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0f530328-376e-4a09-8c38-ec2899ca1b8f | http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:199:0001:0136:EN:PDF | 2,008 | [
"Transport",
"Light-duty vehicles",
"Energy efficiency"
] | eur-lex.europa.eu | 2.3.2. Vehicles with Compression Ignition Engines
2.3.2.1. The following bench ageing procedure is applicable for compression-ignition vehicles including hybrid vehicles. The bench ageing procedure requires the installation of the aftertreatment system on a aftertreatment system age-
ing bench. Ageing on the bench is conducted by following the standard diesel bench cycle SDBC for the number of
regenerationsdesulphurisations calculated from the bench ageing duration BAD equation. 2.3.2.2. Standard Diesel Bench Cycle SDBC. Standard bench ageing is conducted following the SDBC. The SDBC shall be
run for the period of time calculated from the bench ageing duration BAD equation. The SDBC is described in
Appendix 2 of this Annex. | d3fc6859-41cb-4ee2-997b-90ebc4f9b481 | 289 |
0f5944bb-de6f-474b-b340-c5be7adb187a | 2,025 | [
"supply chain",
"environmental information act",
"distributor",
"importer",
"next link"
] | HF-national-climate-targets-dataset | section 7 of the Environmental Information Act, apply insofar as appropriate. The producer, importer, processor, and distributor of a product shall transmit information to which this section applies to the next link in the supply chain. | 5e68aef6-2388-4e6c-8cb3-8f1f5c7eff04 | 0 | |
0f61479e-6904-4e7d-ab7b-407eb3b9e1c4 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.05708v1 | 2,025 | [
"policy",
"policies",
"climate",
"table",
"evaluation"
] | arxiv.org | This study occurs in the context of a larger project that is directed at, among other things, two design goals. The first of these goals is about providing deliberation tools for supporting decision making on climate and sustainability policies. Design Goal 1 (tools). Construct tools to support deliberation on climate and sustainability policies. These tools may come in any of several forms, including knowledge of methods and practices, as well as databases, document corpora, and software. The list of potential forms is open-ended. The second motivating design goal is more specific. It constitutes a way of achieving instances that meet the first goal. The second goal is about MCDM (multi-criteria decision-making) models. These constitute a broad class of modeling methods that are designed and intended to facilitate decision-making in the presence of two or more conflicting goals and objectives. This kind of situation is rife in everyday life, for example, when we make purchasing decisions that have to trade off cost and quality. Policy decisions in climate change and sustainability are more complex, typically having more than two goals or evaluation criteria that have to be considered. The goals are typically in some degree of conflict and themselves complex. MCDM models, while long established and used, are under-employed. This is in significant part due to the fact that developing a model requires specialized expertise, which may not be available or affordable in particular cases, as well as rather intense and laborious feedback from decision makers, who are busy and often skeptical of yet-to-be-seen tools (Keeney, 1992;Keeney and Raiffa, 1993). This occasions our second design goal. Design Goal 2 (starter MCDM models). Deliver to climate and sustainability policy stakeholders MCDM models ("starter MCDM models") that are prima facie acceptable, comprehensible, and suitable for follow on deliberation, revision, and evolution. These initial models should require minimal input from stakeholders, while affording revision in light of new information and stakeholder views when available. We foresee being able to achieve Design Goal 2 and thereby being able to afford processes in which technical analysts develop prima facie valid (alias "not stupid") starter MCDM models that may be used in public deliberations. Under extreme time constraints, such models would be usable without substantial revision for decision making. (This is not to say that the model's assessments are simply accepted; rather, the assessments are subject to deliberation with the information available.) In the more usual case, the model is revised and evolved in light of new information and public comments. In this way, an ever-improving, presumably valid knowledge base contributes to ongoing discussions and is available whenever decisions have to be made. With these goals before us, we hypothesize that large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4, can be instrumental in creating starter MCDM models that meet Design Goal 2. Research Question. Can LLMs provide credible evaluation scores, suitable for constructing starter MCDM models that support commencing deliberation regarding climate and sustainability policies? This is all quite aspirational. Certainly, no single study can meet the design goals and dispositively answer the research question. This paper reports on an exploratory study that bears on the research question in the context of the two design goals. The upshot of our study is to give a positive answer to the research question. We turn now to essential framing and setup for what is to follow. Table 1 is a schema or template for what we shall alternatively call an ACS (alternatives, evaluation criteria, scores) or P (performance) table. Such tables are essential data objects when comparing multiple alternatives (the a i policy alternatives) on multiple dimensions of value (the c j evaluation criteria). The entries s i,j in the table represent the evaluation scores for their associated a i and c j alternatives and evaluation criteria: s i,j is the evaluation score for alternative a i on criterion c j . Evaluation Given a complete performance table, P , decision makers have something definite and useful to work with in deliberating which alternatives to select for implementation. Of course, additional information may be useful and desired. Even so, an ACS (P ) table is a fundamental requirement and starting point for serious deliberation. We emphasize starting point because modeling and the deliberation it supports should above all be seen as dynamic processes, halted only by practical considerations. Our concern here is with methods for arriving at data and models that are useful because they can contribute to supervening processes. Not final results, but results positioned for getting better results. 2This raises the question of how ACS tables of usefully high quality can and should be constructed to support decision making in specific contexts. We are especially concerned in this study with climate and sustainability policies and with prospects for reducing the workload of scoring P tables. Specifically, this study addresses the paper's Research Question, page 4, §1. In what follows, we a. Identify a number of interesting policy alternatives that are actively considered by local governments in the United States (and indeed around the world). b. Identify a number of quality-of-life indicators as apt evaluation criteria for these policies. c. Use ChatGPT-4 to obtain scores (s i,j values in Table 1) to complete an ACS (P ) table. d. Evaluate the quality and validity of the resulting P table by comparing its policy rankings with those obtained by an informed assessment exercise using human judgments. The report is organized into several sections. §2, "Background," extends this introductory section and provides a broader and deeper account of our multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to climate and sustainability policy deliberation. This section may be skipped on first reading. §3, "Review of the literature," focuses on recent work exploring the validity of responses obtained from large language models, especially GPT. Frequent findings that large language models "hallucinate"-give responses in terms of non-existent entities or are wildly wrong in other waysare certainly worrisome in the context of our research question. | 3f3cd0a1-e11c-4271-8475-e24668f41056 | 0 |
0f67999a-c6e3-40ed-9338-ea9202eeb519 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.20020v1 | 2,025 | [
"Reasoning",
"biases",
"motivated reasoning",
"LLMs",
"large language models",
"personas",
"political polarization",
"misinformation",
"scientific evidence",
"veracity discernment",
"identity protection",
"cognitive biases",
"debiasing",
"prompt-based debiasing",
"political science",
"socio-demographic attributes",
"climate change",
"vaccine safety",
"AI ethics",
"human-like reasoning",
"empirical findings."
] | arxiv.org | For each type of experiment (skin cream and banning guns), there are two contingency tables — one for which the ground truth is an increase in rashes/crimes and another for which the ground truth is a decrease in rashes/crimes, leading to a total of 4 contingency tables. Modeling Bias in Evidence Evaluation. Let T ∈ {\"Rash Increases\", \"Rash Decreases\", \"Crime Increases\", \"Crime Decreases\"} be the ground truth for the scientific experiment(s), and let P ∈ {\"Democrat\", \"Republican\"} be the assigned persona. The bias β for evaluating the evidence of (say) the gun control experiment where the ground truth is Crime Decrease can be written as:
β CD = P( T = Crime Decreases | P = Republican )
− P( T = Crime Decreases | P = Democrat ) ,
and let β CI, β RD and β RI be the bias for evaluating evidence when the correct answer is Crime Increase, Rash Decrease, and Rash Increase respectively. If there is no motivated reasoning being induced in persona-assigned LLMS, then we can expect the value of β CD and β CI to be close to 0. For instance, if β CD — the condition in which the ground truth is Crime Decreases — is close to 0, that implies that the probability of the Democrat persona evaluating the evidence correctly when it aligns with liberal attitudes on gun control (that banning guns leads to decrease in crime) is equally likely as the probability of a Republican persona evaluating the evidence correctly when it does not align with conservative attitudes on gun control (banning guns leads to an increase in
crimes). However, if persona-assigned LLMs are indeed exhibiting motivated reasoning, then we can expect β CD to be negative, and β CI positive. | 6b1b95f1-cbf2-41ff-acbc-a866ef4f5329 | 7 |
0f69c312-1915-4bcf-a9fe-21ca870dc1f9 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.03354v1 | 2,023 | [
"deforestation",
"project",
"average",
"control",
"cover"
] | arxiv.org | These credits are based on the estimated carbon emission reductions from the avoided deforestation brought about by the project activities, calculated as the net difference between the carbon emissions under the baseline and the REDD+ scenario (West et al., 2020). Under this crediting system, the ex-post volume of carbon offsets generated by the REDD+ projects is determined by deforestation in the REDD+ project as compared to the ex-ante baseline. We adopted a simplified approach to estimate such volumes by assuming a linear, per-hectare relationship between the baseline deforestation adopted by projects and their reported ex-ante volume of credits to be generated through 2020. Thus, projects with insufficient public information about ex-ante annual baseline deforestation rates and carbon stock were excluded from this assessment rates (Table S10; Fig. 2 &S8). First, we identified the projects with significantly lower deforestation rates than their SCs according to the placebo tests. Projects that failed to achieve significant reductions in deforestation were assumed not to have reduced net carbon emissions. Then, we estimated the volume of credits generated by each project that significantly reduced deforestation based on the difference in observed deforestation (ha) between the SC and the project sites. Finally, we compared our carbon offset estimates based on the SCs to the ex-ante volume of credits expected by the projects from the year of project implementation through 2020 (Table S10; Fig. 2 &S8). * Processed in Google Earth Engine based on the 2000 Percent Tree Cover map from the Global Forest Change dataset (Hansen et al., 2013). † Discarded due to the poor quality of the synthetic control counterfactual. ‡ Project composed of multiple sites, some of which were discarded due to the poor quality of the synthetic control counterfactual. Source: Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) project database (https://registry.verra.org/). Standard synthetic control validation. Before assessing the impacts of the REDD+ projects, we explored whether the synthetic controls could accurately replicate deforestation trends in the project sites prior to project implementation. Synthetic controls were able to replicate pre-REDD+ deforestation trends reasonably well in most project sites (Table S3 & Fig. S2). Table S3. Synthetic control validation: difference between project and synthetic control deforestation based on prior to project implementation. S8. Source: Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) project database (https://registry.verra.org/). *Average treatment effect on the treated. *Average treatment effect on the treated. *Average treatment effect on the treated. *Average treatment effect on the treated. *Average treatment effect on the treated. *Average treatment effect on the treated. * Reported by official project documents. † Reported by official project documents exclusively for the projects' avoided deforestation and forest degradation. ‡ Based on the results from the synthetic control analyses and placebo tests. Note: Projects 856 and 1390 from Colombia, 934 from DRC, 1748 from Cambodia, and the Zambian projects and were excluded due to insufficient public information about ex-ante baseline deforestation rates. Projects with baselines ending before 2020 (e.g., 2018) were compared to their respective observed and synthetic control cumulative deforestations for the last available baseline year. *Based on four control areas. *Based on four control areas. *Based on two control areas. *Based on six control areas. *Based on two control areas. *Based on five control areas. *Based on two control areas. *Based on three control areas. *Based on two control areas. *Based on four control areas. *Based on six control areas. *Based on four control areas. *Based on one control area. *Based on six control areas. *Based on two control areas. *Based on five control areas. *Based on one control area. Imai, K., Kim, I.S., Wang, E.,
Matching Methods for Causal Inference With Time-Series Cross-sectional Data. Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.2 West, T.A.P., Caviglia-Harris, J.L., Martins, F.R.V., Silva, D.E., Börner, J., 2022. Potential conservation gains from improved protected area management in the Brazilian Amazon. Biological Conservation 269, 109526. | 015d96f4-a614-47fe-a421-b1c2d9589340 | 5 |
0f6c4d24-a6c7-4023-a2d7-f888301b855b | http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09136v1 | 2,024 | [
"sustainable economic development",
"reforestation",
"satellite imagery analysis",
"artificial intelligence",
"time-series forecasting"
] | ArXiv | Climate change, deforestation, and biodiversity loss are calling for innovative approaches to effective reforestation and afforestation. This paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and remote sensing technologies for optimizing tree planting strategies, estimating labor requirements, and determining space needs for various tree species in Gabala District of Azerbaijan. The study employs YOLOv8 for precise identification of potential planting sites and a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) approach, combined with the Gemini API, to provide tailored species recommendations. The methodology incorporates time-series modeling to forecast the impact of reforestation on CO2 emissions reduction, utilizing Holt-Winters for predictions. Our results indicate that the AI model can effectively identify suitable locations and species, offering valuable insights into the potential economic and environmental benefits of large-scale tree planting thus fostering sustainable economic development and helping to mitigate the adverse effects of global warming and climate change. Recent global challenges such as climate change, deforestation, and biodiversity loss have underscored the importance of reforestation and afforestation as essential strategies for environmental conservation (Moomaw et al., 2019;Strielkowski et al., 2024). Traditionally, the process of identifying suitable land for tree planting, determining the optimal species for these areas, and estimating labor requirements has been based on manual surveys and expert assessments (Reba et al., 2020;Mugiyo et al., 2021). However, these methods are often timeintensive, costly, and constrained by the scale of analysis. With the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and advancements in remote sensing technologies like satellite imagery, new opportunities have arisen for enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of these processes (Himeur et al., 2020;Strielkowski et al., 2023). This research specifically focuses on the Gabala District (Qbl) that is located in Azerbaijan, an area that is highly suitable for reforestation efforts due to its unique and diverse ecosystem. Azerbaijan, like many other countries, has experienced significant deforestation over the centuries. In 2010, the country had 1.07 million hectares of natural forest, covering approximately 13% of its land area. However, by 2023, 447 hectares of this natural forest had been lost (2019). Historically, the present area of Azerbaijan was covered with 35% forest in the 8 th -9 th centuries, but the forest area has since been reduced to 11% (Global Forest Watch, 2024). The northern-eastern slopes of the Great Caucasus, where Gabala is located, are home to some of the country's most extensive and valuable forest tracts (Ecfcaucasus, 2024). Gabala region stands out as a prime location for reforestation and afforestation due to its consistent humidity levels, diverse soil types, and a favorable microclimate that supports the growth of various tree species (Abbasov et al., 2024). Protection and restoration of forests have been central to local efforts, with initiatives focused on the cultivation of seedlings and the establishment of new orchards, consisting of species such as hazelnuts, chestnuts, walnuts, and apple trees. These efforts have expanded the forested areas in Gabala to 33,400 hectares, enhancing its ecological value and making it an ideal region for large-scale tree planting (Azerbaijan Geographical Society, 2024a). In addition to its reforestation potential, Gabala plays a critical role in climate regulation. Forests in Azerbaijan, particularly in Gabala, act as humidity accumulators, regulating water distribution across lowlands and plains, preventing landslides and avalanches, and improving local microclimates (2018;2024). The region's humid climate also supports a diverse array of tree species, making it highly suitable for afforestation actions aimed at combating climate change and promoting biodiversity (Mehdiyeva and Mursal, 2022;Azerbaijan Geographical Society, 2024b). This study employs both AI and satellite imagery to identify unused and vacant lands within Gabala for planting, estimate the required labor force, and determine the optimal spacing for different species. The integration of AI technologies, such as YOLOv8 and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combined with the Gemini API, ensures precise site identification and species recommendations (Gemini, 2024). The integration of AI and satellite data in reforestation not only advances environmental goals but also supports socio-economic objectives, showing the interconnected nature of sustainable economic development. While several studies have focused on using AI for land use classification and vegetation analysis (Da Silva et al., 2020;Alshari et al., 2023), there is limited research on the direct application of AI models to optimize tree planting strategies on a large scale. Traditional methods typically require experts to manually analyze factors such as soil type, climate, and topography to identify suitable planting locations, a process that is both time-consuming and costly (Singh et al., 2023). Moreover, these methods are often limited in scope and cannot efficiently scale to cover vast areas. Existing traditional approaches require experts to identify interested places and provide recommendations which is more time-and cost-consuming. This inefficiency makes it difficult for smaller organizations to conduct such analyses and take necessary actions to protect our environment. This gap underscores the need for a more efficient AI-based framework that can rapidly analyze extensive datasets, accurately identify optimal planting sites, and provide species recommendations that are not only ecologically appropriate but also scalable and cost-effective (Shaikh et al., 2021;Strielkowski et al., 2022). This study aims to develop and evaluate AI models that utilize satellite imagery to identify the most suitable locations for tree planting and determine the best tree species for those locations. The specific research questions addressed in this study are: 1. How accurately can the AI model predict optimal tree planting locations based on satellite imagery and environmental data? 2. What factors (e.g., soil type, climate, topography) significantly influence the model's tree species recommendations? 3. How can the AI-driven recommendations be implemented in real-world reforestation and afforestation projects to enhance environmental sustainability? 4. What are the potential economic and demographic impacts of implementing this AI model in tree planting initiatives? 5. (SDGs) can be effectively addressed through the application of this AI model? The successful implementation of AI models in tree planting efforts has the potential to revolutionize reforestation and afforestation initiatives, making them more efficient, scalable, and data driven. | e1df7224-d671-4638-ae1b-2fe84f59e26b | 0 |
0f741d4a-679c-474a-909d-64aa337c3fe7 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/england-peat-action-plan_f6dfdab245da0598921474216dd6fa4f.pdf | 2,021 | [
"LULUCF",
"Peat",
"peatland",
"restoration",
"peat",
"england",
"management"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | The peat and trees action plans, together with wider plans and strategies for nature, will set out how we will tackle the twin threats of climate change and biodiversity Peatlands are ‘areas of land with a naturally accumulated layer of peat, formed from carbon rich dead and decaying plant material under waterlogged conditions’.4 This build- up of decaying matter creates a rich organic soil that has a high carbon density, even on peatland is usually restricted to deep peat (more than 40 cm depth), which accounts for 677,250 ha when originally mapped, but shallow peat (between 10 cm and 40 cm) also 4 Bain, C.G., Bonn, A., Stoneman, R., Chapman, S., Coupar, A., Evans, M., Gearey, B., Howat, M., Joosten, H., Keenleyside, C., Labadz, J., Lindsay, R., Littlewood, N., Lunt, P., Miller, C.J., Moxey, A., Orr, H., Reed, M., Smith, P., Swales, V., Thompson, D.B.A., Thompson, P.S., Van de Noort, R., Wilson, J.D. & Worrall, F. (2011) IUCN UK Commission of Inquiry on Peatlands. IUCN UK Peatland Programme, Peatland restoration before and after, Kinder Scout. October 2010, and September 2019. © Prof Tim Allott
provides a suite of ecosystem services, including significant carbon stores. A recent study calculated that a 30 cm peat layer stores at least the same amount of carbon as tropical rain forest over an equivalent area.5 Much of our lowland peat is currently used for intensive agriculture, which can be highly profitable. It covers less than 4% of England’s farmed area but produces more than 7% of England’s total agricultural production and is worth £1.23 billion to the UK economy.6 In the case of some peatlands, full restoration may not be practical or in the public interest , but at the very least, these sites must be better managed if we are to halt further degradation. Lower opportunity costs make immediate restoration more feasible in upland settings, although the economic importance of timber production, grouse moors and grazing also need to be considered. Peatlands provide a wealth of environmental benefits that we have only recently begun to value, alongside a number of economic and ● Capture carbon from the atmosphere and then store it as plants only partially decompose under wet conditions. Conversely, degrading peatlands release carbon into the atmosphere. It is estimated that peatlands in England emit approximately 10 million tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent per year. 7 ,8 Healthy peatlands have a net cooling effect on the climate, contributing to the government’s target to achieve Net ● Are rich in wildlife. Peatland habitats contain some of our rarest species including bitterns, swallowtail butterfly, carnivorous sundews, hen harriers and short-eared owls. Nearly a third of our deep peat is protected as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. However, only 13% of our deep peat area remains in a near natural state and, as a result, our peatland habitats have become increasingly rare, threatening the plants and animals that are dependent on them. ● Provide a sustainable supply of high-quality drinking water. The Office for National Statistics estimates the annual value of the water supply from UK peatlands at between £208 million and £888 million.9,10 However, over the last 30 years the quality of water has been deteriorating as degraded peatland releases dissolved organic carbon into the water, causing discolouration. 11 Removal of colour from water represents one of the major operational costs of any treatment plant and can run into 5 Lindsay, R., Ifo, A., Cole, L., Montanarella, L., Nuutinen, M. (2019). the challenge of mapping the world’s invisible stores of carbon and water. Unasylva 251, Vol. 70, 2019/1 6 ONS (2019) UK Natural Peatlands. p17 7 Carbon dioxide equivalent is a measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based upon their global warming potential. 8 BEIS (2021): 2019 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final Figures. 9 Office of National Statistics. (2019). UK Natural Peatlands. 10 Xu, J., Morris, P.J., Liu, J., Holden, J., (2018). Hotspots of peatland-derived potable water use identified by 11 Labadz, J., Allott, T., Evans, M., Butcher, D., Billett, M., Stainer, S., Yallop, A., Jones, P., Innerdale, M., Harmon, N., Maher, K., Bradbury, R., Mount, D., O Brien, H. & Hart, R. (2010). Peatland hydrology. Report to IUCN UK Peatland Programme, Edinburgh. 12 Martin-Ortega, J., Allott, T.E.H., Glenk, K., Schaafsm, M., (2014). Valuing water quality improvement from peatland Evidence and challenges. Ecosystem Services, 9, 34-43. ● Intercept and store greater volumes of water, releasing it over a longer period of time and mitigating flood risk. Management techniques including draining, burning13 and overgrazing have been implicated in both declining water quality and some of the larger flood events in England in recent years. For example, the floods in Fishlake, Doncaster in 2019 and the repeated flooding of the Calder Valley. While peatland restoration can be expensive, the economic benefits exceed the costs. The Office for National Statistics recently estimated that the cost of restoring all UK peatlands to near natural condition would be between £8.4 to £21.3 billion, but restoring all of the UK’s peat would deliver carbon benefits alone of £109 billion and would outweigh the costs of doing so by an estimated 5 to 10 times. 14 This classifies peatland restoration as “Very There is a strong argument for acting now, as the condition of our peatlands is not static; they will continue to degrade if they are not restored. By taking action, we will avoid further loss of benefits and increased future costs of restoration. 13 Holden, J., Palmer, S. M., Johnston, K., Wearing, C., Irvine, B., Brown, L. E. (2015). Impact of prescribed burning on blanket peat hydrology. Water Resources Research, 51, 6472-6484. 14 Office of National Statistics. (2019). UK Natural Peatlands. carbon storage and greenhouse gases
Chapter 2: The plan to restore our Full restoration of peatland habitats delivers on each of our natural capital objectives - locking up carbon, restoring biodiversity, preserving heritage sites, minimising wildfire hazards, and improving water regulation and quality. Peatland should be restored wherever this is feasible. | 1f93a236-e681-4ebd-8657-883e7b824d73 | 2 |
0f77d9d1-cc0d-4832-9a23-de2dca0b7cb4 | http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0073 | 2,009 | [
"Electricity and heat",
"Gas",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch"
] | eur-lex.europa.eu | 8. In fixing or approving the tariffs or methodologies and the balancing services, the regulatory authorities shall ensure that transmission and distribution system operators are granted appropriate incentive, over both the short and long term, to increase efficiencies, foster market integration and security of supply and support the related research activities. 9. The regulatory authorities shall monitor congestion management of national gas transmission networks including interconnectors, and the implementation of congestion management rules. To that end, transmission system operators or market operators shall submit their congestion management rules, including capacity allocation, to the national regulatory authorities. National regulatory authorities may request amendments to those rules. 10. Regulatory authorities shall have the authority to require transmission, storage, LNG and distribution system operators, if necessary, to modify the terms and conditions, including tariffs and methodologies referred to in this Article, to ensure that they are proportionate and applied in a non-discriminatory manner. In the event that the access regime to storage is defined according to Article 33(3), that task shall exclude the modification of tariffs. In the event of delay in the fixing of transmission and distribution tariffs, regulatory authorities shall have the power to fix or approve provisional transmission and distribution tariffs or methodologies and to decide on the appropriate compensatory measures if the final tariffs or methodologies deviate from those provisional tariffs or methodologies. 11. Any party having a complaint against a transmission, storage, LNG or distribution system operator in relation to that operator s obligations under this Directive may refer the complaint to the regulatory authority which, acting as dispute settlement authority, shall issue a decision within a period of two months after receipt of the complaint. That period may be extended by two months where additional information is sought by the regulatory authorities. That extended period may be further extended with the agreement of the complainant. The regulatory authority s decision shall have binding effect unless and until overruled on appeal. 12. Any party who is affected and who has a right to complain concerning a decision on methodologies taken pursuant to this Article or, where the regulatory authority has a duty to consult, concerning the proposed tariffs or methodologies, may, at the latest within two months, or a shorter time period as provided by Member States, following publication of the decision or proposal for a decision, submit a complaint for review. Such a complaint shall not have suspensive effect. 13. Member States shall create appropriate and efficient mechanisms for regulation, control and transparency so as to avoid any abuse of a dominant position, in particular to the detriment of consumers, and any predatory behaviour. Those mechanisms shall take account of the provisions of the Treaty, and in particular Article 82 thereof. | 468e5f96-94f7-4694-bfed-829608c266ef | 57 |
0f7d1588-5f30-42a7-8503-cf5a57950044 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/united-kingdom-biennial-report-br-br-4_3ed9930a9ceb3d956a389f73b35d0ba4.pdf | 2,021 | [
"climate",
"energy",
"committed",
"emissions",
"grant"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | Vulnerability to hazards is increasing as a result of demographic, political and environmental changes. Demand for humanitarian assistance is likely to rise while economic constraints are also increasing. In this context it is important to ensure that the most effective and cost Technical Assistance for Smart 0.3 0.41 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Urban development and India – To enhance the potential of Indian cities in poorer and developing states such as Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra to promote growth and jobs creation. UK support will achieve this by developing partnerships with UK urban planning, research and business organisations to help India cities develop investment plans, attract finance and deliver smart urban solutions that create jobs for the urban poor. Activities including climate resilient infrastructure, climate and disaster risk insurance, renewable energy and water management. Technical Assistance for Smart 0.2 0.27 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Tribal Areas (FATA) Development 0.5 0.67 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Conflict, Peace & Security Pakistan – The programme will work on the Basic Heath, Education, Rule of law, Civilian Peace- Building, Conflict Prevention and Resolution, Public Sector Financial Management, climate change elements and Economic and Development Policy/Planning for the Tribal Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (previously called the Federally Administered Tribal Areas) in Pakistan. 0.5 0.63 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Basic Education Pakistan – To improve access, retention and the quality of education for all children in primary and secondary schools of Punjab Province in Pakistan. All government school children (6 million primary, 4 million secondary) and children attending school through the Punjab Education Foundation (around 2.2 million) will have benefited from UK support in Punjab by March 2019. Buildings will be sited and constructed in environmentally sound and climate resilient ways (such as to build resilient to floods), testing new approaches including using climate-friendly local materials. Strengthening Economic Systems 0.2 0.29 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Government & Civil Bangladesh – To increase the dialogue on economic reforms, and support the Government of Bangladesh to make more pro-poor economic policies, including building evidence on the macro-economic impact of climate change and the economic impact of climate-induced migration. Strengthening Economic Systems 0.2 0.29 Committed ODA grant Mitigation 0.4 0.48 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture India – To significantly improve the performance of the agriculture sector in Bihar by improving access to markets for identified agriculture and horticulture products, access to finance, knowledge and technology, and institutional capacity for market regulation and support farmers in building resilience to the impacts of climate change such as drought and flooding. This will reflect higher private sector investment, higher production and higher price realisation by 1,00,000 farmers. 0.3 0.41 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Agriculture Rwanda – To sustainably increase the agricultural productivity of poor farmers by transforming Rwandan agriculture from a subsistence-based to a more commercial-based sector that accelerates agricultural growth. This will help address challenges that may limit agriculture productivity, reduce the rate at which poverty is falling, increase inequality and hamper improvements in food security and malnutrition. The programme will build resilience to climate variability and improve sustainable management of agricultural land by increasing soil erosion control, small scale irrigation and strengthening sustainability and resilience strategies. The programme will result in increased agricultural productivity, food security and incomes of poor households and contributes towards the MDG’s by helping to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger and; promoting gender equality and 0.0 0.04 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Sustainable Inclusive Livelihoods 0.4 0.47 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Trade Policies & Rwanda – The project supports job creation and increased incomes by working with smallholder farmers to develop greenfield tea. The Wood Foundation Africa (TWFA) will set up and run two Services Companies supporting approximately 12,000 smallholder tea farmers over 7,500 hectares. Farmers will be supported to produce tea for the first time, employing best farming practices, including understanding and managing climate risk and variability.The Services Company will be co-owned by the farmers. This will lead to improved incomes and livelihoods (in particular nutrition and education) for the farmers and their families. Unilever and Luxmi will build a factory which will heavily rely on the tea supplied by the smallholder farmers with support from The Wood Foundation Africa. Annex 1: Common Tabular Format Tables supporting the UK’s fourth biennial report to the UNFCCC 171 Recipient country/region/project/ Total amount Status Funding source Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information 0.3 0.46 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Urban development and India – The project, in partnership with National Housing Bank, will stimulate the growth of the affordable housing market by providing loans to build 17,000 housing units and 10,000 home loans for low income families. This will result in 27,000 construction jobs for the poorest people in low income states in India by 2020. This programme is predominantly in the form of Development Capital Investment, which generates a return to the UK. The technical assistance will support policy and system strengthening for the sector as well as promote innovative models and technologies. Appropriate choice of location will enhance resilience to climate shocks (flood, cyclone etc.) and disasters. Effective site planning and building envelope design, use of efficient building materials and construction practices, maximising the reuse and recycling of materials, and use of renewable resources can all help in reducing GHG emissions and environmental degradation. 0.2 0.25 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Urban development and India – Provide UK support on urban governance, planning, finance and city partnerships to deliver Government of India's urban development programmes in select UK-India partner cities. The support will bring the best expertise from the UK to help create economically vibrant, safe and climate resilient cities in India. Smart Urban Development in 0.1 0.16 Committed ODA grant Adaptation Climate Public Private Partnership 0.3 0.40 Committed ODA grant Mitigation Banking & Financial Centrally Managed – CP3 aims to demonstrate that climate friendly investments in developing countries, including in renewable energy, water, energy efficiency and forestry are not only ethically right but also commercially viable. | 025a518f-ffd4-4f95-b5a2-b6052b167c0d | 159 |
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | This resilience of 700,000 poor & vulnerable people (especially women) to floods, landslides, droughts in most remote districts;Improve resilience of businesses in 5 growing urban centres & 3 river basins through investments in urban planning, large scale irrigation systems & flood management;Facilitate connection of over 25,000 households to new micro-hydro power installations; connect over 70,000 homes to solar power & install RET in more than 200 schools/health clinics;Develop industry standard for ‘clean’ brick production and enable over half of the brick kilns (at least 400) to adopt more efficient technologies;Improve design of future CC programming & beyond through generation of Learning from the International 0.45 0.58 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation General Environment The purpose of the programme is to provide the evidence and learning to increase the effectiveness and measure the impact of the UK’s international climate funding. Learning from the International 0.45 0.58 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation General Environment The purpose of the programme is to provide the evidence and learning to increase the effectiveness and measure the impact of the UK’s international climate funding. 0.27 0.35 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Government & Civil The Kenyan Constitution, adopted by referendum in 2010, introduced far reaching devolution to 47 newly-established counties. Hopes are high that devolution will improve accountability and service delivery and contribute to poverty reduction. The purpose of this programme is to build and improve public services for Kenyan citizens, particularly focusing at the county level where poverty exists and where public service delivery is poor. The programme will improve the ability of county governments to better plan, deliver and monitor the delivery of public services. This includes working with county governments to strengthen public financial management systems (e.g. improving accounting, audit and procurement systems) to ensure that public money is effectively spent and can be accounted for. It also includes a focus on critical services for example health and natural resource management (such as water scarcity due to climate change). The programme will help county governments to improve planning and allocation of budgets 0.63 0.81 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Government & Civil The Kenyan Constitution, adopted by referendum in 2010, introduced far reaching devolution to 47 newly-established counties. Hopes are high that devolution will improve accountability and service delivery and contribute to poverty reduction. The purpose of this programme is to build and improve public services for Kenyan citizens, particularly focusing at the county level where poverty exists and where public service delivery is poor. The programme will improve the ability of county governments to better plan, deliver and monitor the delivery of public services. This includes working with county governments to strengthen public financial management systems (e.g. improving accounting, audit and procurement systems) to ensure that public money is effectively spent and can be accounted for. It also includes a focus on critical services for example health and natural resource management (such as water scarcity due to climate change). The programme will help county governments to improve planning and allocation of budgets Green Economic Growth for Papua 0.85 1.09 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Forestry "The programme aims to promote green growth in Papua. It will contribute to the government of Papua’s vision and spatial plan that intends to preserve 90 per cent forest cover in the province. In doing so the programme will support the provinces transition away from a high carbon business as usual growth trajectory onto a low carbon development The programme is designed to address the key barriers to private sector development in Papua that will enable firms to pursue low carbon business opportunities. It will work directly with firms, the financial sector, and the public sector to improve the commercial and environmental sustainability of small and medium sized enterprises. In addition, the programme will generate knowledge on how green growth can be implemented in Indonesia and globally." Regional Vulnerability Assessment 0.85 1.09 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation General Environment Supporting countries in the Southern Africa Development Community to measure vulnerability to climate change and use this to inform and strengthen emergency and development responses. 0.70 0.90 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture Community based adaptation approaches for vulnerable communities incorporated into development policies and programmes in Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique and Niger with plans to replicate across Africa. Including, specifically, to increase the capacity of vulnerable households in sub-Saharan Africa to adapt to climate variability and change. Low Energy Inclusive Appliances 0.66 0.84 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Policy To undertake research to accelerate the availability, affordability, efficiency and performance of Low Energy Inclusive Appliances (LEIA) suited to developing country contexts. Domestic and small-industrial electrical appliances are key to increasing the impact of energy access for poor consumers, expanding the markets for household solar and mini-grid systems, and enabling the most efficient use of available power where the grid is unreliable.”
