื. ืืฉืจืื ื ืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืืื, ืืชืคืกื ืฉืืืื ืจืืื, ืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื ืืขืชืืงื. ืืฉ ืืืืงืคืื ืืช ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื, ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฆืืืขืื ืขื ืคืขืืืืชื ืจืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืื. ืืฉืืื ื ืงื ืืืืฉื ืืชืื ื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืงืืืืื ืืืคื ืืชื ืืขื ืืจืืืืืืื ืืกืืืช. ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืขืืืช ืขืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ืืื ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื, ืืืฃ ืฆืืจืฃ ืืช ืื"ื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืช ืชืงืืคืช ืืืืชื ื. ืืืืื, ืคืขื ืืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืคืืขืืื ืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืืขืื ืืจืืฉื. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืคืขื ืืืงืืช ืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืค"ื, ืืื ืืืขืจื. ืืฉืืื ื ืคืืจ ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืงืืจ ืืืืงืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืื-ืืฆืืง ืฉืงืืื ืืง ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 1895 ืืขืืืจื ืืึนืจืืืึนื (ืืจืืกืืช: ะัะฐัะพะฒ; ืืืืงืจืืื ืืช: ะัะฐััะฒ, ืืืจืืืื) ืฉืืคืื ืงืืื ืฉื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืจืืกืืช, ื-150 ืง"ื ืืืจืื ืืงืืื (ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืฉืืืืงืจืืื ื), ืื ื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืืช ืงืจึทืกื ืึทืื ืกืงื ืืืืกืฃ ืฉืงืืื ืืง. ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืคืื ืขืฉืืจื ืืืขืืช ื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื, ืืืจืืช ืงืจืืชื ืืืฉืคืืชืืช ืืืืื"ืจ ืืืกืืื ืืืืฉืข ืืฉื ืืืื ืกืืจืืฅ', ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืง ืืงืืื ืืขืืจ, ืืืืกืืื ืืจื ืืืื ืกืืจืืฅ'. ืืฉืืื ืืชืื ื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืจ, ืืืฆื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืกืชืื 1909 ื ืกืข ืืืืื ืืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืกืืช-ืขืืจืืช ืฉื ืคืืื ืงึธืึธื ืืืืืื ื. ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืืืืช ื ืืขืจ ืฆืืื ืืช, ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืืชื, ืืืืื ืืช ืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืชื ืืขืช ืฆืขืืจื ืฆืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืืืฉื ืขื ืืืกืฃ ืฉืคืจืื ืฆืง ืืขืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืืื ื, ืืฉืชืื ืข ืืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืขื ืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1914, ืืฉืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืขืืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืขืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ื-19 ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืืืข ืื ืื ืืคื, ืืืืืืจืช ืืฆื ืืืคืฉ ืขืืืื ืืคืชื ืชืงืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืขืฉืืช, ืืืืฉื ืชืงืืคื ืื ืขืื ืืกืืืข ืื ืชื ืฉืืคืจืืก ืืชืืืืงืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื. ืืืื 1914 ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืืฆืช ืคืืขืืื ืฉืืชืืืฉืื ืืงืื ืืื (ืืืืื "ืขืืจืืช") ืืืื ืชื ืืช ืขืฆืื "ืื ื ืืืกื". ืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ื ืืฉื ืืงืืืฆื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืขืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืคืฉ ืขืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืฆืืื. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 1915 (ืคืืจืื ืชืจืข"ื) ืืงืืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืืจืช ืืคืืขืืื ืื ื ืืขืืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืืช "ืงืืืฆืช ืขืืืื", ืืืืจื ืืกืืืข ืืคืืขืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืฉืืืช. ืืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืขื ืฉื ืืงืืืฆื. ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืฉื "ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ". ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื 1915 ืืืืืื 1916 ืืชืืืจืจ ืืฉืืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืื ืืคืชื ืชืงืืื, ืฉื ื ืคืชื "ืกื ืืฃ" ืฉื "ืงืืืฆืช ืขืืืื", ืืืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืฉืื ืขืกืง, ืชืืืจืช ืืฉืืืจืช ืฆื ืืขื ืืืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืชืืจ ืืงืืืืช ืขืืืื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื, ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืืจ ืืฉืืื "ืืืชืขืช'ืื", ืืืขืืจืช ืืงืฉืจืื ืฉืืฆืจ ืขื ืคืงืืืื ืืืจืงืืื, ืงืืื ืคืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืืก ืืฆืื ืืขืืช'ืืื ื, ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืชืขืืืช ืฉืืจืืจ" ื"ืขืืื ืืืื ื". ืืขืืจืช ืงืฉืจืื ืืชืฉืืื "ืืงืฉืืฉ", ื ืคืืจ ืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืกืืกืื ืืืจืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ, ืฉื ืืืืชื ืืคืืืจ ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืื. ืืชืืืืช 1916 ื ืขื ื ืืคื ืืืช "ืืกืชืืจืืช ืคืืขืื ืืืืื" ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืื, ืืืงืืฅ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ื ืืืจ ืืืืขื ืืืจืืื ืฉืื ("ืืืจืื ืืืงืืื"), ืืฆื ืืจื ืืฆื ืืกืื, ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืืืจื (ืืจืคื). ืื ืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช "ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ". ืืขืงืืืช ืืคืืืฉื ืืืจืืืืช, ื ืืจืฉ ืืืชืืืืก ืืฆืื ืืืืจืงื, ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืฉืจืื ืืืงืฉืืฉ, ื ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1917 ืืขืืืืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืขืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืื, ืืขืงืจืื ืืืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืฉืขืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฆืื, ืืจื ืืชืืืืช ื ืืืืืจ ืืคืชื ืชืงืืื. ืืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืจ 1917 ืืืืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจื "ืงืืืฆืช ืขืืืื" ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืื "ืืงืื ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืจื ืืงืืืืช, ืืืกืืฃ ืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืขืืจ, ืืืฉืคืขืชื ืฉื ืฉืคืจืื ืฆืง, ืืขืกืงื ืืช ืืคืืืชืืช ืืื ืืืช "ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ", ืืืืขืื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืืคืืื ืืื ืฆืืื ืืืืขื "ืืกืชืืจืืช ืคืืขืื ืืืืื". ืืืืชื ืื ืขืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืื ืืืช ืชื ืืขืช ืืคืืขืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื 1918, ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืืืื, ืืชื ืื ืืฉืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืชื, ืืืืื ื-40 "ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืืื" ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืฉืืืงื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฆืื ืืืจืืื. ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืกืืกื ืขืฉื ืืืฆืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืกืงื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืืคืืื. ืืชืืืืช 1919, ืืขืืจืช ืงืฉืจืื ืฉื ืื ืืืช "ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ", ืงืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืช ืฉืืจืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืฆืื, ืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืืงื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืขื. ืืกืคืืืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืกืจืคื ื (ืฆืจืืคืื) ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืช ื ืฉืง ืืืืกื ื ืืืืื, ืืืืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืืืฉืืืช ืืฆืคืื ืืืจืฅ, ืฉื ืืงืงื ืื ืฉืง ืืงืจืืช ืขืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืจ. ื-31 ืืืืื 1920 ืฉืืืจืจ ืกืืคืืช ืืืืืื. ืืกืชืื 1920 ื ืื ื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืืกืื ืงืืืืฅ ืืื ืื ื', ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืจืืืช; ืืฉื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฃ ืืืจืงืืช. ืืืืชื ืืื ื ืื ื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืืกืื ืืกืชืืจืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืืืช. ื-27 ืื ืืืืืจ 1920 ื ืืืจ ืืืื ื-27 ืฆืืจื "ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ" ืืืืืจืืช ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืืืขืืืจ ืฉืืืข ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืื ืืืืคื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืงืื "ืืกืชืืจืืช ืืคืืขืืื ืืืงืืืืช" ("ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืช") โ ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืงืืื. ื-11 ืืืฆืืืจ 1920 ื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ื"ืืจืื ืืกืชืืจืืช ืืืงืืืื" ("ืืืจืื ืืืงืืื"), ืืืืกื ืืืืฆืข ืฉื "ืืกืชืืจืืช ืืคืืขืืื ืืืงืืืืื". ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืจืื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืช. ืื ืืื ืืืืืกืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ื, ืืืื ืืืจ "ืืืคืงืื ืืืจืฆืืช" ืืจืืฉืื ื. ืืชืืืืช 1922 ืงืืื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืฉืืืฉื ืชืคืงืืืื: ืืืจ "ืืืขืฆืช ืืืกืชืืจืืช" (ืืช 21 ืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื); ืืืจ ืืืืขื ืืคืืขื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช (ืฉืืขื ืืืจืื); ืื ืฆืื "ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ" ืืืืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื "ืืืจืื ืืืงืืื". ืืชืืืืช ืืื ื 1922 ืืฆื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืืช "ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ" ืืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืคืืืฉืืช ืืืืืขืืืืช ืืืืจืืคื, ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืืคืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืกืืขืชื ืืฆืืจื ืงืืืช ืืืคืื ืจืคืืื ืืงืืืช. ืืกืคืจ ืืืืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื ืงืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืืขืืช ืฉืืืืขืืื ืืืจ ืงืืื, ืื ืขืื ืืกืืฃ 1917 ื ืจืฆื ืืืื ืืคืืืจืื ืฉืขืจืื "ืืืื ืื" (ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืืงืื "ืืืืืืื") ืืืืจืืืื. ืืฉืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืฉืืืขืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืขืืจ, ืกืืืข ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืง ืืืืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ื-16 ืืืืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืฉืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืกืืจืื, ืืฉืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืขื ืฉืฉืืืจืจื ื-14 ืืืืืืกื ืืืืจืฉื ืืืืกืืจืื. ืืืื ืขื ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืฉืืื ืืืืขืืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืฉื "ืืืจืืช ืืขืืืืืช" ืืืจืืื ืื"ืืขืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืฉื ืชืืช" ืืงืจืืกืื, ืื-17 ืืกืคืืืืจ ืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื'. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 1922 ืืชืืชื ืืืฆืจ ืืงืืืฆื ืขื ืืืจืชื, ืจืืงื ืืืจืฉืง, ืืืงืก ืฉืืื ืืฆืืจืืช ืืืื ืื, ืืื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืฉื ืจื. ืืชืืืืช ืืืื 1924 ืืฆื ืขื ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืจืืคื. ืืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืื ืฆืื "ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ" ืืืฉืืืช "ืืืืขื ืืคืืขื ืืฆืืื ื ืืืืื" ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืขืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืืืฆื ืืช ืชื ืืขืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืคืขื ืืงื ืืืง ืคืขืื ืืืืื ืื. ื-21 ืืืืืืกื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื"ืืขืืืช ืืขืืจื" ืืืืืื ืจืืกืื ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืืงืจืืกืื ืฉืืฆ'ืืืกืืืืงืื, ืืื ื ืืืจืืื ืขืืจื ืืืืืช "ืืกืืจื ืฆืืื" ืืจืืกืื ืืืืืืจืฉืื ืืื ื. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ ื ืกืข ืืื ืฆืื, ืืจืื ืื, ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืฆืช ืชื ืืขืช "ืืืืืฅ". ืืกืืฃ ืกืคืืืืจ ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื"ืืขืืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื" ืืคืจืื. ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืฆืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืืืช ืื ืืขืจ ืฉื "ืืืืืฅ". ืืชืืืืช ืื ืืืจ 1925 ืฉื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืชืืืืช ืืจืฅ 1925 ืืฆื ืขื ืืื ืจืื ืืฉืืืืืช "ืืกืชืืจืืช ืืขืืืืื" ืืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืคืืืื ืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืจืืฉืื ืืคืขืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืกืงืื ื-13 ืืืจืฅ ืืืฉืชืชืคื ืืืืขืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืฉื ืคืชืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืืขืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืืืื ืืืืืจ, ืืืคื, ืืืืงืฉ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืฉืจืช ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืกืืข ืืืงืจ ืืช ืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื, ืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืืืื ืกืืจืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืช ืืืขืืื "ืืืืืื ืืื". ืืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืืืกื 1925 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืฆืืจ ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ื-14 ืืืืื ื. ืขื ืืืจืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืงืืช ืชืื ืช ืืืื ืืขืืง ืืืจืื. ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื ืฉื "ืืืจ ืืงืืืฆืืช" (ื ืืืืืจ 1925, ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื) ืืฉื ืืืืขืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืฉืืืฉืืช (ืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 1926). ืืืืื 1926 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฉื ืืืืขื ืืคืืขื ืืฆืืื ื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ื "ืืืืขื ืืคืืขื ืืฆืืื ื ืืืืื" ืืฆืืข ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉ ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืชืืืจ ืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉื ืืชื ืืขื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืืงืฆืื ืืืืื. ืคืจืืืงื ืื ืืื ื ืืื "ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฃ". ืืืืืืกื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืฉืืื ืืืืขืืืช "ืืืชืืืืืช" ืืืืจืฉื. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ 1926 ื ืกืข ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉื ืขื ืงืืืืชื ืฉื 600,000 ืคืืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืกืื ืืงืื ื ืืขืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืืืืคื ืืืืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืงืื, ืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืจืขืืื "ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฃ". ืืืงืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืกืืืจ ืืกืืื ืืงื ืืืืคืจืื ืกืืืื ืื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืฉื. ืืฉื ืื 1926โ1928 ืืขืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืืืฉืืื. ืืชืืืืช 1927 ืืืคืงื ืขื ืืืืจืืช "ืืืจืื ืืืงืืื". ืืฉืืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ื-15, ืืืงืื ืืจืก ื-16 ืฉืืชืงืืื ืืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืกื 1929, ืืืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ "ืืืืขื ืืคืืขื ืืฆืืื ื ืืืืื". ืืืื ืืชืื ืืงืื ืืจืก ื ืขืจืื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ื"ืืืขืฆืช ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช" ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืช. ืืชืคืงืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืจืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช (ืืืกืืจืช ืืืขื ื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืขืืช ืฉืื), ืืื ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืจืื ืืงืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1930 ื ืื ื ืขื ืืืืกืื ืืคื"ื, ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ, ืฉืืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืฉื ืื 1930โ1932 ืขืกืง ืืฉืืื ืืคืขืืืืชื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืขื ืจืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืงืืืืช. ื-23 ืืื ืืืจ 1931 ื ืคืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืคืื, ืืืงืฉืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืฆืื, ืขื ืืืจืื ืจืืืฉืืื ืืืจืืื ื, ืื ืฆืืื ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืขืืืืช, ืืฉืืขื ืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ื-17 ืฉื ืคืชื ืืกืืฃ ืืื ื 1931 ืืืื, ืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ "ืืขืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช". ืืกืืฃ ืืคืจืื 1933 ืืฆื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืืืืจื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืคืขืืื ืฉืชืืื ื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ื ืกืข ืืฉื ืืืจืืื, ืขืชื ืืืจืช ืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช, ืืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื "ืืขืืจื" ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืกืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืจืืฉื "ืืืื" ื"ื ืืจ" ืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ื, ืืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืจ ืขื ืืืจืช "ืื ืืืข", ืขื ืืฆืื ืกืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจืืืฉืชื ืืคืฉืจื ืืขืงืืฃ ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืฆืืช ืืืืข ืืืืฅ ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืจืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืขืืจื ืืฉืชื ืืืจืืช, ืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉืืื ืืืคื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ื"ืืขืืจื" ืืคืจืืืงืืื ืฉื "ืืืื" ื"ื ืืจ". ืืฉืืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ื-18 ืฉื ืคืชื ืืกืืฃ ืืืืืกื ืืคืจืื, ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืจ ืืืจืืื. ืืืืืืกื 1934 ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืืจืืืชื ืืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืกืื ืืืขืืจื, ืขืืจืจื ืืืคืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืฆื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 1935 ืืงืืื "ืืืืขืฆื ืืืงืืืืช" ืืช "ืืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืข"ื", ืืืขืืืช ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืืืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืจื ืื ืืืชื. ืืืืืืกื 1935 ืืืืข ืืฆืืจ ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ื-19 ืืืืฆืจื ืืืขื ืืคื"ื. ืืืืื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืขื ืืืืืขืืช ืขื ืืงืืงืช "ืืืงื ื ืืจื ืืจื" ืืืฉืืื ื ืกืข ืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืชืืืื ื ืืฉืื ื"ืืขืืจื". ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ ืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืคืื ืขืืจื ืืืชืืืจืจ ืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉืืื ืคืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืชืงืื, ืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืคื"ื, ืื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืืื ื. ืืืื 1938 ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืงืืืข ืืืจืื ืืคื"ื. ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืืกืข ืฉืืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืงื ืื, ืืื ืืืืืก ืืกืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืช. ืืกืชืื 1939 ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืจืื ื"ืืขื ืืืื ื" ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช. ื-1940 ืืื ื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืคืืื. ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1942โ1944 ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืืื. ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1944โ1948 ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืขืฆืช ืคืืขืื ืชื ืืืื-ืืคื. ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉ ืืคืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืืืช: ื-1937 ืืื ืืืกื ืืช ืืืจืช ืืงืืจืืช, ืฉื ืืกืื ืืืคืขื ืืฉืืชืฃ ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช (50%), ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช (25%), ืืืงืจื ืืงืืืืช (25%). ืืคืขื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืงืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืคืขื ืืงืืฉืื, ืฉืชืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืก, ืืืฉืจ ืกืืคืง ืืื ื-16 ืืืฉืืืื ืืงืืืืื (ืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืคืขื ืื), ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืช ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืคื. ืืืง ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืคืขื ืืงืืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืกืื ืืขืืจื, ืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืจืช ืืืกืื ืืืืชื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ ื ืืกื ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืืชื ืืฉืืืื ืฉืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช, ืืืืช ืืจื ืืคืงืขืชื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืงืืช ืืช ืืชืืืจื ืืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืชืื ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืง ืืืื ื. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช ืืงืืจืืช ืขื 1951. ืขืื ืืฉื ืช 1939 ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืก ืืช ืชืืื ืืชื "ืืคื ืืืืื ืจืืช" ืฉืืืืฉ ืื"ืจ ืืจืชืืจ ืจืืคืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืืงืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืช. ืืืฆืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืื ืืืฉืงืืืช ืื ืื: ืื ืงืืืืืื ืงืจืืืื, ืื ื ืื ืืืจืงืื ืืืื ืื ืืฆืคืื. ื-12 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1941 ืงืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืก ืืืงืืจืืช ืขื "ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื", ืฉืื ืืฆืืข ืืืฉืงืืช ื-15โ17 ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืจืช ืืืฆืคืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืงืืืืืื. ืขื ืืกืืก ืชืืืืจ ืื, ืืืืืจ ืืขืืช ืืืืงื, ืืฉืื ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืขื ืคื ืืก ืกืคืืจ, ืืช ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืงืืช ืืฉืจื ืืื ื, ืฉืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืืคืขื ืืื ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืฆื ืืขืชืืื, ืฉืชืืื ื ืื ืื ื ืืืืจ ืืงืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืืชืงืื ืืืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ืืชืืื ืืืฆืขืชื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืืช ืชืื ืื ืืคืืจืืืช (ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืก ืฉืืื ืืืืก), ืืจืชื ืืช ืืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืืืฆืืข ืงืืืืืื. ืืจืืฉืืช 1937 ืืืงืื ืืืจืช ืืงืืจืืช ืืืืฉื 14 ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืช, ืขื 1951, ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืื-ืฉืืชืฃ ืืืืจื. ื-1938 ืืืจืืื ืคืขืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืจืื ื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืชื ื-1941 ืืช ืืืกืืก ืืชืืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืฆื. ืืืจ ื-1941 ืคืขืื ืืงืืจืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืืจืืื. ืขื 1948 ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืขื ืืืชืืื ืงืืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืฆืื ืืจืืช ืืื, ืืฉืจ ื ืืชืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืชืจื ืืืงืื ืฉื 11 ืื ืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืจืืขื ืืช ืืืจื ืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืฃ ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 1920, ืืื ืืฉืืื ืคืขืื ืืืจืืื, ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืกืคืื ืืจืืฉ. ืืงืืฅ 1931 ืืืื ืืืงืฉืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืขื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืกืื ืืฉืืขืื ืืื ืืคื, ืืืืขืื ืืืืจืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืืขืื ืื ืื ืืืกืฃ ืืื ืื ืืืข ืืคืขืืืืชื ืืืื ืคืจืขืืช ืชืจืค"ื. ืืขืืช ืืืืจืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืชื ืืฉื ืืกืืืงื ืืืชื ืืคืขืืืืช ื"ืืื ื" ืืืฉื ืฉื ื. ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1940โ1948 ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืืคืงืื ืืืจืฆืืช (ืื"ื) ืฉื ืืืื ื, ืืืืืจ ืืืจืืื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืชืจืชื ืืื "ืืืฉ". ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืชืื ืืชืืืื ืืืชืืืืกืืช ืืจืฅ-ืืฉืจืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืื ืืืจืืื. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืกืืจ ืื ืืืชืืืืกืืช ืืฆื ืืืจืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืกืคืงืืช ืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืง ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืื. ืขื ืืงืืชื ืฉื "ืืขืืช x" ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืืชืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืชื ืืขืช ืืืจื ืืขืืจื, ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืคื"ื. ืืฉื ืช 1947 ืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ "ืืขื ืืืืืืื" ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืฆืื ืืคื"ื. ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืจืช ื"ืืคืงืื ืืืจืฆืืช", ืฉื ืจืืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืก ืืฆืืื ืืงืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืคืขื ืืชืคืงืืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืก, ืืกืคืงื ืืจืืฉ. ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืง ืืืจืืื ืกืืืืช "ืืจื ืืืจืื", ืืืื ืขืกืง ืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืคืื"ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืชืจืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืจืช ืฆืื ืืืืื. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืื ื"ื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืกืง ืืืจืืื ืืฆืื, ืืจืืฉ, ืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืฆืืืืช, ืืืงืืช ืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืืื ืื ืืฆื"ื. ืืฉืืื ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืจ 1949. ืืชืคืงืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืขืฉื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืชืืืจื ืืจืฉืื. ืืช ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืขืื ืืืืขืื ืืฆืื. ืืฉื ืช 1946, ืืืืจ ืืฉืืช ืืฉืืืจื, ืืฉืื ืื ืืืช ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืฅ ืืืจืฅ, ืืืฉืจ ืืืจื ืื ืืืช ืืกืืื ืืช ืฉืฉืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืฉืื ืืืขืฆืจ. ื ืงืืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืงืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืจ-ืืืื. ืืืื "ืืฉืืช ืืฉืืืจื" ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืงืืช 11 ืื ืงืืืืช ืื ืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืืื. ืื ืงืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืขืจื ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืชืฉ"ื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืขืืงืจื ืืื ืฉืืืขืืช ืืื"ื ืืขื ืืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืขืืช ืืื ืกืงื"ืค, ืืืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืช ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 1948 ืขืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืชื ืืืืืืจ ืคืืขืื ืชื ืืืืโืืคื. ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืขึดืืจืช ืืืืฆื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืช ืฉืื ื"ืฉืงืืื ืืง" ื"ืืฉืืื", ืืืชืื ื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืช ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืื-7 ืืกืคืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืงืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืฉืื. ื-18 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1949 ืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืขื ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืฆืืง ืืจืื ืืืื, ืื-30 ืืื ืืืจ 1950 ืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืงืืืข. ืืฉืืื ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืงืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉื 15 ืฉื ื, ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืขื 1952 ืืืกื ืืืืืก ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื 371 ืืืฉืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืฉืืืฉื ืืงืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื 1949: ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืช ืจืขืืื ืืงืืช ืืืขืืจืืช, ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ื-1950, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืฃ ืืืงืืช ืขืืืจืืช ืืคืืชืื. ืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1949โ1953 ืื"ืจ ืืืขืฆืช ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืขืืืืจ โ ืชืคืงืื ืืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืงืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืืฅ. ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืช ืืคืขืื ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืขืืืื. ืขื ืฉื ืช 1952 ืืืื, ืื ืืกืฃ, ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืจ ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืช ืืืื "ืืงืืจืืช". ืืฉื ืช 1951 ืืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืคื"ื. ืึพ8 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืคืืชืื, ืืฉืืืฉ ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืชืฉืขื ืืืืฉืื. ื-25 ืืืื ื 1952 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืืืืืคื ืืชืคืงืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืืขืืจ ืงืคืื, ืฉืืชืคืืจ ืขืงื ืืืื. ืคืจืฅ ื ืคืชืื ืืื ื ืืืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืคืืชืื ืขืืจ ืืชืืื ืกืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ. ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืฉืืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืืืช-ืขืฉืจื ืฉื ืื. ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืจืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืขืืืช ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืฅ ืืืืืืืื ืืืขืืฆืื ืืืืจืฉืช ืืขืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืช ืขื ืืื ื ืืืื-ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืืืฉืืื. ืืืืฉื ืืชืคืืกืช ืืขืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืขืช ืืขืืืื - ืืจืืฉ ืืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืคื"ื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืืจืฉืช 'ืคืืขืื ืฆืืื', 'ืืคืืขื ืืฆืขืืจ' ื'ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื' - ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืคืืชืื ืืจืืืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืคืฉืจ ืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ื ืขืืืื ืืืคืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืงื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช, ืชื ืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืชืืจื ืคื ืื ืืืืฅ, ืืืจื ืืืืืืื. ืชืคืืกืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืขืืืคื ืืช ืืืฉืง ืืืกืชืืจืืชื, ืื ืื ืืืืคื ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืืจืช ืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืืช 'ืืฉืืง ืืืืคืฉื' ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืชืืจื ืืคืืชืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ืืช ืชืคืืกืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืฆืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืืช, ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ื-1955: ืืืืจ ืื, ืืืจ ืืงืืช ืืืืื ื ืืงืืืึผืฅ ืืืืึผืืืช, ืืืจื ื: ื ืขืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืฆืืืึผืจืืช ืืืื ืฆืืืึผืจื, ืื ืฉื ืื ืึผ ืืื ืคืจืื, ืื ืื ืจืฆืื ืึผ ืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืขืฆืื ืึผ ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืึผืงึพืืืื ืืืฆืคืืช ืืืื ืืคืจืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืืจื ืึผ: ืืืืื ืืคืจืืืช, ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืคืจืื ื ืงื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ. ืืื ืืขืจืืชื ืึผ ืืืกืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืื ื, ืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืืืชึพืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืืช, ืงืืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืงืืช ืืืืช ืืคืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืชืืืฉืืื, ืกืืืืช ืืจืืื, ืื ืื ืจืืืืช ืื ืืืื, ืงืืืขืช ืืจืืึพืืืืืจ ืืื ืคืืชืึผื ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืืืืืื โ ืืืขืฉืึผ ืขืึพืืื ืืืื ืืืืึผืื. ืขืืจืึผ ืฉืืข ืฉื ืื โ ืืืื ืื ืืชืืืชื ืืืืกืืคื. ืืืชืื ื ืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืืคื ื-1952 ื"ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉื", ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืช ืงืืืื ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืืขืืจ ืงืคืื. ืืฉื ืช 1954 ื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืคื ื ืืืืื: ืกืืืข ืจื ืฉืืชืงืื ืืืืฅ ืืืจืฅ, ืืื ืืกืคื ืืฉืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืื (1954โ1963) ืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืชื ืืืืืฆืข ืืชืืฆืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื 10% ืืฉื ื, ืืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืกืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืคืจืืืช, ืฉืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืชื"ื ืื ืคืฉ, ืื ืฉืืืื ืืคืขืจ ืืืืื ืืืกืืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืื, ืืื ืืืชืจืืืืช ืื-ืืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืฉืืื ืคืขื ืืงืืืื ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื ืขื ืคื ื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืืืืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืืืืื ืฆืืื ืืืืืจืช ืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืคืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืคืจืืืื. ื"ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉื" ืืื ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืคืจืง ืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืฉื ืฉืืง ืจืืืืื ืกืืฆืืืืืกืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืืืืื ืืกืืื ื ืคื ืืื ืืชืืฉืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืช ืฉืืง. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืขืืจื ืืงืืงื ืขืืงืจืืช ื-20 ืืืืืืกื 1952 ืฉืงืืขื ืจืฉืืืช ืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฅ-ืืฉืจืืืืช ืฉืืืืชื ืืชืืงืฃ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืื, ืืืืืคืช ืืืืจื ืืฉืจืืืืช, ืฉืขื ืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืืชืืงืฃ ืืืกืืจืช ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืืื. ืืชืืื ืืื ืืื, ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฃ ืืชืงืฆืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืืืก ืฉืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืขื ืืงืืช ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ 1954 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืงืืงื ืฉืื ืืืขืืืจื ืืช ืืืง ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื. ืืชืคืงืื ื ืืื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ื ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ, ืฉืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืขื 1971. ืืฉืืื 1956 ืชืื ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืงืจื ืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืฆืืื ืืืืฆืข ืงืืฉ ืืงืืื ืืงืืงื ืฉืื ืคืืงื ืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืืืืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืฉืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืจืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืจืื ื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืกืคืงืช ืื ืคื, ืฉืื ืืืกืคืงื ืืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ื ืคืกืงื ืืขืงืืืชืื. ืืืจ ืืืืจืช ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืกืื ื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืืื ืืชืื ื ืฆืื ืืจ ื ืคื ืืืืืช ืฆืคืื ื. ืขื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืชื ื"ืืจืืช ืืคืจืืคืจืื" ืขื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืงืืช ืงื ืฆืื ืืจ ืืืืช-ืืฉืงืืื (ืงืฆื"ื). ืืฉืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืงืจ ืื ืืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื-1966. ื ืื ืืืก ืืืฉืจืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ื ืืื (ืคืืืช ื-25%) ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืจืืืื ืืืช ืืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืื, ืชืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื ืงืื ืื ืืกืืงืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืื 5% ื-6% ืืฉื ื ืืืื, ืฉืงืคืฆื ืืื ืืช ืจืง ืขืงื ืืืฆืข ืงืืฉ. ื-1957 ืืืงืื ืืืืจื ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ื-1959 ืฉื ืงืฆื ืืฆืืืื ืืงื ื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืจื ืืืืฆืข. ื-1 ืืืื 1956 ื ืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช ืืงืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืืื, ืื-15 ืืืื ืืชื ืขื ืืืกืื ืขื ืื ืขืื ืืงืืืฆื ืืง. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืงืื ืืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืืข"ื โ ืืืจืช ืืช ืฉื ืงืืืฆืช ืืื ื ืขืจืื ืืข"ื โ ืขื ืืื ืื ืขืื ืืงืืืฆื ืืง. ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉื ื-42 ืืืฃ ืืื ื, ื-32 ืง"ื ืืงื ืืืืืจื ืืชื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืชื. ืืืืืฉืื ืืื ืโืืืื 1960 ืขืจื ืืฉืืื ืืกืข ืืฉืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื, ืฉื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืขืื ืืคืืชืื ืืกืืจ ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืกืข ืื ื ืืชืื ืืกืคืจ ืืกืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืงืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืขืจื ืืืจื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืงืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืืืจื ื ืืืื" ืืฉืืง ืืืืจืืคื ืืืฉืืชืฃ. ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืงืกืืงื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืคื ืฉืคืขื ืืขืืื ืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืฉืืง ืืชืขืฉืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืขืฉืจ ืฉื ืืชืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืื ืืชืคืืงื ืืชืขืฉืืืชืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืคืจืืื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืฉืคืืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืจืืืขืืช ื-1959, ืืืืืื ืืชืืืงื ืืคื"ื ืืฉืืขื ืื ืืืื. ืืืืืจ, ื-1954 ืืืงื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืืกืืื ืืืคืกืงื ืืฆืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉืืจืืื ื ืืืืงืืื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืืืก ืฉื 1.80 ืืืจืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื, ืชืื ืืื ืคืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืขื ืชืืืื ืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืจ ืฉื ืืฉื ืขื 1965, ืฉืืื ืฉื ื ืจืง ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืคื ืืืืชื ืืขืช. ืขื ืืฆืืืื ืืื ืื ืืชืขืจืขืจืืช ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืืืื. ืืคืขืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืคืกืงื ืขื ืืขืืคื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืกืจ ืืืืืื ืืจื ืกืืกืื ืืฆืื, ืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื. ืืืคืจืฉ ืืืืข ืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืฉืื ื-50% ืืืชืจ ืืกืคืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆืื. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื, ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืกืืจื ืืืฆืข ืคืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืฃ ืืืจ ื ืืจืฆืืช, ื-1962, ืื "ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืืืช", ืืืจื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืืืจืื ืืฆืืืืจื, ืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืคืืืืช. ืืฉืืื ื ืชืงื ืืงืฉืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืช ื ืืื ื ืืืฆืืชื, ืืืฆืขืชื ื ืคืื ืคืขื ืืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืชื"ืก ืคื ืืก ืกืคืืจ. ื-9 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1962 ืืืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืืืจ ื-1.8 ืืืจืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืืืจ. ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืขื ืืกืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืื, ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืื ืืืง ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืฆื ืืช ืืืฉืง, ืืืืืฉืืจื ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืฉืืงื ืื"ื. ืืืืชื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ื ืืจืื ืื ืืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืื "ืืื ืคืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื." ืืคืืืืช ืืืื ืืกืขืจื ืืืฉืง, ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื. ืืืจืช ืืคืืืืช ืืืืชื ื ืืกืืื ืืฆืจืฃ ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืฉืืง ืืืืจืืคื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ื"ืืืจื ื ืืืืืช", ืืืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืกืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืงืจืืช ืืืื ืื, ืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ื-1964. ืืื ื ืืืกืืจ ืขื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืคื ืืฉืชืคืจ ืืขื, ืื ืืื ืฉืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืฆืจืืื ืืคืจืืืช, ืืจื ืฉืืขืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืืจืื, ืขืงื ืืคืืืืช, ืืชืงืืื ืขื ืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืืืฉืง. ืืคืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืืชืื ืืขืืงืจืืืช, ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืชืืฆืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืงืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืกืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฆืืข ืืคืืืืช ืืจื ืืกืืืช ืืฉืจ ืกืคืืจ. ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืืฉื ืช 1964, ืืื ืืจืืจ ืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืึพ570 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืคืจืืื. ืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉื ื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืืชืื ืืขืืงืจืืืช. ืืคืจืกืคืงืืืื ืืืืืจืช ื ืจืื ืฆืขื ืืจืกืื ืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืื ื-1966, ืืฃ ืืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขืืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืคืจืืืช, ืืื ืขืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืชืืฆืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืขืืืืชื ืืฆืื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืช ืืืืชื, ืืืคื ืืืืจืฉื ืืืืขืืฃ. ืืืฉืจ ืืชืคืืจ ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉื ืช 1953, ืืืืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืคืืืชื ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืจืฉืช ืืช ืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืืชืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ืฉืจืช, ืฉื ืื ื ืืชืืืื ืืืจืคืช ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืืคื"ื. ืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืฉื ืฉืจืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืคื ืืก ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืจืขื ืคืจืฉืช ืืขืกืง ืืืืฉ โ ืื ืืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืฆืขืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืจืืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืื ืฉื, ืขื ืื ืช ืืกืืกื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื, ืืืื ืืข, ืื ืืืืืช, ืืช ืืืืืช ืชืขืืช ืกืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืื ืกืืคื ืฉืขืืชื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืฆืขืืจืื ื ืชืคืกื ืื ืขืฆืจื, ืืืืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืจื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืจืืขืื ืืืฆืจืื, ื ืืืฅ ืืืื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืข ืืืชื. ืืืืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืืขื ืืื "ืขืกืง ืืืืฉ", ืฉืืื ื "ืืคืจืฉื", ืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืืฉื ืช 1960 ืืืืื, ืืขื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืงืืจืช "ืืคืจืฉื", ืืืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืงืืืืจ 1960 ืืจืก ืื-ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืงืจ "ืืขืกืง ืืืืฉ", ืืขืื ืฉืฆืืจืช ืืคื"ื ืืขืืืคื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื. ืืฉืืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืข ืืคืฉืจื, ืืืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื ืืืงืจ "ืืคืจืฉื". ื-3 ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ื "ืืขืืช ืืฉืืขื", ืฉืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจืื, ืื-25 ืืืฆืืืจ 1960 ืืืืฉื ืืืืขืื ืืช ืืกืงื ืืชืื ืืืืืชื ืืช ืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืฉืื. ื-31 ืืื ืืืจ 1961, ืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืกืืกืืืื ืืขืืืืชืื, ืืืืฉ ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืชืคืืจืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฉื. ื-21 ืืืจืฅ 1961 ืืืืื ืขื ืงืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืืืืกื. ืืืจื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืืฉืืช ื ืชืงื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืงืฉืืื ืืื ืชืงืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืขืื ืขืงืจืื, ืืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืฉืื. ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืช ืืืคื"ื ืืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืฆืจืคื ืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืจืืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืกืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืฉืืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืฉ ืืื-ืืืจืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืคื"ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืก' 2. ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ืชืืื, ื-16 ืืืื ื 1963, ืืชืคืืจ ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืคืขื ืืืืจืื ื. ืขื ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืืืขื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืื ื ืืืกืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืฉืืืข ืืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืช ืขืฉืจื, ืืืืชื ืืจืื ืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืฉืื ืคืขืื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืืจืืช. ืืฉืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชื, ืกืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื-ืืืจืืื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืจืงืข ืืชืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืืจ ืืช ืืชืืง ืืืืื; ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืจื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืื "ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉื" ืืฉืืื ืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืช "ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืฉื ืขืื ื, ืืื ืืืืจืืช". ื ืจืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื, ืืขื ืืืช - ืืืืจ ืืขื ืืช ืจืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืฆืืจ ืื ืืื ืงืืืงืืืืืช ืฉื "ืืงื ื ืืคื"ื". ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืคืืชืื. ื-10 ืืืื ื 1964 ื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืจืฆื, ืืคืขื ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืขืืกืงืช ืืคืืชืื ืืืืคืืช ืืืขืืืช ืคื ืื. ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉื 1962 ืืจื ืืืฃ, ืืื ืฉืื ืชืื ืื ืืืืืืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฆืืืื ืืขื ืขืืืื ืืชื"ื, ืื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืคื. ืืืืืจืื ืขื 'ืืืชืื' ืืขื 'ืจืืกืื' ื ืฉืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืื 1964, ืืืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืงืื ืืฆืขืื ืจืืกืื ืชืงืฆืืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืฆืข ืืืืื 1966. ืืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืจืจ ืฉืืื ืื-ืคืงืื, ืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืขืื ืกืืืืื ืขื ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืช. ื-25 ืืืฆืืืจ 1963 ืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืจืืื"ื. ืืฉืงื ืืืืกื ืืืคืจ ืืฉื ืช 1965, ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืช ืืฉ"ืฃ, ืืฉื ืขืฉื ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืฆื. ื-28 ืืืื 1965 ืืืฆืข ืฆื"ื ืคืขืืืช ืขืื ืฉืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืกืง. ืืืืืช ืืกืืจืืช ืฉืจืจ ืฉืงื ืืชืื. ืืืืืืกื 1965 ืืืืชื ืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืฉ ืื ืงืื ืืืจืืืืจืื, ืืฉื ื ืืกืืื ืกืืจื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืงืืจืืช ืืืจืื; ืฆื"ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืืคืขื ืืกืืจื. ืื ืืืืคื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืงืืืช, ืฉืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืฉืืชืงืืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 1963, ืขื ืงืืฆืืจ ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืขื ืืืืฉืื. ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืื ื ืืืงืืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืืืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื, ืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืืจืืืจ 1963 ืืืชื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืืื. ื-13 ืืืคืจืื 1964 ืืืืข ืื-ืฆืืื ืฉืงืืื ืืง, ืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืฉื ืืฉืืื, ืืืืงืืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืจ ืขืฉืจืืช ืฉื ืื. ืืืงืืจื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืจืืจ ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืข ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉืืื. ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืคืืืืืก ืืฉืืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืฅ ื-5 ืืื ืืืจ 1964 โ ืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืกืืื, ืฉืกืืงืจ ืืืจืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืชืคืจื. ืืืื 1964 ืืืงืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืชืงืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืืืชื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืงืจ ืืคื ื ืื ืคืขืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืคื ืืืชื-ืจืฉืื). ืืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ื'ืื ืกืื, ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื. ื-1 ืืืื ื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื'ืื ืกืื ืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืื ื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืงืจ ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืจืฉืื ืืืืชืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืขืจื ืืืืืชืืช. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืชื ืืืืฉ ื ืกืข ืืืืงืืจ ืื 13 ืืืื ืืฆืจืคืช, ืืืืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืจื ืื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื'ืืจื' ืคืืืคืืื. ื-14 ืืืจืฅ 1965 ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื ืืืขืจืืืช. ืืืื ืฉืืืคืขื ืืืฅ ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืช ืขืจื ืขื ืืจืื ืื, ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืื ืื ืืจื ืืืืขื ืืฉืขื ืืืื ื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื, ืคืืืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื ืืื ืืฉืืื, ืขืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืืืืจืขื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืขื ืืื ืื. ืืืืจื ืืคืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืคืืืก ืืจืืืขื. ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืชื ืจืืช ืืฉื ืื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื, ืืกืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืขืืืช ืขืฆืืืช ืืื ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืงืืืจืชื ืืืงืก ืืืืืชื ืืืจ ืืจืฆื ื-9 ืืืืื 1964. ืืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืชืงืืืืช ืฉืงืื, ืฆืืื ื ืืืจืืขืื ืืืชืืืช ืึดืืืืก ืืขืืจ ืืจืืืื, ืืงืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืขืืช, ืืืชืืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืคืขืืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช. ืขืื ืืืฆืืืจ 1960 ื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืจ ืืืจืขืื ื ืืืืืื ื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ืื ืคืืฆื'ืจืื ืงื ืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืืช ืคืฆืฆืช ืืืื, ืืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจืืช ืื ืฉื ืืช ืืคืืงืื ืขื ืื ืขืฉื ืืืืจ. ืขื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจึทืฆืืช ืืช ืืืืจืืงื ืื, ืื ืขื ืืืื ืกื ืืชืคืงืื ืขืื ืืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืืืจืขืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืื. ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืืง ืขื ืฆืจืคืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืจืื' 3, ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืจื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืขื ืืืข ืืชืืื ืืืจืขืื; ืืขืืืชื, ืืฆืืขื ืืืืจืืงื ืื ืืืืืช ืกืืืข ืืืืืืฉ ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืื (ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืกื ืชืงืืคื ืืกืื ืกืงืืืืืง ืืืืื ืงืจืงืข-ืืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืืง, ืืื ืื ืงืื ืืกืื ืคืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืขืืื ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืจืืืช, ืชืืช ืืืื ืื ืืื) - ืื ืืืช ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืช ืงืฆื ืืคืืชืื ืืืจืขืื ื, ืืืืืจื. ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก, ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉืจ ืขื ืฆืจืคืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช - ืืื ืืขื ืืืืืง ืืืืกืื ืืืืืืืื ืขื ืฆืจืคืช, ืืฃ ืืืืืจ ืืชืขืืชืืช ืขื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืฉืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืขืชื, ืืืืืข ืืืื ื ืืฉืืืช ืขื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืจ ืงืืืช ืืกืืืข ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืืืจืขืื ื-ืืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืื ืืชืงืืื ืืงืืืช, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉื ืฉืืจื ืืกืื ืืขืื ื ืืฆืืืืจ. ืคืจืก ืืื-ืืืจืืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืคืขืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 1965, ืจืืื ืืื ืืจืฃ ืขื "ืืืื ืืืืืื ื" ืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืื. ืคืจืืค' ืืจื ืกื ืืื ืืจืืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืจ, ืืชืคืืจ ืื, ืื ืจืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืื. ืืฉืืื, ืืฉืจ ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืขื ืืชืืืื ืขื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืคื ืืงืืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืชืจืืง ืืื-ืืืจืืื, ืืขื ืื ืืขืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืขืฆืืืช ืืื ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืจืฆื (ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืช ืืืช ืจืืฉืื "ืื ืืืืฅ ืืืื ื"). ืืงืจืข ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืฉืืืช ืฆืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืคื"ื. ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืชื ืื ืืื, ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืง ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืืืฉืืชื ืขื ืฉืืจ ืื ืฉื ืงืืืฆืชื "ืื ืืืกืื" ืื ืืืคืืื. ืืคืืืขื ืืขืืงืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืฆืืคืืจ ื ืคืฉื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื โ ืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืฉืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืคื"ื ืืืื, ืืืขืฉื, ืืื ืืืชื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 1964 ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืขืื ืืช ื ืืฉื "ืืคืจืฉื" ืืคื ื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื, ืืืช ืืืจื ืฉืืืืงืช ืืฉืคืื ืื ืืฆืื ืื "ืืขืืช ืืฉืืขื" ืขืืืืชื ืืช ืืืื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืชื ืื "ืืขืืช ืืฉืืขื" ืคืขืื ืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืคืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืง, ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืชื ื ืืืืช ืขืจื ืืขืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืขืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืื, ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืก ืืช ืืจืื ืืคื"ื. ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืื ืื ื ืจืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืฉ ืืืงืืจื, ื ืงื ืืฆืขื ืืจืืื, ืื-15 ืืืฆืืืจ 1964 ืืืืืข ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืฉ ืขืฆืื ืืืคืฉื ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืืชื - ืืื ืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืจืคื ืืช ืงืืคืื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื; ืขืชื ืกืืจื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืืคืืข ืืคื ื ืืจืื ืืืคืืื ืฉืื "ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืจื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืขืช". ืฉืจื ืืคื"ื ืจืื ืื ืื ื ืืจืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืขืืืชื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื - ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืช "ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจ", ืืืื ืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื; ืจืืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืื. ืืืืจ ืืคืฆืจืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืืงืืื, ืืชืื ืฉืืืข ืืืื ืืื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืืืขืืืช ืืคื"ื ืฉืืชืื ืกื ืืคืืจืืืจ 1965 ื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ื ืืื ืื ืงืจื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืขืืกืืง ื"ืคืจืฉื", ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืืฉ (ืืืขืจื ืืจืืฉืื), ืืื ืงืจื ืืื-ืืืจืืื: "ืชื ืื ืืฉืจืื!". ืืกืืื ืืืืขืืื ืืฆืืืขื ืจืื ืืฆืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืขืืชืื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื. ื-3 ืืืื ื 1965 ืืขืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืจืื ืืคื"ื ืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืงื ืืืฉืืื (179 ืงืืืืช ืืขืืืช 103). ื-2 ืืืืื ืคืจืฉ ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืคืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืฉื ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ื ืืกืคืื ืืืงืื ืืช ืจืฉืืืช ืคืืขืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืฉืืช, ื ืงื ืืฉืืื ืืฆืขื ืืจืื, ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืขืจืืืชโืืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืงืื ืืจืืื ืืืฅ ืืคืืืชื ืืฉื ืืช"ื โ ืืืจืืื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืจืืฉื ืขืื ืืจืืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืกืงืื. ืืืจืืื, ืฉืืชืืืืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจื ืืคื"ื, ืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืฉ ืืืฆืืืข ืืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืชืงืื ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืช, ืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืคืืืชืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืฉืืช, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2 ืื ืืืืืจ 1965, ืืื ืืืขืจื (ืืจืืฉืื) ืืจืืฉืืช ืืฉืืื ื-45 ืื ืืืื ืื ืืื 10 ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืจืค"ื. ืืืฉืืื ื ืฉื ืจืค"ื ืืื ืืจืืฅ; ื ืจืื ืืื ืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืคื"ื, ืืื ืฉื ืืฆืื, ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื "ืืืฆืขืืจืื" ืืืกืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉื ืื ืจืืืช ืืื ืชืืื ืืื ืขืื ืชืงืืื. ื-28 ืื ืืืืืจ 1965 ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืจืืืืช. ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืื ืืืฉืคืื, ืืขืืืจ ืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื. ืืขืืืช ืขื ืืฉืืชืคืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืื ืืคื"ื ืืงืฉื ืขื ืืชืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืื ืกืช ืจืง ื-12 ืืื ืืืจ 1966 ืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืื 71 ืื"ืืื ืฉื ืืคื"ื, ืืค"ื, ืืคื"ื, ืคืืขืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืจืืื ืืขืฆืืืื. ืจืค"ื, ืขื ืฉืื ืืืืืื, ื ืืชืจื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืช ืขืืงืจ ื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื. ื-27 ืืืื 1966 ืืฆื ืืฉืืื ืืืกืข ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืืขืืช ืืฉืืข ืืืื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงื. ืืื ืืชืงืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืืื. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืชืื ืฉื ืช 1966 ืืกืชืืืื ืืื ืคืจืืืงืืื ืืืืืื: ืืืืืื ืืืจืฆื, ื ืื ืืฉืืื, ืืคืขืื ืื ืืืื. ืกืืื ืืขืืืื ืขื ืคืจืืืงืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืขืืืืืช ืืฆืืืืจืืืช, ืืืฆืืฆืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช; ืืืฉืง ืงืื ืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืคืืฆืื, ืืืจืืื ืืขืืืื, ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืคืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืืื (ืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืื) ืฉื ืืกืื ืืฉืืืืืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื, ืืืชืืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืฆื ืืขืื ืขืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืง, ืืจืืฉื ืืจืืื 'ืืืงืืืืื' (ืฉืขืจืื ื-1965 ืฉืืืชื ืคืจืืืช), ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืขืื ืืืืื 1964 ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืช ื-1965, ืื ืงืืืช ืฆืขืื ืจืืกืื ืชืงืฆืืื, ืืืืืจ - ืืืชืื ืืืื. ืื ืืื ืึพ14 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1966, ืชืื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืกืช, ืคืจื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืคื ืืก ืกืคืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืขืืงืจืืืช ืืขืืืืืช ืืคื ื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืืื: ืืืจืขืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืืืื, ืขืืืืช ืฉืืจ ืืืฉืง, ืืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืื: ืืขืืืช ืืกืื ืืื ืืชืืืงืจืืืืช, ืื ืืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืกืคืืจ "ืืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืื ืฉืืจืฉืืชื ืืื ืฉืขืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืืขืื ืงืฉืื ืืืฉืง". ืืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืชื "ืืืชืื", ืืืคื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ื"ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื" ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืช ืืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืื - (ืื"ื), ืืืฉืืื - (ืจืค"ื). ืืืืืฃ 1966 ืืชืืืืช 1967 ืืชืืจืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืจืืคื ืืืืืื, ืืืจืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืจืช ืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืฅ. ืืจืืฉืื ื ืจืืชื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืืืื, ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืขืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ (ืฉืืื ื "ืืืจืืื") ืขืื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1966 ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืจืฅ 11,000 ืืืฉ. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืืืจ 1967 ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืงืื ืคืจืืืื ืงืื ืื, "ืื ืง ืคืืืืืืื ืืจ" ื"ืื ืง ืืืจื", ืขืงื ืคืจืฉืืืช ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืขืืืืช, ืืคืกืงื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืจืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื "ืจืกืงื". ืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืกืคืืจ ืืฉืืืง ืืช "ืืืืชืื" ืืฉืื. ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืฉืื ื ืืกื ืืืขืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืฃ, ืืืืืจื ืกืคืืจ "ื ืืชืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื" โ ืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืคื ืฉื ืืื. ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืกืกื ืืช ืืืืืกืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจ. ืืืฉืชื ืืคืฉืจื ืืช, ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืจืค"ื, ื ืจืืชื ืขืชื ืืืืกืจ ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืื. ืืฆืืืืจ ื ืคืืฆื ืขืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืฃ ืืืคืฅ ืกืคืจืื ืืฉื "ืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื". ืืืจืืช ืืื ืฃ ืฉืืืืกื ืื, ืืืื "ืืฆื-ืชื-ืืฆื-ืงืคื", ืืื "ืืืืืชื, ืืื ืื ืืืืืชื ืืงืืื" - ื ืจืื ืขืชื ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืฉ, ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืืืฉืจืชื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืคืืช ืืชืืืืจืืช ืืฆื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืฉื ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืขืืชืื ืื 'ืืืชื ืชืืืืื'. ืืคืืขื, ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืืงืืจืชืืื, ืื ืืฆืืื ืฉืื ืืืืคื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืืื ื ืืืฉืง - ืืืขืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืขืืืืื ืืขื ืคื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืฆืืจ, ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืื - ืชืืช ืืืืื ืืขื ืง ืฉืืงืืชื ืืกืชืืืื ืืฉืืืจ. ืชืงืืคืช ืืืืชืื ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคืช ืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืกืจืช ืชืงืืื ืืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฆื"ื. ืืื ืงืื ืืกืื ืคืืื (ืื"ื M48 ื-M60) ืืืืืกื ืืืืจืื' ื ืงืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืฆื"ื. ืืช ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืงื, ืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืฉ ืืืงืืฃ ืืืขืืืช ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืื - ืื ื ืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื - ืืคืขืื ืขื ืคื ืกืืจ ืขืืืคืืืืช ืจืืื. ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืฉืืฆืจ ืืฉืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ื'ืื ืกืื ืืืื 1964, ื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืขืฆืืชื ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืงืจืืช ืืื ืคืงืืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 1966 ืืืืืข ืืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืกืช ืื ืืืืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืกืชืืื; ืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืขื ืืค"ื, ืืืืื ืืืฅ ืคืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืจืฆืื ื ืื ืงืื ืืขืื ืฆืขื ืืคืื ืชื ืื ืื ืืืจืฉืช ืื-ืืืจืืื. ืืืขืฉื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืฉืกืืืืืืช ืืืืคืชื ืืืขืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืฉืืจื ืืฆืืืืช, ืืืื ืฆืืืฆื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืชืงืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉื ืื ืืืจ ืื. ืฆื"ื ื ืืืง ืขื ืืกืืก ืืื-ืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉ"ืฃ ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืชืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืคืขืืืช ืกืืืข ืึพ13 ืื ืืืืืจ 1966, ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื, ืืคืืฆืฅ ืขืฉืจืืช ืืชืื ืืืคืจ ืกืืืข, ืืืืจ ืืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืคืฉืจื ืืช. ืืืจืชื "ืืคื ืงืก ืคืชืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืืช" ื ืืขืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืชืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืฉืืืจืื ืื; ืื ืืืกืจ ืื ืืชืงืื ืขื ืืขืช ืืฆืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืฃ ืืชืขืืชื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจืืฃ ืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืื ืงืื ืืงื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืืกืื. ื ืจืื ืื ืคืขืืืช ืกืืืข ืขืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืื. ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืืกื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืงืืื ืืืคื ืืืฉื, ืืืฉื ืืชืงืจืืืช ืืื ืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 1966, ืฉืื ืืชืืื ืจืืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืฆืจืืื ืืคืืืข ืืฉืืืื ืืกืืจื, ืืืชืืืื ืืกืจ ืืฉืืื ืงืืืืจืืช ืขื ืืืืคื ืฆื"ื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช. ืืืืง ืื ืขืชืื ืืื ืืืกืืื ืืืืืจืืฃ ืืื ืฉืืชืงืจืื ืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื, ืืืฉืจ - ืืืืจืื - ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืืช, ืืื ืืขื, ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ื-15 ืืืื 1967 ื ืขืจื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืฆืขื ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืช. ืขื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืื, ืืืืื ืืจืืื"ื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืขืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืขื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืขืืช ืื ืืืื ืขืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ื ืฉืื ืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืก ืืกืื ื ืืืืืช ืฆืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืกืืื ืฉืืืชืช ืื ืฉืง. ืขื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืืื ืืกืื ื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ื ืืฆืจ, ืืืจื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื ืื ืชืื ื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืื"ื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืกืื ื. ืคืขืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืฉืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืจืื โ ืื ืฉืืฆืจ ืืคืืขื ืืฆืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืชืื ืืืืืื, ื-19 ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืก ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืื ื ืืช. ืืืื "ืชืงืืคืช ืืืชื ื", ืืืืืื ืฉืืชืง ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืืื ืขืงื ืืืืก ืืจืืืช ืื ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ื"ืฆื 8". ืืจืื ืงืืืืืช ืืจืื ืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืฉืืจ ืงืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืกืืจืื, ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืืขืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืฆืคืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืคืจืื 1967 ืื ืืืคืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืืกื ืืื 21 ืกืืจืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื. ืืฉ ืืกืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืฆืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืืกืื ื ืืืืชื ืฆืขื ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืืกืืจืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืฉื. ืืืจืื ืกืืจื ืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืฉืฉืืจืช ืฆืขืืื, ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืจืืฉ, ืืจืจื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืชืืฉืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืืชื ื ืืืฉืืื ื ืื ืข ืืืืืจืืช ืขื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืจ ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืช ืขืจื ืืงืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืชืื ืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืืชืงืคื. ื-23 ืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืจืืื"ื ืจืืื ืืืคืืกืช ืืืืืช, ืืืืืืฃ ืืืฉื 48 ืฉืขืืช ืขื ืืื ืกืื ื, ืขืืจ ืืืฆืื. ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืฉืฉ ืื ืืฆืื ืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืคืืืืืืช ืืืชืืฉืืืช ืชืงืืคืช ืืืืชื ื. ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืกืืื ืืืฆืืจืคืืช ืื ืฉื ืจืค"ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื. ืืฉืืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจืช ืืจืืืื ืืจืค"ื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืืจื ืชืืช ืกืืืืชื. ืืื ื ืืกื ืืืฆืืช ืืช ืื ืืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืฆืจืคืช ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืขืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืคืชืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืจืื - ืืื ืืฆืืื, ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืืฃ. ืืคืืืฉื ื-2 ืืคื ืืช ืืืงืจ ื-27 ืืืื ืืกืจ ืฉืืจืืจ ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืจ ืืจืืฃ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืกืื ืงืืกืืืื, ืฉืืืืืจ ืืคื ื ืคืขืืื ืฆืืืืช. ืืฆืืจื ืืืชื ืืื ืืชืงืื ืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืื ืืฃ ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื, ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ื'ืื ืกืื. ืืืฆืืขื ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืงืืช ืืฉืืืช ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืื. ืชืฉืขื ืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืฉืืื, ืชืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืชืฉืขื ืชืืื ืืืืชื ื. ืืฉืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืจืช. ืขืื ืืขืจื 28 ืืืื 1967, ื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืฉืืืจ ืืจืืื. ืืงืจืืช ืื ืืื ื ืืฆืจื ืืื ื ืืกืืื, ืืืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืืืคืก. ืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฉืืืืจ ืื, ืืืฉืืืืข ืืฉืืื ืืคืกืงื ืฉืฉืื ืชื ืื ืืกื ืืืืืคืก, ืืืงืื "ืืื ืื ื ืงืืขื ืงืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช" ื ืืชื "ืืื ืื ื ืงืืขื ืงืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืกืืช ืืืืืืช"; ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืื ืฉื ืขืฉื, ืื ืฉืืข ืืืืืื. ืชืงืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืจืืฉื ืงืฉื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืกืกื, ืืกืจ ืืืืืช ืืืจืขื, ืืืื ืืืืื ื ื ืชืื ื ืืกืื ื ืืืืื. ืืืืืคื ื ืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืื"ื. ืืฆื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืืขืจ, ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืคืงื ืืืืื 38 ืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืจ ืขื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืฆืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืชืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืืคืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืขืืจ ืืืฆืื, ืืืจืื ืืคื ืืืจืืื"ื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืงืฉืืช, ืืืื ืขืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืขืก. ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืจืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืจืืช ื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฆื ืกืืจืื ืืืฆืจืื. ื-29 ืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืื "ืืจ ืืฉืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฆื ืื ืืืื". ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืืื ืกืช ืื ืืกื ืืืจืืืข ืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืฉ"ืกืืืจ ืืฆืคืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืขืงืจืื ืืืคืฉ ืืฉืื ืืขืฉื ืืืชืืื ืคืขืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืฆืจืื ืืืืคืจืฅ ืืืื ืคืชืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืกืคืื ืืชืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืคืืื". ืื ืืืืฅ ืืคื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืื-1 ืืืื ื ืืคืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืชืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืืื. ืื ืฆืืจืคื ืืืืฉืื ื ืฆืืื ืื"ื - ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืกืฃ ืกืคืืจ, ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืชืืง. ืืืืชื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืืืงืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ืชื "ืืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื". ืขื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืขืฉื ืืขืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืขื ืขื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืขื ืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืขืืื. ืชืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืก ืฆื"ื ืืช ืฆืืืืช ืขืจื, ืืืฉ ืืช ืฉืืื ืืฆื ืืื ืกืื ื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื. ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืกื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืขืกืง ืืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืฆืืดื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืกืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืืชื ื ืกืืืขื ืืฆืืดื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืฆืื ืฉืขืฉืชื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืช ืืืืืื ืกืืืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืขืช ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืกืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืช ืืืืฅ ืฉืืืืฅ ืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืกืื ื ืืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืฉื ืืช ื-50. ืชืืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื ืืืืกื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืคืงืื ืฆื"ื. ื-11 ืืืื ื 1967 ืชืืื ืจืื ืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื ืขื ืืขืจื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืฉืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืชื ืกืืคืื ืืืจื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-18 ืืืื ื ืงืืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืืจื, ืืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฆืขืชื ืฉื ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื, ืฉืื ืืืืงืง ืืืง ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืงืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืืฆื ืืช ืชืืืืช ืืืืง ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืืฉืืื ืชืืืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืจืฉ. ื-27 ืืืื ื ื ืขืจื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื, ืฉืื ืงืืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืืืงืง ืืช ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืฆื ืฉืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืกื ืืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉืจื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืงืื. ื-28 ืืืื ื ืคืจืกืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืขื 12:00 ืืฆืืจืืื ืืืกืจื ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืงื ืืขืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืื ืฆืจืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืื ืืช ืขืจื, ืืืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืกืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 1967 ืชืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื 242 ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื, ืฉืงืจืื ืื ืกืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืืื, ืชืืืจืช ืืืจื ืืืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืืชื ืขืช, ืืืืจ ืืขืืืช ืืจืืื ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืืืกื 1967 ืฉืื ืืชื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืจื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื, ืชืื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืงืขืช ืืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืช ื ืืกืคืื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืชืคื ืคืขืืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ื, ืืืฉืืื ืชืื ืืงืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืขื ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขืืจืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืง ืืจืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฆืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืช. ืืืื ืืืฃ ืืคืชืจืื ืืกืืื, ืืืืืฉ ืืช "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื". ืืื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืงืืข, ืืืกืืจืชื ืชืืกืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืืืื. ืืืื ืืขืืืชื, ื ืงื ืืืืฉื ืฉืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืืช ืืฉืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืข ืขื ืืืื ืืช ืขืจื. ืืืืจืืชืื ืื "ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืฆืจ", ืืื "ืขืืืคื ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืข"ืค ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉืืื" ืืคืืื ื ืืช ืืฉืงืคืชื. ืืฉืืื ืืขืืืชื, ืกืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืจื ืืืฆืืืจ ืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืชืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืช, ืืืขืืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืฉืงืื. ืืื ืืืคื"ื/ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืกืืจื ืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืชืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ื"ืืื ื ืืืื" ืื ื"ืืื ื ืืืื", ืืฉืืื ื ืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืกืืชืจืืช. ืืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืฉื ืืชื ื, ืืคืืขื, ืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ื - ืืืืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืกืืื. ืืืื ืืืช "ืืืฉืจืื ืืคืชืืืื" ืืืืื ืืจืืืขื ืืืฉืงื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื ืืืงืขืช ืืืจืื ืืชื ืืื ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืืจืฉ ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืขืืืช ืืืื ืืืงืคื. ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืขืฆืืืืช ื ืืืื ืืืกืืช, ืืจืง ืืกืคืืืืจ 1968 ืืืื ืืืชืขืฆื. ื ืจืื ืืื ืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื ืคืื ื ืืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืงืืช. ืืฉื ืช 1968 ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื'ืื ืกืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ื-7 ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืืืชื ืฉื ื'ืื ืกืื ืืืงืกืก ืืืืงืืจ ืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืคื ืืื, ืคืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืจื ืืืืื ืืคื"ื, ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื-ืคืืขืื ืฆืืื ืืจืค"ื, ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืจ 1968. ืืืืฉื ืืชืจ ืืฆืืจืืฃ ืืค"ื ืืืืฆืืจืช ืืืขืจื, ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืกืืฃ ื-19 ืืื ืืืจ 1969, ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืคื ื ืืืชื. ืืฉื ืืชืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืืืจ ืืืืืื, ืกืื ืืืืืช ืื. ืืืื ืืืื ืกืืื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืขืจื (ืืฉื ื) ืื ืืืจืฉืชื ืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ. ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1969 ืืงื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืงืฃ ืื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืื ื ืฉื ืืขืืืื, ืื ื-26 ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืงื ืฉืื ืืืชืงืฃ, ืื ืคืืจ ืืืืชื ืืื ืืฉืขื 7:20. ืืขืืืจ ืืืืืื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืืืชื ืืืจ ืืจืฆื. ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืืฉื 19 ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืคืืขื, ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืชืื ืชื ืืชืคืงืื ื-17 ืืืจืฅ. ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืฉืื ืฉืืืฉ ืคืขืืื. ืืื ื ืฉื ืืช ืจืืงื ืืืจืฉ"ืง ืืฉื ืช 1922 ืื-1924 ื ืืืื ืืืชื ื ืืขื. ืืืืจืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืกืืจืช ืงืืืฆืช ืืืืืฆืื "ืขืืืื" ืฉืคืขืื ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืงืืช ืืื ืื ื'. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืืืจืฉ"ืง ืืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืืฉืืื, ืืืฉืงื ืคืืขืืืช ืืืขืืืื ืขื ื ืืขืจ ืขืืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืชืืง. ืืืืชื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืกืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืื. ืจืืงื ื ืคืืจื ื-1950, ืืืื 58. ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืงื, ืืฉื ืช 1924, ืืชืคืชื ืงืฉืจ ืจืืื ืื ืขืืืง ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืข ืงืคืื, ืืืชื ืคืืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ื 1920. ืงืคืื ืืืืชื ืื ืฉืืช ืืขืืืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช, ืคืขืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช, ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืกืืืช ืืืขืฆืช ืืคืืขืืืช ืืืืจื ืคืขืืื ืืืคื"ื. ืืขืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืคืชืื ืืืขืืืงื, ืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื 1926 ืขืืื ืืืืฉืืข ืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืคืืืื. ืืืืืืกื ื ืกืข ืืฉืืื ืืคืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืกืืจืื. ืืืจืืช ื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืฉืงื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืจืขืืืชื, ืืืื ื 1927 ืขืืื ืจืืงื ืืื ืขื ื ืืขื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืฉื ืชืงืืคื (ืืฉืืฉ ืืืจื ืืขืืจืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช) ืืื ืืชืืจืฉื. ืืืื ืืืืจ ืขืืืืชื, ืืืจื ืืืืฉืืข ืืกืคืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืื ื'. ื-27 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1930 ื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืืื. ืืืืืืกื 1930 ื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืจื, ืฉื ืงืจืื ืขื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื, ืฉื ืคืืจื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืงืืื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 1936 ื ืืืื ืืืชื ืชืื. ืืฉื ืชืื ืืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืคืจืืื, ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืืข. ืืฉื ืช 1942 ื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช, ืขืคืจื. ื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืฉืืข ื ืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืกืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1959. ืกืืคืจ ืขื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืฉืจ ื ืื ืก ืืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ื-1963, ืืืจ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื: "ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืื ื ื ืืจืฉืื ืืืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืคื ืื. ืื ืื ื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืชื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื. ืืืืืจืื ืฉืื [ืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื] ืื ืืืืจื" ืขื ืื ืขื ื ืื ืืฉืืื: "ืืืจืื, ืฉืืืืจื". ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 1964, ืืขืช ืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืฅ', ืืืืืช 1929 ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืื, ืกืคืจื ืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืฆืขืืจื ืืื ื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื. ืืื ืคืขืื ืืฆืืื ืืืฉืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืขื ืฉื ืคืืจ. ืืืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืืข ืื ืืช: ื ืืขื, ืืืชื ืฉื ืจืืงื, ืืืืืจื, ืชืื ืืขืคืจื, ืื ืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืืข. ื ืืขื ืืืืชื ืืืคืชืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืชื ืืชื ืืขื ืืฉืืื-ืืืื. ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืงืืืจ ืืืืืืืืื, ื ืืฉืื ืืืืืขืืจ ืจืคืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืฉืืืฃ ืจืคืืื. ืชืื (ื ืคืืจื ื-2022) ืืืืชื ืขืืืืช ืกืืฆืืืืืช ืืืืืชื ื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื, ืฉืฉืืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ืขืคืจื ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืคืกืืืืืืืื, ื ืฉืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืจืื ื ืื, ื ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืฆืคืช, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืกืืคืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืื, ืืงืจืื ืขื ืฉื ืกืื. ืขืคืจื ื ืื-ืืฉืืื ืขืจืื ืกืคืจ ืืฉื "ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืืจ", ืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืฉืชื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืชืืืืชื ืืจื ืฉืืงืื ืืืชืคืืกื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืฉืืืงื ืื ืขืจื ืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื ืืจืืชื ืื ืืื ืืกืกื. ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืคืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืจืช ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฆืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืจื ืชืจืืืชื ืืืืจืขืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฆืื ืืืฆืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืชืคืงืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืฉืกืขืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืืืืช. ืืฉื ื ืจืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืชืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืง ืืฉืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืฅ ืืืกืืื ืืืคื ืื ืืืืืืฅ. ืืืืืืจ ืฉืื, ืื ืืฉืืืชื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2015 ืืฉืชืืฉื ืฉืชื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช โ ืืืื ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืืืืืื โ ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืจืืฉื. ืชืืืืชื ืืกื ืขืืื, ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืคืช ืืืืืืฉ, ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืช ืื ืฃ, ืื ืืกื "ืืขื ืืืช ืืขืชื ืืงืืืขืช", "ืืคื ืงืก ืคืชืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืืช" ืืืืจืืช, ื ืชืคืกื ืืืืืฉื ืช ืืืืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืฉืื, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืืฉื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืขืืืข ืืกืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืื, ืฉืื ื ืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืื. ืขืืืก ืขืื ืืกืคืจื "ืื ืืื ื ืืื ื" ืืฆืืืจ ืืช ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืืืชื, ืืงืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืขืฆื ืืืื. ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืืขืงื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืขืืื ืื "ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื". ืืืื ืืืืจืืขืื ืฉืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืื ื ืืจืื ืืกืจื ืืืืงืืื ืืจื "ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืกื ืืื ืืข ืืืืื / ื ืกืืื ืืชืื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื", ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืงื ืื ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืฉืืื. ืืืจืืฆืช ืืฉื ืื ืฆืืจ ืืฉืืื ืคืจืกืื ืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจื. ืืืขื ืงื ืื ืขืืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืื ืงืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืจืืืช: ืคืืืืืคืื (1964), ืฉืืงืื (1964), ืื ืคืืกื (1964), ืืืจืช ืืจืื (1965), ืงืจืืืช ืืช (1965), ื ืฆืจืช ืขืืืืช (1965), ืืืจ ืฉืืข (1965), ืืืช ืฉืื (1965), ืขืคืืื (1965), ืืืืื ื (1967), ืืฉืืื (1968), ืืจืืฉืืื (1968) ืืคืชื ืชืงืืื (1968). ืืฉืืื ืขืืืจ ืืชืืืจื ืืืงืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืกืืืช: ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื (1964), ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืจืืืืืื ืืฉืืงืื (1964), ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืง (1964), ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืจืื (1966) ืืืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืงืืื' ืื ืื ืืืจืง (1968). ืืืืจ ืคืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ื ืงืจืื ืขื ืฉืื ืจืืืืืช ืืขืจืื, ืืื ืืชืจืื ื ืืกืคืื โ ืืืช ืกืคืจ "ืืื ืืฉืืื" ืืขืื ืชืื ืช ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืฉืืื, ืฉืืื ืืช "ืจืืช ืืฉืืื" ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืืคื ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืชืืืืช, ืืืืจ ืืืื "ืืืืจ ืืฉืืื", ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืื, ืืฉืื ืฉื "ืืืคืจ ืืืจืืง" ืฉืื ื ื"ืืืคืจ ืืืจืืง ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืื". ืื ื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉืื "ืืืื ืืฉืืื" ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื. ืืืืืชื ืืืืืงืช ืคืจืก ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืกืืคืจืื ืขืืจืืื ืืชืืืฉื ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืืคืจืก ื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉืื. ื-1970 ื ืืกืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืคืืขืืช ืืืืฃ ืืื ืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืืืชื ืืคืืขืื ืืืงืืืืช ืขืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืช, ืชืืขืืืืช ืืืืงืจืืช, ืืฆื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2016. ืืืืงื ื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืืข ืขื ืืื ืืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืคืง ื-11 ืืืจืก 1970 ืื ืืืจื ืืื ื 2,553,000 ืืืืื ืืชืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืฉืื; ืืื ืขื ืฉืืจ ืืกืฃ ืืขืจื ืฉื ืืืฉืช ืืืคืื ืฉืงืืื, ืฉืืื ืคืง ืืฆืืืืจ ืืฉื ืช 1984, ืืืืืจ ืืืืคืช ืืฉืงื ืืฉืงื ืืืฉ ืืฉื ืช 1985 ืืื ืคืง ืฉืืจ ืืืขื ืืื ืขื ืกื ืืืืฉื ืฉืงืืื ืืืฉืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืขื ืืฉื ืช 2000, ืขืช ืื ืคืืง ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืฆืื ืื ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืืืืื. ืืืืงื ื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืข ืืฃ ืขื ืืืืข ืืขืจื ืฉื ืืืืฉื ืฉืงืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืฆื ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืืืช ืืฉื ืช 1990. ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื |
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