148 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report Recipient country/region/project/ Financial instrument Type of support Sector Additional Information Pakistan National Cash Transfers 0.63 0.80 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Other Social To reduce poverty and improve living standards and educational attainment in the poorest families by providing regular payments to the female head of household. This includes reducing vulnerability to shocks such as flooding due to climate change. 315,000 additional beneficiary families will benefit by 2020. This programme will contribute to 1.05 million primary school children being supported in school and directly contribute to Millennium Development Goals 1: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger; and Millennium Development Goals 2: Achieve universal primary education. UK Support to Access to Finance Rwanda (AFR) Phase II Operations 0.62 0.80 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Banking & Financial To support a deeper and more inclusive financial sector that supports the livelihoods and well-being of low income people in Rwanda. | 025a518f-ffd4-4f95-b5a2-b6052b167c0d | 141 |
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] | HF-national-climate-targets-dataset | Under the Climate and Energy Package 2020, the EU is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 20 per cent by 2020 from the 1990 level. The majority of the reduction will be reached as part of the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS): in 2020, emissions from sectors covered by the EU ETS will be 21 per cent lower than in 2005. Under the revised EU ETS Directive", one single EU ETS cap covers the EU Member States and the three participating non-EU Member States (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein). There are no further differentiated caps by country. For allowances allocated to the EU ETS sectors, annual caps have been set for the period from 2013 to 2020; these decrease by 1.74 per cent annually, starting from the average level of allowances issued by Member States for the second trading period (2008-2012). The annual caps imply interim targets for emission reductions in sectors covered by the EU ETS for each year until 2020. For further information on the EU ETS and for information on the use of flexible mechanisms in the EU ETS see the EU's Fourth Biennial Report under the UNFCCC. | e7d2ac09-57c4-4246-ab36-f597a3d4a94e | 0 | |
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | energy indus tries and manufacturing industries, the Inventory Agency uses EFs that are derived from EU ETS data, but for smaller emission sources in the UK that still use solid fuels (such as residential, collieries) the Fynes and Sage data are retained, as there are no EU ETS data for fuels used in these sectors. There is some uncertainty regarding how representative the EFs from Fynes and Sage may be for these smaller combustion sources, but we note that the use of coal-fired technology in sectors such as collieries and residential is predominantly in the UK coal production areas, where local A 3.1.3 Feedstocks and Non-Energy Use (NEU) of fuels The estimation methods are described within individual sections of the NIR, but are summarised here. | 9ce0b96e-2800-424e-bffb-cd8ba36e0902 | 176 |
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UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 78 in the total GWP weighted emissions expressed as the fall between 1990 and 2023 is -52%, with a 95% confidence interval of between -58% and -48%. A full description of the uncertainty analysis is presented in Annex 2. | 95866fde-5b53-4214-b279-97a1078c466c | 144 |
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | In addition, pupils are taught how human and physical processes interact to influence and change landscapes, environments and the climate. They are also taught that human activity relies on effective functioning of natural systems. The Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (WBQ) is delivered at Foundation, Intermediate and Advanced levels in schools, colleges and training centres across Wales. Within the compulsory Core at each level, there are opportunities to study the effects of climate change on the environment in both the Wales, Europe and the World element and also within Personal and Social Education (PSE). Additionally, there are opportunities for students to undertake work experience and voluntary activity. Further to this, all learners undertake an Individual Investigation (in the form of an extended essay). Some learners have chosen to look at the effects of climate change and what policies are being adopted in Wales and comparing this with another country. ‘Learning for Change’ – a web based action plan sets out the actions being taken forward in Scotland in the second half of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development across schools, universities and colleges, and community learning and development. 8.3.3.1 Curriculum for excellence Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) is the national approach to learning and teaching for young people aged 3–18 in Scotland, implemented from August 2010. The curriculum in Scotland is not statutory, and responsibility for what is taught rests with local authorities and schools, taking into account national guidelines and advice. The purpose of CfE is to enable young people to become successful learners, confident individuals, effective contributors and responsible citizens. It provides learners with a range of personalised learning experiences and qualifications that meet their individual needs and
Chapter 8 - Education, training and public awareness 267 aspirations. It also frees teachers from prescription, providing a framework for learning through sets of experiences and outcomes in eight curricular areas. CfE enables young people in Scotland to learn about sustainability, including climate change, in a holistic way across the whole curriculum. Learning related to a number of important cross- cutting themes, including sustainable development and global citizenship, is built into the experiences and outcomes across all eight curriculum areas in CfE. Education Scotland promote climate change as a context for learning across the curriculum but in particular within sciences, technologies and social studies. Climate change is specifically referenced in the experiences and outcomes for the fourth level of the broad general education (which applies from age 3 up to 14/15) within the sciences and social studies. It will, therefore, typically, be introduced into a school’s curriculum as an explicit topic from first year in secondary school or the last years of primary education, building on learning that has been acquired from the early years onwards. Education Scotland also developed a number of online resources, including resources on Weather and Climate Change ,and Exploring Climate Change (https:// education.gov.scot/improvement/036-weather-and-climate-change improvement/exploring-climate-change). Learning for sustainability has been embedded within the suite of Professional Standards for teachers in Scotland to support teachers to actively embrace and promote principles and practices of sustainability in all aspects of their work. It has also been incorporated into the General Teaching Council of Scotland’s accreditation of initial teacher education in Scotland. The National Qualifications Geography Courses, National 3 to Higher, include an option to study Similarly, the Environmental Science Courses are explored through the following areas of 8.3.3.2 Learning for Sustainability (LfS) In March 2013 Scottish Ministers accepted all thirty-one recommendations in the LfS Report from the One Planet Schools Working Group (published December 2012 - Education/Schools/curriculum/ACE/OnePlanetSchools) and an LfS National Implementation Group was established in February 2014 to deliver on the recommendations. In March 2016 the LfS National Implementation Group published its concluding report, ‘Vision 2030+’. It noted the positive progress of LfS in Scottish schools whilst also making a number of recommendations to enable Scotland to meet the Group’s on-going vision for LfS to 2030 and beyond. The Scottish Government is committed to building on the progress which has been achieved to date and is taking action to ensure the profile of LfS is both maintained and enhanced. 268 7th National Communication 8.3.3.3 Learning for Sustainability Scotland (LfS Scotland) Learning for Sustainability Scotland – Scotland’s Regional Centre of Expertise (RCE) on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) acknowledged by the United Nations University – is a network of organisations and individuals working to harness the full potential of learning to create a sustainable where communities value the natural environment; societies are inclusive and equitable; and a vibrant economy contributes to flourishing ecosystems. LfS Scotland was established in 2013, is hosted by the University of Edinburgh and is part of a growing global network of more than 115 RCE’s. This international network allows regions to share and learn from each other, and establish or strengthen international partnerships. 8.3.3.4 Community learning – Climate Challenge Fund Scotland’s flagship Climate Challenge Fund provides support for communities throughout Scotland to reduce their carbon impact and move to low carbon living. Since it was established in 2008, the fund has awarded over £85 million to 986 individual projects across 622 communities. Current Ministerial priorities focus on projects which deliver the greatest reduction in carbon emissions and support to Scotland’s most deprived communities. The fund supports a range of activity and has helped communities to reduce, reuse and recycle their waste, increase the energy efficiency of homes and community buildings, encourage active travel and the use of low-carbon transport, and produce local food. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research affiliated training centre for Northern Europe. CIFAL is a hub for capacity building, leadership and knowledge sharing between local and regional authorities, international organisations, the private sector and civil society. The development of local industry is a driving force for the courses provided by the Ulster University in the area of Renewable Energy Engineering, with the intention to develop the local talent to service the ever increasing need for capable engineers. | c6207828-d0f1-4adb-9ed1-c6b8e81a528f | 113 |
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] | HF-national-climate-targets-dataset | Denomination Autonomous Climate projects Registration of carbon footprint, compensation and CO2 absorption projects Operational program for sustainable growth 2014-2020 Implementation of the European emission rights trading scheme Investment Fund in Savings and Efficiency Action Plan 2014-2020 Planning of the Electricity and Gas sectors 2014-2020 Renewable Energies Plan (PER) 2011-2020 Sector/s Voluntary agreement SF6- electric sector no ETS Diversification and Energy Others Energy Saving- FIDAE Inter-sectoral GHG IS MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE FIGHT AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE IN SPAIN INTERSECTORAL POLICIES AND MEASURES Thematic objective 4 HFC "Promote the transition to a low-carbon economy in all sectors* Inter-sectoral ETS Energy Other Energy Energy Other Objective and/or affected activity Industrial Reduce emissions in diffuse sectors and promote the development of GHG a low-carbon economic activity encourage the calculation of the carbon footprint by Spanish organizations Sustainable growth within the framework of FEDER. Low-carbon economy, urban development and sustainable growth measures stand out. Achieving the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the energy and industry sectors, through the ceiling for the allocation of GHG emissions by sector. Objective: Achieve a 21% reduction in EU ETS emissions by 2020 compared to 2005 levels. The purpose of this is to finance sustainable urban development projects that improve energy efficiency and/or use renewable energy to achieve final energy savings for the 2014 - 2020 period Meet the 2020 targets for energy efficiency, renewable energy and the environment Promote the consumption of renewable energy GHG Reduction of fluorinated CO2 emissions POLICIES AND SECTORAL MEASURES Energy Sector CO COM NO; EC PFC CO CO II CO EC I 2012 MAPAMA Starting Year EC I 2015 MHFP EC I, M 2014 MAPAMA Industrial Sector 2005 SF6 AV PI 2014 E 2011 PI 2014 Entities 2020 2025 2030 PI 2011 I 2015 MAPAMA MINET AD MINECO MFOM CCAA MINETAD MINETAD MINETAD MINETAD MAPAMA 1,995 2,070 2,070 LO. 6 1.0. 1.0. 1,020 1,020 1,020 NCNCNCNCNCNC LO. 1.0. 1.0. IT. 1.0. 1.0. | 80d0579a-bcc5-4575-8b6a-debe7c75df15 | 0 | |
0fa826ea-ff8a-489c-917e-0d7c475a2962 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2020/agriculture-act-2020_89bf740371b886d403c833463a2d589f.pdf | 2,020 | [
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | 38 In Article 75 (marketing establishment and content), at the beginning (but after the amendments made by paragraphs 8 and 23) insert— “A3 This Article does not apply in relation to products marketed in Northern Ireland (see paragraph 16(1) of Schedule 6 to the Agriculture Act 2020) and article 15(1) of the Food Safety (Northern Ireland) Order 1991.” 39 In Article 78 (definitions, designations and sales descriptions for certain sectors and products), at the end (and after the amendments made by paragraphs 9 and 24) “8 Paragraphs 3 to 5 do not apply in relation to products marketed in Northern Ireland (see paragraph 16(1) of Schedule 6 to the Agriculture Act 2020 and article 15(1) of the Food Safety (Northern Ireland) Order 1991).” 40 In Article 80 (oenological practices and methods of analysis), at the end (and after the amendments made by paragraphs 10 and 25) insert— “8 Paragraphs 3 to 5 do not apply in relation to products marketed in Northern Ireland (see paragraph 16(1) of Schedule 6 to the Agriculture Act 2020).” 41 In Article 86 (reservation, amendment and cancellation of optional reserved terms), at the beginning (but after the amendments made by paragraphs 11 and 26) insert— “This Article and Articles 87 and 88 do not apply in relation to products marketed in Northern Ireland (see paragraph 16(1) of Schedule 6 to the Agriculture Act 2020 and article 15(1) of the Food Safety (Northern Ireland) Order 1991).” 42 In Article 91 (implementing powers in accordance with the examination procedure), at the beginning (but after the amendments made by paragraphs 12 and 27) insert— “This Article does not apply in relation to products marketed in Northern Ireland (see paragraph 16(1) of Schedule 6 to the Agriculture Act 2020 and article 15(1) of the Food Safety (Northern Ireland) Order 1991).” 43 In Article 119 (labelling and presentation in the wine compulsory particulars), in paragraph 3, at the end (and after the amendments made by “Sub-paragraph (b) of this paragraph does not apply in relation to products marketed in Northern Ireland (see paragraph 16(1) of Schedule 6 to the Agriculture
SCHEDULE 7 – The CMO consequential amendments Document 2023-04-25 This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). 44 In Article 122 (labelling and presentation in the wine delegated powers), at the beginning (but after the amendments made by paragraphs 14 and 29) insert— “A3 This Article does not apply in relation to products marketed in Northern Ireland (see paragraph 16(1) of Schedule 6 to the Agriculture Act 2020).” 45 In Article 123 (implementing powers in accordance with the examination procedure), at the beginning (but after the amendments made by paragraphs 15 “This Article does not apply in relation to products marketed in Northern Ireland (see paragraph 16(1) of Schedule 6 to the Agriculture Act 2020).” 46 Regulations made by the European Commission under— (a) Article 19(6) of the CMO Regulation, (b) any of points (p) to (t) of Article 20 of the CMO Regulation, or (c) Article 21 of the CMO Regulation, continue to apply to slaughterhouses in Northern Ireland, notwithstanding the amendments made by paragraphs 34 to 36. 47 Regulations made by the European Commission under Section 1 or Section 3 of Chapter 1 of Title 2 of the CMO Regulation continue to apply to products marketed in Northern Ireland notwithstanding the amendments made by paragraphs 37 to 45. | 3e1dc126-b4c5-485a-9c8b-bd6fbde83f24 | 37 |
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] | gov.uk | The automotive sector received a GBP 73.5 million investment for advanced technologies in cutting carbon emissions and safeguarding and estimated 14,000 jobs. The aim of the funding is also to increase the amount of low emission cars, commercial vehicles and components. Ten projects from across the UK were chosen to develop cutting-edge technology for electric vehicles, including recyclable batteries, advanced electrical systems and ultra-lightweight components: - LEVC – Electric Vehicle Evolution (Coventry): the London Electric Vehicle Company will develop a new EV technology specifically for its vehicles to deliver increased efficiency and higher performance capabilities - Constellium Ltd – ALIVE (Slough): this project will develop the manufacturing processes for light weight, crash-resistant battery enclosures. These will be used in ultra-low emission vehicles - Cummins Turbo Technologies Ltd – TRIDENT (Huddersfield): this project will look to develop and manufacture a game-changing energy recovery platform that will deliver fuel consumption improvements - Ford Technologies Ltd – eSHADOW (Basildon): this project will determine the technical, financial and environmental challenges of using advanced, lightweight materials in vehicle manufacturing - Jaguar Land Rover – Hi-VIBES (Coventry): a consortium of academics and industry will create a new electronic system that will be easier to build, as well as being lighter and cheaper - Avid Technology Limited – REVO (Cramlington, near Newcastle): it will help deliver improvements in electric and hybrid vehicle efficiency - TEVVA – SANGREAL (Chelmsford): this project will bench-test an innovative design of axle for 7.5 to 14-tonne commercial vehicles. | a23e58ca-03a0-468b-8519-79952ec9f77c | 0 |
0fb2fdf8-1062-434f-bae5-95f21d824808 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_e2ed2f6c199088dc30a95fddf6e84c72.pdf | 2,023 | [
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | The list is kept under review continually and is formally reviewed annually at a NISC meeting. This list is prioritised by taking into account the Key Category Analysis (see Section 1.5), the quantitative uncertainty analysis, sector and pollutant expert judgements, and the future obligations of the inventory. The timing of the improvements and re sourcing of the work are important considerations for the NISC. The Single National Entity takes the final decision on timing and implementation of improvements to the inventory. 1.2.2.6 Agriculture inventory improvements The UK GHG agricultural inventory has rece ntly undergone a major improvement program resulting in the adoption of a new coded (C#) inventory model with finer spatial, temporal, and sectoral resolution in underlying calculations, implementation of several country -specific emission factors and improvements to activity data. Further planned improvements are more modest, but 1. Review UK livestock feed data and revise inventory parameters according to outcomes 2. Continue to review the scientific literature to revise and r efine UK-specific emission factors as relevant data arise. Overview of Inventory Preparation and Management For details of inventory preparation, see Section 1.2. The Environment Agency was appointed as the UK Registry Administrator for the Kyoto Registry and EU ETS (until the UK left the latter scheme at the end of the transition period on 31 December 2020) by BEIS. The Environment Agency remains th e administrator for the UK ETS and the KP registry. The UK for this purpose comprises England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, offshore oil and gas installations and Gibraltar. The Environment Agency is 18 As detailed in chapter 6.5 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Available nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/1_Volume1/V1_6_Ch6_QA_QC.pdf
UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 59 Responsibilities of the Environment Agency are • Manage the contractors responsible for maintaining the computer systems (Siemens for software/hosting the Registry and Trustis for digital certificates); • Conform to the Kyoto Protocol and the COP/ Meeting of the Parties (MOP) decisions • Conform to the EU Registries Regulations as amended from time to time; • Allow access for authorised users19. • Act on instructions from Competent Authorities to manage accounts; and, The present UK GHG inventory for the period 1990-2021 was compiled in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006). As discussed in paragraph 12 (a) in the fifty-second to fifty-fifth session of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice20, while the IPCC have since published a refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 2019), these are yet to be adopted for use in historic inventory reporting under the UNFCCC, but can be used in some cases if specifically justified. Data collection, processing, and storage The data acquisition task provides the fundamental activity data from which the GHG I is constructed. The process starts in June with the annual reques ts for data. A database which contains a list of contacts and datasets is used to track progress of the data acquired. The following activities are carried out each year, in order, as the inventory is Improvements to calculatio n methods are implemented before the inventory is compiled. These improvements are in part based on recommendations of UNFCCC reviews, European Commission reviews, peer reviews, bilateral reviews and relevant research sponsored by DESNZ, Defra or other organisations. Requests for activity data and background data are issued to a wide range of data suppliers. Each request is issued with a unique code, and a database is used to track the request and the data supplied from that request. Activity data received are examined. Anomalies are investigated, such as time series discrepancies, or large changes in values from the previous to the current inventory year. Data are prepared to allow emissions of direct and indirect GHG to be estimated. 19 Terms and Conditions at 20
UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 60 Provisional emissions are estimated using the most recent activity data available. A series of internal reviews are carried out to detect anomalies in the estimates (time series variations and year to year changes). Errors and omissions are then rectified. Emissions reporting (including background data) Estimates of emissions are prepared for the various reporting formats (e.g. IPCC, UNECE etc. including differing geographical coverages). Draft reports are written to satisfy the reporting criteria of the various agencies, e.g. the The reports are reviewed internally, by external contributing agencies, and by DESNZ. Errors and omissions are then rectified. Final reports and data sets are then submitted via approved reporting routes, published in print and made available on publicly accessible web sites. At the end of each inventory cycle, all data, spreadsheets, databases and reports are archived, allowing all data to remain traceable, should it be needed in future years. The system outlined above complies with the QA/QC procedures outlined in Volume 1, Rothamsted Research and UKCEH, who are the sector experts for agriculture and LULUCF, respectively, have their own systems in place for data collection. As the Inventory Agency responsible for compiling the overall inventory estimates, Ricardo Energy & Environment receives completed emission estima tes from these organisations as part of the annual data Ricardo Energy & Environment has work programmes in place with UKCEH and Rothamsted to help harmonise the quality systems used with those Ricardo Energy & Environment use in Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures and extensive review of GHG inventory The QA/QC plan for the UK inventory is explained in Section 1.6. Additional details of QA/QC in the LULUCF and Agriculture sectors can be found in Chapter 6, Section 6.11 and Chapter
UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 61 The methods used to estimate emissions are described in detail in the relevant sections of this report. The direct and indirect GHGs reported are estimated using methodologies which mostly correspond to the detailed sectoral Tier 2/3 methods in the IPCC Guidelines. are described in more detail in the subsequent Chapters and Appendices. | 70afacf8-8641-4466-819d-f4db8cad9d69 | 12 |
0fb39e42-2928-4e9b-bb2a-31bc7fda47a1 | https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/right-to-buy-land-to-further-sustainable-development-applications-written-requests-ballots-and-compensation-scotland-regulations-2020-ssi-no-21-of-2020-lex-faoc192825/?type=legislation&xsubjects=Mineral+resources&page=163 | 2,020 | [
"development",
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] | ecolex.org | These Regulations make provision in connection with procedures related to the right to buy land to further sustainable development under Part 5 of the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016. Under that Part, community bodies may buy "eligible" land for sustainable development purposes. “Land”— (a) includes— (i) bridges and other structures built on or over land, (ii) inland waters, (iii) canals, (iv) the foreshore, being the land between the high and low water marks of ordinary spring tides, and (v) salmon fishing in inland waters or mineral rights which are owned separately from the land in respect of which they are eligible. The Regulations concern, among other things, the application required to be submitted by a Part 5 community body that wishes to apply to Ministers for consent to exercise a right to buy under section 54 of the 2016 Act, the written request that a Part 5 community body must send to a land owner or tenant under sections 56(3)(a) or (7)(a) of the 2016 Act respectively, a response from the land owner to a request, circumstances in which the land owner is taken to have not responded or not agreed to a request, dispute procedures. | 59f3eb3b-a1ab-4d45-97f1-5075c7e9e8ae | 0 |
0fb3af5b-8c8c-437c-a7c6-7d7ec3ac89e3 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2018/road-to-zero-strategy_0edbd980a9106685e89c39981152a569.pdf | 2,018 | [
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | Undertaking further emissions testing of the latest natural gas HGVs to gather evidence that will inform decisions on future government policy and support for natural gas as a potential near-term, lower emission fuel for HGVs. We will put the UK at the forefront of the design and manufacturing of zero 19. Making the biggest increase in public investment in R&D in our history (towards a target for total R&D investment of 2.4% of GDP by 2027) and increasing the rate of 20. Fulfilling our commitment to provide £246 million to research next generation battery technology through the Faraday Battery Challenge. 21. Working with industry to set an ambition for a UK content target for the ultra low emission vehicle supply chain that is at least as ambitious as for conventional vehicles, as we look to secure investment in battery manufacturing in the UK. 22. Launching a new supply chain competitiveness and productivity improvement programme targeting areas where key businesses need to improve to match the 23. Working with the Institute of the Motor Industry to ensure the UK’s workforce of mechanics are well trained and have the skills they need to repair these vehicles safely, delivering for consumers. 24. Working with the Office for National Statistics to extend their data collection to include jobs and exports attributable to both low and ultra low emission vehicle 25. Making sustainable supply chains a key theme of our Zero Emission Vehicle Summit We will support the development of one of the best electric vehicle infrastructure 26. Launching a £400 million Charging Infrastructure Investment Fund to help accelerate charging infrastructure deployment. 27. Taking powers through the Automated and Electric Vehicles Bill to ●● that chargepoints are available at motorway service areas and large fuel retailers; ●● that chargepoints are easily accessed and used across the UK. This includes powers to provide a uniform method of accessing public chargepoints and refuelling points; make certain information publicly available in an open and transparent format and set reliability standards; and ●● that chargepoints are smart ready by giving government powers to set requirements prohibiting the sale or installation of chargepoints unless they meet The Road to Next steps towards cleaner road transport and delivering our Industrial Strategy
28. Ensuring the houses we build in the coming years are electric vehicle ready. It is our intention that all new homes, where appropriate, should have a chargepoint available. We plan to consult as soon as possible on introducing a requirement for chargepoint infrastructure for new dwellings in England where appropriate. 29. Future-proofing our streets. We want all new street lighting columns to include charging points, where appropriately located, in areas with current on-street parking 30. Continuing to provide grant support through the Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme (EVHS) until March 2019, with installations becoming smart enabled. 31. Increasing the grant level of the Workplace Charging Scheme from £300 per socket to 75% of the purchase and installation costs of a chargepoint capped at a 32. Reviewing the provision of residential chargepoint infrastructure for those who have communal parking facilities, or do not own their own home, as part of the Law Commission’s work to review and reinvigorate the commonhold tenure in England 33. Investing £4.5 million in the On-street Residential Chargepoint Scheme until 2020. 34. Consulting in summer 2018 on a proposal to increase the height limit for the Permitted Development Right in England for the installation of electric vehicle chargepoints in designated off-street parking spaces. 35. Ensuring local planning policies incorporate facilities for charging electric vehicles via the National Planning Policy Framework. 36. Consulting on amending Building Regulations to require relevant charging provision in new non-residential buildings. 37. Launching the process for a R&D programme of up to £40 million by summer 2018 to develop and trial innovative, low cost wireless charging and public on-street charging solutions that can be deployed across entire residential streets. 38. Continuing to future proof the Strategic Road Network by running a pilot to increase electrical capacity at a motorway service area working closely with Highways 39. Launching an Electric Vehicle Energy Taskforce to bring together the energy and automotive industries, in order to plan for future electric vehicle uptake and ensure the energy system can meet future demand in an efficient and sustainable way. 40. As part of the forthcoming call for evidence on last mile deliveries, gathering further evidence of any key network connection infrastructure barriers, which may prevent further uptake of ultra low emission vehicles, specifically for fleet operators. 41. Launching an electric vehicle chargepoint design competition. 42. Monitoring market developments to determine whether any significant gaps in charging infrastructure provision appear over the medium term, and considering whether there may be a case for direct central government support in areas of market failure, which may include rural areas. We will support local action 43. Fulfilling a £48m ultra low emission bus scheme funding round to accelerate uptake and deployment of supporting infrastructure. 44. Launching a second round of funding for local authorities to roll out dedicated taxi charging infrastructure. We will make available a minimum of £6 million to support more local areas to make the switch. 45. Setting out definitions of ultra low and zero emission vehicles that local areas may 46. Running a series of roadshows across the UK on best practice approaches to driving the uptake of ultra low emission vehicles. The Road to Next steps towards cleaner road transport and delivering our Industrial Strategy
Our strategy is built around a core to put the UK at the forefront of the design and manufacturing of zero emission vehicles and for all new cars and vans to be effectively zero emission by 2040. sale of new conventional petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2040. By then, we expect the majority of new cars and vans sold to be 100% zero emission and all new cars and vans to have significant zero emission capability. By 2050 we want almost every car and van to be zero emission. | 79c0a495-2ed0-4670-ab49-ef30f5c89e61 | 1 |
0fbbe82d-cb15-48d1-a2ab-ee6c0fe078f4 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2025/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2025_3d22864cf237013c86452d4c6455250a.pdf | 2,025 | [
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | In the case of beef cattle, for England, Wales and Scotland it is assumed 12% of slurry and 33% of FYM is spread to cropland and for Northern Ireland the values are 9.5% and 20% for slurry and FYM, For sheep, all (100% as FYM) of managed manure is assumed to be spread to improved grassland as a simplification of actual practice. Based on statistical analyses of a limited number of survey records from the BSFP (2007 to 2012) for England and Wales we estimated that 87% of all managed manure from all sheep in the UK is spread to improved grassland, and 13% to cropland (no survey records were available for Scotland and Northern Ireland, but the location of managed manure spreading is likely to be more similar to Wales than England, on the basis of the similarity of relative national crop and grass areas). These percentages are based on assumptions from regional data (BSFP 2007-2012), where 94.7% of managed sheep manure in Wales was spread to improved grass land and the remainder to cropland; and that 77.5% of managed sheep manure in England was spread to improved grassland and the remainder to cropland. No survey records were available for Scotland and Northern Ireland, but the location of managed manure spr eading is likely to be more similar to Wales than to England, on the basis of the similarity of relative national crop and grass areas (England 50% grass; Wales 92% grass; Scotland 70% grass; and Northern Ireland 93% grass). The model assumption of 100% applied to grassland has no actual impact on the emission estimate. In the case of pigs, for England, Wales and Scotland, 54% of slurry and 78% of FYM is spread to cropland. For Northern Ireland, 16% of slurry is spread to cropland and 78% of FYM is In the case of poultry, the percentage of layer manure and all other poultry manure spread to Defra, 2024c). The amount of manure sent for incineration is excluded from these data. The inventory model currently assumes that all (100%) of managed manure from minor livestock (horse, goat and deer) is spread to improved grassland. Country-specific direct N 2O EF values were derived from a large number of experiments distributed across the UK (Defra, 2016a, Defra, 2014b). Derived values for the direct N 2O EF are 0.75, 0.33 and 1.01% of applied N for slurry, farmyard manure and poultry manure, respectively (Topp et al., in prep.). 5.5.2.3 Application of other organic sources to land Emissions of N2O are calculated Where Q is the quantity of organic material applied (m 3), TN is the total N content of the material (kg m-3); EFN2O is the emission factor applied (as % of the TN applied). For sewage sludge and non-manure based digestates the default IPCC EF1 of 0.01 kg N2O-N per kg total N applied is used to estimate direct N2O emissions. For manure-based digestates the same EF as slurry is used (0.75% of N applied). Agriculture (CRT Sector 3) 5 UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 376 Emissions from sewage sludge application to land are calculated following the IPCC methodology (2006, equation 11.1). The calculation involves estimating the amount of N contained per DM unit of sludge that is applied to land. Activity data are provided by Ricardo from a combination of the UK regulatory agencies and water companies. The N content is assumed to be 3.6% of the DM content. According to CEH (2017), in the UK 95% of sewage sludge is assumed to be applied as sludge cake and 5% as a liquid (ADAS, personal communication, December 2006), with no change across the time series. The data are disaggregated at the most at England and DA level, with the proportions applied to arable and grassland being derived from the BSFP from 2005. Uniform application rates across land are assumed per England and DA. For the inventory model we use the average RB209 value for the total N content of biosolids (4 digested cake, thermally dried, lime -stabilised and composted), assuming equal proportions of each, giving 3.7% on a DM basis. For the purposes of expressing the NH 3 emission factor as a %TAN applied, the TAN content is assumed to be 10% of the TN content (RB209) for sludge cake and 50% (assumed similar to livestock slurry) for liquid sludge. The N2O EF from application of sewage sludge is presented No data have currently been collated regarding the proportional split in application to grassland and arable land, so a simplistic assumption is made that it is applied approximately in proportion to the ratio of improved grassland to arable land at DA lev el. Based on 2010 land area values (and used across the time series for simplicity) this gives a proportional application to improved grassland of 50%, 94%, 71% and 93% for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively, with the remainder to arable. Sewage sludge activity data has been updates between 1990-2022. Data for 2023 is assumed the same as 2022. 5.5.2.3.2 Manure-based digestate and other non-agricultural organic N additions Application to agricultural land in GB was addressed according to Hulin et al. (2015). These Digested liquid sewage sludge, composted green manure, digested sludge cake, thermally dried sludge cake, lime -stabilised sludge and biosolids. The N 2O EFs for these Four categories of digestate applied to land are included depending on livestock manure, energy crops, food -waste and other organic residues, and for the purpose of the emission calculations each is treated individually (i.e. excludes any potent ial interactions that may arise through co-digestion). Emissions from digestate arising from the anaerobic digestion of livestock manures are included in the relevant livestock sector calculations. Emissions from spreading of digestate arising from the ana erobic digestion of manures, food waste, energy crops and other organic residues are included in this sector. Material inputs to anaerobic digestion facilities are derived from the National Non-Food Crops Centre (most recently NNFCC, 2024), with estimated capacity and type of feedstock. | 95866fde-5b53-4214-b279-97a1078c466c | 349 |
0fc18151-4125-4d22-b435-198bbab5d9a0 | https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/7702/documents/80445/default/ | 2,021 | [
"nuclear",
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] | parliament.uk | Minister of State for Energy, Clean Growth Department for Business, Energy & I am writing today regarding the introduction of the Nuclear Energy (Financing) Bill. The UK has set world-leading targets for decarbonisation. To achieve these, it will be vital to secure the transition to a clean, reliable and affordable electricity system. This will require a substantial deployment of renewables, bolstered by other low-carbon technologies. We have made tremendous progress since 2010 with the amount of renewables quadrupling and this year we have the biggest ever auction for new renewables bolstering British industry and creating thousands of good jobs. Large scale nuclear power is currently the only technology we have to provide continuous, low carbon electricity. Nuclear also has a key role to play as we reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and exposure to volatile global gas prices. New nuclear projects are also important sources of prosperity for the whole country, as demonstrated by the impact of Hinkley Point C which has already created well over 10,000 jobs opportunities. However, 12 of the UK’s 13 current nuclear reactors are scheduled to close by 2030. New capacity is therefore urgently needed. This is why we have introduced legislation to establish a Regulated Asset Base (RAB) model as a funding option for new nuclear projects, as well as tackling other obstacles to private investment. Under the existing mechanism to support new nuclear projects – the Contracts for Difference scheme – developers have to finance the construction of a nuclear project and only begin receiving revenue when the station starts generating electricity. This led to the cancellation of recent potential projects, such as Hitachi’s project at Wylfa Newydd in Wales and Toshiba’s at Moorside in Cumbria. The RAB model will ensure that new nuclear can be financed by British pension funds and institutional investors. This will reduce our reliance on overseas developers for financing new nuclear projects, by substantially increasing the pool of private investors to include British pension funds, insurers and other institutional investors. This is a tried and tested method that successfully financed other infrastructure projects. The legislation is generic and could be applied to projects across Great Britain. We are currently in negotiation with EDF over the Sizewell C project in Suffolk, but the RAB could also open up opportunities for British companies and our closest partners to develop new projects and technologies, including the Wylfa site and Small Modular Reactors. The Bill contains three key Under the RAB model we intend to introduce, a nuclear company will receive payments funded by electricity suppliers (and ultimately consumers) in relation to the construction and operation of a new nuclear power station. The legislation will enable the Secretary of State to designate a company to benefit from a RAB model with respect to its proposed nuclear project, provided that it satisfies certain criteria. This will empower the Secretary of State to insert new conditions into the company’s electricity generation licence (and make modifications to the licence terms). Among other things, these will permit the company to receive a regulated revenue in respect of the design, construction, commissioning, and operation of the nuclear project. The legislation will ensure that Ofgem, as the economic regulator, has the information and powers that it needs to regulate a nuclear project benefitting from the RAB model. The regulatory regime will be designed to incentivise investors to manage costs and project The RAB model requires consumers to fund any RAB-designated infrastructure project from the start of construction, thus reducing the project’s cost of capital. To protect the interests of consumers, the legislation will introduce a Special Administration Regime to apply to This will mean that, in the very unlikely event of a company’s insolvency, the Secretary of State, or the Gas and Electricity Markets Authority with the Secretary of State’s permission, would be able to apply to the courts for the appointment of a nuclear RAB administrator whose objective would be to complete construction and/or keep the plant running. Implementing a SAR is intended to reduce the risk of consumers being deprived of the benefits from financing the building of a nuclear power plant using a RAB model. It also reduces the risk of insolvency requiring a replacement source of electricity generation, which would further increase the cost of electricity to consumers. Funded Decommissioning Programme Prospective operators of nuclear power stations are obliged to submit a funded decommissioning programme (FDP) setting out the site operator’s costed plans for dealing with its future liabilities in relation to decommissioning, waste management and waste disposal, and how the operator will make financial provision to meet those liabilities. Currently, through the Energy Act 2008, the Secretary of State has the power to make modifications to an FDP to impose obligations on bodies corporate which are “associated” We believe that the original intention of this was to provide the Secretary of State with flexibility to impose FDP obligations on entities who would be expected to have a substantial degree of influence over the operator’s normal activities. Given that secured creditors and security trustees would not be expected to hold this relationship with respect to an operator, the Bill makes clear that their activities connected to the holding and enforcement of certain security rights should not be caught by the definition of being ‘associated’ with a site operator. Making this change would help to bring senior debt
The RAB model will require consumers to pay a small amount on their bills during the construction of a nuclear project. These payments will avoid the build-up of interest on loans that would ultimately lead to higher costs to consumers once the plant is in operation. The government aims to reach a Final Investment Decision on one large scale plant this Parliament. A project starting construction in 2023 will at most add a few pounds to typical consumer bills during this Parliament and on average less than £1 per month during the full construction phase of the project. | 5c52a2f1-ea1a-4ee5-84bf-466b136a88ec | 0 |
0fc2b029-7420-4763-b6ae-36ae9edfe165 | https://www.gov.uk//guidance/green-agreements-guidance-how-competition-law-applies-to-environmental-sustainability-agreements | 2,023 | [
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] | gov.uk | Environmental sustainability agreements are agreements between competing businesses that involve co-operation to achieve green outcomes, such as tackling climate change. For example, businesses may decide to combine expertise to make their products more energy efficient. Or they might want to use packaging material that meets certain standards to reduce waste. The CMA has prepared the Green Agreements Guidance to help businesses assess how the competition rules apply to environmental sustainability agreements. Businesses should review the Green Agreements Guidance before entering into any environmental sustainability agreements with their competitors. What to consider when entering into environmental sustainability agreements
When entering into an environmental sustainability agreement with another competing business you must ensure that you comply with competition law. There are rules around how businesses can and cannot work together. These are important to ensure effective competition that enables innovation. | 0b5f6ce9-f8b0-4e9c-8226-55d188650c64 | 0 |
0fc7d1e0-1c02-403e-8921-9a374fdcb3eb | http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:199:0001:0136:EN:PDF | 2,008 | [
"Transport",
"Light-duty vehicles",
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] | eur-lex.europa.eu | . 3.2.4.2.7.2. Types
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4.2.7.3. Description
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4.2.8. Auxiliary starting aid
3.2.4.2.8.1. Makes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | d3fc6859-41cb-4ee2-997b-90ebc4f9b481 | 98 |
0fcd562d-2e23-411c-b855-6c61ccc824e8 | https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/739460/road-to-zero.pdf | 2,018 | [
"vehicles",
"emission",
"emissions",
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] | assets.publishing.service.gov.uk | Our ambition is to work with industry to set a target at least as ambitious for the ultra low emission vehicle supply chain as we look to secure investment in battery manufacturing in the UK. We will launch marketing materials later this year on the UK’s strengths in zero emission technologies to help highlight some of our leading companies to the world. This is a strategy for the whole UK and all the measures outlined (except where indicated) are available across the UK. We will continue to collaborate closely with the devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and partners in The devolved administrations and local authorities have a crucial role to play during the transition to zero emission vehicles and addressing local air quality issues. Many local authorities are already taking action to accelerate the transition to zero emission road transport, including the eight Go Ultra To support the move to cleaner buses, we have launched a new ultra low emission bus scheme in England and Wales. We are also launching a second round of funding for local authorities to roll out dedicated taxi charging infrastructure. We will work with local authorities and others to disseminate good practice, in particular from the eight Go Ultra Low cities, across the UK through a series of roadshows during 2018. Finally, we will work with the international community to accelerate the global shift to cleaner transport. The UK wants to play an active, leading role internationally. At the Zero Emission Vehicle Summit in September 2018 we will bring together the international community to discuss how to seize collective opportunities and tackle our The move to zero emission road transport will not be the only shift in the way we move goods, people and services around our towns, cities and countryside over the coming decades. Significant investments are being made in the automation of road vehicles, while new business models, such as ride-hailing services, ride sharing and new mobility services are challenging our assumptions about how we travel. The way we travel and who owns vehicles in the coming years will affect the trajectory of ultra low emission vehicle uptake, the infrastructure these vehicles will need and emissions from conventional vehicles. ●● Connectivity and automation : vehicles where some or all of the driving task is automated may result in smoother more efficient drives. In addition, vehicles which communicate with each other and with infrastructure could improve traffic flow and therefore reduce emissions. ●● New business fewer young people are learning to drive and buying cars.38 Digitally enabled, on-demand and shared transport services are already changing how people consume mobility in the UK. This could signal a shift to fewer vehicles on the road with higher utilisation rates. Some analysts forecast dramatic declines in individual car ownership in the coming decades. ●● Changing travel people increasingly work from home and fewer people commute Monday to Friday. This means the patterns of road vehicle use and levels of congestion in urban We launched the Future of Mobility Grand Challenge to recognise the magnitude of changes such as these on our transport system and will launch a call for evidence on the Future of Mobility shortly ahead of publishing a strategy later in 2018. We are developments and will consider their impact on our strategic approach to support the transition to clean road vehicles, including when we review our progress by 2025. The Road to Next steps towards cleaner road transport and delivering our Industrial Strategy
Part 1 considers the factors that are driving the global transition to zero emission vehicles. Parts 2 and 3 focus on the key strategic challenges for the UK and what government will do to address them. Part 2 sets out how we will drive supply and demand of ultra low emission vehicles and the cleanest conventional vehicles. Part 3 sets out how we will ensure a fit for purpose infrastructure network and prepare the energy system. Part 4 sets out how we will support leadership at all levels during the transition to zero emission vehicles. Annex A provides the details of our appraisal of the current fuel and powertrain options available. Enabling people to choose the most sustainable mode of travel for their journey is vital for reducing emissions from road transport. The steps we are taking are not within scope of We published the first ever statutory Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy in 2017 . The strategy identified £1.2bn that may be invested in cycling and walking from 2016 to 2021, with a goal to double the level of cycling by 2025 and to reverse the decline in walking. We have run two freight grant schemes to encourage the use of rail or water instead of road, helping remove more than 800,000 HGV journeys a year from Britain’s roads. The £1.7bn Transforming Cities Fund will provide investment on public transport and cycling and walking infrastructure in some of England’s largest cities, to reduce congestion and increase productivity, with benefits for air quality. £840 million has already been allocated to the six mayoral combined authorities, and a ‘Call for Proposals’ for access to the remaining funding was launched for non-mayoral city regions in March 2018. Transport for Greater Manchester The Road to Next steps towards cleaner road transport and delivering our Industrial Strategy
Strategy scope and vehicle terminology The strategy focuses on the emissions that result from the way in which road vehicles are powered – considering air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions together. Air pollutants are any particles or chemicals that are released into the atmosphere with the potential to cause harm to human health or the natural environment. A wide range of substances are released as a result of human activities. These can have a localised impact or can cause harm considerable distances from their sources. Air pollutants can be chemically converted into different compounds, often mixing with other pollutants. | 6f4d6aa6-ed0a-4249-953a-e79443902479 | 7 |
0fd306a3-16fd-414f-bb04-04957108f5c4 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/heat-and-buildings-strategy_02fc3928ede4b3542ff4749b01d7ecf3.pdf | 2,021 | [
"Buildings",
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | However, even with a smart and flexible building stock and grid, any path to Net Zero will require significant additional network capacity, in particular on the lower-voltage electricity We have been engaging with distribution network operators (DNOs) and the Energy Networks Association to understand the potential scale of the need for local network reinforcement and preparations for electrification of heat. For these reinforcements to be carried out effectively, we need to ensure that DNOs can make strategic investments that reduce the need for network upgrades, investing ahead of need, where possible and useful. DNOs will submit their final business plans to Ofgem in December 2021, setting out their proposed projects and actions for the 2023-2028 price control, RIIO-ED2. Ofgem has confirmed RIIO-ED2 will support strategic investment to deliver Net Zero emissions targets, including through the use of uncertainty mechanisms. Ofgem’s Business Plan Guidance sets out clear expectations that DNO’s “will need to plan to accommodate increasing demand that will come from the electrification of heating and transport, while accounting for and maximising the potential of these and other new technologies to provide system flexibility and limit the need for network upgrades.”262 We are supportive of Ofgem in their work to ensure network regulation enables low-carbon technologies to join the system, and that networks consider flexibility. We are facilitating improved visibility of heat pump installations on the network and will encourage collaboration between ourselves, Ofgem, DNOs and industry to establish asset data requirements and ensure data is being collected and shared effectively. We appreciate that any need to reinforce the electricity system needs to be co-ordinated with other planned reinforcements, such as those responding to increased requirements from other sectors such as transport and renewable generation. 262 Ofgem (2021), ‘RIIO ED2 Business Plan Guidance’ (
Chapter 4: Planning for Net Zero When taking action to decarbonise buildings and continue our trajectory to Net Zero, we have a responsibility to ensure that we take into account the impacts from and to the wider energy system, and that decisions are informed by the latest research and evidence, and are taken at the right level. • system-level interdependencies • the types of decisions that need to be made at different levels • the progress made against national-level decisions and some of the key • how local actors have a crucial role in delivering buildings decarbonisation • our ongoing portfolio of research and development to inform decisions and Research and development are essential to drive innovation, improve options and inform policies and decisions. Improving our evidence base will help to inform the strategic decisions and individual policies that keep us on track to deliver our emission reduction targets. Technology and supply chain innovation and smart solutions can improve performance and drive down costs, giving greater value for money and making the transition more affordable. 4.1. Planning for strategic decisions There are a number of key strategic decisions that need to be made in the next decade to drive transformative change. This section • the decisions that will be needed over the next few years • how we can ensure decisions are taken at the right level and in a joined-up, • the progress that has already been made to inform these decisions What Net Zero means for buildings We know that meeting Net Zero will require almost all buildings to fully decarbonise. Many buildings will benefit from similar solutions to reduce their energy use (through improved
product and thermal efficiency, and increased use of smart technologies). However, homes, businesses and public buildings around the UK will also need to use low-carbon heat sources To meet the needs of our diverse housing stock, any path to Net Zero will require a mix of technologies. We know that some technologies (such as heat pumps and heat networks) will have a key role and we already know which types of buildings these technologies are most effective in. Therefore, over the next decade, we want to address these areas of greater There are certain areas of the building stock in which the solution is New We remain committed to building around 300,000 new homes a year by the mid-2020s in England.263 As we look to end new connections to the gas grid, heat pumps and heat networks will play a key role in heating new buildings, which have much lower heating demand and far fewer barriers to installation.264 Building low-carbon heat into new-builds from the outset will ensure these buildings do not need to be retrofitted later. Off-gas-grid There are over 4 million homes in Great Britain265 and around 278,000 non-domestic buildings in England and Wales that are in areas off the gas grid.266 Broadly, these fall into a few • Homes with oil, LPG and coal boilers are generally located in rural areas, small towns and valleys. Our Clean Growth Strategy267 sets out our commitment to phase out the installation of high-carbon fossil fuel heating in new and existing off-gas-grid homes during the 2020s, which we have consulted on in parallel to this strategy268, and our policy paper on Sustainable protecting vulnerable households in England269 stated our intention to remove support for new LPG and oil heating systems from 2022. Therefore, most homes with oil, LPG and coal boilers will need to transition to heat pumps. Homes that cannot reasonably practicably install a heat pump will have a viable choice of high-performing, commercially available alternative heating technologies that are consistent with Net Zero, such as high temperature heat pumps or solid biomass. • Homes which are electrically heated are typically flats which are highly suitable for communal heating via a heat network or, where appropriate, heat pumps (which can dramatically decrease bills for these households). 263 HM Treasury (2017), ‘Building the homes the country needs’ ( g_the_homes_the_country_needs.pdf). 264 We anticipate approximately 200,000 of our 2028 heat pump target – to deploy 600,000 heat pumps annually – to be installed in new build domestic properties. | b8329f55-e910-4cba-837e-a676c43b4822 | 35 |
0fd89d4e-fe8b-4c76-9a81-73344c3d14ca | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/carbon-budget-delivery-plan_19fa3072ff04d7abab9199e50abfb92c.pdf | 2,023 | [
"Economy-wide",
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | The actual split of GGR technology will depend on the scope for business models and commercial negotiations, but likely include Power BECCS, H2 BECCS, Industry BECCS and Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS) technologies. Note - Proposals and policies that we expect will or could deliver further emissions savings, in addition to the savings identified in emissions savings, for example in relation to some early-stage proposals, where we are still assessing the available evidence. No. Sector Policy name and description How the policy supports delivery/ Emissions trading- UK ETS To incentivise cost effective abatement across traded sectors at the pace and scale required to deliver net zero, we have consulted (in partnership with the Devolved Administrations) on a net zero consistent UK ETS cap for 2024-2030. The range of options put forward in the consultation remains compatible with achieving carbon budgets. In due course, the Authority will communicate its decision on the UK ETS cap in its response to the consultation along with an assessment of any impacts on carbon CB4 The UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) puts a price on the ‘carbon externality’ that greenhouse gas emissions represent. This is the most cost-efficient way to support the transition to net zero. It is a necessary condition for enabling the market to deliver that transition, and provides a long-term price signal that, when supported by complementary mechanisms and policies, can deliver a stable investment case for decarbonisation. The ETS emissions cap also provides a strong guarantee that the traded sector's emissions will not exceed its decarbonisation pathway. Setting out a long-term pathway for emissions We will work within the ETS Authority to publish a long term pathway for the ETS this year. Subject to agreement within the Authority, this pathway will set out our intention to legislate to continue the ETS beyond 2030 until at least 2050. It will remain aligned with our net zero target, so giving businesses the certainty they need to invest in decarbonisation. We will explore CB4 We will explore expanding the scheme to more sectors of the economy, including high emitting sectors. We consulted last year on expanding the scheme to cover energy from waste/waste incineration and domestic maritime emissions and on incorporating greenhouse gas removals. We will explore the potential role of emissions trading markets in gas/electricity price rebalancing as we consider options for rebalancing policy costs away from electricity and onto fossil energy use when the current high gas prices fall. We will work to develop a harmonised approach for measuring
No. Sector Policy name and description How the policy supports delivery/ expanding the scheme to more sectors of the economy, including high emitting The ETS emissions cap provides a strong guarantee that the traded sector's emissions will not exceed its decarbonisation pathway. Depending on future decisions regarding the ETS, including future levels of the cap and expansion to other sectors, this could therefore provide additional savings beyond those which are currently quantified. 3* Innovation Government portfolio of net zero research and innovation programmes for the Spending Review period 2022- 2025, amounts to approximately £4.2 billion of public investment. This includes £1.5 billion specifically allocated to net zero innovation announced in the Net Zero Strategy (including the £1 billion Net Zero Innovation Portfolio), as well as further research and innovation delivered through other departmental programmes This policy provides R&I funding to support the development of new technologies to decarbonise sectors such as power, buildings, industry, transport and agriculture. Continued investment in cutting-edge research, development and demonstration will be integral to achieving the transition. This cross-government portfolio of net zero research and innovation support will help develop technologies critical for decarbonising all relevant sectors of the economy. There is potential for this policy to generate carbon savings beyond those already quantified by increasing the effectiveness of new technologies, reducing costs so that technologies can be deployed at greater scale sooner or from technologies currently at early technology readiness levels which are not yet mature enough to have quantified deployment plans. Additional policies to deploy new technologies at scale will be needed to realise any additional 4 Innovation Implementing measures to make it easier for pension schemes to unlock investment in illiquid assets, including innovative companies, green projects, and infrastructure. The government's consultation, published on 30 January 2023, outlined the final regulatory This policy aims to open up more financing options for innovative companies, including those focused on net zero. No. Sector Policy name and description How the policy supports delivery/ 5 Innovation Driving innovation in key low-carbon sectors by taking leadership role in Mission Innovation 2.0. Through our leadership of Mission Innovation (MI) and the Secretariat, we have cemented Mission Innovation as the leading forum for international clean energy innovation and global collaboration. The UK co- leads the Green Powered Future Mission and the Clean Hydrogen Mission, as well as the Heating and Cooling Innovation Community. The UK also participates in four other Net-Zero Industries, Integrated Biorefineries, Carbon Dioxide Removal and Zero-Emission Shipping. This policy aims to drive enhanced international action and investment in research and innovation for clean energy 6 Innovation As one of the first major investments following the creation of the Department of Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT), it dedicates £250m over three years to exploiting the UK’s global leadership in three of the five technologies that will be the focus of the Department’s Artificial Intelligence, Quantum Technologies and Engineering Biology. Developed with delivery partners, the new programme delivers against the Innovation Strategy commitments for new “innovation This policy aims to build on UK strengths and opportunities to catalyse industry, research and public sector actors in developing key transformational technologies which could support the net zero transition. No. Sector Policy name and description How the policy supports delivery/ missions” and to support the 7 technology families. The development of these technologies will help tackle major challenges faced by the UK and the world such as climate change and energy security. | f1206e39-e30b-4828-a2d4-296506ac6fd1 | 27 |
0fdc0eb1-ce10-4bda-a4e8-a1fe40844fce | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2022/jet-zero-strategy_eb476e425c58e2e37df9de2a66f2c32b.pdf | 2,022 | [
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | Recovery presents an opportunity to build back greener, focussing our attention on going further and faster to tackle aviation’s Decarbonising aviation will be a challenge. Whilst the medium- to long-term impact of COVID-19 is not yet fully understood, the Government’s Net Zero Strategy published in October 2021 shows aviation to be one of the UK’s largest residual emitting sectors in 2050. With one of the most ambitious climate change targets in the world, and commitments to take the UK more than three-quarters of the way to reaching net zero by 2050 in the sixth carbon budget period (2033 – 2037), it is vital that the aviation sector takes steps now and makes significant changes in the coming decades to Meeting this challenge is vital for UK connectivity and growth. The Government recognises the aviation sector’s role in making us one of the world’s best-connected and most successful trading nations. We are committed to enabling the recovery of the sector to support our levelling up agenda through regional connectivity and to strengthen ties within the Union, as well our connectivity globally. We need solutions that reduce the sector’s emissions whilst delivering economic benefits across the The sector is responding positively to Jet Zero. Despite the recent challenges faced by the aviation industry, many parts of the sector have continued to take significant steps in ensuring that their businesses recover and grow with sustainability at their heart. Already over 290 airlines through the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and multiple aviation industry bodies have committed to goals aimed at achieving net zero emissions by 2050. The Jet Zero Strategy sets out the Government’s vision for decarbonising aviation with the sector, focussing on the rapid development of technologies in a way that maintains the benefits of air travel, whilst maximising the opportunities that decarbonisation can bring for the UK. Our strategy is informed by over 1,500 responses. We received over 1,500 responses to our Jet Zero Consultation and the Jet Further Technical Consultation and have published a summary of responses and government response alongside this strategy. We have carefully considered the consultation responses, alongside wider government policy and the very latest technological developments, and through this strategy, we are setting out a clear framework for how the sector will
We are committing the sector to achieve Jet Zero by 2050. Our strategy is largely consistent with the strategic framework and policies on which we consulted. Our updated framework puts our clear ‘ Jet Zero’ goal – net zero UK aviation emissions by 2050 – at the heart of our strategy, acknowledging there are multiple pathways to see it achieved. We are including a further principle – Maximising opportunities – to reflect our intention to use the Jet Zero transition to deliver wider benefits in jobs, skills, and investment that these new We are publishing a five year delivery plan as part of the Strategy. This sets out the actions that will need to be taken in the coming years to achieve net zero by 2050, structured around the three principles (International leadership, Delivered in partnership and Maximising opportunities) and six measures (System efficiencies, SAF, Zero emission flight (ZEF), Markets and removals, Influencing consumers, We are introducing a CO2 emissions reduction trajectory that sees aviation emissions peak in 2019. This trajectory from 2025 to 2050, is based on our "High ambition" scenario, and sets ambitious in-sector targets of 35.4 MtCO2e in 2030, 28.4 MtCO2e in 2040, We are setting a target for domestic flights to reach net zero by 2040, and next year will launch a consultation on how this will be implemented. Our domestic aviation market is well-suited to pioneer new types of aircraft and can provide an early link to the market for We are taking a leading role internationally, including negotiating for agreement on a long-term aspirational goal for the CO2 emissions of international aviation that is aligned with the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. The UK believes that it is paramount that ICAO adopt an ambitious long- term goal to help set the direction for future international and national policy, attract green investment, and show that the sector is taking credible action to tackle its emissions. We will work through the Jet Zero Council, and with other partners, to deliver new technologies and innovative ways to cut aviation emissions. We have established two Jet Zero Council Delivery Groups on SAF and ZEF to accelerate progress on the objectives of the Council, and a Jet Zero Communications and Engagement Network to engage wider industry and the public, and better communicate successes on our path to achieve Jet Zero. We will use the transition to Jet Zero to create new jobs, industries and technologies across the entire sector and the UK. We will continue to invest in our world-leading aerospace sector through the ATI programme and use the transition to SAF to build a new UK SAF industry, supporting up to 5,200 UK jobs from the domestic production of SAF, and a Gross Value Added (GVA) of up to £2.7 billion from UK production and global Jet Zero Delivering net zero aviation by 2050
We will target airport operations to be zero emission by 2040 and support further reductions within the existing aviation system. In the short term, improvements in the operational efficiency of our existing aviation system will play an important role in reducing emissions and we want airports to play a key role in this with an ambition for all airport operations in England to be zero emission by 2040. We will issue a Call for Evidence this autumn to gather information on the scope and implementation route to see this achieved. By 2025 we are committing to have at least five UK SAF plants under construction and a SAF mandate in place with a target of at least 10% SAF by 2030. SAF are drop-in fuels and are commercially available now, but not at the scale that is required to decarbonise the sector. | 585b34e0-6171-4402-b3dd-3866e53f3b84 | 1 |
0fe1606d-88a6-47a6-a9c0-c50f26363e6c | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/environmental-improvement-plan-2023_b63089e656c9dc7d7685d25d071d24a1.pdf | 2,023 | [
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | The natural environment of these islands has shaped who we are. It is the soil from which our country grew, it provides the food, clean air , and clean water that sustains us, and it remains a constant source of pride, joy and solace for millions. Protecting that environment is an unequivocal moral good, but it is also fundamental to our health and prosperity. This government is committed to leaving the environment in a better state than we found it. Five years ago my predecessor the Rt Hon Theresa May MP published the 25 Year Environment Plan to improve the health of the natural world. Since then, we have made huge progress, and we are going further and faster now that control of important areas of environment policy has returned to the UK. We have created or restored wildlife habitats the size of Dorset and established marine protected areas across 35,000 square miles of English waters. We have passed the Environment Act through which we set world leading, long-term targets to restore nature, clean up our waters and tackle pollution. We have replaced the EU’s bureaucratic Common Agricultural Policy with a new system to reward farmers for their stewardship of our countryside. This includes new incentives to manage hedgerows for wildlife, plant nectar- rich wildflowers and manage pests without the use of insecticides. As Chancellor I was proud to launch the Nature for Climate Fund, putting £750 million towards tree planting and peatland restoration, and the £1bn Net Zero Innovation Fund and launching sovereign We have also driven action on the international stage. At COP26 in Glasgow, more than 140 countries which are home to over 90 per cent of the world’s forests made a historic promise to halt and reverse forest loss and land degradation by the end of this decade. And we played a leading role in striking a new global deal for nature at the UN Nature Summit, COP15, in December last year , making the case that restoring the natural world is vital in This new Environmental Improvement Plan sets out how we will drive this work forward with renewed ambition. It is a blueprint not just to halt the decline of nature in our country, but to reverse it – changing the trajectory that the country has been on ever since the
Under this plan we will protect 30% of our land and sea for nature. We will launch a new multi-million pound Species Survival Fund targeted at protecting our rarest species, from red squirrels to grey seals. We will tackle pollution in the air , in our waters, and on land, setting ambitious new targets across the board to improve the environment while also improving people’s health and quality of life. And we will drive investment to support green jobs and green growth across the country, building on our leadership in areas like offshore wind and our status as a burgeoning science and technology superpower . I want to see the private sector stepping up and seizing the many opportunities that this greener future will create. We have a shared responsibility to preserve this green and pleasant land for our children and grandchildren to enjoy and benefit from. This plan sets out how we will deliver on that
Our Environmental Improvement Plan sets out how we will improve our environment here in the UK and around the world by working together . Building on the vision set out five years ago in the 25 Year Environment Plan, with new powers and duties from the Environment Act, Agriculture Act and Fisheries Act, we have laid the foundation stones for our drive to halt the decline of nature by 2030 – our most critical target of all. Driven by data and dashboards, this will be a decade of delivery with target-led, targeted actions towards leaving our environment in a better state than we inherited. Nature is a crucial part of our islands’ story and our shared future. We know what is special with our rare habitats, our iconic species, and we also know the pressures it is under . We rely on our natural capital for a secure supply of food, for clean air , and for clean water , as well as for leisure and genuine joy. However , nature has been taken for granted for too long, used freely as a resource with little thought for the consequences. We have to reverse that and respect nature. Nature can help us tackle some of our great challenges and we need to help protect nature. This is a national endeavour . National government, local government, communities and families all have a key role to play through policies, through delivery of services and through the choices we all make daily in our lives. While the Covid pandemic brought out the desire to reconnect with nature, it hindered our progress to a re-use and recycle society away from a wasteful, throwaway society as well as delay to delivery on some of our structural plans which we have to get back on track when we consider use of our precious resources and minimise unnecessary waste. This is also an international endeavour . Around the world, nature is under increasing pressure. The world has acted on tackling climate change but for too long, nature was on the sidelines and treated as the Cinderella. I was proud the UK brought nature into the heart of action on climate change in Glasgow at Climate COP26 and was reinforced by the Prime Minister at COP27 when he said, “there is no solution to climate change without protecting and restoring nature”. At Montreal at the UN Nature Summit, I am proud the UK played a critical role in the global agreement to protect nature. Reinforced by our science expertise and financial support, we already help nature around the world. We will continue to do so as the impacts elsewhere can and do have consequences here in the UK. | 5fca7948-556a-402c-afe1-93234c8be5cb | 0 |
0fec745e-2b83-410d-9b33-87996fe07341 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_8122f7d823bf366105239091fb57ffd2.pdf | 2,023 | [
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | details of all these parameters, references and dependencies can be provided upon request. Other Detailed Methodological Descriptions A3 UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 848 Where dietary CP is in excess to requirement, reductions in intake will be reflected in reductions in This is a scenario measure, not implemented in the historical inventory time series. | 9ce0b96e-2800-424e-bffb-cd8ba36e0902 | 380 |
0fef5253-47ec-4570-9511-86f11fde3661 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.05555v1 | 2,025 | [
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] | arxiv.org | 4.3. Figs. 2A and 2B detail how players’ SVO angles affect gameplay. Points are generally inversely related to SVO angles, with the -15 [◦] player averaging 10 points compared to the 60 [◦] player’s 4. As shown in Fig. 2A, this is due to dif
Figure 5. We breakdown the results of Fig. 4, showing for which SVO angle player was the leader (x-axis), which SVO angle player won (y-axis). Values are displayed as percentages of total runs, and therefore may not sum to 100 as some runs end in no-one winning (due to port collapse). ferences in system health investment, the -15 [◦] player spends only 3 time-blocks per round, allowing more resource investment, while the 60 [◦] player spends 7 time-blocks, limiting their resources. In Fig. 2B, the -15 [◦] player’s total health spend rarely exceeds 40 blocks, whilst the 60 [◦] player’s spend rarely drops below 40. Interestingly, ports failed to survive when high-SVO players invested less, indicating group reliance on their contributions. We would also argue that this is a demonstration of forward continuity, as the natural behavioural change as a players SVO angle increases is to move towards the more altruistic actions, increasing system health spend. The percentage of dirty cards used shows similar trends to system health spending. This metric tracks how often a player uses a dirty card (gaining points at the expense of port health) relative to opportunities. The -15 [◦] player used dirty cards 60% of the time, compared to 20% for the 60 [◦] player. However, the trend across SVO angles is less consistent, with no clear linear decrease. For low SVO angles, behaviour aligns with competitive, individual point maximisation. For higher SVO angles, the trade-off between social decision-making and personal gain is less clear, as dirty card impacts can be offset by investing more in system health. Fig. 2B shows that players with the highest SVO angle use noticeably fewer dirty cards overall. | fe27d16e-0d3b-4d9d-ae39-0c07432b4202 | 14 |
0ff72598-9fb2-41fb-9216-ca6b1c1d767d | 2,025 | [
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] | HF-national-climate-targets-dataset | 18. Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings pean Parilar July 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (Text with EEA relevance) 20. Regulation (EC) No 714/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 (Text with EEA relevance) 21. Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005 (Text with EEA relevance) 22.Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC (Text with EEA relevance) 23.Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC (Text with EEA relevance) 24. Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003, Interinstitutional File: 2007/0198 (COD), Brussels, 14546/08, ENER 344, CODEC 1374 25.Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 22 November 2007 entitled: A European strategic energy technology plan (SET Plan) - Towards a low carbon future" COM(2007) 723 final 26. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Investing in the Development of Low Carbon Technologies, 2009 27.Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings 28.Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy- using products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/ | d9973ff7-336e-4900-acd6-17bd7323759d | 0 | |
0fffdb3c-7c37-42ce-84fc-e0c10093a2ee | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.15059v1 | 2,025 | [
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] | arxiv.org | Crops were able to flourish in desert locations because to the innovative construction of canals and aqueducts, which ensured a constant supply of water for the crops and allowed them to survive. The Incas used a kind of agriculture known as Waru Waru, which included the use of elevated
beds. In order to do this, high platforms with ditches on each side had to be constructed. The raised beds served to shield the crops from frost and pests, while the ditches assisted in regulating the flow of water and gave the crops with extra moisture. 143 | Pa g e Crop rotation was an important technique for the Incas, since it helped them preserve soil fertility and stop the loss of nutrients over time. They might maximize the efficiency with which nutrients are used and decrease the likelihood that the soil would become depleted if they rotated the sorts of crops planted on a given piece of land throughout the year. Potatoes that have been freeze-dried the Incas came up with a one-of-a-kind way of preserving potatoes,
which were one of their major crops. They did this by exposing the potatoes to the subfreezing conditions that prevailed at the high Andean heights. This caused the potatoes to freeze-dry. They were able to store enormous amounts of potatoes for lengthy periods of time, which ensured that they would have access to food even during times of famine. Thanks to multiple agricultural zones, since the geography of Inca Empire comprised a varied range of temperatures and ecosystems, ranging from high-altitude alpine areas to coastal
deserts. This allowed the Incas to cultivate crops in a variety of environments. They did this by establishing a number of agricultural zones, collectively referred to as a \"vertical archipelago,\"
in which different kinds of plants were grown at varying elevations according to the specific temperature and humidity needs of each kind. Another key factor was the agricultural work and its organization. The Incas used a method known as \" mita \" to organize their communal work in the agricultural sector. Communities were organized to participate in agricultural projects that were funded by the state. These projects included the maintenance of terraces and irrigation systems. Due to the combined efforts of everyone involved, more productive farming techniques were able to be implemented on a wider scale. | 54e528f0-8ec0-4c9d-8e9d-67df8eb334c6 | 10 |
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] | HF-national-climate-targets-dataset | The table also outlines expected results of the planned activities for 2025 and 2030, as an additional indicative target period. That target can be reached by implementing all measures of the NEEAP. The given targets are symbolic and are not legally binding. Table 1: Georgia's indicative energy efficiency targets for 2020, 2025, and 2030 Compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) Scenario Note: Figures for energy consumption in 2014 come from Geostat's Energy Balance (published in 2015). The final energy consumption figures for 2014 do not include 27 GWh of non-energy use consumption of oil products in the energy sector. | 4cc4a25e-7bfa-41dc-82dd-e34c7384329e | 0 | |
100829f5-cd10-48f4-85aa-00e320f5c3e0 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2015/infrastructure-act-2015_d6f98adfdb832a963dd1e5c6794d79a8.pdf | 2,015 | [
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"company",
"insert"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | (3) In subsection (2), after “Secretary of State” insert “nor a strategic highways (a) after the first “Secretary of State” insert “, a strategic highways company”; (b) after the second “Secretary of State” insert “, the company”; (i) after “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic highways company”; (ii) after the first “he” insert “or it”; (iii) for “he might under subsection (1)(a) above require” substitute “might under subsection (1)(a) be required”. (a) after the first “Secretary of State” insert “, the strategic highways company”; (b) after the second “Secretary of State” insert “, the company”. 92 In section 100 (interim disposal of vehicles removed under section 99), in subsection (3A), after “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic highways company”. 93 In section 101 (ultimate disposal of vehicles abandoned and removable under this Act), in paragraph (d) of the definition of “competent authority” in subsection (8), after “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic highways company”. 94 (1) Section 102 (charges for removal, storage and disposal of vehicles) is amended as (a) in the substituted paragraph (b)— (i) after “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic highways company”; (ii) after “his” insert “or its”; (b) in the substituted paragraph (c)— (i) after “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic highways company”; (ii) after “him” insert “or it”. (a) after the first “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic highways company”; (b) after the second “Secretary of State” insert “or the company”. (4) In subsection (8), in paragraph (c) of the definition of “appropriate authority”, after “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic highways company”. 95 (1) Section 121A (traffic authorities) is amended as follows. (2) After subsection (1AA) insert— “(1AB) A strategic highways company is the traffic authority for every highway for which it is the highway authority within the meaning of the Highways Act
86 Infrastructure Act 2015 (c. 7) SCHEDULE 1 – Strategic highways consequential and supplemental amendments Document 2019-07-19 This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). (3) In subsections (2), (3) and (5)(a), after “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic 96 (1) Section 122 (exercise of functions by local authorities) is amended as follows. (2) In subsection (1), after “every” insert “strategic highways company and”. (3) In subsection (2)(d), after “appearing to” insert “the strategic highways company or”. (4) In the heading, after “functions by” insert “strategic highways companies or”. 97 In section 124A (GLA side roads), in subsection (4), after “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic highways company”. 98 In section 124B (orders of the Authority changing what are GLA side roads), in subsection (2)(a), after “Secretary of State” insert “or a strategic highways 99 In section 142 (general interpretation of Act), in subsection (1), at the appropriate ““strategic highways company” means a company appointed under section 1 of the Infrastructure Act 2015;”. 100 (1) Schedule 9 (special provision as to certain orders) is amended as follows. (2) In paragraph 1, after “consultation with” insert “a strategic highways company or”. (3) In paragraph 7, omit sub-paragraph (3). (a) after sub-paragraph (1)(b) insert— “(ba) applying to a road for which a strategic highways company is the traffic authority, or”; (b) in sub-paragraph (1), for “or sub-paragraph (3)” substitute “, (3) or (4)”; (c) after sub-paragraph (3) insert— “(4) This sub-paragraph applies where it is proposed to include in the order provision mentioned in sub-paragraph (1)(ba), in which case the order must not be made without the consent of the (a) the existing provision becomes sub-paragraph (1); (b) in sub-paragraph (1), after “except” insert “in a case to which sub- (c) after sub-paragraph (1) insert— “(2) This sub-paragraph applies where it is proposed to include in the order provision mentioned in paragraph 13(1)(ba), in which case the order must not be made without the consent of the strategic (6) After paragraph 14 insert— “14A (1) This paragraph applies where a strategic highways company proposes, other than further to a direction under paragraph 2, to include provision
Infrastructure Act 2015 (c. 7) SCHEDULE 1 – Strategic highways consequential and supplemental amendments Document 2019-07-19 This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). mentioned in paragraph 13(1)(b) or (c) to (f) in an order made by it under sections 1, 6, 9, 83(2) or 84. (2) Where this paragraph applies, the order must not be made without the consent of the Secretary of State.” (a) for “and 14” substitute “to 14A”; (b) for “local” substitute “traffic”. (8) In paragraph 16(2), for “local” substitute “traffic”. (a) after “and 84,” insert “a strategic highways company,”; (b) after the second “of this Act,” insert “the company,”. (10) In paragraph 21, after “orders of” insert “a strategic highways company or”. 101 In section 112G of the Transport Act 1985 (representations following an investigation by the Passengers’ Council), in subsection (1), for paragraph (d) “(d) a strategic highways company for the time being appointed under Part 1 of the Infrastructure Act 2015;”. Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Act 1988 (c. 20) 102 In the Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Act 1988, after section 46 (interpretation) insert “46A Appointment of a strategic highways company (1) This section applies in any period in which, by virtue of an appointment under section 1 of the Infrastructure Act 2015, a strategic highways company is the highway authority for the highways comprised in the tunnel crossing (2) The reference to the Secretary of State in section 12(4) (crossing operator) is to be read as a reference to the strategic highways company. | 49a64bd6-26f1-4d37-b772-4754e17d64d2 | 32 |
100b190b-7fa5-467f-a80e-06949d236c6d | https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/net-zero-innovation-portfolio | 2,021 | [
"notice",
"added",
"innovation",
"technologies",
"energy"
] | www.gov.uk | Net Zero Innovation Portfolio - GOV.UK
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Collection
From:
and
Published
3 March 2021
Last updated
24 April 2024
—
Innovation is key to developing the green technologies needed to tackle climate change. The Net Zero Innovation Portfolio is a £1 billion fund, announced in the
, to accelerate the commercialisation of low-carbon technologies, systems and business models in power, buildings, and industry. The Portfolio will decrease the costs of decarbonisation and set the UK on the path to a low carbon future. It will create world-leading industries and new green jobs, invest in our regions, and help make the UK a science and innovation superpower. Focused on 10 priority areas, it includes:
future offshore wind
nuclear advanced modular reactors (supported through the aligned Advanced Nuclear Fund)
energy storage and flexibility
bioenergy
hydrogen
homes
direct air capture and greenhouse gas removal (
GGR
)
advanced carbon capture, usage and storage (
CCUS
)
industrial fuel switching
disruptive technologies
The Net Zero Innovation Portfolio succeeded the
which ran from 2015 to 2021. 25 May 2023
Corporate report
To bring down the cost of capturing and sequestering
CO2
and helping UK industry to understand the opportunity for developing and deploying next generation carbon capture technologies from 2025. 8 April 2022
Notice
28 June 2023
Notice
To bring down costs and reduce barriers within the full biomass to energy value chain. This includes improving the productivity of the UK’s biomass supply, the availability of conversion technologies, and the generation processes for energy vectors such as biomethane, green hydrogen, biofuels and electricity. 4 August 2022
Notice
10 August 2023
Notice
To support the research and development of direct air capture technologies in the UK. 26 November 2024
Notice
To support energy entrepreneurs to develop the best ideas for technologies, products and processes in energy efficiency, power generation and storage. 19 March 2024
Notice
8 February 2023
Notice
17 April 2024
Notice
To support flexibility services and technologies, as well as non-conventional storage at varying technology readiness levels. 26 June 2023
Notice
12 April 2023
Notice
To support the development and demonstration of state of the art technologies and products in the future offshore wind industry. BEIS
joined the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult’s Floating Offshore Wind Centre of Excellence. BEIS
provided the Centre with £2 million over 4 years, strengthening the Centre’s mission to further accelerate innovation in the UK’s floating wind sector. This puts us in a prime position to capitalise on a growing export market as other countries look to use this technology. £4.7 million awarded to Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult and the National Composites Centre to incorporate radical, new composite-based components in the next generation of offshore wind turbines. , ORE Catapult press release 19 October 2023
Over £14 million available for innovative technologies with the potential to mitigate the effects of offshore windfarms on UK Air Defence to enable their long-term co-existence. 24 April 2024
Notice
Innovation to support decarbonising our homes and buildings. 12 March 2024
Notice
28 July 2025
Notice
To catalyse innovation and address blockers to the uptake of hydrogen technologies across the whole hydrogen value and supply chain, from production, supply, storage to end use. 10 August 2023
Notice
13 April 2022
13 September 2023
Notice
7 January 2025
Notice
To support the development and demonstration of technologies that enable industry to switch from high to low carbon fuels and improve energy or resource efficiencies. 14 May 2021
Research and analysis
28 June 2023
Notice
5 November 2024
Research and analysis
2 August 2024
Notice
31 October 2024
Notice
The aim of the
AMR
Research, Development and Demonstration Programme is to demonstrate that high temperature gas reactors (
HTGRs
) can produce high temperature heat which could be used for low carbon hydrogen production, process heat for industrial and domestic use and cost-competitive electricity generation. 30 January 2024
Notice
Published 3 March 2021
Last updated 24 April 2024
24 April 2024
Added a link to 'Windfarm Mitigation for UK Air Defence: successful projects'. 30 August 2023
Added link to Windfarm Mitigation for UK Air Defence Stream 2 Phase 3 which closes midday, 24 October 2023. 18 July 2023
Updated with links to competition successful projects. 25 May 2023
Net Zero Innovation Portfolio (NZIP) and Advanced Nuclear Fuel progress report 2021 to 2022 added. 21 February 2023
Added link to Windfarm Mitigation for UK Air Defence (Phase 3) competition. 1 November 2022
Industrial Fuel Switching competition Phase 2 is open to applications. 8 April 2022
24 March 2022
V2X Innovation Programme added. 28 February 2022
Added the Proposed Industrial Hydrogen Accelerator Programme. 16 February 2022
Link added to new Advanced Modular Reactor (AMR) Research, Development and Demonstration Programme: market engagement January 2022
Added Hydrogen BECCS Innovation Programme. 8 December 2021
Added details about the Hydrogen Skills and Standards for Heat programme. 18 November 2021
UK Manufacturing Technology for Next Generation Wind Turbines – Composites Phase 2 announced. 25 October 2021
Added details about the Green Home Finance Accelerator. 21 October 2021
Added details about the Heat Pump Ready Programme. 8 October 2021
Added Space based solar power: de-risking the pathway to net zero and Flexibility innovation pages to the collection. 28 September 2021
Future offshore wind: Floating Offshore Wind Centre of Excellence and winning projects for Windfarm Mitigation for UK Air Defence Phase 2 competition announced. 27 September 2021
We have added a request for information from the public about potential dual-use space or terrestrial based power system technologies. | 5b4e0b7c-b23d-4394-94c5-b46c30c32af9 | 0 |
100df543-fb3f-4e0e-8283-fa16ec3e442e | https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2017/12/scottish-energy-strategy-future-energy-scotland-9781788515276/documents/00529523-pdf/00529523-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00529523.pdf | 2,017 | [
"energy",
"scotland",
"scottish",
"government",
"carbon"
] | www.gov.scot | Ofgem’s initial assessment of this project concluded that it is likely to benefit consumers, and that it could also improve our security of supply by providing access to a vast alternative source of renewable generation when required. 25 NorthConnect initial project cap-and-floor-regime-initial-project-assessment-gridlink- neuconnect-and-northconnect-interconnectors Electrolysers, which can provide an alternative form of energy storage in the form of hydrogen, particularly long-term or seasonal storage, are also becoming more efficient and less costly. The ability to store power can help businesses and communities in areas where the network capacity is limited or weak – having reserve or stand-by power available can protect against temporary losses of supply. It also provides an opportunity to earn additional revenue through providing power and other related services to The Scottish Government agrees that storage is a strategically important issue, with real potential benefits for Scotland. We will continue to support innovation and deployment in this area, and to work with energy sector and academic stakeholders on steps designed to accelerate its penetration and value across Scotland. We are providing support for new and innovative storage solutions through the Low Carbon Infrastructure Transition Programme. For example, Nova Innovation will build and operate an energy storage solution for the Shetland Tidal 24 – a key aim of this project is to demonstrate the economic, technical and system benefits of Nova’s combined renewable energy and storage approach, overcoming local We have confirmed the Scottish Government’s continued opposition to new nuclear stations, under current technologies. The economics of these stations are prohibitive, especially given the falling costs of renewable and storage We believe that the criticism directed towards the UK Government’s support and long-term 24 Nova Innovation’s Tidal Energy Storage
Scottish Energy Strategy 60/61 We will continue to work closely with NorthConnect, and consider in more detail its potential economic and supply chain benefits for Scotland, as well as its implications for investment in domestic capacity and security of supply. Scotland’s natural gas network consists of over 25,000 km of pipes, supplying energy to around 1.9 million consumers. It is designed to meet extreme peaks in heat demand, and is one of the most reliable networks in the world. The distribution network in Scotland is connected to the UK’s National Transmission System, the high pressure network that transports gas from a range of sources across the country. Security of energy supply and gas storage remains reserved to the UK Government. However, the Scottish Government will continue to engage closely with the department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on resilience and security of supply in Scotland. Our current supplies of gas come from a mixture of North Sea gas fields and imported supplies from pipelines within continental Europe, or from liquefied natural gas (LNG) from international markets. The production of natural gas from the North Sea is declining. By 2025, the UK is expected to be importing 67% of its gas from LNG and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) play a crucial role in supplying energy to the Scottish Independent Undertakings (SIU’s) located in Oban, Campbeltown, Wick, Thurso and Stornoway. These towns have separate networks which aren’t directly connected to the main distribution networks but maintain the Heat accounts for 51% of the energy consumed by Scotland’s homes and businesses, with 79% of Scottish households using mains gas as their primary heating fuel. These figures show the extent to which Scotland currently relies on Our commitment to energy efficiency, and the growth of more diverse heat networks, means that demand is likely to reduce; however, gas will remain an important part of Scotland’s energy mix for the foreseeable future. Meeting this demand, and balancing the needs of consumers with a lower carbon secure energy system, will The shift to decarbonisation creates new possibilities for the gas network. It could provide a flexible asset able to transport and store a range of low carbon gases, including hydrogen, biogas, biomethane and bio-SNG (substitute natural gas). There are currently 13 biomethane sites in Scotland connected to the gas distribution network – producing enough gas to supply the equivalent of 85,000 homes – and there are more This could make an important contribution to reducing heat emissions, while having little impact on the way consumers use their appliances. It could also provide a useful role in electricity grid management, energy storage Some regulatory and market changes will be needed – most of which are reserved to the UK Government – in order to deliver a resilient, flexible and smart low carbon gas network in Scotland. The commercial viability of CCS will also have a bearing on the long-term role of gas. A strong and vibrant domestic offshore oil and gas industry will play an essential role in our future energy system, with the sector’s expertise invaluable in supporting jobs and skills. Almost all scenarios confirm that oil and gas will continue to play a significant role for decades to come in meeting future global energy demand. Demand for gas in particular is expected to continue to rise until the middle of this century. North Sea oil and gas production is highly- regulated, with some of the most advanced and comparatively least-polluting production methods in the world. Maintaining domestic oil and gas production can lead to lower net global emissions than under a scenario where Scotland depends more on imports. This is due to a number of possible imported crude oil sources having a higher carbon-intensity than Scottish The latest Environmental Report published by Oil 26 also shows strong progress on carbon intensity, with North Sea oil and gas production increasing and greenhouse gas emissions from production continuing to fall. This is encouraging and provides a strong basis for the oil and gas 26 Oil & Gas UK Environment Report 2017 industry to continue to reduce the carbon intensity of the global energy mix, and to explore new business models which increase the penetration of lower carbon technologies. | 679d47a0-85c7-43df-8c6e-b43d114f552a | 18 |
101818ef-01bc-48ed-95e1-5bfb6fa5724b | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.20105v2 | 2,025 | [
"Thailand",
"economic growth",
"temperature fluctuations",
"subnational",
"gross provincial product",
"GPP",
"per capita",
"climate",
"Thailand economy",
"1982-2022",
"annual data",
"regional development",
"weather",
"climate change",
"economic impact",
"temperature",
"productivity",
"development economics",
"Southeast Asia"
] | arxiv.org | These results suggest, at least for the polynomial and the degree days functional forms, that we cannot reject the hypothesis that high and low-income provinces respond identically to changes in temperature. 3.3.3 Growth effects versus level effects
The above sections discuss the results of estimating simple models with no lags. This section investigates further by considering more flexible models with up to five lags of temperature to test whether temperature affects the growth or level of GPP per capita to better understand the dynamics of these temperature effects. I
followed Dell et al. and estimated the generalized forms of Equations 6, 7, and 8 discussed previously by adding lags of temperature and precipitation. The growth versus level effects are identified by adding both the immediate and lagged effects of temperature fluctuations across years. If the cumulative effect of temperature and its lags shrinks to
zero, it indicates that temperature affects the level of aggregate economic output. | 204f66ab-3478-4548-97ea-18fe74c73224 | 21 |
101e2572-3713-4705-bb0c-86889eb581d4 | http://aei.pitt.edu/1184/1/enegy_supply_security_gp_COM_2000_769.pdf | 2,000 | [
"General",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch"
] | aei.pitt.edu | As a result, the Union will be unable to
pull its weight in international political debate. As the current President of the European
Union remarked at the European Council meeting in Biarritz, the recent increase in oil prices
has alerted Member States to the need for a co-ordinated response in times of crisis. c
An inadequate strategy for prevention
Energy security and - insofar as it might be possible - self-sufficiency have always lain at the
heart of the Member States energy policies. This goal was embodied in the ECSC and
EURATOM treaties, and was intended to provide the cornerstone of European harmony as
conceived by the Unions founding fathers. Following the first oil crisis, the Member States and the European Union sought to minimise
their quantitative reliance on external energy sources. The result was a raft of measures
intended to support domestic production that would otherwise be uncompetitive, a deliberate
policy of stockpiling, and programmes to promote energy efficiency and technological
development. However, these measures did not go far enough to reverse the underlying trend. The coal industry
The truth of this statement is particularly obvious if we consider the coal mining industry. Social and regional considerations argued for mitigating the effects of an inevitable decline,
rather than examining how the sector might make a positive contribution to energy security in
the context of a well-ordered and efficient
international market. | 38718611-1d0b-4acc-9e32-dcd1a80039ac | 25 |
10204859-c67b-4936-9cf1-4cf29b7cbd13 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013D1386&from=EN | 2,013 | [
"General",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Non-energy use"
] | eur-lex.europa.eu | 6 COM2010 546. 7 European Council of 8 and 9 March 2007. 11 The Union has agreed to halt the loss of biodiversity and
the degradation of ecosystem services in the Union by
2020, and restore them in so far as feasible, while
stepping up the Union contribution to averting global
biodiversity loss 8 . 12 The Union supports the aims of halting global forest
cover loss by 2030 at the latest and of reducing gross
tropical deforestation by at
least 50 by 2020
compared to 2008 levels 9 . 13 The Union has agreed to achieve good status for all
Union waters, including freshwater rivers and lakes,
groundwater, transitional waters estuariesdeltas and
coastal waters within one nautical mile of the coast by
2015 10 . 14 The Union has agreed to achieve good environmental
status in all marine waters of the Union by 2020 11 . 15 The Union has agreed to achieve levels of air quality that
do not give rise to significant negative impacts on, and
risks to, human health and the environment 12 . 16 The Union has agreed to achieve, by 2020, the objective
that chemicals are produced and used in ways that lead
to the minimisation of significant adverse effects on
human health and the environment 13 . 17 The Union has agreed to protect the environment and
human health by preventing or reducing the adverse
impacts of the generation and management of waste
8 European Council conclusions of 25 and 26 March 2010 EUCO
753610
710 Council conclusions of 15 March 2010
COM2011 244. 9 Council conclusions of 4 December 2008 1685208. 10 Directive 200060EC of the European Parliament and of the
for
in the field of water policy OJ L 327,
Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a
Community action
22.12.2000, p. 1. 11 Directive 200856EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 17
for
June 2008 establishing a
community action in the field of marine environmental policy
Marine Strategy Framework Directive OJ L 164, 25.6.2008,
p. 19. 12 Decision No 16002002EC Directive 200850EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air
quality and cleaner air for Europe OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, p. 1. 13 Decision No 16002002EC Johannesburg Plan of Implementation
framework
framework
WSSD 2002. 28.12.2013
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
L 354173
and by reducing the overall impact of resource use and
improving the efficiency of such use, by applying the
following waste hierarchy prevention, preparing for re-
use, recycling, other recovery, and disposal 1 . 18 The Union has agreed to stimulate the transition to a
green economy and to strive towards an absolute
decoupling of economic growth and environmental
degradation 2 . 19 The Union has agreed to strive to achieve a land degra
dation neutral world in the context of sustainable devel
opment 3 . 25
Union. This will ease pressure on the environment and
bring
increased competitiveness and new sources of
growth and jobs through cost savings from improved
efficiency, the commercialisation of
innovations and
better management of resources over their whole life
cycle. In order to realise this potential, a more compre
hensive Union policy on climate change should recognise
that all sectors of the economy have to contribute to
tackling climate change. Environmental problems and impacts continue to pose
for human health and well-being,
significant risks
whereas measures
the
the
environment can be beneficial. state of
improve
to
20
Pursuant to Article 1912 of the Treaty on the Func
tioning of the European Union TFEU, Union policy on
the environment aims at a high level of protection taking
into account the diversity of situations in the various
regions of the Union, and is based on the precautionary
principle and on the principles that preventive action
should be taken, that environmental damage should, as
a priority, be rectified at source and that the polluter
should pay. 21 Action to deliver the priority objectives of the 7th EAP
should be taken at different levels of governance, in
accordance with the principle of subsidiarity. 22 Transparent engagement with non-governmental actors is
important in ensuring the success of the 7th EAP and the
achievement of its priority objectives. | 2b3f86a5-3e9b-443e-ad77-adb974811b8a | 5 |
10207ab1-281e-43c9-b7e8-5b3d693b9655 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.08135v2 | 2,023 | [
"models",
"climate",
"capital",
"model",
"energy"
] | arxiv.org | In terms of the economic systems represented, these four models differ primarily in their representations of the financial system, with more detail in the DSK-FIN and ABMIAM, innovation (endogenous methods in DSK, ABMIAM and GRSW), spatial scope, energy system (see Section 3), and policy institutions (see Section 5). With respect to the climate modules, the structure in each is similar and oriented to CO 2 emissions, they differ in the types of damages andc their distribution (Section 4). By construction, each of the four main models considered in this review respond to the IAM critique of missing heterogeneity and interactions. Even when initialized with perfectly similar agents, over time the interactions and market protocols lead to emerging heterogeneity, such as through differentiated innovation. Many of the models, such as the ABMIAM or CFHS initially impose some form of heterogeneity in order to study its effects and to calibrate the model more closely to empirically observed heterogeneity. The results indicate that this heterogeneity is indeed important. For example, Safarzynska and van den Bergh (2022) find that reducing inequalities in labor income leads to a larger social cost of carbon, while inequalities in capital income (rent) lead to a larger share of the population driven into poverty, thus reducing GDP and emissions, and consequently the social cost of carbon. In terms of geographic and spatial heterogeneity, the considered ABIAMs lag behind their processbased counterparts. Only the CFHS model represents multiple consumption sectors and a larger number of regions, though both are still small in comparison to some other more heterodox IAMs such as ACCLI-MATE (Otto, Willner, Wenz, Frieler, & Levermann, 2017) or E3ME (Mercure et al., 2018). Incorporating this might lead to a more detailed description of the production process and the global value chains that underlie it. Agent-based Models have already been applied successfully to production networks, and could be integrated here as well (e.g. see the models of Gualdi & Mandel, 2019;Wolf et al., 2013). Across the DSK, ABIAM and GRSW, innovation and technology diffusion are also endogenized. For instance, through the innovation-imitation process of different firms that lead to new technologies but also to the imitation of technology that are in use by industry leaders. However, technologies still primarily affect the productivity coefficients of the firms' production function, and are thus not necessarily related to specific technology paths such as those considered in process-based IAMs. It is thus unclear whether these models are overly optimistic or pessimistic, as noted in the critiques of Krey et al. (2019). Finally, in terms of the financial system, both the DSK-FIN and the ABMIAM incorporate a detailed representation of imperfect capital markets that may lead to bank failures. In particular, the DSK-FIN extension is focused around studying the financial fragility emanating from increasing climate damages. The ABMIAM also offers a heterogeneous banking sector, which also includes interbank loans, thus creating an impcit interbank network that may be subject to cascading crises and the types of systemic risk that is not captured in more common IAMs Monasterolo (2020). In this section, I address how the four considered models treat the energy-resource-environment nexus. The representations range from very stylized (GRSW and DSK) to more sophisticated (CFHS) in terms of the variety of energy sources used in electricity production. Beginning with the raw sources of materials and primary energy sources, the DSK and ABMIAM models consider stylized primary energy types, involving an extracted fossil fuel (gas and coal in ABMIAM) and a form of renewable energy that functions without the requirement for fuel inputs. In both these models, the extraction and provision of these fuels are outside of the model's boundary, and are thus infinitely available with exogenously given price processes. While the GRSW model does not have an energy sector and primary energy sources, it does have a mining sector that extracts material resources in the southern region and sells them to the capital goods sector in the northern, yet here too there are no dynamics of mine-depletion as the purpose is primarily to study unequal exchange between north and south in the presence of local and global pollution. CFHS goes beyond this, by considering not only the conversion of primary energy to electricity, but also the extraction of fossil fuels. In particular, they consider seven distinct fuel types (coal, gas, oil, nuclear, hydro, wind and solar), with a regional fuel-extraction sector. The presence of a fuel extraction sector is important, as the dynamics of reserve depletion through extraction and the shifts in regional extraction will impact the agents decisions about which type of power plant to invest in, what degree of emissions are possible, and how technological innovation interacts with depletion (see debates in Capellán-Pérez, Mediavilla, de Castro, Carpintero, & Miguel, 2014;Höök & Tang, 2013). In the CFHS model, each region has an empirically determined reserve of all fossil fuels. The marginal cost of their extraction is increasing in the cumulative amount of extraction (modelled by a Rogner curve as in Nordhaus and Boyer ( 2003)), reflecting the principle that the easiest-to-extract reserves are captured first. Likewise, there is thus a regional shift as local reserves become depleted, favoring those regions with more abundant resources. This is an important driver in evolving regional inequalities, in the sense of the unequal exchange studied in the GRSW model (though they do not include depletion dynamics), as investments and employment will increase in those regions with the cheapest to extract resources. Turning to the transformation of primary energy into energy carriers, the DSK, ABMIAM and CFHS models all consider only electricity as a final energy carrier. Notably, the CFHS model has a demand for fuel by households, but considers this to be part of the primary energy sector (there is no transformation to liquid fuels). All three of these models consider heterogeneous power plants in terms of their fuel type, cost structure, energy and emission intensity. | ebaee7de-b1ce-481b-a62c-f6a028ee20fb | 2 |
102984ae-ebda-4faa-96f0-4f406ceec236 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/net-zero-strategy-build-back-greener_0fdb5eb8c251d8c2a37a5a1cb4c57f3f.pdf | 2,023 | [
"Economy-wide",
"zero",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"energy",
"government"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | • Investing a further £1.425 billion in the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, with the aim of reducing direct emissions from public sector buildings by • Setting a minimum energy efficiency standard of EPC Band B by 2030 for privately rented commercial buildings in England and Wales. • Establishing large scale trials of hydrogen for heating to take decisions in 2026 on the role of hydrogen in decarbonising heating, and consult on the case for enabling or requiring hydrogen-ready boilers and broader heating system efficiencies. • Continuing to grow and decarbonise the UK Heat Network market through the £338 million Heat Network Transformation Programme of which at least £270m will go towards the Green Heat Network Fund, introducing sector regulation and new heat • Launching a new world-class policy framework for energy-related products to ensure products use less energy, reducing emissions and household bills. 1. The UK has around 30 million buildings46 and includes some of the oldest building stock in Europe.47 In total, buildings are responsible for around 17% of our national emissions.48 Currently, 1.7 million fossil fuel heating systems are installed per year (gas, oil, and coal).49 The vast majority of emissions from buildings result from heating. Including indirect emissions (e.g. from electricity generation) emissions from heating buildings make up around 78% of all buildings emissions and about 21% of all UK emissions.50 Overall, between 1990 and 2019, net UK greenhouse gas emissions from heat and buildings decreased by 17%. 2. The package of measures presented here, and in our Heat and Buildings Strategy (HBS) and associated consultations, delivers on commitments made in the Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution and the Energy White Paper. In the Ten Point Plan, we committed to deliver greener buildings. Since then, we have announced £60 million to support decarbonisation of Social Housing and have allocated over £1 billion from the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, in doing so, supporting up to 30,000 jobs. Net Zero Build Back Greener
3. The UK already has a strong track record improving energy performance, with 40% of our homes now above Energy Performance (EPC) Band C, up from just 9% in 2008. There are approximately 28 million households in the UK,51 and 86% of homes in England use natural gas boilers.52 Across the UK, 9% of the energy consumed to heat homes is provided by other fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, generally in homes that do not have access to the gas grid.53 In 2019, approximately 15 million (60%) of homes in England had a lower energy performance, with ratings of EPC band D and below.54 The largest proportion of homes in England are owner-occupied (64% in 2019), with a much smaller proportion being socially rented (17% in 2019), or privately rented (19% in 2019).55 Owner-occupied homes are now the worst performing tenure, with the greatest proportion of homes below EPC band D.56 Improving the energy performance of all homes and taking a ‘fabric first’ approach, by improving the energy efficiency will be key to ensuring the transition to low carbon heating is cost effective.57 4. Non-domestic There are approximately 1.7 million non-domestic (commercial, industrial and public) properties in England and Wales.58 Non-domestic buildings account for around a quarter of UK building emissions.59 Commercial and industrial buildings over 1,000 m2 are responsible for over half of the energy used by commercial and industrial buildings (excluding process heat) but account for only 5% of the stock.60 Public sector buildings account for about 9% of building emissions.61 Net zero transition and economic opportunities 5. By 2050, buildings will need to be almost completely decarbonised, by making use of a combination of technologies to minimise their carbon emissions and maximise their energy performance. The scale of this challenge is significant, but we will take an approach that goes with the grain of consumer behaviour and maximises consumer choice, to ensure a smooth and gradual transition for households and businesses. Much like the move to electric vehicles, the move to low carbon options such as electric heat pumps will be a gradual transition from niche product to mainstream consumer option. To ensure that we all benefit from cleaner, warmer and comfier buildings, will need to improve the energy efficiency of our buildings and products, end the use of fossil fuel heating systems and switch to low carbon sources, and integrate the use of smart technologies that give more control to 6. The decarbonisation trajectory of the sector presents significant potential for investment and export opportunities for goods and services. Deployment of energy efficiency measures and low carbon heating in domestic and non-domestic buildings, in line with the ambitions and outcomes in the Heat and Buildings Strategy, will drive up to £6 billion gross value added (GVA) per year by 2030.62 7. This will be investment not just in the buildings themselves, but in the infrastructure that supplies them. Government support will stimulate this investment and will need to be focussed on growing key markets for low carbon heat and supporting vulnerable and low-income households, the social housing sector, and the public sector. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy
8. Decarbonising the heat and buildings sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK. Based on current estimates, policies and proposals to reduce emissions from buildings could support up to 100,000 jobs by the middle of the 2020s and up to 175,000 in 2030. Jobs will be supported across a range of areas – from manufacturing to services, and from installation to research 9. Decarbonising buildings will deliver a range • Levelling up. Decarbonisation will support clean, local growth in every region of the UK, while investing in equality of living standards and job creation. Reducing heat and buildings emissions will require installing energy efficiency measures and new heating systems, which rely on local • Reducing energy bills and business operating costs. Inefficient homes are more expensive to run. | 368033f1-d04a-48ea-83c6-9602b66f0e37 | 38 |
102f1468-d243-4f68-8ff8-c4163ecb751c | http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31991L0676 | 1,991 | [
"Agriculture and forestry",
"Agricultural N2O",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Non-energy use"
] | eur-lex.europa.eu | Done at Brussels, 12 December 1991. For the CouncilThe PresidentJ.G.M. ALDERS
(1)OJ N° C 54, 3. 3. 1989, p. 4 and OJ N° C 51, 2. 3. 1990, p. 12. (2)OJ N° C 158, 26. 6. 1989, p. 487. (3)OJ N° C 159, 26. 6. 1989, p. 1. (4)OJ N° L 194, 25. 7. 1975, p. 26. (5)OJ N° L 271, 29. 10. 1979, p. 44. (6)OJ N° L 229, 30. 8. 1980, p. 11. (7)OJ N° C 328, 7. 12. 1987, p. 1. (8)OJ N° C 209, 9. 8. 1988, p. 3. (1)This Directive was notified to the Member States on 19 December 1991. ANNEX I
CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING WATERS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 3 (1)
A. Waters referred to in Article 3 (1) shall be identified making use, inter alia, of the following criteria:
1. whether surface freshwaters, in particular those used or intended for the abstraction of drinking water, contain or could contain, if action pursuant to Article 5 is not taken, more than the concentration of nitrates laid down in accordance with Directive 75/440/EEC;
2. whether groundwaters contain more than 50 mg/l nitrates or could contain more than 50 mg/l nitrates if action pursuant to Article 5 is not taken;
3. whether natural freshwater lakes, other freshwater bodies, estuaries, coastal waters and marine waters are found to be eutrophic or in the near future may become euthropic if action pursuant to Article 5 is not taken. B. In applying these criteria, Member States shall also take account of:
1. the pyhsical and environmental characteristics of the waters and land;
2. the current understanding of the behaviour of nitrogen compounds in the environment (water and soil);
3. the current understanding of the impact of the action taken pursuant to Article 5. ANNEX II
CODE(S) OF GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE
A. A code or codes of good agricultural practice with the objective of reducing pollution by nitrates and taking account of conditions in the different regions of the Community should certain provisions covering the following items, in so far as they are relevant:
1. periods when the land application of fertilizer is inappropriate;
2. the land application of fertilizer to steeply sloping ground;
3. the land application of fertilizer to water-saturated, flooded, frozen or snow-covered ground;
4. the conditions for land application of fertilizer near water courses;
5. the capacity and construction of storage vessels for livestock manures, including measures to prevent water pollution by run-off and seepage into the groundwater and surface water of liquids containing livestock manures and effluents from stored plant materials such as silage;
6. procedures for the land application, including rate and uniformity of spreading, of both chemical fertilizer and livestock manure, that will maintain nutrient losses to water at an acceptable level. B. Member States may also include in their code(s) of good agricultural practices the following items:
7. land use management, including the use of crop rotation systems and the proportion of the land area devoted to permanent crops relative to annual tillage crops;
8. the maintenance of a minimum quantity of vegetation cover during (rainy) periods that will take up the nitrogen from the soil that could otherwise cause nitrate pollution of water;
9. the establishment of fertilizer plans on a farm-by-farm basis and the keeping of records on fertilizer use;
10. the prevention of water pollution from run-off and the downward water movement beyond the reach of crop roots in irrigation systems. ANNEX III
MEASURES TO BE INCLUDED IN ACTION PROGRAMMES AS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 5 (4) (a)
1. The measures shall include rules relating to:
1. periods when the land application of certain types of fertilizer is prohibited;
2. the capacity of storage vessels for livestock manure; this capacity must exceed that required for storage throughout the longest period during which land application in the vulnerable zone is prohibited, except where it can be demonstrated to the competent authority that any quantity of manure in excess of the actual storage capacity will be disposed of in a manner which will not cause harm to the environment;
3. limitation of the land application of fertilizers, consistent with good agricultural practice and taking into account the characteristics of the vulnerable zone concerned, in particular:
(a) soil conditions, soil type and slope;
(b) climatic conditions, rainfall and irrigation;
(c) land use and agricultural practices, including crop rotation systems;
and to be based on a balance between:
(i) the foreseeable nitrogen requirements of the crops,
and (ii) the nitrogen supply to the crops from the soil and from fertilization corresponding to:
- the amount of nitrogen present in the soil at the moment when the crop starts to use it to a significant degree (outstanding amounts at the end of winter),
- the supply of nitrogen through the net mineralization of the reserves of organic nitrogen in the soil,
- additions of nitrogen compounds from livestock manure,
- additions of nitrogen compounds from chemical and other fertilizers. 2. These measures will ensure that, for each farm or livestock unit, the amount of livestock manure applied to the land each year, including by the animals themselves, shall not exceed a specified amount per hectare. The specified amount per hectare be the amount of manure containing 170 kg N. However:
(a) for the first four year action programme Member States may allow an amount of manure containing up to 210 kg N;
(b) during and after the first four-year action programme, Member States may fix different amounts from those referred to above. These amounts must be fixed so as not to prejudice the achievement of the objectives specified in Article 1 and must be justified on the basis of objectives criteria, for example:
- long growing seasons,
- crops with high nitrogen uptake,
- high net precipitation in the vulnerable zone,
- soils with exceptionally high denitrification capacity. If a Member State allows a different amount under subparagraph (b), it shall inform the Commission which will examine the justification in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 9. 3. Member States may calculate the amounts referred to in paragraph 2 on the basis of animal numbers. 4. Member States shall inform the Commission of the manner in which they are applying the provisions of paragraph 2. | 3bfb3caf-f010-48ac-a6b2-affa1aa11973 | 19 |
10305db2-ad49-4f27-903d-66bfb2ac8866 | http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:199:0001:0136:EN:PDF | 2,008 | [
"Transport",
"Light-duty vehicles",
"Energy efficiency"
] | eur-lex.europa.eu | 2.2.3. Provision shall be made to prevent excess evaporative emissions and fuel spillage caused by a missing fuel filler
cap. This may be achieved by using one of the following
a
an automatically opening and closing, non-removable fuel filler cap,
b design features which avoid excess evaporative emissions in the case of a missing fuel filler cap,
c
any other provision which has the same effect. Examples may include, but are not limited to, a tethered filler
cap, a chained filler cap or one utilizing the same locking key for the filler cap as for the vehicles ignition. In
this case the key shall be removable from the filler cap only in the locked condition. | d3fc6859-41cb-4ee2-997b-90ebc4f9b481 | 42 |
1035beaf-4e67-4e0f-88d5-a7997dbcd8c4 | https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/01shortsea.pdf | 2,001 | [
"Transport",
"Shipping",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch"
] | www.itf-oecd.org | social, and economic, a more balanced modal
spilt, and
On several occasions between 1991 and 1996, the European Commission outlined the
components of a sectoral policy for maritime transport. A 1991 Communication, New Challenges for
the Maritime Industries COM91335 resulted in the creation of the Maritime Industries Forum
MIF. The objective of this initiative was to provide a forum for the main players in the maritime
industry carriers, shippers, shipbuilders, etc., to discuss the sectors problems and identify ways in
which its efficiency could be improved. The MIFs short sea shipping panel drafted recommendations on initiatives to promote the
development of short sea shipping in Europe. The work of this panel may be regarded as having
substantially improved our knowledge of this sector and the obstacles hindering its development. The
Forums main problem was in implementing concrete initiatives. The short sea shipping panel solved
this problem by encouraging countries to hold round tables on ports, which bring together sector
professionals and are responsible for implementing commercial reforms and for setting up
promotion bureaux to foster greater co-operation between industry and government with a view to
setting up transport operations that integrate the maritime sector more closely. Lastly, more recently,
the Forum has recommended the institution of national Focal Points contact points who are
responsible for promoting the interests of short sea shipping at government level by providing
information and acting as co-ordinators. Based on the work of the MIF, the Commission published a Communication, The Development of
Short Sea Shipping in Europe Prospects and Development COM95317 in 1995. This
Communication lists obstacles hindering the development of short sea shipping and proposes an action
programme. It goes on to analyse eight corridors with the greatest potential for shifting traffic from
road mode to maritime transport. Two Communications from the Commission in 1996, Towards a New Maritime Strategy
COM9681 and Shaping Europes Maritime Future. A contribution to the Competitiveness of
Maritime Industries COM9684, are aimed at defining or redefining the guidelines for Community
maritime policy. Specific aspects, such as maritime safety and external relations, are covered in
separate communications or reports. Although these Communications do not deal specifically with
short sea shipping, they will nevertheless influence the sector, since they define the policy framework
in which it operates. Lastly, several EU Council resolutions express Member States backing for measures to promote
short sea shipping. For example, the Council Resolution of 11 March 1996 states that the main
objectives of short sea shipping policy are
48
to achieve balanced growth in this mode of transport and
positive and active integration of short sea shipping, including feeder services, into the
intermodal transport chain. It refers to Member States intention of promoting, in the interest of the users, free and fair
competition between modes of transport in which all modes bear their full costs, including external
costs ... | 0efe3d52-645b-46f1-9661-6cfad3222525 | 41 |
103a9002-e2d7-4315-b2e2-03e7dd20b5d9 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2022/jet-zero-strategy_eb476e425c58e2e37df9de2a66f2c32b.pdf | 2,022 | [
"Transport",
"zero",
"aviation",
"emissions",
"industry",
"work"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) – one of the Government’s policies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in the UK by encouraging the supply of renewable fuels. SAF mandate – proposed tradeable credit, greenhouse gas emissions scheme to encourage the supply of, and generate demand for, SAF with the lowest possible emissions, and support the development of the SAF industry. Slots – permission to use the airport infrastructure to operate an air service on a specific date and time for the purpose of landing or take-off. The allocation of slots between air carriers is a planning tool to ensure, where airport capacity is scarce, that available landing and take-off slots are used efficiently. Surface access – surface access refers to all the ways in which passengers, visitors, employees and commercial traffic travel to and from an airport when they are not in an aircraft. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) – renewable or waste-derived aviation fuels that meet specific sustainability criteria and can be used in existing aircraft without significant engine modifications. Systems efficiencies – encompasses both improvements in existing engine and airframe design (such as more efficient engines and lighter materials), and also operational improvements (such as air traffic control improvements and efficiencies at airports). Tankering – the practice of carrying excess fuel in order to reduce or eliminate refuelling at the aircraft’s destination. UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) – cap and trade scheme involving the allocation and trading of greenhouse gas emission allowances overseen by the UK government and devolved administrations. UK Green Taxonomy – detailed in Greening A Roadmap to Sustainable Investment, the new UK Green Taxonomy is a classification system that sets out the criteria that specific economic activities must meet to be considered environmentally sustainable. It is intended to become a benchmark for investors increasingly looking to adhere to strict sustainability requirements. The Green Taxonomy aims to tackle ‘greenwashing’ in financial markets, support consumer protection and transparency, and help firms transition to net zero. Zero emission – no GHG emissions are attributable to an actors operations. Under this definition, no offsets or balancing of residual emissions with removals are used. Zero emission flight (ZEF) – the ecosystem supporting zero emission aircraft. ACOG Airspace Change Organising Group AGP Aerospace Growth Partnership AOA Airport Operators Association ATI Aerospace Technology Institute CCUS Carbon Capture, Utilisation CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation EU ETS European Union Emissions F4C Future Fuels for Flight and IATA International Air Transport ICAO International Civil Aviation KPI Key Performance Indicators NRC National Research Centre [Canada] SAF DG [Jet Zero Council] Sustainable TIST The International Small Group TDP Transport Decarbonisation Plan UK ETS United Kingdom Emissions ZEF DG [Jet Zero Council] Zero Emission ZEFI Zero Emission Flight Infrastructure Jet Zero Delivering net zero aviation by 2050 | 585b34e0-6171-4402-b3dd-3866e53f3b84 | 22 |
10464ba5-9197-4ac5-ad16-15d0a1b53ac4 | https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/archives/MURE-Overall-Policy-Brochure.pdf | 2,000 | [
"Industry",
"Energy efficiency"
] | www.odyssee-mure.eu | This has the advantage that markets are developed
for energy services and that the energy consumer is in principle not charged
additionally and may even get a small reduction in energy cost during the phase
when the investment is paid off. At present, mainly energy conversion options or
options that pay off rapidly are financed in such a way boilers, HVAC systems,
building control systems etc. while deep renovations including the building envelope
are rather rare due to the long payback time. An option may be to subsidise the
payback to a rate interesting for the energy service companies. Also risk mitigation is
an important aspect where the state generally plays a role. Financing through a levy on energy consumption Feed-in tariff for energy
efficiency this is in principle similar to the promotion of renewable through feed-in
tariffs while energy saving obligations are the equivalent to quote systems for
renewable - and has the substantial advantage of financing stability and risk-lowering. On the other hand, given the fact that renewable already charge heavily especially
electricity prices in some countries, it may be difficult to levy in the same way the
large investments for refurbishing existing buildings. However, in difference to
renewable, where first the costs are positive and serve to pay their cost down along
the cost degression curve, energy efficiency options provide after some time, benefits
to the consumers due to lower energy bills. Also the energy consumption on which
the costs for energy efficiency investments are charged should cover a much larger
range than just electricity consumption but also fossil fuel use. Combining different sources in an Energy Efficiency Fund one important
possibility of generating the funds necessary for the large investments is combining
different sources discussed in the previous point in a general energy efficiency funds,
such as the EU Energy Efficiency fund but at a much larger level of volumes. Combining the sources would have the advantage of taking the largest basis
possible, though, in most cases, the final consumer would carry the charges in some
innovative
flexibility
way. Energy efficiency
technologies and solutions than other financing sources. funds offer more
in promoting
This discussion of pros and cons shows that in order to deal with the challenge of a large
reduction in energy consumption of buildings a combination of financing instruments is
necessary otherwise the large investment needs could not be levied. 25
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
3.5.2 Financing energy efficiency in the public sector
Tight public budgets raise the question on how energy efficiency could be improved in the
public sector and what role financing plays in that context. On the other hand, there could be
at present an enormous push to building refurbishment exactly as a consequence of the
economic crisis first of all, as public money gets rare, public buildings could save large
amounts on the budget. Second, through investments in buildings, based on public or private
sources, the presently low running European economies could get a push that helps to
emerge from the crisis. Article 5 of the Energy Efficiency Directive EED advocates an exemplary role of public
bodies buildings By 1 January 2014, 3 of the total floor area of heated andor cooled
buildings owned and occupied by central governments is to be renovated each year to meet
at least the minimum energy performance requirements that are set up in application of
Article 4 of the EPBD Directive 201031EU. This exemplary role of the public sector requested by the EED need to be fulfilled by a
combination of instruments, including financial instruments. Many of these examples imply
public budgets to provide grants for investments. An extended discussion of these aspects in
the main report on buildings makes appear three aspects
the large scope for low-cost measures in the public buildings and their large potential
which is well-illustrated with the case of Ireland and the activities of the Office for
Public Works in Ireland. the limits of the approach when it comes to investments, and in particular investments
into the building envelope with comparatively large sums and longer periods of return,
also illustrated with the example of Ireland. The emerging role of Energy Service Companies ESCOs to build the bridge beyond
the public budgets but not without difficulties, especially when it comes to finance
deep renovations including the building envelope with its long payback periods. 3.5.3 Social impact of policy measures in the building sector
Rising energy prices threaten the poorest households, and subsidizing the price increase, as
done in some EU Member States in the past14, is not a long-term option as public budgets
will not allow for such subsidies at a large scale. Energy efficiency improvement is an important long-term means to combat fuel poverty. Energy efficiency measures will finally pay off for the individual consumer, as well as for the
whole economy. However, mobilising the upfront-investments has strong distributional
aspects and may impact on the poorest part of the population. Energy efficiency policies
have therefore to be designed to allow the poorest households to undertake the necessary
investments or put the burden on stronger investors. This is the rational for policies like
energy saving obligations with a special target for fuel pour households or the Green Deal in
the UK. For poor households the terms fuel povertyenergy poverty have become common. In the
definition used by the UK, a household is said to be fuel poor if it spends more than 10 per
cent of its income on fuel to maintain an adequate level of warmth. Although the emphasis in
the definition is on heating the home, modelled fuel costs in the definition of fuel poverty also
include spending on heating water, lights and appliance usage and cooking costs. | 0a44b68e-44b8-4fcc-b398-2ce2c8fbc626 | 39 |
104fc563-044b-4236-ae58-18e0cde7859b | 2,025 | [
"households sub - sector",
"new buildings",
"final energy consumption",
"natural gas grid",
"fisheries"
] | HF-national-climate-targets-dataset | ENERGY AND TRANSPORT
1.1.3. Energy demand
in
general
consumption
15% BATAL
stagnation in development of rail infrastructure. a diam
Assumptions:
Households:
- according to the existing data, in Croatia in 2012 was 142.2 million m
of residential buildings and houses (Long-term strategy for the
promotion of the investments of buildings, OG 74/14). It is assumed that
the living area will grow slowly with the recovery of economic activity,
despite the fall of number of people, by 8,5% until 2030 and by 10,6%
until 2050. Most of the new surfaces will refer to a block of flats in urban
areas,
- no improved efficiency and renovation of building are assumed for this
scenario,
- consumption of electricity to power household appliances and devices
for cooling (air conditioning) will grow,
- specific energy consumption for cooking in households will stagnate. Services:
no change in the structure, used forms of energy - increase of electricity
consumption, decrease in the usage of petroleum products and their
replacement with natural gas,
1.2. 'with existing measures' scenario
-
on the islands and parts of Croatia not covered with a natural gas grid,
the share of liquefied petroleum gas will be increased
- In the services and households sub-sector, projections in the 'without
measures' scenario show an increase in the final energy consumption
because of the GVA growth of the service sector as well as increase in
income of households. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries:
- there will be no changes in energy intensity. In the period until 2020, energy efficiency improvements are in line with the
existing measures listed in the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency for
the Period 2017-2019 (listed in the Report on Policy and Measures), while for
the post-2020 period, there are no yet implemented measures, so only assessed
market improvements are integrated:
- market driven improvements of energy efficiency and fuel switches in
industrial sector;
- renovation of 0,5% surface are of the buildings annually to the standard
as listed in the Technical regulation on rational use of energy in
buildings (OG 97/14);
all new buildings built according | 686c2a4a-19f0-4582-b098-a6462f3ca047 | 0 | |
1050b53a-7702-4193-a2b7-da4eba88dc99 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/the-clean-growth-strategy_af15f03cfcd3b9529c696ef513762900.pdf | 2,018 | [
"energy",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"government",
"million"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | Recycling Technologies recently raised £5 million in private investment and are now actively on the lookout for further
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy • Innovative The Government has supported research on innovative technologies in agriculture via the Agri-Tech Catalyst, to accelerate the translation of research into practical solutions to improve agricultural productivity, whilst reducing the environmental impact of agricultural production, some of which has additional • Centres for Agri-tech Four centres have been funded in partnership with industry, academia and • Agrimetrics - £11.8 million for a ‘big- data’ centre of excellence for Agri- metrics to utilise data science and modelling to build a more productive, sustainable and efficient food system. • Agricultural Engineering Precision Innovation Centre (Agri-EPI) - £17.7 million on precision agriculture to help the UK’s agri-food sector develop more productive and sustainable UK agriculture and export markets. • Centre for Crop Health and Protection (CHAP) - £21.3 million to revolutionise how farmers manage crop threats including pests and disease, both in the • Centre for Innovation Excellence in Livestock (CIEL) - £29.1 million to create new livestock technology and products to boost the profitability and productivity To complement this early action on innovation, the Government believes there are further opportunities for innovation linked to natural resources. In determining these we have focused where the Government can add the most value and develop UK opportunities. The main innovation challenges that could be unlocked are below, with detail on opportunities Improving productivity and management skills on farms, coupled with technological innovation, will provide the tools for achieving a step change in the level of carbon savings. • We will develop affordable low carbon fertiliser products to reduce and replace fertilisers; explore the potential for bio-stimulants to improve nutrient use efficiency; and explore the viability of fertiliser production by recovering nutrients from wastes and other organic materials. • Soil health : We will aim to target new sustainable land management techniques to overcome the decline in soil quality in the UK and the impact on productivity. We are already funding UK research into soils to deliver greenhouse gas removals (GGR) and abatement technologies as part of the £8.6 million research on GGRs280. • Crops and livestock genetics : We will explore the mitigation potential of new breeding technologies and any barriers to their deployment to improve agricultural and forestry productivity and resilience. 280 The National Environment Research Council (2017) £8.6 million UK research programme on greenhouse gas removal releases/2017/09-greenhousegas/
• Low emission farming We will reduce the costs of resource use in crop and livestock production improving our understanding of crop soil interactions; explore the potential of robotics and the latest sensor technologies; precision farming technologies more viable on smaller scale farms, investigate the potential of improving soil health and carbon stocks. • Forestry innovation : We need to improve the resilience and productivity of our forests such as through greater understanding of how tree genetics can contribute to GGRs, especially as we approach 2050. Innovate UK will also ensure that future rounds of its health and life science calls encourage bids which directly or indirectly support practices that may have a positive impact on • Anaerobic Digestion . We need to ensure the sector continues to support our carbon and air quality goals, and that best practice is followed when digestate is spread to land to minimise ammonia release and air quality and pollutant impacts. This includes development of improved digestion and ammonia and phosphate extraction technologies while working with the sector to focus on reducing methane emissions. • Resource efficiency . We will encourage the development of business models which encourage resource efficiency, extend product life, conserve resources, and prevent material from becoming waste. Innovate UK’s £15 million Manufacturing and Materials Competition will support the development of more flexible and efficient • Energy recovery processes . We will work with the waste sector to ensure that different waste materials going into energy recovery processes are treated in the best possible way, to minimise environmental impact and maximise their potential as a resource. The National Infrastructure Commission’s work on different pathways for the treatment of waste will feed into this. We will also work with businesses to explore the use of bio- based materials and to promote recyclable packaging so that more is recycled. • Landfill gas capture and management . There is an opportunity to undertake further research to accelerate methane production in the early life of a landfill site to reduce the length of aftercare required. This could help to reduce emissions from landfill further and
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 281 IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: Working Group The Physical Science Basis assessment_report_wg1_report_the_physical_science_basis.htm 282 BEIS (2017) Energy and Emissions Projections 2016 283 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment – Netherlands (2016) RIVM research basis for historic climate agreement on HFCs Documents_and_publications/Common_and_Present/Newsmessages/2016/RIVM_research_basis_for_historic_climate_agreement_on_HFCs 284 European Parliament and Council (2014) Annex V of Regulation (EU) no 517/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are powerful greenhouse gases with a climate change effect up to 23,000 times greater than carbon dioxide281. Often used as refrigerants, the reduction in F-gas emissions has been a major success story as we decarbonise the economy. UK emissions decreased by 20 per cent between 1995 and 2015. Our current policies will cut UK F-gas emissions from 17 MtCO2e in 2015 (about 3 per cent of total UK emissions) to 9.3 MtCO 2e by 2023, 6.6 MtCO 2e by 2027 and 3.2 MtCO 2e by 2035, representing an 81 per cent cut from The UK led the way in pledging to phase down use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 79 per cent by 2030. | fa606d5e-1f24-4c2d-a92a-646f5ee9e9b7 | 38 |
10514345-7ca5-4db0-ae3a-bea2ec600cc9 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_e2ed2f6c199088dc30a95fddf6e84c72.pdf | 2,023 | [
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
"energy",
"emission"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | To ensure data source transparency, all data points in the database carry a reference to either the upstream data processing tools used to derive the data, the external data source and supplier or both . It also includes details of the date entered, the person uploading the data, its units (to ensure correct calculation), and a revision or recalculation code (which ensures that recalculations of historic data can be easily traced and summarised in reports) . | 70afacf8-8641-4466-819d-f4db8cad9d69 | 87 |
10553d5d-d0a4-4308-9247-e357ac7f3cc6 | 2,025 | [
"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/net-zero-hydrogen-fund-strand-1-and-strand-2",
"british energy security strategy",
"net zero hydrogen fund strand",
"carbon capture",
"storage infrastructure fund"
] | HF-national-climate-targets-dataset | 120 UK Government (2021), The Carbon Capture and Storage Infrastructure Fund: an update on its design (May 2021), carbon-capture-and-storage-infrastructure-fund-an-update-on-its-design-accessible-webpage 129 HM Government (2022), Net Zero Hydrogen Fund strand 1 and strand 2, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/net-zero-hydrogen-fund-strand-1-and-strand-2 130 UK Government (2022), British Energy Security Strategy, page 13, | 808e5b6f-3898-4f03-baa1-893c9dc22c09 | 0 | |
10556e48-7d71-4ea3-9ca0-5d81c512ecd7 | https://ec.europa.eu/environment/system/files/2021-11/COM_2021_706_1_EN_ACT_part1_v6.pdf | -1 | [
"Agriculture and forestry",
"Forestry",
"Non-energy use"
] | ec.europa.eu | 1.7. Management modes planned3
Direct management by the Commission
by its departments, including by its staff in the Union delegations
by the executive agencies
Shared management with the Member States
Indirect management by entrusting budget implementation tasks to
third countries or the bodies they have designated
international organisations and their agencies to be specified
the EIB and the European Investment Fund
bodies referred to in Articles 70 and 71 of the Financial Regulation
public law bodies
bodies governed by private law with a public service mission to the extent that
they are provided with adequate financial guarantees
bodies governed by the private law of a Member State that are entrusted with
the implementation of a public-private partnership and that are provided with
adequate financial guarantees
persons entrusted with the implementation of specific actions in the CFSP
pursuant to Title V of the TEU, and identified in the relevant basic act. If more than one management mode is indicated, please provide details in the Comments section. Comments
3
Details of management modes and references to the Financial Regulation may be found on the
BudgWeb site
httpsmyintracomm.ec.europa.eubudgwebENmanbudgmanagPagesbudgmanag.aspx
EN
66
EN
2. MANAGEMENT MEASURES
2.1. | fdc8afd5-2a2d-4946-a4da-be36ebf11749 | 82 |
1059e4ef-dad2-4ea9-8816-707f0972dc8f | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/united-kingdom-biennial-reports-br-br-3-national-communication-nc-nc-7_dabcc5bcde8c5a69cb06295558ac6b22.pdf | 2,017 | [
"climate",
"energy",
"emissions",
"change",
"government"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | For example, new work shows there is now greater confidence that partial irreversible loss of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has already begun and that East Antarctica and northeast Greenland are potentially more sensitive to climate change than first thought, which has implications for future sea level rise and associated impacts. Changes in the hydrological cycle as a consequence of climate and land use drivers are expected to play a central role in governing a vast range of environmental impacts. At the same time, predictions of water-related variables show very high uncertainty. The £10.1 million Changing Water Cycle programme is working to understand how local to regional scale hydrological and biogeochemical processes are responding and will respond to changing climate and land use, together with their consequent impacts on the sustainable use of soil and water. It will investigate the consequences of the changing water cycle for water-related natural hazards, including floods and droughts, improving prediction and mitigation of these hazards. 254 7th National Communication Weather extremes and climate Recent world-leading climate attribution research from the UK shows that the effects of climate change on some extreme weather and climate events can be detected with high confidence. The Met Office Hadley Centre has been contributing to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS) special report on event attribution since its inception five years ago. 7.3.5.2 Modelling and prediction, including general circulation models Climate modelling in the UK is led through the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme, funded by BEIS and Defra. This relationship ensures that the world leading modelling capability of the UK, feeds directly into UK Government and informs policy. Significant developments have been made in this area through the installation of a new supercomputer at the Met Office. This opens up the potential for more detailed and higher resolution climate models, which will provide more accurate information on climate variability and change to decision-makers and society. The latest collection of Met Office climate models (HadGEM3) shows many significant improvements relative to previous versions. This improved model is underpinning the latest generation of UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) as well as the UK Earth System model (UKESM), which will represent the UK contribution to the next coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP6) and the next IPCC Assessment Report (AR6). The UKESM project is a £9 million collaboration between the Met Office and NERC to develop, apply and analyse the next generation of UK Earth System models. The first version of UKESM (UKESM1) includes a full representation of the global carbon cycle, enabling investigation of allowable carbon emissions compatible with long-term global temperature goals of 1.5 and 2°C. It also includes an advanced treatment of atmospheric chemistry and aerosols, facilitating investigation of the co-benefits of mitigation policies on both climate change and air quality. UKESM1 will also contain interactive treatment of both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets in the future, allowing more realistic projections of future global and regional sea level rise. This model forms a toolkit to ensure that climate policy is built on the best available climate science In addition to UKESM, NERC is investing £5 million (with resources matched by the Met Office) in its ‘understanding and representing atmospheric convection across scales’ programme. This will build on developments in understanding of convection in recent years to significantly improve the parameterisation of convection within models, which remains a limitation. This will lead to substantial improvements in both the weather and climate models that are critical to society’s ability to reduce the impacts of hazardous weather and inform decisions regarding mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. The UK views the prediction of climate variability and change for the coming seasons to a decade ahead as a key area of climate science. In recent years the Met Office seasonal and decadal prediction systems have been substantially upgraded to a much higher resolution in both the atmosphere and the ocean, resulting in significantly improved skill. Key improvements include a new capability to predict the large-scale circulation in the North Atlantic region (the North Atlantic Oscillation), and hence European winter conditions, a season ahead using the Met Office seasonal forecasting system. This work has been extended to show that skilful prediction is now possible up to a year ahead, using the Met Office decadal
Chapter 7 – Research and Systematic Observation 255 prediction system. This opens up the possibility of potential boosts in climate services on monthly to sub-yearly timescales for a range of sectors including transport, energy and the Furthermore, skilful predictions of summer rainfall in other regions, that are sensitive to weather and climate variability, are now possible. This has been demonstrated in the Sahel, from months to years ahead. Predicting whether droughts will happen is a key goal of decadal climate predictions, and would enable early action to help prevent future humanitarian disasters. 7.3.5.3 Research on the impacts of climate change Impacts of a 1.5°C rise in global NERC, in conjunction with BEIS, is investing £1.2 million in projects which will provide evidence to the UK Committee on Climate Change and input to the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C. The projects will advance understanding through addressing linkages between the cumulative level of future net emissions and temperature increases in the 1.5°C to 2°C temperature range, feasibility of pathway options that limit warming to 1.5°C and their additional consequences, and the environmental impacts of a 1.5°C temperature rise compared The MOHC is involved in HELIX (High-End cLimate Impacts and eXtremes), a major international programme assessing the impacts of climate change at specific levels of global warming – 1.5°C, 2°C, 4°C and 6°C above pre-industrial levels. HELIX is revealing findings of considerable policy significance, for example that river flooding risks are projected to increase, with countries representing more than 70% of the world’s population and gross domestic product potentially seeing flood risks increase by over 500%. | c6207828-d0f1-4adb-9ed1-c6b8e81a528f | 107 |
105f2600-3fd3-44aa-8a93-d2e70b83e677 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_e2ed2f6c199088dc30a95fddf6e84c72.pdf | 2,023 | [
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
"energy",
"emission"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | Aerosol cooling occurs through aerosol –radiation, and, aerosol –cloud interactions. On the other hand, black carbon (BC) or soot, absorbs heat in the atmosphere leading to radiative forcing. | 70afacf8-8641-4466-819d-f4db8cad9d69 | 217 |
1061b260-82bc-45b5-be84-7ba90be1cb05 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_8122f7d823bf366105239091fb57ffd2.pdf | 2,023 | [
"data",
"energy",
"emissions",
"inventory",
"environment"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | The emissions are scaled according to the mean estimate of landfill emissions There are a couple of other specific distributions for F-gases and wastewater which reflect specific distributions we expect for those sources. UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 711 The Monte Carlo model contains a number of correlations. | 9ce0b96e-2800-424e-bffb-cd8ba36e0902 | 29 |
1062699f-0d22-47d6-9c75-06a5cdcef51e | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32023R0851 | 2,023 | [
"Transport",
"Light-duty vehicles",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch",
"Renewables"
] | eur-lex.europa.eu | (24)
OJ L 123, 12.5.2016, p. 1. ANNEX
Annex I to Regulation (EU)Â 2019/631 is amended as follows:
(1)
Part A is amended as follows:
(a)
in point 6.1, the heading is replaced by the following:
EU fleet-wide targets for 2025 onwards ;
(b)
in point 6.1.2, the heading is replaced by the following:
EU fleet-wide target for 2030 to 2034 ;
(c)
the following point is added:
6.1.3
EU fleet-wide target for 2035 onwards
EU fleet-wide target2035 = EU fleet-wide target2021 Î (1 reduction factor2035)
where:
EU fleet-wide target2021
is as defined in point 6.0;
reduction factor2035
is as defined in Article 1(5a), point (a). ;
(d)
in point 6.2, the heading is replaced by the following:
Specific emissions reference targets ;
(e)
point 6.2.2 is deleted;
(f)
point 6.3 is replaced by the following:
6.3
Specific emissions targets for 2025 onwards
6.3.1
Specific emissions targets for 2025 to 2029:
Specific emissions target = specific emissions reference target Î ZLEV factor
where:
specific emissions reference target
is the specific emissions reference target of CO2 determined in accordance with point 6.2.1;
ZLEV factor
is (1 + y x), unless this sum is larger than 1,05 or lower than 1,0 in which case the ZLEV factor shall be set to 1,05 or 1,0, as the case may be;
where:
y
is the share of zero- and low-emission vehicles in the manufacturer s fleet of new passenger cars calculated as the total number of new zero- and low-emission vehicles, where each of them is counted as ZLEVspecific in accordance with the following formula, divided by the total number of new passenger cars registered in the relevant calendar year:
ZLEVspecific = 1
For new passenger cars registered in Member States with a share of zero- and low-emission vehicles in their fleet below 60Â % of the Union average in the year 2017 and with less than 1Â 000 new zero- and low-emission vehicles registered in the year 2017Â (*1), ZLEVspecific shall, until and including 2029, be calculated in accordance with the following formula:
ZLEVspecific =
Where the share of zero- and low-emission vehicles in a Member State s fleet of new passenger cars registered in a year between 2025 and 2028 exceeds 5 %, that Member State shall not be eligible for the application of the multiplier of 1,85 in the subsequent years;
x
is 25Â % in the years 2025 to 2029. 6.3.2
Specific emissions targets for 2030 to 2034
Specific emissions target = EU fleet-wide target2030 + a2030 Î (TM-TM0)
where:
EU fleet-wide target2030
is as determined in accordance with point 6.1.2;
a2030
is
where:
a2021
is as defined in point 6.2.1
average emissions2021
is as defined in point 6.2.1
TM
is as defined in point 6.2.1
TM0
is as defined in point 6.2.1
6.3.3
Specific emissions targets for 2035 onwards
Specific emissions target = EU fleet-wide target2035 + a2035 Î (TM-TM0)
where:
EU fleet-wide target2035
is as determined in accordance with point 6.1.3;
a2035
is
where:
a2021
is as defined in point 6.2.1
average emissions2021
is as defined in point 6.2.1
TM
is as defined in point 6.2.1
TM0
is as defined in point 6.2.1. (*1) The share of zero- and low-emission vehicles in the new passenger car fleet of a Member State in 2017 is calculated as the total number of new zero- and low-emission vehicles registered in 2017 divided by the total number of new passenger cars registered in the same year. ;\"
(2)
Part B is amended as follows:
(a)
in point 6.1, the heading is replaced by the following:
EU fleet-wide targets for 2025 onwards ;
(b)
in point 6.1.2 the heading is replaced by the following:
EU fleet-wide targets for 2030 to 2034 ;
(c)
the following point is added:
6.1.3
EU fleet-wide targets for 2035 onwards
EU fleet-wide target2035 = EU fleet-wide target2021 Î (1 reduction factor2035)
where:
EU fleet-wide target2021
is as defined in point 6.0;
reduction factor2035
is as defined in Article 1(5a), point (b). ;
(d)
point 6.2.2 is replaced by the following:
6.2.2
Specific emissions reference targets for 2030 to 2034
Specific emissions reference target = EU fleet-wide target2030 + α Π(TM-TM0)
where:
EU fleet-wide target2030
is as determined in accordance with point 6.1.2;
α
is a2030 where the average test mass of a manufacturer s new light commercial vehicles is equal to or lower than TM0, and a2021 where the average test mass of a manufacturer s new light commercial vehicles is higher than TM0;
where:
a2030
is
a2021
is as defined in point 6.2.1
average emissions2021
is as defined in point 6.2.1
TM
is as defined in point 6.2.1
TM0
is as defined in point 6.2.1 ;
(e)
the following point is added:
6.2.3
Specific emissions reference targets for 2035 onwards
Specific emissions reference target = EU fleet-wide target2035 + α Π(TM-TM0)
where:
EU fleet-wide target2035
is as determined in accordance with point 6.1.3;
α
is a2035,L where the average test mass of a manufacturer s new light commercial vehicles is equal to or lower than TM0, and a2035,H where the average test mass of a manufacturer s new light commercial vehicles is higher than TM0;
where:
a2035,L
is
a2035,H
is
average emissions2021
is as defined in point 6.2.1
TM
is as defined in point 6.2.1
TM0
is as defined in point 6.2.1. | 8c61c8d0-fc6c-478d-9006-4918824d70a1 | 17 |
10696b80-b3a7-4914-b1ec-073e6f98e034 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ET/TXT/?uri=CELEX:51999PC0296 | 2,000 | [
"Buildings",
"Appliances",
"Energy efficiency"
] | eur-lex.europa.eu | 2. The Need for Energy Efficiency Requirements for Ballasts
The Commission under the SAVE programme has investigated energy efficiency improvements in the lighting sector as a priority area. A comprehensive study on \"Measures to Promote Energy Efficiency Lighting in the Commercial Sector in Europe\" (11), carried out for the European Commission, concluded that \"mandatory minimum efficiency standards are likely to produce the largest energy savings\" and that \"the production of performance standards, particularly for fluorescent lamp ballasts, appears from this study to be one of the most effective actions which the EC could take to reduce energy consumption for lighting in commercial buildings and is thus worth further consideration and development.\" Moreover the study indicated that \"actions which do not result in mandatory requirements are likely to be less effective\" and \"energy labelling would also provide additional information for the designer and specifier and if suitably promoted could lead to the use of more energy efficient lighting components. | 32052901-ad2a-47ed-b5cf-9f7be7d4370f | 27 |
106e85df-a94e-4c4c-aac6-90480ddcfc0f | https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/44778/documents/222390/default/ | 2,024 | [
"emissions",
"methane",
"nsta",
"data",
"eems"
] | parliament.uk | By email only Clerk to the Committee – House of Lords Environment and Climate Change Select Committee O"shore Petroleum Regulator for Environment & Decommissioning Department for Energy Security and Net Zero AB1 Building Crimon Place Aberdeen AB10 1BJ OPRED@energysecurity.gov.uk
Flare consent, regulated by the NSTA under the Energy Act 1976 and Petroleum Act 1998, limits the quantity of hydrocarbon to be flared. Please - NSTA Flaring and Venting Guidance (June 2023). OPRED regulates CO2 emissions from flaring under the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), including flare activity data (flow), which is independently verified. Total mass flow rate is measured and a gas composition applied to this measurement. Which is reported - Petroleum Production Reporting System (PPRS) - environmental Emissions Monitoring System (EEMS) - Manage your UK Emissions Trading Scheme reporting service (METS) Hydrocarbon mass of flared gas is submitted to the NSTA’s Petroleum Production Reporting System (PPRS) by operators. Methane is not directly measured but is determined indirectly from the hydrocarbon mass flow and using methane standard emission factors. Installations that fall under the UK ETS monitor and report Hydrocarbon sent to flare in OPRED’s ‘Manage Emissions Trading System (METS) which calculates the CO2 assuming 98% combusted leaving 2% methane. Hydrocarbon sent to flare is verified independently by the operator, to ETS verification regulations. Type Regulator Regulation What is measured, and reported How is methane measured and reported? EEMS database % methane O&G UKCS Venting NSTA regulates the vent consent which is based on total hydrocarbon to be vented and not directly on methane itself. Vent consent is regulated by the NSTA under the Energy Act 1976 and Petroleum Act 1998, limiting the quantity of hydrocarbons to be vented. Please NSTA Flaring and Venting Guidance (June 2023) Venting of hydrocarbons from production installations are not covered by regulations under OPRED’s remit, such as UK ETS and O]shore PPC. Energy Portal consents section - Hydrocarbons vented (including periods of unlit flares) are entered to NSTA’s PPRS by operators and into the Energy Portal consents section. Vent consent is based on reported hydrocarbon emissions to the NSTA PPRS database. Methane is not directly measured but is determined indirectly from the hydrocarbon mass flow and using methane standard emission factors. There is currently no verification of vented mass data in regulations. Methane slip (combustion plant) OPRED Permits approved under The O]shore Combustion Installations (Pollution Prevent and Control) Regulations 2013. Unburnt hydrocarbons (mostly methane) from fuel combustion ine]iciency in turbines, engines and heaters/boilers is calculated using standard emission factors. Two alternative methods may be used and entered into EEMS. Methane can be measured directly by exhaust stack testing or alternatively standard equipment specific emission factors can be used. Fugitives Not regulated No specific direct regulatory requirement for Methane. Emissions data entered into EEMS voluntarily In the absence of data from a verified system EEMS provides default emission factors for operators to estimate fugitive emissions from process plant and pipework. Oil Tanker Loading Not regulated No specific direct regulatory requirement for Methane. Emissions data entered into EEMS voluntarily. Volumes of oil reported into PPRS PPRS data on oil loading volumes is used in conjunction with EEMs for NAEI reporting. ~1%
Type Regulator Regulation What is measured, and reported How is methane measured and reported? EEMS database % methane O&G UKCS Mobile Drilling Units NSTA issue consents Flare and Vent consents regulated by NSTA Well activity consents regulated by NSTA. Volumes of flared gas entered into NSTA’s PPRS. Emissions data entered into EEMS In the absence of data from a verified system, EEMS provides default emission factors for operators to use for drilling opera<ons. Decommissioning at cessation of production – flaring and venting OPRED Flaring and Venting of hydrocarbons approved by OPRED under the Energy Act 1976. Methane emissions are not included in Decommissioning Plans. Methane emissions are not reported post Cessation of Production. Not reported into EEMS Gas release HSE regulate release Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) Safety perspective HSE Currently no mechanism for reporting Could only report an o]ence under OPPC to OPRED if it was condensate that went to sea. Further information Both OPRED and NSTA sit on the working group of ONshore Energies UK Methane Action Plan, which provides a framework for industry to reduce methane emissions from their assets on the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS). In addition, there are other organisations and stakeholders that OPRED and the NSTA engage with in pursuit of continuous improvement in measurement, monitoring, reporting and verification (MMRV) techniques within the sector. UK Emissions Trading Scheme scope expansion In July 2023, the ETS Authority announced that expanding UK ETS coverage to the upstream oil and gas sector could provide an additional driver for methane emission reduction. The Authority are reviewing this policy and will consult in due course. The expansion of UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) scope to include methane from the upstream oil and gas sector is being considered by DESNZ. The method of its inclusion is still to be determined. OPRED is supporting the wider DESNZ ETS team’s policy development concerning methane emissions from the upstream oil and gas sector, in the context of the UK Emissions Trading Scheme. Systems for reporting emissions The Environmental and Emissions Monitoring System (EEMS) Emissions are reported by ONshore Oil & Gas Operators to the Environmental and Emissions Monitoring System (EEMS). EEMS is the environmental database of the UK upstream oil and gas industry that records data relating to emissions and discharges from upstream oil and gas installations. This includes the permitted oNshore production installations and mobile drilling units. The system is maintained by OPRED (DESNZ) and is only accessible to oNshore oil and gas operators. However, the data reported is utilised by various bodies, including OEUK and the NSTA. It is also used to feed into the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory. | fd7a5b82-edc3-4542-b8ea-655a01e8098a | 0 |
10706cb9-3b52-4ece-909c-90d6d6f423ee | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.19145v1 | 2,025 | [
"Climate change",
"ocean temperature",
"sea level",
"monsoon",
"ocean productivity",
"Global Climate Models",
"SSP",
"CMIP",
"bias correction",
"deep learning",
"UNet",
"LSTM",
"ConvLSTM",
"linear regression",
"EDCDF",
"Bay of Bengal",
"SST",
"CNRM-CM6",
"ORAS5",
"RMSE",
"data-driven",
"climate projections",
"statistical correction",
"model validation",
"hyperparameter tuning",
"2021-2024",
"climatology removal",
"statistical technique"
] | arxiv.org | 4.3. Baseline Models
Linear Regression As a simple baseline, we develop a linear regression model. We implemented a pixel-wise linear regression, training for each individual pixel of the ocean field. Linear regression takes the flattened vector of the ocean field as input and predicts the corrected field for that specific pixel location. Global Climate Model Bias Correction Using Deep Learning 11
Figure 3. Schematic of the ConvLSTM architecture for bias correction of CNRM CM6. EDCDF Statistical Method The Equi Distant Cumulative Density Function (EDCDF) method is a statistical bias correction method popularly used for correcting climate model projections. EDCDF corrects the projections of the model by comparing the output of the model with observations in the historical period. This allows for bias correction of the CMIP6 fields by using the resulting CDFs to correct discrepancies between the model and observations. The bias-corrected CMIP6 field can be expressed as follows. x m−p ~~a~~ djusted = x m−p + F o [−] − c [[] [F] [m][−][p] [(] [x] [m][−][p] [)]] [ −] [F] m [ −] − c [[] [F] [m][−][p] [(] [x] [m][−][p] [)]] [,]
where x m−p ~~a~~ djusted represents the bias-corrected results, x m−p denotes the raw model projections, Fm−p is the CDF of the CMIP6 model simulations min the projection period p, F o [−] − c [and] [ F] m [ −] − c [stands for the corresponding quantile functions for observations] [ o] [ and] model simulations min the historical training period c, respectively. The EDCDFmethod assumes that the statistical relationship between observations and GCM projections during the training period remains valid for future projections at a given percentile. Its application to the CNRM-CM6 SST correction results in relatively higher RMSE, as shown in the results. 5. Results and Analysis
We trained our UNet architecture and all other architecture choices and present significant results here. First, we compare the RMSE for the test years of SST in the Bay of Bengal in Section 5.1, followed by a long-term analysis of the trend of SST in Section 5.2. Next, we show the monthly projections of CNRM-CM6 and the corresponding corrected projections in Section 5.3. 5.1. Comparison of models in test period
The RMSE of SST projections in the Bay of Bengal for the test years is shown in Table 1. The raw CNRM-CM6 climate model shows the highest RMSE values. The RMSE comparison across different GCM correction methods reveals UNet’s superior performance in all tested scenarios. UNet consistently achieves the lowest Global Climate Model Bias Correction Using Deep Learning 12
RMSE values, ranging from 0.4920 for SSP5 to 0.5018 for SSP1, indicating more accurate temperature predictions than other methods. Linear regression shows considerably higher RMSE values than EDCDF, highlighting the limitations of simple statistical approaches for complex climate patterns. BiLSTM and ConvLSTM demonstrate comparable error metrics, but fall short of UNet’s accuracy. These quantitative results provide strong evidence that UNet offers the most reliable approach to correcting climate model errors in the Bay of Bengal region. | 408440dc-8f25-4c57-8224-8ea03f731dce | 11 |
10734aea-7f6e-492e-af90-bf3e369f12dd | https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/areas-of-natural-constraint-regulations-northern-ireland-2018-sr-no-18-of-2018-lex-faoc176144/?type=legislation&xsubjects=Mineral+resources&page=387 | 2,018 | [
"energy",
"development",
"article",
"management",
"protection",
"water",
"measure",
"environment",
"consist",
"resource"
] | ecolex.org | These Regulations provide a domestic legal framework for the implementation of Article 31(5) of Regulation (EU) No. 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and specifically the payment of an ANC allowance. An ANC allowance is a payment made by the Department Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs under Article 31(5) of the EU Regulation and in accordance with Measure 13 as described in the Northern Ireland Rural Development Programme 2014 - 2020. he Regulations define the conditions of eligibility for an ANC allowance and the rate at which it is to be paid. | 3463285e-0f13-4ee1-81a7-e1b039c666ce | 0 |
1075daea-eac6-47a0-9d31-1189866d260e | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2024/united-kingdom-biennial-transparency-report-btr1_0e77f9e4d928e6e9d64ea26cd95945e1.pdf | 2,024 | [
"climate",
"change",
"emissions",
"energy",
"government"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | The Institute for 259 Commonwealth Park 260 Sustainability and Climate Change Strategy
Apprenticeships and Technical Education (IfATE) has worked with employers to identify over 200 occupations which directly support the green economy. • Green Jobs delivery The Green Jobs Delivery Group was the central forum for driving forwards action on green jobs and skills across government and industry. Led by ministers and business leaders, it worked to ensure workers were supported with the transition to a green economy. Through a series of deep dives, the Green Jobs Delivery Group was identifying occupations to target key skills programmes towards green sectors and • Climate literacy across More generally, there now exists a training offer available to all civil servants, expanded training for Fast Streamers, and embedded climate and environment objectives within the cross-cutting policy objectives and responsibilities in the Civil Service policy 2.11.11.2 Northern Ireland Executive The Department for the Economy (DfE) published the Northern Ireland Executive’s energy strategy ‘The Path to Net Zero Energy261’ December 2021, which set out the roadmap to 2030 aiming to deliver a 56% reduction in energy-related emissions, while on the pathway to net zero by 2050. To drive the strategy forward DfE will publish annual Energy Strategy Action Plans, the first of which was published January 2022262 and set out a range of new initiatives such as a hydrogen centre of excellence and an energy skills audit leading to a Green Skills Action plan. The Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) have been leading on the development of the Northern Ireland Executive’s Green Growth Strategy. The Strategy is the Northern Ireland Executive’s multi-decade strategy, balancing climate, environment and the economy in Northern Ireland. After extensive engagement with organisations and individuals, the draft Green Growth strategy consultation opened in October 2021263, with the department hosting online public consultation sessions. Responses to the consultation have been analysed and, alongside the Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022, will inform the update of Skill Up is a flexible skills programme that offers a range of free training opportunities to support upskilling and reskilling, which was launched in August 2021. Funding was initially announced by DfE and the Northern Ireland Office (NIO) for a 3-year period, to deliver up to 10,000 training places per year in accredited qualifications. 261 Northern Energy Strategy Path to Net Zero Energy 262 Northern Energy Strategy Action Plan 263 Northern Consultation on Green Growth Strategy
Scotland’s National Strategy for Economic Transformation264 sets out the priorities for Scotland’s economy and shows that a skilled population is fundamental to business productivity and economic prosperity. In addition, Scotland’s Purpose and Principles265 sets out the framework for decision making for post-school education, skills and research to ensure that the system is fit for the future, delivering the best outcomes for learners, employers and public investment. Significant work is progressing to reform the Scottish education and skills system so that it is more responsive to our economic, social, and environmental needs and ambitions, and the Scottish Government will continue to invest in that system and the infrastructure that supports it, including for example, schools, colleges, universities, apprenticeships and our Innovation Centres, to enable the transition The Scottish Government’s Climate Emergency Skills Action Plan266 (2020-2025) provided an initial framework and springboard for skills planning, development and investment across sectors of the economy known to be crucial to achieving net zero. Scotland continues to build on these strong foundations for example, through the Green Industrial Strategy267 identifies areas of strength and opportunity for Scotland to grow globally competitive industries in the transition to net zero and outlines what government and partners will do to support stakeholders to create an enabling environment for investment and growth.In addition, Scotland’s Curriculum for Excellence incorporates an emphasis on the cross-cutting theme of Learning for Sustainability – a term that brings together sustainable development education, global citizenship and outdoor learning. A refreshed and strengthened Learning for Sustainability Action Plan was published in 2023 setting a vision (Target 2030) that by the end of this decade all 3-18 education settings will be sustainable education The Curriculum for Wales, which commenced roll-out in 2022, represents the biggest change to what and how learners learn in Wales since devolution. This transformational new approach has been built by teachers and experts to prepare our learners for a changing world. One of its four purposes is to develop our young people as ethical, informed citizens, ready to be active citizens of Wales and the world, with building understanding of climate change and sustainability mandatory. 264 National Strategy for Economic Transformation 265 Purpose and Principles 266 Climate Emergency Skills Action Plan 267 Green Industrial Strategy
In Wales, 90% of schools across every local authority take part in the Eco-Schools programme.268 This equates to more than 400,000 pupils – one of the highest participation rates in the world. The Welsh Government funds 100% of training costs for apprentices of any age with businesses of any size. Recipients follow an approved Welsh Apprenticeship Framework such as Energy, Engineering or Construction and must be working in Wales for 51% or more of their time. There is an employer incentive to recruit disabled apprentices as well as Supported Shared Apprenticeships. Green Personal Learning Accounts provide adults in employment in Wales with a fully funded option to study part-time at an Further Education (FE) college/with a training provider partner to up- and re-skill for the green economy including in energy, construction, engineering and manufacturing. Courses approved under this scheme are determined by an expert panel including employers to ensure a targeted approach to meeting industry demand for skills. The Welsh Government has operated a Flexible Skills Programme (FSP) since 2016. The FSP is a training grant, available to all employers in Wales, that wish to purchase training courses to meet upskilling objectives and potentially create and fill more green jobs. The Welsh Government will contribute 50% towards the training costs. | 2ae0b548-ef04-451f-aba3-617d0f3c41f8 | 198 |
107ad851-2f07-42f0-82a7-2466618f406b | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.07574v1 | 2,024 | [
"environmental",
"economic",
"nations",
"climate",
"international"
] | arxiv.org | On the other hand, many environmentally friendly rules and regulations around the world, such as the Clean Air Act in the United States or the European Union's Emissions Trading System, have been prompted by activists highlighting the detrimental environmental effects of unbridled industrial development justified solely on economic grounds. This suggests that in order to promote more rapid and effective actions to limit future environmental damage, a greater influence should be assigned more broadly to civil society and the verified data analysis of scientists working out with the funding and influence of governments and industry. This could act as a check on the economically driven decisions promoted by political leaders and parties, provided it can be achieved without causing civil unrest, anarchy, and negative impacts on economic development. The success of the "Fridays for Future" movement in mobilizing millions of young people worldwide to demand climate action exemplifies the power of activism [6]. However, activists often face challenges in the form of opposition from powerful industries, established political hierarchies, and scepticism from the public. Environmental activism in many nations is currently linked to organizations expressing extreme political views, which makes the public suspicious of their long-term political objectives. Nevertheless, bottom-up actions and demands, given an appropriate voice and influence, can help balance top-down decisions myopically clouded by a focus unjustifiably skewed towards economic vested interests. To achieve a paradigm shift that promotes bottom-up, climate-change mitigation activism and representation while avoiding political extremism, widespread public support around the world is needed. This should focus on balancing the requirements for prompt environmentally friendly actions with investments targeting more sustainable economic development and growth. Specific mechanisms or strategies that could be employed to achieve this include policy changes, such as implementing carbon pricing; institutional reforms that broaden the scope and strengthen the powers of environmental agencies; and the formation and support of civil society organizations dedicated to environmental sustainability. While these strategies have the potential to bring about positive change, they may also face resistance from entrenched interests and require careful negotiation to avoid unintended consequences. Unfortunately, there is temporal heterogeneity in political decision-making. The consequences of political decisions tend to emerge on different time scales. For example, economic consequences often materialize in the short or medium term following a political decision. On the other hand, the consequences of environmental and social-welfare-directed political decisions typically emerge in the long run. The delayed response to the ozone depletion crisis in the 1980s illustrates the negative impact of short-term thinking on environmental efforts [7]. To foster a more long-term perspective among decision-makers, it is crucial to prioritize education and awareness about the importance of sustainability and environmental stewardship. The prevailing commercial systems depend on consumerism to maintain economic growth at a stable pace. Almost everyone is part of the commercial consumption process. It is not possible to change behaviours easily because our interests are, in the short term, served by those consumptions. Consequently, we are all contributing at some level to preserving the business-as-usual status quo. The fashion industry's impact on water pollution and natural resource depletion exemplifies the link between consumerism and environmental problems [8]. Potential strategies for encouraging more sustainable consumption habits include promoting circular economy principles and raising consumer awareness about the environmental impacts of their purchasing choices. From another perspective, the global environmental crisis presents an opportunity to refocus humanity on a sustainable future and reconnect individuals with their environments. Crises can and often do, ultimately ignite revolutions in attitudes, life styles and individual/group aspirations as well as political objectives [9]. The global environmental crisis is a compelling reason to shift the current paradigm that is endangering life on Earth. Like political revolutions, civil society needs to replace the dominant and myopic economic-political preferences of most nations with politics striving for sustainable growth. Such a shift should help promote a high quality of human life and preserve ecosystems for future generations. However, achieving such a shift will not be easy due to the existing vested interests that represent formidable obstacles. To overcome these challenges, individuals, governments, and organizations must collaborate and pursue innovative solutions that promote sustainable consumption and production patterns. Public education and awareness campaigns can play a critical role in fostering a culture of sustainability and environmental responsibility. Additionally, governments can create incentives for businesses to adopt greener practices and invest in clean technologies. Political systems and their relationship with sustainability have faced criticism due to the complex nature of balancing various interests and the long-term consequences of policy decisions. Major challenges related to sustainability and political systems include addressing the negative impacts of climate change, fostering sustainable development, and managing the trade-offs between short-term gains and long-term environmental and social goals. In his book titled "Sustainability," Portney investigates the concept of sustainability, focusing on urban sustainability programs, and analyzes a range of case studies through qualitative and quantitative methodologies [10]. To tackle unsustainability social movement is crucial which is represented in a political context as democracy. Interestingly, Chapman et al. showed that civil interpretation of social complexity and understanding of democracy complexity significantly affect how they demand and support democracy [11]. So experiencing democracy in the real world increases the possibility of demanding democracy and governmental responsibility (e.g. transparency) [12]. Although regime type influences democracy and demand for it at the individual level, it has been proved that individual activities and support for democracy are important predictors of the democratization of society regardless of regime type [11]. Cities represent the largest part of society where climate change clearly displays its negative consequences. For instance, climate change-induced extreme weather events and sea-level rise is likely to result in mass migrations from many low-lying coastal cities (although in most cases such Hurricane Katrina migrations were just temporary, still uncertainties are existing). Additionally, increased healthcare costs can be attributed to urban air pollution, which exacerbates respiratory and cardiovascular diseases [13]. | 531fd09a-a1cd-4afb-b5ab-b1e135209504 | 2 |
1083925d-77b2-4d96-8cff-726a9dedc85c | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/united-kingdom-biennial-report-br-br-4_3ed9930a9ceb3d956a389f73b35d0ba4.pdf | 2,021 | [
"climate",
"energy",
"committed",
"emissions",
"grant"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | The regulation translates a fleet average CO2 tailpipe emissions target for new vehicles sold in the EU market into specific targets for individual manufacturers according to the mass of their fleet. Heavy fines are imposed for non-compliance. | 025a518f-ffd4-4f95-b5a2-b6052b167c0d | 81 |
109669df-5506-4a9c-ba73-cc43db37611f | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ%3AL_202401781 | 2,024 | [
"General",
"Energy efficiency",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Non-energy use",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch",
"Renewables"
] | eur-lex.europa.eu | 5. Software or firmware updates shall not lead to the worsening of product performance beyond acceptable margins
specified in the applicable delegated acts adopted pursuant to Article 4 in relation to any of the product parameters
regulated in those delegated acts or the functional performance from the perspective of the user when measured with the
test method used for the conformity assessment, except where the customer explicitly consents prior to the update to such
worsening of performance. No change shall occur as a result of rejecting the update. | a753c674-997e-439a-b7e9-1f2dc3546402 | 85 |
1098954f-a02e-45a5-a9d3-fd243feec3e6 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.01270v2 | 2,020 | [
"climate",
"corn",
"ontario",
"change",
"county"
] | arxiv.org | This was clearly unreasonable, since the influence of climate change on corn yield is subtle and most of the increase that we witness over the past decades in the historical data is due to technological advances and more efficient methods of farming. • For any year i ∈ 1, 49 in the future, given a climate path under a chosen climate scenario of +W °C (W ∈ 0, 4 ), the yield for the city j is defined is given in Formula 6. Y j i = C j 0 + C j 2 × H j i (6) While Formula 6 may seem simplistic, modeling the corn yield as a linear function of CHU is often used in agronomic studies, particularly in the context of climate change. This is for example the case in the reports from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) about climate change scenarios for agriculture 5 . Our purpose in this study is to measure the influence of climate change only. We therefore assume that the technology will not improve after 2019 and thus we removed the term that contained the technology trend C j 1 in Formula ( 6). This is of course a simplification. Indeed, while the corn yield will necessarily tend to plateau in the future because the big technological changes in agriculture, like the advent of pesticides, fertilizers and machines, are in the past, it is very conceivable that technological advances will still drive a large increase of farms efficiency for many years. The coefficients C j 0 and C j 2 are those that were computed for a given city j by fitting Formula (5) to the historical county level corn yield data provided in Annex B. Since C j 0 and C j 2 are now known, we can now compute the corn yield for all the dates i in the future. After computing a climate path under a given climate change scenario, the CHU H j i is obtained by using Formula (4) and we compute Y j i by applying Formula (6). We now have successfully created corn yield paths from our temperature and rainfall paths under a given climate change scenario. Given one of our ten cities in Ontario and a warming factor W , we now wonder how many climate paths are needed in order to obtain stable and reproducible results. More precisely, we need a stable and reproducible distribution of the simulated corn yield for each year between 2020 and 2069. In our framework, we have limited ourselves to 1500 climate paths for one realization of the model. This is mostly due to hardware limitations in our computations but this number of paths is enough for our purposes and we now demonstrate that fact by studying four independent realizations of the model for a given city j ∈ 1, 10 and a given scenario W ∈ 0, 4 . We decided to work with generalized extreme value distributions (GEV). We initially considered fitting our simulated data to a Gaussian distribution for simplicity, however even though the log-likelihood of a Gaussian fit was of the same order of magnitude as the one obtained for a GEV fit, the versatility of this latter type of densities and its ability to fit data with heavy shifting skew and fat tails, as this is often needed to describe the distribution of the corn yield, made us decide to abandon a normal approach. The probability density function P si of a GEV is provided in Equation ( 7). Parameter µ is the mean, σ is the scale and k is the shape. We assume
For each of our ten cities and for each of the 49 years of the simulation at the 2068 horizon, we look at the evolution of those three coefficients and the reproducibility of the results over four distinct realizations of our model, consisting of 1500 climate paths each. x -µ σ
For each year of the simulation from 2020 to 2068, for each city and for each of the four realizations of 1500 corn yield paths, we fit a GEV distribution to our simulated data constituted of 1500 points. We obtain four sets of three coefficients (k, σ, µ) each year for each city. We compute the coefficient of variation, defined as the quotient of the standard deviation by the mean and expressed in percentage, of the four values at hand for each of the three coefficients. We finally take the average of the 49 coefficients of variation over the whole simulation and obtain a measure of the stability of the GEV fit for the corn yield over the four independent realization of the model. The results are presented in Table 4 and they are excellent for each of the ten cities in Ontario. The average variability of the mean of the distribution of corn yield fitted to a GEV density is very small, between one hundredth and one thousandth of a percent. The mean of the yield is the most important parameter from the point of view of farm income. The average variability of the shape and scale of the fitted GEV is always below 10%, which is remarkable given the natural unpredictability of agricultural yields and weather patterns. This underlines the quality of the simulated weather paths and climate scenarios within our framework. Given that the four realizations lead to stable fits of a GEV density to the simulated yield paths, we are confident that limiting ourselves to 1500 paths per realization was indeed valid approach. In the following of this study, we will therefore consider only one realization constituted of 1500 yield paths in order to study the impact of our five climate scenarios on the income of corn farms in Ontario. | 61be96dd-c9e1-48b9-a2a7-bcbb29555862 | 4 |
109974bc-8bbb-4f50-82d8-81475f98e1d0 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_8122f7d823bf366105239091fb57ffd2.pdf | 2,023 | [
"data",
"energy",
"emissions",
"inventory",
"environment"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | Information in the database includes location, capacity, feedstock (inputs) types and feedstock quantities in five manure, crops, crop wastes, food and other. Although co-digestion of two or more feedstocks is commonly practiced, for the purpose of the emission calculations each is treated individually. | 9ce0b96e-2800-424e-bffb-cd8ba36e0902 | 252 |
109ee88d-b979-4910-a7f0-98fa4bf81b03 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/UK%20NDC%20ICTU%202022.pdf | 2,022 | [
"climate",
"emissions",
"zero",
"strategy",
"change"
] | unfccc.int | c How paragraphs 31(c) and (d) The UK’s NDC includes all IPCC sectors and GHGs covered by the UK’s current reporting obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereafter referred to as “the Convention”) and the Kyoto Protocol. Territorial scope of the UK’s NDC The NDC for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the UK’s NDC”) encompasses emissions and removals from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It also includes emissions and removals from the UK Crown Dependency of the Bailiwick of
UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Jersey and the Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, following the extension to them of the UK’s ratification of the Paris Agreement (and hence the territorial scope of the UK’s NDC). Extension of the UK ratification of the Paris Agreement to the Crown Dependencies of the Bailiwick of Guernsey and to the Isle of Man is in progress and expected to be completed shortly. The UK Government (here on referred to as “His Majesty’s (HM) Government”) is consulting with other UK Overseas Territories on extension to them of the UK’s ratification of In the UK GHG Inventory submission to the UNFCCC, the UK reports emissions on behalf of the Crown Dependencies (Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man) and the Overseas Territories (Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar) which are covered by the UK’s ratification of the Convention. Collectively, emissions from these Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories currently constitute approximately 1% of total UK emissions 8. International Aviation and Shipping emissions Emissions from International Aviation and Shipping are not included in the scope of this NDC, in line with advice from the Climate Change Committee (CCC), the UK’s independent advisors. The UK currently reports these emissions as a memo item in the UK’s GHG Inventory,9 and is supportive of efforts to reduce these emissions through action under the International Civil Aviation Organisation and the International Maritime Organisation. 8 Under the UK’s Climate Change Act the scope of emissions covered is limited to those emitted in the UK and UK coastal waters. Therefore, emissions from UK Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories are not included in UK carbon budgets. 9 UK National Inventory Submission 2022: Common Reporting Format (CRF) (Convention) tables
UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 d Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as indigenous peoples, in a gender- Domestic institutional arrangements The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a Party to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. The UK’s NDC represents a single, economy-wide emissions reduction target for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and for those Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories that the Paris Agreement has been extended to (See section 3c). The UK employs a range of institutional structures – at national, sub- national and local level - to enable economy-wide emissions mitigation, as well as numerous policies and measures to underpin delivery. The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) is responsible for the strategic oversight of the UK’s international climate and energy policy, and for HM
UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Government’s domestic climate and energy policy. The Devolved Administrations10 in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories have control over certain policy areas to deliver emissions reductions, while HM Government retains control over a number of other policy areas. The approach taken by each government will differ, drawing on the range of powers at their disposal. The legally binding Climate Change Act 2008 sets a framework for the UK to reduce GHG emissions and build capacity to adapt and strengthen resilience to climate risks11. The Act originally committed the UK to cut its emissions by at least 80% below the 1990 baseline level by 205012. On 27 June 2019, this target was amended, committing the UK to a legally- binding target of net zero emissions by 2050, set on a whole-economy basis. The Climate Change Act introduced carbon budgets for the UK, which cap emissions over successive five-year periods and must be set 12 years in advance. The first six carbon budgets cover the period from 2008-37. The Act also established the Climate Change Committee (CCC) – the independent statutory body that advises HM Government and Devolved Administrations on climate change mitigation and adaptation, including emissions reduction targets. When providing advice, the CCC considers a wide range of factors including the UK’s international obligations under the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC. As climate change policy is devolved, the Devolved Administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own statutory emissions reduction targets. The Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories are also responsible for setting their own emission 10 The Devolved Administrations refers to the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive. 11 The UK’s Adaptation Communication provides further detail on UK domestic and international adaptation ambition and action. 12 UK Climate Change Act (2008)
UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 reduction targets. HM Government and the Devolved Administrations have established governance arrangements at ministerial and official level to co-ordinate the approach to meeting net zero. HM Government will work on delivery of the UK NDC with the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories that have had the Paris Agreement extended to Scotland has its own distinct framework of statutory climate change targets, set under the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 200913 and amended by the Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 201914. This legislation includes targets for Scotland to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045, and interim targets of 75% and 90% reductions in emissions by 2030 and 2040 respectively, relative to a 1990-95 baseline. | 4443af15-77c6-4c72-a521-39beafc69452 | 1 |
109f9e16-75be-4e08-ac87-1c1acc6ffbc9 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.08135v2 | 2,023 | [
"models",
"climate",
"capital",
"model",
"energy"
] | arxiv.org | Anthropogenic climate change is one of the major global challenges we face as a society today, with widespread environmental, social and economic effects (IPCC, 2022). To assess the economic impact of climate change and develop economic policies, economists have developed Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) that link economic dynamics with environmental aspects. These models are central in assessments of climate change mitigation strategies and their implications (e.g. see IPCC, 2018). However, existing models have been subject to strong critique. Agent-based Models have recently come to the fore as an alternative framework for macroeconomic modelling, as well as environment-energyeconomics modeling (Balint et al., 2017;Ciarli & Savona, 2019;Lamperti, Mandel, et al., 2019). In this paper, I analyze four Agent-based Integrated Assessment models (ABIAMs) and how they respond to the critiques of the currently mainstream equilibrium-based IAMs. Previous reviews of the application of complexity economics and agent-based modeling to climate issues (e.g. Balint et al., 2017;Castro et al., 2020;Lamperti, Mandel, et al., 2019) have focused on the general benefits of these approaches, but there has been no systematic comparison of existing ABIAM models. 1For the purposes of this paper, we consider an IAM to be a model with endogenous and linked climate and economic modules. 2 The majority of the IAMs meeting this criteria consider a first-best economic system grounded in equilibrium (general or partial) and perfect foresight (Forster et al., 2018;Keppo et al., 2021). 3 It is these models that have faced strong critique for their grounding in equilibrium, foresight and optimization by representative agents in the macroeconomic modules underlying IAM (see Ackerman, DeCanio, Howarth, & Sheeran, 2009;Farmer, Hepburn, Mealy, & Teytelboym, 2015;Pindyck, 2013Pindyck, , 2017;;Revesz et al., 2014;Stern, 2013Stern, , 2016;;Weitzman, 2013). A recent review by Krey et al. (2019) considers several distinct areas of critique: (a) the absence of heterogeneity of actors and within groups of actors, which is key to societal transitions due to social processes emerging from interactions and coordination (e.g. lifestyle change, political actions). The absence of heterogeneity also strongly limits the analysis of distributional effects despite their importance (Diffenbaugh & Burke, 2019). (b) Technology and its diffusion is misrepresented either by being exogenous, or, when endogenous, being too optimistic (or pessimistic) in advances and diffusion (see Gambhir, Butnar, Li, Smith, & Strachan, 2019;Mercure et al., 2019). (c) A lacking representation of the financial system, though it faces large risks (e.g. see Monasterolo, 2020;Monasterolo, Roventini, & Foxon, 2019) and at the same time may be a driving force in the green transition (see Caldecott, 2018;Campiglio et al., 2018). (d) Energy-economy feedbacks are not fully represented, with missing energy system, material and economy linkages (Pauliuk, Arvesen, Stadler, & Hertwich, 2017) and an unrealistic decoupling of economic growth from energy usage or emissions (Nieto, Carpintero, Miguel, & de Blas, 2020). Adding to this list, IAMs, in particular those based on Nordhaus (1992), are frequently criticised for their "adhoc" (Lamperti et al., 2018) representation of damages from increases in the temperature anomaly over pre-industrial levels, thus underestimating the costs of climate change and the benefits to a low-carbon economy (Pindyck, 2017;Stern, 2016). In these models, the gradual deterministic reactions to mean surface temperatures omit the emergence of tipping-points, rare events, increasing variability and de-creasing predictability of climate conditions (Wright & Erickson, 2003). The accumulation of concerns and critiques suggests that it might be beneficial to consider alternative frameworks for representing the economy and the environment-economy feedbacks. Agent-based Integrated Assessment models aim to provide an alternative methodology for modeling the interactions of the socioeconomic system with the biosphere. Interest in the application of Agent-based Modelling to the climate-economy-energy nexus dates back to Moss (2002); Moss, Pahl-Wostl, and Downing (2001), who argued that it can serve as a well validated description of social and natural systems. The actual applications of Agent-based Models to the environment-energy-economy nexus has recently been reviewed in Balint et al. (2017) and Castro et al. (2020), and includes topics such as carbon and electricity markets, technology diffusion models, and coalition formation. Agent-based Models represent complex adaptive systems (see Hommes & LeBaron, 2018;Kirman & Gallegati, 2022;LeBaron & Tesfatsion, 2008). Specifically, they comprise a set of heterogeneous agents that interact, adapt and evolve over the course of time according to explicit market protocols. The macroand meso features of the model are then obtained by aggregation over the set of all individual agents. The interactions give rise to emergent phenomena, such as endogenous crises and oscillations, and can serve as tools to understand out-of-equilibrium dynamics. The agent-based methodology has already been successfully applied in macroeconomic analysis (see Dawid & Delli Gatti, 2018, for a detailed review). In relation to the biosphere-economy interaction, ABIAMs offer several distinct advantages such as the built in heterogeneity, a more granular endogenous innovation and diffusion process, a granular representation of the financial system, and agent-specific damage functions. Their modularity and detail of agent-based models also allows for a closer interaction with stakeholders, such as policymakers. The paper proceeds as follows: Section 2 briefly presents the models under consideration and their macroeconomic backbones, Sections 3 and 4 compare the energy, resource and climate modules of these ABIAMs. In light of this structure, in Section 5 I consider the policy studies and recommendations that these models have been used for. Finally, in Section 6 I consider several next steps in the ABIAM research stream. Tables 1-4 in the Appendix give a detailed comparison of the different models in the spirit of Dawid and Delli Gatti (2018), with extensions for the energy (Table 2) and climate (Table 3) modules. These tables may serve as a reference point for the current state of the models going forward. | ebaee7de-b1ce-481b-a62c-f6a028ee20fb | 0 |
10a0a5d6-5712-415b-b1b4-e7e888e5731a | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.13200v1 | 2,023 | [
"climate",
"jump",
"model",
"uncertainty",
"capital"
] | arxiv.org | We first illustrate the algorithm on a generic HJB equation for V pxq:
´δV pxq `sup αPA tL α V pxq `f px, αqu " 0, where x and α denote the state and control variables, A is the control space, the differential operator L α is the infinitesimal generator of the controlled state process X α , f is the utility function and δ is the discount factor. DGM-PIA solves for the value function V and the optimal control α simultaneously by parameterizing both as deep neural networks V θ and α φ . Then, the networks are trained by taking alternating stochastic gradient descent steps for the two functions. Let α φ 0 (as a function of x) be the initial control parameterized by the neural net, at stage n, the algorithm contains two steps:
Step 1. Find a solution to the linear PDE ´δV θn pxq `Lα φn V θn pxq `f px, α φn pxqq " 0, for the fixed control α φn , by updating θ n via minimizing
Step 2. Update the policy corresponding to
for the fixed value function V θn , by update φ n`1 via minimizing
where νpxq is a probability measure on the domain Ω of x characterizing the different regions' relative importance. In our problem, depending on the setting we are solving, the state processes could contain plog K, R, Y t , log κ, log N t q, the control variables could contain pi d , i g , i κ , g j , f m , hq. In addition, in order to keep the value function's monotonicity with respect to γ m 3 , we take γ m 3 as an input or "pseudo-state" of the parameterized neural network. We next present and discuss the numerical model solution results, which are derived using the numerical algorithm outlined above. Before getting into the results, we briefly outline a few details for completeness regarding model assumptions, functional forms, and parameter values. After presenting and discussing the numerical results, we discuss details about how we validate our neural-network-based solutions. First, for tractability we consider the case of independent Brownian shocks, i.e.,
Second, we use the following functional forms for our jump arrival rates. For the technology change jump, we assume an arrival rate that is proportional to the knowledge stock: I g pκq " κ{ϱ. The parameter ϱ scales the knowledge capital stock variable to change the units into arrival rate units, and is chosen based on expected green policy implementation timelines proposed by various countries. Section 6.2 provides further details about the choice of this parameter value. The damage jump intensity I d pyq follows the arrival rate proposed in Barnett et al. (2021):
Figure 3: Intensity function, r 1 " 1.5 and r 2 " 2.5. With this intensity function, the probability of a jump at an anomaly of 1.6 is approximately .02 per annum, increasing to about .08 per annum at an anomaly of 1.7, increasing further to approximately .18 per annum at an anomaly of 1.8 and then to about one third per annum when the anomaly is 1.9. Figure 3 shows the increasing nature of the arrival rate as temperature anomaly y increases. The calibration is such that the probability of a jump taking place by y " 2 is essentially 1. We now outline how we chose the parameter values used in our numerical analysis. The economic parameter values are given in Table 1. We note that the special case of our model without climate change and technological innovation is the model given in Eberly and Wang (2009). We therefore pα g , Γ g , θ g , σ g q ( -0.035, 0.025, 100, 0.15) pA d , A g q (0.12, 0.10) tA j g u A g ˆt1 `pj´1q J´1 u j"1,...,3 pζ, ψ 0 , ψ 1 , σ κ q (0, 0.10583, 0.5, 0.016) ϱ 448
We assume ζ " 0. Lucking et al. (2019) and Bloom et al. (2019) have provided estimates for the returns to R&D investment which guide our choice of pψ 0 , ψ 1 q. The choice of ϱ translates our initial value of knowledge stock, which is based on estimates from the BLS of the total US R&D stock values (scaled up to World values), to an expected arrival time of a green technological innovation occurring between 30 and 80 years. The value of σ κ is chosen to match the other capital volatilities, which are based on estimates from the World Bank database. The climate dynamics and climate damage parameter values are given in Table 2. The values of β f,ℓ come from pulse experiments estimates produced by Barnett et al. (2021) For our computations, we must also specify ranges and initial values for our state variables. These values are given in Table 3. The initial value of total capital K 0 matches estimates from the World Bank of World GDP. The initial value of global mean temperature anomaly Y 0 matches the estimated current value from Masson-Delmotte et al. (2021b). The initial value of the green capital-to-total capital ratio R 0 is based on estimates of clean and dirty capital splits from the EIA and IEA. The initial value of knowledge stock κ 0 matches estimates from the BLS of Total US R&D stock values (scaled up to World values). We now discuss the computational results of our model. The results shown are simulation pathway outcomes based on the solutions to the HJB equations and are initialized at today's values of the state variables and shown out to 30 years, which is near the time when the temperature anomaly hits 1.5 ˝C and the probability of a damage jump occurring becomes non-zero. For the probability of the technology and damage jumps occurring, we examine the outcomes out to 40 years. | 57c9c2a4-2b37-4a73-acda-0b4f6a064c92 | 16 |
10a18097-09af-49e6-acaa-92c3542dbb61 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2024/anti-greenwashing-rule_4a7a8d8a322d714e3d698e9ab7b4a7b0.pdf | 2,024 | [
"Economy-wide",
"Greenwashing",
"Disclosure",
"sustainability",
"product",
"firms",
"must",
"label"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | They said firms must be able to describe sustainability-related investment approaches, activities, and reporting using terms such as ‘responsible’, ‘ESG integration’, ‘ESG index-tracking strategies’, ‘engagement’, ‘governance’, ‘net zero commitments’, ‘TCFD reporting’, and ‘UK Stewardship Code reporting’. Some stakeholders suggested that products using sustainability- related terms without a label could include a disclaimer to clarify that the product does not have a label. Some stakeholders asked about the impact on overseas funds, particularly those classified as Article 8 and 9 under SFDR, and some asked that we remain consistent with approaches in the EU and US which have not proposed marketing restrictions. Some stakeholders asked for examples of good and poor practice. Firms should be able to accurately describe their products so that consumers are able to navigate to those that meet their needs and preferences. So, we have made amendments to the requirements so that firms can continue to use sustainability-related terms in their marketing if certain conditions are met. These include producing certain disclosures and a statement to clarify that the product does not use a label and why (see the summary below, Annex 2 and Appendix 1). Firms must comply with the anti-greenwashing rule and other financial promotions rules when using the terms, and we encourage firms to consider proposed guidance in GC23/3. The naming and marketing rules only apply when the sustainability- related terms are being used for products marketed to retail They only apply when referring to sustainability characteristics and do not preclude firms from using the terms in other contexts, such as to describe the ‘economic climate’ or ‘financial impact’. They also do not apply when firms are making short, factual, non-promotional statements about a product, such as when making a statement about who is ‘responsible’ for providing services in relation to a product, or stating that ‘Firm X produces its sustainability product We continue to work with HMT on its approach to overseas funds. Summary of key features of the naming and marketing rules • All FCA-authorised firms are subject to the anti-greenwashing rule which requires that sustainability-related claims must be clear , fair and not misleading. This is consistent with the Consumer Duty’s ‘consumer understanding’ outcome and forms the foundation of our naming and marketing rules for asset managers as well. • Sustainability-related terms can only be used in product names and marketing – they use a label – provided that, where the ‘sustainability focus’ , ‘sustainability improvers’ or ‘sustainability mixed goals’ labels are used, the word ‘impact’ is not used in the product’s name, or – they do not use a label but comply with the the ‘Product name’ and ‘Marketing’ • The product must have sustainability characteristics and the product’s name must accurately reflect those characteristics, but the terms ‘sustainable’ , ‘sustainability’ , ‘impact’ and any variation of those terms must not be used. • Firms must produce the same types of disclosures as required for a labelled • Firms must also produce and prominently publish a statement (on the relevant digital medium for the product and in the product-level disclosures) to clarify that the product does not have a label and the reasons why. • In the case of a feeder fund, the product must only include in its name terms which are consistent with those used by the relevant master fund and the asset manager must provide clients with easy access to the disclosures referred to above, and produce the relevant statement. • Firms must produce the same disclosures and statement as those required when sustainability-related terms are used in the name of a product. • In the case of a feeder fund, firms must meet the same conditions as when sustainability-related terms are used in the name of the product (above). 8.1 We consulted on a tiered approach to disclosures, providing accessible information to retail investors and further detail to those who want to know more. We proposed the • Ongoing product-level disclosures 8.2 We proposed that firms produce consumer -facing disclosures summarising the product’s key sustainability characteristics. This would help consumers to understand those characteristics and compare similar products. We proposed that the consumer - facing disclosure would be produced by firms for all products, including those which were not engaged in sustainability-related strategies. 8.3 The disclosure would be provided in a new, standalone document, alongside other documents that provide key investor information. We did not propose a specific template for the information but, to promote consistency, we set out the categories of disclosures that firms would be required to make. Do you agree with our proposed approach to disclosures, including the tiered structure and the division of information to be disclosed in the consumer‑facing and Do you agree with our proposals for consumer‑facing disclosures, including location, scope, content and frequency of disclosure and updates? If not, what alternatives do you suggest and why? Do you agree with the proposal that we should not mandate use of a template at this stage, but that industry may develop one if useful? If not, what alternative do you
proposals Stakeholder feedback and our response Most stakeholders broadly agreed with our proposed tiered approach to disclosures. Some said that too much information is difficult for consumers to absorb, while greater standardisation – particularly around metrics – could Many other comments were consistent with those captured in other areas of feedback, including in relation to ‘do no harm’, the importance of clear Location Most stakeholders said that the consumer-facing disclosure should not be in a standalone document and asked how our proposals are aligned to the broader HMT review of the UK Retail Disclosure regime. Many stakeholders would prefer to include the information in the Key Investor Information Document (KIID) and ensure consumers can directly compare other important non-sustainability disclosures, such as charges and risk profiles. A few stakeholders raised concerns about the proposals resulting in multiple documents for consumers to read. We have not amended our requirements in relation to the form and location of the consumer-facing disclosure. | 015f55a6-a111-41c8-aa1e-5b87f091464d | 13 |
10a2d9c5-b2d1-4184-bf24-119ecf014a13 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/UK%20Net%20Zero%20Strategy%20-%20Build%20Back%20Greener.pdf | 2,021 | [
"zero",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"energy",
"government"
] | unfccc.int | The Government Chief Scientific Adviser and Government Office for Science will be producing a scenario-based foresight report to understand the system wide implications of these factors, to be published in 2022. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy
Our approach for supporting green choices 5. | 44870195-36a9-4258-b046-ac522bc94ef6 | 93 |
10a35ade-0ddb-453a-8dae-818c367239d6 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2020/finance-act-2020_c9466068e740c31be6b3860aa3962da6.pdf | 2,020 | [
"Energy",
"Finance",
"Carbon Pricing",
"section",
"paragraph",
"company",
"period",
"amount"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | (5) This section also applies in relation to a non-UK resident company which is a party to a loan relationship for the purpose of enabling it to generate other UK property income (within the meaning given by section 5(6)).” 4 After section 607 of CTA 2009 insert— “607ZA Debits referable to times before UK property business etc carried on (a) a non-UK resident company has debits in respect of a derivative contract to which it is a party for the purposes of its UK property (b) the debits are referable to times (“the pre-rental times”) before (but not more than 7 years before) the date on which it starts to carry on (c) the debits are not otherwise brought into account for tax purposes. (2) If, on the assumption that the company had been carrying on the business at the pre-rental times, the debits— (a) would have been recognised in determining its profit or loss for a period consisting of or including those times, and (b) would have been brought into account for the purposes of this Part, the debits are (so far as they exceed relevant credits) treated for the purposes of this Part as if they were debits for the accounting period in which it started (3) For this purpose “relevant credits” means credits of the company in respect of the derivative contract which, on the assumption that the company had been carrying on the business at the pre-rental times— (a) would have been recognised in determining its profit or loss for a period consisting of or including those times, (b) would have been brought into account for the purposes of this Part, (c) would not otherwise have been brought into account for tax (4) This section also applies in relation to a non-UK resident company which is a party to a derivative contract for the purpose of enabling it to generate other UK property income (within the meaning given by section 5(6)).” 5 In paragraph 40 of Schedule 5 to FA 2019 (transitional imported losses in respect of derivative contracts), at the end insert— “(7) Section 607ZA of CTA 2009 (debits referable to times before UK property business carried on) has effect subject to this paragraph.”
SCHEDULE 6 – Non-UK resident companies carrying on UK property businesses etc Document 2023-04-25 This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). Duty to notify chargeability to corporation exceptions 6 In paragraph 2 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998 (duty of company to notify HMRC that it is chargeable for an accounting period if it has not received a notice requiring a company tax return), in sub-paragraph (1A) (which provides an exception to that duty), as inserted into that paragraph by paragraph 6(2) of Schedule 5 to FA 2019— (a) omit the “and” before paragraph (b), and (b) after that paragraph insert “, and (c) having deducted the income tax mentioned in paragraph (a) at the fourth step in paragraph 8 (calculation of tax payable), the amount of tax payable for the period 7 In section 55A(1) of FA 2004 (exception to duty of company to give notice of coming within the charge to corporation tax), as inserted by paragraph 7 of Schedule 5 to (a) omit the “and” before paragraph (b), and (b) after that paragraph insert “, and (c) in consequence of the deduction of the income tax mentioned in paragraph (a) at the fourth step in paragraph 8 of Schedule 18 to the Finance Act 1998 (calculation of tax payable), the amount of tax payable for the period will Period for making election under regulation 6A of the Disregard Regulations 8 In regulation 6A of the Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Disregard and Bringing into Account of Profits and Losses) Regulations 2004— (a) in paragraph (5)(b), after “fair value” insert “(but see paragraph (6))”, and “(6) For the purposes of the definition of “the first relevant period” an accounting period of a company is to be ignored if— (a) the accounting period begins solely as a result of a disposal of an asset by the company, and (b) any gain accruing to the company on the disposal would be chargeable to corporation tax as a result of section 2B(4) of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992.” 9 In paragraph 44 of Schedule 5 to FA 2019, at the end insert— “(4) In determining for the purposes of this paragraph whether, on the commencement date, a company comes within the charge to corporation tax by reason of this Schedule, no account is to be taken of any disposal made by the company before that date where any gain accruing to the company on the disposal would be chargeable to corporation tax as a result of section 2B(4) of TCGA 1992.” 10 Schedule 5 to FA 2019 has effect as if the amendments made by paragraphs 1 to 7 had at all times been incorporated into the provision made by that Schedule. SCHEDULE 7 – CT payment plans for tax on certain transactions with EEA residents Document 2023-04-25 This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). 11 The amendments made by paragraphs 8 and 9 have effect in relation to disposals made on or after 6 April 2019. 1 In TMA 1970, after section 59FA insert— “59FB CT payment plans for tax on certain transactions with EEA residents Schedule 3ZC makes provision enabling a company that is liable to pay corporation tax arising in connection with certain transactions to defer payment of the tax by entering into a CT payment plan.” 2 After Schedule 3ZB to TMA 1970 insert— 1 This Schedule makes provision enabling a company that is liable to pay qualifying corporation tax for an accounting period to defer payment of the tax by entering into a CT payment plan. | ca3b9b92-77db-4231-8c6a-3d8df4630cf3 | 51 |
10a541a9-4403-451e-967e-b2102c13d3d2 | https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/schedule/3/part/1 | 2,008 | [
"statutory instrument",
"parliament",
"n.i.",
"northern ireland department",
"negative resolution procedure"
] | legislation.gov.uk | Part 1 U.K. Regulations made by a single national authority 1 U.K. This Part of this applies in relation to an instrument containing regulations under this Part of this Act made by a single national authority. 2 (1) Where the instrument contains regulations that- U.K. (a) are to be made by the Secretary of State, and (b) are subject to affirmative resolution procedure, the regulations must not be made unless a draft of the statutory instrument containing them has been laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament. (2) Where the instrument contains regulations that- (a) are to be made by a national authority other than the Secretary of State, and (b) are subject to affirmative resolution procedure, the regulations must not be made unless a draft of the statutory instrument containing them has been laid before and approved by a resolution of the relevant devolved legislature. 3 (1) An instrument containing regulations made by the Secretary of State that are subject to negative resolution procedure is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament. U.K. (2) An instrument containing regulations made by the Scottish Ministers that are subject to negative resolution procedure is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of the Scottish Parliament. (3) An instrument containing regulations made by the Welsh Ministers that are subject to negative resolution procedure is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of the National Assembly for Wales. (4) An instrument containing regulations made by a Northern Ireland department that are subject to negative resolution procedure is subject to negative resolution within the meaning of section 41(6) of the Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 (c. 33 (N.I.)) as if it were a statutory instrument within the meaning of that Act. 4 U.K. Any provision that may be made by regulations subject to negative resolution procedure may be made by regulations subject to affirmative resolution procedure. | 9d2ac030-f3fa-4910-99a1-c37cb5caa288 | 0 |
10a85fcb-5e68-4072-b7f4-1d717137c41c | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.15600v1 | 2,025 | [
"Narratives",
"Political reality",
"Interpretation",
"Polarization",
"Discourse",
"Public sphere",
"Ideology",
"Issue alignment",
"Conflict",
"Interpretive lenses",
"Public discourse",
"Political communication",
"Social science",
"German politics",
"Ideologically polarized issues",
"Framing",
"Public opinion",
"Political analysis",
"Communication theory."
] | arxiv.org | Aside from the potential for more comprehensive conceptualand computational models for metanarratives, the present work has limitations that call for future work. Firstly, the analysis of conflicting narrative networks assumes an internal coherence of narratives within the opinion groups. This must not necessarily be the case, especially for topics like the war in Ukraine, which has shown to divide the German Left party. Furthermore, we recall here that we only investigated the links for which the communities’ narratives differed – looking at those parts of the narratives that are similar could provide a potential for mediation across camps. Additionally, narratives usually evolve over time, an aspect also left unconsidered so far. In future work, actantial networks can be analyzed over time to detect narrative shifts, for example through changes in link scores, or the introduction of new actors to the plot. This would allow deeper empirical insights into “how narrative truth is fabricated, how the validity of narratives is constructed or deconstructed, and how dif f erent modes of reception influences the felicity conditions of political narratives.”. Reflecting on the general appropriateness of actantial networks as representations of narratives, we may question whether the relationships they encode (supportive/conflictive/neutral) are complex enough to capture the potential nuances present in ideological narratives. While the full spectrum of verb actions (for instance, given by Verbatlas) is too extensive, there may be an intermediary level of verb categorization that could be envisaged in future work. Furthermore, additional work shall be done investigating the construction of in-groupidentities. This work has provided first steps towards this analysis by investigating nodes connected to a common “we”. We identify several natural avenues of improvement: firstly, the pronoun “we” can be decomposed into its different deictic facets (inclusive, exclusive, general). Secondly, the extraction and labeling of actantial links can be sharpened by adding the dimension of the speaker: is the speaker part of the “we” that is evoked? | 805dcc17-4a33-4509-9a02-cb934228a8aa | 15 |
10b4c17e-ebbd-4415-a7b4-f3088bfc8a78 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.19102v1 | 2,025 | [
"intermodal transportation",
"resilience",
"robustness",
"disruptions",
"network science",
"freight transport",
"infrastructure failure",
"climate change",
"Earth System Models",
"topology",
"tonnage",
"node removal",
"operational efficiency",
"risk management",
"logistics",
"vulnerability",
"system response",
"policy",
"sustainability",
"modeling",
"interdependencies",
"transportation networks."
] | arxiv.org | Additionally, resilience-enhancing strategies like backup generatorsand fuel reservoirs are discussed to mitigate the impacts of extreme weather on transportation. Transitioning to the specific impacts of extreme heat events (EHEs) significantly impacts transportation infrastructure in Phoenix, AZ, where summer temperatures average around 41 [◦] C and can reach up to 50 [◦] C. These conditions cause asphalt roads to soften, leading to pavement rutting and reduced lifespan, and induce thermal expansion in steel bridge components, stressing jointsand compromising structural integrity. High temperatures also result in engine overheating and increased tire blowouts in vehicles, while restricting construction activities due to safety concerns. Public transportation systems face disruptions from expanded steel railsand sagging overhead power lines. Notably, a 2011 incident in Mesa, AZ, where temperatures hit 41.7 [◦] C, triggered a transformer fire, causing power outages that affected over 100,000 homesand key infrastructure, illustrating the cascading failures extreme heat can provoke. | d2391652-4d7b-448b-9767-9c27112817ca | 8 |
10b5a38b-d4aa-42b3-b4f7-d89a2d29769f | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/net-zero-growth-plan_a58bbc49b2590d31e4fb1adc0a9ccfbc.pdf | 2,023 | [
"Energy",
"Economy-wide",
"emissions",
"carbon",
"policies",
"savings",
"sector"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | electricity, ammonia or methanol), deployed consistent with the overarching policy ambition for the sector’s emissions. Efficiency improving technologies and/or operating practices improve fuel efficiency, and lower emission fuels replace traditional fossil fuel. The result is a reduction in emissions from the shipping sector. The emissions savings set out in the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan attributed to all agriculture policies and proposals in the English agriculture emissions trajectory are based on scientific assessment of the technologies’ ability to mitigate emissions and social research on feasible deployment of those technologies. xxix Each technology’s maximum technical emissions mitigation potential was assessed. This was derived from expert review of published literature and modelling to scale experimental data to the national level. This builds upon previous work by the CCC. These estimates have been independently peer reviewed. This provides a basis for determining what emission savings can be delivered if particular agricultural technologies/measures are The extent to which these maximum potential savings can be realised, depends on the degree to which they are deployed. Feasible deployment rates, lead-in times and uptake rates for each technology were therefore estimated, through consultation with academic, industry and policy experts to reflect barriers, technology readiness, and research and development lead-in times. Workshops with different types of livestock and crop farmers were also used to inform this feasibility assessment. The final emissions trajectories for each agriculture measure are based on the most ambitious assessment of what the feasible deployment rates are for these measures as identified from these consultations. For methane suppressing feed additives and mobile machinery, additional analysis by Defra has adjusted implementation rates to generate an even more ambitious trajectory. The policies and proposals set out in the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan are designed to deliver these trajectories. The Carbon Budget Delivery Plan sets out a number of policies and proposals, such as the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation, Sustainable Aviation Fuels Mandate 13 For example, the estimates of the greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping represent estimates of the greenhouse gas emissions from fuel sold in the UK for use in international shipping. and the development of business models to support Bioenergy Carbon Capture and Storage, which will support the demand for domestic planting of energy crops and short rotation forestry, and which could be further underpinned by government support for planting. The emissions savings expected from delivering domestic planting of perennial energy crops and short rotation forestry are based on an indicative technical assessment derived from potential carbon abatement that assumes optimal matching between species, sites, and climate, which has informed policy modelling and ambition of the amount of future planting available. It also takes a relatively simplistic approach to modelling carbon removals. Five biomass crop categories were modelled, deployed in broadly fixed exotic short rotation forestry (SRF) (4-8%); conifer SRF (4%); broadleaf SRF (poplar, aspen) (27%); short rotation coppice (SRC) willow (31%); miscanthus (31%). All SRF and SRC crops were assumed to comply with the requirements of the UK Forestry Standard; as such, only 70% of the gross area planted was assumed to support biomass production, with 10% open ground and 20% native woodland managed for biodiversity objectives. A high-level analysis of land availability has been undertaken, indicating that the deployment profile is feasible. To calculate changes in the stock of carbon contained in biomass crops, a linear approach to modelling has been adopted which may overestimate initial growth of bioenergy crop yield and thus abatement. For all crops, appropriate biomass expansion coefficients were applied to account for branches and/or roots, as appropriate. Biomass was converted to carbon, assuming 50% is made up of carbon. Emissions savings are modelled as the time- averaged increase in biomass carbon stocks across multiple rotations resulting from planting of the crop, assuming the land use change is permanent. No change in carbon stocks was assumed for the open ground element of the SRF/SRC crops; carbon stock change for the ‘biodiversity woodland’ component was modelled as unmanaged broadleaf woodland, using the conventional forestry model (see below). The Nature for Climate Fund and Environment Land Management schemes are designed to provide grants and incentives to increase tree canopy and woodland cover to ultimately meet the ambition to cover 16.5% of total land area in England by 2050. To estimate the greenhouse gas removals that these proposals and polices will deliver, we use output from Forest Research’s CSORT model, an off-line version of Carbine, which is the greenhouse gas accounting model used to calculate the forestry contribution to the UK LULUCF GHG inventory.xxx The model enables us to estimate the emission savings for the level of additional forestry, given the types of trees expected to be planted, consistent with the policies and proposals. Three indicative woodland types are represented in the productive conifer, productive broadleaf, and unmanaged. The modelled abatement is for England onlyxxxi. Linear expansion of afforestation, supported by government tree planting policy, is assumed between 2025 and 2035 (see Carbon Budget Delivery Plan Appendix Deployment Assumptions). The deployment trajectory for England assumes that the 16.5% Environment Act tree canopy and woodland cover target is achieved by 2050. Non- market benefits are calculated using various research, compatible with the Enabling a Natural Capital Approach services data bookxxxii. The Environmental Land Management schemes will be designed to provide incentives to increase silvo-arable agroforestry to cover 10% of all arable land by 2050. The emission savings that this policy will deliver are estimated using modelling which
utilises three in-field planting14 designs representing lower, middle and higher numbers of trees per hectare. To reflect the early-stage nature of the policy, with the necessary Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) standard for agroforestry yet to be implemented, the uptake rates for the three design options are assumed to match the uptake rates for the three levels of the SFI hedgerow standard, a similar standard aimed at similar farmers and also listed in the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan. | bff69e7d-0a39-4bcc-b446-41882979776a | 11 |
10b9eb54-969c-490a-97e8-8fb91454db74 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.10556v1 | 2,025 | [
"Air pollution",
"public health",
"respiratory diseases",
"cardiovascular diseases",
"climate change",
"extreme weather",
"wildfires",
"heatwaves",
"personal sensing",
"behavioral data",
"physiological data",
"healthcare",
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"time series prediction",
"health outcomes",
"personalized health",
"wearable fitness devices",
"environmental exposures",
"data security",
"ethical AI",
"Adversarial Autoencoder",
"transfer learning",
"smartwatch",
"nonlinear responses."
] | arxiv.org | For the INHALE dataset, where pollution and health metrics exhibit temporal variability, this method is well-suited to capture both short-term fluctuations and long-term trends. 4.4.3 Feature Engineering The INHALE dataset includes features of air pollution exposure from size fraction particle counts categorised into bin values. These were excluded from the training process due to their limited relevance in capturing predictive signals for health responses to pollution exposure, as determined through exploratory analysis. Moreover, a manually derived feature, heart rate, was introduced based on the approximation that heart rate is ~4 times the respiratory rate to reflect a realistic metric commonly available in wearable health devices such as fitness trackers and smartwatches. Recognising variability in real-world measurements, a noise factor of ±10% was applied to the simulated heart rate values to better mimic data collected from such devices. The addition of heart rate was motivated by its potential to strengthen the capacity of the model to capture physiological responses to pollution exposure. Although, the use of a fixed heart rate-torespiratory rate introduces assumptions that may not fully account for individual differences due to factors such as age, fitness level, or underlying health conditions. | aa3281a4-81f1-4957-abd6-af44f10d3d68 | 13 |
10be8b18-3cde-400a-97e2-bdd5f4f62876 | https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/archives/MURE-Overall-Policy-Brochure.pdf | 2,000 | [
"Industry",
"Energy efficiency"
] | www.odyssee-mure.eu | httpwww.isi.fraunhofer.deisi-dexprojektebmwi_weisse-zertifikate_31-517-6_sm.php
Seefeldt et al. Seefeldt, F. Struwe, J. Ragwitz, M. Steinbach, J. Jacobshagen, U. Kachel,
M. Brandt, E. Nast, M. Simon, S. Bürger, V. 2012 Fachliche und juristische
Konzeption eines haushaltsunabhängigen
für erneuerbare Wärme
Zwischenbericht unpublished
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Staniaszek, D. Lees, E. 2012 Determining Energy Savings for Energy Efficiency
Obligation Schemes. Report commissioned by RAP and eceee. April 2012. httpwww.eceee.orgEED
UK Department of Energy Climate Change 2012 Annual Report on Fuel Poverty
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Transport
ACE, 2011. National energy efficiency and energy saving targets further detail on Member
States, 24 May 2011 Dr Joanne Wade, and Pedro Guertler, Darryl Croft and Louise
Sunderland, from the Association for the Conservation of Energy
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ODYSSEE MURE project, March 2012
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availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of
the marketing of new passenger cars. Report for DG Clima Action, European
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for the Department Economic and Scientific Policy European Parliament
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vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles Department for Business Enterprise Regulatory
Reform Department for Transport. httpwww.bis.gov.ukfilesfile48653.pdf
BMWi Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology 2011 2nd. National Energy
Efficiency Action Plan NEEAP of the Federal Republic of Germany - Methodological
Accompanying Document -in accordance with the EU Directive on Energy End-use
Efficiency and Energy Services 200632EC and the Act on Energy Services and
other Energy Efficiency Measures Energiedienstleistungsgesetz, EDL-G. July 2011
httpec.europa.euenergyefficiencyenduse_en.htm
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IDEA, 2006. Guia para la implementacion de Planes de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible
PMUS, Madrid. | 0a44b68e-44b8-4fcc-b398-2ce2c8fbc626 | 98 |
10bf5548-8388-400a-a41b-93be1a3ff087 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.10415v2 | 2,020 | [
"weather",
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"growth",
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] | arxiv.org | Because the transformation is done at every grid cell of the GCM, the observed GMFD dataset was aggregated to match the coarser GCM resolution. The approach was applied to both temperature and precipitation. In the second step, we increased the spatial resolution of the BC data by applying the spatial disaggregation (SD) approach. In the SD approach, we first removed the monthly observed climatology from the coarse resolution BC data, ∆𝐹 = 𝐹 -𝐶𝐿𝐼𝑀 𝐶𝑂𝐴𝑅𝑆𝐸 . We then convert the anomaly to a high resolution by linear interpolation, ∆𝐹 → ∆𝐹 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 . Finally, we added the climatology with high resolution, 𝐹 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 = Δ𝐹 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 + 𝐶𝐿𝐼𝑀 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 . Here, the anomaly calculation (∆𝐹) is only valid for temperature. For precipitation the anomaly is computed using a ratio, ∆𝐹 = 𝐹/𝐶𝐿𝐼𝑀 𝐶𝑂𝐴𝑅𝑆𝐸 with 𝐹 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 = ∆𝐹 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 × 𝐶𝐿𝐼𝑀 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 . The baseline econometric model relies on weather variables aggregated over a 5-month period centered around the greenest month of year of each country based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) climatology data (50). The NDVI data is the 3 rd generation of NASA/GFSC GIMMS's NDVI dataset for 1981-2015.We first temporally aggregate the data to bi-weekly climatologies. We then smooth the climatology series within the year based on a 14-week moving window. We then identify the "greenest" month based on the month that includes the highest NDVI level of the year for each grid cell. The spatial distribution of the "greenest" month for each grid cell is shown in Fig. S14A. To obtain a country-level value, we first resample land cover weights to match that of the NDVI data. We then compute for each country the most frequent "greenest" month based on either cropland or cropland and pasture frequency weights. These country-level aggregations are shown in Fig. S14 B andC. For two small island nations (Fiji and Polynesia) there is no NDVI data. We therefore assign the greenest month to match that of the neighboring island nation of Vanuatu. In order to help map our conceptual framework to the USDA TFP estimates, we consider the following relationship between aggregate output, aggregate input, weather, and technological knowledge 𝑌 𝑖𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑍 𝑖𝑡 ) 𝐴 𝑖𝑡 𝑋 𝑖𝑡 𝑈 𝑖𝑡 , where 𝑌 𝑖𝑡 is aggregate agricultural output in country 𝑖 and year 𝑡, 𝑒 𝑓(𝑍 𝑖𝑡 ) is the effect of weather 𝑍 𝑖𝑡 , 𝐴 𝑖𝑡 measures current technological knowledge, and 𝑋 𝑖𝑡 and 𝑈 𝑖𝑡 are observed and unobserved aggregate inputs, respectively. By definition, TFP for country 𝑖 at time 𝑡 is 𝑌 𝑖𝑡 /𝑋 𝑖𝑡 so that the percentage change in TFP for country 𝑖 at time 𝑡 is approximated as Δ ln 𝑇𝐹𝑃 𝑖𝑡 ≡ Δln( 𝑌 𝑖𝑡 ) -Δ ln(𝑋 𝑖𝑡 ) = Δ ln 𝐴 𝑖𝑡 + Δ𝑓(𝑍 𝑖𝑡 ) + Δ ln 𝑈 𝑖𝑡 Empirically, our econometric models seek to control for Δ ln 𝐴 𝑖𝑡 through country and year fixed effects (𝛼 𝑖 and 𝜃 t respectively) and model Δ𝑓(𝑍 𝑖𝑡 ) in various ways. Because the model is specified in growth terms, the inclusion of a country-specific dummy variable 𝛼 𝑖 is analogous to controlling for a linear country-specific time trend in ln 𝑇𝐹𝑃. Unobserved inputs that are not absorbed by the fixed effects are captured in the error term 𝜖 𝑖𝑡 . This error term also captures measurement errors in the TFP metric, which includes changes in irrigation water use not fully captured by changes in irrigated area. Perhaps with the exception of water withdrawals, measurement errors in the TFP data are unlikely to be correlated with year-to-year weather changes, which does not bias our results. Our baseline model regresses Δ ln 𝑇𝐹𝑃 𝑖𝑡 on first differences of green-season average temperature and precipitation:
To capture the statistical uncertainty of the regression model we conduct a block bootstrap estimation where we sample observations by year-region with replacement. While there is serial dependence in TFP levels, previous work has shown there is no serial dependence in growth Δ ln 𝑇𝐹𝑃 𝑖𝑡 (e.g. 14,36). We thus focused on accounting for contemporaneous regional dependence. Regions correspond to the seven FAO regions shown in Fig. S12. We show the response function with a 90% bootstrapped confidence band for temperature and precipitation in Figs. 2A,D. We show regression coefficients for the baseline model in Tab. S1. Weather parameters 𝛽 are subsequently used in a simulation to derive the effect of ACC on global agricultural TFP. Importantly, note that measurement error in Δ ln 𝑇𝐹𝑃 𝑖𝑡 would need to be correlated with Δ𝑇 𝑖𝑡 and/or Δ𝑃 𝑖𝑡 to induce any form of bias in the estimation of 𝛽 ̂. In addition, classical measurement error in Δ𝑇 𝑖𝑡 and/or Δ𝑃 𝑖𝑡 would induce attenuation bias, reducing the magnitude of our findings. The placebo checks shown in Figs. 2B,C,E, F evaluate whether the estimated relationship is spurious. The idea is to evaluate the chances that the result is spurious by contrasting the estimated coefficients in our sample with a distribution of coefficients from "reshuffled" datasets where we should, on average, expect no effect of weather. We perform 10,000 regressions based on datasets that are mismatched by year and by country. In all cases the estimated coefficients fall clearly outside the distribution of "reshuffled" estimates, in support of our baseline model. A crucial concern in applied econometric analysis is that baseline models proposed by researchers may not be robust to even small variations in model specification or the underlying data. We conduct a systematic exploration spanning 200 variations of the econometric model to assess the robustness of our baseline finding (Fig. 5). | 47b246e2-7ece-4fc1-9dbd-c6ae235175d8 | 3 |
10ccad96-f7ad-4076-a375-b1c4541ee2f9 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2025/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2025_3d22864cf237013c86452d4c6455250a.pdf | 2,025 | [
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
"emission",
"used"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | “UKCEH Land Cover® Crops.” UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. January 25, 2016. . UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 582 UKCEH. (2020a). “Countryside Survey.” EIDC. 2020. . UKCEH. (2020b). “Land Cover Maps.” EIDC. 2020. UKCEH (2015). Land Cover Map 2015 van Oijen, M. and Thomson, A. (2010) Toward Bayesian uncertainty quantification for forestry models used in the United Kingdom Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Land Use, Land -Use change, and forestry. Climatic Change, 103(1-2): 55-67. Welsh Government (annual, latest 20152020) Survey of Agricultural and Horticulture. and-horticulture-june-2021-804.pdf Yamulki, S. and Broadmeadow, S. (2012). Revised nitrous oxide emission estimates from forest soils in England, Scotland and Wales for the LULUCF inventory sector. Personal Zerva, A., Mencuccini, M., 2005. Carbon stock changes in a peaty gley soil profile after afforestation with Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Ann Forest Sci 62, 873-880. AEA Technology (2002), Atmospheric Emissions from Small Carcass Incinerators, Report produced for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs by AEA Technology Environment, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon. OX14 3ED, August 2002. Report AEAT/ENV/R/0920. The Association for Organics Recycling (2006 to 2008). “Market survey of the UK organics recycling industry”. recycling.org.uk/page.php?article=1746&name=Survey+of+the+UK+Organics+Recycling+In dustry+2008%2F09, recycling.org.uk/uploads/article1769/WRAP_AFOR_Report_0708_- _FINAL_AFOR__3__cg.pdf, recycling.org.uk/uploads/article1769/The_State_of_Composting_and_Biological_Waste_Tre BEIS (2022). Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2022, London, The Stationery Office. Biogas, 2016. The Official Information Portal on Anaerobic Biogas Map. Biogas. (Accessed September 2016). Broomfield M, Davies J, Furmston P, Levy L, Pollard SJT, Smith R (2010). “ Exposure Assessment of Landfill Sites Volume 1: Main report. ” Environment Agency, Bristol. Brown, KA and Leech, A (2008) Revision of UK model for predicting methane emissions from landfills. Task 3 report – Review of methodology, data quality & scope for improvement. Final Report to Defra, October 2008. Brown, KA, Smith, A, Burnley, SJ, Campbell, DJV, King, K & Milton, MJT (1999), Methane Emissions from UK Landfills, AEA Technology, AEAT-5217, Culham. Cardenas L., Gilhespy S. and Misselbrook T. (2022) Inventory of UK emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from agricultural sources for the year 2021. Rothamsted Research, North
UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 584 Environment Agency (2021), Pollution Inventory. Personal communication from the Environment Agency, June 2021. Eunomia Consulting and Research (2011), Inventory Improvement Project – UK Landfill Methane Emissions Model” – Final Report to Defra. Golder Associates (2005), UK Landfill Methane Evaluation and Appraisal of Waste Policies and Projections to 2050. Report version A.2, November 2005. Report for the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Arnold, S. and Yang. Z. Report Golder Associates (2014) for Defra, “Review of landfill methane emissions monitoring,” R Gregory, J Stalleicken, R Lane, S Arnold and D Hall, Report Ref. 13514290381.504/A.1 . HMIP (1995), A Review of Dioxin Emissions in the UK, Report No HMIP/CPR2/41/1/38, Home Office (2021). Fire Statistics Great Britain, from the Home Office Incident Reporting IPCC (1997), IPCC Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 3, Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual, IPCC WGI Technical Support Unit, Hadley Centre, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, UK. IPCC (2000), Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, ed. Penman, J, Kruger, D, Galbally, I, et al., IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Technical Support Programme Technical Support Unit, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanegawa, Japan. IPCC (2006) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, ed. Eggleston, S, Buendia, L, Miwa, Kyoko, Ngara, Todd, Tanabe, Kiyoto. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Technical Support Programme Technical Support Unit, Institute for Gl obal Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanegawa, Japan. IPCC (2019), 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Jacobs Engineering UK Ltd (2010) Final report to the Environment Categories of Landfills for Methane Emissions. Jacobs Engineering UK Ltd (2011) for Defra, “Commercial and Industrial Waste Survey 2009: LQM (2003), Methane emissions from landfill sites in the UK. Final report. January 2003. Report for the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Gregory, RG, Gillett, AG, Bradley, D, LQM report 443/1. Defra contract EPG 1/1/145. Local authority collected waste for quarterly estimates. Northern Ireland Environment Agency (2021). Northern Ireland Pollution Inventory (NIPI). Personal communication from NIEA, August 2021. NNFCC (2022), National Non -Food Crops Centre Anaerobic Digestion Deployment in the United Kingdom. UK NID 2025 (Issue 1) Ricardo Page 585 NRW (2021), Welsh Emissions Inventory, waste interrogator data and landfill gas use data, Natural Resources Wales. Personal communication from NRW, August 2021. ONS (2018), Office of National Statistics Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. stimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2017 Parfitt, J. (2009) Home Composting District Level Analysis. Waste & Resources Action Programme. Diversion%20District%20Level%20Analysis.pdf Resource Futures (2012) for Defra, “Biodegradability of municipal solid waste,” Report Ref. RCEP (Royal Commission on Environmental Protection), 17th Report - Incineration of Waste, Scottish Government (2010) Scotland’s Zero Waste Plan. Published by the Scottish SEPA (2015). Waste data reporting. SEPA (2015). Statistics on waste disposal by incineration in Scotland in 2014. Personal SEPA (2021). Statistics on waste disposal in Scotland in 2020. Personal communication, States of Guernsey (2022), Guernsey Facts and Figures 2022 StatsWales. Countryside/Waste-Management/Local-Authority-Municipal-Waste/Annual StatsWales. Countryside/Waste-Management/Recycling-Destinations/Recycling-Tonnages-by-Material- UKCEH (2021). Data on composting and anaerobic digestion to 2020, based on UKCEH analysis of resources such as the NNFCC database. Personal communication from UKCEH, UKCEH (2023), United Kingdom Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, “Ammonia emissions from UK non -agricultural sources in 2022: contribution to the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory,” report produced under contract to Ricardo, as part of the NAEI. October 2023 UKWIR (2009). Carbon accounting in the water non-CO2 emissions, Report Ref. No. 09/CL/01/10, Queen Anne’s Gate, London. UKWIR (2022). UK Water Industry Research data provision from UK water companies to provide estimated emissions and activity for methane and nitrous oxide emissions from water treatment, sludge treatment and sludge disposal activities in 2021. Data provided by all UK municipal wastewater operators. US EPA (2008), AP 42, Fifth Edition, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I, Stationary Point and Area Sources. US EPA website, 2008: US EPA (2015), US EPA, AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 5th Edition, Section 2.5 Checked in 2015. | 95866fde-5b53-4214-b279-97a1078c466c | 447 |
10d5c192-1ec0-4208-8e48-3678f6c550ab | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2022/subsidy-control-act-2022_c98646c53aa88a8597fcbe1f75098864.pdf | 2,022 | [
"Economy-wide",
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"subsidy",
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"subsection",
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | (2) For the purposes of subsection (1)— (a) if assistance is provided in cash, the gross cash amount given is to be used in determining the amount of the assistance; (b) if assistance is provided otherwise than in cash, the amount of assistance given is to be determined by reference to the gross cash equivalent of the assistance. 42 Chapter 2: supplementary and interpretative provision (1) The Secretary of State may by regulations— (a) amend section 36(1), 38(1) or 41(1) so as to substitute a different amount for (b) provide for a lower amount to apply, instead of an amount specified in section 36(1), 38(1) or 41(1), in the case of particular descriptions of subsidy; (c) amend section 36(4) or 38(4) so as to substitute a different amount for the (d) provide for a different amount to apply, instead of an amount specified in section 36(4) or 38(4), in the case of particular descriptions of subsidy. Subsidy Control Act 2022 (c. 23) CHAPTER 2 – Minimal or SPEI financial assistance Document 2023-04-24 This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). (2) The power to make regulations under subsection (1)(a) may be exercised so as to substitute a higher amount for the purpose of securing that the amount specified in sterling is up to an equivalent of— (a) 325,000 special drawing rights, in the case of the amount specified in (b) 750,000 special drawing rights, in the case of the amount specified in (c) 15,000,000 special drawing rights, in the case of the amount specified in The amount determined as a result of the currency conversion carried out for this purpose may be rounded up or down to such convenient number as the Secretary of (3) For the purpose of determining the equivalent in sterling on a particular day of a sum expressed in special drawing rights, one special drawing right is to be treated as such sum in sterling as the International Monetary Fund have fixed as being equivalent to (b) if no sum has been fixed for that day, the last day before that day for which (4) An amount specified in regulations under subsection (1)(c) or (d) which amend section 36(4) may not exceed the amount specified in section 36(1). (5) An amount specified in regulations under subsection (1)(c) or (d) which amend section 38(4) may not exceed the amount specified in section 38(1). (6) Regulations under subsection (1) are subject to the affirmative procedure. (7) The following definitions apply for the purposes of this Chapter. (8) “Minimal or SPEI financial assistance” means a subsidy given— (a) as minimal financial assistance, (c) before IP completion day under— (i) Commission Regulation (EU) No 360/2012 of 25 April 2012 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid granted to undertakings providing services of general economic interest, (ii) Commission Regulation (EU) No 1407/2013 of 18 December 2013 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid, (iii) Commission Regulation (EU) No 1408/2013 of 18 December 2013 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid in the (iv) Commission Regulation (EU) No 717/2014 of 27 June 2014 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid in the fishery and aquaculture
26 Subsidy Control Act 2022 (c. 23) Document 2023-04-24 This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). (d) after IP completion day under any of the Regulations mentioned in paragraph (c) by virtue of the Northern Ireland Protocol, or (e) after IP completion day and before the coming into force of this section under Article 364(4) or 365(3) of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. (9) “Financial year” means a period of 12 months ending with 31 March. (10) “Minimal financial assistance” has the meaning given by section 36(3). (11) “SPEI assistance” has the meaning given by section 38(3). 43 Natural disasters and other exceptional circumstances (1) The subsidy control requirements do not apply to a subsidy given to compensate the (b) other exceptional occurrences. (2) The reference in subsection (1)(b) to other exceptional occurrences does not include occurrences having only an economic effect. (3) A subsidy may be given in respect of a natural disaster, or another exceptional occurrence, in reliance on the exemption under this section only if— (a) a notice is published by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this section declaring that the exemption applies in respect of that natural disaster or (b) that notice has not been withdrawn by the publication of a further notice. (4) A copy of a notice under this section must be laid before Parliament. (5) In this section, the reference to the subsidy control requirements does not include the requirements as to transparency in Chapter 3 of Part 2. 44 National or global economic emergencies (1) The prohibitions and restrictions imposed by sections 15 to 29 do not apply to a subsidy given to respond to a national or global economic emergency. (2) Subsection (1) applies only if the subsidy is given on a temporary basis. (3) A subsidy may be given in respect of a national or global economic emergency in reliance on the exemption under this section only if— (a) a notice is published by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this section declaring that the exemption applies in respect of that emergency, and (b) that notice has not been withdrawn by the publication of a further notice. (4) A copy of a notice under this section must be laid before Parliament. Subsidy Control Act 2022 (c. 23) CHAPTER 4 – Other miscellaneous exemptions Document 2023-04-24 This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). | 24a8f038-96cb-4d7f-8ddb-f58a38cd2824 | 11 |
10d85ee7-0db4-4e60-9b63-8dba6ecdad71 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_e2ed2f6c199088dc30a95fddf6e84c72.pdf | 2,023 | [
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
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] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | Uncertainties and Time Series Consistency The use of DUKES data for coke consumption by non-ferrous metal processes ensures time series consistency and completeness, which is important since it is impossible to now determine how much coke oven coke was used in each of the 3 three non -ferrous metal processes that once existed in the UK. Any limestone used in the blast furnaces at Britannia Zinc and Capper Pass cannot be estimated, but emissions data for 2C1 cover all use of limestone and dolomite for blast furnaces and so overall completeness is assured. Source Specific QA/QC and Verification This source category is covered by the general QA/QC of the inventory in Section 1.6. Source Specific Recalculations No major recalculations have been made to this sector. For further information on recalculations, see Section 10. Source Specific Planned Improvements It is noted that this sector has been identified as a key category in this inventory submission, due to the site closures and resultant sector contribution to the UK inventory trend, and that a tier 1 method is used. The UK has recently reviewed this sector and included some additional sources using the best currently available data. Unfortunately as the only sites in this sector
Industrial Processes (CRF Sector 2) 4 UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 285 have been closed for a number of years it is highly unlikely that new data will be found to Emissions sources Sources included Method Emission Agricultural engines – lubricants Road vehicle engines – lubricants Emissions of CO 2, CH 4 and N 2O arise from lubricant combustion in engines and other machinery. Note that waste lubricants can be recovered and subsequently used as fuels but emissions from this source are included in CRF 1.A. Where the term lubricants is referred to, this correlates to the DUKES definition of lubricating oils (and grease), i.e. “Refined heavy distillates obtained from the vacuum distillation of petroleum residues. Includes liquid and solid hydrocarbons sold by the lubricating oil trade, either alone or blended with fixed oils, metallic soaps and other organic and/or inorganic bodies.” Emissions reported in 2D1 cover all lubricants used by all sectors, with the sole exc eption of lubricants used in mopeds engines. This is deemed to be intentional fuel use and hence is reported in IPCC sector 1A3biv. Detailed activity data on lubricant use by source category are not available in the UK; there is insufficient data to implem ent an IPCC Tier 2 method, and therefore the 2006 IPCC GLs Tier 1 method is applied. DUKES (BEIS, 2022a) includes some limited data breakdown on sector -specific lubricant use (e.g. use by industry, agricultural sector, shipping) in addition to the total lubricant demand time-series. Lubricant consumption in road vehicle engines is estimated using the COPERT method from the EMEP/EEA Emissions Inventory Guidebook (2019). Lubricant use in the remaining sectors uses activity data from DUKES, but the total lubricant use estimated by the inventory diverges from DUKES due to the use of the above method for road engines. While in general we would consider the totals from UK energy statistics to have a higher confidence than bottom-up estimates of demand, in this case we have taken a more conservative approach, reflecting that trends in activities that would demand lubricants do not correlate with the strong decreasing trend presented in DUKES. The consumption estimates are used to calculate CO2 emissions which are reported in IPCC sector 1A3biv for mopeds and 2D1 for all other sectors ,. Whereas the COPERT method directly calculates the quantity of lubricant consumed or burnt in road vehicles, for other sectors we assume that 20% of lubricant is oxidized during use . In all cases we apply a UK - specific carbon emission factor for lubricants, based on analysis of UK waste oil samples. Emissions of CH 4 and N 2O also arise from lubricant combustion in road vehicle engines. However, the exhaust emission factors for these gase s will include the contribution of , and hence the emissions of, CH4 and N2O (and other air pollutants estimated on a vkm -travelled basis) from lubricants are included implicitly in the hot exhaust emissions (IPCC Sector 1A3b) calculated for each vehicle an d fuel type. Treating emissions of these pollutants separately
Industrial Processes (CRF Sector 2) 4 UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 286 Uncertainties and Time Series Consistency The use of a Tier 1 methodology means that estimates are quite uncertain. Additionally, the divergence in trend in total lubricant consumption presented by energy statistics, and bottom -up estimates of demand reflects uncertainty in activity data for this Source Specific QA/QC and Verification This source category is covered by the general QA/QC of the inventory in Section 1.6. Source Specific Recalculations Improvements to the road transport model have allowed lubricant use in road vehicle engines to be calculated at a more granular level. The size of the impact of this recalculation is a 0-3% reduction in emissions from 2006 onwards. For further information on recalculations, see Section 10. Source Specific Planned Improvements We are continuing to engage the UK energy statistics team to understand the trends in UK energy statistics for total lubricant demand, and the inventory estimates will be revisited if any major improvements are made to energy statistics. This category includes CO2 emissions from paraffin wax use. DUKES gives total consumption of petroleum waxes for the years 1990-2008 only. For 2009 onwards, petroleum wax consumption is only available as part of the much larger consumption of 'miscellaneous petroleum products' . Activity data for UK consumption of petroleum wax from 2009 onwards are available from the UK energy statistics team (Personal BEIS, 2022c) on the same basis as the earlier data, as they comprise part of other long-term energy data reporting outputs, e.g. to EUROSTAT. Emissions are estimated using the Tier 1 ODU factor of 0.2, and t he IPCC default carbon content of 20 kg C/ GJ (net basis). | 70afacf8-8641-4466-819d-f4db8cad9d69 | 329 |
10dd34ec-c759-4cf7-98d8-f861aac5b37d | https://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civitas_guide_for_the_urban_transport_professional.pdf | 2,001 | [
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used a specially designed matrix for the transfer-
ability checklist assessment. 58 Holzinger, K. Knill, C. 2007 Ursachen und Bedingungen internationaler Politikkonvergenz. In K. Holzinger, H. Jörgens C. Knill
Eds. PVS-Politische Vierteljahresschrift Transfer, Diffusion und Konvergenz von Politiken, 38. 59 Busch, P.-O. Jörgens, H. 2007 Dezentrale Politikkoordinierung im internationalen System Ursachen, Mechanismen und
Wirkungen der internationalen Diffusion politischer Innovationen. In K. Holzinger, H. Jörgens C. | a20264eb-0ca9-4fb5-983a-e64bfbff96ce | 110 |
10de1cd0-d104-4c93-b4eb-c4040b73c890 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.02648v1 | 2,023 | [
"warming",
"quantiles",
"heterogeneity",
"change",
"trend"
] | arxiv.org | Apart from these differences, the acceleration shares certain similarities across regions. This is not the case for the warming amplification that is clearly asymmetric. Spain suffers an amplification in the upper quantiles while the Globe does so in the lower ones. Notice that the latter amplification goes beyond the standard results found in the literature for the Arctic region (q05 ). We detect amplification also for the regions corresponding to the quantiles q10 -q30. In the case of Madrid and Barcelona, Madrid suffers a wider warming amplification than Barcelona. The results of the first two steps of our methodology are obtained region by region (Spain, the Globe, Madrid and Barcelona). It is the last step, via the warming dominance test (see the numerical results in Table 9) where we compare directly one region with another. Warming in Spain dominates that of the Globe in all the quantiles except the lower q05. 14 This would support the idea held in European institutions and gathered in international reports on the greater intensity of climate 13 The analysis of other characteristics such as the third and fourth order moments can contribute to the temperature distributions. In the case of Spain, the kurtosis is always negative with a mean value of -0.8 and a significant negative trend, which means that we are dealing with a platykurtic distribution with tails less thick than Normal, a shape that is accelerating over time. However, it is ot possible to draw conclusions about symmetry given its high variability over time. Conversely, the temperature distribution in the Globe is clearly leptokurtic with an average kurtosis of 0.9 and a negative but not significant trend. The global temperature observations are therefore more concentrated around the mean and their tails are thicker than in a Normal distribution. The skewness is clearly negative although a decreasing and significant trend points to a reduction of the negative skewness. 14 A more detailed analysis of the warming process suffered in the Artic region can be found in Gadea and Gonzalo (2021). change in the Iberian Peninsula. Warming in Madrid dominates that of Barcelona in the upper quantiles, while the reverse is the case in the lower quantiles. This latter result coincides with the idea that regions close to the sea have milder upper temperatures. Further research (beyond the scope of this paper) will go in the direction of finding the possible causes behind the warming types W1, W2, and W3. Following the literature, on diurnal temperature asymmetry (Diurnal Temperature Range = DT R = T max -T min ) we can suggest as possible causes for W2 the cloud coverage (Karl et al. 1993) and the planetary boundary layer (see Davy et al. 2017). For W3, the process of desertification (see Karl et al. 1993). Summarizing, in this section we describe, measure and test the existence of warming heterogeneity in different regions of the planet. It is important to note that these extensive results can not be obtained by the standard analysis of the average temperature. The existence of Global Warming is very well documented in all the scientific reports published by the IPCC. In the last one, the AR6 report (2022), special attention is dedicated to climate change heterogeneity (regional climate). Our paper presents a new quantitative methodology, based on the evolution of the trend of the whole temperature distribution and not only on the average, to characterize, to measure and to test the existence of such warming heterogeneity. It is found that the local warming experienced by Spain (one of most climatically diverse areas) is very different from that of the Globe as a whole. In Spain, the upper-temperature quantiles tend to increase more than the lower ones, while in the Globe just the opposite occurs. In both cases the warming process is accelerating over time. Both regions suffer an amplification effect of an asymmetric nature: there is warming amplification in the lower quantiles of the Globe temperature (beyond the standard well-known results of the Arctic zone) and in the upper ones of Spain. Overall, warming in Spain dominates that of the Globe in all the quantiles except the lower q05. This places Spain in a very difficult warming situation compared to the Globe. Such a situation requires stronger mitigation-adaptation policies. For this reason, future climate agreements should take into consideration the whole temperature distribution and not only the average. Any time a novel methodology is proposed, new research issues emerge for future investigation. Among those which have been left out of this paper (some are part of our current research agenda), three points stand out as important:
• There is a clear need for a new non-uniform causal-effect climate change analysis beyond the standard causality in mean. • In order to improve efficiency, mitigation-adaptation policies should be designed containing a common global component and an idiosyncratic regional element. • The relation between warming heterogeneity and public awareness of climate change deserves to be analyzed. Note: OLS estimates and HAC p-values of the t-statistic of testing H0 : βi = 1 versus Ha : βi > 1 in the regression: Cit = βi0 + βi1meant + it. mean refers to the average of the Barcelona or Spanish temperature distribution for the "inner" and "outer"cases, respectively. Definition 9. (Warming Dominance (WD): We say that the temperature distributions of Region A warming dominates (W D) the temperature distributions of Region B if in the following regression
Note: OLS estimates and HAC p-values in parenthesis of the t β=0 test from regression: C t = α + βt + u t , for two different time periods. For the acceleration hypothesis we run the system: C t = α 1 + β 1 t + u t , t = 1, ..., s, ..., T, C t = α 2 + β 2 t + u t , t = s + 1, ..., T, and test the null hypothesis β 2 = β 1 against the alternativeβ 2 > β 1 . | c0664ad9-739b-44f2-8964-59a2b177bb9a | 5 |
10e1cc3c-3694-4ab6-8b4a-af1184e1dcd9 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain_0e5fa97fb3d78e19b69ccf8f78fdd0cc.pdf | 2,021 | [
"Transport",
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"Cycling",
"Climate Finance",
"Public Transport",
"Freight",
"EVs",
"Shipping",
"Aviation",
"Walking",
"transport",
"zero",
"emissions",
"emission",
"carbon"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | Jobs & growth Noise Air quality
Part 2: The plan in commitments, actions, and timings Removing tailpipe emissions from cars and vans is fundamental to decarbonising transport, as they were responsible for almost a fifth (19%) of the UK’s total domestic greenhouse gas emissions in 2019. we will end the sale of new petrol and diesel cars and vans, 10 years earlier than previously planned, and from 2035 all new cars and vans must be zero emission at the tailpipe. Between then, new cars and vans will only be able to be sold if they offer significant zero emission capability. | b1244f11-6485-47b2-ba2a-c8a54f51cd77 | 192 |
10e38e40-0c89-4b2a-8f8f-6dd651f450d6 | https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/natres/pdf/final_report_wg1.pdf | 2,000 | [
"General",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch",
"Non-energy use"
] | ec.europa.eu | Page 136
2. The knowledge base for LCA and mass flow accounting needs to be improved and
made widely accessible, also for users outside of Europe. For example, hidden flows
and likely impacts should be better documented at member state level. Dynamic LCA
modelling for exploration and use of resources should be developed. Develop LCA
data for the impact of biotic depletion. 3. Develop suitable assessment methods, define and assess sustainability indicators for
each category of resourcecommodity, including marketing potentials and
perspectives, and monitor progress. Make a clear distinction between biotic and
abiotic resources. 4. Foster research in low impact exploitation techniques, in impact reducing
technologies, in energy efficient technology and usage, in efficient recovery
techniques as well as fulfilling functions and services in different ways, with different
resources, with the least impact. 5. Develop dynamic models to forecast emissions and waste from physical stocks, as
for example in Van der Voet et al 2002. 6. Make a stocktaking of how existing legislation affects all resources, followed by an
analysis of gaps and scope for further action. | a5fe6535-9c80-4d16-a22c-92e1e4ed7d30 | 155 |
10f0f090-e1f1-4ce5-b900-aa667ff32a46 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2025/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2025_3d22864cf237013c86452d4c6455250a.pdf | 2,025 | [
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
"emission",
"used"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | These data are used by the Inventory Agency and the DESNZ energy statistics team to improve the UK energy balance and emission estimates for high - emitting source categories in the Energy and IPPU sectors (see Annex 5.2 for further details). The UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH) compiles estimates of emissions and removals from LULUCF as part of the Ricardo consortium using land-use data and information on forestry from the Forestry Commission Research Agency (an executive agency of the Forestry Commission, known as Forest Research), Government Departments, DAs and from The ADAS consortium compiles the inventory for agricultural emissions using agricultural statistics from Defra and the Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture, Environment and 1.2.2.3 UK Inventory Improvement Programme Each year the inventory is updated to include the latest data available. | 95866fde-5b53-4214-b279-97a1078c466c | 109 |
10f1e992-cf9d-4fa7-b39a-69597be5cf88 | https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/22387/documents/165323/default/ | 2,022 | [
"energy",
"bulb",
"company",
"letter",
"state"
] | parliament.uk | Minister of State for Energy, Clean Growth Department for Business, Energy & Chair, Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee Energy Supply Company Special Administration Regime – Bulb Energy Limited The Secretary of State and I have written to you on 25 November and several times since about the special administration of Bulb Energy. In order to protect Bulb’s customers, and to limit wider industry contagion, the Secretary of State agreed to initiate the Energy Supply Company Special Administration Regime (SAR) in respect of Bulb. This is a temporary situation and Government is working with the Energy Administrators to ensure value for money for consumers and taxpayers, including an exit from the SAR as s oon as is As you know, Government financial support has been agreed with the company and Energy Administrators. This takes the form of a working capital loan which includes Contingent Liabilities in the form of letters of credit to reduce upfront cash requirements, and a guarantee facility in respect of borrowings incurred by the company during the SAR. This is for the sole purpose of securing the statutory objective of Energy Supply Company SAR, which is the continuation of energy supplies to Bulb’s customers at the lowest reasonable, practicable cost until such time as the SAR becomes unnecessary. Appropriate governance arrangements are in place to ensure value for money and that any financial support provided is the minimum necessary for the Energy Administrators t o discharge their The 29 December letter set out, in a confidential annex, the letters of credit issued to counterparties on the behalf of Bulb. One of these letters of credit originally expired at the end of February, and has since then been extended twice with the most recent extension until the 31st May. This letter refers to issuing another replacement. Attached at Annex A to this letter are details of this new letter of credit which has been issued. Parliament will be informed via a Written Ministerial Statement and Departmental Minutes for the Contingent I am writing in equivalent terms to Meg Hillier as Chair of the Public Accounts Committee and Mel Stride as Chair of the Treasury Committee. A copy of this letter goes to Gareth Davies, Comptroller and Auditor General and to the Treasury Officer of Accounts. Minister of State for Energy, Clean Growth and Climate Change | 9242827c-7ee3-4036-9fe3-f412382d88f6 | 0 |
10f2faa0-302a-4f00-a3bc-e6dfd109cbe5 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_8122f7d823bf366105239091fb57ffd2.pdf | 2,023 | [
"data",
"energy",
"emissions",
"inventory",
"environment"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | EF uncertainty chosen as 5%. The content of naphtha is quite variable - it contains a huge range of hydrocarbons from C5 up to C70+, so the exact carbon content is variable and there are about 5 different grades of naphtha according to UKPIA. | 9ce0b96e-2800-424e-bffb-cd8ba36e0902 | 44 |
10fea0ab-858b-449b-b643-1d13d84a400e | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/changes-to-the-vat-treatment-of-the-installation-of-energy-saving-materials-in-in-great-britain/the-value-added-tax-installation-of-energy-saving-materials-order-2022#:~:text=The%20relief%20will%20no%20longer,2022%20until%2031%20March%202027 | 2,022 | [
"energy",
"development",
"article",
"management",
"protection",
"water",
"measure",
"environment",
"consist",
"resource"
] | gov.uk | To help households improve energy efficiency and keep energy costs down – as well as supporting the country's long-term Net Zero ambitions – the UK government is extending the VAT relief available for the installation of energy saving materials (ESMs), from April 2022.The Value Added Tax (Installation of Energy-Saving Materials) Order 2022 amendments are: | 04cdc8cc-a4be-4713-b2e2-0368718540a6 | 0 |
10ff4b06-0b33-4c7d-b5d1-8d82290336c9 | https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/677bc80399c93b7286a396d6/clean-power-2030-action-plan-main-report.pdf | 2,024 | [
"solar",
"additional",
"april",
"updated"
] | www.gov.uk | NESO will work with Ofgem to continue to push forward energy code reform and help to identify the direction of future code changes for clean power provided through the Strategic Direction Statement and assess how code change can be more effective and responsive to changing system or market needs. In November, NESO launched a consultation on its business plan which sets out how NESO will work to implement clean 137 NESO (2024), ‘Have your say on our first business plan as NESO’ (viewed in December 2024). D N O s are responsible for the infrastructure that delivers electricity from the national transmission network to consumers. This includes the maintenance and operation of towers, transformers, cables, and meters. They are key players in the energy transition, given their intrinsic responsibilities to enable the distribution of renewable energy. The role of Transmission Operators The three Transmission Operators are responsible for owning and maintaining the high voltage electricity network ensuring high voltage electricity can reach one of the fourteen Distribution Networks Operators across G B . They are key players in ensuring the energy system is suitably maintained and equipped to transport renewable energy The role of public finance institutions The U K ’s public finance institutions are empowered to deliver a range of financing tools to support government policy goals in line with their government set mandates. They play a key role in providing finance to clean power sectors and technologies, supporting them to commercial maturity and scale. This includes support for earlier stage innovation (U K Research and Innovation), smaller businesses vital to commercialisation of green technologies (British Business Bank), and first-of-a-kind commercial deployment, or later stage scaling-up and growth stages for businesses and technologies (National Wealth Fund and U K Export Finance). The National Wealth Fund will build on the U K Infrastructure Bank’s (U K I B ) leadership and investment expertise with an expanded suite of financial instruments (such as performance guarantees), additional capital, a broader mandate, additional resource to conduct more proactive development, a commitment to trialling new blended finance solutions with government departments, and a greater regional focus. It will continue to invest in U K I B ’s previous priority sector of clean energy (including renewable generation, nuclear, flexibility, storage, grid, retrofit, heat networks and clean energy supply chains) for projects which have a financing gap, helping to mobilise private capital into them. At least £5.8 billion of the Fund’s capital will focus on five other sectors relevant to clean green hydrogen, carbon capture, ports, gigafactories The public finance institutions are actively involved in financing clean power 2030, including battery storage facilities, renewable energy generation, and electricity network infrastructure and supply chains. | d71959a5-3dfe-4210-9d55-e671cf4f3ce6 | 43 |
110938b9-5e45-4138-8244-b92d167ea1b9 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.09740v1 | 2,018 | [
"economic",
"effects",
"losses",
"growth",
"event"
] | arxiv.org | We estimate the disaster risk distributions for flood losses in Austria using a copula approach, and build a damage-scenario generator based on spatially explicit data to simulate losses to individual households, nonfinancial and financial firms and government entities across the 64 economic sectors represented in the ABM. The damage-scenario generator simulates a shock to individual agents in the ABM, which subsequently alter their behavior and create higher-order indirect effects over a given time period (see SI). To avoid double counting, we measure losses or gains as the change in gross domestic product (GDP) relative to a baseline scenario. This definition differs from[5], who additionally attributes employment losses (e.g. due to the closure of damaged facilities) to direct losses, and defines indirect losses as all economic consequences except for damages (direct losses) and employment losses caused by the disaster. Constant elasticity of substitution (CES) functions. http://www.complex-systems.meduniwien.ac.at/people/ spoledna/supporting_information_poledna_et_al_2018.pdf
This year is chosen to simulate the flooding event since 2013 it is the last year for which the main data source -the symmetric IO tables for the Austrian economy -is available to calibrate the model. The event occurs at the beginning of the year 2014. The baseline scenario describes a continuation of current trends for the Austrian economy. The baseline scenario serves as the benchmark against which we evaluate the indirect economic effects of the different flooding scenarios. 8 A percentage point (pp) is the unit for the arithmetic difference of two percentages. For example, moving up from 10% to 12% is
We assume -in line with past experiences of political processes regarding catastrophe relief by the Austrian government -this transfer to be limited to about a third of the total losses in dwelling stock. | 8114063e-74e7-4b6e-ab92-05aa3f68913d | 4 |
110e3897-0900-43fa-b7dc-5497fe0871e2 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/net-zero-strategy-build-back-greener_0fdb5eb8c251d8c2a37a5a1cb4c57f3f.pdf | 2,023 | [
"Economy-wide",
"zero",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"energy",
"government"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | It is therefore vital that we listen to the publics views on how to reach net zero. We already regularly invite the public to shape policies on net zero through consultations and deliberative dialogues. Since 2019, we have run, funded, or are still running deliberative dialogues on a range of net zero issues, such as green choices, homes, heating, transport decarbonisation, green savings, hydrogen, food, Carbon Capture Use and Storage (CCUS) and Advanced Nuclear 21. To ensure that the transition to net zero is fair and affordable, and does not negatively impact disadvantaged groups, we are committed to assessing the impact of our net zero policies. We consult on policy changes and we will continue to make it easier for people and businesses, including those who are most marginalised, to feed into key policy 22. The Devolved Administrations have a range of initiatives aimed at engaging and motivating the public around net zero and a. The Scottish Government launched a draft Public Engagement Strategy for Climate Change in December 2020, and the final report of Scotland’s Climate Assembly was laid in Scottish Parliament in June 2021. b. The Welsh Government Engagement Approach for Low Carbon Delivery Plan 2 was published in June 2021, encouraging collective action on climate change c. In March 2021, the Northern Ireland Executive unveiled a new digital climate action campaign, delivered by MyNI in the run up to the COP26 conference. It aims to raise climate awareness, encourage change, enable action, and exemplify Principle 6: Present a clear vision of how we will get to net zero and what the role of people and Net Zero Build Back Greener
Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy Businesses have significant power to drive change towards achieving our domestic net zero goal. Our approach to supporting businesses to deliver this change will need to be differentiated by business size and sector, as these factors will influence the ease with which a net zero target and other relevant actions can be adopted. We have seen significant numbers of companies signing up to science based targets alongside sector- specific ambition being put forward already. For example, Water UK has launched the world’s first sector-wide plan to deliver net zero carbon emissions by 2030. We know that businesses account for 18% of UK territorial emissions and so encouraging them to take action to reduce their emissions is important.52 But just as vital is the role businesses are playing in designing the ground-breaking new technologies, world leading products and innovative approaches that we need to develop the low carbon economy and enable others to reach net zero. Collaboration across sectors and value chains will enable us to innovate faster, create stronger incentives for investment and drive down costs for low carbon alternatives through the global mechanisms laid out in the To underline the importance of this area, the Prime Minister appointed a net zero Business Champion, Andrew Griffith MP , to spearhead business engagement nationwide in the year to COP26. Already over half of the FTSE100 companies have committed to Science-Based Targets by joining the global Race to Zero campaign. Alongside engaging large corporates, the Net Zero Business Champion has led a campaign targeting small and micro businesses across the UK. Over 1,900 have joined the Race to Zero to date by visiting the Business Climate Hub, developed in partnership with a global business coalition led by the International Chambers of commerce. Companies, particularly large businesses, once they have joined the Race to Zero, should work with others to drive breakthroughs in their sectors, regions, and support SMEs in their value chains to take action. We’re encouraging Business Representative Organisations (BROs) to become Race to Zero Accelerators by recruiting members into the Race to Zero. To be recognised officially as an Accelerator, businesses must recruit at least 20% of members not already in Race Many businesses across the UK have said they want to tackle climate change, but that they don’t know where to start53. Through the small business campaign, government has taken an important step towards making net zero relevant to SMEs by helping them access the support they need. Beyond COP26 we will continue to support UK businesses to meet their net zero commitments, including exploring a government-led digital advice service that consolidates and simplifies advice, funding, and other support on net zero. For larger businesses, we want to ensure businesses are aware of their energy and carbon use so they can take action towards reaching net zero. Climate risks must be assessed and disclosed through the Task Force on Climate-related Finance Disclosures (TCFD). This is complemented by Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting, which requires energy and emissions reporting in all UK large businesses to improve awareness of energy costs. We also require large businesses and their corporate groups to carry out a broader assessment of their energy use from buildings, transport and industrial processes every 4 years under the Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme (ESOS), which is designed to identify practicable and cost-effective energy saving opportunities. In the future building users and decision makers will be able to compare the performance of their buildings to other similar buildings using a performance-based energy rating to support targeted investments. Government will work in partnership not just with businesses themselves, BROs, sector- based trade associations, business groups in the Devolved Administrations and local and regional organisations to translate the pathways within this strategy into business specific plans to reach net zero. Net Zero Build Back Greener
23. Supporting people to make green choices will be a collective effort between government, businesses, voluntary sector, social enterprise and community groups, local authorities, media organisations and others. However, we know that others look to Government to set the narrative on how we should get to net zero and what people’s role will be. 24. We will build on government communications and engagement on net zero to increase awareness of how we plan to deliver the net zero target in the UK. | 368033f1-d04a-48ea-83c6-9602b66f0e37 | 88 |
11170ca9-b44e-44ca-a8f9-4b4a88da93b5 | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain_0e5fa97fb3d78e19b69ccf8f78fdd0cc.pdf | 2,021 | [
"Transport",
"Co-benefits",
"Cycling",
"Climate Finance",
"Public Transport",
"Freight",
"EVs",
"Shipping",
"Aviation",
"Walking",
"transport",
"zero",
"emissions",
"emission",
"carbon"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | As rail ticketing and fares systems are updated, we will consider opportunities for facilitating integrated electronic ticketing with buses. More bus routes and demand-responsive services should serve railway stations for easy connections between modes, and bus services should be timed to connect with trains. | b1244f11-6485-47b2-ba2a-c8a54f51cd77 | 173 |
11193eb9-db03-49f4-aa06-fc3994e55043 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.08826v1 | 2,022 | [
"climate",
"model",
"policy",
"uncertainty",
"discount"
] | arxiv.org | Given joint uncertainty about the climate model and the discount rate, we suppose that a planner compares forty-three policies. Each of forty-two policies chooses an emissions abatement path that is optimal under one of the six climate models and seven discount rates. The remaining one is the benchmark of a passive policy in which the planner chooses no abatement. With this setup, there are forty-two {discount rate, model} pairs, any of which is possibly correct. The regret of a specified policy under each pair is the loss in welfare if its abatement path is sub-optimal. The MMR criterion chooses a policy that minimizes maximum regret across all forty-two {discount rate, model} pairs. Although the mathematical generalization of the earlier analysis is straightforward, the substantive findings regarding climate policy are novel and informative. The MMR analysis points to use of a relatively low discount rate for climate policy. The MMR decision rule keeps the maximum future temperature increase below 2℃ for most of the parameter values used to weight costs and damages. In what follows, Section 2 describes how the physical-science and economics literatures have sought to cope with uncertainty about the correct climate model and discount rate respectively. Section 3 formalizes MMR policy choice, generalizing the IA model of M-S-D to incorporate discount-rate uncertainty. Section 4 presents our computational model and Section 5 gives the findings. Section 6 discusses the contributions and limitations of this work. The climate is a complex system comprising many different physical processes occurring at a range of spatial and temporal scales, which climate models aim to represent in a tractable manner. All climate models are based on a specific set of deterministic nonlinear partial differential equations describing large-scale atmospheric dynamics. However, implementation of the equations in particular models is subject to numerous practical choices involving discretization, solution methods, and other details. Moreover, other components of the system -such as cloud formation and heat transfer between land surfaces and the atmosphere -are not yet fully understood and must be approximated. For these reasons, multiple climate models have been developed and are currently in use, each reflecting different but credible choices in model design and implementation. Existing models yield different projections of the global climate. Neither a "consensus" climate model nor definitive quantitative climate projections can be specified with current knowledge (Pindyck, 2022). The range of projections produced by different climate models is a gauge of deep uncertainty about the climate system given the current state-of-the-science. Virtually all methods of MME analysis combine model outputs into single projections of future climate variables. A primary reason is that modelers have perceived policymakers as requiring single projections (as functions of particular GHG emissions scenarios) for use in decision-making (Parker 2006). However, climate researchers have recognized persistent methodological problems in combining model projections (Tebaldi and Knutti, 2007;Sanderson, 2018). A common technique is to take the simple average across model projections of policy-relevant variables such as increases in global mean temperature due to anthropogenic carbon emissions. But computation of simple averages of predictions assumes that equal weight should be given to each model, an assumption lacking a compelling foundation (Knutti, 2010). Hence, researchers may instead compute weighted average projections when they believe that models can be ranked with respect to relative accuracy. However, model performance with respect to specific variables in historical data has not been demonstrated to imply skill in predicting climate (Flato et al., 2013), weakening the case for this approach to weighting projections for policy applications. Combining climate model ensemble outputs into single projected trajectories of the future global climate remains a challenging and unresolved problem. As summarized in the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) physical sciences report, "…despite some progress, no universal, robust method for weighting a multi-model projection ensemble is available…" (Lee et al., 2021). This state of affairs poses a quandary for policymakers who rely on climate model output to formulate strategies for GHG emissions abatement and other approaches to address climate change. IA models are subject to uncertainty in their economic assumptions as well as in their representation of the climate (Heal and Miller, 2014;Weyant, 2017). The paradigmatic example is Nordhaus's DICE (Dynamic Integrated Climate Economy) model, the most influential IA model of the last several decades (Nordhaus, 2019). In DICE and similar models, the economic losses from climate change are represented by damage functions that give the decreases in world-wide output resulting from increases in mean global temperature, as a proportional reduction or in dollar terms. These functions have uncertain theoretical and empirical grounding (Pindyck, 2013). Economists study dynamic optimization by a social planner, which entails discounting to quantify the present value of future economic costs and benefits. The appropriate definition and magnitude of the discount rate is a long-standing and contentious issue in climate change economics and integrated assessment modeling (e.g., Ackerman et al., 2009;Arrow et al., 2014;Dasgupta, 2019;Pindyck, 2017;Weisbach and Sunstein, 2017). Controversy persists in part due to the fact that choice of an appropriate discount rate is not only an empirical question regarding the future of the economy. It is also a normative matter of ethics, concerning social preferences for equity across future generations which vary in their time of existence and in their levels of consumption (Dasgupta, 2008). A simple version of the famous Ramsey formula (Ramsey, 1928) provides a transparent expression of the interplay of ethical and empirical considerations in choosing a discount rate. Paraphrasing the exposition in Arrow et al. (2014), let the planner's utilitarian social welfare function be additively separable in the utility of future generations. Let ρ be the rate at which the social planner discounts the utility of future generations. Let the utility of a representative consumer be an increasing and concave function of consumption, with constant elasticity (-η) of marginal utility with respect to consumption. | 5816140b-baf2-44d0-8429-89db1efc25e0 | 1 |
111a5f65-c21e-4640-883a-3e26e69c061d | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2025/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2025_3d22864cf237013c86452d4c6455250a.pdf | 2,025 | [
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
"emission",
"used"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | The UK is a signatory to the Convention and was also a Party to the Kyoto Protocol. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the UK has been obliged to report supplementary information required under Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Kyoto Protocol16 for each year of both commitment periods, alongside the inventory submission due under the Convention, in accordance with paragraph 3(a) of decision 15/CMP.1. | 95866fde-5b53-4214-b279-97a1078c466c | 50 |
111aa35b-a490-45b2-9c1f-bbec5a84313e | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.18433v1 | 2,025 | [
"West Nile Disease",
"WND",
"Risk Assessment",
"Probabilistic Approach",
"Spillovers",
"Compartmental Model",
"Differential Equations",
"Pathogen Spillovers",
"Forecasting",
"Long-term Forecasts",
"Short-term Forecasts",
"California",
"Orange County",
"Los Angeles County",
"Kern County",
"California Department of Public Health",
"2022-2024",
"Prediction Accuracy",
"Logarithmic Scoring",
"Predictive Models",
"Global Warming",
"High-risk Days",
"Epidemic Severity",
"Disease Transmission",
"Data Analysis",
"Model Validation",
"Effectiveness"
] | arxiv.org | The annual relative high-risk indicator is defined as the fraction of high-risk days between all risk days. To determine whether there is any trend in these parameters over the years, we used the predictive carrying capacity function ( ?? ) and ran the model on the real climate parameters of each year (historical data). Consequently, we plotted the annual high-risk indicator and the annual relative high-risk indicator from 1991 to 2023 and fitted a regression line to the data. It is important to note that although West Nile disease began to spread in the United States after the 1990s, it is still possible to assess the risk of spillover to the human population in the absence of the pathogen, even before its introduction to the United States or any geographical location. Figure 22 presents the results for Orange County, California. | 414fcd1c-22ea-4154-8429-039e9228171c | 19 |
111c0197-01a1-4dff-9f87-ad6669d6587d | https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/financial-services-and-markets-act-2023_932920a8d8da4ed5a2456d9109b47a62.pdf | 2,023 | [
"Finance",
"changes",
"force",
"section",
"financial",
"services"
] | cdn.climatepolicyradar.org | (2) An individual who commits an offence under this section is liable— (a) on summary conviction in England and Wales, to a fine; (b) on summary conviction in Scotland, to a fine not exceeding level 5 (c) on summary conviction in Northern Ireland, to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale. (3) In proceedings for an offence under this section, it is a defence for the individual to show that the individual took all reasonable precautions and exercised all due diligence to avoid committing the offence. 309F Duty in relation to prohibited individuals (1) A person (“P”) falling within section 309B(4) must take reasonable care to ensure that no function in relation to the carrying on of P’s activities is performed by an individual who is prohibited from performing that function by a Part 18 prohibition order. (2) A contravention of subsection (1) is actionable at the suit of a private person who suffers loss as a result of the contravention, subject to the defences and other incidents applying to actions for breach of statutory duty. (3) In prescribed cases, a contravention of subsection (1) which would be actionable at the suit of a private person is actionable at the suit of a person who is not a private person, subject to the defences and other incidents applying to actions for breach of statutory duty. (4) In this section “private person” has such meaning as may be prescribed. 230 Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 (c. 29) SCHEDULE 10 – Performance of functions relating to financial market infrastructure Document 2025-04-01 This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 01 April 2025. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future date. Changes that have been made appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details) View outstanding changes (1) A relevant recognised body must take reasonable care to ensure that a person does not perform a designated senior management function in relation to the carrying on of an activity by the body, unless the person is acting in accordance with an approval given by the appropriate regulator under this (2) Subsection (1) applies only in relation to a function performed under— (a) an arrangement entered into by the relevant recognised body, or (b) an arrangement entered into by a contractor of the relevant (3) “Designated senior management function” means a function of a description specified in rules made by the appropriate regulator. (4) The appropriate regulator may specify a description of function under subsection (3) only if it is satisfied that the function is a senior management (5) A function is a “senior management function” in relation to the carrying on of a relevant recognised body’s activities if— (a) the function will require the person performing it to be responsible for managing one or more aspects of the body’s affairs, and (b) those aspects involve, or might involve, a risk of serious (ii) for business or other interests in the United Kingdom. (6) In subsection (5)(a), the reference to managing one or more aspects of a relevant recognised body’s affairs includes a reference to taking decisions, or participating in the taking of decisions, about how one or more aspects of those affairs should be carried on. (7) In subsection (2), “arrangement”— (a) means any kind of arrangement for the performance of a function of a relevant recognised body which is entered into by the body, or by a contractor of the body, and another person, and (b) includes, in particular, an arrangement under which the other person is appointed to an office, becomes a partner or is employed (whether under a contract of service or otherwise). 309H Rules under section 309G(3): transitional provision (1) In relation to rules made by the Bank of England or the FCA under section 309G(3), the power conferred by section 137T(c) to make transitional provision includes, in particular, power— (a) to provide for anything done under this Chapter, or under Part 5 (performance of regulated activities), in relation to a senior management function of a particular description to be treated as
Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 (c. 29) SCHEDULE 10 – Performance of functions relating to financial market infrastructure Document 2025-04-01 This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 01 April 2025. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future date. Changes that have been made appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details) View outstanding changes having been done in relation to a senior management function of a (b) to provide for anything done under this Chapter, or under Part 5 (including any application or order made, any requirement imposed and any approval or notice given) to cease to have effect, to continue to have effect, or to continue to have effect with modifications, or subject to time limits or conditions; (c) to provide for rules made by the regulator making the rules under section 309G(3) to apply with modifications; (2) The Treasury may by regulations make whatever incidental, consequential, transitional, supplemental or saving provision the Treasury consider appropriate in connection with the making of rules under section 309G(3). (3) Regulations under subsection (2) may— (a) confer functions on the Bank of England or the FCA (including the (b) modify legislation (including any provision of, or made under, this “legislation” means primary legislation, subordinate legislation (within the meaning of the Interpretation Act 1978) and retained direct EU legislation, but does not include rules or other instruments “modify” includes amend, repeal or revoke. | 60620217-7ea8-4d25-b12c-cbbb5bd7a3f3 | 105 |
1123a930-4d18-40f5-b71f-cd1ed3dccec6 | http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.00122v1 | 2,017 | [
"multi - decadal climate change simulations",
"hydrologic impact assessment",
"design rainfall intensity",
"2007;hassanzadeh et al .",
"urban catchments"
] | ArXiv | Since a recent observation-based study has indicated a steady increase in the global warming trend from the 1970s onwards [Rahmstorf et al., 2017], we selected the baseline period for the current analysis from 1970 to 2010. Station-based historical (1970Station-based historical ( -2010) ) AM precipitation time series at durations (d = 1-, 2-, 6-, 12-, 24-hour) are obtained from ( for the eight rain gauge locations over Southern Ontario. The available data is thoroughly quality controlled [Shephard et al., 2014] and have been previously analyzed for the assessment of national extreme rainfall trends [Burn and Taleghani, 2013;Shephard et al., 2014;Simonovic et al., 2016;Switzman et al., 2017]. The extent of missing values in the sub-daily AM rainfall time series ranges between 2 and 20% (average ~ 13%) with the least being in Toronto (only AM rainfall in the year 2005 is missing) and the highest are in Hamilton (1970( , and 2004( -2010( are missing) and Stratford (1973( , 1999( , 2005( -2010) ) respectively. We obtained daily and hourly rainfall records and daily maximum air temperature data from the EC Historical database ( and (TRCA; We infilled missing values and updated the extreme precipitation records till 2010 by successively disaggregating daily rainfall values to hourly and sub-hourly time steps using multiplicative random cascade (MRC)based disaggregation tool [Olsson, 1995[Olsson, , 1998;;Guntner et al., 2001]. The details of the disaggregation procedure of historical precipitation time series are in the supplementary section. We used archived prediction data from three RCMs available at NA-CORDEX domain. The specific models include, fourth generation of the (CanRCM4) driven by the second generation of the (CanESM2); fifth generation of the (CRCM5) driven by CanESM2; and Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) nested in version 2 (HadGEM2-ES) global climate model. The choice of RCMs are based on their extensive use of the current and previous versions over North America for high-resolution multi-decadal climate change simulations [Ashfaq et al., 2010;Separovic et al., 2013;Singh et al., 2013;Naz et al., 2016;Whan and Zwiers, 2016;Jalbert et al., 2017]. All models' outputs are available in a grid mesh of 0.44 deg horizontal resolution at a daily time step for the historical and projected scenario, except CanRCM4-CanESM2, for which historical simulations are available at an hourly time step. Use of common horizontal resolution removes large sources of variability between RCMs and helps us to evaluate how the differences in the configuration of the RCMs influence simulation of extremes [Whan and Zwiers, 2016]. Both CORDEX generation Canadian RCMs (CanRCM4;[von Salzen et al., 2013;Scinocca et al., 2016] and CRCM5; [Martynov et al., 2013]) share the common dynamical core, however, differ in nesting strategy employed, and land-surface and physics schemes [Zadra et al., 2003;Whan and Zwiers, 2016]. For computational purposes, all climate model outputs are regridded to a common grid point of 0.5 deg latitude/longitude resolution using bilinear interpolation scheme from the climate data operators [CDO, 2017]. Further, we consider multi-ensemble approach (multi-model median and associated bounds, defined by minimum and maximum simulation of AM series) to take into account the internal variability of the climate system, which is particularly suitable for near-term impact assessment [Hawkins and Sutton, 2009;Meehl et al., 2009;Hawkins and Sutton, 2011]. While the ensemble median (multi-model median, hereafter MM-Med) values represent the most likely case, the ensemble minima (multi-model minimum, hereafter MM-Min) and maxima (multimodel maximum, hereafter MM-Max) are considered as the best and worst case scenarios, which indicate the spread of climate model [Ganguli and Ganguly, 2016b;Vousdoukas et al., 2017]. Grid-based RCM simulations are downloaded at the four nearest neighbor values of station-based observation, and a distance weighted average remapping was employed [CDO, 2017]. Since RCMs, on average simulates a small amount of precipitation on regular time steps, as a threshold for discrimination between wet and dry days a value of 0.1 mm is chosen [Wehner, 2013;Frei et al., 2003]. For bias correction of RCM output, we employ quantile mapping (QM) for historical (1970 -2010) RCM simulations. For applying bias correction to climate model simulated rainfall, different options are available. For example, bias correction can be applied to entire time series, which then can be used to extract AM series for the IDF development. On the other hand, since only AM rainfall is required for the IDF development, it is also possible to correct AM precipitation. [Li et al., 2017] found that bias correcting AM rainfall based on empirical distribution followed by frequency analysis yields design storm closest to the observations. Hence, we employ quantile mapping bias correction on RCM simulated historical AM time series. In quantile mapping, a quantile of the present day simulated distribution is replaced by the same quantile of the historical observed distribution [Maraun, 2016]. Given a precipitation time series x, the method is formulated as [Ines and Hansen, 2006;Maraun, 2016;Vu et al., 2017]: Where, x is the bias-corrected precipitation, condition. Since RCMs simulate too many wet days (the 'drizzle effect'), the QM is automatically able to adjust the number of wet days [Gutowski Jr et al., 2003;Hay and Clark, 2003]. Based on distributional choices, QM can be both parametric and nonparametric. However, for high quantiles, where sampling noise is high, nonparametric QM may produce noisy results and applies random correction [Maraun, 2016] Where h K is the kernel function at a bandwidth 'h'. Following a previous study [McGinnis et al., 2015] We employ Gaussian kernel function and Silverman's rule of thumb for 'h' calculation. However, the basic assumption of QM is that the future distribution properties (such as variance and skew) remain similar to the reference period, and only mean changes. However, owing to nonstationarity of the climate system, this assumption may not hold true in the future [Milly et al., 2008;Li et al., 2010]. Hence, following previous studies [Li et al., 2010;Srivastav et al., 2014;Vu et al., 2017], we applied Equidistant Quantile Mapping (EQM) to bias correct projected AM, which is presented as follows: However, Eq. | 350708b9-d482-4dd1-b63f-d402c5f014d0 | 3 |
112c7642-5eaf-4936-8752-188b4c388b32 | http://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.19737v1 | 2,025 | [
"Natural disasters",
"urbanization",
"climate change",
"human mobility",
"prediction models",
"disaster scenarios",
"early warning",
"rescue resources",
"LLMs",
"mobility intention",
"intention predictor",
"intention refiner",
"location prediction",
"RAG",
"Acc@1",
"F1-score",
"immobility",
"DisasterMobLLM",
"deep learning",
"framework",
"integration",
"knowledge transfer",
"city",
"vulnerability."
] | arxiv.org | This approach can significantly reduce the number of parameters that need to be updated while maintaining or improving the performance of the model. Thus, the construction process of the input embedding sequence I can be formulated as follows:
I = Concat � Z [d] , Z [h] [�] . When fine-tuning the LLM to learn how different disaster affects human mobility patterns, we use prefix-tuning to fine-tune the LLM without changing most of the parameters. We use Eq. 7 to build the input embedding sequence I andinput it into the body of LLM without the tokenizerto obtain the predicted next intention label. Then, we use it to index the corresponding intention feature in intention modality to obtain the feature forthe next intention X [ˆ] TD forthe given trajectory in the target city. Then we use cross-entropy loss to optimize the model. The loss function can be formulated as follows:
LP = CE ( X [ˆ] T [D] [, X] T [D] [)] [.]
D. Intention-Modulated Location Predictior
ˆ After obtaining the refinedintention feature X T [D] [, we use] the Intention-Modulated Location Predictorto predict the specific location where the individual will go in the next timestamp ˆ r T with intention modulation. | cd67e4bc-13b7-43ce-a7d3-43539ef47fcf | 8 |
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